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In stage 1, viral damage is limited to epithelial cells of the nose and mouth, and in stage 2 blood clots that form in the lungs may travel to the brain, leading to stroke. In stage 3, the virus crosses the blood-brain barrier and invades the brain.
“Our major take-home points are that patients with COVID-19 symptoms, such as shortness of breath, headache, or dizziness, may have neurological symptoms that, at the time of hospitalization, might not be noticed or prioritized, or whose neurological symptoms may become apparent only after they leave the hospital,” lead author Majid Fotuhi, MD, PhD, medical director of NeuroGrow Brain Fitness Center in McLean, Va., said.
“Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 should have a neurological evaluation and ideally a brain MRI before leaving the hospital; and, if there are abnormalities, they should follow up with a neurologist in 3-4 months,” said Dr. Fotuhi, who is also affiliate staff at Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore.
The review was published online June 8 in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Wreaks CNS havoc
It has become “increasingly evident” that SARS-CoV-2 can cause neurologic manifestations, including anosmia, seizures, stroke, confusion, encephalopathy, and total paralysis, the authors wrote.
They noted that SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2, which facilitates the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin. After ACE2 has bound to respiratory epithelial cells and then to epithelial cells in blood vessels, SARS-CoV-2 triggers the formation of a “cytokine storm.”
These cytokines, in turn, increase vascular permeability, edema, and widespread inflammation, as well as triggering “hypercoagulation cascades,” which cause small and large blood clots that affect multiple organs.
If SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier, directly entering the brain, it can contribute to demyelination or neurodegeneration.
“We very thoroughly reviewed the literature published between Jan. 1 and May 1, 2020, about neurological issues [in COVID-19] and what I found interesting is that so many neurological things can happen due to a virus which is so small,” said Dr. Fotuhi.
“This virus’ DNA has such limited information, and yet it can wreak havoc on our nervous system because it kicks off such a potent defense system in our body that damages our nervous system,” he said.
- Stage 1: The extent of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptors is limited to the nasal and gustatory epithelial cells, with the cytokine storm remaining “low and controlled.” During this stage, patients may experience smell or taste impairments, but often recover without any interventions.
- Stage 2: A “robust immune response” is activated by the virus, leading to inflammation in the blood vessels, increased hypercoagulability factors, and the formation of blood clots in cerebral arteries and veins. The patient may therefore experience either large or small strokes. Additional stage 2 symptoms include fatigue, hemiplegia, sensory loss, , tetraplegia, , or ataxia.
- Stage 3: The cytokine storm in the blood vessels is so severe that it causes an “explosive inflammatory response” and penetrates the blood-brain barrier, leading to the entry of cytokines, blood components, and viral particles into the brain parenchyma and causing neuronal cell death and encephalitis. This stage can be characterized by seizures, confusion, , coma, loss of consciousness, or death.
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Williams, Beryl. History Today 55. 5 (May 2005): 44-51.
THE CENTENARY OF THE Russian Revolution of 1905 comes as historians are re-evaluating the late tsarist period, and as recently available local archives are throwing new light on the revolutionary year. The term 'revolution' has remained unchallenged, although by most definitions it does not qualify. The monarchy did not fall, and there was little real social or economic change. The political consequences of the October Manifesto issued by Tsar Nicholas II in the light of the uprising fell far short of liberal hopes. Nevertheless the standard work in English, by Professor Ascher, accepts the term, and the year should be seen as a genuine revolution in its own right, not just as a 'dress rehearsal' for 1917. If 'revolution' is defined, as Hannah Arendt defined it, as a spontaneous, popular upheaval, during which new forms of self-government were developed from below, then it certainly qualifies.
The causes of the revolution, however, have been subjected to considerable review. The old assumptions of the inevitability of the collapse of tsarism, and that the rapid growth of industry led to peasant poverty, an agricultural crisis and a revolutionary-minded proletariat, are being challenged. It is now argued that, far from being in crisis, Russian agricultural output was increasing at the end of the nineteenth century, and that peasant rather than landlord agriculture was most productive. The peasantry adapted more successfully to conditions of industrialisation and post-emancipation than had been realized. Peasants were buying and renting land from the nobility, experimenting with new crops, growing wheat for the export market and going into market gardening to supply the expanding towns. Railways enabled easy transport of goods and people, enabling young men to work in the cities. They did not, however, become a full-time proletariat. They retained land in the villages, left their families in the countryside, and sent money home. Ninety-two per cent of Moscow workers still had regular contact with their villages in 1905. There were new opportunities for labour in the new and expanding towns near the coalfields of the Donbass, or the oilfields of the Caucasus.
New wealth, often generated by newly rich industrialists, helped the modernization of cities. Old merchant families, like the Marnontovs, the Morozovs and the Tretyakovs became art patrons, founded museums and art galleries, theatres and public reading-rooms, in Moscow and many provincial towns. The most progressive employers, Russian as well as foreign, provided schools, medical care and subsidized housing for their workers. Such model factories were rare, but they provided the standard by which others, including state-run enterprises, were judged. Merchants, especially in Moscow, served on town councils, and supported various self-improvement schemes for their employees. A nascent civil society and a vibrant cultural scene were developing. Many skilled and literate workers responded to such initiatives, as Jonathan Steinberg has shown for the printing industry, co-operating with employers they deemed to be 'good'. Some employers agreed to workers' demands for improvements to prevent strikes, as in Baku, where, in December 1904, a huge strike in the oilfields led to the first labour contract in Russian history. In some ways this event, rather than Bloody Sunday, should be seen as the real beginning of the revolution.
So, if it is now believed that the Russian economy was growing at the end of the century, how do we explain 1905? Firstly, as de Tocqueville pointed out, revolutions tend to happen at a time of improvement and rapid, and unsettling, social change, rather than at a time of grinding poverty. Moreover overall economic growth did not apply to everyone, or every area, of the huge empire. The central agricultural region and the Volga suffered, compared with the developing south and west. Here peasants were further from new communication routes and over-population was more severe. Debt was still a factor holding back many families, especially if they lacked a surplus of sons to diversify the family income. For some, life got worse not better. Moreover, the old peasant dream of equal repartition, of all land belonging to those that worked it, did not fade. In the rapidly expanding cities many lived in appalling conditions, especially in St Petersburg, which had the reputation of being the most expensive, worst-governed and most unhealthy city in Europe. Exploitation was especially bad in small workshops unaffected by government labour legislation. Nevertheless, an industrial growth rate of 8 or 9 per cent in the 1890s did produce some benefits for the skilled and literate members of the working class, and it changed attitudes and raised expectations.
