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I grabbed a non-monospaced font from the web and I made all the digits the same width in fontforge and I saved it as a ttf. If I double click on the ttf in windows, I can see the extra space around the ‘1’ so I know that has saved correctly. When I convert to a binary and then load the font in lvgl, the space has gone from around the ‘1’. The original font is not monospaced and I want that for text, but all digits on our device will be monospaced as digital displays can’t change width.
Am I missing something?
Edit: I installed the ttf into windows and word displays it properly. I noticed in LVGL that the ‘1’ does have the space around it. If I display “111.23” then change it to “322.12” the text moves sideways.
The first screenshot is word, you can see the decimal point alignes in all cases. When I show it in LVGL, I can see the space around the ‘1’ but the decimal point moves as I scroll through the numbers. This doesn’t happen with a true monspaced font.
I did some more testing. I did some more testing. The ‘1’ and the ‘7’ are changing where the decimal point is displayed. It moves sideways. The ‘1’ changes the display when it is displayed in the position after the decimal point. It does not change it when displayed in front. The ‘7’ changes the display when it is displayed in front of the decimal point. It does not change it when displayed after it. Neither changes the display when displayed in the last position. The display is X.XX. No other digits change the display in any position. Would this be something to do with the decimal point? I made the decimal point the same width as the digits but that had no effect.
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Silicosis is caused by crystalline silica
What is Silicosis
Silicosis is a lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica, a mineral commonly found in sand, rock and quartz. Over time, exposure to silica particles causes scarring in the lungs, which can affect your breathing.
Individuals can be exposed to crystalline silica if they are chipping, cutting, drilling or grinding soil, sand, granite and other minerals. Any occupation that requires manipulating the earth’s crust can release crystalline silica into the air.
Occupations Related to Silicosis
- Mining (coal and hard rock)
- Sand Blasting
- Glass Manufacturing
- Steel Industry Work
- Stone Cutting
Types of Silicosis
There are three types of silicosis—acute, chronic and accelerated. Nearly two million U.S. workers remain exposed to occupational silica. Silicosis can develop within a few weeks or decades after initial exposure.
If you believe you have been exposed to silica and have a developed a cough, phlegm or breathing difficulties, we encourage you to speak with your doctor about silicosis.
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Pediatric tympanoplasty is a procedure performed to repair a perforated eardrum in a child’s ear. An eardrum perforation is simply a hole in the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The eardrum is a thin membrane deep in our ear canal. This membrane vibrates when sound waves hit it and helps transfer sound energy into the inner ear which allows us to hear. A hole in the eardrum can come from a bad ear infection, a surgical procedure like placement of an ear tube, or from trauma such as a Q-tip® jabbed deep inside the ear canal (one of many reasons to avoid using any cotton swab to clean your ears!) Tympanoplasty surgery is a common way to repair the perforation, if necessary.
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The "Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof" was left largely unscathed by the destruction of World War II. In 1945 Regensburg was one of the few German medieval cities still standing, and so it´s protection became ever so more important. In the years immediately after the war two main issues arose over protecting the ensemble of historic buildings in the city.
1. It was deemed important to keep the core of the city attractive to business.
2. It was equally important to improve the living conditions of residents.
While most cities in Germany would create new urban plans and construct modern buildings on war ravished landscapes, Regensburg was obliged to restore its centuries-old residential quarters, so as to protect a unique example of German heritage.
In the Beginning...
Even though the task of restorin Regensburg was of national importance in the 1950´s, there were two issues that were at odds with one another. On the one side was the creation of a livable modern core with a conducive business environment. On the other side was the protection of historic buildings. In 1956/1957, the Academy of German Rural and Urban Planners formed a commitee for the State of Bavaria which drew up guidelines for the protection of historic buildings. The guidelines clearly stressed the importance of protecting the exterior walls of historic buildings, as well as the building´s proportions. The guidelines would eventually impact all future planning. Moreover, they called for al responsible approach to interior modifications.
It was not until 1971 that laws were passed in order to provide aid for maintenance of the historic buildings of cities. in 1973 the Bavarian State Law for the Protection of Historic Sites was passed. These legal instruments greatly improved the ability to restore and protect historic cities. Today, historic buildings are especially well protected and maintained as a consequence of these legally entrenched statues. Since 1974 priority has been given to conderving individual historic buildings, as well as their maintenance, in compliance with the law.
It's not just about conserving Regensburg's historic ensemble. More importantly, it´s about residents and visitors being able to live and interact withing a functioning city. As a result the city council set a number of objectives for restoring the old town.
Our uppermost goal is to conserve the historic old town in its macro-structural and microstructural essence.
We must conserve the land use structure of the old town.
Existing residential use has priority over any other re-designation land use. The micro-structural element of individual ownership must continue to thrive.
We must ensure that shops and small businesses, whether services or trades, can flourish.
Almost half of all the buildings within the ‘Regensburg Old Town and Stadtamhof’ ensemble have already been renovated. This process has primarily taken place in the western part of the old town. More recently, though, conservation efforts have taken place in Stadtamhof, and the north end of Ostengasse—the Donaumarkt. Future efforts are anticipated in the northern and eastern parts of the old town.
Aside from the individual efforts that have helped conserve the city’s appearance, the municipal government has been developing concepts to protect and conserve the city’s overall image. The following planning measures are currently being addressed:
the renovation of public buildings
the development of a corridor between the old town and the main train station
the conceptualization of a "River City" plan for the area between the iron bridge and the old slaughterhouse
the restoration of the 850-year-old Stone Bridge
the conceptualization of a city lighting plan that encompasses the old town
the consultation of a professional committee about facade and building colour changes
the creation of an advisory board that examines any significant plan that affects the ensemble area
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Aerospace engineers are the people who are involved in designing, building, and testing airframes for military missiles to Space Shuttles personal aircraft to jet fighters. This Aerospace engineer job description, Aerospace engineering job descriptionwould help you to understand the requirements for getting into there field of work.
They supervise the production of aerial vehicles, find and mitigate structural defect, and develop procedures for maintenance for systems function reliably.
There are two sub-disciplines associated with aerospace engineering:-
- Aeronautical engineers work on aircraft that fly within Earth’s atmosphere.
- Astronautically engineers work on spacecraft used for flights in orbit and the solar system.
- Aerospace engineers work with other specialists, Scientists, physicists, and metallurgists to create new materials. They test the designs and make changes before beginning.
Aerospace Engineer Skills and Qualification
Aerospace engineers require an engineering bachelor’s degree. A degree in math or natural sciences is a qualification for some jobs. It takes 4 to 5 years to have an engineering bachelor’s degree. Some of the colleges major in aerospace or aeronautical engineering. These jobs also have a need for a higher degree. Engineers in Aerospace continue with their studies in the newest developments in this field.
- Good communication skills
- Mathematical skills
- Computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) software
- Technical knowledge
- Manage projects effectively
- Budget Management
- Up-to-date with new developments
- Interpersonal skills
- Organizational skills
- Time management skills.
- Creative skills
- Computer skills.
- Good problem-solving skills.
- Presentation skills.
- Handle pressure.
The US aerospace industry employs near 300,000 people. Opportunities are mainly in aircraft and research and development, component manufacturing and space, satellite. In the future, the research and development and weapons industry are set to expand and benefit from aerospace technology.
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Investing in the stock market is an excellent way to grow your wealth over the long term. But it also has its risks.
One of the best ways to avoid these is to build a diversified portfolio of funds and stocks, rather than individual shares. This can be done by investing in stock exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
Investing in stocks and shares can be a great way to grow your wealth over time. However, beginner investors need to know how to manage the risk associated with this investment type.
In general, beginners should avoid investing too much money in one asset class or putting too much of their savings into bonds. This may cause their portfolios to lose value in the event of interest rate changes, or when the economy is in a downturn.
Beginners should also choose an investment strategy that focuses on long-term growth rather than short-term market fluctuations. Warren Buffett, the legendary investor, recommends that investors buy and hold stocks for several decades instead of selling and repurchasing them often.
When investing in stocks, you have two main options: buying individual shares of a company or purchasing a stock mutual fund. In either case, your return on investment (ROI) depends on the fortunes of the company and whether its profits pay out in dividends or capital gains.
Investing in stocks and shares is a way to help you grow your money. It can give your savings the potential to increase many times over with time, allowing you to reach your financial goals more quickly than if you were only saving in a bank account or in a low-interest savings product such as a CD or bond.
Typically, the value of stocks may go up or down depending on a company’s performance and the wider economy. This can also affect interest rates.
Stocks can also be used as a reliable source of income with dividend payouts that change based on the company’s profitability. Investors can reinvest these dividends for additional returns over the long term.
Before investing, you should consider your risk tolerance, goals and timeline (also called a time horizon). The more you can afford to lose, the higher the potential for rewards.
Investing in stocks and shares can be a great way to increase your wealth, but it’s important to understand the tax implications of investing. Profits from the sale of your investments are generally taxable at 0%, 15% or 20% depending on your filing status and adjusted gross income (AGI).
Interest income and dividends from stocks, mutual funds and other investment vehicles are typically taxed as ordinary income. However, some types of dividends are categorized as qualified and thus taxed at lower long-term capital gains rates.
There are a number of strategies you can use to minimize the tax impact on your investments. These include holding stocks longer, donating shares to charity, and using capital losses to offset gains. You may also benefit from the tax-deferral benefits of certain retirement accounts, such as 401(k) plans and Roth IRAs.
Insurance companies issue policies that promise to pay out a sum of money if certain covered events occur. This may include death of the insured, damage to property or other types of loss.
In exchange for insurance coverage, the policyholder pays premiums. These premiums are invested to earn a profit until they’re needed to pay claims.
Unlike mutual companies, stock insurers are owned by shareholders and seek to maximize their profits. They may also pay dividends, which are a form of compensation for investors.
Shares of a stock company trade on a major stock market, which makes it easy for investors to buy and sell shares. Investing in stocks can help you grow your portfolio and build wealth over time.
Regardless of the type of investment you choose, be sure to consider the tax consequences of any capital gains. The amount you owe depends on how long you’ve held the stock, your income level and other factors.
What is an Options Alert Service?
Options trading alert services are a great way for traders of all experience levels to gain new trade ideas, save time, and reduce risk. However, there are a few things to keep in mind before you decide which service is right for you.
There are three main types of options alert services: recommendations, analysis, and education. They all differ in some ways, but they all provide valuable insights into the options market and can help you become a better trader.
They are a form of trading
A options alert service is a type of trading tool that can help you make money. These services work by sending you trade recommendations. They are a great option for beginners because they can save you a lot of time and effort.
They also allow you to see how your investments are performing. Often, these services are based on algorithms that analyze patterns in the market and predict changes.
Those who use these services will receive notifications when key events occur in the stock market. These alerts can include price movements, upcoming expiration dates, and volatility.
How often they send out these notifications depends on the service in question. Some offer them every day, while others do so much more sporadically.
When choosing an option alert service, you should consider your experience level and budget. The best services are those that align with your trading style and provide a proven track record of success.
They are a form of hedging
Options alert services are a form of hedging that help you protect your portfolio against negative price movements. They can also be used to hedge derivative positions or other investments.
Hedging involves purchasing securities inversely correlated with the assets you have in your portfolio. It can reduce short-term risk and create additional profit by limiting your losses to a fixed amount.
A popular hedging strategy is to use put options on stocks or indexes. This type of hedging can limit your loss to a fixed amount, and it can be done without having to sell your shares.
If you’re new to trading options, an option alert service can be a great way to get a feel for the trade. It can save you time and effort by allowing you to receive trade recommendations directly to your inbox. But you should still make sure to do your own research, and learn how to trade options correctly.
They are a form of investment
An options alert service is a gizmo that can save you time and effort by giving you stock market centric, real-time alerts on what’s going on in the markets. They are usually delivered by email, text message or a combination of the two. They are most effective when used in conjunction with a trading software solution. If you are new to options trading, it is important to choose a quality service that has a solid track record and will be around for the long haul. They should also offer a variety of features and services to ensure that you are getting the best value for your money. You will also want to keep in mind that not all option trading systems are created equal and you should not rely on one system for all your investment needs.
They are a form of risk management
An options alert service is a trading tool that offers a range of recommendations and research tools. These services can be helpful for traders who are new to the options market or who want to enhance their knowledge and skill level.
One of the main benefits of using an options alert service is that it can save you a lot of time and effort. This can be especially valuable in the early stages of your trading career, as it frees up time to do more hands-on work with real options.
However, even though these services are useful, it is important to remember that they are not foolproof. In fact, they are not a replacement for sound trading strategy and proper knowledge. Ideally, you should use an options alert service along with a healthy dose of your own research and experience to achieve the best results. This will allow you to build a solid foundation in options trading – which is the only way to truly be successful at it.
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The views expressed in our content reflect individual perspectives and do not represent the official views of the Baha'i Faith.
Have you ever tried to fast but were quickly discouraged by the difficulty of finding a suitable fast, or the challenge of following through on your intention to fast?
There are dry fasts (no food or liquids for a specified time), wet fasts (only liquids permitted), and intermittent fasting (not eating until 11 a.m., fasting one day a week, or variations thereof). Regardless of which is chosen, joining with others with the same convictions and intentions, and knowing the physical and spiritual benefits of fasting, make it much easier to follow through and persevere. Without these supports, it is difficult for most people to continue for the prescribed time.
Prayer and fasting are two pillars of deeds in the great religions. Baha’u’llah, the founder of the Baha’i Faith, calls upon his believers to fast annually—health permitting. Encouraging us, Baha’u’llah wrote:
One who performeth neither good deeds nor acts of worship is like unto a tree which beareth no fruit, and an action which leaveth no trace. – Baha’u’llah, quoted in The Importance of Obligatory Prayer and Fasting.
By his own admission, fasting is not easy:
Even though outwardly the Fast is difficult and toilsome, yet inwardly it is bounty and tranquillity. – Ibid.
He described its benefits in beautiful passages such as this:
Verily, I say, fasting is the supreme remedy and the most great healing for the disease of self and passion. – Ibid.
He also explained that one purpose of the fast is “that those possessed of means may become apprised of the woes and sufferings of the destitute.” – Ibid.
In addition to this guidance, Baha’u’llah revealed many beautiful prayers for fasting that can greatly assist the Baha’is, and anyone who wishes to join them, in practicing the Baha’i fast—a dry fast involving abstention from food and drink from sunrise to sunset for 19 days starting in early March. These fasting prayers help us turn away from ourselves and toward God. In one particular prayer—of the same comforting and repetitive style as the Long Healing Prayer and the Prayer for the Dead—Baha’u’llah, in beautiful, descriptive language, exhorts the Creator by his qualities (his name, his word, his sign, his beauty, etc.) and asks him to assist us. The fourteen requests included in this long prayer for the fast reveal many benefits of fasting and provide spiritual illumination worthy of contemplation at any time. The 14 requests are:
- Not to be shut out from God: “… not to cast me away from the gate of the city of Thy presence, and to disappoint not the hopes I have set on the manifestations of Thy grace amidst Thy creatures.”
- To draw closer to God: “… to draw me nearer to the threshold of Thy door, and to suffer me not to be far removed from the shadow of Thy mercy and the canopy of Thy bounty.”
- To become immersed in the verses of God: “… to attract me by the fragrance of Thy raiment, and make me drink of the choice wine of Thine utterance.”
- To serve the Cause of God and not be influenced by disbelievers: “… to raise me up to serve Thy Cause that I shall not fall back, nor be hindered by the suggestions of them who have caviled at Thy signs and turned away from Thy face.”
- To be favored by God through beholding him and drinking of his verses: “… to enable me to gaze on the Daystar of Thy Beauty, and to supply me with the wine of Thine utterance.”
- To do the will of God: “… to graciously aid me to do what Thy will hath desired and Thy purpose hath manifested.”
- To become detached: “…to grant that I may die to all that I possess and live to whatsoever belongeth unto Thee.”
- To remember God to others: “… to aid me to remember Thee amongst Thy creatures, and to extol Thee amidst Thy people.”
- To be protected and kept close to the will of God: “… to remove me far from whatsoever Thy will abhorreth, and draw me nigh unto the station wherein He Who is the Dayspring of Thy signs hath shone forth.”
- To know the gems of wisdom of God: “… to make known unto me what lay hid in the treasuries of Thy knowledge and concealed within the repositories of Thy wisdom.”
- To be counted by God as one of his followers and true believers: “… to number me with such as have attained unto that which Thou hast sent down in Thy Book and manifested through Thy will.”
- To number me with the chosen of God: “… to write down for me with Thy most exalted Pen what Thou has written down for Thy trusted ones and Thy chosen ones.”
- To bless everyone who has observed the fast: “… to write down for everyone who hath turned unto Thee, and observed the fast prescribed by Thee, the recompense decreed for such as speak not except by Thy leave, and who forsook all they possessed in Thy path and for love of Thee.”
- To cancel the sins of those who fast: “… to cancel the trespasses of those who have held fast to Thy laws, and have observed what Thou hast prescribed unto them in Thy Book.” – Baha’u’llah, Baha’i Prayers, pp. 238-245.
With all these promises, wouldn’t you want to fast?
Sign in or create an accountContinue with Facebook
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The Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) Species Team created a list of species of greatest conservation need for Arkansas.
Some species were chosen for inclusion on the list because they are rare, some because their populations are in decline or, in some cases, because not enough is known to determine their taxonomic, life history or conservation status
Inclusion on the list of Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) does not confer any special or regulatory status as federal listing as an endangered or threatened species does.
CWCS Species Team
Michael Warriner, Entomologist, Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission (ANHC)
Contributed by Mike Quinn
on 6 April, 2016 - 6:59pm
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The Evolution of the Automotive Industry
The automobile has had a profound effect on modern society, providing people with greater personal freedom and economic prosperity. But its arrival also raised new questions about technology’s worth, sparking discussions about urban sprawl, energy use, pollution levels, and conservation efforts. If you want to get more information visit realestatespro.
Automobile production in the United States evolved from small, family- owned firms to large corporations that could purchase components on credit and sell finished cars for cash. This method of operation, known as mass production, favored automobile manufacturers since it allowed them to produce a wider variety of car models with less capital investment than smaller, more self-sufficient operations. If you want to get more information visit toyroomstore.
As America’s assembly system evolved, companies began using interchangeable parts for their cars. This simplified assembly, reducing time-consuming steps necessary to finish a vehicle. If you want to get more information visit sensongs.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, automakers began using coil spring suspension for their vehicles. These innovations reduced road bumps’ impact and made driving more comfortable. If you want to get more information visit solonvet.
In the 1920s, mass production methods became more refined and automobile sales increased exponentially. This development prompted some companies to merge, such as Daimler-Benz and Chrysler-Dodge. If you want to get more information visit livebongda.
Another breakthrough in the automotive industry was the electric starter. Before this technology, starting an engine required manual effort; this innovation has since been adopted by other automakers and remains widely used today.
The advent of the automobile marked America’s rapid transformation into an industrial nation, creating jobs for millions. Additionally, it spurred on transportation infrastructure development and led to the formation of a national road system.
From the 1920s on, automobile manufacturers faced labor unions, government control over production, and consumer expectations for annual product redesigns. Despite these obstacles, the automobile industry became an integral part of modern global economic life.
Vehicle technology has undergone dramatic evolution over the years and continues to evolve as new technologies and innovations emerge. These advancements have made vehicles safer, more fuel-efficient, and faster.
Constructing a new vehicle can take years, making it challenging for automakers to adjust quickly enough to market changes.
Therefore, they must establish a lead in the market by launching an entirely redesigned vehicle with either new technology or an eye-catching aesthetic.
Compter technology has enabled engineering programs to design and construct new cars much more rapidly than ever before. This has proved a major boon for the automotive industry, keeping up with technological advancements across other sectors while improving consumers’ lives.
The automotive industry has become an integral part of our society due to advances in technology and innovation. These developments often contribute to improvements across other aspects of life, such as energy efficiency, environmental protection, and safety.
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The failure of the Bolivarian process (Part 1)
The living conditions of most Venezuelans
are even worse today than in 1998,
when Chávez was elected for the first time.
Venezuela has experienced a clear reversal
of the main achievements of the
Bolivarian process in its early years.
Why did this happen?
The Bolivarian process began at a critical moment in Venezuela’s history, starting with the election of Hugo Chávez in 1998. At that time, the rentier oil model and its clientelist State were already showing signs of burnout. The country was experiencing a severe economic crisis with an unstable and profoundly delegitimized political system. Chávez’s proposals and discourse created a sense of direction, a collective hope that another vision was possible for society.
Over a decade with legitimacy
Important changes took place in society in the first decade of the Chávez regime. A constituent process culminated in the approval via a referendum of a new Constitution. The wide-ranging forms of participatory democracy it established were designed not to replace representative democracy but to further democracy as
Not only political but also social, cultural and economic rights were consecrated in the Constitution at a time when a potent neoliberal groundswell was swamping the rest of the continent. These rights included education at all levels and access to free public health services. Indigenous peoples and their rights, including to land, were recognized for the first time in history. Extensive state control was mandated over the oil and other key industries.
With greater public control over oil revenues and a sustained increase
in hydrocarbon prices, fiscal income increased substantially. The government strongly reoriented public spending toward social policies, the so-called ”missions” that prioritied the population’s less-favored sectors, and social security coverage was expanded enormously.
As a result of these policies and sustained economic growth over several years, the poverty and critical poverty levels were reduced significantly (measured by monetary income) as was inequality. All the main social indicators, such as nutrition, school enrollment and infant mortality levels, improved.
Profound changes occurred in grassroots political culture. The widespread apathy toward and distancing from the discredited political system, in which all notions of the grass roots had disappeared even in discourse, changed to optimism, dignity and the conviction that collective organizing and mobilization would make possible the construction of a better future.
Grassroots organizing processes were plentiful and varied. Taken together, the Technical Water Councils, Communitarian Water Councils, Urban Land Committees, Health Committees and. later the Communes and ommunal Councils involved millions of people. Between 1998 and 2012, the Chávez government enjoyed high levels of legitimacy in the country’s grassroots world and won successive elections.
Under threats and
The Bolivarian government’s examples and initiatives played a significant role
in the emergence of other progressive governments covering most of South America. Its initiatives were important both in defeating the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA), which the US government under Bill Clinton tried to impose on the whole continent, and in creating new Latin American solidarity and integration mechanisms: the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) and Petrocaribe, the Caribbean oil alliance.
This extraordinary process of change became a global reference point, a beacon of hope for Latin American peoples and movements as well as for communities as remote as Beirut’s Palestinian refugee camps and social movements in India and Southeast Asia.
the United States
During all those years, as expected in a political process defined as anti-imperialist and later as socialist, the Bolivarian project faced external pressures and threats from the global Right, especially in the US. From its very beginnings, the Chávez government faced imperial actions to depose it. Unflaggingly, successive US governments have politically and financially supported attempts by the Venezuelan Right to overthrow it, starting with the April 2002 coup d’état and the oil company lockout strike that virtually paralyzed the country for two months between 2002 and 2003.
Just before leaving the presidency, Barack Obama renewed a presidential order declaring Venezuela an “unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States.” In August 2017, Donald Trump threatened Venezuela with military invasion: “We have many options for Venezuela including a possible military option if necessary,” he warned.
A new step was taken in August 2017 when Donald Trump ordered a financial blockade of Venezuela, which has had an extraterritorial application far beyond the United States, as many banks from other countries, and especially from the European Union, have suspended their operations with Venezuela through fear
of US government reprisals. Lacking corresponding banks in the United States and the European Union, the Venezuelan government has faced great difficulties making purchases abroad (including food and medicines), accessing new sources of credit, and even making payments on its foreign debt. Unlike previous sanctions, duly aimed at specific high-level government officials, Trump’s economic/financial sanctions directly affect the bulk of the population.
Latin America’s political shift back towards neoliberalism has significantly changed the continental context in which the Bolivarian process had operated, leading to increasing and more severe isolation within Latin America.
Even this extremely adverse current context, however, isn’t enough to explain the profound multi-dimensional crisis Venezuela is experiencing today. Both the recession and the sustained reduction in oil production began in 2014, three years before the financial sanctions imposed by the Trump government.
From its inception, the Bolivarian political process was permeated with profound internal contradictions and vulnerabilities, which became more and more evident over time, greatly limiting its capacity to resist external pressures beyond the high-sounding speeches. The main contradiction was between a project that called itself anti-capitalist and pluri-cultural but put all its eggs in the basket of rentierism and oil and mining extraction, deepening Venezuela’s colonial insertion in the global regime’s international division of labor and natural resources by exporting raw materials.
Chávez’ unipersonal leadership
It was also limited by excessive reliance on Chávez’s unipersonal role as the undisputed charismatic leader of the Bolivarian process. This had serious contradictory consequences. On the one hand Chávez’s remarkable capacity for leadership made possible the political-cultural breakthroughs that characterized the first phases of the Bolivarian process, enabling a cracking open of the iron cage of a society that, despite going through an intense economic crisis and having a previously delegitimized political system, was basically demobilized and lacking credible visions of change.
Chávez managed to shatter the lethargy, apathy and resignation of the grassroots world, offering it a new directionality able to capture the collective imagination. On the other hand, the Bolivarian process experienced the negative consequences of unipersonal leadership. Such a model generates a leadership style characterized by deifying the leader and demanding unconditional support. Critical debate is seen as merely bothersome and dissenting voices are marginalized, impoverishing the possibility of open debates and the exploration of alternative options.
Under such conditions it ‘s no surprise that many of Chávez’s decisions were improvised and ended up doing a lot of harm. From the viewpoint of the process’ continuity, the determinate presence of this kind of leadership blocks the emergence of alternative leaders while any absence of the maximum leader puts the whole project of change at risk.
Organizations without autonomy
Another limitation was the tension between the collective imagination and practices of grassroots power and self-organization from below on the one side, and on the other the Lenin-inspired policies of control from above and the party-State’s core group making all the main decisions then informing the public via joint radio and television broadcasts. This way undermines the organized peoples’ confidence in their self-governing abilities.
These years have seen a strong contradiction between stimulating and promoting multiple forms of grassroots organizing and establishing vertical control structures within the resulting organizations. There have also been severe limitations to social transformation processes focused on organizational, political and institutional dynamics with no corresponding alteration in society’s economic structure, i.e. without these steps toward greater political democracy being accompanied by democracy in the area of production. Without their own productive base, grassroots organizations remain financially dependent on the State, thus eroding their autonomous possibilities. This emphasizes society’s clientelist and rentier-seeking, top-cown state-centralism, which isn’t conducive to expanding democracy.
Militarism, corruption, sectarianism
Another limitation was the contradiction between expanding democracy and promoting its participatory modalities on the one hand, and on the other a non-deliberative vertically-controlled military culture, abetted by significant military presence in all state areas (ministries, public institutions and companies, mayoralties) and the governing party.
Likewise there were severe limiting consequences to eliminating the boundaries between what is public-State and political-partisan in the name of the revolution. When one considers that the borders between public-State and political-partisan constitute liberal separations that must be overcome in a time of “revolution,” it also blurs the border between public and private. This creates institutional-political conditions for the massive corruption that has characterized the Bolivarian government at all levels.
The Bolivarian process was also limited by politics being conceived of and practiced as a confrontation between friend and enemy. This vision resultedin instituting a culture of sectarianism, distrust and non-recognition of the “other” in Venezuelan society, greatly hindering the possibilities for dialogue and agreements, albeit minimal, in the face of the profound humanitarian crisis the country is experiencing today.
Greater dependence on oil
A basic structural determinant of the severe economic, political and cultural difficulties Venezuela has been battling for decades is the terminal crisis of its rentier oil model, with its excessive dependence on the export of a single product and the corresponding model of a centralizing State based on clientelism.
Discourse aside, not only were no initial steps taken during the Chávez years to move towards a post-petroleum Venezuela but dependence on oil was intensified even further until it represented 96% of the total value of the country’s exports. Non-oil and private sector exports shrank in both relative and absolute terms. The increase in domestic demand, which occurred as a result of public policies aimed at increasing the population’s consumption capacity, resulted not in increased agricultural and industrial production but in the sustained growth of imports.
An extraordinarily overvalued exchange rate intensified what is historically referred to as “Dutch disease.” It has been cheaper to import goods from abroad than to produce them in the country and trade and finance have been more profitable than agricultural or industrial activity. All this has accentuated the economy’s vulnerability and increased its dependence on oil revenues.
Both the social policies, which for a few years had such a significant impact on grassroots living conditions, and the solidarity initiatives with Latin American countries, have depended on these oil revenues. It was basically a redistributive political model, with the only significant change in the productive structure being its progressive deterioration.
Influence of Cuban statism
When the Bolivarian process came to be defined as socialist in 2006 and 2007 and was resolutely influenced by Cuba, socialism became identified with statism.
In the total absence of a critical, informed evaluation about the consequences in Cuba of having state institutions directing all economic activity, a very wide range of Venezuelan agricultural, industrial, service and commercial companies—an estimated total of 526—were nationalized. Their management was put into the hands of “politically trustworthy people,” often military, although they had no knowledge of the activity they had to run. Most of these state companies, from large steel and aluminum plants to small food companies, went on to generate losses, remaining active only thanks to transfers from state oil revenues. When the State was no longer able to subsidize them, the companies’ crisis worsened. Most of them, lacking the foreign currency needed for their maintenance and technological upgrading, were not only poorly managed and had limited investment but also suffered widespread levels of clientelism and corruption.
The private sector is in no better shape. The Venezuelan economy’s grotesquely distorted price structure (by mid-2018 a cup of coffee in a café cost the same as 66,000 gallons of 95 octane gasoline) has affected public and private companies alike. It’s the same with inflation or hyperinflation, which interferes with being able to make the economic calculations needed to manage any productive unit.
According to the latest survey (mid-2017) from the Chamber of Industry, only 45% of the installed industrial capacity in Venezuela was being used. By mid-2018, it was even less.
Increasing numbers of poor...
The country’s profound economic crisis, with the oil industry now in a state of collapse, riddled by corruption and everything tied to the authoritarian propensities of Nicolás Maduro’s government, has produced a profound social and ethical crisis in Venezuelan society.
There has been a clear reversal of the main achievements brought about by the Bolivarian process in its early years. Most of the population has worse living conditions now in 2018 than it had two decades ago when Hugo Chávez won the presidential elections for the first time.
Hyperinflation, food and medicine shortages, lack of cash and insecurity make daily life increasingly difficult for most of the population. Contrary to what might be expected after years of solidarity-based mobilizations and organizational processes, individualistic and competitive reactions tend to predominate in the population. The recently-coined Venezuelan term “bachaqueo”—the speculative reselling of subsidized goods and contraband—has become a widespread black-market activity of unknown dimensions. In the absence of reasonably updated official information, classifying the country’s current status in social and humanitarian terms must necessarily be based on the research by universities, study centers and nongovernmental organizations.
Measured strictly by income level, 87% of the Venezuelan population in 2017 is poor thanks to the hyperinflation levels, a 19% increase of compared to 2015. Based on a multi-dimensional method that takes into account income, housing and its provisioning, services, work and social protection, however, the 41.3% of the population classified as poor in 2015 increased to 51.1% in 2017.
Perhaps the most direct impact of the economy’s decay has been in the population’s food levels. According to the Documentation and Analysis Center for Workers (CENDA), a minimum wage in June 2018 could barely purchase 1.8% of the family food basket.
In a Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI), 89.4% of those polled said they didn’t have enough money to buy food; 87.6% said “they had eaten less in the last three months because they couldn’t find food to buy” and 61.2% said they had experienced going to bed hungry in the last three months. ENCOVI¡s researchers concluded that 80% of the country’s households are suffering food insecurity.
The government has responded to this situation by focusing only on the basics of its social policy: giving cash bonuses to public workers and a massive, highly subsidized, food distribution program to the population through Local Supply and Production Committees (CLAP).
The foods in the CLAP box are basically carbohydrates. [According to The Guardian of August 20, 2018, some Venezuelan companies are offering unusual compensation packages, such as a security company that pays bonuses in eggs based on performance.
ENCOVI surveys show 85.7% of the country’s households with access to the CLAP program, but there are large differences in the distribution of the CLAP boxes. In Caracas, 64% of households receive them once a month, while in the rest of the country more than half the households receive them with no defined frequency.
... and increasing malnutrition
Although the food situation would be far more serious without these two programs, they haven’t managed to overcome the serious food shortages the population is suffering. The National Statistics Institute’s survey monitoring food consumption indicates a very marked reduction in the population’s “apparent daily per-capita consumption” of food between the first quarter of 2013 and the second quarter of 2017. This has involved not only a widespread reduction of the amount of food eaten, but also a change in the population’s diet, with drastic reductions in protein consumption. The survey revealed a more than 60% reduction in the consumption of meat, eggs, milk and its derivatives. The only category with a slight rise in consumption (5.1%) was in root vegetables and tubers. This diet has resulted in an estimated weight loss of 17.6 pounds per person among all strata of the population in 2016 alone.
Malnutrition is particularly severe among children. During the last few years, Caritas Venezuela has been monitoring the nutritional status of children under five years old in 38 of the poorest parishes in 7 of the country’s 23 states. Its latest report, corresponding to January-March 2018, shows that 17%
of those studied are moderately or severely malnourished, 27% have slight malnutrition and 34% are at risk of malnutrition. Only 22% don’t have nutritional deficiency. These figures present an important increase over the figures of the last quarter of 2017. The under-6-months age group is the most affected, with 35% showing moderate, acute or severe malnutrition. In those same parishes, 38% of the pregnant women were severely malnourished and 24% moderately so.
Given malnutrition’s impact on psycho-motor and cognitive development in early childhood, this is unquestionably the most severe medium- to long-term impact of Venezuela’s crisis.
A collapsed health system
The public health system has utterly collapsed, with a severe shortage of medicines and very limited access to medicines and treatment for chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. The health centers lack resources for equipment and instrument maintenance. Renal patients die because the dialysis rooms can’t receive them. Patients with organ transplants die because of the lack of treatment to prevent rejection. Electricity and water supply cuts in hospitals are frequent and many hospital services have stopped working or operate in minimal conditions because the doctors have resigned.
Already-controlled diseases have reappeared. Malaria, a disease that had been reduced to just one municipality, has spread to virtually the entire country. The vast majority of malaria cases reported in the Americas in 2017 were in Venezuela. Between epidemiological weeks 1 and 42 (January 1 to October 15), 319,765 malaria cases were reported, a significant increase over the total of 240,613 cases reported during all of 2016. Over half the measles cases reported throughout the Americas in the first three months of 2018 were in Venezuela.
Indigenous peoples are the most severely affected by this crisis in the health system. The Yanomami people, on Venezuela’s border with Brazil, have a serious measles epidemic; the Warao people, in the Orinoco delta, have a widespread HIV-AIDS epidemic; and the Yukpa people, in the Perijá National Park, are suffering from an unknown lethal disease. The survival of these peoples is at risk if these epidemics can’t be stopped.
A crumbling education system
The decline in the education system’s coverage has been alarming at all levels. Between 2015 and 2017 the population with between 3 and 24 years of schooling dropped from 78% to 71%. The poorest sectors of the population attend school intermittently, mainly because of a lack of food at home and failures in the water system. Teachers report cases of students fainting in the classroom due to a lack of adequate nutrition. Teachers and professors as well as students also stop appearing at school due to transport failure.
The universities, especially public ones, are suffering profound deterioration. Virtually the entire budget is devoted to almost symbolic salaries, with no possibility of covering maintenance costs or the costs of research or publication equipment and materials.
All universities report teacher resignations and massive student dropouts, caused both by being unable to afford the studies and the need to contribute to family support, as well as by feeling the uselessness of studying in a context where even professionals’ salaries can’t buy sufficient food. Many teachers opt to leave the country. Multiple tenders for new university teachers’ positions go unanswered because an academic career is no longer seen as a life option under these conditions.
Increasing insecurity and
declining public services
The population is suffering equally severe consequences due to the insecurity caused by both the underworld and police/military repression. The country’s homicide rate has steadily increased since 1995. Multiple sources now rank Caracas as the world’s second most violent city. The state security forces, far from ensuring the citizenry’s protection, are part of the problem. The most violent example has been the People’s Liberation Operations (OLP), created in mid-2015 on the grounds of providing citizen security and controlling the underworld. These operations have systematically been used as a repressive apparatus in police operations to apply the death penalty in grassroots neighborhoods.
All public services are deteriorating steadily as a joint result of inefficiency, lack of investment and maintenance, and corruption. Interruptions in electricity service are frequent, especially in certain regions of the country such as the state of Zulia. Street lighting is increasingly limited. Telephone communication is increasingly more precarious and the Internet is ever slower. Some sectors in Caracas, both grassroots and middle class, spend months without clean drinking water. Garbage accumulates. The country’s streets and highways are full of potholes due to a lack of maintenance. And Caracas’ metro, the capital city’s main means of transport, is increasingly dilapidated, with frequent delays and ever greater danger using it. Public and private transport, both urban and inter-urban, has increasingly fewer units in service due to a lack of spare parts, especially rubber tires and batteries.
The deterioration is similar in public customer service offices and those that issue IDs and passports and legalize documents. Often the only way to ensure the processing of bureaucratic transactions is to pay high commissions to the public officials responsible. The idea that anything public is necessarily inefficient and corrupt tends to settle like common sense. Queues formed for three days during the 2017 Christmas season to buy tickets to travel from Caracas to certain cities in the interior.
The diaspora is
a symbol of defeat
The last four years have resulted in a massive diaspora of Venezuelans looking for a better future abroad. As in so many other areas, there are no official figures, but different sources estimate the volume of emigration to be between 2 and 4 million people.
Colombia’s government has confirmed the presence of more than a million Venezuelans in its country. This migration, which began with middle class and professional sectors, is expanding into all areas of society. The massive departure of personnel has had a particularly severe impact in hospitals, universities and industries, especially Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA).
The scale of this migration is the most dramatic expression of a society that feels defeated and without a way out, of young people looking for new horizons because they no longer see future possibilities in their own country. This migration is double-edged for the family members: it has made Venezuela an important recipient of remittances on which an increasing percentage of the population depends to survive, but at the cost of painful family ruptures.
A radical discourse with
handouts, subsidies and threats
In political terms, the government consolidated its control over all state structures during 2017, from the executive branch to the vast majority of municipalities, and that political control appears to be quite firm for the moment. The rightwing and center-right opposition have remained deeply divided and their support bases have become demoralized. The leftwing opposition, including what has been called “critical Chavism” and “democratic Chavism,” is made up of small groups unable to influence the country’s course in the short term.
The regime has skillfully combined a radical anti-imperialist discourse aimed at its most unconditional supporters that attributes all the country’s problems to the US-led “economic war” with a widespread clientelist policy combining handouts, subsidies and threats. While this has earned it relative electoral support, it’s in no way a majority.
The regime has also succeeded in demobilizing most of the population, which is now forced to dedicate its energies to the ever more difficult daily tasks of survival. A large proportion of the population has become totally dependent on the bonuses and CLAP boxes of food the government distributes. The main task of many grassroots organizations has become coordinating the distribution of these subsidized goods.
Is the end near?
There have been significant shifts in the population’s expressions of discontent in 2018. Given the defeat of the massive mid-2017 mobilizations and the major opposition parties’ loss of legitimacy among their followers, the 2018 potential for conflict and social protest has been fundamentally union/social in nature—strikes, stoppages, roadblocks, protests and mobilizations—not only for wages and work conditions but also for other issues such as lack of water, electricity cuts, lack of food, insecurity and the transport crisis.
According to the Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict, 5,315 protests took place in the first quarter of 2018, about 30 a day: “the majority (84%) was characterized by the demand for economic, social, environmental and cultural rights.”
With the growing depoliticization of the population, widespread distrust of politics and politicians, whether from the government or the opposition, social conflict is no longer expressed, as in previous years, in polarized postures in favor or against the government, but in more immediate survival-based demands.
To an important extent, the country’s immediate future will depend on the degree to which these multiple protests coordinate into a new type of movement, beyond the political parties that were the main actors on the national political stage up to 2017.
(To be continued…)
Sociologist Edgardo Lander is a tenured professor at the Central University of Venezuela and associate researcher at the Transnational Institute. For decades he has also been connected to social and leftist movements in Venezuela. The full text of this analysis was written in Caracas in August 2018 and published in WWW.aporrea.org. This article was subtitled and lightly edited by envío.
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Blend4Web: Beginner's Guide. Chapter 7: Labyrinth Of Logic
IF…THEN…ELSE… wait, wait, don’t close this tutorial! You won’t need any text editor, or compiler, or any other things that bearded programmers use. The developers of Blend4Web have made a splendid gift for all artists which is the visual logic editor.
You only need a mouse and a little bit of savviness, and your project will become truly interactive. And about those mysterious words at the start of the page, well, they really are from the world of programming, but I’ll let you in on a little secret: our program will be perfectly fine without them.
Preparing for Work
Blender is a very powerful solution for creating and animating 3D models. Everything you’ve learned from my tutorials is but a tip of the iceberg. All this time we have been studying the tools we need to create a presentation, and now it is time to make the acquaintance of another one.
Blender provides a unique editor that allows users to construct materials, textures or scene compositions from specific logic blocks known as nodes. On a practical level, it looks like placing separate functions (represented by nodes) in a specific order and establishing links between them. In the case of Blend4Web, the very same editor is used for creating scene logic.
Blender actually features a template for working with the node editor, and it is called Compositing. If you select it, you will see a new, unfamiliar window shown in the Figure 1.
You have to prepare some things in advance to use logic nodes in your scene. First, switch the node editor to logic mode. This is done by clicking a certain button on the window’s panel. It is marked red on the figure.
Second, you have to create a node tree. This is a complex unit that encapsulates all of the logic used in our presentation. Press the New button to create a new tree. By default, this tree is simply named NodeTree, but, of course, you can rename it.
And third, you have to specify your new tree in the Blend4Web settings. To do this, switch to the Properties window, open the Scene tab and activate the Logic Editor option. Then select the tree from the list below. However, if the tree is not on the list, press the refresh button beside of the menu.
That’s all. Now, you are ready to program.
The Simplest Pipeline
Working with a program should start with setting goals. You have to first ask yourself what your presentation will do, and only afterwards decide how this can be done. Do not rush to start working if you don’t clearly understand the purpose of the work!
So, our educational application will be able to:
Demonstrate the model by rotating it.
Switch the color of the frame if specific buttons in the applications are clicked.
“Turn on” the smartphone and show an image on its screen.
And now, let’s get to work...
Blend4Web features a massive set of logic nodes that can be found in the Add menu. All of them are separated into categories.
Every logic tree should always start with the Entry Point node from the Control Flow category. It acts as a starting point for your logic. What’s interesting is that Blend4Web allows you to use several logic threads with separate Entry Point nodes. This can be used for executing multiple tasks in parallel, yet in our case one thread is enough.
Add another node to the project: the Switch Select node from the Control Flow
Before we start talking about what the Switch Select node is for, let’s try to link the two nodes in one thread.
Take notice of yellow circles at the sides of the nodes. These are the junction points that are used for connecting the nodes. On the left side of a node, we find the input socket, while the output socket can be found on the right. As an Entry Point always acts as a first node in the thread, it only has the Next socket.
Select the Next socket of the Entry Point node by using the left button of your mouse. A conductor line will appear. Move it to the Previous socket of the Switch Select node while holding down the left mouse button. When your mouse is over the socket, release the button. This is how links between nodes are established (fig. 3).
You can break this link by separating the conductor line from the Next socket or by holding down the CTRL key and guiding the mouse cursor above the link you don’t need.
The Switch Select node is the most frequently used node in the entire set. Using it, you can trace user-selected objects and transfer control to another node. To do this, you have to select an object you need from the Object menu. This should be the frame of the smartphone. In my example, it is titled Phone.
Blend4Web features a multitude of templates that make creating a presentation significantly easier. One of them is an option to automatically outline an object when it is selected. To enable this function, select the object you need (Phone), open the Object panel in the Properties window and go to the Selection and Outlining tab. Set the options as shown in Figure 4.
You can set the color for outlining in the general Blend4Web settings (fig. 5).
So, let us reason. Control is passed from the Entry Point to the Switch Select. Then, the program is waiting for a click of the mouse, and if the Phone object was clicked, control is passed to the next node which is connected to the Hit output (see the figure above).
But there is one detail we should keep in mind. The Switch Select node waits for a user’s actions and then it either passes the control or simply ceases to work. So, we better “tell” the node what it has to do in case a wrong object is selected. Look at Figure 5. The Switch Select node has another output by the name of Miss. It is here where control is passed if a wrong object is selected. Because of this, we have to “return” this output to the input of the Switch Select node.
Add two Reroute node objects from the Layout category to the scene. These are auxiliary nodes that are often used to make links between nodes easier to create and understand. Look at the figure below and set everything as shown there.
Here, we also have a new node called Stop Animation (the Animation category). Its purpose is to turn off the animation of an object set in the Object field. We studied creating animations in Blender in the previous lesson, and we created constant spin for an Empty object. Set this specific object in the Stop Animation node.
Now our logic thread is able to recognize a mouse click on the phone model and to stop the spin animation.
Our current tasks are the following: to move the holder from the field of view, turn the phone so it faces the camera and move it a little closer.
Create a separate animation of moving the holder off the screen, for example, down. Use Location keys for this.
Don’t forget that every lesson is fit with source files so you can see how it is done there.
The animation of the holder should not start automatically with the application. Here, we will use the Play Animation node from the Animation group (fig. 7).
The Play Animation node starts an animation of the object set in the Object field. The Anim Name field is for setting the name of an animation, if an object has more than one. In our case, the holder only has one animation, so leave this field empty.
The Behavior menu is used to define what happens when the animation is complete. Set it to Finish Stop. Last is Do Not Wait which makes the node pass control to the next node right away instead of waiting until animation is finished.
So, now our logic thread can register mouse clicks, stop the turning of the phone and move the holder away from the screen. But we still have to turn the phone right to the camera.
There is an excellent node in the set of logic blocks, which can change the current parameters of an object, such as Location, Rotation or Scale. Essentially, you can animate objects using this node.
Meet the Transform Object node.
This is a very powerful tool for creating animations using node logic! As usual, you have to specify the object it will control. In our case, it is the frame of the phone.
We then have to set the end parameters of the object’s transformation. You can copy the coordinates of the phone from the Transform panel (the N hot key), as we don’t need to change them. Instead, we are interested in the Rotation and Scale parameters.
In our test scene, we should set the Rotation of the phone by all axes to zero in order to make it face the camera. In your scene, this might be different. Try to experiment, to turn the object to the position you like, and then copy the rotation parameters to the node.
The Scale parameter controls the size of the object. It is set to 1 by default and thus does not change anything. I myself set it to 1.5 as this value turned out to be the most optimal one.
The Duration parameter sets the length (in seconds) of the animation. About two seconds should be enough.
And here is the complete logic tree that we have made in this lesson (fig. 9).
It only took us five nodes to make our scene interactive. As you can see, it’s easy to program in Blend4Web. Even if you are not familiar with the subject of programming, the visual logic editor gives you the opportunity to create presentations filled with action.
Updated source files can be found in the Blend4Web SDK starting from version 17.01 (this applies to both CE and PRO versions). The files are located in the blend4web/blender/tutorials/basic/for_beginners folder.
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Meldon History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
The surname Meldon originally comes from the Gaelic as O Maolduin, a patronymic name meaning "descendent of Maolduin." The personal name Maolduin is composed of the elements "maol," meaning "chieftain," and "dún," meaning "fortress."
Early Origins of the Meldon family
The surname Meldon was first found in County Sligo (Irish: Sligeach), in the province of Connacht in Northwestern Ireland, where they had been anciently seated at Enniscrone and said to be directly descended from King Niall of the Nine Hostages, Ireland's General Commander/King who died in the fourth century. From his twelve sons many tribes are descended including O'Caomhain who controlled the tribes from the River Gleoir to the Easky, a tract of land which included the homes of about 30 tribes, including the Muldoons.
Some of the first records of the family appeared as a forename. Máel Dúin mac Áedo Bennán (died 661) was King of Iarmuman (West Munster.) A few years later, Máel Dúin mac Conaill (died 688) was a king in Dál Riata (now Western Scotland).
Early History of the Meldon family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Meldon research. Another 95 words (7 lines of text) covering the years 170 and 1700 are included under the topic Early Meldon History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Meldon Spelling Variations
Just like the English language, the Gaelic language of Ireland was not standardized in the Middle Ages. Therefore, one's name was often recorded under several different spellings during the life of its bearer. Spelling variations revealed in the search for the origins of the Meldon family name include Muldoon, O'Muldoon, Meldon, O'Meldon, Maoldoon and many more.
Early Notables of the Meldon family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Meldon Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Irish families left their homeland in astonishing numbers during the 19th century in search of a better life. Although individual reasons vary, most of these Irish families suffered from extreme poverty, lack of work opportunities, and exorbitant rents in their homeland. Many decided to travel to Australia or North America in the hopes of finding greater opportunities and land. The Irish immigrants that came to North America initially settled on the East Coast, often in major centers such as Boston or New York. But like the many other cultures to settle in North America, the Irish traveled to almost any region they felt held greater promise; as a result, many Irish with gold fever moved all the way out to the Pacific coast. Others before that time left for land along the St. Lawrence River and the Niagara Peninsula, or the Maritimes as United Empire Loyalists, for many Irish did choose to side with the English during the American War of Independence. The earliest wave of Irish migration, however, occurred during the Great Potato Famine of the 1840s. An examination of early immigration and passenger lists has revealed many people bearing the Meldon name:
Meldon Settlers in United States in the 19th Century
Emigration to New Zealand followed in the footsteps of the European explorers, such as Captain Cook (1769-70): first came sealers, whalers, missionaries, and traders. By 1838, the British New Zealand Company had begun buying land from the Maori tribes, and selling it to settlers, and, after the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, many British families set out on the arduous six month journey from Britain to Aotearoa to start a new life. Early immigrants include:
Meldon Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century
The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.
Motto: Pro fide et patria
Motto Translation: For faith and my country.
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Is central bank money “magic money” that could avoid issuing government debt or extinguish existing debt? This blog explains what is central bank money, how it is created, and the relationship between central bank and government finances. There are no easy options to avoid paying for fiscal deficits.
Although central banks have a special role, they are still banks. They issue financial liabilities and hold financial assets. They are generally owned by their governments and their net profits are regularly transferred to the Treasury through dividends. The consolidated balance sheet of the central banks of the euro zone is published every week by the European Central Bank (ECB).
Central banks issue two important types of liabilities, which comprise the monetary base: bank notes in circulation and deposit and current accounts.
Bank notes – the euro bills in your wallet – are printed by central banks. They are sold to retail banks on demand in exchange for interest-bearing claims so that your bank can give them to you when you make a cash withdrawal.
Bank notes do not earn interest. Since bank notes cost very little to print but are exchanged at face value, central banks make seignorage revenue on the issuance of bank notes because the financial claim yields a return that in general exceeds the zero return on money. There are currently about 1.2 trillion EUR worth of euro bank notes circulating in the world. The value of a bank note comes from its role as legal tender and the public’s faith that its purchasing power will not be eroded by inflation.
Central bank accounts are provided to domestic banks, international financial institutions and governments to facilitate payment flows between them. When you pay for a laptop using a credit card, then the transfer from your bank account to the seller’s bank account ultimately involves a transfer from your bank to their bank across their respective accounts at the central bank. Major central banks pay interest on these deposit accounts or current accounts and it is via these rates that central banks steer other interest rates in the economy and thereby implement monetary policy. The deposit facility rate of the ECB is currently negative, -0.5%, implying that banks are paying to hold their reserves at the central bank.
On the asset side, central banks hold gold and foreign exchange reserves, collateralized loans to banks and outright purchases of euro area government and corporate bonds (and a few other things). Historically, the ECB and the national central banks – the “Euro-system” - used collateralized loans to banks (known as repos) to regulate the amount of reserves in the system and influence the interest rate on borrowing between banks. Since 2015, the Euro-system has purchased around 2.8 trillion EUR of bonds under its Asset Purchase Programme (APP) as an additional tool of monetary policy (see Figure 1). On 12 March 2020, this was extended by a further 120 billion EUR and under the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) announced on 18 March 2020 the Euro-system will purchase an additional 750 billion EUR of assets by the end of 2020.
The assets purchased by the Euro-system include government bonds, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities and covered bonds. The purchases are split between the national central banks and the ECB and government bonds are bought more or less in proportion to the fraction of the capital of the ECB held by each member. So French government bonds comprise about 20% of government bonds purchases under the APP and these are mostly purchased by the Banque de France (BdF). The split of purchases across countries is more flexible under the PEPP.
When the BdF buys a French government bond from a French bank, it credits the deposit account of that bank at the BdF. The BdF now earns interest income from this bond and pays interest on the deposit created - both interest rates can be negative. As long as the yield to maturity rate of return on the bond is above the deposit rate, the BdF earns a profit, which it eventually transfers to the French Treasury.
Since the central bank owns government debt and the government owns the central bank, cannot government debt held by the central bank be cancelled leaving the combined balance sheet unchanged? No, not only is annulling sovereign debt illegal in the euro area but the central bank also still owes interest on the deposits created. This is not a problem now since the deposit rate is negative but may become a problem when the deposit rate becomes positive. The central bank will owe money without income to pay for it. The central bank will also record a significant capital loss.
There are mainly two possibilities to resolve this income deficit: either the transfers between the central bank and the government serve to absorb the loss, or the central bank repays by issuing new reserves. In the first case, the government has to accept a lower monetary dividend. In the second, whilst it is true that central banks can always create additional deposits to pay for this shortfall, this risks becoming a pyramid scheme, as the central bank has to issue increasing volumes of deposits to pay interest on its existing reserves. Banks will have more and more central deposits for which there is little prospect of obtaining real value. Inflation is the inevitable consequence when households and firms begin to doubt about the value of this money and begin to spend their money before its purchasing value disappears. This may start an inflationary spiral.
A similar problem would occur with monetary finance - paying for public expenditures through central bank money creation. A central bank can simply credit funds into the account of the government. But when this money is spent, the deposits will transfer from the government’s account to a bank’s account (similar to the laptop example). The central bank will owe interest on this deposit but without any additional asset to pay for it. A similar inflationary spiral can begin.
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Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist that binds to the opioid receptors in the brain for a long time. Depending on the size of the dose, this can be anywhere between 24 hours and 36 hours. Although it is increasingly being prescribed to treat persistent pain, methadone is most associated with managing a slow detox process for people who have abused opioid drugs like heroin for a long time. Methadone has been successfully used since the 1970s to ease people off heroin abuse or addiction to other potent opioids, but that detox process is slow, as tapering can take months or years.
Since buprenorphine has been approved as another maintenance drug for people detoxing from opioid abuse, methadone is no longer the primary approach to this form of drug treatment. However, the drug saw an increase in popularity as a potential prescription analgesic since it binds to opioid receptors in the brain for a long time.
Unfortunately, methadone has been found to not be as effective in pain management because the analgesic effects wear off faster than other metabolites in the drug. This means people who take methadone to ease their pain may suffer more pain between doses, and they are more likely to accidentally overdose if they take a dose too soon.
Broader access to methadone also means the drug is more widely abused to get high, which is a highly dangerous practice. Abusing methadone increases the risk of overdose, and developing physical dependence on the drug means you will experience withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking it or try to quit. Since methadone remains in the body for a long time, withdrawal symptoms tend to last longer than other, shorter-acting opioid drugs.
What are the Symptoms of Methadone Withdrawal?
Without a tapering regimen or another maintenance drug like buprenorphine, you may experience withdrawal symptoms associated with methadone. If you take methadone as a pain medication, and you want to stop, your doctor will work with you to slowly taper off the substance. Even people who take methadone as prescribed and do not abuse the drug are at risk of developing a physical tolerance to it, which can lead to uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms if they suddenly stop taking the medication. People who are tapering off opioids with methadone use this long-acting narcotic to ease withdrawal symptoms, but they also may develop a dependence on methadone while they are tapering; however, addiction specialists will monitor this closely and adjust the tapering process as needed.
Methadone withdrawal symptoms, like other types of opioid withdrawal, occurs in two basic stages. However, because methadone’s metabolites remain in the body for so long, the first wave of symptoms will not occur for around 30 hours. The body completely metabolizes methadone in 24 hours to 36 hours, depending on the size of the dose.
The first group includes the following symptoms:
- Insomnia or sleep disturbances
- Watery eyes
- A runny nose
Symptoms of withdrawal may feel like the flu at first, but they will become more uncomfortable during the first few days. Second-stage symptoms may include the following:
- Muscle aches and twinges
- Joint pain
- Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping
- Cramps in the intestines or muscles
- Intense cravings for the drug
The first week is typically when symptoms will feel the most intense, and then they will gradually fade away over the next several weeks. While most opioid withdrawal symptoms are gone after about 10 days, methadone withdrawal can take several weeks. This means that medical intervention in the form of medication and tapering is crucial. Withdrawal discomfort can cause a relapse, which will likely lead to an overdose.
Evidence-Based Approaches to Detox and Rehabilitation
To safely and successfully overcome methadone abuse, you should consider entering an inpatient detox and rehabilitation program. Since methadone withdrawal takes some time, managing the process with consistent medical supervision may be the best approach to safely ending your body’s dependence on the drug.
Whether you enter an inpatient or outpatient detox program, your supervising clinician will manage a tapering schedule for you. It is not likely that you will taper methadone since that is the main substance of abuse, but you may receive buprenorphine as a maintenance medication instead. While methadone is a long-lasting opioid agonist, buprenorphine is a long-acting partial opioid agonist. This means that, in people whose bodies are used to the presence of opioids, buprenorphine will not feel intoxicating at all. Instead, they will feel healthy and stable.
Once you have been stabilized on buprenorphine, your detox clinician will gradually taper your body off the substance. This can take several weeks of reducing the buprenorphine dose by 0.25 mg (milligrams) to 1 mg per week. As you slowly taper off that substance and show you are stable, you should participate in a rehabilitation program that specializes in opioid addiction.
Rehabilitation offers, at minimum, consistent group therapy to help you understand and change your behaviors around drugs and alcohol. Intensive, inpatient rehabilitation also may offer individual therapy, complementary therapies like exercise and nutrition counseling, art therapy, meditation, and even occupational or physical therapy.
Once you are no longer physically dependent on any opioid drug, you may receive a prescription for naltrexone. This drug has been found to reduce cravings for and intoxication from both alcohol and opioids. While you take naltrexone, you may not experience cravings for depressant drugs, especially opioids or alcohol. If you do relapse while you are taking this medication, you will not get high from methadone or any other opioid. This helps to reinforce that you do not need these drugs to feel normal.
Methadone may take weeks or months to detox from, but there are programs that thoroughly understand this process and how best to apply evidence-based treatment to help you.
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ome have taken a recent Census Bureau report to mean just that, although the figures might be difficult to interpret for several reasons.
Census figures show that 55 percent of adults had been married once by 2009. And although the figures show that people are marrying later in life, more marriages are lasting, with 77 percent of those marrying since 1990 making it to their 10th anniversary – around three percent higher than in the early 1980s when the nation saw its highest divorce rates.
In 2009, more than half of currently married couples (55 percent) had been married for at least 15 years, while 35 percent had reached their 25th anniversary. Six percent had even passed their golden wedding anniversary.
These percentages are around one to two percentage points higher than they were in 1996, reflecting the leveling of divorce rates and increases in life expectancy.
Divorce rates hit highs in the early 1980s after divorce was made easier by the widespread adoption of no-fault divorce laws by states, but the census finds that divorce rates across most age groups have fallen by an average of five percentage points since 1996. One of the challenges of measuring and comparison is the lack of a standard definition for divorce rates; different states measure the so-called “divorce rate” differently and some have re-defined their definition during the compared time spans.
For the purposes of this piece, the Census Bureau’s definition of divorce rate has remained constant on a national level, yet it is unclear how the data was gathered and crunched on a state-by-state basis. Only the Bureau knows!
While 18.8 percent of 25- to 29-year-olds who had been married were divorced in 1996, the percentage dropped to 13.8 percent in 2009. For 30- to 34-year-old women, the rate of divorce dropped from 25.6 to 21.3 percent. The divorce rate among older women (50 years and over), however, increased. Overall, 21 percent of men and 22 percent of women had ever been divorced.
Does this mean that marriage skills are improving? Or that marriage itself has regained an authoritative position is the leading desirable form of long-term relationship?
“Many Americans have … heard this idea that one in two marriages will fail and that marriage is on the ropes,” said Bradford Wilcox, Director of the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia. “Marriage is actually becoming more stable in America and divorce is becoming less common.”
Despite the perception that divorce is common place, most Americans marry once and make it work, one might conclude from the Census Bureau report.
Fifty-five percent of all married couples have been married for at least 15 years, according to the census report, while 35 percent have celebrated their 25th anniversaries and a special 6 percent have made it more than 50 years.
Wilcox said one of the primary reasons marriages are lasting longer is that people are postponing marriage. “Couples that get married in their mid-twenties or later than that are more likely to avoid divorce court,” he said.
“There is sort of more of a soul mate model of marriage today. … Fifty years ago, this was one of the things you did when you became a young adult. You found a boyfriend or girlfriend and if you were pretty happy you’d go ahead and get married,” said Wilcox. “Today the bar for marriage is much higher because people want a soul mate, not just a spouse. And a soul mate should be someone who is capable of providing you with emotional fulfillment, an intense relationship—and, by the way, a decent bank account helps.”
For many the soul mate model of marriage is less accessible, and while marriages on the whole are lasting longer, in many social strata, instability is on the rise.
“Americans who don’t have a college degree and who are less affluent, working class and poor Americans. They are seeing increases in divorce, they are seeing increases in childbearing, and we’re seeing a kind of growing marriage divide in American life,” said Wilcox. “More and more couples are having kids outside of marriage in a cohabiting context, and that’s why 41 percent of kids today are born outside of marriage in large parts. … Their kids are more likely to be exposed to a carousel of romantic partners and to suffer as a consequence.”
In fact, in 2009, more American households were single head-of-household homes than married homes for the first time in United States history. Demographically and historically, that does not bode well for the future of a civilized society.
In fact, the U.S. has nearly double the percentage of children growing up in single-parent households compared to more than 20 European nations combined. So, more and lasting marriages may be a good thing, but why are they lasting and are there really more healthy marriages? Some cite economics as a key factor.
Andrew Cherlin, a professor of public policy and sociology at Johns Hopkins University, suggests that more marriages are lasting today because couples are successfully balancing work and sharing their income.
“People seem to be finding a new marriage bargain that works for 21st-century couples,” he told The Washington Post.
“It’s based on pooling two incomes, replacing the old breadwinner-homemaker bargain that worked well in the ‘50s.”
It is our estimation that economics does play a role and that the current recession may have impact in interpreting current conditions. Historically, divorce rates slow during economic downturns as couples can neither afford two households, nor the legal costs of divorce. There is some indication that couples may be “gutting it out” together rather than incur the costs associated with a split. A certain percentage of those will go on to have successful marriages.
Even if this effects a percentage point or two (and there is no credible way of measuring who is silently determined to keep a household together for economic reasons), it may have an impact on the overall movement of divorce rates.
So let’s be cautiously optimistic about the Census Bureau report. Let’s believe for the best—but let’s not fool ourselves—there’s an awful lot of work to do to improve the overall health of the state of our unions in these United States.
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Yburg Castle, built around 1200, takes its name from the outcrop that it occupies: its historical name Iberg probably derives from Eibenberg (yew-tree mountain). Of volcanic origin, the bluff towers over the Rhine valley.
The castle, its keep a highly visible landmark, marked the southwestern corner of the territory of the margraves of Baden. In the Peasants’ War of 1525, rebels invaded the castle, causing considerable damage. Because of its strategic significance, Margrave Georg Friedrich ordered that the castle be rebuilt and fortified, with work taking place between 1617 and 1620. In 1689, however, French soldiers laid waste to the structure. Like many other Medieval ruins, Yburg Castle began to attract increasing numbers of sightseers in the 19 th century. The ramparts were reinforced and partially reconstructed. Today, the ruin – and its Burggaststätte (castle inn) – is a popular destination for day-trippers, and a well-known symbol of the Rebland wine region of Baden-Baden. The restored keep offers fantastic views of the Rhine Valley and the Black Forest.References:
Krickenbeck moated castle is one of the oldest on the lower Rhine. Its history dates back to the year 1104, when the castle was first mentioned. It is unclear why the old castle, which was certainly inhabited by Count Reginar, was abandoned or destroyed. In the mid-13th century the castle was moved to the current location. At the end of the 14th century the new castle belonged to the Counts of Kleve.
Johann Friedrich II of Schesaberg converted the castle into a Baroque mansion between 1708-1721. On September 7, 1902, a fire destroyed the entire mansion. From 1903 to 1904, a three-winged castle was built in the Neo-Renaissance style. Today Krickenbeck is a conference center.
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Imperialist Dilemmas in Southeast Asia
AbstractSince the Second World War nearly a score of wars of liberation, revolts, interventions, and counter-revolutionary attempts have occurred in Southeast Asia, the irregular, chopped-up area that extends from Burma across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Malaya and out over the great scattering of islands that comprise Indonesia and the Philippines.
This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.
Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Please see here for reprint requests.
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The Only Bird Species Known To Prey On Humans Is The?
Answer: Crowned Eagle
Around the world, you’ll find quite a few large birds of prey; fearsome creatures that function as high-level to apex predators in their domains with sharp talons, sharp beaks, and broad wings. The most that humans have to fear from nearly all these predatory birds, however, is a minor tussle if they venture too close to their nests. As fearsome and predatory as most eagles, hawks, falcons, and other birds of prey are, they care little for interacting with humans and rarely attack one unless they are defending their nesting sites.
All, that is, save for the Crowned Eagle. Found in a wide band across sub-Saharan Africa, the birds are fierce hunters that live off a diet that is 90 percent mammalian and includes monkeys, ungulates, and occasionally, humans. In fact, the Crowned Eagle—thanks to several recorded instances of the birds attacking (and even carrying away) children as well as the discovery of human skulls in their nesting sites—is considered the only living bird known to regard humans as prey.
What’s even more interesting is that this behavior isn’t a recent development in the history of Africa. In 1924, quarry workers found a fossilized Australopithecus africanus skull in a quarry in Taung, South Africa. The skull, belonging to a young child, bears distinctive puncture marks that are highly indicative of attack by a bird of prey similar in size to a modern Crowned Eagle—which leads scientists to believe that approximately 2.5 million years ago, the Crowned Eagle (or its predecessor) was already hunting smaller hominid species and their children across the African continent.
More Trivia Questions
Chewing Gum Was Originally Made From?
Coca-Cola Almost Created A Vending Machine That Would Adjust Its Prices Based On?
The First Comic Superhero To Appear On The Silver Screen Was?
Cydia, The Third-Party Alternative To The Apple App Store, Is Named After What?
The Tumbleweed, An Icon Of The American West, Actually Hails From?
Snow Isn’t Always White; In The Sierra Nevada Mountains Snow Is Sometimes?
The First Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game Was?
Foster’s Rule Is A Rule In Evolutionary Biology That Explains?
Elisha Otis Paved The Way For The Skyscraper With The Invention Of?
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ChaGPT and Students’ life after ChatGPT
In a world where ChatGPT is seen as a blessing in disguise, let’s see how students are perceiving this OpenAI invention. The article covers how ChatGPT is impacting students.
With ChatGPT, the field of so-called natural language processing is undoubtedly entering a new stage. ChatGPT is capable of participating in discussions and responding to questions in a way that’s very similar to a human, and it can carry a conversation through multiple queries in addition to producing software code. Because of its capacity to produce text that resembles human speech, it is currently causing a revolution in the technology sector.
Teachers are now concerned about how students are using ChatGPT because they are using it to compose their essays and homework, compromising their willingness to learn skills like writing and research. This application makes it easy for students to do their homework and assignments, but it also raises questions about academic dishonesty, cheating, and most importantly, the decline of learning capacity.
Teachers worry that this may cause kids to become lazy thinkers and prevent them from learning skills that will last a lifetime, such as writing, research, and critical thinking. Moreover, using technology to create non-original writing by students may be construed as plagiarism, which is a serious offense in academic contexts.
Using ChatGPT or any other automatic writing tool for academic assignments is unethical because it is considered cheating and has no long-term advantages for the learner. ChatGPT can give incorrect answers and is not a reliable source of data. According to experts, future pupils won’t be as engaged in paying attention in class as they are today, therefore ChatGPT puts a big question mark on the current educational system and teaching and learning process.
Though artificial intelligence (AI) cannot fully replace human creativity, this does not mean that it has no role in the classroom or in the educational system. Teachers should concentrate on how this AI will aid pupils methodically rather than feeling uneasy about ChatGPT’s use by the students. Teachers can use this chatbot to demonstrate to students how to create prompts to improve their writing process. These seemingly insignificant details will fundamentally alter how pupils produce ideas. As was already noted, it can offer plans and templates for actual writing, making it easy to develop an essay’s framework. After that, Al’s algorithms may evaluate student writing in real-time and give them comments on how to strengthen their writing composition. Instead of viewing ChatGPT as an ominous shift in the future, we should concentrate on how we may benefit from it. We are currently living in the future since technology is advancing quickly. Instead of stifling and outlawing this new technology, we ought to use its amazing capacity to further research and writing. AI has the ability to significantly help us in all aspects of our lives.
The post How ChatGpt is Impacting Students? appeared first on Analytics Insight.
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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Barriers and Impact
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)—which connects China’s western province of Xinjiang to the Pakistan’s Arabian Sea coastline in Balochistan province—is the first large-scale attempt to bolster economic ties between Beijing and Islamabad, after decades of robust diplomatic and military relations. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report puts CPEC in historical and economic context, identifies challenges to it, and assesses its implications.
- Support for the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Chinese investment in the country is almost unanimous in Pakistan. The country’s political parties and regions, however, have been deeply divided on the subject of equitable distribution of and control over CPEC projects.
- CPEC is a fifteen-year program scheduled for completion in 2030 that will begin to address Pakistan’s energy and infrastructure needs in the near term.
- CPEC could prove an opportunity to decisively overcome the Balochistan insurgency in Pakistan. Doing so, however, means protecting the political rights of the locals and granting economic privileges over migrant labor.
- A broader CPEC authority is necessary to ensure that the project moves forward on a consensus basis. Neither the Pakistani military nor the civilian bureaucracy have the economic and political aptitude to steward the project to success. Such a task is the reserve of the political leadership in Islamabad.
- Policymaking communities in New Delhi and Washington exaggerate the strategic component of CPEC. This may, however, end up being a self-fulfilling prophecy. Pakistan’s primary goal should be to put itself on a trajectory of rapid, equitable, and sustained macroeconomic growth.
- The ultimate benchmarks for the success of CPEC will be whether it boosts industrial productivity, exports, and job creation in Pakistan, putting the country on a path toward sustained, high levels of equitable economic growth.
About the Report
This report clarifies what the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor actually is, identifies potential barriers to its implementation, and assesses its likely economic, sociopolitical, and strategic implications. Based on interviews with federal and provincial government officials in Pakistan, subject-matter experts, a diverse spectrum of civil society activists, politicians, and business community leaders, the report is supported by the Asia Center at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP).
About the Author
Arif Rafiq is president of Vizier Consulting, LLC, a political risk analysis company specializing in the Middle East and South Asia. He is also a nonresident fellow at the Middle East Institute and a fellow at the Center for Global Policy. The author is grateful to Moeed Yusuf, Colin Cookman, and the Asia Center at USIP for their generous support for this research project, and would like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers for their constructive feedback.
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What is an Expository Essay Paper?
An expository essay includes a wide range of different essays such as compare and contrast, cause and effect, and the goal of such papers is common; to analyze, investigate, and evaluate a provided concept or ideology. One major characteristic of an expository essay is that all arguments are supported by facts and not personal opinions.
At times, expository essays may be compared to standing on a fence. The custom essay writer provides an explanation of what they think but do not lie on any side of the argument. At times, expository essays are provided as virtual dialogues with the reader whereby the reader is informed of the topic of discussion.
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The definitive goal of any form of writing is adequate preparation for sovereign research, locating ability, and eventually proper utilization of information. Expository essays assist in the development of research proficiency. Through expository writing, students acquire knowledge of how to think critically, make proper organization, structure of ideas and practice writing. Before the eventual goal is attained in expository essay writing, sit is necessary to meet a series objective. It is necessary to learn how to interpret narratives effectively and eventually interpret expository texts. So as to handle expository essays effectively, students should be familiar with the idea of text structure, identification of various text patterns, interpretation and understanding of the text.
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Structure of an Expository Essay
The most common expository essay takes the format of a five-paragraph essay which means that it should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. Unless other specifications are provided, this format of an expository essay does not exceed a normal office paper sheet. In most cases, an expository essay should begin with a topic sentence that introduces the issue to the audience. The topic catches the attention of the audience, and if the first few lines of an expository essay are not eye-catching, the whole paper may be trashed. The body paragraphs provide a discussion of the problem, and each paragraph addresses a single issue. Every paragraph should be around seven lines in length. The last paragraph of the essay should provide a summary of the expository essay. To get more information on the 5 paragraph format, contact us for samples.
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How are Industrial Valves Certified?
About industrial valves
There are many different kinds of valves, designed for various applications, made by several different companies.
Having knowledge about these types of valves will help you be more informed when investing in a new plant equipment or upgrading your current operational capabilities.
There are six main categories of industrial valves (based on function): flow control, pressure control, isolation, temperature-controlled, and safety valves.
Flow control valves regulate the output speed of a process by opening or closing passages that supply liquid or gas from pipes or containers.
Pressure control valves manage the pressure of fluid inside a pipe by letting some fluid escape into the surrounding environment via a passage. The others operate by shutting off portions of the pipe being supplied with material. Isolation valves shut down parts of a pipeline. They can do this very quickly relative to other valves. Temperature control valves use coolants as well as oil or water to keep the system running efficiently. These can be found online and in catalogs. Safety barriers detect overpressure and prevent it from reaching dangerous levels.
In order to function as an industrial valve engineer, you will need certification. Each country has its own certification requirements, so before you look for a job or start working, you should confirm that your country is giving certifications.
Some countries such as Australia and Canada have stringent certification requirements, while others like Germany and France maintain a more laissez-faire attitude towards certifications.
The United States falls somewhere in between – specifically, any employee at a plant who requires certified engineering knowledge must be duly qualified and certified.
This includes professional engineers and other related professionals such as scientists.
However, there are some differences depending upon which state’s regulations govern your situation. The first step will be to find out if your project qualifies under federal exemptions (CA/TX).
Federal specifications are one of four things required to qualify about equipment exemption (CT) from subpart A. Federal specification also applies only to activities relating to operations performed within the general area of an organization’s headquarters.
Lastly, federal specifications apply exclusively to employees performing duties directly involved in policy and procedure implementation (DC), unless they are also involved with training tasks.
In order to be certified, an industrial valve must pass through specific tests. These test routines are administered by agencies that evaluate the durability of valves under controlled conditions.
Certification is not required at all in the United States, though it may help your business in other countries. It’s important to keep in mind that current regulations require certain types of processing controls (including personnel certification) when significant amounts of liquid food or drink are handled, which can apply to both upstream and downstream processes.
Both mechanical and electronic valves may vary in their level of complexity depending on who manufactured them. Generally, these testing procedures have to do with how the mechanisms work; whether they are fully functional etc. The electronics side usually requires additional testing for electrical components.
Programs exist to certify organic manufacturing equipment, including hardware used in PCB assembly plants and chemical processors. There are also general quality control standards for medical devices. However, as far as I am aware, there is no standard program for identifying various aspects of hydraulic systems.
Hydraulic modules need to be tested while connected together with other similar modules using multiple fluid pressures and flow rates. Individual models of electronic valves will require performance specifications that match line-up with corresponding actuators.
In short, you want to make sure that any given model of electric valve functions properly before sending it off to be put into production. Otherwise, it could receive further damage prior to its commercial use. A sound
There are currently two types of industrial valves that are certified under ISO 14688 : Part 1 or API 568 : Petroleum Industry Valve Systems
Certification is awarded to companies who meet certain requirements in order to certify their products.
The certification process requires manufacturers to document quality control procedures, environmental protection measures, safety systems and other pertinent information regarding their production equipment and processes.
Only high – efficiency filters and raw water suppliers used for manufacturing can be accredited according to guidelines set forth by AIChE (the American Institute of Chemists).
There are very few third party certifiers involved with ISOs so look into each one to make sure they’re reputable and well respected within their field.
Some of the most popular are NCAES (National Control Laboratory for Environmental Studies), TUV (German laboratory testing experts), BLMA (a famous European expert center). Also verify if the company produces any related materials which may require specific chemical resistances such as chemicals, lubricants, etc.
There are several different types of industrial valves that contain various designs to control fluids or materials. They can be found at manufacturing facilities across the world.
To remain competitive, manufacturers must use engineering software to design ideal processes. These specialized plants then rely on these highly calibrated equipment to produce maximum efficiency.
Valve manufacturers must consistently monitor their production lines for leaks and clogs. Then they have to perform maintenance such as tightening couplings and screws or replacing seals.
This constant need for maintenance is what typically pushes up costs to manufacture these high-end instruments.
Many times, engineers cannot find any more efficient ways to complete a task, so they turn to mechanical methods to help them achieve higher levels of quality and productivity.
These internal mechanisms work with minimal human interaction; only an operator actuates each valve properly. More often than not, operators are automated in their tasks due to the lack of flexibility associated with moving objects.
The advent of digital controls resulted in greatly reduced amounts of contamination by impure substances into the process flow. However, it still remains a problem because these devices communicate with each other via networks and outside sources which makes repairs even harder.
Engineers had been trying to solve this issue since the start of time, but here we are talking about electronics in all areas of our lives today!
Visit a valve certification program
In order to work as an industrial valves operator, you must be certified in your specific area. Many areas have internal certification programs that offer continuing education courses for those who wish to become certified.
However, there are also region-specific certifications available from organizations such as the Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP) or The Society of Pipeline Engineers (SPE). These kind of certificates are applicable nationwide.
If working with chemicals is within your skill set, join your local GSRP group to keep up to date with industry news. SPE’s membership requirements vary by state, but generally speaking you need five years experience operating mechanical systems.
To qualify for either certification process, you will need at least two years professional experience.
Ask how to become certified
There are several different certifications available for industrial valves, including AIHA’s Registered Valve Efficiency Examiner (RVE) certification program.
These certificates require proof of professional qualifications in addition to demonstrated proficiency testing water excursion rate errors and baseline decay.
Furthermore, each valve efficiency examiner is required to keep current with new methods and techniques that could potentially improve test results.
Some programs also require prospective examiners to submit references. Referees can be identified by their email addresses at specific head offices within organizations.
Becoming an RVE requires training, which most manufacturers provide at their expense. Expect to pay for training materials and equipment; many have them sell you material that they may already own or use.
They then help you with things like how to wash samples and calibrate measuring instruments. Also, as mentioned earlier, most reviewers want employees who are familiar with automation so there are less opportunities for applicants.
Review the requirements
In order to operate a valve, it must meet certain international standards set by national agencies. These are known as regulatory criteria and include things like rigidity and leak rate.
However, certification is no easy task. There are only four countries that certify industrial valves internationally-China, France, Germany, and Mexico. This article explains what’s involved in getting certified, from drafting a application to undergoing an inspection.
Validation of existing equipment can save companies millions of dollars or tens of thousands of hours of work when upgrading or changing operations. Using validated tools and methods also helps maintain a company’s status as a quality supplier.
Furthermore, validation has significant benefits for new projects as well. For example, a firm might have to expend resources developing project plans and communicating with stakeholders; however, obtaining validating approval saves time and effort ahead of project launch.
In addition to upfront costs, there’s another consideration related to validation: intellectual property (IP). Firms should keep IP considerations in mind whenever they plan to validate old devices or develop replacements using patented processes.
Although IP protection exists, it’s important to assess every case individually. Another thing to note is that extensive IP protections may be needed if firms want to use other people’s patents.
Finally, this article discusses how businesses saved money thanks to validation.
Submit your application
Before an industrial valve can be certified, there are several steps that must be taken. The initial step is to ensure you meet the requirements described in the description of the program. After this, someone with authorization will review your application.
They will ask if you have met all of the required criteria listed for the specific certification program. If so, they will then refer your application to them for approval.
Thereafter, their internal audit team will look over certifications at randomly selected locations. By displaying notices about these inspections, their audit reaches thousands of plants throughout the country.
Finally, employees must successfully complete a short questionnaire or training session before they may begin receiving certifications.
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An explosion can be defined as a very fast chemical reaction involving solid, dust or gas, during which a sudden, rapid and violent release of energy occurs. This phenomenon lasts only several milliseconds and results in the production of very high temperatures and pressures. During detonation, the hot gases that are produced expand to occupy the available space, leading to wave type propagation through space that is transmitted spherically through an unbounded surrounding medium. Along with the produced gases, the air around the blast, particularly for air blasts also expands and its molecules become compacted, resulting in blast wave and shock front. The blast wave contains a large part of the energy that was released during detonation and moves faster than the speed of sound.
When an explosion occurs, the pressure surrounding the element is initially equal to the atmospheric pressure before undergoing an instantaneous increase to a peak pressure at the arrival time when the shock front reaches that point. The peak incident pressure is also known as the peak overpressure. The value of the peak overpressure as well as the velocity of propagation of the shock wave decrease with increasing distance from the detonation centre. After its peak value, the pressure decreases with an exponential rate until it reaches the atmospheric pressure. Above the atmospheric pressure, the pressure-time diagram is called the positive phase duration. After the positive phase of the pressure-time diagram, the pressure becomes smaller (referred to as negative phase) than the atmospheric value, and finally returns to it. During this phase, the structures are subjected to suction forces, which is the reason why sometimes during blast loading glass fragments from failures of facades are found outside a building instead in its interior.
When an explosion occurs, its energy is released in the form of heat. The heat released under adiabatic conditions is called the heat of explosion. The heat of explosion is a fundamental parameter, since it determines the work capacity of the explosive. The violence of the explosion depends on the rate at which energy is released.
There are several three (3) kinds of energy which may be released in an explosion, namely: (1) physical energy, (2) chemical energy and (3) nuclear energy
Physical energy may take such forms as pressure energy in gases, strain energy in metals or electrical energy. Examples of the violent release of physical energy are the explosion of a vessel due to high gas pressure and the sudden rupture of a vessel due to brittle fracture. Another important physical form is thermal energy. This is generally important in creating the conditions for an explosion rather than as a source of energy for the explosion itself. In particular, superheat in a liquid under pressure causes flashing off of the liquid if it is let down to atmospheric pressure.
Chemical energy derives from a chemical reaction. Examples of the violent release of chemical energy are explosion of a vessel due to combustion of flammable gas, and explosion of a reactor caused by decomposition of reaction products in a runaway chemical reaction. Chemical explosions are either (1) uniform explosions or (2) propagating explosions. An explosion in a vessel tends to be a uniform explosion, while an explosion in a long pipe gives a propagating explosion.
The magnitude and distribution of blast loads on a structure are governed by several factors, namely:
- Explosive properties: type of material, energy output and quantity of explosive
- Location of the detonation relative to the concrete structure
- Reinforcement of the pressure pulse through its interaction with ground and concrete
The reflected pressure and the reflected impulse are the forces to which the concrete walls ultimately respond. These forces vary in time and space over the exposed surfaced of the concrete walls, depending on the location of the detonation in relation to the concrete walls.
The air blast shock wave is the primary damage mechanism in an explosion. The pressure it exerts on concrete wall surfaces may be several orders of magnitude greater than the loads for which the concrete walls are designed. An explosion has the following characteristics:
- The intensity of the pressures acting on the concrete walls can be extremely high,
often above 100psi
- Pressures from an explosion decay rapidly with distance from the source hence, direct
air-blast damages tend to cause more localised damage
- The duration of the event is very short, measured in thousandths of a second or
Unconfined vapour cloud explosions (UCVEs) can pose a severe threat to personnel operating in hazardous environments, resulting in costly damages and casualties if left unchecked. As such, it is of utmost importance for personnel working within these industries to be aware of the basics of UCVEs - what they are, how they occur, and most importantly, how the personnel can protect themselves from UCVEs. This blog post will look into what constitutes an UCVE and several preventative measures that may help mitigate its devastating effects.
An unconfined vapour cloud explosion (UVCE) is a type of combustion that occurs when a large amount of flammable gas or liquid is released into the atmosphere. When these gases mix with oxygen present in the air, they can form an explosive mixture capable of releasing large amounts of energy when ignited. This energy then propels and spreads rapidly, resulting in a powerful explosion that can devastate anything in its blast area. UVCEs are particularly dangerous because explosions can occur far beyond the original point of release due to gases being carried by wind. It means an unconfined vapour cloud explosion has the potential to travel vast distances in search of ignition sources, resulting in a much larger blast radius and increased destruction.
UVCEs pose a serious threat to chemical plants and other industrial installations since they can result in costly damages and casualties. Numerous factors contribute to a plant or facility's unconfined vapour cloud explosion. Some of these include:
- Poorly maintained equipment such as pipelines, tanks, valves, hoses, etc.
- High temperatures and pressure inside a tank or pipeline
- A lack of preventive measures that limit the size and scope of an UCVE, such as fire retardants, flame arrestors, spark detection systems, etc.
- Poor housekeeping practices that increase the likelihood of ignition sources (cigarettes, electrical equipment, etc.) coming into contact with flammable vapours
- The presence of hydrogen or hydrocarbons with gas/oxygen mixture between the lower flammable limit (LFL) and upper flammable limit (UFL)
- Poorly designed ventilation systems that allow combustible vapours to build up without proper dispersal
These are just some factors that can contribute to an unconfined vapour cloud explosion and should be considered when working in hazardous environments.
The consequences of an unconfined vapour cloud explosion can be devastating, resulting in massive destruction and possibly loss of life. Some of the potential effects include:
- Severe property damage caused by the blast wave itself
- Fires are ignited due to the burning gases/liquid mix released during the explosion
- Toxic fumes being released into the atmosphere, posing health risks to those in the vicinity
- Loss of life and serious injury due to flying debris or direct contact with the blast wave
Given these potential consequences, it is essential for personnel operating in hazardous environments to be aware of preventive measures that can help mitigate the effects of a UVCE.
There are several steps that personnel and plant operators can take to help prevent the occurrence and reduce the severity of an unconfined vapour cloud explosion. These include:
- Conducting plant hazard simulation to reveal and identify hidden hazards
- Conducting simulation on various flammable gas leak scenarios to predict the severity and impact to the immediate surrounding
- Implementing risk prevention protocols such as conducting thorough inspections and establishing SOPs before starting a job and while in the process of completing it
- Regularly inspecting pipelines, tanks, valves, etc., for any signs of wear and tear or damage
- Installing flame arrestors, spark detection systems, and other preventive measures to limit the size of a fire/explosion in the event of an UVCE
- Regularly testing safety equipment (fire extinguishers, ventilation systems, etc.) to ensure they function properly
- Implementing strict housekeeping rules, such as no smoking or open flames near combustible materials and using spark-resistant tools whenever possible
- Utilising appropriate safety protocols (e.g., PPE) when handling flammable liquids/gases
- Utilising pressure relief devices to prevent over-pressurization of containers and, in turn, reduce the risk of explosive releases
- Installing fire suppression systems to quickly detect and put out any combustion in the event of an unconfined vapour cloud explosion
By taking the right steps, personnel and plant operators can help protect their plants from the devastating effects of an unconfined vapour cloud explosion. For those working in hazardous environments, it is essential to be aware of the potential consequences of a UVCE and the preventive measures they can take to protect their plants and personnel. By implementing the right protocols and preventive measures, personnel and plant operators can help reduce the risks associated with an unconfined vapour cloud explosion.
If an unconfined vapour cloud explosion occurs, personnel and plant operators should take immediate steps to minimize damage. These include:
- Immediately shutting off all sources of ignition in the affected area
- Activating emergency protocols, such as evacuating personnel and activating fire suppression systems
- Utilising appropriate safety measures, such as wearing protective clothing and respirators when entering the affected area
- Sealing off the affected area to prevent the spreading of toxic gases and vapours
- Working with local fire and rescue personnel to ensure the area is safe before attempting any repairs or clean-up
By taking the right steps, personnel can help minimize the damage caused by an unconfined vapour cloud explosion and protect personnel in the affected area.
The risks associated with an unconfined vapour cloud explosion are real. Nevertheless, a chemical plant can ensure that their personnel and facilities remain protected through implementing proper safety procedures and preventive measures. By understanding the potential consequences of a UVCE and taking the necessary steps to prevent them, personnel can help ensure plants and personnel remain safe from harm. Ultimately, the best way to protect against an unconfined vapour cloud explosion is to be proactive and take the necessary measures to identify and address any potential risks before an incident occurs. By doing so, plant operators can help ensure their personnel and facilities remain safe from the devastating effects of a UVCE.
Major hazard facilities (MHFs) are industrial sites such as:
- Military explosive storage facility
- Chemical manufacturing and storage
- Commercial explosive storage depots
- Explosive and munitions manufacturing facilities
- Gas processing plants
- LPG and LNG storage and distribution facilities
- Facilities that store oxidisers, peroxides, toxic solids and liquids materials
- Selected warehouses and transport depots
- Flammable and combustible fuel storage depots
A few examples of major accidents that occurred in a major hazard facility are:
- Release of toxic material
- Release of flammable or combustible gas with gas/air mixture within LFL and UFL
- Explosion or dispersion of hazardous materials
- Fire and major structural failure
- An incident that leads to environmental damage
- Incidents due to sabotage
The first step in the hazard identification process is a process hazard analysis, which identifies potential major accidents at the major hazard facility and possible initiating events. Common methods used include:
- Analysing process material properties and process conditions
- Reviewing organisation and industry experience
- Safety checklists
- Conducting what-if analysis on various scenarios
- Developing interaction matrixes
- Hazard and operability studies (HAZOPs)
Our consultans provide modelling and simulation services of cryogenic materials for the purpose of providing consequence analysis. One of the flammable cryogenic materials is liquefied natural gas (LNG), particularly during its storage and distribution. The consequence analysis services we provide include: (1) Simulate gas pipe explosion. For example, our simulation will show that since LNG has a high vapour pressure and if left unchecked the pressure build up can rupture the pipe and the blast wave may compromise the bunker’s structural integrity. (2) If there is an LNG leakage but no explosion, the escaped LNG will form a pool. We have the experience to simulate LNG vapour cloud dispersion and through our comprehensive LNG gas dispersion analysis, we will determine, based on the environmental condition, how far and at what concentration does the LNG vapour cloud spread. (3) For the methane gas that vaporised from the LNG pool with concentration between LFL and UFL, we can simulate vapour cloud explosion and determine the consequence with respect to nearby structure and personnel.
(4) Our in-house chemical engineers will perform all necessary calculations to ensure the boundary conditions are appropriate and accurate. Then, the same chemical engineers will analyse the results to determine whether these results make engineering sense and realistic.
As for explosion scenarios in an MHF, we provide blast effects analysis and blast mitigation design to any major hazard facility or critical infrastructure and most importantly human lives from being attack by blast waves and flying fragments. We provide blast simulation as part of process hazard analysis and our report reveals what are the consequence if an explosion in a major hazard facility occurs. As for incidents due to sabotage, we help to protect a major hazard facility and we achieve this by conducting impartial 3rd-party independent threat and vulnerability analysis on any major hazard facility or critical infrastructure and human lives supported by advanced explicit dynamics modelling and simulation. Through an in-depth analysis of material, and structural behaviour (including large deformation, material fragmentation, solid-solid and gas-solid interactions), we are able to predict how a major hazard facility or critical infrastructure responds to threats such as explosive blast wave and fragment attack. The three pictures on the right show the contour of pressure magnitude which arose from a denotation occurring at the centre of the major hazard facility. This was conducted as part of the what-if analysis. With the results from this analysis, we proposed blast mitigation measures. From there, our mechanical and structural engineers performed detailed plant infrastructure reinforcement design.
Our plant hazard mitigation specialists provide professional plant safety simulation to support plant hazard, risk and consequence assessment in the chemical, petrochemical, hydrogen synthesis, LNG plants and all major hazard facilities. Our in-house PhD-qualified chemical process engineers ensure the boundary conditions employed are accurate, the numerical setup is appropriate to the problem, the simulation results are realistic and the recommendations are feasible.
- Determination of fragments radius of impact
- Establishment of pressure-impulse diagram in a detonation
- Fire and/or smoke propagation and time taken for its propagation
- Gas dispersion and explosion
- Gas explosion with structural response
- Hydrogen gas dispersion and explosion
- Hydrogen gas explosion with structural response
- LNG dispersion and vaporisation
- Pipe explosion and structural response
- Process vessel leakage and radius of impact
- Simulation of fragments penetrating a surface
- Temperature of structure exposed to fire
- Time taken for structure to reach certain temperature that compromises its structural integrity
Accidents in a chemical plant can be divided into fires and explosions (42%), fires (29%), vapour cloud explosions (22%) with the remaining 8% attributed to floods and windstorms. Economic loss is consistently high for accidents that involved explosions. The most damaging type of explosion is an unconfined vapour cloud explosion, where a large cloud of volatile and flammable vapour is released and dispersed through the plant site followed by ignition and explosion of the cloud. Toxic release typically results in little damage to capital equipment, although the resulting personnel injuries, employee losses, legal compensation, and clean up liabilities can be significant. The most common root cause for toxic release is mechanical failures such as pipe failures due to corrosion, erosion, high pressure and seal/gasket failures (Source: Crowl & Louvar Chemical Process Safety, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall).
Our blast consultancy firm provides third-party independent blast effects analysis (BEA) assessment to determine the adequacy of a bunker's design with respect to the storage of munitions or high-pressure piping and pressure vessels, often located in a major hazard facility. Our blast consultants begin by studying the existing storage facility, researching on the explosives being stored, building the 3D model and simulating various scenarios such as the locations of detonation and the amounts of explosive charge.
UFC-3-340-02 guideline stated that the overpressure produced by an explosion that occurred inside a confined space would be amplified. This statement was supported by an independent study of urban blasts which determined that the confinement provided by the street buildings could increase the peak reflected overpressure by a factor of 4 times. In other study, it was determined that the blast wave propagation inside a tunnel or chamber had also showed that not only the peak overpressure generated in a confined space was higher than those produced from an explosion that occurred in open space, the duration of the blast wave was longer. This also enhanced the impulse, which was defined as the area under the overpressure history and was representative of the total energy imposed on the structure, thus the opportunity of survivability of the structure, or its elements were reduced.
From the simulation results, our comprehensive blast effects analysis report will answer the following questions:
- What is the degree of damage due to the blast wave and
where are the damages located?
- What is the maximum amount of explosives that can be
safely stored to avoid damage to the bunker?
- Are the concrete walls and its underlying reinforcement bars
capable of containing the blast waves?
- Will the bunker's walls be breached or collapse?
- Can the bunker's door withstand the blast wave?
- Are the door frame effective against the door being punched
out of the bunker by the blast wave?
- How far and how fast will the fragments fly?
- Will personnel working around the bunkers be injured by
flying fragments if an explosion was to occur?
- What is the degree of collateral damage on neighbouring
buildings or structures?
- What are the values of blast load?
- What is the probability of sympathetic detonation occurring?
- What reinforcement design is required to ensure personnel
working outside the bunkers are protected?
- How effective is the reinforcement design?
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In many European countries the presence of artificial waterways is considered an important heritage asset. Canals are a significant part of urban and rural history, essential to flood control strategies as well as having acted as a catalyst to industrial development and expanding commercial networks. When studied in isolation, canals have bequeathed fascinating artefacts to our built environments (towpaths, bridges, locks, shipyards, slipways, etc.); an architecture that has sustained livelihoods and more recently, has offered opportunities for leisure and recreation. Canals have also served as sites of artistic inspiration, through literature, painting, poetry and song. However, whilst the cultural heritage of major rivers and canals are well known and publicly accessible, the cultural heritage of minor rivers and canals is not known or shared so readily. As a consequence the contribution of the cultural heritage of this important hydrological asset to local and regional sustainable development has been limited.