Above all, depression set in after 1900, causing sharp price rises, reversing wage gains, increasing unemployment, and affecting particularly the new boom towns of the south and west, where the Russo-Japanese war exacerbated the problem, as wheat exports to the Far East stopped. All areas of the economy suffered and all sections of society were disaffected by the regime's refusal to adapt. There were peasant revolts in 1902-03, strikes increased, and the opposition movements became more organized. The Union of Liberation, the Social Democratic party (SDs) and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) were all formed during these years, the SDs splitting into Bolshevik and Menshevik wings in 1903. However few workers before 1905 ever saw a revolutionary. Revolutionary groups functioning in Russia were often composed of students and intellectuals, and were mistrusted by the workers. More successful in getting support were mutual aid schemes, run by workers themselves who came from the same village or area.
Workers also supported government-sponsored schemes of police trade unionism. The Zubatov movement, named after the Moscow police chief who initiated it, was enormously successful in the early years of the twentieth century. Starting in Moscow it spread across the south and west of the empire and gave the workers a legal forum for protest, even occasionally allowing strikes. In towns like Odessa and Vilnius its activists, often ex-revolutionaries (previous members of revolutionary parties attracted by Zubatov), attracted huge crowds, and their programmes explicitly rejected revolutionary or political demands, and expressed loyalty to the Tsar. The very success of the movement worried the government, which closed it down in 1903. An offshoot survived, however, in St Petersburg, where Father George Gapon's Assembly of Russian Working Men was allowed by 1904 to register with the city governor, and given considerable autonomy. At first Gapon was only moderately successful and confined himself to encouraging temperance clubs and self-help organizations. As time went on he became more radical. By the end of 1904, although he rejected the revolutionary parties and remained a firm monarchist, he was out of control of the police. Gapon had a real conviction of his destiny to improve the lot of the Russian working class, and the label 'police spy' was unfair, but he had no political strategy other than a reliance on the Tsar to help him. He seems to have envisioned himself standing with Nicholas II on the balcony of the Winter Palace granting salvation to his followers.
Increasingly, however, the movement became dominated by a secret committee of his 'worker assistants' rather than by Gapon himself. Skilled and literate, these assistants included ex-Marxists, and many of the membership were in fact from the printing and metal working trades, the city's worker aristocracy. Typical of these was Aleksei Karelin, a lithographer and former Social Democrat, and his wife Vera, who was behind the creation of several women's sections, reflecting the fact that women were now 20 per cent of the capital's labour force. Karelin was not the only example of reformist Social Democrats who broke from the party, and got support from workers by sticking primarily to economic rather than political issues. The Shendrikov brothers in Baku, who dominated the labour movement in that town throughout 1905, were expelled from the Bolsheviks in 1904 as 'economists', after refusing to follow Lenin's political strategy.
The march on what became Bloody Sunday, January 9th, 1905 (old style), was sparked by the management of the huge Putilov works sacking four members of Gapon's Association, leading to a strike, which rapidly paralysed a large part of the capital. By January 7th, over 100,000 workers had stopped work across the city. Gapon supported the strike, although he was at first hesitant about the idea to present a petition, seeing this as too political. The membership of the Association more than doubled in the two weeks before January 9th, from about 9,000 to over 20,000. This was at a time when, as they admitted, the revolutionary parties in the capital were tiny. The Bolsheviks had no worker on their St Petersburg committee, and their leaflets were destroyed in the factories. The economic demands presented in the petition were typical of worker demands throughout 1905. They asked for the right to elect permanent representatives in the factories, who could negotiate with employers and participate in decisions on hiring and firing of labour. They also asked for an eight-hour day and increased wages, free medical care and access to education. In a phrase, which was to become common throughout the year, they complained that they were 'not treated as human beings'. In other words they wanted to be addressed by the formal second person plural, they demanded an end to harassment, including sexual harassment, at work and aspired to fair treatment, more equality, dignity and justice, rather than an overthrow of the system as a whole.
The petition also had specific political demands, reflecting the climate of the time. By the end of 1904 the liberal movement was gaining strength. The Union of Liberation, composed primarily of intelligentsia and urban liberals, and the zemstvo movement of liberal landowners, were now openly demanding political reform. The 'banquet' campaigns of November 1904 saw large meetings calling for civil liberties, an amnesty for political prisoners and a democratically elected constituent assembly. Gapon, spurned by the revolutionaries when he at last approached them, turned to the Union of Liberation, who helped to draw up the petition. Workers were aware of the calls for a constitution, even if they did not always know what the word meant. The petition duly called for a democratically elected constituent assembly, and freedom of speech, assembly and the right to form legal trade unions. It was clear that the workers blamed government bureaucrats, as well as employers, for their plight. Nevertheless, although the demands were radical, they were not anti-monarchist and there was nothing socialist about them.
In fact petitions to the Tsar were illegal. Nicholas was in Tsarskoe SeIo, outside the capital, with his family, and was not advised that he should return. No one was empowered to accept the petition. The authorities were, however, well informed of the situation, by Gapon himself, and by a delegation of intellectuals headed by the writer Maxim Gorky and the liberal publicist I.V. Gessen, who tried, but failed, to see the minister of the interior, Prince P.D. Sviatopolk-Mirsky. A meeting of the authorities the night before the march, according to Count V.N. Kokovtsov, the finance minister, did not anticipate trouble, assuming that once Gapon was told the march could not go ahead the crowd would disperse. A last minute order to arrest Gapon was not carried out. The crowd, which assembled that Sunday morning, in their best clothes and accompanied by wives and children, has been estimated at between 50,000 and 100,000. They set off in columns from a variety of points round the city to converge on the square in front of the Winter Palace. Gapon had addressed them with an emotional speech, calling on them to die for freedom if necessary, but whatever the authorities may have thought, they held only icons and pictures of the Tsar, and death was the last thing on their minds.
The police and troops had been told by the minister of the interior to prevent them reaching their goal, and when requests to them to halt were ignored the troops fired. Estimates of the death toll were hugely exaggerated at the time, but the main Soviet source estimated 200 dead and 450-800 injured. Professor Ascher puts it rather lower. Whatever the figures, the impact was enormous, and the outcry, at home and abroad, deafening. The British ambassador wrote home in disgust that a few London policemen could have controlled that crowd, and that the Tsar had missed the best opportunity of his reign. The government quickly realised that it must placate public opinion and the Tsar duly met a small delegation of workers. More importantly a number of commissions were established to investigate labour conditions. One, headed by Kokovtsov, duly proposed concessions, which were not implemented. The other, headed by Senator N.V. Shidlovsky, concentrated on St Petersburg, and, although it never properly met, was to have wide repercussions. Shidlovsky allowed workers in factories in the capital with over a hundred workers to elect their own delegates, who would in turn appoint those to sit on the committee. The workers responded with enormous enthusiasm, seeing this as a response to Gapon's petition. They immediately demanded the reinstatement of Gapon's Assembly, inviolability from arrest for delegates, and press reporting. Shidlovsky regarded their demands as unacceptable and the project was aborted, but the principle of elected representatives at factory level had been established, and many of those elected went on to lead factory committees and soviets later in the year.
As with Gapon the socialist parties at first tried to boycott Shidlovsky, to change their minds as worker enthusiasm became obvious. Revolutionary groups benefited from the events of Bloody Sunday, but not as much as frequently supposed. Gapon had fled abroad after January 9th and was to be assassinated the following year, but workers continued to organize themselves and many remained suspicious of intellectual interference. The immediate response to Bloody Sunday was a wave of strikes and demonstrations across the country. Factory committees formed at enterprise level, and by the summer trade unions were mushrooming everywhere. Worker leaders were often local figures, concentrating on local demands, and, even if members of the main revolutionary parties, were successful only so long as they concentrated on what their membership wanted. They could be former Zubatov activists, anarchists, leaders of existing mutual aid schemes, or nationalists in the minority areas, or merely a local charismatic worker. Demands were economic, often for human rights, or more educational opportunities or pensions, and where calls for a constituent assembly were added, the workers often told their employers to concentrate on the economic requests.
On February 18th, the Tsar ordered A.G. Bulygin, the new minister of internal affairs, to draw up plans for a representative assembly on a very limited franchise, and with a consultative role only. (When the final scheme emerged in August it was obviously far too conservative to have any impact.) He also encouraged petitions to the government with suggestions for reform. The result was a flood of paper, from intellectuals, zemstvos, and, above all, from peasants. The zemstvos, until now seen as the conservative wing of liberalism, veered sharply to the left over 1905, calling for a legislative assembly with male adult suffrage, and civil freedoms. The Union of Unions, a non-party organization, which acted as an umbrella group for the thousands of newly formed trade and professional organizations, and was headed by the future Kadet (Constitutional Democrat) party leader, Paul Milyukov, was created during the petition movement. It had a membership of 100,000 by the late summer. Its policy, and that of the liberals as a whole, was 'no enemies on the left'.
From Bloody Sunday until October all sections of society stood united against the government. Lawyers promised full solidarity, including sanctioning the SR policy of assassinations, with the revolutionaries, to force a constitution; white collar workers formed trade unions and supported a general strike; doctors refused to co-operate with the government over a cholera epidemic, and the Kadets, when the party was founded in October, talked of universal suffrage, and some even called for a republic and votes for women. The Kadets had much popular support, with a radical programme and over 350 local branches by 1906. Schoolchildren came out on strike, and students, when the government made the mistake of closing the universities, acted as messengers for the revolutionary parties. Some landowners even supported peasant revolts. The All Russian Peasant Union, a non-violent body, acted under the patronage of the Imperial Agricultural Society. A few industrialists paid strike pay, formed protective militias of their labour force against so-called 'Black Hundred' mobs, and, occasionally, for example, the textile magnate Sawa Morozov, gave money to revolutionary funds.
Peasant revolt started by the summer, with the peasants, as was clear from their petitions, demanding land, reduction of rents and taxes, and the abolition of redemption payments. Most violent were the peripheries of the empire, especially in the national minority areas. In towns like Tbilisi or Baku or Odessa racial conflict added to class conflict, and could be antisemitic or anti-Armenian or just anti-foreign, and workers organized on national rather than on class lines. The Caucasus was particularly volatile, with the government losing control of major cities and parts of the countryside by the autumn. Guria, in Georgia, influenced, unusually for a rural area, by the Mensheviks, became famous, with the peasants ousting government representatives, refusing to pay taxes and demanding to run their own affairs. The breakdown of law and order and the rise of crime and what contemporaries called 'hooliganism' added to the general disruption. The climax of the year came in October with a general strike, which paralysed the entire country. It started with a printers' strike in Moscow on September 20th, and spread quickly to the capital and to the railway network. On October 13th, St Petersburg created a soviet of workers' deputies, not the first but by far the most important. During the general strike it effectively ran the capital, organising its own militia, bakeries, press and sanitation. With Trotsky as one of its leading lights, it included party members, but was mainly run by worker delegates. By November there were over eighty soviets across the country, including several peasant soviets and three soldier ones. They became effective local governments on a city or district basis, sometimes controlling the railway network around them.
In the midst of this breakdown of authority it was clear that the government had to act. The Tsar would have preferred some form of military dictatorship, but was persuaded by his chief minister Sergei Witte, back from negotiating the peace of Portsmouth with the Japanese, that concessions were necessary. The October Manifesto essentially accepted the main zemstvo demands, a representative assembly with some legislative power, an extension of the Bulygin franchise to include peasants and some workers, although on an indirect voting system, and freedom of speech, religion and association. Above all, and this was the important clause which was to be severely modified when the Duma met the following April, no bill was to become law without Duma consent. As Nicholas recognised, this effectively ended autocracy, although the word 'constitution' was not used. The Manifesto split the united opposition. It was not everything the liberals wanted, but it was seen as enough, and class attitudes increasingly hardened. Celebratory demonstrations took place across the empire, but were often disrupted by right-wing, pro-monarchist, rival marches, leading to violence and often to pogroms. Odessa, which had suffered major antisemitic riots in mid-summer, in the aftermath of the Battleship Potemkin mutiny, saw renewed pogroms in October, together with other southern cities. Peasant revolt merely increased, as the peasants interpreted the document as a licence to seize land.