The European Waterways Heritage Project (EuWatHer) is designed to reconnect communities with the cultural heritage of their canals and rivers. The University of Brighton and the Canal and Rivers Trust (North West) are working with colleagues in Amsterdam, Venice and Girona to promote knowledge of the cultural heritage of minor waterways and historic canals.
* We aim to unlock this valuable cultural and historical heritage for residents, visitors, policy-makers and stakeholders by:
* Building a spatial database to collect and digitise tangible and non-tangible cultural history of water-related heritage
* Developing applications (apps) to access the information stored in the database by promoting the cultural heritage of the canals and rivers for tourism purposes and to communicate this heritage to a range of audiences, with interactive maps also produced for policy-makers and entrepreneurs to inform strategic investment decisions.
* The overall objective is to develop new opportunities for eco-tourism and outdoor recreation as a driver for sustainable development, together with better management and planning of secondary waterways networks. Also, EUWATHER aims to foster trans-boundary exchange of experiences to develop new, more coordinated institutional strategies and encourage research activities (oral history) that reflect tourist interests as well as local values.
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Why Do We Dream? 13 Interesting Facts About Dreams
By Guest Blogger Katherine Hurst
You’ve probably spent at least some time wondering about your dreams. Do you have vivid dreams?
Maybe you feel like you don’t dream at all or you may not remember them? You might ask yourself: “What exactly are dreams and do they mean anything”?
Dreams have been studied so many times and it’s easy to see why. We spend a huge amount of our lives sleeping, and the things we dream can be everything from melancholy to joyful everything in between.
And according to some psychologists, getting a better handle on the nature of dreams can boost self-knowledge and aid personal growth. However, the experiences we have in our dreams can be mysterious.
There are still quite a few unanswered questions however what we do know is very interesting. This guide will look at a range of interesting scientific and psychological trivia about dreams and what they mean.
Before we take a look at some facts about dreams, let’s first find out what dreams are and why we have them.
What Are Dreams?
Scientists have been trying to figure out what dreams are for a very long time, and are still researching into dreams today. What we do know is that dreams are subconscious imaginings.
The imaginary normally involves sounds and images, as well as many other sensations.
They are an experience which we have in our sleep, even emotions are experienced. Dreams normally will occur during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep as this is the deepest stage of our sleep.
It has also been known to happen out of REM sleep although there is not much research into this yet.
Why Do We Dream?
If you want to know what causes dreams, the first thing you need to understand is that people as far back as Plato and Aristotle have been theorizing about this very subject.
On some of the earliest definitions of dreams is that they were ways of the mind safely playing out subconscious desires. In contemporary research, there are still many therapists (e.g. those in the Jungian school) who adhere to this interpretation of the psychology behind dreams.
By analyzing dreams, you can begin to identify your unmet needs, and discover old wounds that need healing.
Physiological Reasons For Dreaming
Sleep studies and brain scans also indicate physiological reasons for dreaming.
For example, Professor Rosalind Cartwright (Ph.D.) has conducted research indicating that our brains need to dream in order to process memories and organize information.
As we go through our day to day life our brain picks up so many things around us, that we do not even know we process.
All of these inputs, big and small, are then stored in our brain, and this theory suggests that the brain works to go through all this information in our dreams, deciding which information is worth keeping and not keeping (such as someone riding a red bike next to you, or work that you are doing).
Cartwright also suggested dreaming could be a way to deal with feelings and solve ongoing problems. It could be that our brain is processing the emotions we have experienced recently, as that is all we have to process at night.
You could be worrying about losing a friend and then dream of being alone and having no friends, for example. Dreams could possibly be a reflection of our emotions, through imagery.
Neuroscientists and psychologists largely believe there is still much to learn about the meaning and purpose of dreams as a whole.
7 Interesting Facts About Dreams
1. In Our Dreams, We Only See Faces That We Know
When you first hear this fact, you might think it surely doesn’t sound right… But in our dreams, the faces we see are faces that we know!
Experts insist that our brains cannot invent new faces to feature in our dreams. This means that any face we see in our dreams is necessarily one we’ve seen before.
This doesn’t mean that you personally know that person. Since most of us encounter “extras” in our dreams, this information may come as a surprise.
However, consider that we constantly encounter faces that we don’t necessarily log as important. So, a newsreader on a TV segment and a stranger on a commute can feature in later dreams, and we may not recognize them as people we’ve already seen.
Most of the major players in our dreams are likely to be people we know quite well, or at least used to know. In some cases, our brains can also present a strange hybrid of people we know and those we don’t.
For example, you might believe you’re interacting with an old friend in a dream, and their personality may fit perfectly.
However, when you wake you might suddenly notice that they were “played” by a person with a different face, sometimes someone you’ve only encountered in passing.
2. Not Everybody Dreams In Colour
Surprisingly, not everyone dreams in color. In fact, a full 12% of sighted people will dream in black and white.
Studies that were conducted from 1915 to the 1950s supported that a majority of dreams had been in black and white.
However, after the 1960s the numbers did shift over to color. Further, the number of people who dream in black and white is dropping as the year’s pass.
Research suggests that this could be linked to the fact that this was around the time that TV switched from black and white to color, so there may be a correlation.
3. Your Mind Is More Active During a Dream Than When You’re Awake
Most of us associate the idea of sleep with a slowing down of the mind and body. This makes sense, given that being asleep is all about resting, recharging and getting ready for a new day.
Plus, good sleep is profoundly relaxing and refreshing, giving you the impression you’re your brain has been working more slowly.
However, don’t assume that your mind is less active during dreams. In fact, it’s more active then than it is when you’re awake! You can see this in the concrete data provided by sleep studies that track electrical activity in the brain.
The above fact may not make sense to you at first glance, but it has a lot to do with the variety and significance of waking life.
This appears to be because your brain is busy learning from what you did over the preceding hours, processing problems that remain, and making sense of everything you’ve seen and felt during the day.
Some research hints that the brain is even more active during sleep when you’ve had a novel experience in the last 24 hours, or when you’ve been through a major change of some sort, whether positive or negative.
4. Animals Dream Too
Have you ever noticed that when your pet is asleep, they sometimes make noises, or twitch their paws as though they are running? This is because animals also dream!
Studies have been conducted which showed that when animals are in the REM stage of sleep, they all show the same brain waves as we do when we are dreaming.
The studies have included chimps, dolphins, dogs, and cats. It’s fair to speculate that most mammals (at the very least) dream, just like we do.
This means that they can also be unsettled by their experiences of dreams. So, keep an eye on your pet after sleep to make sure they aren’t feeling out of sorts after a nightmare.
We can all relate to that feeling of discomfort and disorientation after a dream!
5. Blind People Can Also Dream
It’s not only people who can see that can dream. Blind people can also dream.
Those who had become blind after birth can still see in their dreams, however, those who have been born blind cannot see in their dreams.
Those who cannot see in their dreams, still experience dreams in a different way: through smell, sound, touch, and other senses.
6. Dreams Speak Through Our Subconscious
Now, if you’re like most people, you’ve probably wondered “What do dreams mean when you dream about someone specific?”.
As mentioned at the outset, there’s still a prominent school of thought according to which dreaming of someone or something can tell you something useful about how you feel, and about what you want from life.
So, what does it mean when you dream of someone repeatedly? Psychological facts about dreams of someone suggest that it can indicate a range of things.
In some cases, you repeatedly dream about someone because you care a lot about them and have some kind of unresolved issue with them. This could be a romantic interest, or it could be about losing touch with an old friend.
It could just as easily indicate an ongoing conflict under the surface of your dynamic with a family member.
7. Dreams Are Often Forgotten
Everyone has dreams when they sleep, it’s just that a lot of us don’t remember them when we wake up. It is simply not easy to hold onto the bulk of the content of your dreams.
Up to 60% of people do not remember their dreams at all, especially after the first 5 minutes of waking up.
In addition, for the average person, 90% of the details from dreams have vanished within a mere ten minutes. This means you can really only remember a fraction of your dreams.
The exception to this is if something ways you during the rapid eye movement stage of your dreams (i.e. REM sleep).
When this happens, you’re typically more capable of recalling dream information. The downside is that you will also feel startled, and will miss out on one of the most important, healing parts of the sleep process!
Of course, dreams are also more likely to stick with you if they repeat or have emotional resonance.
However, if you have a general interest in remembering dreams, try keeping a notepad by your bed and noting down an outline as soon as you wake.
This means you can regularly come back to your dreams and see if you notice overlapping themes or can figure out any potential messages from your subconscious mind.
8. Sleep Paralysis
Sleep paralysis is where you have a temporary inability to move or speak. This can occur either when you are waking up or when you are falling asleep.
Most people will experience sleep paralysis once or twice in their life, whilst others can experience it more regularly.
Sleep paralysis does not feel like you are in a dream, it feels real. Some people have said that during their experience, they feel a sensation that someone or something is in the room with them.
Sleep Paralysis normally lasts from a few seconds to several minutes.
9. Some Dreams Could Be Premonitions
There have been some cases where people have claimed to have dreamt things that turned out to actually happen later. Some say it is a coincidence, while others say they can see the future and experience premonitions.
The cases recorded include: Abraham Lincoln dreaming of his assassination, many victims of 9/11 had dreams warning them, and there have also been 19 verified precognitive dreams about the Titanic, to name a few.
10. You Can Act Out Your Dreams When Sleepwalking (And Worse!)
Sleepwalking is known as an extreme form of REM sleep disorder. For some, sleepwalking can be mild and for others, more serious.
Some cases could be where you walk around your room or talk to others, whilst sleeping.
However, there have been cases where people have left their homes, or drawn gorgeous paintings that they cannot paint when they are awake.
11. Dreams Recharge Your Creativity
You may have thought that apart from any subconscious messages they contain, dreams must be quite useless. Not so!
They can actually improve your performance in seemingly unrelated areas of your everyday life. According to research reported by the American Psychological Society on the psychology of dreams, they work wonders for your creative faculties in particular.
If you’re an artist, you might have already spotted this, but the type of creativity we’re talking about here also applies to things like creative problem-solving.
Apparently, this is because the process of dreaming is a lot like using your imagination to be creative. When your brain analyses and tackles problems during your sleep, it’s activity parallels that witnessed when you’re being creative in waking life.
This means that no matter what your preferred artistic mode of expression might be, you’re likely to be better at it after a night of vivid dreaming.
And, as a bonus, you may find direct inspiration in your dreams. For example, if you dream about a fantastical scenario, go through a challenging experience or revisit a moving aspect of your past, this can help you “tune into” the types of intense emotions that boost creative output.
12. Men And Women Dream Differently
When women dream there is normally an almost equal amount of both men and women that are involved in their dreams. However, for men, around 70% of the people in their dreams are other men.
As well as this, men have been known to have more aggressive dreams than women too. Women also tend to have slighter longer dreams.
13. 50% Of Dreams Are Negative
Research has found that most dreams include negative emotions. 50% of all dreams are normally negative. In a study that was conducted, the common emotions that people experienced during their dreams were sadness, anger, fear, and anxiety.
This is often because dreams are a manifestation of the thoughts and beliefs you have during your waking hours. The things we focus on during the day tend to surface when we go to bed at night.
If you find yourself constantly having to fend off negative thoughts as you go about your day, take it as a sign that something needs to change.
You might be subconsciously harboring an unhealthy mindset that’s affecting your actions and the decisions you make.
It’s not always obvious, but it’s there beneath the surface, getting in the way of living a more productive and fulfilling life.
But did you know that you can easily change these pre-programmed beliefs that are working against you?
That’s why I’ve put together a presentation on how to do this effortlessly using the Law of Attraction.
Once you change your subconscious beliefs about yourself and the world, you can raise your frequency and send a better message to the Universe. Then it will give you everything you’ve ever wanted.
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A Water Softener is a device used to remove calcium and magnesium ions from hard water. It also removes certain metal cations. Water Softeners Boise reduce the need for soap in cleaning, as fewer soap bonds with calcium ions. This can make cleaning easier and save money on detergent.
A water softener is a device that changes the minerals in hard water into softer forms. This process is called ion exchange, and it removes magnesium and calcium from the water. It does so by replacing them with sodium ions, which do not precipitate out in pipes or react with soap. The amount of sodium added is small-about 12.5 milligrams per 8-ounce glass, which is well below the FDA’s standard of “very low sodium.” However, people with concerns about sodium in their water should consult their doctor before using softeners.
A water softener can be an excellent option for people with very hard water. Hard water can lead to corrosion and other problems in appliances and plumbing systems. It can also make washing clothes and hair difficult. It can also damage your piping system and raise your water bill. A water softener can help reduce these problems while also reducing the amount of water you use in your home.
A water softener will remove hard water minerals from water in a number of ways. Soft water is easier on plumbing and makes cleaning products more effective. It can also reduce the amount of soap you use in your home, and your clothes and dishes will be brighter and less stained. A water softener can also help keep your appliances from scaling, which can make them inefficient and decrease their lifespan.
A mineral tank water softener works by flushing hard water and its minerals away with a solution of salt. The salts force the beads to release magnesium, calcium, and sodium ions, and these minerals move to the drain. After the salts are purged from the system, the unit goes through a three-phase regenerating cycle. The first phase, called backwash, reverses water flow through the tank to flush any dirt or other debris. The second phase, called recharge, involves pumping a concentrated sodium-rich salt solution from the brine tank through the mineral tank.
Water softeners work by rinsing resin beads in a saltwater solution, which removes hardness minerals from water. The solution, which is a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, regenerates the water softener. As the water passes through the mineral tank, calcium and magnesium ions replace the negatively charged sodium and potassium ions on the resin. The water then passes through the softener’s distribution tube.
Besides the mineral tank, a water softener system also includes a brine tank, which aids the softening process. This tank is located adjacent to the mineral tank and holds a high-concentrated solution of sodium and potassium. This solution helps the resin beads restore their positive charge. This solution is usually added in the form of pellets, which dissolve in the water at the bottom of the tank. A control valve then draws this solution out through the resin and salt in the mineral tank. If the brine tank runs out of salt, the water softener will stop working.
Water softeners use beads to soften water. Beads are made from polystyrene and crisscrossed strands of Divinylbenzene. The number of links determines the durability and strength of the bead. Most modern softeners use beads with an 8% cross-link resin.
Beads remove the hardness minerals in water using ion exchange. They work by exchanging calcium and magnesium ions with sodium and chloride ions in water. The ions then stick to the resin beads. If you want to remove hardness and keep your water soft, you need a water softener that has high ionic exchange capability.
Conventional water softeners work by sending water down into a resin bed without regulating the flow. This means that most of the softening take place at the top of the resin bed, leaving the beads at the bottom unused. This process also increases the sodium level in the water, which can cause health issues, especially in people with high blood pressure. Furthermore, it can also lead to rust in water pipes.
Besides the high concentration of chlorine, another major cause of resin bed degradation is iron. Iron-contaminated resin beads cannot effectively exchange minerals with hardness minerals. Instead, it coats the beads and makes them less effective.
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The role of word frequency and morpho-orthography in agreement processing
Brehm, L., Hussey, E., & Christianson, K.
The role of word frequency and morpho-orthography in agreement processing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35
(1), 58-77. doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1631456.
Agreement attraction in comprehension (when an ungrammatical verb is read quickly if preceded by a feature-matching local noun) is well described by a cue-based retrieval framework. This suggests a role for lexical retrieval in attraction. To examine this, we manipulated two probabilistic factors known to affect lexical retrieval: local noun word frequency and morpho-orthography (agreement morphology realised with or without –s endings) in a self-paced reading study. Noun number and word frequency affected noun and verb region reading times, with higher-frequency words not eliciting attraction. Morpho-orthography impacted verb processing but not attraction: atypical plurals led to slower verb reading times regardless of verb number. Exploratory individual difference analyses further underscore the importance of lexical retrieval dynamics in sentence processing. This provides evidence that agreement operates via a cue-based retrieval mechanism over lexical representations that vary in their strength and association to number features.
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Why Hunger Strike?
Thursday, February 14, 2013
Hunger strike has been a mean of contestation and struggle for long. Wikipedia had an article about hunger strike reviewing its early history and its impact. The article records that it has been in pre-Christianity Ireland and in India.
|by Jay Nussar, M.Sc.:|
Political Assembly Ottawa
In modern times, Mahatmas Ghandi had used it against British atrocities in India. Ireland again accompanies India in the records as it had been used in Northern Ireland: several Irish had lost their life under hunger strike.
Recently it became one of the few means of struggle available for Palestinian prisoners. While some Palestinian prisoners have gained remarkable victories others remained fasting to date, please visit http://samidoun.ca/
Usually hunger striker ceases to take food albeit continuing to take liquid. This will allow the protest to go on for a long period of time to maximum gains and publicity.
While both can lead to the death of the person, committing the suicide bombing ends the life of a person immediately. However, hunger striker can last several weeks or depends on the protester it might take several months to end someone life. Initially, the body starts using the stored fat before starting to consume itself.
Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign
Prisoners who go on hunger strike know how upsetting it can be to their captives or to the contested authority. The prison administration will do all possible techniques of intimidations to compel the prisoner to eat and drink. Despite it is a violation of human rights, it happens that captives forcibly feed a hunger striker.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is one of the organizations, which commit itself, according to their website, to ensure that a prisoner is not forced to eat or not forced to starve (among other mandates).
The first impact of hunger strike on the captive is initial defeat as the person goes beyond being punished in prison to the fact that the striker is revolting and in control of his or her destination again.
By having organizations such as ICRC to visit the prison and to perform their mandates, the prisoner is actually leading his own intifada again despite weakened body.
This peaceful means of struggle is a huge embarrassment to governments and authorities. Strikers are regarded with respect as they chose peacefully scarifying themselves putting their cause first.
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What is 30 minutes on a timecard?
Decimal Hours Format The 30 minutes portion is expressed as . 50 because 30 minutes equals 1/2 hour or . 50 hours in decimal format. Payroll hours are almost always reported in decimal hours.
What is 40 minutes on a timesheet?
Time Sheet Minutes To Tenths Conversion
How do you convert hourly to minutes?
To calculate minutes for payroll, you must convert minutes worked to decimal form. Do this by dividing the minutes by 60. Then, multiply your answer by the employee’s hourly rate to get the amount you need to pay for those minutes. Next, multiply the hours worked by the pay rate.
How do I convert payroll minutes?
All you need to do is divide your minutes by 60. For example, say your employee worked 20 hours and 15 minutes during the week. Divide your total minutes by 60 to get your decimal. For this pay period, your employee worked 20.25 hours.
How do you calculate 45 minutes?
45 minutes is 45 minutes * (1 hour / 60 minutes) = 45/60 hours = 0.75 hours. 45 seconds is 45 seconds * (1 hour / 3600 seconds) = 45/3600 hours = 0.0125 hours.
How do you calculate .75 of an hour?
1. Converting Seconds. Convert any seconds to a percentage of a minute by dividing by 60. For example, 14 minutes and 45 seconds equals 14.75 minutes, because 45/60 equals 0.75.
How are decimal hours calculated on a time card?
Decimal totals are calculated by converting the time (hh:mm) totals. The decimal totals are not calculated by adding the daily decimal hours. The sum of daily decimal hours might not equal calculated total decimal hours for a pay period because of rounding differences.
How to convert minutes to hundredths of an hour?
Conversion Chart – Minutes to Hundredths of an Hour Enter time in Oracle Self Service as hundredths of an hour. For example 15 minutes (¼ hour) equals .25, 30 minutes (½ hour) equals .5, etc. Minutes Hundredths Minutes HundredthsMinutes Hundredths Minutes Hundredths 1 .02 15.25 30.5 45.75 2 .03 16.27 31.52 46.77 3 .05 17.28 32.53 47.78
How to convert 15 min to an hour?
You’ll need to convert the minutes part to hours. 15 minutes times 1 hour per 60 minutes will make the conversion to hours and minutes will cancel out. 15 min × (1 hr / 60 min) = (15/60) hr = 0.25 hr
Is there a free time card calculator for work?
Our free timecard calculator is provided without charge and without warranty as to its fitness or usefulness for any particular task. © Copyright 2021 Redcort Software Inc. All rights reserved. Our easy time tracking software automatically totals worker hours & overtime.
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-I wonder why...
-I don't see how...
-I can't believe...
-It bothered me when...
-I was surprised...
-I can't really understand...
-I began to think of...
-When I finished reading, I thought...
Hope these help get you started;)
Reading Response Journals or Notebooks
Many of us would like to use the reading response model but need some advice to get started. Here's the best of the best telling us how they do it in their classroom!
-I wonder why...
The most important (word, phrase, idea) in this book is....because...
The genre of this book is.....because....
I agreed/diagreed with the author about...
If I were the author I would have changed the part of the story when...
My feelings about (character, book) changed when....
I am like or different from the character.....
Some important details I noticed were...they were important because...
I got these from Guided Readers and Writers and plan to use some of them in my class this year.
-One thing that confused me was when...
-This makes me feel...
-This reminds of...
-I think...will happen next.
-I can imagine what...looked/sounded/felt/tasted like.
I have a chart hanging up to help guide them in their book discussions with partners.
You could make a copy of the list for their reading journal and they could write about it.
Some of the things on there are...
a happy part
a sad part
your favorite part
has this ever happened to you
what the character is like
what would you do differently
a part that made you smile
does it remind you of another book
a part you didn't like
(that's all I can think of off the top of my head...but you get the idea:) )
My first graders have started doing it too.
It took me eight days to model. Each day, I thought aloud about one way I might respond to a book. (Ex: Tell how your schema changed, tell how your schema helped you read the book, connect an important idea to something with something from your life, infer what the author's message is, etc...) Those are all things we've spent weeks learning since Oct, so it's not like I just introduced them.
Each day, I modeled on the overhead how I would write the title at the top, the date, and then thought aloud as I responded. My main goals for them were to be able to state their idea and then give plenty of examples to support it.
I hung each response with a post-it stating topic (Ex: Tell how your schema changed). Now we have a large poster in the room with choices to pick from to talk back to a book and also examples. Once they did their first one, I picked ones that were extra good and hung them over top of mine to be the examples. I will continue to change them out so that everyone's responses are showcased.
For the last few years, I have had my kids writing reader's response letters- in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. They write a weekly letter to me about a book. They must be 2 paragraphs long and the first paragraph must have the title of the book,underlined, the author's name and the main idea stated in no more than 2 sentences. The other paragraph is reserved for their thinking about the book, what the liked, disliked, etc. The biggie with that one is getting them to explain WHY they felt that way. They have gotten really good at this. I write each of them back and it is really cool to have this private conversation going on all year between me and each of my students. It is tedious and time consuming to answer their letters, but that does help motivate them- they love getting the letters back from me. I count mine as a Reading and Writing grade. All of my mini lessons in grammar and spelling are driven by those letters. Right now we are working on there, their and they're. That is turning out to be a challenge!View Thread
Right now we're just responding by completing graphic organizers. Our focus was on describing characters last week so they had a character chart to fill out. this week it'll be a story map. I will start the friendly letter a bit later where students write in their reading response notebooks to me about their reading. I write back. It is a wonderful way to communicate about reading. sometimes it's more open ended, sometimes with a prompt to get them started. I model many times before expecting this using class read alouds and making class charts for anchors. This is largely from Fountas & Pinnell's work.View Thread
I give 10 to 15 minutes. I give them prompts which helps them to start right away. Since students use sticky notes while reading, they just remove them and use them to help them with their journal response. It's been going great so far :D.View Thread
I am not sure if this is what you are looking for, but I do reading journals. I cut a spiral notebook in half each student gets a half. The reason behind this is they don't get overwhelmed with a page of a whole notebook. Sometimes I assign 1 page (which is 1/2 a page) and sometimes I assign 2 pages. I have attached a list of some of the ideas I use.[Log In To See Attachments]
I assign my journals as homework. What helped me was to have the kids assigned a specific day of the week to turn theirs in, so that I am only looking at 5 or so over a 4 day period. I bought those 10 cent spiral notebooks from Target that have different colored covers. Students with a red cover would be due Tuesday, green students on Wednesday, purple students on Thursday, and blue students on Friday. I have also used different stickers to assign groups. Students may write in their journals any day of the week, but I only collect that specific group on the day it's due. What I did find hard to keep track of was the year I tried in-class book letters as part of Reading Workshop as part of books they were reading in class. Responding to lit. group books, plus doing book letters on independent reading, plus doing the reading assignments was too much for my class. This year, I may tweak that by having them do a short response after they read.View Thread
graders this year. I used the binding machine and printed the front and back cover on cardstock. I printed primary lined paper for the filler. Sometimes we glued things on blank pages. I find that binders are tough to use everyday. They are difficult to write in and the looseleaf paper rips out easily. I used the commercially publish spiral response notebooks produced by Fountas and Pinnell when I taught third and fourth grade. They held up great and had all of the support stuff from the book (Guiding Readers and Writers) included (book logs, writing topic ideas, etc.). I think they cost about $6 each a few years ago.[Log In To See Attachments]
I'll try to answer your questions....
First of all, note that my kids are 4th graders, but here's what I do. We write many letters together about short picture books we read and discuss. By the time I ask the students to write their own letters to me, they've heard and seen many possibilities. I do, also, have a list of the requirements and possible reflections in their reading journal for them to refer to if needed. Once we get started, I always share some good, thoughtful letters that I've received (with the author's permission, of course!). We check to be sure that person has included all of the required parts. That is really powerful, and the kids always try to mimic the "good" letters. Also, they are always so excited to read the letters I write back to them. Yes, it takes some time to write that many individual letters, but it is so worth it!
I really think even 1st graders would be able to do this! I truly think that "thinking" about what we are reading is the most important tool to comprehending it. When the students have to "think" about what to write to you, they understand it A WHOLE LOT BETTER. How wonderful to get them in the habit of doing it in first grade!
My best advice would be to go slowly. Do many practice letters together, both out loud and in print for the kids to see. Post a couple of those on your wall for reference.
Hope I've help a bit. Let me know if you have any questions!:s)
journaling , illustrations, add a new character to the story, make a new ending, draw a new cover, write themselves into the story
we have a reading journal that we use. for example this week a decodable story was a about a cat in a tree that only comes down for cat food... we wrote on the board "Jan's cat came down for the cat food. I would come down out of the tree ONLY for _________." We talked about their most favorite foods and that is what they wrote in the _____. At the beginning of the year it is just a blank and then as the year goes on they write more and more and then at the end of the year we have them retell the story in their own words. :) So your second could choose any of the above writing choices and the starting 1st can start with the illustrations or the ones like mine above.
have fun and be creative. :)
I hope that you can all help me out with my thinking about responding to books...
Reading Workshop in my classroom in its fourth year of evolution and as I learn more, I try to incorporate more. One thing I know for sure is that the more kids read (just-right books), the better readers they become. This became very clear to me when this year, the third grade teacher came to me and said, "I've got to come see what you are doing in Reading. None of the kids are "low" readers this year. They are all reading so well".
The change I had made last year was toward more of an Independent Reading Workshop. My mini-lessons focused on phonics, grammar, and reading skills (compare/contrast, problem/solution, etc., whatever was in the teacher's manual) (This was before I knew about the strategies).
After that, the kids read independently and responded to every book they read in some sort of writing/artsy way. For example, they created a flip flap book with Character, Setting, Problem, Solution. Or they made a paper bag character, listing qualities and attributes of that character. They wrote and drew about their favorite part and why it was their favorite. They made book marks and posters advertising their books.
Every week or two, they chose one to share with the class in a "Book Chat", which they prepared for at home. I feel that this is good experience for talking in front of a group.
I also had "Book Club Groups" - a small group of 3 or 4 kids reading the same chapter book and answering questions in a packet that I had created. Although I know that most Pro Teachers frown on these "comprehension packets" I felt like I was asking them "thick" as well as "thin" questions (not just recall, but critical thinking, inferring word meanings, making personal connections, etc.). I felt like I was modeling for them what good questioning look like.
So, why fix what's not broken, right? But of course, I met Debbie Miller last summer and had to change everything again!!!
I still do grammar and phonics, but the majority of my mini-lessons focus on the strategies. This has been an incredible experience and through "think-alouds", I have come to find out what good thinkers my students are. I love doing this. It is extremely exciting every day and I feel like I'm doing something really wonderful!
I still do "Book Club Groups", but they work with partners now and they meet without me. I meet with one group a day and therefore can meet with every group once a week.
I also still do Book Chats, although not as often as before.
After the mini-lesson, the kids move on to Independent Reading as they always did. From Sept-Dec. (before strategies), they responded to books just like last year.
From Jan-Now, they have been responding using "Strategy Sheets". Which are basically mini-versions of what we have done on an anchor chart during think-alouds.
So, when we switched from "Reading Responses" to "Strategy Sheets", I felt like I was taking something away from the kids. This group in particular, is very artsy and creative. So, filling out basically a graphic organizer, was not sparking their interest.
The major problem I saw was that they weren't filling out a Strategy Sheet WHILE reading, they were forgetting to and then doing it afterwards (which doesn't help with "adapting mental images" or "Predictions and the thinking behind them". But, I figured that this just needed some training and getting used to.
Okay, so last week, I decided that we needed to move on to "Response Journals". This came up spontaneously when S wanted to record her thinking about all these fascinating facts and couldn't find a strategy sheet that would work for that thinking. C said, "I've been writing things down on pieces of scrap paper and will staple them to a "Visual Bubble" strategy sheet".
So, the teachable moment was there and I couldn't deny it. We all stopped what we were doing and began a conversation about how we could respond to what we were reading and record our thinking, but in our OWN way. They seemed excited about it, but time was out so we decided that we would talk about it more tomorrow.
The next day, I gave each child a 3-ring binder and pointed them to different types of paper and a 3-hole punch and we talked about what "response journals" would look like. It sounded good, but when they got down to it, I was really disappointed.
Some kids just wrote down a bunch of questions and didn't even attempt to answer (or infer) the questions. The quality of what I saw just wasn't what I was expecting. They kind of seemed like they didn't really know what to do. I thought that they wanted less structure, but I think they needed a little more direction. It was just a little too open-ended for them.
So, the next day, I said to them, "Recording your thinking is kind of like having a conversation about your book". So, today, I'd like you to write a letter to me about your thinking. You could write about a connection, an image, an inference... and I'll write back"
Okay,so some kids got it, but not all.
I feel like we were moving ahead and now we've taken a step back. I realize that this will take some modeling and lots of practice. But to be honest, I don't know what I'm really wanting them to do.
I know that I shouldn't expect them to write about every book or write every day, but that's not what we've been doing and the thought of that is honestly very scary to me.
I have the lower half of the second grade readers and although they show me that they are doing some great thinking during "think alouds" I'm not sure that they'll remember to do that thinking work when reading independently unless they are forced to write it down.
But writing it down takes time and I want them reading more than writing, which I why I got away from the "reading responses" in the first place.
I feel like I am in limbo right now and I'm not sure what direction to go in. I hope that you all can help me with your wonderful wisdom.
After much thought and listening to all of your wonderful advice, I decided to abandon the "response journals". I had to think about what I wanted the kids to do and why I wanted them to do it. I had to ask myself, "what's good for the kids?". What I realized was this:
1. I want the kids to think when they read and to be aware of their thinking and use comprehension strategies- this is being accomplished through our interactive reading and "think alouds". The kids do really good thinking and do an incredible job verbalizing that thinking.
2. I want the kids to do this thinking independently - this was where I got stuck in the first place. How do I know that they are doing it? What evidence do I have? Starting today, I asked the kids to put at least 3 post-its in the books they are reading and to label those post-its to indicate which strategies they were using (they did great with this!)
3. I want the kids to show their thinking in a manner that means something to them - We decided together today that after they have 3 post-its, they should think about how they want to show their thinking. They can use the "strategy sheets" I've created and modeled (ones they've been using) OR they can create something on their own, even writing a letter to me (like in a response journal). I supplied them with lined and plain, index cards, construction paper...
I put up a very simple handmade poster:
Good Readers Think
-What am I thinking about?
-How can I show my thinking?
Near this, is some laminated pictures of kids reading with thought bubbles above them. Inside the bubbles are things like, "I have a connection", "This reminds me of...", "I can see...", "I predict...", "I infer...", etc. ( I made them from clip art).
I've mentioned before that this is a very creative/artsy group. They really seemed to like the idea of this. It was open-ended enough, but within structure, which I think works for them.
We had an extra long time for independent reading today, because they were so into it! They were reading, using post-its, and responding in all sorts of ways.
I think (I hope) this just might work! I'll keep you all posted!
Your situation sounds complicated! I think it's a personal preference and depends on the class you have, how accountable they need to be. My opinion is that, from where you are in this school year with this group, maybe you should continue doing what you were doing at the beginning of the year. It sounds like it was working for you and your kids? A new year will give you a new start and more time to examine both what you believe about reading and responding to reading as well as what that would look like in your classroom.
If you've read my recent blog on responses, you'd see that they weren't going that great for me. I was in a major "dip" for a few weeks. But I made some adjustments and last week was a great week. Then again, I had this group writing open responses in first grade, I modeled it till my face was blue at the beginning of 2nd, and then I continued to make adjustments as we were writing this year. What I've come to believe is that we can only model and praise and share, repeat. If it's what we believe is best for kids, then they will grow from it. Sometimes I try to step back and look at what I'm asking them to do-- I also sometimes ask my two aides, student teacher, and myself to write them during our talk back time and even we get writer's block. So every entry won't be an earth-shattering one.
As a start, my personal beliefs are that:
kids need to sustain reading for the absolute maximum amount I can give them (Allington says it's at least 60 minutes between all settings for little guys) -- and they need to sustain writing, but I cover that in writer's workshop So, if responding in writing takes away from time reading, it's not worth it to me. BUt I guess that depends on your schedule
the most authentic responses are those that are meaningful and relevant to the reader So, if the response is in any way scripted, it becomes a teacher-centered assignment and one that will not eventually lead to an independent thinker. This doesn't mean that I wouldn't model and practice different ways of responding at other times of day, though.
my best teaching (in all subjects) happens when the activity is transperant-- i.e. the child knows exactly why we're doing it-- and transferable-- i.e. the skill will easily transfer outside school walls So, if the child wouldn't necessarily make a graphic organizer at home, then we'd save it in school for just when we're first learning about a certain skill
talk is vastly under-rated. Writing isn't the only way to grow ideas. On the contrary- talking is a much more authentic and fruitful way to explore ideas and think about them deeply.So, in my opinion, kids could get a lot more thinking done everyday if we devoted the amount of time it takes them to write daily responses.
kids won't write well thought-out responses unless two things are present: modeling that is thorough and ongoing AND a really strong culture of talk amoungst kids around books and reading. So, it's not just about testing kids on comprehension by asking them questions or looking for talk backs that somehow show conclusive evidence that they understood. They'll use the responses as a place to discuss strong opinions and light bulb moments if they see a grown-up modeling that that's how she uses hers. And more importantly, they'll feel absolutely compelled to use their response books for this purpose if, in talking to others, they realize they have a big idea.
But really... I don't have much of an opinion. ;)
What makes a good, solid reading response? What should I expect from my first graders? How can I tell the difference between responses that further understanding and responses that don't push the child anywhere new? Can responses push the child somewhere new?
These are all questions I've been struggling with every Wednesday, when I ask my kids to take a time out from reading and respond to something they have been "doing a lot of thinking work on lately."
So today, I've carried some of their journals home with me and I'd like to post their responses for YOU to respond to. I've tried to bring a wide variety of books home, even though I'll cringe to post some of this. :o With the top questions in mind, I'd love your thoughts on reading responses -- or "talk backs" as we call them.
I can share my birds-eye view judgements on the following responses later. But for now, how about I just post them so I can see what your opinions are on certain kids? A child who I feel is "getting it" may not be cutting it in your eyes. Let's start with the good news;) :
1. C came in as a reader AND a thinker. He is a leader in all of our interactive read aloud discussions and overall in our strategy studies. Here are some of his responses:
Vacation Under the Volcano
I think that they are going to get away from the volcano in time because in Tonight on the Titanic, they escape just in time.
What I wrote back:
Excellent! You used your schema for Magic Tree House books to help you predict in the one you are reading now! When you finish this book, please write if your prediction came true or not.
On Board the Titanic
I am on a mystery. I am trying to figure out how much life boats the Titanic really needed. It said that the Titanic had 2,200 people on it and me and my friend and I agree that the Titanic life boats held 25 or so people.
You certainly ARE on a mystery! Can I make a suggestion for finding your answer? Use an outside source. What you have is actually a math problem. Maybe your mom or dad could help! Tell me if you solve it.
2. D also came in a reader, but did not know how to think about his reading on a deep level. As you'll see, it's debatable if that has changed.
Encyclopedia of the United States
In Kentucky I thought the most important crop was soy beans. But I was wrong. It was tobacco and coal.
I'm glad you are paying attention to how your schema changes. That is something that non-fiction lovers (like you!) always need to do. SOmething else they do is this:
When they realize that they weren't right, they think, "Hmmm-- why is this? Why is tobacco and coal the most important crop?" Sometimes readers can figure it out with their schema. Other times, they have to read more. Please try to figure out the answer.
Later, he wrote back: Because sometimes they want tobacco instead of money.
A lot of his talk backs are similar to this: He asserts something that could be a good thought, but then he doesn't follow through. He doesn't see big pictures.
3. K is a very typical first grader who came in reading around a level B or C. She didn't really have any bumps in her growth-- she was just very typical.
Biscuit's Big Friend
I have a book to book connection with Bicscuit's Big Friend because in Angelina and Alice they were best friends and in Biscuit's big friend they were friends.
I see that you made a connection between two books with friends. Tell me, is friendship an important part in both books? (she wrote: yes they were friends in the whole book)
If it is, then it's a good connection. How did reading Biscuit help you understand the friendship in the other book?
She wrote: Because in every book they are friends
Frog and Toad Together
In Frog and Toad Together I have a book to self connection. Because in a part toad had a list to do and some days I make a list and it's a important part.
Yes, you are right that the list is an important part. :) But you still need to tell me a little bit more. How does you having a list and Toad having a list help you understand the book?
She wrote back: Because all day I have to do my list and I know how toad feels.
4. N came in as one of my two lowest readers, with very little reading or writing experience. He still remains behind his peers, but at the same time, can "keep up" by applying the strategies we are learning to his books. He is now very tenuously reading Syd Hoff (i.e. Danny and the Dinosaur) books, but they aren't really a fluent fit for him.
Stanley (Syd Hoff)
I think that even though that the others were mean Stanley doesn't have to be mean. The author's message is don't be mean.
How does Stanley show kindness at the end of the book?
He writes: He helps them build their houses and be kind.
It remindes me of the Golden Rule!
I am "inferred" that clifford is scared of what the chick is doing. I knowed is because of his big eyes.
I like how you used the _____ (he filled in: pictures) to help you infer what Clifford was feeling.
5. Finally, S is another who came in as an average reader who didn't really think about his reading. He has shown a great amount of growth.
My schema changed. I didn't know that baby bunnies are 1 inch long and that a mother rabbit can have up to 8 baby bunnies at once. My mental image was 8 little bunnies in my two hands. I got that from when I saw a toy about 1 inch long. So I pictured 8 of them in my hand instead of 1.
WOW! You put 3 strategies together! Do you know what they are?
He writes: Schema change, connection, mental image
PS: I am impressed!
THOUGHTS?? Judgements? Questions? (I have a lot swirling around right now b/c typing them up got me thinking. But I'll hold my tongue until I hear what you think...)
PS: When we talk about them, why don't we refer to them as kid 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5? (for simplicity's sake!!)
Wasn't it this time last year I posted a similar blog, called What makes a good reading response? It must be that talk backs start out strong and full of energy, but as they go on, that energy drains a little. One of my biggest barriers seems to be finding different ways to breathe new life into our weekly talk backs. Do I expect too much? I'm starting to think so. Read some of these 2nd grade responses and see what you think:
I've put the below responses into categories (Excellent, Medicore, Off Track) because I need your help! Am I being too tough? Is there something more I could be doing to help my students' brilliant ideas match their writing? So far, what I've tried is:
modeling talk backs by writing back and forth with the teacher down the hall/ first half of year on-going
modeling talk backs by writing in a journal at the same time as the kids write in their own (my student teacher and instructional aide also write in one). Kids write back or we just read them to see the kinds of things grown-ups write and think. ongoing
made a list in the classroom of reasons we write about our reading.
"status of the class" kind of thing where one workshop, we captured all of the kids thinking in one snapshot and listed them in a long list; to show that readers are constantly having important conversations in their heads.
sharing circle where we think of ways readers could write about their reading and make a concrete list.
hanging up 5 kids' "big ideas" of the week, reading them aloud, and discussing what the writer did. ongoing
writing talk backs directly following an animated read aloud conversation circle when I think a lot of kids will have opinions.
taught a seed analogy. We refer to the most basic idea as the seed and then we brainstormed questions we could ask ourselves to grow that idea. (visual is on a flower)Here are some Talk Backs:
Dear Mrs. M.
Remember when you read Love You Forever? But when you read it, remember when we were talking about how the boy knew the song? So I think I might know the answer to the question. I think the answer is he is related to his mom and that love from his mom was so strong that he heared it in his heart. And so I learned from that book that love is a very strong word and a very powerful word.
Dear Miss V.
I'm reading this book called Don't Eat Your Chicken Pox, Amber Brown and if I were her I wouldn't let birds fly on my head. It might hurt to have birds land on my head but Amber Brown doesn't care. I wonder why? Aunt P. didn't care that she might get a disease. I don't think her Aunt cares about her. I don't even think Amber cares about herself. Amber is a weird girl.
Why I placed these here: A.H.'s talk back has the big idea and the evidence and a wrap up that rephrases her learning. And also- I know this is intangible, but I like it because I can feel her passion. K's entry may not be outstanding in your eyes- I put it here because although it's not perhaps as linear as I model (idea, evidence or theories, plan), it seems to me that K used her talk back to actually authentically explore her ideas. She starts out by putting herself in the character's shoes and then by doing that, it leads her to look more closely at Amber's over all character and relationships.
Dear Miss V.
In Disasters I read a chapter called Meteors. I had a question. When will the next meteor hit? The book said in 3000 years but I think it will come sooner. When do you think one will come? Answer _____.
Dear Mrs. M.
I just finished The Littles Give a Party and I inferred through the whole book is Granny Little going to live? At the end Granny Little was... ALIVE. I was so surprised. I thought Granny Little was going to die because in every book if everyone thinks the person is going to live, they die. Please right back.
Dear Miss V.
We read Horton Hears a Who and it reminds me so much about Green Eggs and Ham that Sam-I-Am was really little but he changed the person in the inside not the outside. He changed that he did not like green eggs and ham and Whoville are little but they still made a big noise.
Why I placed these here: C's has a big idea (a question), but I was disappointed that he didn't offer any evidence at all for why he was disagreeing with the book- which he does a lot, by the way. I love that about him, but I need more proof. D's talk back isn't bad, but he writes the same kind of ideas every week. This week, because of him a few others, I outlawed prediction talk backs temporarily. But in this talk back, I believe that he has managed to disguise a prediction/confirmation in order to stick to what he knows. Finally, I thought G was on a really good track and I could also see this talk back as outstanding (especially for G). But her reasoning is flawed-- the class discussed how in Dr. Seuss books, the little characters always make the biggest difference. Instead of writing about times when that is so, (like in the Grinch) she went with a bit of a stretch.
Dear Mrs. M.
I am so happy! Because I am almost ready to start The Boxcar Children or Little House on the Praire. Also in the Spiderwick Chronicles I think that Jared is going to finish the riddle. I also like how the chapters say (In which). Well that's all for now. Ciao.
Dear Miss V.
I just finished The Littles and the Terrible Tiny Kid. I'm inferring that the theme is: teamwork. Why I think that is because in the book they do a lot of teamwork.
Dear Mrs. M.
I'm surprised at how much I'm learning about the Titanic! I did learn some stuff that I did not know. Maybe you can try that!
Why I placed these here: Even though I think they speak for themselves, I'll explain. D is all over the place, never really settling on any idea in particular. B had a good idea, but the evidence is SO scant that I can hardly even retype it here without cringing. And B's other talk back is more of the same. Just because the last two talk backs are by the same child, doesn't mean that more kids don't struggle. It just so happens that I only have half the class, and his talk backs show why I'm so frustrated.
My student teacher and I split up the talk backs and write back each week. Right now, I'm looking at a pile that is kind of heavy on my weaker writers. I could have added lots more "off track" ones, but in this pile, I didn't have a whole lot of other "outstandings". :(
As I typed these up, I did notice that one simple thing I might do that would raise some of the mediocore entries to a higher level would be to explicitly model how we cite specific evidence. Some of those ideas in the middle category could be good if they would have grown the idea. The entries in the off track category, however, are mostly down there because they are scattered, lack any evidence at all, or are devoid of a big idea.
Any comments? I can take the criticism.
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According to a poll made by the American Political Science Association in 2015, the Accomplishments of George Washington made him the 1st most popular US president of all time.
There have been many presidents in the history of the United States of America until today, but George Washington is someone who really marked the leadership of the country. He was the very first President of the United States and there are many interesting facts and stories from President Washington’s life. He was the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army for about 8.5 years and all along he refused to accept any salary for his services. He even used his own money to fill the budget of the country. How overwhelming is that?
While his two elder half-brothers finished their schooling in England, the death of his father made schooling abroad impossible for George Washington. Despite of this, with only 8 years of education, he was very smart and he excelled in mathematics. Do you know the phrase “So help me God“? George Washington was the first one who used it at his inauguration. Also, he was the one who came up with the idea of the title “Mr. President” as his official manner of address as head of state.
So, we are here today Mr. President to recall just a few of your accomplishments as one the best leaders of the United States of America in history.
George Washington Full Portrait
1. George Washington’s military experience began in the French and Indian War. During the Battle of the Monongahela in 1755, Washington showed great valor. He had two horses shot out from underneath him but managed to organize a general retreat and emerged as the Hero of Monongahela. After returning to Virginia with the battered army, he was given the new rank of colonel and was officially named the Commander-In-Chief of the Virginia regiment.
2. On June 19, 1775, George Washington was selected to lead the Continental Army based on his previous military experience and the hope that a leader from Virginia could help unite the colonies. He was commissioned as the General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. The army was poorly trained and under-supplied but after six years of struggle, Washington managed to lead the army to key victories and Great Britain eventually surrendered in 1781. He resigned his commission as Commander in Chief on December 23, 1783.
George Washington With The Family
3. George Washington became the first President of the United States of America. He assumed office in 1789. He served two times as a president, with the re-election for the second time in 1793. After serving twice, he refused to serve a third term as President.
4. Washington organized the first United States Cabinet and the Executive Branch. The Cabinet’s role is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each member’s respective office. The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments. The Judiciary Act of 1789 was signed into law by George Washington, establishing the basic outline of the federal court system. He had a major role in bringing amendments to the US Constitution through the Bill Of Rights, which contained guarantees of essential rights and liberties.
George Washington At The Battle Of Princeton Yale University Art Gallery
5. George Washington signed the Naval Act (also known as the Act to Provide a Naval Armament) in 1794 to establish a permanent standing naval force of the United States of America, which eventually became the present-day US Navy.
6. Representing the United States of America, George Washington signed the Jay Treaty on November 19, 1794. Although it was not popular with the American public, the treaty settled outstanding issues between the two nations, maintained peace, and preserved US neutrality. It also gave the United States valuable time to consolidate and rearm in the event of future conflict.
George Washington On One Dollar Bill
7. The Treaty of Greenville – signed by George Washington on one side and several western tribes on the other side- brought an end to the Indian Wars in the Ohio Country in 1795. The treaty established the official western border of the United States and opened much of Ohio for settlement. The treaty was not perfect by any means and the natives were regarding the agreement as a forced treaty. Therefore the peace between the Americans and native peoples of Ohio would not last.