November and December heightened the revolution, and increased class conflict. On December 2nd, the St Petersburg soviet urged a run on the banks. This failed, but the executive committee was arrested. A call for a new general strike had little impact, but in December a series of armed uprisings occurred throughout the country, the most famous in Moscow, where the Bolsheviks took their only real initiative of the year. It was put down, with great bloodshed, by loyal troops brought in on the only railway line not on strike. Army mutinies also increased, but on the whole the troops remained loyal. In towns across the country soviets took control of their cities, or of workers districts, and declared themselves 'republics', expelling government representatives and declaring autonomy. Novorossisk, Yekaterinoslav, Rostov and others were all under 'people power' for a few days or weeks until the army moved in.
In many ways this demand for autonomy, whether from national minority areas, or from individual towns and districts, was what characterised 1905 as a revolution. As with other 'times of troubles' in Russian history - the mid-seventeenth century, the civil war, or after 1991, the empire fragmented as central power weakened. As the workers of Gapon's assembly had put it in January 1905, 'Russia is too great, its needs too varied and profuse, to be governed by bureaucrats alone. Popular representation is essential. The people must help themselves and govern themselves'. At a local level during 1905 they tried to do so. The central authorities gradually regained control during the following months, but the demands of 1905, and the organizations formed during it, resurfaced twelve years later.17 October 190517 October 1905Blok, "The Twelve" (1917) (selected poetry)Blok, "The Twelve" (1917) (selected poetry)
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Understanding Russia's War on Ukraine through the Holodomor
If you missed out on the 2022 Toronto Annual Ukrainian Famine Lecture, then you’re in luck! Watch the recorded lecture at the link below.
Speaker: Daria Mattingly, University of Cambridge and Leverhulme Early Career Fellow
In her lecture, Dr. Mattingly explored how the Holodomor offers a key to understanding the current war in Ukraine, both from a historical perspective and by revealing parallels in the objectives, methods and outcomes.
The Toronto Annual Ukrainian Famine Lecture was initiated in 1998 and is organized by HREC and co-sponsored by the Centre for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies, University of Toronto; the Canadian Foundation for Ukrainian Studies; the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, Toronto; the Petro Jacyk Program for the Study of Ukraine, University of Toronto; and St. Vladimir Institute (Toronto).
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Inflation is understood as an ongoing loss of purchasing power of money, which is accompanied by an increase in the prices of goods and services. This means that in the future, you can afford less with the same amount of money as today. Therefore, inflation is influenced by increasing money supply, increased demand, and lack of supply. In the European Monetary Area, the European Central Bank (ECB) is responsible for keeping inflation in check. The opposite of inflation is deflation. Here, the price level generally falls.
Do you find the explanation helpful?
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The effective way to lose weight is not by reducing the portion of food, but by consistently living a healthy life. In addition, the more knowledge a person has about how the body works, the more successful the method of diet will be. But this generally applies to people who are quite healthy, have a functioning body metabolism, are normal, and do not experience hormonal problems. To successfully diet and consistently live a healthy life, there are generally a few basic questions you should ask yourself.
Questions to answer to start your diet
When you’re losing weight, you should ask yourself a few simple questions. These questions will help you figure out whether the food will help you in achieving your goals or not.
Below is a list of questions that can be a good start. Study this question and ask yourself regularly, as it will lead you towards weight loss and improve your overall health.
Is the food I eat every day healthy?
This is the most important question because not all the foods you eat contain the same calories. If you eat the wrong foods, you can gain weight and your hormonal changes can mess up.
It is recommended to eat nutritious healthy foods such as fibrous vegetables and fruits, eat whole grains that can keep you full for a long time, and consume enough water.
The healthier the food you eat, the better your body will function, and the better your body will work using calories and metabolizing fat. Reduce processed and packaged foods that can make fat in the body more and more
Am I eating enough protein?
The protein you consume will affect and reduce body fat to build muscle. Consume high-protein foods such as eggs, nuts, lean chicken breast, milk, and fish as part of your daily healthy diet.
Is my sugar consumption excessive?
Eating too many foods that contain sugar can hinder the weight loss process (or even cause weight gain).
Sugar can stop your body from feeling full by inhibiting the hormone Leptin. Leptin is responsible for signaling to the brain that you are full. When the hormone leptin decreases, the body becomes more and more seeking sugar intake, and you tend to eat more sugary foods.
Sugar is not only obtained from sweet foods, excess sugar consumption can be obtained from rice, noodles, or bread which are often used as daily staples.
Am I eating enough vegetables?
Vegetables contain various substances called antioxidants. Plants produce antioxidants to fight free radicals which function to slow down aging and protect healthy cells in your body.
To lose weight, try replacing half your portion of rice with green vegetables. No need to be afraid of hunger, because vegetables contain fiber that can make you full longer and contain vitamins and other important minerals.
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Emerald Ash Borer detected in Moorhead; Fargo on alert
City Forester Scott Liudahl says it was only a matter of time before the pest arrived to the area.
Fargo’s city forester says he has been waiting for this day.
Scott Liudahl says over the past eleven years, the city forestry department has been working on replacing ash trees along Fargo’s boulevards in anticipation the Emerald Ash Borer’s arrival. Emerald Ash Borer, or EAB, is a metallic, coppery green beetle whose larvae destroys ash trees by feeding on layers under the bark that move water and nutrients through the tree. Liudahl says it can take as long as three to seven years to notice an infestation.
EAB was officially detected in a Moorhead neighborhood this week, and Liudahl says the city will be working with both the North Dakota and Minnesota departments of agriculture to determine where any further infestations could be. Liudahl says once the pest is here, it can’t be stopped – but there are things that can slow its spread.
"Don't move firewood, that's number one for moving the pest around, it's the easiest way. Number two is, you know, this is not all gloom and doom - there are a number of insecticides that can be utilized both from a homeowner perspective and from a professional, contractor perspective too. These have been very successfully developed over the last decade where this pest has already been very active to the east of us. So there are things that can be done on a high value ash tree - south side of the house, lots of shade in the summertime - it's something to consider."