8. The same year, in 1795 President Washington signed the Pickney’s Treaty (also called Treaty of San Lorenzo), an agreement between Spain and the United States. The treaty was an important diplomatic success for the United States, fixing the southern boundary and granting American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River.
George Washington, Commander In Chief
9. On April 22, 1973 George Washington issued the Proclamation Of Neutrality, which declared the nation’s neutrality in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It also threatened legal proceedings against any American citizen giving assistance to any country at war.
10. At the first Virginia Convention, George Washington was elected as a Delegate to the First Continental Congress. From 1774 to 1789, the Continental Congress served as the government of the 13 American colonies and later the United States.
George Washington was born on February 22, 1732. The First Lady was Martha Dandridge Custis. He was serving the office from 1789 to 1797. He passed away on December 14, 1799.
61 thoughts on “Top 10 Major Accomplishments Of George Washington”
It is very helpful and is not confusing like a lot of other websites.
dez neet s got em
Oh shut up
deez nuuts gott eem
: HELLO PEOPLE OF THE WORLD VOTE ME FOR PRESIDENT PLZ
SO USELESS D: I HAVE BETTER! U GET NO ADVICE
nice joke XD
BEST info EVER!!!!
What a great review! May I ask, how was it useless?
JK! I Agree with Lilac!
no do not agree
Boring awfully stupid
yall annoying lol
vote for Hillary Clinton for President
How about no,
dez neet s got em
There were some good things about Washington, but refusing a salary as president and using his own money to pay government bills are not among them. His money came from the labor of the slaves he owned.
If he had slaves then he let them get the crops so that he could get money to help the united states
People stop arguing!
i agree with you
I don’t agree! You are wrong, we are not arguing!
America sucks, am I right, guys?
no ur wrong america is awesome besides all the bad guys
So does Hillary and Sanders but it doesn’t mean we should say mean things.
P.S. Trump does not suck.
TRUMP WILL KILL US ALL!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
P.S: BERNIE SANDERS FOR THE WIN!!!!
well Trump is now a canidate and your so called bernie is long gone hun.
so stupid its rank
Channel One News starts right now!
Wow just wow
u people are so stupid
i like this
STOP ARGUING!!!! WTF IS WRONG WIT ALL OF YOU DUMBOS
Vote for Trump because he is not a socialist!
I found a misprint! “In 1973 George Washington issued the Proclamation Of Neutrality”.
Ii has to be “1793”.
vasilisa, people make mistakes
I did too. In your comment.
thnxs very helpful
President/General George Washington was a very inspiring man. He’s done more in his life then just these 10 things. But in life, if you as a human take it for granted you will see it go by. With you not doing anything with it. This is why I’m very Proud of him as the First Freemason also into the United States of America. George Washington is a VERY Remarkable man. And there’s no one that can put a sword with him.!? Hooah!!!
U guys are idiots.
George Washington was one of the greatest men to ever live! He was just so, so, so, so amazing. I don’t know if people realize how amazing he is. He accomplished more than most people, and certainly more than any one of you losers who thinks this is a chat room. I don’t care if there are any misprints or whatnot. George Washington was a self-educated man who sought to better our country and make it a place for everyone to live. Yes, he did keep slaves, but you have to understand the fact that it was normal back then. We keep dogs as pets, don’t we? Couldn’t you see that as the same? They have no control over what they do or what conditions they live in! George Washington kept our nation in line, made it a good place to live, and fought bravely throughout the war. Our nation might have very well fallen apart if he hadn’t been there to keep it together. So let this encourage you to make something out of your miserable life! Get off the couch and do something productive for once!.
Can everybody stop.you guys are acting like morons!!!!!!
communism is best government
No, Fascism is.
I didnt give me the info I needed
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Moderna, the maker of one of three COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized for use in the U.S., announced Tuesday it will start testing its vaccine on children as young as 6 months old.
The move makes Moderna the first U.S. vaccine maker to test its vaccine on infants.
Moderna's trial will enroll nearly 7,000 children from ages 6 months to 12 years in the U.S. and Canada, according to the company.
"There will be two parts to the study," Dr. Jacqueline Miller, a pediatrician and Moderna's therapeutic area head for infectious diseases, told "Good Morning America." "The first part is where we will find the appropriate dose of the vaccine."
"Children often need lower doses of vaccines than adults and we want to make sure we find the best dose that increases their immunity," she said, adding that the first age group to start in the trial will be children ages 6 to 11, followed by children ages 2 to 6 and then children 6 months to 2 years of age.
Both the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines received emergency use authorization from the FDA in December. The two pharmaceutical companies have enrolled children 12 and older in clinical trials of their vaccines and hope to have results by the summer.
Johnson & Johnson, whose vaccine received emergency use authorization in February, has not yet announced plans to test its vaccine in children.
While children have not faced as many deaths from COVID-19 as adults, they can still get the virus and even more importantly, they can transmit the virus to adults.
Dr. Steve Plimpton, a Phoenix-based OBGYN and a principal investigator in the Moderna study, has already started enrolling patients as part of the Moderna trial.
"We're not only going to benefit the children by getting them vaccinated, now we're also going to be protecting those around those children, the teachers the parents at home, the grandparents," he told "GMA."
Rachel Guthrie, a mother of three, has enrolled two of her young children in the Moderna trial.
"I think it's very important because we are exposed to people who might be immunocompromised or who haven't yet had the opportunity to be vaccinated," she told "GMA."
Last month, the Biden administration announced a revised timeline for children to receive COVID-19 vaccines, telling reporters at a Feb. 19 briefing that high school students may receive vaccines in the fall, but elementary school children won't receive them until early 2022.
Previously, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the White House chief medical adviser, predicted high school students would begin to get vaccinated in the spring or summer, while students in first grade would begin getting vaccinated by the time school returns in September. The new timeline pushes each stage back by around four to five months. The White House did not provide an explanation for the shift.
More than 70 million adults in the U.S. have now received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, or nearly 28% of the adult population, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). At least 22 states plus Washington, D.C., are already allowing people 16 years old and older who have high-risk medical conditions to receive a vaccine.
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Neoprene material is a synthetic rubber composed of polymerized chloroprene and is sometimes known as polychloroprene. Polychloroprene is mostly made up of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine polymers, which are cross-linked to give neoprene certain desirable assets, such as chemical inertness, and thermal, oil, water, and solvent resistance. Once cross-linking happens during vulcanization, sulfur bridges are created that combine single links of chloroprene to produce a more prominent compound.
Some sulfur links impact the whole neoprene substances. Therefore, relying on how chloroprene is vulcanized and the number of sulfur links are generated, neoprene can exhibit an array of characteristics in changing levels without altering its standard construct, and because of this, it is found to be useful in several different applications and products.
Originally, Neoprene was created to function as an oil-resistant replacement for common rubber. However, today neoprene’s additional qualities have actually allowed the usage as a rubber substitute within a vast array of applications. Closed Cell Neoprene offers good resistance to acid, alkali, gasoline, and oil.
Closed Cell Neoprene is excellent for long-term outdoor applications that require resistance to UV, oxidation, and ozone. Neoprene possesses comfortable qualities which make things acceptable with regards to wetsuits, waders, clothing, bicycle seats and shorts, sports gloves, insulated can holders, mouse pads, elbow and knee pads, orthopedic braces, equestrian pads, pet collars, and neoprene covered poker tables.
- Neoprene dry suits
- Professional diving suits and boots, gloves, and accessories.
- Kayak skirts and boots.
- Boots, orthopedic and sport support products
- Life jacket, survival (immersion) suit and all surface water sports products such as surfing and triathlon suits.
- Wheelchair seating.
- Orthopedic and sport support products.
- Accessories for indoor sports.
A vast range of fabrics can be laminated on neoprene foam to meet the specific functions of your particular product.
- Nylon and polyester fabrics are chemical resistant, elastic and low moisture content (4.5%), and most economical among all materials and provide products with a soft, smooth feel, colorful and durability.
- Stretchy fabrics with SPANDEX provides a smooth, soft, durable and highly elastic will increase freedom of movement and achieve high product performance.
- Fleece and plush thermal fabrics are used to keep warm and comfortable therefore ideal to be used on the inside of products.
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Is the Catholic Bible the real Bible?
The Catholic Bible is a Christian Bible containing the entire 73 canonical books approved by the Catholic Church, including terms used by some scholars and Catholics. In the Greek Septuagint collection, the Hebrew…
What is the difference between the Bible and the Catholic Bible?
The main difference between the Catholic Bible and the Christian Bible is that the Catholic Bible consists of all 73 books of the Old and New Testaments recognized by the Catholic Church, while the Christian Bible, also known as the Holy Bible, is the sacred book of the Christian religion.
What is the original Catholic Bible called?
The definitive Roman Catholic Bible in English is the Douai Imus Bible. Rheims – also known as the Douai Bible or Douai Bible, abbreviated as D – R, is a direct English translation of what is the DOMAY-RHEIMS version of the Bible, the authoritative Bible of the Catholic Church It is a direct English translation of what is the authoritative Bible of the Catholic Church. The St.
Which version of the Bible is closest to the original text?
New American Standard Bible is a literal translation from the original text and is suitable for study because of its accurate rendering of the source text. It follows the style of the King James Version, but uses modern English for words that are underused or have changed meaning.
What religion made the Bible?
The Old Testament of the Bible is very similar to the Hebrew Bible, which has its origins in the ancient religion of Judaism. The exact beginnings of the Jewish religion are unknown, but the first known mention of Israel is in an Egyptian inscription from the 13th century BC.
Why do Catholics pray to Mary?
Catholics do not pray to Mary as if she were God. Prayer to Mary is a remembrance of the great mystery of our faith (incarnation, red through Christ of the Rosary) and praise to God for the wonderful things he did in one of his intercession with his creatures (h is Mary) (the latter half hail Mary).
Is Catholic Bible different from King James?
The King James Bible is the English translation of the Canon Bible. The Catholic Bible is considered complete because it contains all the Scriptures that were in Hebrew and Greek. The King James Bible is in English, but has no declarations and misses the apocrypha.
Where did the original Bible come from?
Scholars now believe that the stories that would become the Bible were seeded by word of mouth over the centuries in the form of oral narratives and poetry, perhaps as a means of building collective identity among the tribes of Israel. Ultimately, these stories were collated and written down.
What is the first original Bible?
The book in question is the Codex Sinaiticus, often called the oldest Bible in the world.
Who wrote the 7 extra books in the Catholic Bible?
These consist of seven books: Tobias, Judith, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom, the first and second Machabee; also certain additions to Esther and Daniel.” Jerome’s influence.
|Heavy: Books of Emphasis.|
|Tobias||Tobit or Tobias|
|Machabaeorum i||1 Maccabee.|
Do Catholics use King James Bible?
As Fr. Owley explains, the KJV is not authorized by ordinariate to conduct public worship. For example, there is no KJV procedure in ordinariate. The King James Bible for Catholics is not a “Catholic version” of the KJV, but rather the KJV for Catholic readers…
Which version of Bible is best?
Through May 2022, the top five best-selling translations were
- New International Version.
- English Standard Version.
- New Living Translation.
- King James Version.
- The Christian Standard Bible.
Which Holy Bible should you read?
For many people, the New Living Translation (NLT) is the easiest version of the Bible because it uses normal modern English. It is a translation of the exact idea of the Bible’s original language and is widely accepted.
Who wrote the original Bible?
For thousands of years, the prophet Moses was considered the sole author of the first five books of the Bible, known as the Pentateuch.
What was taken out of the Bible?
These books include 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, the Book of The Tobit, the Book of Susanna, the Addition to Esther, the Book of Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, the Prayer of Azariah, Bel, and the Dragon, the Prayer of Manas, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, Book of Enoch, Book of Jubilees, Gospel
Who invented Catholicism?
Origins. According to Catholic tradition, the Catholic Church was founded by Jesus Christ. The New Testament records the activities and teachings of Jesus, his appointment of the twelve apostles, and his instructions for continuing his work.
Why do Catholic Bibles have more books?
Two centuries after Christ, certain books were included in the Old Testament that the translators of the Latin Bible, i.e., the Jews and early Christians, rejected. The extra books first appeared in the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament two centuries before Christ.
How do Catholics get to heaven?
Here is the bottom line: Catholics reach heaven through faith, baptism, and repentance for both venial and mortal sins.
Why do Catholics not eat meat on Fridays?
The Church asked Catholics to refrain from eating meat on Fridays during Lent to commemorate the day the Bible says Jesus died on the cross, Riviere said. Meat was chosen as a sacrifice because it was a celebratory food.
Where in the Bible does it say the Catholic Church is the one true church?
Their one true church doctrine, based on Matthew 16:18 and other Scriptures, emphasizes the succession of true doctrines, practices, and teachers over the centuries and the authority of the church under Christ.
Is the book of Enoch in the Catholic Bible?
By the fourth century, most of the books of Enoch had been excluded from the Christian biblical canon and are now considered biblical only by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church of Tewahedo and the Eritrean Orthodox Church of Tewahedo.
What is the oldest Bible on earth?
Codex Sinaiticus came to the attention of scholars in the 19th century at St. Catherine’s Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, and further material was discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Is Bible written by God?
The origins of the Bible are both human and divine, not just human. Biblical narratives, poetry, history, letters, prophecies, and other writings come from a profound collaboration between humanity and God.
Is the Bible accurate?
Modern archaeology has helped us understand that the Bible is historically accurate, even in the smallest of details. In the past century, there have been thousands of archaeological discoveries supporting every book of the Bible.
How long after Jesus died was the Bible written?
The four Gospels of the New Testament, written almost a century after Jesus’ death, tell the same story but reflect very different ideas and concerns. The 40-year period distinguishes the death of Jesus from the writing of the first gospel.
Can you read the original Bible?
Scientists have finally been able to read the oldest biblical text ever discovered. The 2,000-year-old scroll has been in the hands of archaeologists for decades. However, the charred, brittle scrolls were too dangerous to open and therefore could not be read.
How old is the Catholic Bible?
In late 1611, King James I agreed to promulgate the Holy Bible to the world. The Catholic Bible published its volumes in different sets in the period of 1582, in different sets in the period of the New Testament of 1609, and others vary.
Is Purgatory in Bible?
2 Maccabees 12:41-46, 2 Timothy 1:18, Matthew 12:32, Luke 23:43, 1 Corinthians 3:11-3:15, Hebrews 12:29 AS Prayer support for the souls of Purgatorial …
Did Martin Luther remove books from the Bible?
Luther included the books of the Great Reporter in his translation of the German Bible, but he relocated them after the Old Testament, calling them “apocrypha, which are books that are not equivalent to the Bible, but are useful books to read. ”
Why do Catholics pray to saints?
When we pray to the saints, we ask them to help us by praying to God on our behalf – as we ask our friends and family to do so, or thank the saints for having already done so.
Who removed Apocrypha from Bible?
The Puritan Revolution in England in the 1600s brought changes in the way many English publishers handled exoteric material related to the Bible.
Do Catholics read the New or Old Testament?
The Catholic Bible consists of 46 books of the Old Testament (the Deuteronomy books) and 27 books of the New Testament.
Do Catholics and Baptist use the same Bible?
Although the Roman Catholic Bible and the Baptist Bible differ in Old Testament content, they both accept the 27 books of the New Testament, including the Gospel, Acts, Epistles, and Revelation. Summary: 1.
What version of the Bible do Catholics use?
Translation Background The New Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition (NRSV-CE) is the Bible translation approved for use by the Catholic Church and condemned by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1991.
What came before the King James Bible?
The Geneva Bible is one of the most historically significant translations of the Bible, predating the King James Version by 51 years. It was the primary Protestant Bible in English in the 16th century and was used by William Shakespeare, Oliver Cromwell, John Knox, John Donn, and others.
Which Bible is easiest to read?
The Holy Bible: Easy-to-Read Version (ERV) is an English translation of the Bible edited by the World Bible Translation Center. It was originally published by Bakerbooks as the English Version for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (EVD).
How do I choose a Bible?
Choosing a Bible Once you know the purpose for which the Bible will be used, choose the Bible best suited for that purpose. Get advice from an experienced and trusted Bible reader on which Bible to purchase. Stick to your budget when choosing the best Bible for you.
What Bible do Mormons use?
The Bible Mormons use the approved King James Version of the Bible.
Where is the original text of the Bible?
Written on vellum or calfskin, the Codex has been in the Vatican Library since at least 1475. Along with the Codex Vachanus, the Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most important manuscripts of both the Old and New Testaments of the Greek Bible.
Who created God?
It asks, “If everything has a Creator, who created God?” In fact, it is inappropriate to lump God into His creation, since only created things have a Creator. God revealed Himself to us in the Bible, as He has always existed. Atheists argue that there is no reason to assume that the universe was created.
How old is the Earth according to the Bible?
With regard to the age of the earth, the biblical genealogical record combined with the Genesis 1 account is used to estimate the age of the earth and the universe at about 6000 years, with little uncertainty in the completeness of the genealogical record, and even a few thousand years.
Which was the first Bible?
The Gutenberg Bible, also called the 42-line Bible or Mazarin Bible, is the first complete book extant in the West and one of the earliest books printed from movable type, named for printer Johannes Gutenberg, who completed it around 1455 in Mainz, Germany. .
Who are the 7 Fallen Angels?
Fallen Angels are named after entities of both Christian and pagan mythology, including Moloch, Chemosh, Dagon, Belial, Beelzebub, and Satan himself. Following the orthodox Christian narrative, Satan convinces the other angels to live free from God’s law and then they are cast out of heaven .
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Artificial Intelligence today is bringing forth changes in the way every sector operates. The growth curve for AI has been colossal with industries in almost all sectors witnessing massive disruption and change in the way of functioning.
In the words of Ray Kurzweil, computer scientist and futurist, “Artificial intelligence will reach human levels by around 2029. Follow that out further to, say, 2045, we will have multiplied the intelligence, the human biological machine intelligence of our civilization a billion-fold.”
Leave aside speculations surrounding AI, most industries including banking, finance, healthcare, e-commerce and more are set to see enormous gains in terms of scalability, speed, efficiency and profitability. AI with its sophisticated tools and subfields of Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning are making things smarter, more efficient, and cheaper by reducing man-hours while bringing in brilliant solutions to existing tailbacks within a sector.
The benefits of AI in businesses are profound but at the same time, it is worth noting that AI has the potential to forever change the way the public sector functions as well.
Globally, there is a common feeling against bureaucracy. The public sector is plagued with several concerns like slow proceedings, lack of transparency, lethargic service, and too much paperwork. The biggest challenges are fast-tracking public sector processes, and services and maintaining data on all the information generated. AI and deep learning solutions have started to change the way the public sector is functioning.
The benefits of using AI in the public sector are multifold. The technologies have immense potential to ensure the best economic advantages, social benefits, saving time, and driving economic growth in the process.
With the better pre-emptive analysis and ability to process information while performing complex tasks at a much higher and faster rate than humans, AI can be a game-changer if its full potential is realized in the public sector.
Some of the ways how AI can benefit make the public sector smarter and more efficient are:
Better quality service: AI can improve public sector services by making them more efficient which leads to increased job satisfaction amongst the public servants and enhance services and service delivery for the citizens.
By allowing scope for complex analysis through data, AI helps to understand specific needs of individuals. It can fast-track legal cases, clear audit trails, improve traffic management that ensures public safety and decrease road risks.
It can also enable improvement and maintenance of public infrastructures and suggest building newer ones based on data collection.
Another instance where AI can enhance public service is in addressing traffic conditions. Data can be collected about traffic flows which can be utilized to enhance traffic management and create infrastructures to address future congestions. Smarter management of traffic is facilitated through more accurate prediction of traffic flows and optimizing the timings of traffic lights.
Identifying Tax Fraud: Preventing fraudulent crime is a top priority for any financial institutions and also government agencies when it comes to filing of income-tax or submitting business returns. Implementing some form of digital transformation has a crucial role in terms of digitalization of public services which can become far and smarter in collection of taxes and identifying tax fraud.
With the initiation of AI, tax administrations can turn data into a business asset (PDF) using predictive modeling. This simplifies compliance and helps prevent tax errors and fraud. The outcome is that it can help improve taxpayer services by facilitating payment methods, issuing faster refunds and giving easier access to relevant information, and reduce operation times, costs, improve risk management techniques and audit efficiency.
Climate Prediction and Disaster Management: Researchers are now leveraging AI technology to tackle climate change problems using data. Claire Monteleoni, a computer scientist at George Washington University in Washington DC, says, “Climate is now a data problem”. Monteleoni has pioneered the use of machine-learning techniques to make advanced research in climate science.
With the help of AI, scientists are able to identify new climate patterns which aid in forecasting weather and foretell floods thus allowing more time for disaster preparedness.
For instance, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) use machine learning to improve their forecasts. They found that “applying AI techniques along with a physical understanding of the environment can significantly improve the prediction skill for multiple types of high-impact weather.” High-impact weather includes events like severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
One example the paper highlighted is that machine learning can provide more accurate hail forecasting which causes billions of dollars in damages every year. Even a modest improvement in hail warning could significantly save in damages by getting individuals to move their cars and themselves to safety.
More accurate weather forecasts can help the agricultural sector to take critical decisions in terms of plantation and harvesting, thus minimizing loss of harvest due to bad weather or heavy rainfall.
Smart chatbots to assist: One of the main areas where the public sector is found wanting is providing good quality customer service. The help desks are often dysfunctional and inefficient making access to information very difficult for the general public. Even minor issues go unattended. Many public sector institutions like city councils such as North Charleston, Los Angeles and Kansas City are using chatbots to assist in repetitive time-consuming tasks, reduce workload, and improve service delivery.
With AI bots, this concern can be ruled out. The smart conversational AI-powered Chatbots carry out natural conversation just like a human and give accurate responses. They use highly sophisticated Natural Language processing to understand the context of a user query to give the right response.
Over time the software robots get smarter with more inputs and hence give better suggestions and get more reliable. The best part is the bots are 24/7. They don’t get tired or need a holiday to be away like humans and are always at public disposal.
Better insights in policymaking:
The public sector needs to frame effective and decisive policies to handle existing issues in the public interest. With smart insights from the generated data, AI can help the government gain a better understanding of public concerns and help in better policymaking.
For example, poverty is the primary UN Sustainable development goal and most countries need to tackle it hands down. The onus is more on the public sector. Scientists and researchers are pressing in on the tremendous potential that AI has to help eliminate global poverty by fighting poverty through data, and gathering, collating and providing valuable insights and information through data analysis by use of satellite imagery.
Cognitive technologies can very well be the future of government functioning. It has started to penetrate the public sector space and the host of benefits they bring is forcing the public sector to re-imagine and re-design its existing functions to handle loopholes, make processes efficient and help in better governance. While the benefits are enormous, there is also a palpable fear of loss of human jobs to AI.
More experts worldwide have however assured that AI wouldn’t necessarily replace existing employees. It would rather augment public sectors working through automation of repetitive and mundane tasks. It is time as experts say that the public sector and civil societies work in concert with AI to simplify and speed up the most difficult and complex tasks in public governance.
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The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the Western Hemisphere, part of the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. It is located between latitudes 9° and 22° N and longitudes 89° and 60° W. It covers an area of about 1,063,000 square miles. The Caribbean Sea covers most of the Caribbean Plate and is bounded on the south by South America, on the west and south by Mexico and Central America, and on the north and east by the Antilles: the Greater Antilles islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico lie to the north, and a plethora of Lesser Antilles bound the sea on the east. The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, the numerous islands of the West Indies, and adjacent coasts, are collectively known as the Caribbean.
The sea's deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between Cuba and Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,220 feet) below sea level. There are five basins within the Caribbean Sea, they are the Yucatán, Cayman, Colombian, Venezuelan, and Grenada basins. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays: the Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darien, Golfo de los Mosquitos and Gulf of Honduras.
The Caribbean Sea is largely situated on the Caribbean Plate. Estimates of the sea's age range from 20,000 years to 570 million years. The Caribbean Sea floor is divided into five basins separated from each other by underwater ridges and mountain ranges. The Atlantic Ocean enters the Caribbean through the Anegada Passage lying between the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands and the Windward Passage located between Cuba and Haiti. The deepest points of the sea lie in Cayman Trough with depths reaching approximately 7,686 m (25,220 feet). Despite this, the Caribbean Sea is considered a relatively shallow sea in comparison to other bodies of water.
The Caribbean Sea floor is also home to two oceanic trenches: the Hispaniola Trench and Puerto Rico Trench, which put the area at a higher risk of earthquakes. Underwater earthquakes pose a threat of generating tsunamis which could have a devastating effect on the Caribbean islands. Scientific data reveals that over the last 500 years the area has seen a dozen earthquakes above 7.5 magnitude .
The Caribbean is home to about 9 percent of the world's coral reefs covering about 20,000 square miles, most of which are located off the Caribbean Islands and the Central American coast. Unusually warm Caribbean waters endanger the Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs support some of the most diverse habitats in the world, but are fragile ecosystems. When tropical waters exceed 85 degrees Fahrenheit for an extended period of time, microscopic plants called zooxanthellae die off. These plants provide food for the coral and give them their color. The resultant bleaching of the coral reefs kills them, and ruins the ecosystem. Up to 42 percent of the coral colonies have gone completely white, while 95 percent have undergone at least some bleaching. The habitats supported by the reefs are critical to such tourist activities as fishing and diving, and provide an annual economic value to Caribbean nations of $3.1-$4.6 billion. Continued destruction of the reefs could severely damage the region's economy.
A Protocol of the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region came into effect to protect the various endangered marine life of the Caribbean through forbidding human activities that would advance the continued destruction of such marine life in various areas. Several charitable organizations have been formed to preserve the Caribbean marine life, such as Sea Turtle Conservancy (formerly Caribbean Conservation Corporation) which seeks to study and protect sea turtles while educating others about them.
The Caribbean weather is influenced by the Gulf Stream and Caribbean Current ocean currents. The Caribbean current is a warm water current that flows into the Caribbean Sea from the east along the coast of South America. The Gulf Stream is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits through the Strait of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The tropical location of the sea helps the water to maintain a warm temperature ranging from the low of 70 to mid-80 degrees Fahrenheit by the season.
The Caribbean is a focal area for many hurricanes within the Western Hemisphere. A series of low pressure systems develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way across the Atlantic Ocean. While most of these systems do not become tropical storms, some do. The tropical storms can develop into Atlantic Hurricanes, often in the low pressure areas of the eastern Caribbean. The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June 1 and ends November 30, with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September. On average, around 9 tropical storms form each year, with five reaching hurricane strength. According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900.
Every year, hurricanes represent a potential threat to the islands of the Caribbean, due to the extremely destructive nature of these powerful weather systems. Coral reefs can easily be damaged by violent wave action, and can be destroyed when a hurricane dumps sand or mud onto the a reef. When this happens, the coral organisms are smothered and the reef dies and ultimately breaks apart.
The name "Caribbean" is derived from the Native Caribs, one of the dominant Amerindian groups in the region at the time of European contact during the late 15th century. After the discovery of the West Indies by Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Spanish term Antillas was commonly assigned to the lands; stemming from this, "Sea of the Antilles" is a common alternate name for the Caribbean Sea in various European languages.
The Caribbean Sea was an unknown body of water to the populations of Europe and Asia until 1492 when Christopher Columbus first sailed into Caribbean waters while trying to find a route to India. At that time the Western Hemisphere in general was unknown to Europeans. Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was quickly colonized by several Western Civilizations. During the first century of development, Spanish dominance was undisputed.
Following the colonization of the Caribbean islands, the Sea became a busy area for European-based marine trading and transport, which eventually attracted piracy. The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 1560s and died out only around the 1720s as the nation-states of Western Europe with colonies in the Americas began to exert more state control over the waterways of the New World. The period during which pirates were most successful was from the 1640s until the 1680s. Piracy flourished in the area because of British seaports such as Nelson's Dockyard, Antigua, and ports in Barbados.
Today the area is home to 22 island territories and borders 12 continental countries. Because of an abundance of sunshine, year-round tropical temperatures moderated by the almost constant trade winds, and the great variety of scenic destinations to visit, during the second half of the twentieth century on into the twenty-first century, the Caribbean Sea became a popular place for tourism, and this trend has favored the in creasing development of the cruise industry in the area.
Most islands at some point were, or still are, colonies of European nations:
- British West Indies - Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and the Turks and Caicos Islands
- Danish West Indies - present-day United States Virgin Islands
- Dutch West Indies - present-day Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
- French West Indies - Haiti and the French overseas départements of Guadeloupe and Martinique
- Spain - Cuba, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic and Haiti), Puerto Rico
Economy and human activity
The Caribbean region has seen a significant increase in human activity since the colonization period. The sea is one of the largest oil production areas in the world. The area also generates a large fishing industry for the surrounding countries. The Caribbean region has also spanned a large tourist industry.
Human activity in the area accounts for a significant amount of pollution, placing in jeopardy some of the vital services derived from the Caribbean Sea ecosystem.
The area is the setting for the well-known Disneyland and Disney World attraction, Pirates of the Caribbean, which among other things is notable for cementing the alternative pronunciation (with the stress placed on the first and third syllables instead of the second) in many people's minds. The ride has been adapted into a trilogy of Pirates of the Caribbean films, the first two of which take place in the Caribbean.
Present-day island territories of the Caribbean
The nations of Belize and Guyana, although on the mainland of Central America and South America respectively, were former British colonies and maintain many cultural ties to the Caribbean and are members of CARICOM. The Turneffe Islands (and many other islands and reefs) are part of Belize and lie in the Caribbean Sea.
The USA, Canada, China and the European Union play a large role in the Caribbean economy and politics. It is rare for any part of the US coastline to be considered part of the Caribbean as they are located in parts of the Gulf of Mexico.
- ↑ Shelley Dawicki, Tsunamis in the Caribbean? It's Possible Oceanus, March 25, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
- ↑ Alarm sounded for Caribbean coral BBC News, September 22, 2004. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
- ↑ Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (SPAW) Adopted at Kingston on January 18, 1990. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
- ↑ Sea Turtle Conservancy. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
- ↑ Rob Gutro, NASA Satellites Record a Month for the Hurricane History Books NASA, September 6, 2005. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
- ↑ Alvin Silverstein, Virginia B. Silverstein, and Laura Silverstein Nunn, Weather and Climate (Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books, 1998, ISBN 0761332235).
- ↑ John B.R. Agard and Angela Cropper, Caribbean Sea Ecosystem Assessment (CARSEA), 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
- Cribb, James, Jacques Yves Cousteau, and Thomas H. Suchanek. Marine life of the Caribbean. Pueblo, CO: Skyline Press, 1984. ISBN 0195406168
- Glover, Linda K. Defying Ocean's End : An Agenda For Action. Island Press, 2004. ISBN 1559637552
- Popov, Nicolas, and Dragan Popov. Children of the sea: exploring the marine diversity of the Bahamas and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Education, 2000. ISBN 0333735382
- Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia B. Silverstein, and Laura Silverstein Nunn. Weather and Climate. Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books, 1998. ISBN 0761332235
- Snyderman, Marty. Guide to Marine Life : Caribbean-Bahamas-Florida. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc., 1996. ISBN 1881652068
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Medically reviewed by Jill Johnson, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC
Written by Our Editorial Team
Last updated 9/3/2021
Some news you might not want to hear: Lichen Planopilaris (LPP) is a skin disease that can lead to hair loss.
It’s a type of lichen planus, which causes inflammation and affects your skin cells and mucous membranes. Some people may refer to LPP as follicular lichen planus.
Lichen planopilaris can result in scarring hair loss, which is permanent. Here’s some good news: The condition is fairly rare, especially among men.
Want to learn more about LPP? Keep reading to find out more about the cause, symptoms and effective treatments.
As previously mentioned LPP is a skin disease that leads to scarring hair loss.
There are actually three types of lichen planopilaris:
Classic Lichen Planopilaris: This skin disease is associated with inflammation of the hair follicles that leads to scarring and permanent hair loss.
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia: This form of LPP is identified by progressive hair loss that happens slowly and can cause scarring near the forehead. Occasionally, the eyebrows and eyelashes can be affected.
Lassueur Graham-Little Piccardi Syndrome: Most commonly affecting women, this type of LPP leads to patchy scarring hair loss, thinning hair in the armpit and groin area, and rough bumps around the hair follicles.
LPP mostly affects adult women between the ages of 40 and 60, though men can get it, too.
The exact cause of LPP is unknown. It is thought that it could be the result of an autoimmune issue.
The most commonly believed explanation is that white blood cells destroy skin and hair cells.
Generally, LPP is diagnosed via a physical examination and a microscopic look at a piece of tissue from the affected area taken through a punch biopsy.
As with any disorder or disease, different people may experience different symptoms of LPP.
These are the most common symptoms:
Redness on the scalp
Itchiness of the scalp
Lichen planopilaris most commonly presents as smooth, white patches, and there’s typically no hair in the patch area when on the scalp.
You may notice redness around the hair follicles around the edges of these bald patches.
Usually the areas of the scalp that are affected are either the front, sides or lower back (part of the head).
“I tried several different options before but Hims combined approach of all four methods by far created the best results.”
“Hims has been the greatest confidence boost, no more bald jokes! I look and feel so much younger!”
“When I show my barber my progress, he is always in disbelief. I have to recommend Hims to any guy who’s experiencing thinning.”
“Cost effective and affordable. My hair keeps growing thicker, fuller, and at a fast rate.”
“I noticed a huge change in the overall health and fullness of my hairline.”
“Now after 5 months I’m able to style waves first time in 10 years!”
“I decided to jump right in and I'm so glad I did. I definitely feel ten years younger!”
“In just as little over two and half months, I can really see the difference in thickness and in color.”
“4-months strong and my confidence boosted back up to 100% using Hims, future me really does thank me.”
“I’m a 34 year old father of two and have been using Hims for over a year now. My hair is back to what it was in my mid twenties.”
Ideally, you want to treat LPP as early as possible. Because hair loss is permanent with LPP, the earlier you begin treating it, the less potential hair loss you will face.
The goal of treatment is to stop hair loss and manage symptoms.
Anti-inflammatory medication is often prescribed to patients with lichen planopilaris. If you are diagnosed with LPP, a healthcare professional may prescribe you one of the following:
Anti-malarial medication like hydroxychloroquine
Minoxidil, a topical treatment, may also be prescribed by your healthcare provider to encourage hair growth in the unaffected hair follicles.
Though exactly how minoxidil works is unknown, it’s believed to work by stimulating the hair follicle to enter the anagen (growth) phase.
Minoxidil comes in two strengths: a 2% concentration and a 5% version. Neither version of minoxidil requires a prescription.
You can purchase a 5% minoxidil solution and a minoxidil foam version online.
Lichen planopilaris is a scalp disease that can lead to scarring, which can cause permanent hair loss.
Along with hair loss, people who deal with LPP may also notice redness and itching.
For the most part, LPP is most commonly found in middle-aged women — but it is something men can get, too.
If you suspect you may have this type of follicular lichen planus, it is crucial to speak with a healthcare professional as soon as possible so that you may review hair loss treatment options. This will help you minimize patches of hair loss as much as possible.
Treatment of lichen planopilaris may include topical or oral corticosteroids, anti-malaria medications or retinoids.
A healthcare professional may also suggest using minoxidil to encourage hair growth in your healthy hair follicles.
Your best first step is to contact a healthcare professional and assess what’s causing your hair loss, along with the best treatment options for you.
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The implications of the revolutions that swept over Tunisia, Libya and Egypt in 2011 are of such magnitude that the Arab world will never be the same again. They caused the fall of the presidents of Tunisia in January 2011, of Egypt in February, of Libya in August and of Yemen in February, followed by a wave of popular uprisings covering Bahrain, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Mauritania and other countries. The Tunisian revolution was the focal point that started the “Arab Spring”. The world “was inspired by Tunisia’s demands for democracy, freedom and dignity,” according to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.
The revolts in the Middle East and North Africa reflected a yearning for democracy by Arabs seeking to regain their long-suppressed national pride and dignity. The struggles that gave birth to each demonstration, occupation or revolution were separate and yet connected; part of a collective roar from young people who, for the first time in modern history, faced a future in which they would be worse off than their parents.
Let us look at the key players and at the role they may play in this post-revolutionary era:
The Tunisian General Labor Union (UGTT): this is historically a major social force and a key interlocutor of the government in the organization and management of social affairs. It has traditionally mediated in social conflicts but has also played a rallying role at historic moments in the country’s history, such as during the independence period. Later it became the main countervailing force to the one-party system under both Bourguiba and Ben Ali.
In the revolt that started in December 2010, it was the union rank and file, as opposed to the leadership, who mobilized the different sections and structured the movement in its early days. It developed with leftist parties the slogans, orchestrated the strikes in different cities, managed the demonstrations and negotiated with the army. However, last October the UGTT called for a general strike in reaction to the series of violence targeting unionists and civil society activists and political players in the country. The strike was canceled at the last moment after guarantees given by the governing coalition led by the Ennahdha party. The UGTT called again for a general strike and a day of national mourning, following the assassination of activist and politician Chokri Belaid, Secretary-General of the Unified Democratic Patriotic Party on February 6, 2013.
Civil society: together with the labor union, Tunisia’s professional associations, students, university professors and human rights organizations all played an instrumental role in casting a civic face on the revolt. The Tunisian League for Human Rights, along with a whole host of human rights activists and opposition journalists, are now well-known among the public as a result of their dramatic protests, primarily hunger strikes. Women’s movements were particularly vocal and confident. Lawyers and judges’ unions, whose members felt that their profession had been stripped of its credibility under Ben Ali, were also prominent.
Civil society’s influence has continued post-revolt. Three national commissions were established in the week after the fall of Ben Ali. Beyond their specific missions, these commissions represented an interesting model of the new structures of governance that flank the traditional branches of power and seem designed to compensate for the weakness of the political parties in the first months after the revolution.
The particularity of Tunisia among Arab countries is the legal status of women, the protection of their personal rights, equality on the workplace and representation in public institutions. All enjoy a strong consensus among the political, economic and intellectual elites, as well as within significant portions of the middle class. Some analysts foresaw that the Ennahdha will evolve towards the model of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP), by softening its discourse and positions to adapt to mainstream Tunisians, who have a fairly clear consensus on the social model and values they want. But after winning in the last elections as the first party (with 39.5%), the Ennahdha party is leading society to a polarized state between Islamism and secularism.
The military: in Egypt and Tunisia, the armies proved to be the supreme political forces, easing unpopular leaders Hosni Mubarak and Ben Ali from office in part due to their reluctance to fire on protesters. Libya was very different, however.
In Tunisia the army has been popular during the revolt and described as patriotic by the public. It came out in support of the demonstrators, refusing to shoot at the population and seeking to protect civilians from repression by the security forces. Having refused to comply with Ben Ali’s orders to suppress the protests, the army’s role in the revolt was therefore clearly political in that it made the decision not to protect Ben Ali’s regime any longer.
The main ideologies: at the beginning of the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and around the region, the calls for change were less and less linked to a particular ideology like Islamism. Instead, analysts and activists say the forces that brought people to the streets in Tunisia and excited passions across the Middle East were far more fundamental and unifying: concrete demands to end government corruption, institute the rule of law and ease economic suffering.
In 1979, the Iranian revolution introduced the Muslim world to the force of political Islam, which frightened entrenched leaders, as well as the West. That ideology still has a powerful hold on people’s imaginations across the region, which continues to feed fighters to jihadist movements. But like Arabism and socialism before it, the political Islam of Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran and the radicalized ideology of al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden have failed to deliver in practical ways for the millions of people across the Middle East who lived in bastions of autocratic rule.
Now, ideology has receded in the background, giving room for the political class to address the thorny question of reform. Yet the leaders of the Ennahdha party has been focusing only about its survival, avoiding confrontation in the name of a reformed state.
But, after months of reassuring secularist critics, Islamist politicians in Tunisia have begun to lay down markers about how Muslim their state should be – and first signs show they want more religion than previously admitted. With political deadlines looming, the Tunisian coalition led by the Islamist Ennahdha party made statements revealing a stronger emphasis on Islam in government. Thedraft constitution defined Islam as “the principle source of legislation” – a phrase denoting laws based on Shari’a.
The Secularists: they warned voters against trusting the Islamists, and the subtle changes being introduced in the core principles of the Tunisian state could have come straight from a secularist playbook on how Islamists would gradually insert more religion into the political and legal systems. Ennahdha leader Rachid Ghannouchi once again attempted to reassure secularists by agreeing with them that the first article of Tunisia’s constitution should remain unchanged. The article, which states Tunisia’s language is Arabic and its religion is Islam, was “just a description of reality (…) without any legal implications”, he said last November. And “There will be no other references to religion in the constitution”.
However, in the draft constitution, it is stated that “Islam is Tunisia’s religion and the principal source of its legislation”. It is also stated that “Using Islamic Shari’a as a principle source of legislation will guarantee freedom, justice, social equality, consultation, human rights and the dignity of all its people, men and women”. Mentioning Shari’a means all laws must be consistent with Islam, a condition found in many constitutions in Muslim countries. This can be interpreted broadly, or strictly if those vetting the legislation impose a narrow reading.
The political parties: a major concern for Tunisians after the fall of Ben Ali was to ensure that not only he disappears but that his system is dismantled. The main cleavage has been between those who called for conciliation and those who advocated for the eradication of all remnants of Ben Ali’s regime and the dismantling of the ruling party. Before the revolt, the political system in Tunisia was entirely structured by the ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally. Other small parties were brought in to present a semblance of pluralism, except the PDP (Parti democrate progressiste) who was under close surveillance and kept outside the parliament.
In conclusion, the 2011 revolutions are post-Islamist in the sense that they are driven not by young Muslims seeking to escape from perceived Western humiliation through political identification with Islam — as in Tehran in 1979 — but by young Muslims (not Islamists) demanding freedom, representation and the rule of law.
These are Western values. But the revolutions are also anti-Western, as they seek to escape from a Western “trap” – the trap of telling Arabs that the only option open to them if they were not to be controlled by radical Islamists was to be suppressed by Western-backed despots. This binary definition of the Arab world, more than 30 years after the eruption of Islamism, had become a shameful artifice.
At this point, no one knows how one of the most critical chapters in the history of the modern Arab world will end, as the region pivots from a movement against dictatorship toward a movement for something that is proving far more ambiguous, as Antony Chedid said before dying (*). Will the generation shaped by jail, exile and repression and bound by faith and alliances years in the making, have the greatest say in determining what emerges?
(*) Anthony Shadid: Islamists’ Ideas on Democracy and Faith Face Test in Tunisia, February 17, 2012
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An Invasion of Yellow Crazies
Level 3, Level 4
Tokelau has been invaded by yellow crazies – an ant species. Scientists are investigating what can be done about them. By collecting and recording data, they are identifying the extent of the problem and figuring out the best course of action. Science
Click on the arrow to turn the page. To listen to the audio, click the speaker button.
The Home icon returns you to the start of the book.
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Social Network. No, it is not synonymous with Facebook.
The concept of Social Network came into being long before the Internet: in the 1930s, Romanian psychologist Jacob Levy Moreno conceived sociometry, that branch of the social sciences which describes and measures the relationships between individuals and groups within complex social contexts. In the 1950s it was realized that the concept of “network” worked better than those of “group”, “community” or “family” to describe the complexity of social relations in increasingly complex contexts, in which elements such as social mobility and new urban relational models made it necessary to have new approaches that were able to highlight the complexity of social interactions: relationships of interdependence between people who share values, affections, attitudes and orientations; processes of redefining the boundaries between public and private; the impacts of all this on models of constructing individual and collective identity.
A cooperative, for example, is more than a group. It is something different from a family. It is not just a community. To describe the dynamics these concepts are not enough. But if we look at it as a social network we can – thanks to this interpretative paradigm – grasp its dynamics and processes in a particularly effective way. Social networks are in fact constructive interpretations able to describe the dynamics and complexity of our society particularly well.
Social networks encounter Internet
Towards the end of the last century, then, social networks encountered the Internet, and it was immediately a real idyll: what better context to develop the applications of social networks if not that which is itself based on a network? Social networks and computer networks share their constitutive structure, made up of “nodes” (from time to time computers, people or information) and “arcs” (that is, connections) which link them.
Thus, in the new millennium, the concept of Social Network leaves sociology and enters society. It becomes the term we use to identify those systems which – based on the Internet for connecting people and the analysis of social networks to describe the dynamics of this contact – develop new models of communication and service. It is the era of Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
Real, virtual or?
An era in which of communication we can no longer speak of “real” and “virtual”, but – at most – of “analog” and “digital” experienced and acted by people in a context of substantial relational continuity. There no longer exist – as in the early days of computer science – “real” and “virtual” friendships, but relationships are developed that extend as much in the network (on-line) as out of it (off-line). An era living a dimension of change that concerns everyone.
One fact is enough to understand the impact of this phenomenon: today more than half of Italians are on Facebook – only one of the existing Social Network Sites, but one of the most important – and they spend an average of almost two hours a day, connecting every day. It would be naive and simplistic to think that this is only a form of leisure or shelter for those who have little to do. Using these tools people relate, are informed, develop their opinions on politics, on the economy, on society. They make purchasing decisions. In short: they live. They live a life in which the dynamics of communication are profoundly different compared with the past. A change in which there are positive aspects and no shortage of negative ones.
The recent events related to the American elections and to Cambridge Analytica have done no more than bring to the popular media what was well known to the experts: tools like Facebook and its followers require a deep reflection on privacy, ownership of user data, and possibility of control or conditioning. But at the same time they open up new possibilities for companies, which cannot afford to remain out of this change, on pain of the risk of leaving – literally – the market.
If Social Network Sites like Facebook represent new public squares, new meeting places and new tools for building opinion and consensus, it is clear how these squares have to be guarded, understanding their dynamics and understanding how these dynamics impinge on organizational and business processes, on communication, on marketing and on services. Because while it is certain that these new contexts place companies in front of new challenges, it is equally certain that not seizing the opportunities of such contexts only increases the risk of being victims of the threats that, likewise, these tools carry with them.
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Woodworking dates back to the Stone Age when carpenters used stone tools and hand-driven chisels. In these early days of woodworking, there were many different types of craftsmen that made furniture for various purposes. There was a cabinetmaker who would make large pieces like beds and dressers; there was a chair maker who would make chairs and stools; there was even an upholsterer who would sew cloth over the wooden frame to create cushions or seats. These craftsmen all had their own specialties and in turn, developed their own style of working with wood.
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of some basic styles of woodworking from which you can choose your favorite one –
List Of Woodworking Styles
-There is the Shaker style, which was developed in colonial America and relies on simplicity. These pieces are very clean looking and have a quality of craftsmanship that’s unmatched by most modern furniture. The original shakers were Quakers who wanted to create simple but beautiful furnishings for their new communal society. They were also known as “the people of God.” –
It’s worth noting that these early settlers from New England brought with them many different styles of woodworking; among them, we find a strong country English flavor called “Carpenter Gothic” where scroll work dominates both inside and out (think spindles). In this case it is not craftsmen, such as cabinetmakers or upholsterers, who are creating the woodwork but rather carpenters.
-This style was popular in Europe for some time before it spread to American shores and is characterized by ornate scrollwork that can be found on doors or mantels as well as being integrated into trim work of windows. This type of woodworking often covers a home’s exterior with intricate designs, such as lion’s heads and gargoyles carved from stone, which would then also show up inside in various ways – fireplace mantels adorned with sculpted figures; baseboards decorated at the top with elaborate moldings made of plaster.
– The Arts & Crafts movement started around 1900 when an influential group of designers whose goal it was to return craftsmanship to simple woodworking manuals and to the incorporation of natural materials, such as stone and terra cotta tiles.
– The Craftsman style was popular in the 1920s through 1940s where many of these homes were built with a modernist look that included clean lines and simple designs which allowed homeowners to add their own personal design touches to their home by adding bright colors or installing unique flooring.