Liudahl also says if you do have ash trees on your property, now is a good time to think about replacing them. There are lists of species of trees that thrive in this climate on the City of Fargo’s website. Liudahl says in the past eleven years, the city has reduced its ash tree population along the boulevards from over 40 percent to just under 24 percent – and replacement efforts will continue.
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The open circuit voltage is derived as an explicit function of the carrier concentrations at the junction edges through the concept of the quasi-Fermi-levels. Then, the carrier concentrations, and hence the open circuit voltage is studied as a function of the solar concentration ratio. The limit of the cells with and without back confinement (back surface field), the importance of effective cooling, and the effects of band narrowing and the cell dimensions are examined. Back confinement cells have higher photovoltages and can operate at higher concentration ratios efficiently for a given cooling scheme. A relatively light 10**1**5cm** minus **3 doping is chosen for the sample cells.
|Number of pages||5|
|State||Published - 1 Jan 1978|
|Event||Conf Rec IEEE Photovoltaic Spec Conf 13th - Washington, DC, USA|
Duration: 5 Jun 1978 → 8 Jun 1978
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Violets are the favorite blooming houseplant and the easiest to grow and care for. They bloom carelessly all year when given regular feedings and good bright light.
Violets must have 10-12 hours of bright light per day (no direct sun). They also must have 8 hours of total darkness per day. Be sensitive to how your violets respond as some require brighter light than others.
Light is an important factor that determines whether your violets will bloom and keep their blooms. If they just won't bloom, the light is probably too dim for too much of the day or there is not sufficient period of total darkness. When the light is not bright enough for 10-12 hours each day, the violets can not produce flowers.
Window light will not produce plants that are symmetrical and full of blooms as fluorescent grow lights because these lights provide near perfect light for longer periods of time each day than even the best window.
Usually if your plants are across the room from a window the light will not be bright enough to cause blooming. To determine whether or not the plant is getting sufficient light, simply observe the leaves and the stems of the plant and discussed below. Direct sunlight is not necessary.
Windows facing north or east have the most favorable light conditions, but be sure to keep your African violets away from drafty windows. In the winter, a south or west window offers the best light.
To little light is probably the most common reason for failure of African violets to flower. Under these conditions, the leaves become darker green and thin, petioles or leaf stems are very long and weak, and the plants flower very little if at all. The stems will also be long and reaching upwards for the light.
If too much light is present, the stems will be short and the leaves will grow down around the pot. Violets exposed to too much sunlight will have pale yellow-green leaves. When exposed to too much light, bleached-out, burned or dead areas also may be present.
African violets can be easily grown using artificial light. Fluorescent grow lights provide near perfect light for longer periods of time each day and yield more symmetrical blooming violets than those that rely on Window light. It is simply harder to keep the violets in constant bloom when only natural light is used.
Intensities of 1,000 foot-candles of light for 10-12 hours per day give good results. This compares to the light intensity of a sunny, east or west window or a bank of four fluorescent shop lights. Violets also will tolerate low light levels (200 to 500 foot-candles).
Fluorescent light should be positioned 10-12" above the top of the violets and left on for 10-12 hours per 24 hour period. Plants need at least 8 hours of darkness each day. Inexpensive timers are available in all hardware stores or on our site to automatically turn lights on and off.
Fluorescent lights are most frequently used and can be arranged in tiers or attached to shelves for a convenient and attractive light source.
I have found best a combination of one daylight bulb and one grow light or two daylight bulbs.
Most any fertilizer can be used that contains the right combination. I use Bloom Buster 20-50-20. You need to be looking for the middle number to be higher as it represents the Phosphorus which is critical for root development and blooms.
African Violets will respond best when you feed them small amounts of plant food at each watering. This constant feed method eliminates the need to watch the calendar for the fertilize date. I normally use fertilizer with each watering rather than on a schedule. I have found this works well and helps prevent those senior moments.
Review the directions on the container for making up the solution. I make up approximately 1/10 the concentration, even though most fertilizer directs for a stronger solution. If it indicates 1 teaspoon per gallon, use 1 teaspoon per gallon.
Whatever brand of plant food you use it can be used as a constant. NEVER allow the plant to become completely dry. Violets like to be "just moist", not wet.
African Violet soil, purchased most anywhere. It is important the soil be a light and airy mix that is not packed hard. The soil must be porous to allow surplus water to pass through readily. A good growing medium should contain 50 percent matter, 25 percent air, and 25 percent water.
I use African Violet soil or loamy top soil and amend with perlite or vermiculite, and on occasion one part sand. It is important to prevent water logging with the use of aerated soil.
- 2 parts violet soil or loamy top soil
- 2 parts Vermiculite
1 part perlite
1 part sand
MAINTENANCE of you plants
Cleaning of old pots: When reusing pots, wash them thoroughly and then soak them for 30 minutes in a solution of 1 part household chlorine bleach in 9 parts water. Rinse the pots until all traces of chlorine are gone.
It is important to repot at least twice a year. To do this, simply remove the root ball. Replace dirt in the bottom of the pot with a little fresh soil. Replace the root ball and as you hold in upright position, carefully sprinkle new soil around the sides and on top, just under the leaves.
Placement of plant: When potting African violets, take care to set the plant so that the crown in just above the surface and the soil is firmly pressed around it. Note: Emphasis should be on good soil drainage because free water on the surface may cause decay at the crown or at the bases of the leaf stalks.
Normally I remove old blossoms and the old bloom stock as the blooms become spent. When a leaf begins to look wilted, normally at the bottom row of the plant, I remove the leaf. I keep an extra leaf around my violet shelves and when dirt or dust is on the plant, I turn the leaf over and use as a wipe to brush dirt or dust away.
As an alternate, you can use a soft brush. Supporting the leaf from the underside with your fingertip, gently touch the brush bristles across the leave to remove debris.
To best clean the foliage on a violet, gently spray the leaves with a mixture of 1/2 teaspoon of white vinegar and 5 drops any brand hand wash dish detergent in 1 cup very warm water. Pat dry with a folded paper towel or use a grooming brush.
Watering your violet can be the most critical step in it's care. Over-watering is the most common reason for failure with violets. Once the excessive watering occurs, they die within a short time as the leaves wilt and become limp. If you violets die, it is probably because of too much water. Not watering enough or being erratic will cause slow growing violets. There are a few do's and don't.
"Don't GO There"
- Don't water from above
- Don't water without first touching the soil with your finger
- Don't water with cold water straight from the tap.
- Once you have finished watering your plants, fill up the watering can and let it sit (for a few days until you are ready to water again). This allows the water to be at room temperature and ready to go.
- Every few days stick your finger in the soil of each plant. If the soil sticks to your finger and feels damp, the plant is OK. IF the soil crumbles away easily and doesn't feel damp, it is time to water again.
Moisture meters and devices are available which measure soil moisture. While some of these are fairly reliable, an easier method is to simply touch the soil surface with your fingertips. Allow the soil to become slightly dry between each watering, but don't allow it to become excessively dry as wilting can cause root damage.
Watering Can: Always us a watering can with a small spout. Two recommended methods:
a) If your pot is sitting in a nice deep saucer, fill up the saucer until the water is well above the bottom of the pot.
b) Let it sit for about an hour.
c) After an hour, if there is still water above the level of the bottom of the pot, take the pot out of the saucer, pour the water out of the saucer, and return the pot to the saucer.
Note: If you normally water from the bottom, is best to occasionally water from the top to assist in removal of accumulating salts.
a) Find a big deep tray or rectangular roasting pan.
b) Put your violet plants in the tray.
c) Let the plants sit in the tray for an hour.
d) Remove and return to their normal place.
- Individual plant, watering from the BOTTOM:
- Big tray method:
- Watering from the TOP (least favorite for routine use):
Watering you violet from the top of the pot often leads to problems as water can spread and drops of water on the leaves cause disfiguring light-colored sport or rings. If you must, only apply water until it drains out the bottom of the pot. Pour off the excess after 20 to 30 minutes.
- Water wicking (My preference):
Wick watering is a growing method that provides plants with proper water, fertilizer, and humidity.
A nylon wick is placed on the bottom of the pot with the loose end extending out of the pot about 1/2 - 1 inch. I have found strips from nylon panty hoses work best.
The pot should never be placed into the fertilizer/water mixture; only the wick should touch the water. This type of wick will keep the violet watered for 2-4 weeks depending on the size of the reservoir.
Wick watering provides the plants with proper water, fertilizer, and humidity. If you currently top or bottom water, I suggest you convert one or two over at a time. Once you have the pattern down and your violets are doing well, the next time you repot, convert another group.
There are different ways to provide wick watering, depending on how many violets you have and your area. A single reservoir unit can be put together or a tray unit.
Single reservoir unit:
- This can be a simple margarine container with a hole cut in the lid that allows the wick to extend into the water. The length the wick for this type of container may need to be longer to ensure it reaches into the bottom of the container. Dissolve food in the water which allow for watering and feeding the same time (remember to make up the food/fertilizer and use of the concentrations the container states, dissolved into the volume of water as stated, i.e., if it says 1 teaspoon per quart, use 1 teaspoon per quart. Use this reconstituted dilute solution to fill your margarine container. )
Rest period: Once your container has emptied, do not refill immediately. It is good to let the violet sit on the empty container for 3 - 4 days to allow the soil to dry.
I suggest marking your calendar or placing a small stake in the soil to flag a reminder. I use color post-it flags on a toothpick or applicator stick to alert me. I place the day I am to refill the reservoir on the flag. Whatever fits to remind you to refill, use.
Remember, for wick watering to be successful you must use a soil mixture that is a mix of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite. Ordinary violet soil is too heavy for wick watering. Wicks will normally bring the water up to thoroughly wet the bottom " of soil.
The wicking cord we sell comes in two sizes: thin and heavy. The thin wick is suitable for any size pot simply by increasing the number of pieces used according to the size of the pot. To determine how many pieces of the thin wick to use with a pot measure the mouth of the pot (round down fractions). Subtract 1 from that number. That is how many pieces of thin wick to use. For example, for a 3" pot use 2 pieces of wick. For a 3 1/2" pot, also use 2 pieces.
After 6 - 8 months wicks can get clogged with minerals in the water, fertilizer residue, and soil particles and may need replacing.
LEACHING SALTS FROM SOIL
Observe your plants. If the top of the foil appears white or powdery, it is time to leach the soil.
Leaching out the built up salts:
Every 6 or 8 weeks when the soil is nearing dryness (and the reservoir is dry) top water the violet with warm water until it drains out of the holes in the bottom of the pot. I take mine to a sink or larger tub for ease. Let the violet continue to sit over the dry reservoir until the sold begins to dry out again and then resume water wicking. This type of flush helps the plant get rid of the fertilizer salts that have built up as it leaches the salts out.
I record on my calendar or move to a separate area of my plant tables/shelves when I am working with a group. A different post-it flag also serves as a reminder of those that holding for light drying following this procedure.
AIR, TEMPERATURE and HUMIDITY
Air, Temperature and Humidity:
Violets like relatively high humidity, but the air must be fresh and kept moving gently. They do not like drafts, specifically exposed to opening of outside doors during the colder months. Violets must always be protected from cold air even if only outside for a few minutes.
The most attractive violets are grown at a nighttime temperature of 65ﾟ to 70ﾟ F and a daytime temperature of 70ﾟ to 90ﾟ F. Plants grown at temperature below 60 ﾟ F will be deformed with leaves that curl down, cup and become brittle. Flowers may be deformed or discolored. An indicator your plants are exposed to cooler temperatures that are affecting growth, observe for changes in your leaf color to a lighter shade of green. In hot weather (over 85 degrees ﾟF), plants are especially susceptible to rot.
During transport, they need to be wrapped or covered. Violets are tropical plants and should not be taken outside if the weather is below 60 degrees F.
Plants in high light and low humidity require more frequent watering than those in low light and high humidity. A coarse, well-drained soil mixture requires more frequent watering than a heavy, poorly drained soil mixture.
Repotting African Violets:
Plants should be repotted each year using new planting medium and sterilized pots.
Repot violets about once a year, or when the leafless portion of the stem is about 1 to 1 1/2 inches long.