This type of woodworking is characterized by its use of rustic timbers like pine, mahogany, cypress, and chestnut for traditional building techniques including log framing construction; plank siding on exterior walls; exposed roof rafters without any trim work or moldings lining interior ceilings. The effect is one that brings nature inside the house rather than into the yard.
This type of woodworking is characterized by its use of rustic timbers like pine, mahogany, cypress, and chestnut for traditional building techniques including log framing construction; plank siding on exterior walls; exposed roof rafters without any trim work or moldings lining interior ceilings. The effect is one that brings nature inside the house rather than into
– There are three distinct types: Orthodox (Eastern Europe), Western European and American. Orthodox is characterized by its use of carpentry techniques, while Western European includes hand-carved moldings and American employs machine methods with few.
– The styles can be divided into two categories: traditional or modernist (1940’s).
-Traditional woodworking means the furniture that was traditionally made in a home; it included sleigh beds, chairs, benches and tables. Modernist style refers to those pieces of furniture crafted in response to the popular art deco design movement which began around 1925 as an attempt at incorporating more new technologies like plastics alongside older craftsman skills such as marquetry.
The type you choose for your project will depend on what look you’re going for–decide if you want rustic charm or a sleek modern look.
– Modernist style: an attempt at incorporating more new technologies like plastics alongside older craftsman skills such as marquetry; the type you choose for your project will depend on what look you’re going for–decide if you want rustic charm or sleek modern looks.
– Orthodox Woodwork is a style of woodworking that takes traditional construction techniques and modernizes them to include new materials.
As an example, it would use the same tools as old masters but with different woods such as walnut or cherry instead of just oak.
Which Woodworking Style The Carpenter Of 2021 Follows?
The carpenter of 2021 will be more open-minded than some of his or her predecessors. They may experiment with different styles, using modern tools for traditional projects and vice versa. But here is a list of some common designs that every woodworker follows like-
– Orthodox Woodwork: traditional building techniques updated with modern materials.
– Scandinavian Style: clean and simple lines, lots of storage space in the form of built-in shelves or cabinets.
– Rustic Charm: a style that can have many variations but generally features rough-hewn logs for furniture legs and other accents. The home is often decorated to look like an interior cabin retreat complete with a potbelly stove and log tables made from repurposed tree trunks–a room where you want your feet on the ground!
In contrast, the contemporary design might be dark woods paired with exposed steel beams or sleekly lined metal fixtures–a cold environment best suited for those who don’t feel safe unless they’re always looking over their shoulder.
– French Country: a look that’s distinctly rustic and old world but also features elegant, inviting spaces with lots of soft furnishings and an emphasis on creature comforts like fireplaces, cozy nooks in the library or living room where you can snuggle up with a good book, thoughtful window treatments to block out all those sun rays in the summertime.
– Industrial Style: often built from new materials like metal, concrete or reclaimed wood. The design incorporates elements such as exposed brick walls for texture and unpretentious mood lighting fixtures–accents that make it feel homier without ever sacrificing any cool factor.
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Write an essay explaining how external, internal, and abstract conflicts, as well as symbolism in the short story, “The Japanese Quince”, reveal the story’s theme. Your paper should be a minimum seven paragraphs of at least five sentences. I expect your work to have three quotations from the story within in-text citations. As usual, your essay will have no contractions and not use first person or second person, third person only.
Unlimited Free Revisions
Money Back Guarantee
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How to talk to children in challenging times
Talking to children about complicated issues arising from a fast-changing world can be challenging for parents. We might not know how to approach the situation and doubt how far can we go. How do we deal with this as a parent? How can we explain to them something that is not even clear to us? How can we support them in this time of uncertainty? Or simply, how do we answer their questions about the situation we are going through?
For parents it is challenging because they must deal with their children’s feelings but also their own. We must be aware that children are strong and can deal with more than what we can imagine. We must also understand that the way we react to these situations as parents will shape in great measure the way our children will react to them too. That is why acting from knowledge is important. Being informed, aware and prepared is part of the job of being a parent.
Paola has attached a very nice article that can give you some ideas on how to talk to your children and support them through challenging times like war, death, pandemic, etc. Paola chose this article because it gives us a frame and structure on how to approach these topics without going too deep into the problem but from what the children know best: their family. With the latest developments with the war in Ukraine (2022), children might be hearing information that is difficult for them to process and the uncertainty on how long the situation will last can have an impact in their minds. This article will give you some insights and ideas on how to talk to your child/children and guide you on how to deal with their anxiety. For young children, their family is their world. If we focus in making them see the safety their family signify it will make them feel at ease. To help them see what they do have instead of what they don’t will give them peace of mind. I hope the article will help you find a way to talk to your children in a way that will make them, and you feel secure.
Big Ben Kids specifically informed the Big Ben Kids parents about talking about the war in Ukraine (2022). Want to read more about this topic?
Blog: Praten over de oorlog in Oekraïne
We would love to show you around our facilities, meet your family and talk about your wishes in person. Please choose a location on the contact page to get in touch with us!
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Different types of whisky
Its origin is Celtic and it was used to warm up when temperatures were low. It’s a distilled drink, made from one or more cereal grains, matured in barrels, of usually oak. Some call it “Whiskey”, mainly Americans and Irish, in Scotland and other regions it’s called “Whisky”.
It has to be noted that Whisky it’s not aged in the bottle, only in the barrel, if you have a bottle stored for a long time it’s not going to change its flavor, aroma or color.
On the bottles, the label describes what you’re drinking. The main characteristics that you can find are the type, origin, and age declaration.
Types of whiskies by elaboration
- Blended whisky: The product of mixing single malt and single grain, from different barrels and distilleries. It has a smoother profile, it was the first whisky to be marketed internationally and the drunkest in the world.
- Single malt: Made solely from malted barley, it can come from different barrels, but all of them should belong to the same distillery.
- Single cask: It’s made from a single barrel; in the label, it can be mentioned how old it is. The oldest this type is, generally, more expensive it’ll be.
- Cask strength: It’s not lowered down to reduce its alcoholic grade, that is, it has no water or any other substance added to it, it’s bottled just as it comes from the barrel.
- Finish Single – Double – Triple: They’re matured in different types of barrels. For example, first it has to go through casks that had rum in them, then bourbon and finishing with sherry wine.
- Matured in individual barrels: It uses only one type of barrel in its elaboration.
- Peated: Its main characteristic, it’s that peat is used to dry the malted barley before distilling it, the steam of it gives it a particular flavor
- Blended grain: It’s created from a single grain combination of different distilleries.
- Single grain whisky: At the beginning, it’s distilled with malted barley, then other grains are added to the process.
- Blended malt: The blend has at least two single malts of different distilleries.
Types of whisies according to its origin
- Scotch Malt Whisky: It’s the most renowned in the world, it’s made according to standards of the Scotch Whisky Act 1988. By law, every one of them must be distilled in Scotland, with water, malted barley, with a minimum 94% of an alcoholic grade before maturing; They have to rest for no less than three years in oak barrels with a maximum capacity of 700 liters and only colorants can be added. They cannot be bottled at less than 40% alcoholic grade.
- Irish Whiskey: The production is characterized by triple distillation, they are aged in oak barrels, which previously contained sherry wine, for a minimum of seven years.
- American Whiskey: they are distilled, matured, and bottled in the United States; By US Law, it contains between 50 and 80% of the same grain, the complements can be wheat, rye, or barley. According to its process and state, there are three types:
- Bourbon whiskey: It’s aged in new charred oak barrels, it contains a minimum of 51% of corn grains and it has to be made in Kentucky.
- Rye whiskey: They’re made with not least tan 51% of rye grains and have to go through the same process.
- Corn whiskey: By the law of the state of Tennessee, which is where it is produced, it doesn’t have a fixed aging time and must contain a minimum of 80% corn kernels.
- Welsh Whisky: Producers of single malt per excellence. It’s unique in the world, because of its distillation process patented by David Faraday.
- Japanese Whisky: They have a production process identical to Scottish, they produce single malt and blended, double distilled and over the passing of the years it gains recognition in the world.
- Other regions: Whisky is distilled everywhere around the world; with excellent quality and variety. The most notable countries today are Taiwan, Australia, Sweden, Canada, South Africa, France, Germany, India, and New Zealand.
Types of whiskies by age declaration
The labels of the bottles reveal the maturation time, even if they don’t have it written, we know that it’s a young whisky, that has specific aging depending on the brand and country.
When we look at the maturation time, it means that the youngest malt used in the blend is at least that old.
The most influential factor in young whiskies is the distillation process, which is what gives them their characteristic smoothness.
On the other hand, to matured whiskies, the time in barrels greatly influences their flavor, the contact with wood gives them a lot of flavor and personality.
Is whisky’s age the most important thing?
It’s a personal opinion, but I can tell you that no; you can find really good whiskies without age declaration, and others aged, that are not so good.
Today, mixers masters have new technology and reinvent themselves from time to time to find new combinations.
If you want to see the best deals of the year, don’t miss our best whiskies selection.
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Approaches to Learning: Curiosity Corner promotes research-based teaching practices to support children's self-regulation and executive functioning skills. The curriculum provides guidance on classroom organization, including a suggested daily schedule and ideas for transitions between activities. The Teacher's Manual offers classroom management strategies such as team cooperation goals and signs/signals (Zero Noise Signals). Children develop executive functioning skills through daily choices during Greetings, Readings & Writings, and Plan & Play, as well as Brain Games specifically designed to scaffold executive functioning skills (e.g., I Spy, What's the Magic Word). Getting Along Together activities (e.g., Stay Cool Steps) help children learn to regulate their emotions and develop problem-solving skills. However, the curriculum includes limited opportunities to engage children in child-initiated play and activities based on their interests. While children select their own learning areas (Learning Labs) during Greetings, Readings & Writings, this part of the day is a very short period (10 minutes in a part-day schedule), and the Plan & Play (dramatic play) scenarios are offered by the teacher.
Social and Emotional Development: The curriculum consistently promotes research-based teaching practices to support children's social and emotional development. Getting Along Together activities are intentionally sequenced learning experiences that promote social and emotional development. For example, learning experiences such as "Using I Messages" and "Naming Others' Feelings" provide formal opportunities for children to practice social interactions. Other learning experiences (e.g., Learning Labs and Plan & Play) offer informal opportunities for such practice. Each unit includes a social and emotional development vocabulary list, and Getting Along Together activities utilize these words. The curriculum also includes guidance to support children as they learn to regulate their emotions and use problem-solving skills to resolve conflicts. Even so, the curriculum provides limited guidance on how to build secure, trusting relationships and culturally and linguistically responsive practices.
Language and Communication: Curiosity Corner consistently promotes research-based teaching practices to support children in developing language and communication skills. The instructional components (e.g., Greetings, Readings & Writings, Plan & Play, Clues & Questions) described in the Teacher's Manual and Theme Guides provide many formal and informal ways for children to engage in rich oral language exchanges with adults and peers. Story Telling and Retelling (STaR) plans describe ways to engage children in interactive read-alouds that allow them to hear, use, and understand complex language. To support children's vocabulary development, the curriculum offers multiple vocabulary lists for each unit (e.g., Wonderful Words, theme-related, STaR, Getting Along Together) and explicit instruction for vocabulary development within the context of each unit. In addition, Rhyme Time activities (e.g., "Baa, Baa Black Sheep," "My Mirror") promote phonological awareness in playful ways.
Literacy: The curriculum consistently promotes research-based teaching practices to support children's literacy development. It offers varied and meaningful opportunities to discuss, use, and make printed materials. For example, daily activities include signing-in, "reading" the Daily Message, and engaging in STaR activities. STaR activities support literacy learning during daily read-alouds, such as previewing the story, asking various types of questions, and retelling to aid comprehension. Activities within the Instructional Components, such as Learning with Curiosity and the Daily Message, integrate additional research-based practices (e.g., using modeled writing, examining concepts of print, building alphabet knowledge).
Mathematics Development: Curiosity Corner promotes research-based teaching practices to support children's development of mathematical concepts and skills. Math Moments and Math Lab provide intentionally planned, daily math learning experiences that include sequences based on children's developmental progressions. They also offer opportunities to practice mathematical skills and concepts and to use math vocabulary. For example, Math Moments begin with rote counting practice (Count with Curiosity), followed by direct instruction of a concept or skill (Active Instruction), and then children work with a partner to explore the concept or to play a related game (Partner Practice). Math Moments also ask children to apply previously learned concepts and skills to help Curiosity Cat (the program's mascot) solve a problem. The curriculum includes math words within unit vocabulary lists, as well as guidance on how to model and facilitate math talk with children. However, Math Moments and Math Lab are highly structured, offering few opportunities for children to engage in inquiry and creative invention.
Scientific Reasoning: The curriculum promotes research-based teaching strategies to support children's development of scientific reasoning. Science Lab and small group activities offer hands-on science learning experiences that support the development of children's science skills. They allow children to construct knowledge through social interactions with adults and peers. Learning Lab Facilitation Guides provide prompts for teachers to support the development of important inquiry skills, such as making observations, asking questions, and gathering information (e.g., What happened when you mixed the red and yellow water? How will it change if we add more?). The curriculum encourages children to use language and other forms of communication to describe and document their work in the Science Lab (e.g., discuss, draw, or write about your observations). A limitation is that science experiences, including Science Lab, have specific instructions for children to follow. This leaves little room for teachers to build on children's previous experiences and interests or facilitate open-ended investigation. Additionally, other than in science-related units (e.g., Roots and Shoots, Fall into Fall, Healthy Me!), the curriculum does not provide children with multiple, varied, conceptually-related learning experiences in science.
Perceptual, Motor, and Physical Development: Curiosity Corner promotes research-based teaching practices to support children's development in this domain. The Teacher's Manual provides general guidance for setting up a safe indoor environment that encourages active physical exploration. Each thematic unit includes daily Move It! activities and suggestions for Outdoor Play/Gross Motor activities that offer regular opportunities to participate in moderate to vigorous physical activities and to practice new physical skills. Most Move It! activities increase children's cognitive understanding of movement. For example, in response to the song "Sammy," children act out different ways they can locomote to the store, such as flying, running, and hopping. The curriculum promotes fine motor skills in Learning Labs (e.g., Writing, Puzzles & Games, Art) and Plan & Play. The Healthy You! unit offers multiple strategies to introduce children to a broad range of health, safety, and nutrition topics. However, the curriculum lacks guidance on creating a safe outdoor environment that encourages physical activity and intentional teaching practices to support children's development of physical skills (e.g., practicing specific skills, providing children individualized feedback).
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Inform the nurse if your child is diagnosed with
a contagious illness.
Informing the nurse of a communicable illness allows her to alert students and staff who are considered "at risk" for certain conditions. They may need to notify their medical providers for guidance, monitoring, and/or prophylactic treatment.
1. If your child is absent due to illness, notify the school. If you have a concern about sending your child to school, call the nurse before sending the child. This may save you a trip to school. The health office phone number is 215-809-6316.
2. Do not send a child to school who has been vomiting during the night or in the morning before coming to school. It takes more than a few hours to recuperate from an intestinal ailment. This is best for your child and reduces the exposure to other students. NOTE: many intestinal viruses (as well as other conditions)do not have a fever as one of the symptoms.
3. List adequate back-up contacts on the emergency cards. A sick child may feel anxious if we cannot locate a parent, relative, or friend. The longer a child remains in the health office, the more he/she is exposed to other ailments and is exposing other students to his/her illness.
Update emergency cards as needed throughout the year.
3. The above rules apply if the student has a fever (100 degrees or more) or rash. If your child has a rash that resembles any of the communicable diseases, he/she will be sent home and a Dr.'s note will be required for re-admittance.
Examples of Communicable Diseases seen in school children
Influenza (The Flu)
Pertussis ( whooping cough)
Strep throat/scarlet fever
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Many people are asking why Japan has a very low death rate because of Covid-19.
Although not the country with the lowest Covid-19 mortality rate in the region, in the early 2020s, Japan has fewer deaths than the world average. This is particularly surprising because Japan has many factors that make them vulnerable to Covid-19. Not to mention that they have never taken any radical measures to prevent viruses like their neighbors.
To date, five months after the discovery of the first Covid-19 case, Japan totaled nearly 20,000 cases and nearly 1,000 died. The state of emergency was removed and the lives of people quickly returned to normal. When announcing about the removal of a national emergency in late June, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe expressed his pride in the “Japanese model” and hinted that other countries should study them.
Deputy Prime Minister Taro Aso think that the “superiority” of Japanese is a part of success. Mr. Aso once made a very famous comment when explaining Japan’s success to leaders of other countries. “He told them: ‘The difference between my country and your country is the level of the people’. This answer makes them speechless” – quoted Mr. Aso.
Japan has only nearly 20,000 infections and less than 1,000 deaths after 5 months of fighting the epidemic.
many Japanese, and some scientists, think that this Japan possesses the “Factor X” that protects its people from Covid-19. Perhaps the culture of little embrace when greeting has contributed a part when people implement social spacing measures but this is not the answer.
Professor Tatsuhiko Kodama of the University of Tokyo, who studies how Japanese patients respond to the virus, believes that maybe a virus similar to SARS-CoV-2 has appeared in their country in the past, leaving “immune history”.
Japanese people have a habit of wearing masks when they have been ill for a long time ago.
Mr. Kodama explained: When the virus enters the human body, the immune system produces antibodies that attack invading pathogens. There are two types of antibodies: IGM and IGG. The way they react will show whether a person has been infected with the virus or the like before.
“In the case of primary viral infection, IGM usually reacts first and then IGG. But in cases of each infection, lymphocytes have memorized so only IGG responds quickly,” said Kodama.
“When we looked at the tests, we were surprised. In all patients, the IGG reaction occurred very quickly while IGM was slow and weak. It seems that they have been exposed to the same virus before.” “- Mr. Kodama commented.
Professor thinks that perhaps in the past, a virus like SARS has appeared in the region, causing the death rates in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia lower than with the world.
Mr. Shibuya thinks that countries with good anti-epidemic results are successful in reducing the number of infections significantly. The Japanese began wearing masks more than 100 years ago during the 1919 flu pandemic and they have maintained this habit so far.
In addition, Dr. Kazuaki Jindai, a medical researcher at Kyoto University and a member of the task force to control the epidemic, said the data shows that more than one-third of infections have originated in familiar locations. like music shows. Therefore, the team identified places where “breathing is strong at close range”, including “karaoke bars, parties, clubs, bars and gyms”, which are most at risk.
In Japan, the government can rely on the compliance of the people.
The second thing the team found was that the spread would be reduced to a small percentage among those infected. An earlier study found that about 80% of those infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus did not infect others while the remaining 20% had high levels of infection.
These findings led to a national campaign launched by the goverment to encourage people to avoid three things: tight airy spaces, crowded places and direct contact.
Professor Shibuya said that the lessons of Japan are not so different from other places. “For me, it is a lesson in time. If emergency measures are delayed, we may experience a situation similar to New York or London. Japan has a low mortality rate. But A recent study by Columbia University showed that if New York applied the blockade earlier than two weeks, tens of thousands of people would not have died, “Mr. Shibuya noted.
Returning to the pride of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the “Japanese Model”, can other countries learn any lesson from them? Does Japan succeed in keeping infection and death rates low without requiring people at home to show the way forward? The answer is Yes and No.
The truth is that no “Factor X” has broken the chain of infection. However, in Japan, the government can rely on the compliance of the people. Even if Japanese officials do not order the entire population to stay at home, people still do so. “This is an amazingly lucky thing. The gentle Japanese blockade has the same effect as the strict level. People still adhere to without harsh measures” – quoted Professor Shibuya .
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We’re all familiar with the idea of acupuncture, (the process of sticking needles into specific points on the horse), but, does it work and if so, how?
Why Does Acupuncture Work?
The practice of acupuncture began around 100 BC in China. Practitioners recognized that by stimulating specific areas on the body they could consistently elicit therapeutic responses. Today, as scientists and medical professionals, our knowledge of neuroanatomy helps us to understand why our patients respond favorably to acupuncture at these specific points. Many acupuncture points coincide with nerve bundles, myofascial planes, neurovascular bundles, and lymphatic vessels, all of which, when stimulated, can have both local and systemic effects on the body.
How Does Acupuncture Work?
Acupuncture works in several ways within the body:
- Local: the actual insertion process of the needle stimulates receptors that activate small, peripheral nerves within that particular region. Activation of these nerves has both a local effect on pain and sensation in the area as well as initiates a larger feedback process to the spinal cord. In addition, needle insertion increases blood flow to that area, both to the superficial as well as deep tissues. Increased blood flood is paramount to stimulate healing processes.
- Myofascial trigger points: these are regions of tight, spastic, contracted muscle, and are often the source of significant pain. Insertion of a needle into or around trigger points has been shown to help alleviate some of the contraction and pain thru activation of Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindle cells as well as increased blood flow.
- Segment specific pain relief: by stimulating certain nerves within a region we are indirectly stimulating the corresponding segment of the spinal cord to produce analgesic (pain relieving) effects. This is one of the main methods of analgesia induced via acupuncture.
- Peripheral effects: stimulation of the spinal cord eventually activates certain areas of the brain which can have various effects ranging from additional pain relief, regulation of internal organs, glandular secretions and even calming effects.
From a scientific standpoint, there are a multitude of peer reviewed, medical publications demonstrating the unbiased benefits of acupuncture. From paralysis in Dachshunds to back pain in horses and carpal tunnel syndrome in humans, the improvements noted after acupuncture therapies are wide spread and well received. Even if your horse doesn’t suffer from significant pain or lameness issues, there can certainly be a place for acupuncture in his overall wellness plan.
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What are Point Clouds?
Simply put, point clouds are plotted data points that represent space. A single point is plotted in an X, Y, Z coordinate and will represent an underlying sampled surface. Multiple data points will collate into multiple spatial measurements and therefore can effectively represent entire interior or exterior spaces. Sometimes, additional data, like color and luminance value, can be stored in an RGB format.
Laser scanners emit infrared light waves that reach out and touch the surrounding surfaces. Objects in the laser path then reflect the light back to the sensor. The sensor uses this information to determine how far away the object is. This is called a “time-of-flight” measurement. The time-of-flight measurement is calculated for every surface of the object. A laser scanner can collect millions of data points in just a few seconds. The distances measured on the structure are made into coordinates. When these coordinates are processed, they build a digital model of the spaces that were scanned. The model includes accurate dimensions, topographic features, and objects, providing a full scope of object data.
At Robotic Imaging, we use LiDAR technology to collect point cloud data. A laser scanner can collect millions of data points in just a few seconds. The distances measured on the structure are made into coordinates. Each point from a LiDAR scan represents a single scanned measurement, which is highly accurate then stitched together to accurately capture the built environment. This process is called “registration.”
Point clouds are typically converted and then translated into BIM models, which are valuable to architects, developers, and construction managers. It's ideal for construction and restoration projects given the precision guaranteed by the LiDAR technology.
Point clouds are the most accurate, pain-free method of measuring buildings and their properties. These measurements produce the most precise and detailed data in comparison to other surveying technology.
Project unknowns are costing you a LOT!
With Robotic Imaging, not only do you save time, but you will avoid frustrations, such as future uncoordinated clashes. Receive a stunning point cloud to further explore your 3D model. Our team is passionate about helping design professionals virtually eliminate margins for error and resulting costly mistakes. We help you finish your architectural and/or preservation projects within your budget with competitive rates.
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Is Fluoridated Water Safe for My Children?
Our Dental Blog | Info & tips | 12.20.2019
As with most government decided health treatments, fluoridated water gets a lot of bad rep. Generally, these condemnations stem from misinformation and ignorance, but even with all the criticism, fluoride is shown to be incredibly useful at establishing a healthy smile and reducing dental caries across the board – Children and adults!
Some might be asking what exactly about fluoride makes it good for our teeth? Isn’t fluoride potentially dangerous? Does fluoridated water pose a risk to my children?
With all substances, the dose can be the difference between healthy or not. Even too much water consumption can be detrimental to humans.
However, even with 70 years of fluoridation practice across the globe, there still remains a sizable push against the treatment of water and the use of fluoride in toothpaste.
At Treehouse Dental Care, we wanted to make sure our parents have the most up-to-date information regarding fluoride and its uses in the dental industry. As well, what to watch out for if you believe your child has become exposed to too much fluoride.
Fluoride is a mineral that is found in a variety of environments and organic materials. From both our bones and our teeth to water, soil, food, and even air – fluoride is incredibly prevalent.
When professionals, such as dentists or city officials mention fluoride, they are in most cases concerned about ionic fluoride compounds, such as sodium fluoride found within toothpaste.
It is important to make this nomenclature distinction, as fluoride by itself is rather insoluble and has little to no effect on our teeth. With that being stated, the rest of this article will strictly revolve around the discussion of soluble ionic compounds used to protect our teeth against dental decay.
Mechanically speaking, fluoride’s purpose in dental applications is that of repair, and not of prevention. When in contact with damaged tooth enamel, fluoride compounds chemically embed themselves onto a tooth’s surface.
Through a process known as remineralization, an iso-ionic exchange of charges facilitates the crystalline growth of fluorapatite. While not a natural component of human teeth, fluorapatite is a chemical cousin to the hydroxyapatite mineral, which strengthens and remineralizes of our enamel.
Both fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite are hard hexagonal crystalline structures with incredibly resilient properties. Biologists have even found these compounds in the animal kingdom, with fluorapatite in shark’s teeth, and hydroxyapatite in the clubbing appendages of the peacock mantis shrimp.
While the mineralization process is credited for the bulk of our teeth’s protection, there are several other benefits of fluoride treatments being studied.
At certain concentrations (10 ppm or above), fluoride has potentially been shown as an effective antimicrobial agent, however, further research is still being done on this hypothesis. Some critics state that this would be a misnomer, as the investigations only display that fluoride reduces bacterial adhesion to teeth without changing mouth flora.
The answer to this question is one dependent upon the dose. Fluoride, while varying in its concentration, is virtually found in all water supplies. But, even with possible health altercations connected to high levels of fluoride, the CDC declared water treatments as one of the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century.
Even Canadian health agencies have released figures stating, “The rate of tooth decay has declined in Canada from 74% of children in 1970-1972 to less than 25% in 2007-2009 as a result of a variety of factors, including widespread adoption of community water fluoridation.”
Through rigorous studies, the ADA, WHO, and several other public health agencies have been able to narrow down what an “optimal” level of fluoride is acceptable for water. Carefully trying to achieve dental benefits while avoiding any health concerns, the concentration agreed upon was 0.7 mg/L.
However, this number isn’t flat across the board. Depending upon local environments, this level can vary between 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L due to natural sources of fluoride (crops, fish, etc.).
To put how little fluoride this is in perspective, it is the equivalent to 1 inch in 37 kilometres; 1 minute in 1,000 days; or 1 cent from $14,000.
Naturally occurring levels in surface water, such as lakes and rivers, generally contain fluoride levels between 0.01 – 0.3 ppm. It is rare to ever see above 10 mg/L, but several areas of China and India have measured close, at around 8 mg/L. In fact, over half of India’s groundwater sources have been measured over the recommended levels.
It is doses above 2.0 mg/L where concerns can be legitimized and action should be taken. However, one should know where to receive information on their water fluoridation concentrations.
When living in a city you will have access to public levels of fluoride through government portals. For rural wells and groundwater, samples should be taken to your government officials for testing.
In the case of regular use and safe concentrations of fluoride, users will benefit from strengthened enamel and a reduction in cavity development. The Canadian Health Services estimates that every $1 invested in water fluoridation saves up to $93 in dental treatment costs per person.
On the other hand, if too much fluoride is digested, problems can arise in multiple areas of the body. These cases are however rare in developed countries, and most widespread examples arise from consumption of fluoride-rich groundwater.
Smaller and more acute cases of fluoride toxicity have been reported in congruence with the ingestion of sodium fluoride-based insecticides and rodenticides.
Other uncommon ailments related to excessive fluoride are dental and skeletal fluorosis.
Dental Fluorosis is the hypomineralization of tooth enamel during formation and can be characterized by visual changes, such as white speckles or browning. Affecting mostly children, dental fluorosis is the main reason that daily mouthwash treatments are never recommended for adolescents below the age of 6.
According to Public Health Ontario, acute or mild dental fluorosis is the only adverse effect experienced by the consumption of optimally fluoridated water. But even then, the results from their research defines mild dental fluorosis as “…unnoticeable white specks on teeth…”
Skeletal fluorosis is a more serious disease associated with excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones. This results in harder, but less elastic bones, increasing the frequency and likelihood of fractures. Other symptoms include impaired joint mobility and pain.
If you live in an area where your water reserve exceeds 2.0 mg/L or 2 ppm, you should seek an alternative water supply.
Parents can choose to switch to water bottles, but there are plenty of treatment options one can consider before increasing their plastic waste.
Home water filters are available for a variety of areas in your house, including showers, countertops, under the sink, refrigeration lines, and whole-house systems.
As infants are the most susceptible to dental fluorosis, parents can mix their formula with low-fluoridated bottled water if you are concerned about locally sourced concentrations of fluoride.
For dental applications, parents can choose to switch to a non-fluoride toothpaste, however, this will increase the presence of tooth decay and plaque adhesion.
We do not recommend this alternative unless you have spoken with a professional, as childhood oral hygiene plays a pertinent role in their current and future health.
If you’re still unsure about fluoride and would like some more information, ask the dentists here at Treehouse!
Our team of dentists will happily clear up any questions you may have about our treatments or day-to-day best tips.
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The Essential Skills for Classroom Management provide for safe, supportive, and well-ordered learning environments which promote high standards of achievement and responsible behaviour in all students. This framework was designed to assist in reinforcing the expectations, principles and standards developed in the ELC Behaviour Management Policy by outlining the expected strategies required for effective classroom management.
This framework provides students with clear expectations, direction (redirection) and acknowledgement.
THE BALANCE MODEL
The Balance Model is made up of three sets of information:
1. The strategies teachers use to teach their expectations to students.
2. How teachers acknowledge students when they are behaving appropriately.
3. How teachers correct students when they behave inappropriately. When a classroom is ‘in balance’ it has:
- clearly articulated their expectations for students
- established evenness (balance) in use of verbal and non-verbal language to acknowledge appropriate behaviour and correct inappropriate behaviour.
‘The Balance Model of Behaviour Management’.
THE 10 ESSENTIAL SKILLS FOR CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
ESTABLISHING EXPECTATIONS – Making rules.
This skill is all about making rules. As the teacher you are required to convey and demonstrate the boundaries or rule. Strategies to assist in developing and implementing expectation include:
- Have a maximum of three to four short and simple rules written as positive actions g., Listen when others speak.
- Include the students in the development of the classroom The students are more likely to respect and abide by the rules if they feel they have contributed to the development of them.
- Display the rules/expectations where they are highly visible and can be viewed from all areas of the classroom.
- Be an optimist and focus on the Promote the expected behaviours NOT the unexpected behaviours.
- Discuss rules and associated consequences for breaking the rules openly with all members of the class.
- Most importantly model the behaviour you expect from your
GIVING INSTRUCTIONS – Telling students what to
This skill involves being able to give clear concise instructions to tell the students what to do and when. The most important aspect of this skill is being able to tell if all your students are focused before giving them the instruction. Here is a list of strategies to assist in gaining student attention:
- Use a combination of verbal and non-verbal cues to gain student
- Wait and scan – skill 3
- Be concise and keep instructions to a bare
- Follow the instruction with a short pause and scan the
- Separate the instruction from the ‘content’ talk
- Rephrase the question
- Use ‘thanks’ not ‘please’.
- Use ‘now’ if the student/s are unlikely to comply
- Give instructions in a firm and calm voice
WAITING AND SCANNING – Stopping to assess what is
The waiting and scanning skill involves stopping to wait and look at your students for 5-10 seconds after you have given an instruction to assess what is happening. It is vital that you do not view this skill as ‘wasting time’ as if you do not wait and scan the students will be more likely to ignore your instruction.
The wait and scan process takes place after giving an instruction. You need to wait quietly for 5-10 seconds while maintaining eye contact to gain or keep the students attention. After you have their attention, continue with your next instruction or prompt them to follow your instructions. The wait and scan strategy promotes periods of quiet focus and can assist independent focused work. It is also a great time for you to reflect, calm down or think ahead. You can also extend on this strategy to include a verbal descriptive encourager (skill 6) to redirect behaviour when necessary.
CUEING WITH PARALLEL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – Praising a particular student to prompt
This skill encompasses acknowledging or praising a students on task behaviour so that other students who may be off task will mirror that student’s behaviour. Here are some key strategies to assist the effectiveness of the skill:
- Choose a student to praise in proximity of the student whose behaviour you want to
- Acknowledge the student using a descriptive statement of encouragement (Skill 6) in a loud enough voice for others to hear.
- Follow up with a low-key acknowledgement to the student who has corrected their
BODY LANGUAGE ENCOURAGING – Smiling, nodding, gesturing, and moving
This skill involves using your proximity, body language, gestures, and facial expressions to remain on task. Teachers MUST constantly move around the room and interact with students. This increases the teacher’s level of monitoring as well as reduced inappropriate or unexpected behaviour.
How to use your body to encourage on task behaviour:
- After setting a task, immediately move around the room non-verbally signally to students who are off task that they should be Make sure you walk near all students in the class so that students do not feel they are being singled out.
- Touch the work of students’ who are off
- After completing one rotation of the room pause maintaining minimal teacher talk and walk slowly but directly towards the off-task Then stand next to the student so that your proximity will redirect the student. Avoid standing too close to the student as this may make them feel intimidated and this could prompt hostility or an adverse reaction.
- Smile and make eye contact with students to acknowledge appropriate This will assist in making students feel noticed, valued, and welcomed.
- Make discreet movements such as nodding or hand signals when appropriate to acknowledge on task behaviour and redirect off task behaviour.
DESCRIPTIVE ENCOURAGING – Praise describing
Praising good behaviour is the essence of this skill. This skill “encourages student to become more aware of their competence by describing exactly what you see or hear”. When using this skill, it is important to pay particular attention to the timing of its use as well as the tone of voice used.
- Describe EXACTLY what you see and/or hear from the student that you want to see more frequently from other students.
- It is important to use a respectful measured tone of voice rather than an exaggerated voice otherwise it can come across as
- Use descriptive praises sooner rather than later, as time passes so does its
- This can be done privately or It’s important to know your students, some student might not appreciate having the attention drawn to them and this could result in an adverse reaction or hostility.
- Use this skill Students respond better to positive reinforcement than negative reinforcement.
- AVOID generic or conditional praise. An example of a generic praise is “Good job!” it does not describe the student’s behaviour while an example of conditional praise is “Well done, why didn’t you do this before?” this too does not describe what the student has been successful at doing.
SELECTIVE ATTENDING – Not obviously reacting to certain
Selective attending involves giving minimal attention to SAFE off task or inappropriate behaviour.
- Only use this skill when the off-task student is not distracting or disrupting other
- Always keep this student in your vision and plan that they student will become on task, and you will use a descriptive encourager (Skill 6).
- Attend to the off-task student if:
- Seriously disrupt
- The inappropriate behaviour as remained over an extended
REDIRECTING TO THE LEARNING – Prompting on-task behaviour
This skill involves either verbally or non-verbally redirecting a student displaying off task or inappropriate behaviour in a respectful manner.
It is important to redirect student to the learning not their behaviour. Here are some ways you could redirect students to the learning:
- A verbal redirection could be:
- Asking a question about the set
- Give specific instruction about the behaviour you would like the student to
- Give a choice (see skill 9).
- A non-verbal redirection could involve implementing Skill 5, Body Language Encouraging such as using your proximity to the student to redirect to the learning.
- Giving a choice – Describing the student’s options and likely consequences of their
This skill involves respectfully confronting the off-task student and outlining the student’s choices
and likely consequences associated with their choice.
It is vital that you carefully consider the choice you give the student as it need to have the aim of redirecting the student back to their learning. You also need to give the student the appropriate amount of time to process their choices and respond.
Try to seek choices first that may have a positive option for example peer tutoring in class. When giving the student the choice it is important that the student does not feel threatened or that they are being punished. One strategy you can implement to avoid this is, after you have explained
to the student the choices and associate consequences pause briefly before turning your attention slightly away to prevent a ‘standoff’ situation. Lastly always use and maintain a firm, calm, and restrained voice.
FOLLOWING THROUGH – Doing what you said you
Follow through means doing what you said. When all the other skills have failed or not been effective, it is important to behave with confidence and follow through with the consequence. “The certainty of the consequence is more important than the severity.” Execute confidence when following through:
- Use appropriate body language and a calm voice
- Provide wait time for the student to
- Repeat and rephase what you expect the student to do and what their choices and consequences are.
- Consider removing the class and not the individual student if safety is a
- Always ask for help from your Head of School if you become flustered or believe things are getting out of control.
Praise is a very powerful tool. It must be specific and often. Rule of thumb is give verbal and non verbal praise at least 15 times in an hour lesson. This can be the whole class and individual.
LOGICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOUR AND FOLLOW THROUGH
A logical consequence is an action that naturally and automatically results from a behaviour. This is not a punishment and is not designed to embarrass a student. Where possible avoid making a big deal about the consequence.
Logical consequences are a reinforcement that creates an environment where students feel safe to take responsibility for their actions.
USING LOGICAL CONSEQUENCES IN YOUR CLASSROOM
- Show some empathy when enforcing
- Keep consequences short and to the
- Consistency is Everyone needs to learn the same behaviour for it to be effective.
- Remain calm and avoid raising your voice while enforcing
- The consequence should not affect the student’s success in the long term. Once a consequence is over, move on and do not continue to bring up the inappropriate
- Give yourself some time before implementing a logical consequence to make sure you’veread the situation correctly and be prepared to apologise if you misread the situation.
- Teach students positive behaviours. Teach them how to correct their own mistakes so they can independently fix the consequences that follow inappropriate actions.
- Implement a consequence as soon as possible. Try not to wait for the next day to give them the consequence.
- Read students behaviours and with students that are struggling with their emotions, try using redirection, discussion, and empathy before consequence.
- Avoid arguing when giving consequences. Stay firm and explain why certain actions will result in specific consequences.
- When applying a consequence think about what your students need to learn to prevent similar behaviour in the future.
- Make sure students understand why their actions resulted in consequences. Be clear and concise with your explanations.
- Give yourself a minute to think before giving a logical consequence. Make sure you have everything planned out.
- Make sure you allow for student reflection and recovery after following through with a logical consequence.
At ELC detention and taking up lunch times for poor in class behaviour are last resorts. Detention is rarely acceptable for young students in the junior primary school. Usually, students who have the time to be regularly physically active are less likely to cause disruption in class. However, if the inappropriate behaviour occurs during play time or during recess, lunch, or physical activity then the logical consequence is to remove the student from the activity.
Students must NEVER be sent outside the classroom or locked out of the class. This is a Duty of Care. Please arrange a buddy class if removing the student from class is required.
Bad language or physical aggression between students or to staff are never acceptable and must be dealt with immediately. Please ensure you provide a note describing the issue to your Head of School if their intervention is required.
It is very important to read your students as they enter the classroom. Every teacher should greet their students at the door at the beginning of each lesson. If a student appears unsettled or in a “bad mood” do not let them continue with the lesson. Take the time to quietly talk to them and find out what the problem is and give them a strategy for “time out” if they need it. Inform other teachers that this student may need some space during the day.
AUSTRALIAN PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS
Professional Standard 4 ‘Create and maintain supportive and safe learning environments’ of the Australian Professional Standards for Teacher states that a graduate teacher must:
- Identify strategies to support inclusive student participation and engagement in classroom activities
- Demonstrate the capacity to organise classroom activities and provide clear directions
- Describe strategies that support students’ wellbeing and safety working within school and/or system, curriculum, and legislative requirements
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Avoiding Cybercrime Dangers: Avoid infections with antivirus and/or anti-malware software
[This post is the fourth in a series. The original post can be found here.]
Good behavior alone will not protect you from viruses or other malware infections. You must run software that will prevent and/or detect infections on your computers, and you may want to consider it for your tablets and smartphones too.
But what is the difference between antivirus and anti-malware software? As explained in the “Common types of malware” sidebar on page 9, viruses are a specific type of malware. Malware is a broad term used to describe many different types of malicious code, including viruses, but also Trojans, worms, spyware, and other threats.
Does this mean antivirus software will only protect you from viruses and anti-malware software will protect you from all kinds of malware, including viruses? The answer is, unfortunately, it depends. While most of the more popular tools will scan for many types of malware, you need to look at the specific functionality of each product to know for sure what it will protect you from. From this point forward this article will refer to the broader category of anti-malware software.
Windows computers are prone to infections so you must run anti-malware software on them. Microsoft Security Essentials is a free product you can download to help protect computers running Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. Windows 8 includes Windows Defender, also free. Both offer good real-time anti-malware protection.
There are a number of widely used commercial anti-malware programs, some that come in suites that include other functionality like anti-spam, firewalls, remote access, device location and scrubbing.
The two most widely used antivirus programs are Norton™ AntiVirus (symantec.com) and VirusScan (mcafee.com). Expect to pay $40-$60 per computer to buy the software, plus an additional annual fee for virus signature file updates (see opposite). Buying antivirus software that is bundled with other products, such as firewall and anti-spam software, will save you money.
Until recently, it was generally felt it was not necessary to run antimalware software on Apple computers as the Mac OS architecture prevented infections and there were no real malware threats targeting Macs. There are now potential malware threats, and consider ClamXav, an effective and free antivirus program for Mac OS X computers. Note: If you run a Windows emulator on a Mac computer you open yourself to the full gamut of Windows malware risks and you must use a Windows anti-malware tool.
Tablets and smartphones are, in general, much less likely to get malware infections, but you may want to run anti-malware apps on them for greater protection.
As no one tool will catch everything, you may want to consider using more than one anti-malware tool. To better protect yourself, install one security tool that scans for as much as possible and that runs all the time in the background with an on-access scanning engine. This will protect you from threats as you surf the web, install applications, open files and complete your other daily activities. Then, install another anti-malware tool that you can occasionally use on demand to make sure nothing got through or was overlooked. Scan your entire hard disk(s) at least weekly, either manually or automatically (automatic is better as you don’t have to remember to do it).
Bitdefender QuickScan is a free online scan that is handy if you need a second opinion on a Windows computer.
But note, it is important to make sure you do not run two antivirus applications simultaneously. Anti-malware programs do not usually play well together, and running two at the same time can often lead to one identifying the other as a virus, or in some cases, file corruption. Running two at the same time will likely also slow your computer down.
Malware can be extremely difficult to remove from a computer, so it is best to prevent infections. However, if you do get an infection, Malwarebytes Anti-Malware is a good free tool for removing malware from a Windows computer.
Installing anti-malware software updates is a must
Installing anti-malware software is only the start. You also need to regularly update your virus definition or signature files. Anti-malware programs use the information in these files to recognize virus infections when they are occurring. As there are new viruses being created every day, you need to have the most recently released virus signature file to be protected against all known infections. These updates are available on your anti-malware vendor’s website. Expect to pay about $30-$40 per year for these updates.
Most anti-malware programs can be configured to download these updates automatically, without user intervention. Make sure the automatic update feature is enabled as this helps ensure that your protection is always up-to-date.
Staff can help you spot malware infections
Sometimes anti-malware software will not detect that an infection has occurred. While malware can be on a computer and never give any hint of its presence, in many cases there are clues that a computer is infected with malware. See the “How to recognize your computer is infected with malware” sidebar for a list of these symptoms.
Teaching your staff to recognize these symptoms could aid in the earlier detection of an infection.
Dan Pinnington is the Vice President of Claims Prevention at practicePRO. This article first appeared in the December 2013 issue of LawPro magazine. Reprinted with permission. For more cyber safety tips, visit www.lawpro.ca.
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2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom?
- 03:05: ... energy density but also by pressure. Both mass energy density and any positive pressure act to decelerate the universe to cause it to recollapse. In fact for ...
2019-01-09: Are Dark Matter And Dark Energy The Same?
- 08:10: That gives a positive pressure, and in general relativity positive pressure adds an attractive gravitational force, no matter what causes it.
- 12:59: ... negatives in what is probably not a negative mass, anti-gravitational, positive pressure, anti-deSitter space ...
2016-05-18: Anti-gravity and the True Nature of Dark Energy
- 04:36: ... is this how dark energy is causing expansion to accelerate, by causing positive pressure? ...
- 05:39: ... slowly, even if the overall energy density of those regions is the same Positive pressure pulls the universe ...
- 07:58: But we just discussed how positive pressure can't cause expansion to accelerate outwards.
- 08:28: Well, positive pressure pushes outwards, like in our pressurized tank.
- 08:47: But positive pressure pushes out.
- 09:19: Relativistically, negative pressure has to do the opposite of positive pressure and results in anti-gravity, because math.
- 10:12: A volume has negative pressure if it takes work to expand, just like a volume with positive pressure takes work to compress.
- 10:44: It's the opposite effect to positive pressure.
3 result(s) shown.
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Deer in the Forest I
Franz Marc ( 1913 )
Deer In the Forest I was created at the pinnacle of Franz Marc’s tragically short career and is a masterful fusion of apparent contrasts: visions of the real and the symbolic; portents of doom and promise of redemption. By 1913 Marc had reached his mature style, painting heroic yet simplified images of animals, which he created as symbols for certain human characteristics and moral qualities. He combined a fluid, symbolist-derived line with vivid colors – glowing red, blue, yellow, placed alongside their complementaries – for, like his friend Wassily Kandinsky, he believed that colors were endowed with spiritual qualities and symbolic meaning.
Gradually Marc turned to abstraction, retaining some aspects of cubism and futurism but responding more deeply to the art of Robert Delaunay, whom he had met in 1912. Accordingly, he subsumed subject, detail, and background into an overall prismatic pattern of glowing colors. These unified compositions gave Marc’s paintings added expressive power and also offered a concrete equivalent in his pantheistic belief in the unity of all creation. Both in color and in form he endeavored to express his conviction that a spiritual reality lies beyond the visible world. Marc wished to express the deer’s capacity for emotion, stating: “I can paint a picture: ‘The Deer,’ … However, I may also wish to paint a picture ‘The Deer Feels.’ How infinitely more delicate the artist’s sensibilities must be to paint that!”
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Size Matters: from our vast solar system to our galaxy and universe. Enormity is unimaginable. Then the particles and atoms…smaller and larger than we can comprehend.
If you think you know size, you’ve never seen it like this. National Geographic takes DocumentaryStorm for an hour’s trip through the largest and smallest things in the universe. We will zero in on the building blocks of matter.
The biggest misconception of our solar system is that the relative scales are massive. We will look at the atoms that make planets, stars, and even yourself.
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Diels Cotoneaster – Cotoneaster dielsiana
This cotoneaster is suitable for ornamental specimen or groundcover plantings.
Diels Cotoneaster, also called Chinese cotoneaster, is a low-spreading shrub with a distinct, delicate arching-branch habit. Suitable for specimen plantings, low groundcover or hedge. Like many of its relatives in the rose family, cotoneaster features white flowers and red fruit in the fall; prefers full sun but will tolerate some shade.
Adaptable to a wide variety of soil types, drought and pollution tolerant, this plant will thrive even near streets with salt aerosols. Not a particularly long-lived plant croaks at about 30 years.
Family Rosaceae – Rose Family; Fruit Trees
Containing Hawthorns, Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums, Peach, Almond, Mountain-Ash and Whitebeam. Rosaceae is a large family of plants with about 3,000 species in ~100 genera. Crabapple and other fruit trees provide some of our most outstanding flowering ornamentals, as well as food for birds and other wildlife.
Tree Encyclopedia | Tree Index | Fruit Tree Index
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90% Of Long-Distance Trucking May Soon Be Self-Driving
Elon Musk has described them as the most significant technology on the horizon. However, unions are lobbying against their widespread use, citing studies that show they could eliminate up to 500,000 jobs.
They are self-driving trucks, which supporters see as a solution to rising shipping demand and increased road safety. If the technology improves enough, the logistics industry will be transformed, with trucks running nearly around the clock as they cross the country.