- Gently remove the plant from the pot with a paring knife (or spatula).
- Once the roots are almost dry, gently work your fingers in amongst the toots to crumble off most of the soil from the root system.
- Remove all lateral crowns, leaving only the center crown.
- Trim off one or two rows of leaves, leaving a wheel of leaves around the crown.
- Notice the portion of the main stem from which neither roots or leaves are growing. With the paring or light utility knife, carefully scrape the neck as you would a carrot until all of the brown plant material callous is removed and the neck is firm and green. The callous must be removed so that the stem can grow new roots once you bury it under the soil.
- Break or cut off the bottom half of the root.
- Have a clean pot ready to pot up the pruned violet. Gently firm in new soil around the plant and water well. The pot should be only 1/3 the diameter of the plant; a 4-inch pot is usually adequate.
- Full grown plants are not repotted often enough, and
- Plants are repotted into pots much too large for them.
Rule of Thumb: Leave starter plants in the pot they come in until its diameter (leaf span) reaches approximately 9", then pot it into a 3" pot. Grow in the 3" pot until it has grown approximately 12" across, and then move it into a 4" pot. If using wick watering, replace the wick with each repot.
Joe's rule of thumb: Measure the diameter of the plant and divide that measurement by 3. This is the pot size.
REMOVAL OF SUCKERS
A sucker is the beginning of a new plant which forms near the base of the main plant or in the axils (which is where the leaf stems join the central core of the violet). It is important to monitor your violets and not allow these to remain part of the violet.
Your violets will grow more symmetrically and bloom move heavily if you allow only one rosette of leaves to grow on one root system. Keep all suckers (side shoots) groomed off of your plants (unless they are trailing types).
Remove suckers with a pencil point, nut pick, small knife, or tweezers. I use a dental probe to slip them off. If the suckers are not removed you will eventually have a violet with 2 or 3 or more plants all crowded together in the pot.
Splitting of multiple plants:
If you have such a violet with 2 or 3 or more plants in one pot it is best to separate them. Slide the plant out of its pot and gently crumble away the soil. Pull the plants apart from each other with a gentle downward motion. Sometimes the plants must be cut apart. Keep the roots attached to those plants that have a root system.
Any that show signs of wilting may need tenting in plastic for a week (or perhaps as long as a month if they have no roots at all).
TYPES OF POTS
African violet pot: A regular flower pot is too deep. Either plastic or clay is fine. Just make sure it has at least one drainage hole in the bottom of it.
The type of pot you use has an effect on how often you need to water. If you use plastic pots, you will need to water less often than if your plants are in unglazed clay pots.
Unglazed clay pots allow water to evaporate through the clay. If the pot is glazed, then treat it like a plastic pot. Glazed clay or ceramic pots are usually much more expensive than unglazed clay pots, or plastic pots.
Plants do better in pots with drainage holes. A thin layer of gravel, pieces of stockings, or pieces of broken pots should be used to prevent soil from washing through the holes.
Saucer: Use a nice deep saucer for the pot. Make sure there is space left all around the base of the pot once you have placed it in the saucer.
Soil: Use good soil. Either buy special African violet soil or if you have ordinary potting soil, mix with peat moss and vermiculite (or perlite), as follows: 1/3 potting soil, 1/3 peat moss, 1/3 vermiculite or perlite.
Pebbles (at least a dozen per pot). A bunch of small pebbles off the beach are fine or buy some cute colored stones.
PEST AND DISEASE
Some pesticides damage plants so be certain the product you select is recommended for use on African violets. In many cases, the label provides a list of plants known to be sensitive to the pesticide, as well as those plants for which it is recommended. When possible, test-treat a few plants or a few leaves and look for signs of plant injury after 2 to 7 days before treating remaining plants.
Three of the most common ailments violets may get are (1)Blossom Thrips, (2) Mealy bugs, (3) Powdery Mildew. Below is listed the full set of aliments.
Root or Crown Rot: This is from a fungus Pythium ultimum, caused by over-watering. The crown and roots of these infected plants turn dark and soft, and the leaves usually wilt. Infected plants can be lifted easily from the soil. This disease is not a problem when plants are grown in a pasteurized soil mixture in a container that allows for proper drainage. Destroy badly diseased plants, and thoroughly clean and disinfect their containers before reusing them. Highly prized plants can sometimes be saved if the crown is not badly decayed. Remove the rotten portion of the crown well above the line of decay and reroot the plant in sterile medium.
Petiole Rot: This normally begins as an orange-brown or rust-colored lesion where the petiole touches the rim of pot or where it contacts the soil. This is aggravated by the accumulation of fertilizer salts on the rim of the porous pot or on the soil surface. An aluminum foil collar or ring on the rim of the pot and flushing the soil occasionally with heavy watering will prevent this problem.
Ring Spot or Chlorosis: The unsightly yellow or white ring and line patterns that occasionally appear on the leaves are thought to be caused by a sudden chilling of the leaves by cold water or by the sun shinning on wet leaves. This condition can be avoided by carefully watering the plants from below with water slightly warmer than air temperature.
Powdery mildew: This appears as a light gray, powdery substance on the stems and petioles. This shortens the life of blooms and makes the violet unthrifty. Mildew grows conditions where the violet is in a cool, moist area with still, stagnant air. The best cure is air circulation - a small fan moving the air in the room will keep it from developing.
Control through use of system fungicide:
- Karathane is a good control, as is dusting sulfur when a very small amount is blown lightly over the plants.
- Physan: Spray once or twice with a system fungicide (1/4 teaspoon. per pint of warm water), or mix 5 drops Physan 20 in 1 cup warm water and spray the entire plant both the affected and the unaffected areas. Phyton 27 is a new fungicide. It leaves no residue.
Root-knot Nematodes: African violets infested with root-knot nematodes are stunted and weakened. Galls form on the roots, and the crown and leaves become thickened and distorted. Blisterlike galls also develop on the leaves. Destroy all infested plants, sterilize their containers, and propagate new plants only from nematode-free plants.
Botrytis blight: The leaves of plants grown under greenhouse conditions may become infected by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis blight first appears as small water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. These lesions enlarge until much of the leaf turns brown to black. Affected plant parts and flowers become covered with gray mold. High humidity, poor air circulation, and low light intensity contribute to the development of this disease. Spores of the pathogen are spread by direct contact of leaves. Spacing the plants so that the leaves of adjacent plants will not touch reduces spreading to healthy plants.