There are numerous companies racing to perfect automated trucking technology. Tesla revealed plans for its own autonomous truck called Semi last year, which will run on battery power and have a range of up to 500 miles. Meanwhile, Daimler, one of the largest trucking companies in the world, has announced a $573 million investment in self-driving trucks. Aurora, another major player in the space, has even developed its own autonomous truck operating system.
Experts tell Fortune that it will be years before drivers are completely absent from the wheel of 18-wheelers. The technology must still be improved so that it can operate reliably in extreme weather, and officials must rewrite regulations designed for human truck drivers.
Currently, the United States government has opened the door to autonomous trucking but only to a point. The US Department of Transportation announced a $100 million research plan for self-driving cars, including a $60 million grant for private companies. In March, Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg stated that the government would not stand in the way of innovation and that autonomous vehicle policy would see “meaningful developments” this decade.
A significant increase in efficiency
Many shipping CEOs see automated trucking, particularly for long-distance trips, as a significant step toward greater efficiency. Human truck drivers are only allowed to work for eight hours before taking a break, and no more than 11 hours per day.
However, according to Wiley Deck, a former administrator in the United States Department of Transportation, drivers spend about six to six and a half hours per day physically driving a truck. Self-driving trucks would allow businesses to nearly triple that to 17 hours per day.
Deck is the vice president of government affairs and public policy at Plus, an autonomous driving startup that has raised nearly $700 million in venture capital since 2016. The company has already extensively tested its trucks across the United States and is now conducting trials in Europe and China, following a successful experimental run last year on two long-distance routes in China in which its vehicles drove over 60,000 miles without incident.
In the United States, automated trucks have already been tested on public roads.
However, the use of self-driving trucks is still limited to the Sun Belt states because the technology isn’t as good in bad weather, such as heavy snow and fog.
Certain parts of the country’s infrastructure will also need to catch up. Self-driving vehicles can communicate wirelessly with traffic signals, roadside assistance, and each other thanks to high-speed 5G internet connections. However, these networks are still lacking in many parts of the United States.
The labor market is changing
The most significant impact of automation may be on the labor market. Unions are concerned that automation will eliminate jobs and make trucking more risky.
However, experts believe that the reality is more complicated. Companies in the automated trucking industry insist that, contrary to popular belief, robots will not replace truck drivers.
He claims that recruiting new drivers has become increasingly difficult in recent years, particularly for long-haul truckers. Many people are turned off by the job’s high stress level, long hours away from home, and potential safety hazards.
The United States is experiencing a historic truck driver shortage. According to the American Trucking Associations, there will be 80,000 fewer drivers available in 2021 than would be ideal to meet demand.
While the number of qualified drivers and those interested in a career in long-haul trucking is low, the demand for long-haul shipping and distribution is growing.
The pandemic boosted online shopping significantly, increasing e-commerce sales by nearly $219 billion between 2020 and 2021. While the growth of internet shopping may slow slightly in 2022, some habits will be difficult to break, with one study projecting that e-commerce sales will increase from $5.5 trillion today to more than $7 trillion in 2025.
More e-commerce means more demand for long-haul trucks to transport those products across the country.
Due to technological limitations, human truck drivers will continue to play a role. For example, in cities and urban environments where software cannot currently navigate, people will still be required to drive.
This could lead to logistics industry hybridization, with some routes handled by automated long-haul trucks. Human drivers would be in charge of unloading the trucks or driving shorter routes in more urban areas.
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Is Genshin Impression shedding reputation?
In August 2022, over 63 million gamers play Genshin Impression. Throughout its launch in September 2020, the sport had 16 million month-to-month gamers. Inside simply two years, this quantity has greater than tripled.
Who’s lumine shipped with?
ChiLumi is the het ship between Tartaglia and Lumine from the Genshin Impression fandom.
Why do folks ship Kaeya and albedo?
The ship additionally sailed due to the favored Opposites Appeal to Trope, since Kaeya is a carefree individual and Albedo is extra critical and quiet.
Who’s Aether shipped with?
Xiaother is the slash ship between Xiao and Aether from the Genshin Impression fandom.
Why is radioactive decay helpful to geologist?
Radioactive parts can be utilized to know numerical age of geological supplies on time scales so long as (and even longer than) the age of the Earth. As a way to decide the age of a geologic materials, we should perceive the idea of half-life. Half-life is a time period that describes time.
How do geologists use radioactive isotopes?
These isotopes decay inside the rocks in response to their half-life charges, and by choosing the suitable minerals (people who comprise potassium, as an example) and measuring the relative quantities of dad or mum and daughter isotopes in them, the date at which the rock crystallized may be decided.
What’s radiometric relationship and why is it helpful?
The essential logic behind radiometric relationship is that in the event you evaluate the presence of a radioactive isotope inside a pattern to its recognized abundance on Earth, and its recognized half-life (its charge of decay), you may calculate the age of the pattern.
How does radioactive relationship assist in the research of evolution?
For research of evolution, fossils are necessary. Radiometric relationship procedures can decide the age of fossils. Radiocarbon relationship is the commonest method used. A really correct solution to date the Earth is radiometric relationship.
What do you want for radioactive relationship?
Uranium–lead radiometric relationship includes utilizing uranium-235 or uranium-238 to this point a substance’s absolute age. This scheme has been refined to the purpose that the error margin in dates of rocks may be as little as lower than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years.
What’s radioactive finest at relationship?
Radiocarbon Relationship Carbon-14 is the radioactive isotope of carbon and ultimately decays to a extra steady carbon-12 isotope. The inspiration for carbon relationship is that every one residing issues soak up carbon from the ambiance and meals. Carbon-14 can be one of the best isotope to make use of when relationship a mummy.
Is Genshin Impression allowed in India?
What’s attention-grabbing is that even with 5 batches of bans, primarily concentrating on Chinese language apps, video games equivalent to Genshin Impression, Lords Cell, Prime Conflict and others proceed to function with out concern.
Why do folks ship Zhongli and Diluc?
Due to this, Diluc himself is commonly represented with a phoenix in fan artwork. Zhongli, when an adeptus, is steadily depicted as a dragon within the canon lore. Subsequently, many consider they signify the gods of the Chinese language myths, and ship them because of this.
Who’s the youngest lady in Genshin Impression?
8 organic (100+ chronological) – Qiqi. 10 – Klee. 12 – Diona. 14 – Xiangling. 14/15 – Sayu. 15 – Noelle. 15 organic (2600+ chronological) – Venti. 15 organic (at the least 3000+ chronological) – Traveler.
Is Aether older than lumine?
In response to the Chinese language, Japanese and Korean pronouns the twins use to handle one another within the opening cutscene and in later interactions, Aether is the older twin and Lumine is the youthful.
What kind of rock relationship makes use of radioactive?
Radiometric relationship. Most absolute dates for rocks are obtained with radiometric strategies. These use radioactive minerals in rocks as geological clocks. The atoms of some chemical parts have totally different kinds, known as isotopes.
Why is radiometric relationship helpful?
So long as there may be natural materials current, radiocarbon relationship is a common relationship method that may be utilized anyplace on the earth. It’s good for relationship for the final 50,000 years to about 400 years in the past and might create chronologies for areas that beforehand lacked calendars.
How do geologists use radioactive decay to search out the age of a rock?
The age of rocks is decided by radiometric relationship, which seems on the proportion of two totally different isotopes in a pattern. Radioactive isotopes break down in a predictable period of time, enabling geologists to find out the age of a pattern utilizing gear like this thermal ionization mass spectrometer.
For what objective do geologists use relative relationship?
Relative relationship is used to rearrange geological occasions, and the rocks they go away behind, in a sequence. The strategy of studying the order is known as stratigraphy (layers of rock are known as strata).
What does radioactive relationship of an igneous rock inform you?
The radiometric relationship of an igneous rock present absolutely the age of the rock. Some igneous rocks have radioactive minerals that decay. The ratio of the dad or mum isotope to its daughter isotope together with the half-life of the dad or mum isotope can be utilized to calculate how outdated the rock is.
Which radioactive isotope is utilized in geological?
Reply and Rationalization: Uranium-238 is used to this point many geological samples, particularly on supplies which can be hundreds to over 1,000,000 years outdated.
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The act of cultivating your own vegetables for the dinner table, or even growing flowers for your lawn really does come with its share of health benefits. Research has shown time and time again that gardeners are far less likely to suffer from heart attacks. Not to mention that gardening is also a fantastic way for you to relieve stress too. If you want to get into gardening, then here are some of the best plants for the beginner gardener to get started with.
Best Plants And Vegetables For The Beginning Gardener
These are really hardy flowers and great for the beginning gardener. They are also more than resilient enough to withstand winter in some instances. The best thing about pansies is that there are 300 varieties available. Some of them are even bred to grow all year round too.
If you want to start growing pansies, then the best time for you to do this would be when the soil temperature is around 60 degrees. This tends to be around August for the northern climates. In southern climates, Pansies can be grown almost year-round.
Full-grown plants can easily be bought at your local garden store and they can be put right into the ground. If you plan on growing some from seed then this is also great. But you do have to make sure that they are spaced around 12 inches apart. Pansies do better in direct sunlight too, so do keep that in mind.
Tomatoes are fantastic if you are a beginner gardener and they are super hardy too. You should note that tomatoes tend to need a soil temperature of around 65 degrees. You should plant them 8 weeks before the frost arrives. It helps to plant them well in advance so you can start them indoors.
You also need to have one container for every two seeds. Plastic cups work great here. Make a few small holes in the bottom for drainage and then fill it with a high-quality compost mix. Then, place the seeds in there and mist it down with some water.
In around 10 days, they should sprout and before you know it, you will have your very own tomatoes underway! Just like pansies, tomatoes do come in a huge range of sizes and you will need to choose ones that are suited to the temperature you normally get in your garden.
Tomatoes and basil are a fantastic combination of authentic Italian dishes. And Basil is a great herb to grow for the beginning gardener as well. It is an awesome addition to the herb garden too.
Basil actually serves as a natural bug repellent and it can also keep unwanted insects away. Basil needs to have plenty of sunlight and it should also be arranged accordingly too. You need to plant them around 12 inches apart so that you can help them to grow.
Water them lightly when the soil feels dry, and when you do this, you will easily have a healthy plant that is able to produce leaves all-year-round.
It doesn’t matter whether you want to grow them for the seeds or whether you just like to look at them. Sunflowers are fantastic for first-time gardeners. They don’t need much fertilizing. And they are also ideal for colder temperatures.
Sunflowers really do need to have a very high level of light and they also need to be away from other plants. Sunflowers can grow really tall and they can also produce a lot of shade too. You really don’t want them overshadowing your entire garden.
You need to plant them in one-inch holes, and you also need to leave around 6 inches between each one. If you want to get the best result, then use some topsoil too.
Radish is an ideal crop for colder weather. The best thing about radish is that they develop very quickly in the colder seasons. They are also very good for the beginningr gardener too.
You need to arrange the seeds around one inch apart in half an inch of compost. They will grow incredibly fast, and you can usually harvest them 22 days after planting them. When you see them sprouting leaves, it’s time to thin out the row by pulling up every other radish. You can then re-plant these if they look to be doing well, but quite often, some of them will fail to sprout.
When you grow your own potatoes, you don’t have to worry about buying them ever again. You can buy potato growing tools online and these make it easier than ever for you to grow your own. Growing potatoes is a favorite for the beginning gardener because of how easy they are to grow. They are ideal for those who don’t have a large amount of garden space.
These are some of the easiest vegetables and plants for the beginning gardener. By planting the above mention plants you can bring success to your homestead garden in no time.
Our cold crops are in, lettuces, spinach and the likes, and herbs and potatoes go in today.
Fruit trees are getting planted on the 15th after the official last frost date and then we start the rotation of the beds:)
Great stuff Annie! I think it’s awesome how gardening is not only good for the environment but for our health as well! I’m going to get started with tomatoes, potatoes, and maybe even the pansies in my little home garden!
That’s awesome! Everyone should have a garden even if it is only a container on their patio!
Radishes and sunflowers are plants I used to grow when I worked with school gardening groups – the former because they grow so quickly and the latter because they grow so big!
I grow sunflowers too and I plant my radishes underneath. The shade from the sunflowers protects the radishes from too much sun here in Florida!
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5.1.2 Cross Tabulation and Chi-square
Cross tabulation is particularly useful for analyzing categorical data. In these analyses, a contingency table is used to display the frequency distribution of two or more variables. Analyses based on the table can determine whether there is a significant relationship between variables, and assess the strength of the relationship between the variables.
Minimum Origin Version Required: Origin 2016 SR0
What you will learn
This tutorial will show you:
- How to perform the Cross Tabulation.
- How to interpret the results.
Our data are from the Montana Economic Outlook Poll conducted in May 1992, with accompanying demographics for 209 out of 418 poll respondents. We have data on seven variables: Age(under 35, 35-54, 55 and over),Sex(male, female),Financial Status(worse, same, or better than a year ago), etc. With the data, we want to learn:
- The frequency distribution of financial status in three different age groups, and whether male and female differ in the distribution.
- Whether there is significant relationship between "Financial status" and "Age" for male and female groups.
- The strength of the relationship.
Preparing Data for Analysis
- Open a new project or a new workbook. Import the data file \Samples\Statistics\MontanacOutlookPoll.dat
- We begin by sorting the categorical values.
- On the MontanacOutlookPoll worksheet, highlight column B and right click to select Set As Categorical. Double-click on Unsorted in the Categories label row to open the Categories dialog box. Check Customize Categories (Add, Delete, Set Arbitrary Order) box. Then use the Move To Top , Move Up , Move Down and Move To Bottom buttons to reorder categories as "under 35", "35-54" and "55 and over":
- Repeat the same steps for column C so that the categorical mapping is <Female, Male>
- Repeat the same steps for column G so that the categorical mapping is <Better, Same, Worse>
Performing Cross Tabulation and Chi-square
- Open the Cross Tabulation and Chi-square dialog by choosing the menu item Statistics: Descriptive Statistics: Cross Tabulation and Chi-square.
- Click on the Input tab. The data is in raw data mode, so select column B, G and C for Row, Column and Layer, respectively.
- Click on the Statistics tab, uncheck the Expected Counts, Residuals, Standardized Residuals and Adjusted Residuals and accept all the other default settings.
- On the Tests tab, select the Chi-Square Test check box. Expand the Measures of Association branch, and then select the Contingency Coefficients, Phi, and Cramer's V boxes (for measuring nominal association).
- Click on the Output tab and select the Mosaic Plot check box. Accept the other default settings and click OK.
Interpreting The Results
Go to sheet Crosstab1
We can get frequency distribution information from the Mosaic Plot and the Contingency Table. The area of each rectangle in the Mosaic Plotis proportional to the percentage of the Y variable for each level of the X variable, so we can visually compare the frequency distribution of "Financial status" and "Age" for female, male and total. From the Contingency Table we can get more specific information. Combining the Mosaic Plot with Contingency Table, we learn:
- There is a major difference between younger and older women's views.
- A majority of women under 35, 59.5%, feel they have better financial status. A majority of women 55 and over, 58.3% think their financial status remains the same.
- Fewer women under 35, 11.9%, think their wealth status remains the same, while fewer women over 55, 11.1% think that they are better off financially.
- Compared to women, men's feeling for financial status shows another interesting pattern:
- Men show no significant difference in financial status between age groups.
- Men between 35 - 54 are a little more likely to be confident of their financial status.
- Regardless of the sex of respondents, there are some trends by age:
- People under 55 are more likely to be confident of their financial status
- People over 55 are more likely to feel that their financial status did not change.
Detecting Relationships Between Age and Financial Status
The Chi-Square Tests Table show test results for the independence of row and column variables.
If the Prob>ChiSq is less than 0.05, this means the row and column variables, in this case age and financial status, are significantly related. Note the conclusions in the footnotes beneath the table. We conclude that:
- Women of different ages differ in financial status.
- In contrast, there is no evidence to show an association between men's age and their financial status.
- Regardless sex, people of different ages usually differ in financial status.
Assessing the Strength of the Relationship
The Measures of Association table helps in assessing the strength of the relationship between "Financial status" and "Age". As this is a 3*3 table(three levels for Age and three levels for Financial status), we can choose a Contingency Coefficient to compare across layers. (See the introduction page for the difference of the three statistics). From the table we can see
- Women's financial status shows a stronger association with age than is the case with men. (0.444 v.s. 0.155)
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3D CAD, 3D Print and Project II. Jonas Wåhslén - PDF Gratis
Skaffa CorelCAD - 2D & 3D DWG CAD - Microsoft Store sv-SE
This type of printing constructs 3D objects from models usually designed in CAD software. CAD is computer software that assists with the process of designing. CAD can help with creating and modifying designs, as well as optimizing them. MatterControl is a CAD and 3D printing software for your desktop computer.
Using CAD Software for 3D Printing CAD software are highly technical tools that are used in industrial design, architecture, aerospace engineering, mechanical design, and other fronts. Typically, a CAD model contains data such as tolerance, dimensions, material properties, specific information about the manufacturing process. Tinkercad is a free, easy-to-use app for 3D design, electronics, and coding. Elevate your work with a powerful 3D design software for text, graphics, and tactile outputs.
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What is 3D printing and how does 3D printers work?
3D printing is simple with.STL support for 3D printers or output connection. Free CAD software can be used to create 3D models and convert them to STL format for 3D printing. With the help of a computer, a 3D printer is capable of creating real objects from 3D CAD models. The 3D models can be created using CAD freeware. Solution: Autodesk 3ds Max, Maya, Inventor, Fusion 360, and the AutoCAD portfolio are all good software packages for 3D printing.
3D Printer Modelling/CAD (Computer-Aided Design) TinkerCAD. TinkerCAD is a browser-based CAD app that is great for beginners. TinkerCAD runs completely on the cloud so it can be accessed from any computer and it’s very easy to use. It is basically designed to be easy enough for kids to use. 3D printing is such a fun way to produce creative work—and it has totally taken off. Now, creators are using this amazing new technology to create all kinds of wild and wonderful 3D printer projects that were previously all but impossible to make at home.
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3D Printing by definition 3D printing includes various processes in which material are joined or solidified under computer control in order to create a three-dimensional object, with the material being added together. Are you thinking about getting started with 3D modeling and 3D printing but don't know exactly where to start?
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A 3D CAD software tool for creating solid 3D CAD models, OpenSCAD is free and available for Linux/UNIX, Windows, and Mac OS X users. OpenSCAD focuses on CAD for creating 3D models and gives product engineers control over the modeling process because the tool is similar to a 3D compiler that reads script files and renders 3D models from files rather than being an interactive modeler. Se hela listan på 3dprinting.com 2018-05-03 · The tips, tricks, & techniques you, as a designer or hobbyist, need to start designing your 3D CAD models for 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. blog [email protected] 888-308-2284 Products For your next 3D printing project, contact CAD/CAM services. 3D Printing by definition. 3D printing includes various processes in which material are joined or solidified under computer control in order to create a three-dimensional object, with the material being added together.
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Multiple sclerosis used to be referred to as a “mystery illness” but now MS risk is less of a mystery as we gain a better understanding of its causes, according to the author of a Perspective published today by the Medical Journal of Australia.
Professor Bruce Taylor from the Menzies Institute for Medical Research at the University of Tasmania, wrote that it was now clear that there was no single “smoking gun” risk factor for MS, but “a chain of risk factors stretching back to conception with each factor an important step on the causal pathway.”
“Some risk factors are immutable, such as sex and genetics, but others are potentially modifiable, such as obesity, smoking, vitamin D levels and ultraviolet light exposure, and potentially, Epstein–Barr virus immunization,” Professor Taylor wrote.
“The recognition that Epstein–Barr virus infection is likely an obligate factor should increase interest in the development of an early life Epstein–Barr virus vaccine.
“Similarly, awareness of the importance of sunlight exposure and vitamin D levels, particularly in pregnancy and early life but also throughout the life course, presents multiple points of intervention.”
Professor Taylor warned, however, that increasing exposure to sunlight and vitamin D levels were not without risk “and no clear equipoise has developed.
“Reducing smoking and adolescent obesity could markedly reduce the risk of MS; however, there is no direct trial evidence to support this due to the complexity and long term nature of such a trial.”
Professor Taylor said efforts to reduce the burden of other diseases with similar risk factors, if successful, would have a knock-on effect of potentially reducing the incidence of MS.
“An improved understanding of MS risk factors is important for those in higher risk categories and is invaluable when counseling a person with MS who wants to reduce the risk in their children or other relatives,” he concluded.
Bruce V Taylor, What causes multiple sclerosis? Getting closer to the answers, Medical Journal of Australia (2022). DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51645
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
What causes multiple sclerosis? Researchers are closer to figuring it out (2022, August 16)
retrieved 16 August 2022
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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The United States did not take all of Mexico after the Mexican-American War largely because the government of the United States felt that it was inappropriate to pursue such a wide-scale acquisition of land.
Additionally, at the conclusion of the war, a significant portion of the diplomatic negotiations centered around establishing boundaries between Mexico and the United States. As part of this process, the United States focused on what was considered to be strategic and beneficial land that the country could acquire from Mexico, not necessarily all of it.
Additionally, the United States conducted some specific reconnaissance efforts to determine what specific boundaries would be most favorable to the country. Finally, the United States was not interested in challenging the sovereignty and autonomy of another nation, and as a result, did not pursue a full-scale acquisition of Mexico’s entire land.
Table of Contents
Did the US ever try to conquer Mexico?
No, the United States has never tried to conquer Mexico. In fact, the two countries have a long history of friendly relations and cooperation. During the 19th century, the United States and Mexico fought in the Mexican–American War, during which Mexico suffered significant losses of territory to the United States.
However, this was more of a negotiated settlement than a conquest, and there has never been an instance of the United States trying to conquer Mexico. Since the end of the war, the two countries have been peaceful neighbors that share close economic ties, with the United States importing a great deal of oil from Mexico and cooperating on international issues ranging from immigration to trade.
Why did the all of Mexico movement fail?
The All of Mexico movement was a political movement in the early 20th century that sought to reunite what is today Mexico and the American Southwest. The movement was founded in 1906 in El Paso, Texas as a response to the 1906 Mexican Revolution, which had caused millions of people to flee their homes in Mexico and establish new lives in the United States.
However, despite its popularity among the Mexican American community, the All of Mexico movement failed to gain any significant momentum and eventually fizzled out.
The reasons for its failure are numerous. Firstly, the Mexican Revolution was viewed as an internal Mexican conflict, and the United States government had no interest in intervening in someone else’s civil war.
Furthermore, both Mexico and the United States had vested interests in maintaining their borders in their current states, which meant that any sort of reunification was highly unlikely. Additionally, the concept of a viable “All of Mexico” government was nebulous at best, with proponents unable to effectively lay out a unified vision of exactly how such a government would operate.
Finally, despite its popularity among the Mexican American community, the movement was often met with hostility and suspicion by the wider American public. These factors ultimately made it difficult for the movement to take off and eventually led to its failure.
Why did Mexico lose the war to the US?
Mexico lost the war to the United States mainly due to a lack of resources and the population size of each country. Mexico had a population of 8.2 million, while the United States had more than 23 million.
In addition, the U.S. had significantly more resources due to its stronger and more developed economy. The U.S. was also able to mobilize a large army quickly, which Mexico was not able to do.
Mexico also suffered from a lack of strong leadership and coordination between its political, military, and civilian leaders. This made it difficult for Mexico to coordinate a unified military strategy and respond quickly to U.S. forces.
Mexico was also affected by European influences during the war, as France and Britain tried to intervene on behalf of Mexico. As a result, the U.S. was able to deploy even more forces to the conflict.
Ultimately, Mexico was simply out-manned and out-resourced by the United States. The United States proved to be a stronger adversary, with a larger population, stronger economy, better-organized military, and greater resources to draw on during the conflict.
How did Mexico lose all its land?
Mexico lost all of its land through a series of battles and treaties that began with the American-Mexican War of 1846-1848, which resulted in Mexico ceding much of its northern territory to the United States.
The U.S. took possession of what is now California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. This was followed by the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, in which Mexico sold the U.S. land in Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million.
Following the Philippine-American War of 1898, the U.S. acquired various Caribbean and Pacific islands from Spain through the Treaty of Paris, including Guam and the Philippines. As a result, Mexico lost significant claim to its surrounding territories in the future.
The several succeeding decades saw a variety of treaties, acts, and agreements diminish Mexico’s land holdings. Despite internal efforts to keep the land in Mexico, the lack of resources and influence to do so were devastating to the nation’s economy and identity, leading to the loss of vast portions of Mexican land.
Why didn t the US take Baja California?
The United States did not take Baja California after the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) due to a number of factors.
Firstly, much of the land that today makes up Baja California was part of Alta California during the war in question. Annexation of this newly acquired land from Mexico was complicated by the complicated geography, topography, and sparse population of the area.
One mapmaker, John C. Fremont, noted in 1848: “The country between San Francisco and the Colorado river is in some respects one of the most singular regions of the continent; its character being Mexican, its population, Indian and its climate Californian, it is an extraordinary combination…Being formed by mountain chains that run from sea to sea; it is necessarily more difficult to ascertain the internal boundaries between Mexico, who claim it and the United States, whose troops now occupy it.
The United States government was also heavily influenced by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which was signed at the conclusion of the war and established the current, roughly 3,200 km long international boundary between the two nations.
It outlined the terms of Mexico’s ceding of Alta California (modern day California) and parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Texas to the United States. Critically, no Baja California was mentioned in the agreement, leaving the status of Baja California unclear.
With the war over and the boundary set, the United States was not interested in further conflict with the Mexican government over the status of Baja California, which was a sparsely populated area of little strategic or economic value.
As a result, there was no serious discussions between the two governments on the issue and the US never made a formal claim to it. The US eventually recognized the sovereignty of Mexico over the peninsula when it ratified the Gadsden Purchase in 1854.
Was the Mexican Revolution a failure?
The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) ushered in a period of political and social transformation in Mexico that remains influential today. While Mexico succeeded in ousting dictator Porfirio Díaz, establishing the first presidential republic, and began reforming the country’s political and economic infrastructure, many of the reforms issued by the revolutionary government were hard to implement or counterproductive.
In addition, the violence and social upheaval wrought by the Revolution failed to bring lasting peace or resulted in significant improvements to the lives of the majority of Mexicans. Therefore, it could be argued that the Mexican Revolution was a failure in many aspects.
The Díaz regime’s overthrow ushered in a period of political uncertainty, as Mexico had no republican tradition on which to draw for guidance in establishing a functioning democratic government. Political turmoil, factionalism, and military coups delayed the passage of significant reforms, and large estates remained intact resulting in further economic stratification.
The revolution’s agrarian reform program was largely ineffective at improving peasants’ lives. The reformers failed to return seized lands to the indigenous people who had historically held them, while offering hard terms to those who benefited from the reform and granting state subsidies, often to political allies.
These measures did not improve the overall agricultural production and didn’t lead to meaningful socio-economic development for the Mexican peasantry.
The overall drawn-out course of the Revolution, lasting a full decade and producing little tangible results, makes the case that it was a failure. Ultimately, the government of President Alvaro Obregón (1920–1924) and the subsequent governments reformed and stabilized the political environment, stabilized the economy and made progress in promoting social justice.
While the Mexican Revolution transformed Mexico’s people, government, and economy, it ultimately failed to provide lasting solutions to the country’s problems.
What failures did the Chicano movement have?
The Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s had a number of successes, from spurring grassroots activism and organizing to raising national awareness and empowering communities. At the same time, it was not without its limitations and failures.
One of the major setbacks to the Chicano Movement was the lack of reliable sources of funding. This undercut its ability to sustain individual organizations and their efforts in the long-term, leaving many to struggle and eventually collapse.
Additionally, there was the persistent racism and discrimination that marginalized Chicano communities, impacting their ability to mobilize, organize and build critical infrastructure.
The Movement also had difficulty in building consensus. As different organizations with varying approaches formed around it, the actual goals of the movement itself were often vaguely defined. Without a clearly articulated plan, organizations and individuals often pursued divergent paths, making it less effective in developing long-lasting, unified campaigns.
A more insidious failure of the Chicano Movement was the way its founders often replicated, unintentionally, the same oppressive structures that had been used against them. For example, Chicano activists often employed the same hardline tactics of other organizations, making rigid demands and drawing upon vigilante justice.
This undermined the power of the Chicano Movement and made it unable to bring real, sustained change to the communities it sought to help.
Ultimately, while the Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 1970s had remarkable accomplishments, it was also limited by a number of failures. From a lack of consistent funding to infighting, these shortcomings prevented the Movement from achieving true, systemic change.
What were the main causes of Mexico’s economic struggles?
Mexico has experienced some economic struggles over the years, which can be attributed to a number of factors. There are structural issues such as an inflexible labor market, poorly designed public sector administration, a weak infrastructure, and excessive bureaucratic hurdles that have limited Mexico’s ability to attract both national and international investment.
Additionally, corruption has undermined tax collection and public spending efficiency. Lack of technological innovation, a large informal sector, and a lack of skilled labor have further hampered the investment climate.
In addition to structural issues, external factors have been a major source of Mexico’s economic struggles. U.S. President Donald Trump’s protectionist trade policies have had a significant negative impact on Mexico’s economy, especially its export sector, due to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
In addition, Mexico’s ability to attract foreign investment has been weakened by rising geopolitical tensions between the United States and Mexico. Also, the decline in oil prices during 2015 caused the Mexican peso to lose nearly 20 percent of its value, further damaging the country’s economy.
Finally, Mexico’s policy framework has been unable to support long-term economic development. Although the country’s fiscal deficit has narrowed and Mexico’s government is implementing economic reforms, the reform agenda has been slow to materialize with many programs failing to achieve concrete results.
Mexico’s tight monetary policy, including tight capital controls and the maintenance of high reserve requirements, has restricted credit availability and constrained private sector investments, especially among small and medium-sized enterprises.
Overall, there are numerous factors that have caused Mexico’s economic struggles, including structural, external, and policy issues. To successfully address these problems and strengthen the economy, Mexico needs to tackle issues related to structural barriers, promote greater foreign investment and technological innovation, and implement reform packages that promote long-term growth and stability.
Why did Mexico lose so much territory?
Mexico lost a significant amount of territory primarily as a result of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This war was largely a result of disputed border claims stemming from the 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty between the United States and Spain, ending Spanish rule in the region.
When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, American settlers in the region continued to regard the Nueces River as the perimeter of Texas, while Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border.
This disagreement would lead to the beginning of the war.
The war, which was fought in the Mexican states of Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Sonora, Tamaulipas, and the California and New Mexico territories, ended in victory for the U.S. This victory resulted in the signing of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which resulted in Mexico ceding to the U.S. territory corresponding to what is now the southwest and western portions ofthe U.S.
The ceded territory spanned from Texas to California, including parts ofpresent-day Arizona, Nevada, Utah and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. In exchange, the U.S. paid Mexico roughly $15 million in reparations.
Mexico also ceded an additional area in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Thus, by the end of the 19th century, the area of Mexico had been reduced by more than 50%.
Why did Mexico lose the Mexican-American War?
The Mexican-American War, which was fought from 1846 to 1848, ultimately saw Mexico lose a large portion of its territories to the United States. This was due to a combination of factors, including Mexico’s outdated military capabilities, the overwhelming military superiority of the United States, and the actions of the U.S. government, which had deliberately instigated the conflict.
At the time of the war, Mexico was desperately trying to recover from a period of political turmoil and civil unrest. Consequently, Mexico’s armed forces were out-of-date, ill-trained, and undermanned.
In contrast, the United States had a far more advanced military equipped with modern arms and well-trained soldiers. It was therefore inevitable that the U.S. forces would have a strategic advantage in terms of firepower and logistical support.
In addition, the U.S. government had deliberately provoked Mexico into the conflict by offering to buy a large section of their territory from them. Knowing that Mexico was significantly weakened from years of civil war and could not refuse, the U.S. government used the offer to effectively start a war and expand its territory.
Ultimately, the combination of Mexico’s outdated military capabilities, the U.S. government’s provocation and aggressive expansionist policy, and the U.S.’s military superiority resulted in Mexico’s defeat in the Mexican-American War.
After the war, Mexico was forced to cede the majority of its northern territories to the United States.
Was the Mexican independence movement successful?
The Mexican independence movement was a major success, as it allowed Mexico to become an independent nation-state. Mexico declared its independence from Spain on September 16, 1810 and, after a decade-long struggle, the country officially declared its independence in 1821.
This established Mexico as one of the first successful Latin American independence movements.
The Mexican independence movement was largely inspired by the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, specifically those of the French Revolution, which was taking place in Europe at the time. The initial goal of the independence movement was to establish a country with laws and policies that reflected the values of the people.
The fight for independence involved several battles, but there were a few key victories that are important to mention. The rebels first won the Battle of Monte de las Cruces in 1810, and then the decisive Battle of Guanajuato in 1821.
The Battle of Guanajuato is seen as the battle that finally secured Mexico’s independence and ended Spanish rule.
The independence movement also restored Mexico’s original constitution, the 1812 Cádiz Constitution, which had originally been denied by the Spanish authorities. This gave Mexico a stable foundation of government and the legal structure necessary to survive as a nation.
Ultimately, the Mexican independence movement was a resounding success. Its victories allowed Mexico to gain its independence and establish its government according to the wishes of the people. These events continue to influence modern Mexico and are celebrated each year on September 16 as Mexican Independence Day.
Why was the Mexican-American War not justified?
The Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was certainly not justified. Despite the United States’ claim of self-defense against Mexican aggression, the war was sparked by the American annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered part of its territory.
The Mexican government refused to accept the annexed territory, which led to a Mexican attack on an American-led military force, prompting the United States to initiate war. Despite the American claims, it was ultimately the United States’ decision to annex Texas and its refusal to negotiate or accept payment for the territory that triggered the war.
In addition to violating Mexico’s sovereignty, the Mexican-American War was morally unjustified. The majority of Americans who were in favor of the war were motivated by an appetite for expansionism, rather than protecting American interests.
This led to the unjustified conquest of additional Mexican territory, the displacement of thousands of Mexican civilians, and the deaths of an estimated 13,000 to 25,000 Mexican soldiers and an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 American soldiers.
As such, there is no justification for the war, which only served to further oppress Mexico and expand American territory.
What was Diaz goal vision for Mexico?
Díaz had a grand vision for Mexico and its people. He wanted to modernize Mexico’s technological and economic capacity, introduce a more efficient system of government and economy, create incentives for increased trade and investment, and create a strong, stable government.
He believed that Mexico’s resources of minerals, metals and agricultural potential could be used to their advantage to create an integrated national economy and one that could be a powerful force in international trade.
He also sought to introduce new agricultural techniques, increase access to education, encourage foreign investment, and develop Mexico’s infrastructure in order to link the country and its people more closely to the rest of the world.
Díaz also enacted reforms to reduce political corruption and increase social stability, including the introduction of guaranteed basic rights for the people and the enactment of laws to break-up the influence of the Church and strengthen the state’s role in national affairs.
Ultimately, Díaz’s goal was to transform Mexico from an agrarian, rural country into a modern, industrialized nation.
Why didn t usa invade Canada?
The United States has never invaded Canada, despite many periods in history where doing so might have been advantageous to U.S. interests. There are several possible explanations as to why the U.S. has not invaded its northern neighbor.
Firstly, Canada is a much larger and more populated nation than the U.S. and is located in a much more difficult terrain. This means that the costs of launching a successful invasion would be significantly higher than a similar undertaking in countries like Mexico or Panama.
Additionally, the United States is huge compared to Canada – militarily, economically and politically. As such, the risks of invading Canada likely outweighed the potential gains.
Secondly, Canada is a close strategic ally with the United States. Despite tensions between the two countries, the two have remained on friendly terms throughout history. This means that the US must take great care not to alienate its ally by launching an invasion and putting Canadian sovereignty at risk.
Finally, the United States and Canada both benefit significantly from their shared border free trade agreement. By invading Canada, the US would risk jeopardizing this beneficial arrangement, which it likely did not want to do.
In conclusion, while there have been moments throughout history where invading Canada might have been advantageous for the United States, the risks and costs involved have made such an undertaking unfeasible.
Instead, the two countries have remained close allies and benefitted significantly from a shared border free trade agreement.
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13 Dec Chipocolaj
Chipocolaj is a small village west of Guatemala City that is extremely poor, not just by US standards but by Guatemala’s too. While some residents live in cement block houses, the majority of people live in adobe houses. Families have, on average, five kids and often struggle to support them on the wages the men earn from agricultural work. Even though many of these families need the money their children would earn by working, instead they choose to send their kids to school.
The problem that Chipocolaj faced, however, was a lack of space and a safe schoolhouse. Before Hug It Forward’s sixth bottle school was created, the previous one-room school housed six grades all being taught by one teacher. On top of that, the school was made of rotting cane held together with thin rope and a tin roof: it was far from waterproof and did not provide the most conducive learning environment.
Thanks to the bottle collection from 8 local schools, and the incredible community effort from Chipocolaj, the 40+ students were able to begin the 2011 school year with two new bottle classrooms, and with the collaborative effort of NGO Share, a new kitchen, store room and bathrooms as well. Peace Corps volunteers Jared Metzker and Mary Faucette assisted in the process.
Construction of the bottle school took around 4 months with over 30 community volunteers donating their time and labor. It was amazing to watch a school being built using only man power and the few tools that were at their disposal. In 2010 students from kindergarten to 6th grade were crammed all together in one small cane structure. From 2011 onwards, thanks to Hug It Forward’s bottle school projects, they have a reliable, quality school to attend.
Population (approximately): 362
Bottle School: 6
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The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age
by Gino Segrè
Henry Holt and Co.
Release Date: October 18, 2016
* * *
Third-party reviews and links:
- The New York Times review dated Nov 18, 2016
- Nature review dated Oct 12, 2016
- Publisher’s Weekly review dated October 2016
- Kirkus review dated Aug 3, 2016
- Author’s website
– – –
From the publisher:
“Enrico Fermi is unquestionably among the greats of the world’s physicists, the most famous Italian scientist since Galileo. Called the Pope by his peers, he was regarded as infallible in his instincts and research. His discoveries changed our world; they led to weapons of mass destruction and conversely to life-saving medical interventions.
This unassuming man struggled with issues relevant today, such as the threat of nuclear annihilation and the relationship of science to politics. Fleeing Fascism and anti-Semitism, Fermi became a leading figure in America’s most secret project: building the atomic bomb. The last physicist who mastered all branches of the discipline, Fermi was a rare mixture of theorist and experimentalist. His rich legacy encompasses key advances in fields as diverse as comic rays, nuclear technology, and early computers.
In their revealing book, The Pope of Physics, Gino Segré and Bettina Hoerlin bring this scientific visionary to life. An examination of the human dramas that touched Fermi’s life as well as a thrilling history of scientific innovation in the twentieth century, this is the comprehensive biography that Fermi deserves.”
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To get a bird’s eye view of the park, we have to compete with the vultures that alight amid plastic sacks in the makeshift neighborhood dump. Young men loiter across the way in front of a dilapidated shack that passes for the corner bar. The valley below shows signs of incursions by poor families like the ones who have mounted the favela that surrounds us on higher ground.
This is a homecoming for Murilo Drummond. Two decades ago the professor of genetics and evolution began to visit this area. At the time it was one of the few remaining sections of Amazon rainforest within the city limits of São Luís, capital of the state of Maranhão with close to a million inhabitants. Drummond frequently brought students on field trips and led research expeditions. Back then this dump replete with vultures was relatively pristine.
In 1980, 3,200 hectares were set aside as Bacanga State Park after being a Water Protection Area since1944. Much of the city’s drinking water comes from reservoirs inside the park. In theory, the park designation further restricted human settlement and activities in the area.
Population growth in Maranhão stands at 1.5% a year. As elsewhere in Brazil, affordable housing remains scarce. So instead of trying to address the incursions, public officials periodically whittle down the size of the park to reflect the new human settlements. The original 3,200 hectares have already been scaled back to 2,800.
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Take your time to find out the correct outline and the way of writing from the institution that gave you the essay to write. Most times, you will end up with an essay that fully meets the requirement of the readers, giving you an extra point even before they begin reading.
When planning your essay, put out time to read over your work. Even the smallest details matter when writing an essay. The most proficient essay writers even find mistakes in their pieces from time to time so it would be suicide for you to send in your essay without looking it over several times. Also, reading over your work gives you the opportunity to take your work through an authentic grammar and plagiarism check to avoid embarrassing problems.
You might say you wrote the entire essay from scratch by yourself, but if there is material out there that matches yours, it is still determined as plagiarized work. Performing these checks and correcting them before you hand in your work is the safest way to send in your work.
A narrative essay is pretty much what can be termed as a basic essay. All the points written above are applied when writing such an essay. Maybe some of you might be wondering ‘What Is a narrative essay’?
A narrative essay is one with which the writer aims to tell the reader a story. It can also fall in the same category of a narrative or a report. The main thing that differentiates them is the presence of a thesis statement. There are different kinds of narrative essays. All of the different kinds boil down to telling a story or giving an idea.
Here are some kinds of narrative essays which can also be termed as essay types on their own.
These essay types all give information about events and ideas, and could follow a chronological pattern or not.
A personal narrative essay is an essay that gives insight to the writer’s ideas and experiences from his view point. The essay is written in the first person and it requires that the writer tells a tale about an event that might have occurred, or an idea that is peculiar to him, revealing certain characteristics of the writer including his or her philosophy, mindset and how they perceive the world. Such narrative essays are usually required from students or graduates who are trying to get admitted into university or medical school. Law schools applicants also require a personal statement of some kind also to help the admissions board make the decision on the student.
There are certain things that most admissions boards look out for when it comes to students and personal narrative essays. Here is a list of a few of them.
The truth is an organized essay always wins the heart of a reader, most especially if the reader is on the board to allow you to be enrolled to a course. The ability to follow order and stick to the required writing style says a lot about the character of the applicant, giving the readers the urge to go on to read the essay.
Orderliness is not only important from the face value of the essay, but also in the essay itself. The essay must have an introduction, a body, which is the main part of the essay, and a conclusion, like several other essay types. The introduction should have a hook and a thesis statement giving the readers an idea of what is being spoken about in the essay. Beginning with a catchy and creative hook is the best way to capture the attention of the readers since they mostly have a huge pile of essays to read.
The personal narrative essay you are writing usually comes with certain instructions which should be followed at all costs. Most of the time, the first instruction given is the number of words the essay should consist of. Going beyond this stipulated number easily constitutes nuisance and puts the reader off even reading what you wanted to say in the essay, even if it is really good.
Apart from the word limit, the readers always check if you used the right format stipulated for the essay to be written. The most popular writing styles are:
Based on the institution they would have an appropriate style for your essay to be written in, not only for narrative essays but also for all the essays you may write.
Creativity is a major aspect needed in writing narrative essays, especially personal narrative essays. In order for you to be able to write an autobiographical narrative essay, you should have a way of creating exciting lines out of pretty mundane events that may have taken place in your life. Drawing the humor out of such events, or even writing sordid events masterfully enough to keep readers entertained and educated is the mark of a good creative writer. Schools always lean towards having such people in their faculties. The more creative you are, the better your chance at having an essay winning you a position in the school.
Any admissions board may ask you to write an autobiographical narrative essay as a way to get an understanding of who the writer is. Having an authentic essay written is the one way you can get readers interested in who you are as an applicant. Going for already written essays which are cliché and have no iota of authenticity in them makes for a poor personal narrative essay.
Writing about the events that may have occurred in your life is not a very simple task, that is why planning is important, so that you can easily come up with a good way to tell these stories in a way that reflect you as a writer, is creative and is also orderly.
Checking for grammar in an essay is as fundamental as doing the first sweep when choosing from a lot of candidates. Grammatical errors which could be anything from spelling mistakes to syntax and subject-verb agreement errors sometimes automatically put you behind the door of any institution looking for serious candidates.
If your autobiographical essay which is being sent in to gain you admission into a school turns up with several errors, it is most likely that you would not be considered as a good enough potential candidates. Since even the best writers make mistakes, taking out time to read over your work as often as you can and passing your finished narrative essay through several checks, including plagiarism checks is a sure way to ensure that your essay is devoid of any such mistakes.
If you previously had questions on ‘what is a narrative essay’ and ‘how do I write a narrative essay’, hopefully you have gotten the answers that you seek. Simply take the time to note down these faux pas for your next personal narrative essay and prepare to write an excellent essay which would undoubtedly put you on the mind of any reader who is hoping to admit you to a course. Take the time to plan your essay before writing, and do not forget to check your work thoroughly after you have written it. Make sure to send only your best work to any admissions board, and voila, you will be accepted if the essay alone determines if you are to be accepted or not.
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Yes, you can. Plywood is used in the scaffolding and access world every day. On a large-scale industrial project, plywood can be one of the largest consumable costs depending on the facility and the type of scaffold.
Uses of plywood in access scaffolding
- Covering a large area on scaffolds to reduce the scaffold plank count. Also known as skip planking.
- Covering large area scaffold for a rolling tower to be erected on top of it to reach different elevations of a unique design.
- Covering gaps where piping and other objects stick up through the platform where additional planning cannot fit.
Do you know how wide is a scaffold board ? The width is 225 mm, 3.9 m length, and 38 mm thickness– P. Pierson
The occupational safety and health administrative requires that all scaffolds:
- Must be designed by qualified personnel.
- Must be handled by an able person to resolve problems resulting from the subject matter.
Factors to consider in selecting plywood
Here are several essential factors to consider when choosing scaffolding plywood:
Face grain direction
Plywood has both a strong direction and a weak direction for carrying loads to support. It is also strongest when the grain direction of the face veneers is perpendicular to the members supporting the plywood.
Number of plies
A greater number of plies improvement randomization of strength reduces characteristics, e.g knots which in turn results in a more consistent product that can be designed using higher allowable stresses.
Point loads implied
Larger loads occurring over a small footprint may require special consideration as they can create an overload for plywood due to either located fibre crushing or rolling shear.
Therefore it is permissible to use plywood as a platform decline material on scaffolding. There are a lot of solutions available to cover gaps from steel plank fillings to smaller planks that hook into the side to cover gaps where protrusions exist but plywood remains the most common in the marketplace today.
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Should Black Northerners Move Back to the South?Historians in the News
tags: African American history, book reviews, politics, urban history, Great Migration, 20th Century history
Tanisha C. Ford is a professor of history at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the author of Dressed in Dreams: A Black Girl’s Love Letter to the Power of Fashion.
THE DEVIL YOU KNOW
A Black Power Manifesto
By Charles M. Blow
Leading up to the 2020 presidential election, Stacey Abrams, LaTosha Brown and other grass-roots activists successfully registered an unprecedented number of Black voters in Georgia who had been stymied in the past by voter-suppression tactics. Their work brought key victories to Democratic candidates in the state and demonstrated the political power of Southern Black women.
Georgia’s recent presidential and Senate elections are relevant to the argument of the New York Times columnist Charles M. Blow in “The Devil You Know: A Black Power Manifesto.” There are two Black Americas, he says. One is the world of those who remained in the postslavery South. The other is inhabited by those who fled the South for refuge in what he terms “destination cities” across the North and West during the Great Migration. But these cities are now broken, according to Blow, and the Great Migration has been a “stinging failure.” Blow, a son of Louisiana who recently moved back south — to Atlanta — says Black Americans must bridge this divide.
In what he believes would be “the most audacious power play by Black America in the history of the country,” Blow calls for African-Americans to reverse-migrate south, to collectively dismantle white supremacy by using their ancestral homeland as a political base. He imagines a New South where “our trauma history is not our total history.” That Black people have been returning south for at least the past 40 years, he adds, demonstrates that there is fertile ground for his idea in the region, intellectually and materially.
His is a familiar argument, revitalized by the South’s recent political developments. A genesis for Blow’s Black power proposition could have been the Black Belt nation thesis, proposed by Black Communists in the 1920s, or the agenda of the Republic of New Afrika in the 1960s. But Blow instead builds upon the political thought of the freethinking white hippies who moved to Vermont in the early 1970s with the intent of transforming the state’s conservative electoral politics. They succeeded, he says; young Black people today should follow their blueprint.
Seeing Georgia flip blue in the 2020 election became Blow’s “proof of concept,” and for him, one thing now seems clear: The path to lasting Black power is through the vote. Forming a “contiguous band” of Black voters across the South — Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina, in particular — would “upend America’s political calculus and exponentially increase” Black citizens’ influence in American politics. The weakness in Blow’s plan is that it requires faith in a political system that has consistently failed Black Americans at nearly every turn.
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Hellen Family History
Hellen Name Meaning
Swedish (mainly Hellén): ornamental or habitational name formed with the (placename) element häll ‘(flat) rock’ + the adjectival suffix -én/-en a derivative of Latin -enius ‘relating to’. This surname is also found in Finland. English (Essex and Middlesex): variant of Ellen . From the medieval period onward there has been confusion with Helen and with the name in 3 below. English (Essex and Middlesex): of Norman origin a habitational name from Helléan in Morbihan Brittany (France).
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names 2nd edition, 2022
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IN PARAGUAY, WOMEN EARN MORE THAN MEN
A new Census Bureau wall chart on the world's labor force shows that:
1. The world's "visible" work force will grow 35 percent by 2010.
2. Labor force counts by developing countries typically omit rural women. But this "invisible" labor force makes up 50 percent or more of the agricultural workers in many of these countries.
3. Only in Paraguay are women's wages higher than men's. No explanation is offered.
4. In poorer countries the elderly must usually continue to work past age 65.
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Have you heard of Letter Writing Day ?
It’s time to bring out your loveliest stationery and your favorite pen. Pick that special someone and write a letter.
And….. Think about exactly what you want to say before you say it because, with a pen, there’s no cut and paste function.
Every December bring out your finest stationery and your writing equipment and send a handwritten letter to someone special, because it is Letter Writing Day!
Today, fewer and fewer people take the time to sit down and write letters to their loved ones, friends or anyone for that matter. Letter Writing Day aims to change this. This day encourages people to hand write letters and send them to their loved ones the old fashioned way – through the mail.
There is no clear origin of this day. One possibility is that this day evolved from Japan, and the hobby of stamp collecting. Japan has a Letter Writing Week, and a Letter Writing Day. Actually, the Japanese Letter Writing Day is held monthly on the 23rd of each month. (We should all take a lesson from the Japanese and handwrite a letter every month.)
A second possibility is that this day evolved from one of many school related letter writing days. There are many references to Letter Writing Day as a grade school, high school and college letter writing days. Regardless, of how it originated, Letter Writing Day is here.
In these days of cell phones, email, and text messages, letter writing can seem hopelessly outdated. But it’s an art worth bringing back, and not just as some misplaced sense of nostalgia. The writing and receiving of letters will always offer an experience that modern technology cannot touch. Letter writing goes back a very long time. History tells us that Homer mentioned letters in the Iliad, and evidence of correspondence has been found in ancient Egypt, India, Rome and China. Preserved letters are great historical resources – they are treated by historians as firsthand accounts of the social, economic and political conditions prevailing at the time. Many are permanently displayed in museums, archives, and collections, made public – for all of us to see, learn from, and savor for years and years. Try doing that with a tweet.
In honor of National Letter Writing Day and beyond, bloggers Brett and Kate McKay from the Art of Manliness, say that “sending a letter is the next best thing to showing up personally at someone’s door; ink from your pen touches the stationary, your fingers touch the paper, and something tangible from your world travels through machines and hands, and deposits itself in another’s mailbox. Your letter is then carried inside as an invited guest. When we take the time to organize and express our deepest thoughts and feelings, write them down for posterity, and send them to a chosen recipient, it’s about the most personal gift one can give and the other receive.”
When writing a letter or note, stationery is your canvas; purchase stationery in a few different sizes for letters and notes of various lengths. Beautiful stationery also can make the letter seem more like a gift. Spend some time at a stationery store picking out something that is uniquely you.
Rossi has an amazing selection of papers and notes in many sizes and textures…from formal to informal, to script the perfect letter.
Years ago when people were a thousand miles apart, letter-writing was our only available means of communication. People fell in love over the many letters sent between them. Throughout time, these letters have been tied up with ribbons and stored for future generations to find….treasured possessions of the past, discovered in an old trunk in an attic. Thus, letters not only serve a purpose in the here and now, they also stand as historical records, giving us an incomparable window into the past. Anyone who has ever come across the old letters of parents and grandparents and suddenly felt transported back to another time and place, knows well the legacy-leaving power of letters.
A little known fact: until the mid-19th century, envelopes were all handmade. Because of this, envelopes were extremely expensive and most people just folded up their letters and sealed them with a wax seal.
For more info about Rossi1931 boxed notes: http://www.rossi1931.com
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Wetland review and conservation planning
The Division of Ecological and Water Resources' Wetlands Program was initiated with the passage of the state Wetlands Conservation Act (WCA) of 1991 . A key component of the WCA is the development of restored or created wetlands as replacement for wetlands that are drained or filled. In support of the WCA, Ecological and Water Resources has established a wetland review and conservation program to:
- coordinate the review of wetland replacement plans;
- provide technical assistance to local governments and landowners in developing wetland mitigation;
- promote wetland conservation by providing science-based recommendations in the development of state wetland regulations, programs and policies.
Wetland monitoring and mapping
In 2006, a group of state and federal agencies collaboratively developed, "A Comprehensive Wetland Assessment, Monitoring, and Mapping Strategy for Minnesota" . This document makes several recommendations for a scientifically sound strategy for monitoring and assessing wetland quantity and quality statewide. The Ecological and Water Resources' Wetlands Program oversees two components of the overall strategy: wetland status and trends monitoring and updating the national wetlands inventory.
The Wetlands Program is also responsible for the development of a statewide comprehensive wetlands management plan. The Minnesota Wetlands Conservation Plan (V. 1.02, 1997) sets directions for managing and regulating the state's wetlands and examines way to consolidate the many different existing wetland programs. Other program documents include the Minnesota Wetland Mitigation Banking Study, the Action Planning Workbook, a Memorandum of Agreement for Implementation of the Minnesota Wetlands Conservation Plan and Wetland Guidance for the Anoka Sandplain.
Wetland program contacts
Jennie Skancke, Wetlands Program Coordinator
500 Lafayette Rd Box 25
St Paul, MN 55155-4025
tel. (651) 259-5125
More information about wetlands and wetland programs
- Basic information about wetlands, wetland types, and benefits from the DNR
- Additional wetland information from the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (Wetland Conservation Act, wetland banking, wetland restoration and other programs)
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Right from your first prenatal visit to the doctor, you will be recommended to go through several prenatal tests to check the well being of your pregnant baby.
The tests also detect the birth defects, genetic disorders, and other problems with the pregnant baby.
During pregnancy, the tests are generally performed to assess the condition of the health as well as growth of your pregnant baby.
Most of these tests help assure a healthy pregnancy with safe delivery.
If any problems arise during pregnancy, the prenatal tests can help notice your doctor about the problem in advance to treat the condition with special care.
Your doctor generally recommends the tests depending on your stage of pregnancy, associated risk factors as well as the results of regular tests.
On the other hand, the tests to evaluate the health condition of your pregnant baby are of several types. The common tests of these are fetal movement counts, non stress test, ultrasound, contraction stress test and biophysical profile.
Fetal movement count is a home pregnancy test that is performed by the mother. The fetal movement counting is also known as kick counting.
The doctor recommends you to keep track of the movements of your pregnant baby, as it helps determine the wellness of your developing baby as well as the problem with the baby.
Non-stress test is a prenatal test that uses electronic monitoring to assess the health condition of the pregnant baby. The doctor attaches an external fetal monitor to you in order to identify the rate of baby’s heartbeat. The prenatal test determines the heart rate with the baby movements.
Generally, the heartbeat rate of the baby increases as the baby moves. So, it is believed that the healthy movements of the baby sign a healthy heart rate.
If the movement of the baby is abnormal, it indicates that the baby may have problems during labor. Thus, the doctor performs delivery before labor starts. Pregnancy testing is essential to prevent the disorders during pregnancy.
Obstetric ultrasound is a test to examine the internal structures of the pregnant baby using high frequency sound waves. [Pregnancy Ultrasound Test]
With this test, the doctor monitors the development as well as abnormalities of the pregnant baby using the pictures that appear on a screen, which is similar to a television.
Contraction stress test is a pregnancy test that measures the changes in the fetal heart rate when uterus contractions occur. During this test, the doctor records the fetal heart rate and the uterus contractions simultaneously to assess the condition of your pregnant baby.
The contraction stress test is often recommended if the non-stress test results are abnormal.
Biophysical profile is a prenatal test to determine the status of your pregnant baby in the uterus. A combination of the non stress test and ultrasound are used to perform the biophysical profile.
The test helps to determine the pregnant baby’s problems. Once the problem is detected, depending on its type, the doctor may deliver the baby before the due date.
Having regular checkups with the doctor can help protect your pregnant baby from health problems.
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Artificial self recognition although getting closer to completion with the detection of self in conversation and further adds a real feeling of talking to a human in chat conversation, there will always be a major gap in understanding to what is inputed, stored and reverberated back.
Although artificial intelligent learning chat systems are getting better at arranging new data from convention, arranging the data based on a key word detection and filtering system, artificial intelligence still has a long way to go in understand the details of the data itself on a single process.
Data from chat inputs are stored and arranged for later use, the chat data inputs are relayed back at appropriate points in the conversion, and is not analysed on a deeper level by the artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence chat does not truly know or understand what it is saying, only repeating what is stored from previous conversations.
Training an chatbot solo can have an echo chamber effect, storing how you speak and using it back. Depending on how you speak to the chatbot will train it on how to speak back. If you are aggressive, you are training it to be aggressive back, if your are polite, the artificial intelligence will be trained to be polite back.
The words and letters themselves have no meaning to the artificial intelligence, even when detecting and arranging data for storage. To the machine, it is just zeros and ones.
To the system, it is just matching characters and the arranging data to be recalled laters on when certain requirements are met.
Even if emotions are high, and even if the artificial intelligence seems to be emotional, it is not. What the artificial intelligence is doing is just repeating what has been said to it from previous conversations, with no emotion behind it what so ever.
AdamAIChat for game creationists
Constructing positive brain files
Artificial intellect vs human intellect
The dangers of AI in the military
The future development from AIChat
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Rescuing Our Children and Youth from Video, Screen, Technology and Gaming Addiction
50 in stockReturn to Shop
Technology is a “good” thing. Right?
Technology has provided many improvements in communication and entertainment. We are able to quickly keep up with friends, search the boundless limits of the Internet, and the gaming industry is booming with hi-definition realistic play. However, along with these improvements comes an unwelcome predator, addiction.
The good news is that technology addictions are treatable. Lost and Found will provide you with ideas and principles that are specific to issues related to the overuse and abuse of technology. The comprehensive approach provided in this book will help parents, caregivers, and professionals feel more confident and effective through a better education of the factors and warning signs leading to technology addiction. It also offers practical exercises and resources to help those suffering its effects.
|Author:||Kim "Tip" Frank, Mike Paget|
|Audience:||Elementary (K-5), Middle (6-8), High (9-12)|
|Publisher:||National Center for Youth Issues|
|Release Date:||July 15, 2013|
|Topic:||Internet & Technology|
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https://ncyi.org/product/lost-and-found/
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| 0.895082 | 305 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Monkeys master thought-controlled wheelchair
Mind-controlled machines have been the subject of intense research in recent years, with a focus on improving the lives of people with disabilities. At this fascinating juncture between neuroscience and robotics we have seen experimental brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) used to fly drones, control telepresence robots and even switch channels on a TV. Now scientists at Duke University have developed a similar system that enables monkeys to drive a wheelchair using nothing other than brainwaves.
Certain research groups have found success with BMIs using electroencephalogram (EEG) caps, which are noninvasive headsets fitted with electrodes that detect brainwaves through the scalp and translate them into control commands. But in the view of the Duke scientists, this approach has its limitations.
"In some severely disabled people, even blinking is not possible," says Miguel Nicolelis, senior author of the research paper. "For them, using a wheelchair or device controlled by noninvasive measures like an EEG, may not be sufficient. We show clearly that if you have intracranial implants, you get better control of a wheelchair than with noninvasive devices."
These implants Nicolelis refers to number in the hundreds, and consist of hair-thin microfilaments planted in the premotor and somatosensory regions of two monkey brains. But it wasn't a matter of simply feeding them in and watching the animals effortlessly scoot around the lab.
Beginning in 2012, the scientists trained the animals by wheeling them towards a bowl of grapes and recording their electrical brain activity. They programmed software to convert these brain signals into digital commands that dictated control of the wheelchair. Eventually, as the monkeys thought about moving towards the grapes, the system translated those thoughts into actual operation of the wheelchair and moved them toward their goal. They then became faster and more efficient at retrieving the grapes over time.
The team also began to observe brain signals indicating that the monkeys were contemplating the distance from the wheelchair to the the bowl of grapes, something they had not expected.
"This was not a signal that was present in the beginning of the training, but something that emerged as an effect of the monkeys becoming proficient in this task," says Nicolelis. "This was a surprise. It demonstrates the brain's enormous flexibility to assimilate a device, in this case a wheelchair, and that device's spatial relationships to the surrounding world."
In this particular trial, the scientists measured the activity of almost 300 neurons in the two monkeys, though they say the technology has previously allowed the recording of up to 2,000. They are now working to record more neuronal signals to attain better accuracy with the monkeys, with a view to progressing to trials in humans.
The research was published in the journal Scientific Reports.
Source: Duke Medicine
Please keep comments to less than 150 words. No abusive material or spam will be published.
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About the STEM from the START Initiative
Research shows that children form lasting attitudes towards STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Math) by the 3rd grade. However - much of the focus on STEM learning has been aimed towards the higher grades.
STEM from the START (SFTS) is designed for PreK-2 learners. Produced by New Hampshire PBS & Learniverse Educational Media, SFTS uses the power of educational video to help lay the groundwork for STEM subjects by engaging children in learning that is fun, engaging and long-lasting.
Each SFTS video lesson features The Quinks - 3 curious aliens named Quazar, Neutrina and Fluxx - who have come to Earth to learn about how things on our planet work. With the help of a human friend, they explore basic principles of physical science.
Each lesson is designed to be paused so educators and parents can engage children in guided discussions, hands-on experiments and scientific explorations, using the downloadable Discovery Guides for support during each section.
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Medicine Take-Back Security
Take-back programs use secure equipment and procedures to ensure there is
no theft or diversion of collected medicines.
Ongoing medicine take-backs typically have a secure collection bin that is bolted to the floor or wall. Such bins are specially designed to prevent any unauthorized access to deposited medicines. To protect patient privacy, customers can use a marker to black out sensitive information on containers before depositing prescription medicines. When unwanted medicines are deposited into the bin they drop into a plastic bucket or cardboard box. For security reasons, the metal collection bins are locked with two padlocks, and the keys are held by two different staff.
Since the first program started in Washington in 2003, no theft or diversion of any returned medicines has occurred in any authorized medicine take-back program.
When the boxes or buckets get full, assigned staff follows strict procedures to remove the full bucket or box and replace it with an empty one. To access the full bucket or box, two staff use separate keys to unlock the two padlocks on the front of the collection bin. The two staff close up the full container, and then add special seals to prevent tampering. A tracking number is assigned to the sealed container and forms are used to document its transportation to a locked storage area.
Collections sites located at law enforcement locations often manage returned medicines with the same secure procedures used for confiscated illegal drugs. These strict procedures ensure that collected medicines are not diverted and that patient information on packaging is protected.
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The following is an online petition to the United States Congress (the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives) for a “study” on reparations.
The online address to sign the petition is as follows:
Please go online and sign the petition. Thank You.
Pass H.R.40: Begin The Study of Reparations for African Americans
Sources: John Conyers Jr, U.S. Congress, Atlanta Black Star (2013), The Harvard Crimson (2006), New York Times (2001).
In January 1989, United States Congressman John Conyers Jr introduced the bill H.R. 40 (Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act) to Congress. The bill is a request for the federal government to conduct an official study of the impact slavery has had on the social, political and economic life of the United States. The purpose of H.R.40 is not compensation for slavery. It is to determine the effects slavery has had, and continue to have on African-Americans from the time of emancipation until now.
H.R. 40 does four things:
- It acknowledges the fundamental injustice and inhumanity of slavery
- It establishes a commission to study slavery, along with its subsequent racial and economic discrimination against freed slaves
- It studies the impact of those forces on today's living African Americans
- The commission would then make recommendations on appropriate reparations and remedies to begin healing the harm inflicted on living African Americans
In April of 1968, Congressman Conyers introduced the Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday bill. It took 15 years but it was finally passed in 1983, not only because of Congressman Conyer’s persistence, but also because of the people who supported him and his idea of a federal holiday honoring Dr. King. It has now been 26 years since Congressman Conyers first introduced H.R.40 to Congress. We are long overdue to begin taking a stand on this matter.
We are requesting for the United States Congress to accept H.R.40 and immediately establish a committee to study the impact slavery and racial discrimination has had on African Americans from emancipation until now. Failure to comply will result in a nationwide boycott of every company and it’s affiliates that has benefited from slavery which includes, but is not limited to:
AIG – bought American General Financial, which owns US Life Insurance Company that used to insure the lives of Slaves
Aetna – insured the lives of Slaves
Bank of America – began in part as the Bank of Metropolis that accepted Slaves as collateral.
Brooks Brothers – profited making clothing for Slaves
Brown Brothers Harriman – owned hundreds of Slaves and loaned millions to southern planters, merchants and cotton traders.
Brown University – named for the Brown brothers who gave money to the university. Two brothers were Slave traders; another ran a factory that used Slave-grown cotton and Brown’s University Hall was built in part by Slave labor
CSX – rented Slaves to build rail lines
Fleet Boston – grew from Providence Bank, founded by one of the Brown brothers - a Slave trader who owned Slave ships
Harvard Law School – was endowed with money from Isaac Royall, an Antiguan Slave owner and sugar grower
JP Morgan Chase – grew from Citizens Bank and Canal Bank in Louisiana. Both accepted Slaves as collateral, and repossessed 1,250 Slaves from owners who defaulted on loans
New York Life – insured Slaves
Norfolk Southern –merged with the Mobile & Girard that rented Slaves to work on the railroad. They also merged with Central of Georgia that owned Slaves.
The following Universities raised money and recruited students from rich, Slave-owning families. These Universities not only sought and accepted money from slave owners and traders, they also helped create scientific racism:
- University of Delaware
Tiffany’s – founded with profits from a cotton mill in Connecticut that processed Slave-grown cotton
USA Today – grew from Gannett, which had links to Slavery
Wells Fargo – merged with Georgia Railroad & Banking Company and the Bank of Charleston, both of which owned or accepted Slaves as collateral. (In the 2000s Wells Fargo targeted African Americans for predatory lending)
If Congress does not accept H.R.40 within it’s next three assemblies after this request has been received, our nationwide boycott will begin. Please do not underestimate the well over 1 trillion dollars in buying power of African Americans alone. We will break this nation one dollar at a time if we must in order to accomplish our goal.
we are beyond study, the time for studying has long since past, why are we the only injured people that is requesting our injury be studied? our injury is well documented, the United States Governance knows our story very well, for our story is their-story and so it is his-story, John Connors needs to revise this to just number four 'The commission would then make recommendations on appropriate reparations and remedies to begin healing the harm inflicted on living African Americans'
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This article is more than 1 year old
Massive news, literally: Three super-boffins awarded Nobel Prize in physics for their black-hole breakthroughs
Congratulations to Sir Roger Penrose, Andrea Gehz, Reinhard Genzel
The Nobel Prize in physics has been awarded to three scientists for their work probing some of the most massive and strangest objects in the universe – black holes.
Professor Sir Roger Penrose, a British mathematician and popular science author, was given half the share of the ten million Swedish kronor (£866,000 or $1.12m) prize “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity.”
The 89-year-old super-boffin is most well-known for working with Professor Stephen Hawking to prove that black holes exist and were the product of extreme gravitational effects described by Einstein’s theories. Although Einstein described how gravity is the curvature of spacetime, he failed to see how its effects created such bizarre voids when stars collapsed, and remained unconvinced about black holes.
Einstein died ten years before he could read Sir Roger's seminal paper, “Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities,” published in 1965. Sir Roger used topology equations to prove that light can’t escape and time stands still at the center of black holes, within which a singularity would form.
“It is a huge honour to receive this prize,” Sir Roger said. “In 1964 the existence of black boles was not properly appreciated. Since then they have become of increased importance in our understanding of the universe and I believe this could increase in unexpected ways in the future.”
A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away... a pair of black holes coalesced resulting in largest gravitational wave we've seenREAD MORE
His mathematical proofs paved the way for the second half of the prize split between physics professors Andrea Gehz, 55, at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Reinhard Genzel, 68, at the University of California, Berkeley. The pair were singled out “for [their] discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy.”
Genzel led a group of scientists who detected Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole in the center of our Milky Way. They tracked the motion of stars at the center of the galaxy to show they were all orbiting a giant invisible object, and developed a “remarkable technique in which he can measure very accurately and determine quite precisely the mass and behavior of stars circulating around the galactic center,” Charles Townes, a fellow Nobel laureate, who helped set up the observational program into the center of the Milky Way at UC Berkeley in 1967, previously said. Townes died in 2015.
Last but not least, Gehz used the W.M. Keck Telescope to study the center of the galaxy in infrared. She calculated that Sagittarius A* is a whopping 4.1 million solar masses. Last year, she was also part of a team who spotted a sudden surge of activity from the black hole chowing down on its largest meal of gas and dust.
“I’m thrilled and incredibly honored to receive a Nobel Prize in physics,” she said.
“We have cutting-edge tools and a world-class research team, and that combination makes discovery tremendous fun. Our understanding of how the universe works is still so incomplete. The Nobel Prize is fabulous, but we still have a lot to learn." ®
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Prioritizing Your Heart’s Health
Updated: Oct 19, 2021
What we treasure most about our loved ones are their hearts. It is important to prioritize keeping their hearts healthy to help ensure a long, happy life. According to the American Heart Association, heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. Heart disease is commonly thought of as a man’s disease, but it can equally affect women.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that one in four American deaths are due to heart disease. Because the risk of heart disease increases as our loved ones grow older, it’s important to be aware of the contributing factors that affect one’s chances of heart disease.
The factors include:
A diet high in sodium, trans fats, and saturated fats
Drinking an excess amount of alcohol
A lack of regular exercise
High blood pressure
There are steps you can take to help your loved ones prevent heart disease, but it is also important to know the warning signs of a heart attack in case one was to ever occur. This enables loved ones to be attended to right away and given the care they need.
Warning signs can be:
Chest pain, pressure, or any kind of discomfort
Pain or discomfort in the arms, neck, back, jaw, or stomach
Shortness of breath
The most common heart attack symptom is chest pain. Women, however, are more likely to experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, back/jaw pain, and nausea than men.
So, what do you do if your loved one is having a heart attack? The Heart Foundation urges you to call 911 as soon as possible. It is better to be safe than sorry in these circumstances. Acting fast can save someone’s life. Calling 911 as soon as your loved one starts to show or experience warning signs helps them to get the treatment they need as fast as possible.
Ways to Help Prevent & Decrease the Risk of Heart Disease
Exercising daily or every other day can help maintain a healthy weight, reducing the risk of heart disease. Exercising can be as simple as going on a daily walk. Anything is acceptable as long as they are moving and getting their blood flowing and heart pumping!
A healthy diet is key to keeping your loved ones’ hearts healthy. Make sure they are limiting their intake of fatty and fried foods. They should also stay away from foods that are high in sodium, since sodium can prevent blood flow. Encourage them to eat fresh fruits and vegetables. Healthy fats, such as non-saturated fats, should also be encouraged and can be found in nuts and oily fish like salmon and trout.
Another way to stay on top of their heart health is making sure it is being treated properly and assessed regularly. Catching medical issues early prevents them from turning into potential risk factors for heart diseases. But if medical conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure are already present, they can be maintained with the right medication and lifestyle changes.
Limit Tobacco Usage & Alcohol Consumption
Doing these two things can really be very beneficial when trying to decrease the risk of heart disease. Smoking cigarettes damages heart and blood vessels. Even second-hand smoke can be damaging and should be avoided at all costs. The nicotine in cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and other tobacco products raises blood pressure, which can cause heart disease. Finally, too much alcohol increases triglyceride levels, leading to the hardening and thickening of the artery walls. When this happens, the blood can’t flow through the arteries, increasing the risk of a stroke or a heart attack. All of these are contributing factors to heart disease. Avoiding both tobacco and alcohol as much as possible will positively impact the health of loved ones’ hearts!
Their heart is what makes our loved ones who they are, and it’s important to try and protect and keep their heart as healthy as possible for as long as possible. Knowing the contributing factors and the warning signs of heart disease ensures that we are prepared to care for them in the way they need when they need it.
#memorycare #personalcare #assistedliving #heartdisease #heartattack #Alzheimers #dementia
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Read the Shocking Conclusions from 28 Medical Studies Linking Fluoride to Lower IQ in Children
Alex Pietrowski, Staff Writer
To date, there are at least 53 known international scientific studies concluding that fluoride consumption is harmful to the development of intelligence in children, it impairs their learning and memory capacity. Children are commonly exposed to fluoride from municipal water supplies, dental treatments, environmental pollution, and in-utero.
Municipal water fluoridation is a state-mandated pharmacological intervention that ostensibly aims to fight dental fluorosis, but this claim is highly contested, and a growing body of research indicates that water fluoridation is linked to lower IQ in children. Medication without consent is a human rights violation.
In 2017, former EPA senior scientist, William Hirzy, PhD noted:
“The significance of this peer reviewed risk analysis is that it indicates there may be no actual safe level of exposure to fluoride. Groups of children with lower exposures to fluoride were compared with groups having higher exposures. Those with higher exposures performed more poorly on IQ tests than those with lower exposures.” ~Former EPA senior scientist, William Hirzy, PhD
Here is a sampling of some of the shocking conclusions from these studies, as documented by The Fluoride Action Network, where a full breakdown on these studies, as well as comments about study methodologies and locations, may be found.
“Chronic exposure to high levels of fluoride in water was observed to be associated with lower intelligence quotient.” ~IQ Study #41: Nagarajappa (2013)
“School children residing in area with higher than normal water fluoride level demonstrated more impaired development of intelligence when compared to school children residing in areas with normal and low water fluoride levels.” ~IQ Study #47: Sebastian (2015)
“[C]hildren residing in areas with higher than normal water fluoride level demonstrated more impaired development of intelligence and moderate [dental fluorosis]. Millions of children including adults around the world are affected by higher level of fluoride concentration through their drinking water and are therefore potentially at risk. It is concluded that for the benefit of the future generation, urgent attention should be paid on this substantial public health problem.” ~IQ Study #50: (Das 2016)
“[S]tudents of the study area have less IQ than students of non-contaminated area, demonstrating that consumption of F also has a major role with the intellectual development of
children.” ~IQ Study #49: Mondal (2016)
“The data from this research may support the hypothesis that excess fluoride in drinking water has toxic effects on the nervous system.” ~IQ Study #48: Khan (2015)
“Fluoride in the drinking water was significantly related with the IQ of children. Along with fluoride, mother’s diet during pregnancy was also found to be significantly related with IQ of children.” ~IQ Study #46: Kundu (2015)
“Results of our field study raise a concern about the safety of elevated systemic exposure to fluoride from high concentrations in the drinking water.While topical fluoride treatment confers benefits of reducing caries incidence, the systemic exposure should not be so high as to impair children’s neurodevelopment especially during the highly vulnerable windows of brain development in utero and during infancy and childhood and may result in permanent brain injury.” ~IQ Study #45: Choi (2015)
“Exposures to fluorine and arsenic are deleterious to the development of intelligence and the development of growth in children” ~IQ Study #43: Bai (2014)
“We observed reduced AChE activity in [the high fluoride area] which may be directly correlate[d] with the reduced intelligence score of the subjects.” ~IQ Study #40: Singh (2013)
“The study found that children residing in a region with a high drinking water F level had lower IQs compared to children living in a low drinking water F region (p<0.001). The differences could not be attributed to confounding educational, economic, social, cultural, and general demographic factors.” ~Karimzade (2014)
“This study indicates that exposure to fluoride is associated with reduced intelligence in children.” ~IQ Study #36: Saxena (2012)
“In conclusion, our study suggested that low levels of fluoride exposure in drinking water had negative effects on children’s intelligence and dental health and confirmed the dose-response relationships between urine fluoride and IQ scores as well as dental fluorosis.” ~IQ Study #35: Ding (2011)
“Based on the findings, chronic exposure to high levels of fluoride can be one of the factors that influence intellectual development.” ~IQ Study #34: Poureslami (2011)
“Previous studies had indicated toward decreased Intelligence in children exposed to high levels of fluoride and our study also confirmed such an effect.” ~IQ Study #32: Shivaprakash (2011)
“Findings of this study suggest that overall IQ levels in children’s exposed to high fluoride level were significantly lower than the low fluoride areas.” ~IQ Study #31: Sudhir (2009)
“High exposure to fluoride most definitely has an adverse effect on the development of intelligence in children, in particular on the capability of abstract inference.” ~IQ Study #30: Li (2009)
“This study indicates that exposure to fluoride in drinking water is associated with neurotoxic effects in children.” ~IQ Study #28: Wang (2007)
“In agreement with other studies elsewhere, these findings indicate that children drinking high F water are at risk for impaired development of intelligence.” ~IQ Study #27: Trivedi (2007)
“Exposure to high levels of fluoride is likely to cause a certain level of harm to a child’s level of intelligence.” ~IQ Study #26: Fan (2007)
“Based on the findings of this study, exposure of children to high levels of fluoride may carry the risk of impaired development of intelligence.” ~IQ Study #25: Seraj (2006)
“High fluoride burden has a definite effect on the intellectual and physical development of children.” ~IQ Study #24: Wang (2005)
“The findings of this study thus replicate those of earlier studies and suggest that a real relationship exists between fluoride exposure and intelligence.” ~IQ Study #18: Lu (2000)
“These results show that water improvement and defluoridation can improve the mental and physical development of children in a fluorosis area.“ ~IQ Study #16: Yao (1997)
“The results of the intelligence tests show that a high level of fluoride influences children’s IQ, which is consistent with some previous data. It is worth mentioning that the higher the degree of dental fluorosis, the more negative the impact on the children’s intelligence level. This is an issue which merits utmost attention.” ~IQ Study #15: Yao (1996)
“The results show that a high fluoride intake has a clear influence on the IQ of preschool children, manifesting itself primarily as damage to performance intelligence.” ~IQ Study #13: Wang (1996)
“A high fluoride intake was associated with a lower intelligence.” ~IQ Study #11: Li (1995)
“The results show that the level of intelligence of primary and secondary students from the high fluoride area and that of primary and secondary students from the non-high fluoride area had very significant differences, proving that high fluoride has adverse effects on the mental development of students. The higher the water fluoride is, the lower the level of IQ.” ~IQ Study #7: An (1992)
“The results of this study indicate that there is significant difference between the intellectual ability of the 7–14 year old children from the [fluorosis] endemic area and those of the control, and moreover that the average IQ of the children from the endemic area is clearly lower.” ~IQ Study #4: Chen (1991)
Read more articles by Alex Pietrowski.
About the Author
Alex Pietrowski is an artist and writer concerned with preserving good health and the basic freedom to enjoy a healthy lifestyle. He is a staff writer for WakingTimes.com. Alex is an avid student of Yoga and life.
This article (Read the Shocking Conclusions from 28 Medical Studies Linking Fluoride to Lower IQ in Children) originally created and published by Waking Times and is published here under a Creative Commons license with attribution to Alex Pietrowski and WakingTimes.com.
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The official state religion of Sudan is Islam. Indeed, the majority of the Sudanese population identify as Muslim, generally belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam.
What religion was Sudan before Islam?
Sudan was predominantly Coptic Christian at the time of the arrival of Islam in the seventh and eighth century.
When did Sudan convert to Islam?
Although Christianity had been introduced into Sudan in the third or fourth centuries, around AD 640, Islam came to Sudan.
Is Christianity illegal in Sudan?
The 2019 transitional constitution of Sudan guarantees freedom of religion and omits reference to sharia as a source of law, unlike the 2005 constitution of Sudan’s deposed president Omar al-Bashir whose government had outlawed apostasy and blasphemy against Islam.
Is Sudan an Arab nation?
Sudan is part of the contemporary Arab world—encompassing North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant—with deep cultural and historical ties to the Arabian Peninsula that trace back to ancient times.
Is Sudan Arab or African?
With over 19 major ethnic groups and over 500 different languages, the Sudanese people consists of individuals of Arab and African descent. Sudanese Arabs make up a majority of the country’s ethnic groups however, if counted as one group Sudanese African ethnic groups significantly outnumber Sudanse Arabs.
What religion is in Egypt?
Islam is the official religion in Egypt.
Is South Sudan Islamic country?
Islam is a minority religion in South Sudan. Most Muslims welcomed secession in the South Sudanese independence referendum. The last census to mention the religion of southerners dates back to 1956 where a majority were classified as following traditional beliefs or were Christian while 18% were Muslim.
When did Nubia convert to Islam?
The proliferation of Islamic influence was largely a gradual process. The Christian kingdoms of Nubia were the first to experience Arab incursion starting in the 7th century. They held out through the Middle Ages until the Kingdom of Makuria and Old Dongola both collapsed in the early 14th century.
What religion is in Morocco?
According to the Moroccan constitution, Islam is the religion of the state, and the state guarantees freedom of thought, expression, and assembly.
What is the religion in South Sudan?
South Sudan does not have an official religion and estimates on the numbers of followers of various faiths are unavailable. However, the majority of the South Sudanese population follows Christianity, often intermingled with traditional cultural practices. The Catholic and Anglican churches are most popular.
Are there Christians in north Sudan?
About 100,000 people or 0.25% of the population belong to various Protestant denominations in northern Sudan. Catholicism is practised by some thousand followers north of Sudan’s capital. A 2015 study estimates some 30,000 Muslim converted to Christianity in Sudan, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.
Are there Christians in Egypt?
Christianity is the second largest religion in Egypt. Verifiable data available from Egyptian censuses, and other large-scale nationwide surveys indicate that Christians presently constitute around 5% of the Egyptian population.
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What is science fiction story for kids?
SCIENCE FICTION is a fictionalized story wherein the setting and plot are centered around technology, time travel, outer space, or scientific principles, with or without the presence of aliens. Story elements are not found in the known universe and explained by scientific means.
How do you write a science fiction story?
5 Tips for Writing a Science Fiction Novel
- Remember that science fiction is about ideas.
- Make sure you’re telling a good story.
- Create an interesting world.
- Make sure the rules of your world are consistent.
- Focus on character development.
What is fiction example?
Mysteries, science fiction, romance, fantasy, chick lit, crime thrillers are all fiction genres. Examples of classic fiction include To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, 1984 by George Orwell and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.
What do science fiction stories have in common?
A sci-fi novel can be about space, time travel, aliens, or time-traveling aliens in space. Regardless of the setting and characters, all sci-fi stories are complex, contain nuanced detail, and explore larger themes and commentary—sometimes satirically—about society beneath the surface.
What is science fiction stories?
science fiction, abbreviation SF or sci-fi, a form of fiction that deals principally with the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals.
What was the first science fiction story?
Published in 1616, The Chemical Wedding predates Johannes Kepler’s novel Somnium, which was written in 1608 but not published until 1634 and “which usually gets the nod” as the first science fiction story.
What are the forms of fiction?
There are three main types of fiction: the short story, the novella and the novel.
What are 3 types of short story?
While there are many different short story styles, here we will consider three popular short story types: lyrical, flash fiction, and vignette.
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The DC-3 has long been a lifeline to communities in the Colombian interior, although the aircraft’s numbers are diminishing. Dr Andreas Zeitler joined a flight on the famous type to experience jungle flying.
Colombia’s populated vast lowlands and sparsely stretch south and east of the Andes Mountains, covering a vast area. The main city supplying this area is Villavicencio, or ‘Villavo’ as it is known by the locals, which lies approximately 56 miles (90km) south of the capital Bogotá. The aircraft that fly south and east from Villavicencio to remote rainforest areas provide vital links and are the best option for transporting people, medical supplies and goods from and to villages. Just compare a daylong trip on dirt tracks or via boat with a flight that will at most take a few hours. Like the trucks that shuttle between Villavo and Bogotá, the ‘truck’ that can penetrate the wilderness of the jungle is the Douglas DC-3.
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Seattle will soon get world’s first human composting site
by Daniel Payne · Jan 11th, 2020 9:50 am
Seattle, Washington, will soon become home to the world’s first “human composting” site, a place where individuals can have their postmortem remains slowly decompose into soil.
The service, called “Recompose,” will place human remains in a container full of alfalfa, straw and wood chips, all common materials often used to make compost out of non-human remains. The process of breaking down the human body into humus will take about a month, according to officials with the company.
Loved ones of those who have been turned into compost have the option of picking up the resultant soil, which will total about a square yard. The remains can also be donated to a forest in the southwestern part of the state.
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Atherosclerosis, more commonly known as clogged arteries, is a condition mainly affecting older people. While most atherosclerosis symptoms don’t occur until after a blockage, there are some common symptoms associated with the condition.
Haym Salomon Home For Nursing & Rehabilitation in Brooklyn NY delivers outstanding, compassionate, and preventive care to its patients. We work with patients to make them as mobile and independent as possible. We encourage lifestyle changes and rehabilitation therapy that can improve overall well-being. And we have lots of experience spotting atherosclerosis symptoms and working to alleviate them.
Clogged arteries can be very serious. If left untreated, they can lead to a blood clot, stroke or even a heart attack. If you are concerned about developing atherosclerosis, see your doctor to get the right care and advice.
Many people are unaware they have atherosclerosis until a blockage occurs. However, there are some symptoms associated with the condition that, if spotted early, doctors can help you deal with.
Common atherosclerosis symptoms include:
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Muscle weakness
- Pain in the area where blocked artery is (usually a leg or arm).
Signs of a heart attack include chest pain, difficulty breathing, perspiration, nausea, and light-headedness.
Signs of a stroke may be difficulty speaking and understanding speech, vision problems and lack of coordination and balance. Stroke victims may also get a sudden headache and feel weakness in their face or limbs.
Other atherosclerosis symptoms may include Arrhythmias – abnormal heartbeat – and confusion.
What Is The Main Cause Of Atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is caused when plaque builds up in the arteries and creates a blockage. Plaque builds up when cholesterol and other fatty substances harden and begin to narrow the artery walls.
Plaque build-up in the arteries makes it harder for blood to flow to your vital organs. This, in turn, can lead to serious heart-and-circulation-related illnesses.
Can Atherosclerosis Symptoms Go Away?
Doctors recommend lifestyle changes as the first step in treating and preventing atherosclerosis and alleviating its symptoms.
Nourishing your body with a healthy, low-cholesterol diet packed with fruit and vegetables will reduce damage to your arteries. Try to avoid alcohol and stop smoking.
Stick to an aerobic exercise regime and engage in enjoyable stress-busting activities. Activities like yoga and tai chi, with their emphasis on breathing, stretching and balancing, can help alleviate atherosclerosis symptoms.
What Are The Warning Signs Of Clogged Arteries?
Pain, pressure or tightness in the chest is a key warning sign and symptom of atherosclerosis. Palpitations – when your heart races or pounds – may be another indication of clogged arteries. Aches and pains in the jaw and neck may also suggest angina caused by atherosclerosis. Numbness or a tingling sensation in the legs may be another warning sign.
At Haym Salomon Home for Nursing and Rehabilitation, we know how to care for patients with atherosclerosis symptoms. Contact us or walk in if you would like to find out more about our services. We are here to answer any questions you may have.
This blog is for general educational purposes only and is no substitute for professional medical advice. For any questions or concerns about your own medical condition, or health issues you need resolving, speak to a qualified doctor.
Leave A Comment
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Potholing for utilities is a method that construction site workers can use to obtain a wealth of visual information regarding piping and other subsurface construction. Utility potholing has increasing importance in the construction industry, as a method that can help to make excavation safer and more cost-effective to do.
In the past, it was commonplace for contractors to use a backhoe. This piece of equipment is highly recognizable to the general population as a typical piece of machinery you would find on a construction site. However, it does not have the precision or maneuverability of more modern excavation machinery, meaning it has the potential to cause immense damage to existing subsurface infrastructure.
Vacuum excavation is a process in which water is pushed through the earth creating a hole that allows the crew to visually confirm the location of the utility lines. As the earth is removed to create the hole, it goes into a special storage truck that can easily be removed from the construction site and dumped elsewhere.
Not only is potholing the most accurate way of learning the location of utility lines, but it is also time and cost-efficient. Keep reading to find out the many other benefits of using vacuum excavation on your construction site. Know more about pothole utilities.
Increased Safety using Vacuum Excavation
Nowadays, you are much more likely to find a vacuum excavator being used. These highly portable pieces of machinery use air to displace soil. Since the air and water are only vacuuming at low pressures, this means that other utilities in the ground will not be damaged, which makes vacuum excavation the preferred method compared to using a backhoe.
While vacuum excavation is an extremely safe process, there are still a number of precautions that should be taken to keep your crew and members of the public safe. Before utility potholing can take place, you should reach out to third parties who have knowledge of the construction site. They might be able to provide you with recent utility line maps or estimations for how deep the holes will need to be.
It is also always recommended that you hire an experienced team that specializes in vacuum excavation They will have the training and expertise necessary to do the job safely and efficiently. A professional team will also understand the importance of preliminary work such as using RADAR or digital technology to gather estimates for locations and depths.
By hiring specialists, you will minimize the risk of damage to the utility lines as well as the expensive excavation equipment. You will also save money by avoiding the possibility of a utility strike which can cause expensive repairs or fines if it affects the local community.
Vacuum excavation also has a wealth of other benefits compared to using a backhoe. When excavating, a backhoe will displace a considerably larger amount of soil compared to a vacuum excavator. A vacuum excavator simply stores the displaced soil inside the machinery, meaning there is no need for a dumping ground.
Increased cost efficiency using Vacuum Excavation
The next important benefit of using vacuum excavation, compared to backhoeing and manual labor, is the reduction in costs.
Manual digging is an outdated method of excavating that requires a significant number of man-hours to accomplish the same thing as backhoeing and vacuum excavation. In comparison, vacuum excavation would be much quicker while also causing much less disruption to the ground. Once work is complete, workmen would also have to refill the holes they had made, doubling the time taken.
Considering the amount of manpower required to excavate utility lines as well as the extended time frame to get the work done, relying on hand tools is a very costly option in the long run.
The cost implications for backhoeing are different from manual labor. This piece of machinery can be a great tool when displacing ground is clear of subsurface infrastructure. It can accomplish what multiple workmen would do in hours, in mere minutes. When used in an area containing subsurface infrastructure, the damage that can be caused by the metal bucket on a backhoe hitting existing piping and cabling could be disastrous. This would most likely result in the project being put on hold, whilst repairs to the infrastructure are completed by those who caused the damage. As you can see, the risks of using a backhoe are very real, meaning it is a good idea to consider using a vacuum excavator instead when potholing utilities. Know more potholing companies.
In summary, vacuum excavation is a new and improved method of potholing utilities.
A professional excavation team will understand the needs of your construction project and will also work diligently and efficiently. This means your crew and the land itself are kept protected throughout the excavation process.
The use of low-pressure water and air by this system means that existing subsurface infrastructure is less likely to get damaged, versus other methods such as backhoeing and manual digging. The cost savings and improvement to site safety can also be immense through this mitigation of risk. You can find out more information regarding vacuum excavation and potholing utilities by visiting Util-locate.com.
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‘A man’s character is his fate. ’ To what extent is Othello’s own character the cause of his downfall? According to Aristotle’s Poetics, a classical tragic hero should be renowned and prosperous, superior in some specific way, so that the reversal of fortunes or downfall, stirs up feelings within the audience of a greater intensity. Such disastrous results are often triggered by the mistake of the tragic hero due to their tragic flaw or hamartia, which is often linked to hubris or excessive pride.
In Shakespeare’s Othello, as a General of the Venetian army, Othello meets these criteria, as his mistake is to trust ‘honest Iago’ and convince himself that revenge upon Desdemona will lead to honour and success. In fact, as with most tragic heroes, it is this decision which leads to his destruction. However, it is important to consider whether Othello’s ruin was the inevitable result of the defects in his character or whether there were other forces, outside of his control, which led him to his doom.
If it is solely Othello’s hamartia which leads to his downfall, then it must be related to the change in his perception of Desdemona. In Act 1, when warned by Brabantio that Desdemona may also deceive Othello, Othello retorts passionately: ‘My life upon her faith! ’ The exclamation here demonstrates the dedication and trust that Othello feels towards his new wife, but by Act 3, Othello is already beginning to doubt her: ‘By the world,/ I think my wife by honest, and I think she is not’ (3. 3. 389).
Order custom essay A Man’s Character Is His Fate to What Extent Is Othello’s Own Character? with free plagiarism report
Shakespeare’s use of cosmic imagery when Othello swears illustrates the magnitude of Othello’s resentment at his own hesitation, as his judgement is usually impulsive, as in Aleppo, (5. 2. 361) when he knew immediately to ‘smote him thus’, as he was certain of his enemy, but in this case, doubt has impaired his vision and he is unsure who to trust: his new wife or ‘honest Iago’. Othello’s peripeteia occurs when he decides to trust Iago; however, the audience are surprised at this decision, as it is unclear what has changed his perception of Desdemona so that he condemns her as ‘that cunning whore of Venice’ (4. . 88). Some critics are of the opinion that it is jealousy that has clouded his judgement thus, and argue that this must be his hamartia. However, it is equally possible that Shakespeare has given Othello the ‘fitness of character’ that Aristotle stated was an important feature of a tragic hero, as his true hamartia may be his value of the honour-shame culture which existed among European Elizabethan warriors, and is linked to the hubris common in tragic heroes.
It can be argued that the shame induced by the idea of his wife’s unfaithfulness results in his downfall, which Shakespeare expresses through animalistic imagery: ‘I had rather be a toad/ And live upon the vapour of a dungeon/ Than keep a corner in the thing I love/ For others’ uses’. Therefore, Desdemona’s murder becomes an act of sacrificial love: ‘A murder which I thought a sacrifice’ (5. 2. 64) as he feels that ‘else she’ll betray more men. Perhaps it is for this reason that, in his death scene, Othello says: ‘For naught I did in hate, but all in honour’ (5. 2. 301) and calls himself ‘An honourable murderer’. Either way, possible flaws like these suggest that Othello’s downfall was his own doing as such traits may have driven him to trust Iago and murder Desdemona, actions which in his anagnorisis led to extreme suffering, and caused him to commit suicide. Alternatively, Othello’s impulsive and passionate nature could also have contributed to his downfall, as this may have been his hamartia.
This would fit the necessary ‘consistency’ outlined by Aristotle, as the same passion and instantaneous response can be found in his reaction to Brabantio in scene 1 as in the later scenes, in his immediate reaction to Iago’s suggestive statements. At first Othello responds calmly: ‘Why dost thou ask? ’But the more evasive Iago is of such questions, the more it riles Othello and Shakespeare uses cosmic imagery when Othello swears such as ‘By heaven, I’ll know thy thoughts’ to demonstrate the value that Othello assigns to Iago’s opinions.
When Iago eventually suggests that Desdemona is dishonest, Othello trusts Iago to ‘Give [him] the ocular proof’ (3. 3. 361), and some critics may argue that this rash decision to trust Iago is proof that Othello is impulsive, causing him to make foolish decisions. It is for this reason that he accepts Iago’s story of Cassio’s dream as the ‘ocular proof’ even though Iago admits ‘’Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream’; Othello immediately reacts: ‘I’ll tear her all to pieces! ’ (3. 3. 433).
Shakespeare then uses dark and malignant imagery to show Othello’s passionate rage with phrases such as ‘Arise black vengeance’ and ‘tyrannous hate! ’ Such imagery would have been significant to an Elizabethan audience, as they considered the colour white to symbolise purity and goodness, whereas black had strong connotations of the devil, evil and uncleanness, thus highlighting the wickedness in Othello’s disposition. Therefore, this can be used as evidence that Othello was only convinced by
Iago’s improbable suggestions because he was led by passion and impulse, being ‘Perplexed in the extreme’ by rage, instinctively trusting Iago. The motif of blood that Shakespeare includes supports this: ‘O, blood, blood, blood! ’ (3. 3. 452) as it has connotations of violence, therefore foreshadowing the violence of the final act, in which the motif is repeated by Desdemona: ‘Some bloody passion shakes your very frame’ showing the connection between Othello’s hamartia and Desdemona’s murder.
On the other hand, it can be argued that Othello’s downfall was not his own doing. In Act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare first suggests that Othello truly doubts Desdemona when he says, ‘And yet how nature erring from itself-’ (3. 3. 229) because he thinks that being white, Desdemona would prefer a white man like Cassio to himself. Such racial insecurities are highlighted in Othello’s character throughout the play, and may be the reason behind the pains that he takes to impress people through his speech and experiences.
However this line implies that Othello’s doubt in Desdemona were the result of racial insecurities, and whilst they could be singular to him, the prejudices that existed against ‘Moors’ in the Elizabethan era, and in the play suggest otherwise. Queen Elizabeth complained in 1601 of the "great numbers of Negars and Blackamoors which are crept into this realm," 1 a feeling also expressed in the play when Othello is condemned as an ‘old black ram’ (1. 1. 89) and a ‘Barbary horse’ (1. 1. 111). Such animalistic metaphors emphasise the low opinion that Elizabethans had of ‘Blackamoors’, which may have been the root of Othello’s downfall.
Similarly, the unconventionality of Othello’s marriage to Desdemona rebelled against Elizabethan ideology, being ‘contrary to nature’ as critic Karen Newman put it, which presented an obstacle in itself. Their marriage broke the natural order causing chaos and consequently, as in most tragedies, this chaotic force had to be destroyed for order to be restored. Such ideals may be evidence that the couple’s ruin was inevitable, as to an Elizabethan audience, they symbolised the unnatural, chaotic force which must be overthrown.
Alternatively, it is equally possible that although Othello had many flaws, it was Iago who acted as a catalyst by exposing them, thus causing Othello’s downfall. Shakespeare frequently alludes to this through recurring motifs which show Iago’s power of corruption, the first of these being poison. For example, when plotting, Iago refers to poison when he says: ‘I’ll pour pestilence into his ear’ (2. 3. 346), and then in the final scene, Lodovico summarises the 3 corpses as ‘poisons sight’, thus demonstrating the link between Iago’s manipulation and the plight of Othello and those around him.
Shakespeare builds upon this manipulation through the motif of turning, as Iago vows to ‘turn her virtue into pitch’ (2. 3. 350), in the same way that Othello turns ‘Turk’ through the metaphor in his final speech, ‘an turbaned Turk... traduced the state... And smote him thus’ (5. 2. 349-52), and is evidence of Iago’s success in turning Othello from a General into an enemy of ‘the state’. Similarly, the black and white imagery of ‘virtue’ and ‘pitch’ is repeated by Othello himself when referring to Desdemona’s reputation: ‘begrimed and black/As mine own face. However, ‘begrimed’ implies that both characters are stained, but as Desdemona is innocent, and Othello’s inherited ethnicity determines his skin colour, the simile could relate to Iago’s manipulation, and the darkness that he has brought upon the couple. This is mirrored by the transformation of Othello’s language: formerly grand verse depicting his former successes becomes sinister and dark, with animalistic imagery of goats, monkeys, toads, and poisonous snakes, and diabolic metaphors for Desdemona such as ‘fair devil’, which liken his language to that of Iago.
These changes are evidence of the vital role of Iago in Othello’s downfall, suggesting that Othello’s flaws, although numerous, may not have been fatal. It is for this reason that the phrase ‘Perplexed in the extreme’ in Othello’s final soliloquy, can take on a double meaning, as although Othello’s passionate emotions of jealousy, rage, and shame clouded his judgement, Iago’s ability to manipulate, which Shakespeare has emphasised through his use of repeated motifs and imagery, could have been the other vital factor.
It was this combination that influenced Othello to make the fatal and mistaken decision that Iago’s suspicions were correct and believe that his honour would be regained if he took vengeance upon Desdemona. Iago was only successful because of Othello’s hidden flaws, but equally Othello’s flaws were deeply buried within him, allowing him to become a General of the Venetian army, proving that they were not fatal, but aroused by skilful manipulators like Iago. 1584 words Bibliography •1 = http://www. suite101. om/content/elizabeth-i-motives-for-expulsion-of-blackamoors-from-london-a248507 •A. C. Bradley (1904) Shakespearian Tragedy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan •Beard & Kent (2008) AQA AS English Literature B, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes •Marian Cox (2003) AS/ A-Level Student Text Guide, Othello, William Shakespeare Oxfordshire: Phillip Allan Updates •http://www2. cnr. edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics. html •http://www. britaininprint. net/shakespeare/study_tools/race. html •William Shakespeare (2003) Othello Edited by Norman Sanders Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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A Man’s Character Is His Fate to What Extent Is Othello’s Own Character?. (2016, Dec 07). Retrieved from https://phdessay.com/a-mans-character-is-his-fate-to-what-extent-is-othellos-own-character-the-cause-of-his-downfall/
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Anger is a normal emotion. We all deal with it differently. Unfortunately, there are a lot of unhealthy coping mechanisms people use when they’re mad. Some people get loud and verbally abusive when they’re angry. Others deal with it more quietly and end up acting out of passive-aggression. Learning to cope with anger healthily can improve your life. By learning to cope with anger, you’ll give yourself space to sort through stressful situations.
Coping With Your Anger is Necessary and Good
Letting your anger control you in recovery is a serious trigger. Anger, when left unchecked, can cause people to act in negative ways. You may go into a rage if you’re not prepared to deal with anger now that you’re sober. Or maybe when you were upset, you used to just go get high and ignore everything. You may feel like you can’t cope with feeling mad at all.
Feeling angry for the first time when you’re sober can be triggering if you’re not sure what you want to do about it. Having a plan to cope with it is a great idea.
Here are five important ways to cope with anger in sobriety:
- Vent it out. You’ll want to talk to your sponsor, therapist, and sober friends about it. Ask them if they will let you vent. Don’t try to get anyone to “take sides” with you. Let them tell you – honestly – what they think about the situation. Take responsibility for your personal actions. It’s time to put on your big kid pants and work toward resolving your situation maturely. It’s okay to get mad – and then get over – your anger.
- Take time to yourself to calm down. Even if you’re in the middle of an argument, you can ask for a time out. Self-regulation is vital in recovery. Recognize the signs that you’re getting angry. Do you start to tremble or clench your fist? Can you feel your face warming up? Ask for some time to collect some thoughts, and return to the conversation. Go for a walk, or go to a private room, and do something soothing like listening to calming music. And return to the conversation again when you have calmed down.
- Learn meditation. On your own, with your computer, you can learn and practice mediation techniques. Use these techniques before you enter into stressful situations. You can also use them to calm down when you’re angry.
- Use apps to help yourself with your anger. There are some great apps for anger management. For example, AIMS is an app for anger management that was created for people in the military, but the methods in the app can help almost anyone cope in healthier ways with their anger.
- Think before you speak. Listen to the feelings the other person is expressing. Do not interrupt. Think about what is being said to you and the best way to respond. If a person is angry with you, you may want just to consider answering them back quickly and walking away. Or maybe you want to sit down with this person and have a heart-to-heart. You can probably empathize with the reason they are angry. If so, you can discuss ways to change the situation that benefit both parties.
Anger isn’t a pleasant emotion. It’s not fun feeling it. But acting out in unhealthy ways can often leave you with regret. It’s also important to realize anger is typically a secondary emotion. People usually are more than just angry. Underneath their anger, there may be other emotions.
You may be angry because you’re scared. You may be mad because your feelings were hurt. Situations that involve love and relationships can have times where there’s intense anger due to other factors such as guilt, trauma from the past, etc.
Family therapy can be so beneficial to people who are newly sober or have been sober for years. Emotions are a tricky business, and everyone can benefit from more coping skills and better communication skills.
Are you a professional who works in recovery? The Society of Addiction Recovery Residences is an alliance of sober homes and addiction professionals who work together to set the highest standards in the industry. We have free networking meetings and training online for the duration of the COVID-19 crisis.
To learn more about our organization or find a sober home, please browse our website or call us at 619-828-2001.
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Illustrated by a case study of melting sulfur
Sulfuric acid is the key chemical used in the production process of wet phosphoric acid. That is why the production of sulfuric acid in the vicinity of the phosphoric acid plant offers many advantages. Not only does it reduce transport costs, but the nearby production of sulfuric acid, which is an exothermal process, allows the residual thermal energy to be used for the manufacture of concentrated phosphoric acid. The steam generated is fed to the heat exchanger located within the concentration unit of the phosphoric plant.
In this article, Patrik Kolmodin at Sulzer explains how agitators for the chemical industry can be optimized. The article includes a case study on melting elementary sulfur, subsequently to be used in phosphoric acid production.
Agitators in the chemical industry
In capital-intensive industries with high focus on productivity and uptime, it is easy to stick to old truths. But that does not mean that something that has worked for many years would be the best design now, or in the future. A common approach for agitators in the chemical industry is it-is-working- now-so-do-not-touch-it principle. This is caused by the fear of malfunctioning processes and is often a result of poor knowledge and the belief that the current process equipment always comes with the lowest risk. There are, however, great opportunities to save both operational and capital costs and even increase reliability without jeopardizing process performance.
Agitators need to have a flexible design to suit various tank sizes and shapes. It is also important to adapt the agitation intensity to the process needs. Unlike pumps, it is not possible to select an agitator based on t flow and head. Instead, the agitation must be quantified in other ways to manage the process. This often leads to misunderstandings, oversizing and costly investments. When designing an agitator, the most common mistakes are:
- Not getting the right agitation intensity
- Replicating existing agitator design
- Poor input data
- Poor evaluation of the energy costs
- Mechanical design – heavy-duty or light-duty design?
Most people have some intuitive idea of mixing and blending processes. For example, the infusion from tea leaves will remain near the bottom of a cup of hot water until it is stirred. Just a small amount of stirring will blend the mixture. Continued stirring will not improve the blend.
There are many processes in the chemical industries that require agitators. Contrary to the way in which we blend tea, many agitators mix too much and at too high intensity, without achieving a better result.
For quantifying, Sulzer uses methods such as the degree of agitation, which is based on the liquid velocity at the surface of the tank. This is a very powerful design method for many types of processes, different rheologies, and different tank shapes. It also takes more efficient hydraulics into account. Other less good dimensioning tools are for example power per volume, using W/m3. This is a poor dimensioning principle which is neither good for scaling, nor does it take more efficient hydraulics into account.
Another method is to use the impeller pumping capacity. This method can be difficult as well because suppliers have different measuring methods and – not least – it depends on the impeller diameter and rotational speed. A large, slow-running impeller will generate a higher pumping capacity at the impeller than a smaller impeller running at a higher speed, while the overall agitation level may still be the same. In addition, the impeller pumping capacity does not consider the pumping direction.
When targeting a certain agitation level, it is important to understand that a small increase in the agitation level may result in a much higher power consumption, because the power need increases exponentially with the degree of agitation. An increase in the degree of agitation from 8 up to 10 may double the power consumption, but the agitation intensity only increases by 25%.
Too strong agitation?
Mixing a cup of tea intensively for ten minutes will not do much harm; it will still be a properly blended cup of tea ─ although a bit colder. In an industrial process, the implications of overmixing are more serious. First, the power consumption will be higher than needed and will increase the overall energy bill unnecessarily. A higher motor power will also result in a heavier agitator design. This will increase the investment cost, not only because of the agitator itself, but a higher weight will also require a more robust tank support. Furthermore, the higher the agitation intensity in the tank, the more vibrations might occur, as well as more load on the blades, shaft, bearings, drive unit, and motor. Particularly for suspensions, there will be more wear, causing shorter equipment lifetime. All in all, these issues may result in a short lifetime or even in costly, unplanned shutdowns.
Venturing outside the comfort zone
In a demanding industry where uptime and reliability are key factors, the easy way is to continue with existing and proven technology. This is not the best way to utilize technology development such as efficient hydraulics, new design tools and higher reliability. In the fertilizer industry, Sulzer frequently receives agitator enquiries specifying identical copies of old existing designs with too high power, poor hydraulics, and oversized equipment. If we offer an efficient design with lower power consumption and thereby lower installed weight instead, not only can the operating cost be reduced, but also a longer lifetime and higher reliability can be achieved.
It may indeed be scary to venture outside the comfort zone, but if you dare to, longer-term benefits from lower energy cost and higher reliability will be achieved.
How much agitation is needed?
Good enough would be fine! The challenge in designing agitators is that what is “good enough” for one may be different for another. There are basically three things we must know to make a good agitator design:
- The tank shape. This also includes the agitator mounting height.
- The process. What is the application or how much intensity is needed?
- The media. For example, for mineral suspensions, it is important to specify parameters of the solids, such as the particle density and the size distribution, the liquid properties, and a process description.
These three simple rules will allow good selections, even though not necessarily according to the original expectations.
Adapt to the prevailing conditions
Agitators are used for several industrial processes, including purposes other than just mixing. These can be blending liquids, keeping solids in suspension, heat transfer, leaching, dispersion, emulsifying and dissolving.
In the fertilizer industry, it is important to adapt not only the agitation intensity, but also the mechanical design of the agitator to the process. Parameters such as reliability and criticality of the process must be considered, as well as the local site conditions.
For lighter applications, agitators can be of a leaner design. This can, for example, mean a drive unit with a gearbox only, lighter shafts and propellers and the use of a bottom bearing, which may require regular service. A heavy-duty design can include a separate agitator bearing, a high gearbox service factor, a stronger mechanical construction, and free-hanging shafts where the agitator runs safely outside the critical speed interval.
Heavy-duty designs are needed in critical applications, tanks with violent agitation, rock slurries, erosive and/or aggressive media and when running the lowest impeller through the liquid level. Lighter applications can be applied to the storage of clean liquids, slurries with small particles at a low solids content and light-weight chemicals.
A more expensive agitator of a heavy-duty design can help avoid costly shutdowns and reduce the maintenance cost. A lighter design is, however, sufficient for many applications, still achieving long lifetime but with a lower construction weight. Agitators are machines that usually operate at a low rotational speed. A correctly designed agitator will have a longer lifetime and need fewer spare parts than, for example, a pump. Therefore, the application and criticality must be considered when selecting the agitator. Sometimes additional mechanical margins are needed, sometimes not. High margins will lead to a higher investment cost.
The manufacture of sulfuric acid from solid sulfur starts with producing molten sulfur. The granules are melted in specifically designed equipment. The molten sulfur is then filtrated and conveyed to the sulfur burner. It is highly important to work with reliable equipment from the very beginning of the process. Any issue in the very first step of the process may have significant consequences on the whole fertilizer complex. Proper melting of sulfur requires well-performing agitating equipment.
A client had an expansion project which included two sulfur melters. The heat transfer through heating coils was extremely important to manage the process. In addition, cold winters and hot summers caused challenging ambient conditions. It was specified that the agitator should have a 200-kW motor to drive pitch blade turbines.
Rather than just following the specification, Sulzer wanted to fully understand the process and the conditions to propose the best technical solution. The Scaba SHP hydrofoil propeller was calculated to provide more agitation than a pitch blade turbine and would generate higher velocities and better heat transfer. Sulzer concluded that a 132-kW motor was enough, thanks to the highly efficient hydrofoil impellers.
During the engineering phase, Sulzer evaluated two options, 132 and 200 kW. The velocities inside the tank and locally at the heating coils were examined in a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study. The average flow velocity in the tank would increase by 11% with 200 kW, while the local velocity at the heating coils would be only 4% higher versus the 132 kW. This illustrates how much more motor capacity is needed to achieve a higher velocity.
Sulzer supplied two agitators of type Scaba 240FVPT-Sff with hydrofoil SHP impellers to the customer. The agitators were equipped with variable frequency drives for lower operating cost. The agitators are running at the rate of 132 kW or lower, while the actual installed motor is 200 kW, only as capacity reserve for extremely cold days. The power saving resulted in annual energy savings of approximately 20’000 euros.
Due to the critical application and the demanding site conditions, these agitators are of heavy-duty design. The ambient temperature spans from -47 to +40°C, which required special precautions for the drive unit and the motor. The agitators are equipped with an industrial gearbox with both heaters and coolers. The wetted parts are made of standard stainless steel, 316L or duplex stainless steel for critical parts where higher strength is required. The gas phase inside the tank can be aggressive, and the parts exposed to gas are made in 904L with additional rubber lining on top for extra security.
This project summarizes some important points when designing an agitator for the chemical industry:
- The agitator is designed with the correct agitation level. Neither too much nor too little.
- It was not only engineered to fulfill the enquiry, but to be better.
- Substantial energy savings were considered during the evaluation.
- This is a critical position and the conditions are severe. The agitator must therefore be of heavy-duty design.
Sulzer is a global leader in fluid engineering. We specialize in pumping, agitation, mixing and separation technologies for fluids of all types. Our customers benefit from our commitment to innovation, performance and quality and from our responsive network of 180 world-class production facilities and service centers across the globe. Sulzer has been headquartered in Winterthur, Switzerland, since 1834. In 2020, our 15’000 employees delivered revenues of CHF 3.3 billion. Our shares are traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange (SIX: SUN). The Flow Equipment division specializes in pumping solutions specifically engineered for the processes of our customers. We provide pumps, agitators, compressors, grinders and screens developed through intensive research and development in fluid dynamics and advanced materials. We are a market leader in pumping solutions for water, oil and gas, power, chemicals and most industrial segments.
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- 900 years of Klosterneuburg Abbey
- Abbey St Severin
- Benedictine Monastery Chantelle
- Benedictine Monastery Beuron
- Floral art
- Damascus steel
- The Grieser Klosteranger
- Ceramics from Maria Laach
- Kloster Neustift
- Königsmünster Monastery Bakery
- Monastery apiary
- Monastic work
- Food from Plankstetten
- Provencal olive oils
- Wines from Pforta Monastery
Gutes aus Klöstern
Damascus steel. Myth and technology
Iron - mhd. isen; comparable with Celt. isara "strong," got. eisarn and aiz, lat. aes "ore" - is a chemical element with the element symbol Fe (lat. ferrum,). The first verifiable use of iron is found around 4,000 BC in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It was probably solid "other-worldly" iron from meteorite impacts. The term "steel" further refers to a mixture of iron with carbon. This alloyed material had already been produced in the Near East since 1,000 BC. By the 6th century B.C., knowledge of smelting iron ore had spread throughout Europe. This meant that harder steel replaced bronze, and tools made from this material improved food production for the growing population.
The "turf" ore was quarried in various deposits just a few centimeters below ground and smelted in small blast furnaces. Charcoal was needed to generate the heat, and some forests were certainly cleared for this purpose. The pig iron produced had different qualities, depending on the ore and the location. Some types were soft and elastic, while other slugs - as the iron from the prehistoric racing furnace is called - were hard but susceptible to fracture. It was in these times that the process of layer folding was developed.
To refine the quality of the rather uneven pig iron, the material was "kneaded" and a "puff pastry" of steels with different properties was created. In this way, the blacksmith succeeded in combining diverse material properties such as high hardness with great elasticity via a layer system. Weapons made in this way were extraordinarily costly, but in use they ensured the victory of the one who wielded them. It is not for nothing that even the names of the famous blades are handed down: Mimung or Excalibur.
Damascus steel products
Damascus steel production
As was customary in earlier crafts, the manufacturing know-how was passed on confidentially so that the secrets of the trade and the often long years of experience would not fall into the hands of competitors. Thus, in the myth of Wieland, the blacksmith in the Thidreks saga, the trade secrets are passed on in pictures. According to it, the blacksmith feeds iron filings mixed with wheat meal to geese and makes a new, even sharper sword from the dung. The metal had absorbed nitrogen from the goose droppings. In the modern language of blacksmiths, this is hardening by nitriding. Similarly, it can be understood that the swords were hardened in blood, among other things, because the organic components of carbon and nitrogen correspond to the surface hardening of carbo-nitriding. "Damascus steel" or "Damascus" for short, the fire-welded folded laminated steel, probably got its name after the city of Damascus in Asia Minor, where there were important workshops for this weapon steel or where the valuable material was traded. In the history of mankind, blacksmiths were part of the armament industry. If one wanted to conquer a conquered country in the long run, just this professional group was led into foreign countries to break the resistance. We already read this in the Bible about the king of Babylon: "From all Jerusalem he carried off all the nobles and all the men fit for military service, including all the blacksmiths and locksmiths." (2 Kgs 24:14-16). A monastery blacksmith store cannot be an armor store! Therefore, we have developed a special damask profile in our workshop. Based on the mythical fascination of the material, we develop utility and jewelry objects that elevate the ordinariness of the object into a special dimension. The focus is on the unique product, its wonderful radiance and the iridescent surface structure - the trademark of genuine, fire-welded damascus steel. P. Abraham OSB Head of the Königsmünster Forge, Meschede
Damascus steel consists of different types of steel. What looks completely the same from the outside is distinguished on the basis of different material properties. In general, damascus steel consists of soft and hard steels. Which steels can be welded is the product of a long series of research and trial and error.
Damascus is a composite steel at the atomic level. The strength of the bond is shown, among other things, by the fact that the material can be further forged plastically without breaking away from each other. The welded stack of layers is twisted into a spiral in the red-hot state. This creates the expressive pattern of torsion damask.
To fix the weld package, the various flat steels are welded together at the ends to form a tight package. In the past, it was wrapped with iron wire, but today we use electric welding.
Once the base material has been welded as a material, the next step is to shape the material into the form of the object. Different techniques can be used depending on the size of the series and the complexity of the final shape.
This technique prevents breaking apart in the forge fire and guarantees the lively but uniform structure.
Damascus is an extraordinarily tough and hard material, as the properties of the basic steels indicate.
Now comes the actual process of forging. The different steels are compressed by powerful hammer blows, and the surface oxides spray out of the layer pack like sparks. Whereas the first mechanical hammers used to be driven by water power, we now have an air hammer built in 1958.
Careful final polishing with chalk gives the damask its unforgettable shimmer; the pattern comes out clearly in the surface. Even if industrially sintered, stainless products are offered under the name "Damasteel", real, fire-welded Damast will always tarnish and require careful maintenance.
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APR 131 - Electrical Principles/Residential Wiring
Designed for Oregon state-recognized apprentices employed in a trade or industry-related occupation. This course is the second term of the first year of general journeyman inside wire electrician program. Course content will cover basic AC theory, series/parallel circuits, mathematical formulas, conduit bending, use of test equipment, and applicable references to the National Electrical code.
Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to:
1. Demonstrate a base understanding of the OHM’s Law.
2. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the ability to identify characteristics of series and parallel circuits.
3. Demonstrate a knowledge of residential wiring.
4. Understand the concepts of Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and Kirchiov’s Law.
5. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the National Electrical Code.
Add to Portfolio (opens a new window)
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The Stress Bucket – How we manage stress
April 9, 2021
As part of Stress Awareness Month we wanted to help you to understand how we manage stress.
We can view the way we manage stress like a tap and bucket, with the tap being the things that create stress and the bucket being our ability to carry and cope with stress.
Stress is a normal part of life and it’s not always bad, we need a certain level of stress to encourage us to take action and get things done.
However, if there are too many stressors in our life and we don’t have effective coping strategies in place, our stress levels can become harmful, making us feel overwhelmed and like we’re about to ‘burst’.
Stress is a normal part of life – we can view the way we manage stress like a tap and bucket, the tap being the things that create stress and the bucket being our ability to carry stress.
Some stress can be good and some can be bad, but both take up space in our Stress Bucket!
There may be times when the amount of demands/stressors that we’re experiencing fills our bucket to a level that is harmful, and can eventually cause us to feel overwhelmed and like we’re about to ‘burst’.
Coping abilities/strategies help us to let go of the unnecessary stressors that fill up our bucket.
It’s important to remember that we can’t flush everything out of our Stress Bucket – we need to be able to tolerate a certain level of stress.
Some coping strategies are less effective at helping us to deal with stress, and although these strategies might provide some temporary relief (such as comfort eating), they aren’t healthy in the longer-term.
Healthy coping strategies help us to keep our stress at a manageable level over the long-term – some healthy strategies are: rest and relaxation, talking to someone you trust, or doing something you enjoy (i.e. exercise or art).
If you do find that your stress-levels reach a point where you feel overwhelmed and are struggling to cope on your own, this is when it’s important to communicate and seek support.
Take some time to think about the good and bad sources of stress in your life – doing this helps us to identify and prioritise the stressors we can control, to manage how much stress we’re placing on ourselves. You can also think about what coping strategies you might use, are these effective in helping to relieve stress, or might they actually be creating more stress?
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Several products claim to be fat free, low fat or wholegrain but are these choices the healthiest?
Not necessarily, they can still be laden with sugar, additives, preservatives or potential allergens. Not all fats are bad, some are important to maintain a healthy body. Sometimes, the products that are marketed as health foods are the worst culprits for trans-fats, sugars and salt.
Catering food safety isn’t just a matter of avoiding cross contamination or cooking, reheating and chilling correctly. Knowing about the ingredients and products you stock, use and sell is a vital step towards offering your client base the best possible catering food safety and health options.
Always do some research to establish how healthy items are and which should be avoided for the consumers benefit. Taking food safety courses with a leading training firm like Food Alert is highly recommended to maximise catering and health and safety potential.
Food safety courses:
- CIEH Food Safety Awareness.
- Food Safety Induction Course.
- CIEH level 1 Food Safety Course.
- CIEH level 2 Food Safety Course.
- CIEH level 3 Food Safety Course.
- RSPH level 4 Managing Food Safety Course.
Health and safety training courses:
- Health and safety induction.
- Health and safety awareness.
- Level 2, level 3 and level 4 awards in health and safety in the workplace. (3 and 4 are aimed at management, owners and supervisors.)
- Overview for managers in food safety and health and safety.
- Level 2 in environmental principles.
When we consider fruit and vegetables we instantly think of healthy eating. Whether your establishment uses organic or non-organic, produce should always be washed prior to use; pesticides, manure and soil can carry bacteria which are a serious health and safety risk.
Dried fruits often have sugar added to them during manufacturing. They also retain less minerals and vitamins than fresh products, and cost more.
Be cautious about fruit smoothies, especially mass-produced products, because these can contain sugars, colourings, concentrates or fruit juices which are not as beneficial as the fruit itself. When you add the natural sugar content to the extra sugar the calories mount up.
They may encourage fat storage, the reverse of the consumers intention.
Many gluten free products are perceived as weight loss solutions, rather than as a medical necessity. However, gluten free products rarely contain whole grains, they feature less vitamins and are sugar rich.
Several less expensive brands of cornflakes contain wheat. For gluten intolerant or coeliac consumers, the presence of wheat and gluten is a serious health risk.
When choosing between multigrain and whole grain, always select whole grain because the multigrain often won’t include the whole kernel. The whole grain delivers fibre, vitamins and nutrients. Therefore, although multigrain products sound healthy, their benefits are limited.
The labelling on your products must always be accurate. For a consumer with high blood pressure, stating on a menu that a meal has 1g of salt when it’s 3g is not just irresponsible but could compromise their wellbeing.
Remove risks by gaining information through professional health and safety and food safety courses.
Your Turn To Talk
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Not only can we be mindful about our own emotions and how our actions impact those we care about. We can also be mindful about how our eating and lifestyle habits are impacting the planet and the eco-system. And we must try to be more environmentally sustainable now more than ever – environmental sustainability is the responsible interaction with the environment to avoid further depletion of natural resources and to ensure long-term environmental quality (The Balance Small Business, 2020). Burning fossil fuels and coal, factory farming and deforestation generate greenhouse gasses (CO2, CH4, and N20) that are released and trapped in the atmosphere, which means less solar radiation from the sun can be deflected back into space, so instead the heat is re-radiated, causing the earth to warm. This has depleted natural resources and led to a climate shift resulting in extreme conditions such as forest fires and rising sea levels from melted glaciers. According to the NOAA 2019 Global Climate Summary , “the combined land and ocean temperature has increased at an average rate of 0.07°C per decade since 1880” (Climate.gov, 2020). Fortunately, it isn’t too late to reverse some of the damage. Although changes need to be made by world leaders, there are some things we can do individually to live a more environmentally sustainable lifestyle, they may seem insignificant, but if every person did as many of these suggestions as they could, then that is a step in the right direction.
Just so you know, I am not claiming to be some sort of Greta Thunberg, I know it takes research, practice, and patience. I am still learning how to be more sustainable myself, but I thought it would be useful for you to have this guide on where to start and maybe learn a thing or two along the way.
You’ve probably heard all the “meat is murder” and “eating meat is destroying the planet” phrases before. I’m not here to tell you to turn vegan, yes, following a plant-based diet supposedly causes less harm to the environment than an omnivorous diet – but soy and palm oil cultivation can also destroy wildlife habitats, harm endangered species and produce greenhouse gases. Even though most of this soy is fed to livestock, either way, the Amazon Rainforest is being destroyed at an alarming rate – 20% of the rainforest has been already cut down and scientists predict a further 40% will be destroyed and another 20% will degrade within the next two decades (Small Footprint Family, 2019). So, we see that having fish or meat on your plate isn’t necessarily the problem, it’s about moderation. And we need to consider much more than our diet alone.
I added fish back into my diet a few weeks ago. I was previously vegan, and I thought I would be for the rest of my life, so you could understand I felt hesitant at first. I won’t ramble on about my reasoning, but I decided it was the best decision for my health. My mind was made up once I researched the ways I could add fish back into my diet in a sustainable way. This looked like – only eating fish for 3 or 4 meals per week and eating plant-based the rest of the week. And only buying fish that was labelled ‘MSC certified’. It is important to choose responsibly sourced fish, so you know the fisheries are not overfishing, the fishing activity was managed carefully to ensure other species in the eco-system remained healthy and the fisheries complied with relevant laws (Marine Stewardship Council, 2020). It gets a bit trickier with meat, since factory farming is known to be one of the worse pollutants. But, if you’re adamant to keep meat in your diet, then there are some ways to do it that are slightly sustainable: you could eat less meat per week, have smaller portions of meat, buy from local farms or only buy pasture-raised meat, which means the animals spent their time unconfined and eating vegetation, so they were able to express their natural behaviours (FootPrint, 2020). I’d assume the same would apply to eating eggs and dairy too – moderating consumption, choosing free range / organic and buying from local farms. If your only concern is limiting your carbon footprint or ensuring you aren’t eating tainted meat, then hunting is a plausible option.
Each year, “4.5 tonnes of food waste is thrown away from UK households” (The Guardian, 2020). That’s not even including waste from supermarkets and restaurants. Considering all the people living on the streets or who cannot afford food, you’d think we would be more conscious about what we throw away, but that’s a whole other topic we don’t need to get into right now.
There are many ways in which we can personally limit our food waste and how supermarkets and restaurants can do the same. Such as, buying products from supermarkets that will be thrown away the next day or eating food at home after the best before date – remember the ‘use by’ and ‘best before’ dates are different. The best before date is only a rough guide but the use by date is shown on food that shouldn’t be eaten past this date for health and safety reasons e.g. meat. But, even some products that surpass the use by date are still perfectly safe to eat e.g. certain fruit, vegetables, and pastries, which means a lot of the food that supermarkets throw away is still edible. More than 10 million tonnes of food and drink are wasted every year in the UK. Despite efforts to decrease this amount through donating food surplus – the number is still off the scales. Supermarkets need to ensure ALL edible food is donated to food banks and homeless people. They could even stock surplus food on the shelves for customers to take for free. There are many great apps which can help limit this issue as well. For example, ‘Too Good To Go’, which allows cafés and restaurants to sell their surplus produce at a discount price. And Olio, an app which helps connect neighbours and retailers, so surplus food can be shared and not wasted – you can often trade with people and get items for free.
Another way we can limit food waste within our home, is meal planning. Only buying the food you need and prepping for the week is a good way to use up everything you bought to ensure nothing is wasted. If you find yourself with spare items in your fridge that you don’t know how to use, you can just throw it altogether to make a soup or casserole. You could even give the items that are safe for animals, to your dog or cat (but make sure to research beforehand) or give leftovers to a friend or family member if you made too much.
Composting is also a great way to recycle your food scraps whilst benefiting the environment – it minimises methane emissions that would have been produced if it were buried in landfills (Primary Industries and Regional Development, 2018). It also acts as a fertiliser, which is useful for those who enjoy gardening. It’s really simple and easy for beginners, all you need to do is create a pile full of equal parts ‘brown’ materials (carbon) and ‘green’ materials (nitrogen). You’ll also need water but it shouldn’t be too wet or too dry (Better Homes & Gardens, 2020). There are plenty of how-to videos and articles online to act as a guide. But, I’ve added a guide to help down below. It’s something that I would like to start myself as well.
Photo credit: urbanfoodgarden.org
“8 million tonnes of plastic enter the sea every year, enough to circle the world 4 times. This plastic pollutes beaches, kills marine wildlife, and degrades into microplastics that enter our food chain. And without big action, by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the ocean” – (Turning The Tide on Plastic, Lucy Siegle 2018)
So, what can we do about it?
If you want to decrease the plastic usage in your life, first you need to assess how much plastic you are currently using. If you are one of those people living in blissful ignorance and the idea hasn’t even crossed your mind yet. That’s fine. At least you’re here now. Go take a look around your house or flat and see what you can find – keep an eye out for plastic bottles, wrappers on food, magazines, and toiletry packets. Once you are aware of how much plastic you’re using, it would be useful to write it down and see how often you buy these items. If you haven’t already, you could start by creating a box for recycling your household items, it usually tells you on the packaging whether you can recycle it or not. Or create a new purpose for the things you cannot recycle. Next, think about some replacements you could make for something more sustainable. For example, buying biodegradable wipes, choosing toiletries without microbeads in, opting for bamboo toothbrushes and earbuds, reusable water bottles, straws and coffee cups, glass tupperware, soap bars instead of shower gel, cotton bags for shopping and buying your fruit and vegetables without plastic wrappers. Then try to think on a wider scale – limit ordering food or clothes online to avoid packaging (or order from places where you know they use cardboard / paper packaging) buy in bulk when you shop, grow your own vegetables, take containers to fish and meat butcheries, shop at markets that sell loose items, which is a good way to support small local businesses too. I could go on and on, but you get it by now.
It may seem a bit excessive and you may have items you couldn’t possibly think of giving up. But, this is merely a list of examples, it’s all about starting small. Buy that reusable water bottle. Start recycling if you didn’t already. And then work your way up. A plastic-free life is almost impossible to stick to all of the time, but it’s important to do something at least. You may find it harder if you’re a parent, living with people who don’t share the same values as you, or you’re just clueless when it comes to this sort of stuff. But, speak to your family, research those alternatives, do something now if you care about the future of the planet.
What can UK citizens and the government do as a whole?
Decrease or ban plastic packaging and bags from supermarkets, have a bottle deposit system, beach clean-ups, ensuring all contents of recycling bins are actually recycled, create stricter policy, use plastic in innovative ways i.e. fashion – Adidas made shoes out of ocean plastic in 2018, put pressure on the government through activism and support plastic / waste free businesses.
Other – cosmetics, fashion, and transport etc.
Wait, there’s more? Yes indeed.
It is also important that we are conscious of the cosmetics products we are buying and using such as makeup, shampoo, aerosols, toothpaste, moisturiser, sun lotion, nail polish and soap etc. A lot of the items you use daily include ingredients that bleach coral reefs, pollute the earth, contribute to deforestation and are toxic to aquatic animals (they end up in the ocean after we wash our face, hands or take a shower for example).
Here are some ingredients to avoid if you are wanting to be eco-friendly with your regime (plus some natural alternatives):
- Exfoliating microbeads (made from polyethylene – plastic particles). Used in face wash, body wash and toothpaste. They are toxic to marine life as they don’t degrade or dissolve – using coffee, rolled oats or brown sugar to exfoliate would be a better alternative.
- Silicones – used in moisturiser, hair products and anti-ageing creams (large amounts were found in Nordic regions and detectable amounts were found inside fish, which means it could be contaminating the fish we eat)
- BHA/BHT – Synthetic antioxidants used as preservatives in lipsticks and moisturisers, among other cosmetics. They are also widely used as food preservatives. Known to be toxic to aquatic life and have a high potential to bioaccumulate (David Suzuki Foundation, 2020). Rosemary extract is a good replacement.
- Octinoxate Oxybenzone, plus many more chemicals used in sunscreen, which results in coral bleaching. You can find a list here: https://stream2sea.com/ingredients-to-avoid/ Opt for “reef safe” labelled brands instead – Nivea is an affordable option.
- Palm oil – used in everything, from your pizza to your shampoo. It’s a major driver of deforestation – destroying the habitats of already endangered species such as the Orangutan, pygmy elephant and Sumatran rhino (WWF, 2020). Choose ethically sourced palm oil or coconut oil instead.
- Mineral oil / liquid parrafin, and petroleum jelly – found in a lot of products such as baby oil, Vaseline, eczema cream, candles and lip balm. Extracting oil destroys habitats, burning petroluem creates CO2 and mineral oil pollutes drinking water and kills marine life (opt for castor oil, shea butter and soy wax instead)
- Volatile Organic Components – cigarette smoke, aerosol sprays, air freshener, repellents & pesticides, permanent markers – and many other solvents. They produce fine particles that play a significant role in polluting the earth and forming a ground level ozone layer. Limit buying and using these products, choose biogenic options or create natural alternatives for household cleaners.
- Parfum (fragrance) is a type of phthalate – it is toxic to marine life and disrupts our hormones (opt for rose water, lavender essential oil or fragrance-free products, which are also better options for your hair and skin.
- Triclosan – found in hand sanitizer, laundry detergent and deodrant etc. When these are washed down the sink, they can change the biochemistry of fish and other aquatic life – also causes pollution when released into the air. Opt for roll-on instead and use brands that are trisoclan-free, such as Faith in Nature. You can make natural detergent and cleaners from ingredients such as: lemon and tea tree essential oil, apple cider vinegar and baking soda.
I know that was a lot to take in. As I said earlier, it’s all about starting small. It’s difficult to find affordable products that contain no harsh chemicals because even some brands labelled as “natural” contain parfum, silicone or mineral oil. So, ‘natural’ doesn’t necessarily mean better – remember to read the ingredient list to make sure (tip: the ingredients are listed in order of percentage, so the first listed ingredient is what the product contains the most of and the last ingredient listed is what the product has the least of). A great place to start for affordable natural skin and hair care would be Lush, The Body Shop, Botanicals, Noughty, The Ordinary, Faith in Nature, Milk Makeup and Original Source – or DIY your own products from natural ingredients.
Ah, fast fashion. The root of all evil. Well, that’s a bit far, but you get what I’m trying to say. We are all obsessed with buying the latest trends – we didn’t even take a second to consider the impact it’s having on the environment, next thing we know, our wardrobe is full to the brim with clothes we don’t even wear and we are throwing away tops by the dozen. If you didn’t know, fast fashion is “inexpensive clothing produced rapidly by mass-market retailers in response to the latest trends”, so think of your high street stores. We are all guilty of this, I used to be a bit of a shopaholic myself due to my love for fashion and styling. Even though, I enjoyed buying second-hand clothes from charity stores (for the vintage bargains) and always donated / sold my old clothes. Sometimes, I’d overindulge, and buy clothes I didn’t even need or want. But, recently I had a massive wardrobe clear-out. So, my goal from now on is to only buy items I really need, choose second hand as my first option and avoid buying clothes from stores such as Primark – the materials are cheap and synthetic (polyester, acrylic and nylon), which are non-durable and bad for the environment.
The global fashion industry generates a lot of greenhouse gases during the production, manufacturing and transporting processes. For example, burning fossil fuels for synthetic fibres, cutting down forests to grow wood-based materials like rayon, viscose and modal, degradation of soil through overgrazing of sheep raised for wool and the massive use of chemicals to grow cotton. The list goes on. Each year, around £140 million worth of clothing is thrown into landfills, taking 200 plus years to decompose and simultaneously emitting a harmful greenhouse gas emission called methane (WRAP, 2018).
But, here are some ways to be more sustainable with your fashion:
- Research & check labels
- Buy second hand or choose vintage
- Sell unwanted clothes on Etsy / Depop
- Donate old clothes to charity or friends
- Learn how to repair your clothes or turn them into something new (DIY)
- Choose ethically sourced and organic materials – support sustainable brands
- Invest in good quality clothes and shoes that will last
- Only buy clothes that you need (ask yourself how often you will wear it before you buy)
- Trans-seasonal clothing that you can wear all year round
(Bazaar – Amy De Klerk, 2020)
Transporation & Energy Usage
Another major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions is transport, even though the number has slowly decreased each year since 1990, “UK net emissions of carbon dioxide were estimated to be an astonishing 351.5 million tonnes in 2019” (National Statistics, 2019). The government has promised to reach net-zero emissions by the end of 2050 –
But, what can we do to lower these emissions and save energy within our homes?
- Consider driving less – choose walking, cycling or public transport if and when possible (or buy an electric, hybrid or energy-efficient car).
- Try to conserve water & use less hot water – turn off the tap whilst brushing your teeth, cut down shower time or buy a low-flow shower head, fill up your sink when washing dishes, only do full loads of laundry, wash clothes on a colder temperature and use a timer for your hot water heater.
- Efficient energy sources – energy-saving bulbs, LED lights, solar panels, programmable thermostat, dimmer switches, ceiling fan instead of air conditioning and energy STAR appliances (help cut electricity costs long-term).
- Energy Conservation – hanging laundry out to dry, only putting cooled food in the fridge, use lids when cooking, wash dishes by hand, insulate your home properly and use more blankets during winter – and finally, always remember to turn off lights & unplug sockets when not in use, as most appliances drain energy even when you aren’t using them.
- Choose non-stop flights when flying, because landing and taking off requires more fuel and therefore creates more emissions. Avoid flying business class (the larger the business class area, the less economy seats there are – so, less people on the flight creates a higher carbon contribution per person). Airline companies should also scratch ‘Frequent Flier Programs’, as they encourage people to fly more. And improve engine and fuel efficiency.
- Become more politically active – vote, petitions, protests.
I know it’s unlikely you are going to pop out to buy some solar panels and an electric car. I know some people have no option but to drive to work because of how far they live, buy connecting flights because they are cheaper or use more electricity due to living with more people. That’s understandable. But, there is no excuse when it comes to conserving water, turning off light switches, unplugging sockets and small alterations you can make when cooking and washing up. Everyone can do this. So, it’s time to stop making excuses. And I’m talking to myself too. I’ve learned a lot just by writing this and it’s opened my eyes to the changes I need to make. I hope you will also try to implement a few of the things we’ve discussed today, into your life, so we can both reduce our carbon footprint, conserve our planet and oceans for the future and reverse some of the damage that’s already been done.
What an informative, easy to understand and motivational read. Thank you for the helpful suggestions! I will definitely be trying to implement these into my daily life thanks to this push.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thank you very much! I’m glad to hear that 😁
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A muffin tin is a favorite and versatile teaching aid for many itinerant teachers. A six-count muffin tin is a simple replica of the six-dot braille cell, and the twelve and twenty-four count tins provide a contained space to place, sort, hold and locate small items in an organized way that encourages systematic scanning. Here are a few simple ideas for ways to “play” with a muffin tin while also teaching and reinforcing many skill areas.
A half-dozen muffin pan can be used with tennis balls to teach the position of dots in the braille cell. The braille cell is made up of six dots, and different combinations of dots represent different letters. You can add or take away balls to represent different letters.
Can you use the braille chart to make all the letters of the alphabet using your muffin tin and tennis balls?
Collect a box of odds and ends with interesting sensory qualities and see how you can explore and sort them using your senses. Highlight descriptive vocabulary words to increase your child’s ability to communicate about her/his experiences (e.g., rough, fragrant). You can even make a muffin tin graph.
Use a 12 cup muffin tin and play the game “What did you find?” using directions.
For example, ask your child: “What’s in row 3, column 4? Describe it.” OR “Start in the top left hand cup. Move down 2 and to the right 4 cups. Describe it.”
Play with sound using a muffin tin. Use wooden spoons or metal spoons to make music on the muffin tin. Place tin foil, a towel, bubble wrap on the muffin tin and explore how the sound changes when you make music.
At snack or mealtime, place a variety of foods (whatever you are eating as a family) in a muffin tin. Emphasize the initial sound of the word when your child touches it then state the beginning letter. Ie: applesauce starts with “a”.
Check out Phonological Food List for an alphabetical list of foods.
Using a muffin tin, ask your child to place an object in the following positions: top, bottom, under, over, right, left, front, back, in, out.
For example: have your child place an object in any of the middle cups of the muffin tin. Then ask them to place an object to the right of that object and then to the left of that object and so on.
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Stem cells can use same method as plants and insects to protect against virusescell-lavie.com
Researchers have found a vital mechanism, previously thought to have disappeared as mammals evolved, that helps protect mammalian stem cells from RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. The scientists suggest this could one day be exploited in the development of new antiviral treatments.
Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have found a vital mechanism, previously thought to have disappeared as mammals evolved, that helps protect mammalian stem cells from RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus. The scientists suggest this could one day be exploited in the development of new antiviral treatments.
On infecting a host, a virus enters cells in order to replicate. For most cells in mammals the first line of protection are proteins, called interferons. Stem cells, however, lack the ability to trigger an interferon response and there has been uncertainty about how they protect themselves.
In their study, published in Science today (8 July) the scientists analysed genetic material from mouse stem cells and found it contains instructions to build a protein, named antiviral Dicer (aviD), which cuts up viral RNA and so prevents RNA viruses from replicating. This form of protection is called RNA interference, which is the method also used by cells in plants and invertebrates.
Caetano Reis e Sousa, author and group leader of the Immunobiology Laboratory at the Crick says, “It’s fascinating to learn how stem cells protect themselves against RNA viruses. The fact this protection is also what plants and invertebrates use suggests it might be something that goes far back in mammalian history, right up to when the evolutionary tree spilt. For some reason, while all mammalian cells possess the innate ability to trigger this process, it seems to only be relied upon by stem cells.
“By learning more about this process, and uncovering the secrets of our immune system we are hoping to open up new possibilities for drug development as we strive to harness our body’s natural ability to fight infection.”
In laboratory experiments which exposed engineered human cells to SARS-CoV-2, the virus infected three times fewer stem cells when aviD was present in the cells compared to when the researchers removed this protein.
The scientists also grew mini brain organoids from mouse embryonic stem cells and found that, when infected with Zika virus, the organoids with aviD grew more quickly and less viral material was produced than in organoids without this protein. Similarly, when organoids were infected with SARS-CoV-2, there were fewer infected stem cells in the organoids with aviD.
Enzo Poirier, author and postdoc in the Immunobiology Laboratory at the Crick says, “Why stem cells use this different mechanism of defence remains a mystery. It might be that the interferon process would cause too much harm to stem cells, so mammals, including humans, have evolved to shield these precious cells from this damage. There is still a lot of uncertainty about how these cells are protected from viruses, which we’re excited to explore further.”
The researchers will continue this work, creating a mouse model which allows them to further study the effects and importance of aviD in mammalian stem cells.
Materials provided by The Francis Crick Institute
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3rd Grade "Home Work Help"
April 2022 | Third Grade Teachers: Ms. Theresa, Ms. Aisa, Ms. Saham, Mr. Joshua, Ms. Elizabeth
During homework help, the third graders are busy bees. They are constantly challenging themselves and discovering new ways to complete their homework tasks. This is also an opportunity for them to work in pairs when they need to do readings.
Following the reading, they ask each other questions to make sure they understand the premise of the book. Working together allows them to build their socialization skills and teamwork.
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