Since infection by Botrytis often follows mite injury, controlling these pests aids in controlling disease. The application of a foliar fungicide may be needed to control severe outbreaks.
Cyclamen mites: Insects and mites occasionally damage the foliage and flowers of African violets. Cyclamen mites are extremely small insects, not visible without magnification. Cyclamen mites feed in the plant crown, on the growing tip of the plant, causing young leaves and new leaf growth to be stunted, twisted, contorted, curled, discolored, brittle, and look hairy. Corky layers develop over injury causing puckering, twisting and distortion of leaves in the center of the plant.
When infestations are heavy, leaf hairs become matted and flower buds fail to open.
- Cyclamen mites can be controlled by treating infested plants at weekly intervals for three weeks with dienochlor (Pentac 50WP) at a rate of 1 teaspoon per gallon of water, or
- with 2 or 3 applications of dicofol (Kelthane) as directed on the label. Adding a few drops of liquid detergent to the spray will increase coverage and provide better control.
Isolate infested plants and be careful while handling them so you do not accidentally transfer mites from one plant to another.
Red Spiders: These pests injure the plant by puncturing and sucking sap. In large numbers, they develop a web over leaves, flowers, etc. Plants appear stunted. Insects are small, reddish in color and visible to the naked eye. If you shake a leaf on a white piece of paper, they can be observed crawling.
Mealy bugs: These are small, soft-bodied insects about 1/8 inch in length that occur in white, cotton clusters on the surfaces of leaves, on leaf petioles, and near the bases of leaf stems and don't move. They injure plants by piercing and sucking plant juices, which causes stunting and distortion of the leaves. Mealy bugs also excrete a shiny, sticky substance called honeydew that is highly attractive to ants and also supports unsightly growths of a dark sooty mold. Heavy mealy bug infestations may cause leaves and plants to wither and die.
- When infestation are heavy or when many plants are involved, the best approach is to make 2 to 3 weekly applications of 57% Malathion at a rate of 2 teaspoons per gallon of water or 1/4 teaspoon per quart of warm water.
- Safer Insecticidal Soap (4 1/4 teaspoon per pint of warm water).
- Disulfoton (DiSyston), a systemic granular insecticide, will also provide satisfactory control if scratched into the soil and watered in.
- Mealy bugs can often be eliminated by spraying plants with a jet of lukewarm water or by removing them when a cotton swab dipped in alcohol, although I find this almost an useless method.
- Hanging a Vapona pest strip in the vicinity of plants may help prevent re-infestation.
Aphids: Stunted plants with curled or distorted leaves may be an indication of feeding by aphids. Both adult and nymphs are similar in appearance with soft, pear-shaped bodies, long legs, and antennae. Also called plant lice, they are usually green or black. Like mealy bugs, aphids excrete honeydew which gives leave surfaces a shiny appearance and supports the formation of sooty mold.
- These may require treatment with Malathion Carefully read the label and follow directions for applying pesticides or
- Aphids can be washed from infested African violets with a spray of lukewarm water, or
- treated with an insecticide such as 57% Malathion at a rate of 2 teaspoons per gallon of water plus a few drops of liquid detergent. Repeat this treatment after 7 to 10 days. When only a few plants are involved, consider using a premixed, commercial house plant spray that lists both aphids and African violets on the label.
Thrips: These are tiny, slender insects characterized by long, hair-fringed wings. They are fast moving insects and damage African violets by feeding on the leaves and blossom petals.
Typical leaf injury appears as irregular or streaked silvered areas dotted with small, black drops of excrement. Flower feeding causes distorted blooms, discoloration or streaking of petals, and shorter flower life.
Control: Thrips can be controlled following one of the following:
- Spray twice a week for several weeks directly into the blooms and on the foliage with either Safer Insecticidal Soap (4 1/4 teaspoons per pint of warm water ) or with Neem Oil (2 1/2 teaspoons per pint of warm water).
- Spray twice a week for several weeks directly into With 1 or 2 applications of premixed, commercial house plant spray containing Malathion or Orthene. Be sure that the product is specifically labeled for both thrips and African violets.
When only a few plants are involved, consider using a premixed, commercial house plant spray that lists both aphids and African violets on the label.
The usual method of propagation is by leaf cuttings during the spring. Cut off mature leaves with about an inch of their stalks. Firmly plant the stalks into sand, vermiculite, or in small container of water with most of the leaf blades exposed. If placed in sand or vermiculite, thoroughly water the sand. In greenhouses, the cuttings are usually covered with light muslin or glass to keep the air moist. In the window garden, a few cuttings can be covered with a glass jar or plastic. In the two to six months young plants start from the bases of the stalks. After these have been formed two or three small leaves, they are ready to be potted.
My mother just places each leaf through a small hole in a saran wrap covered shot glass or small vase. This unit is then placed on the window seal or under a florescent light. This always works.
Growing and propagating African violets can be done using small plastic pots but I have found small plastic Dixie cups work just as well. As long as I put a hole in the bottom of the cup to drain excess water, these work well to start my seeds.
I use shallow trays (normally 1 – 1 1/2 " deep) that have ridges. These can be found at any store that sells gardening supplies. I find those that are about 18 " long and 2-4" wide work well. I cover the plastic or paper cups with a sheet of plastic wrap to hold in the moisture until the seeds germinate and set on in the tray.
A flowering plant can be produced from a leaf cutting or a seen in about 10 months under good growing conditions.
The most trouble-free method of propagating violets is to make a greenhouse with two 8 x 12 inch clear plastic storage boxes. Fill the bottom of one box with 4 inches of potting soil. Moisten the soil and then stick overlapping violet leaves about 1/2 inch into the soil. Place the clear plastic bottom of the other storage box on top and tape the sides. Place the sealed box in an east or south window. Young violet plants will appear in 8 to 10 weeks and be ready for transplanting in three months.
When potting newly rooted cuttings, it is best to not add fertilizer. However, when dividing or shifting large plants to larger pots, you may want to use 1/4 to 1/3 teaspoon of a complete African violet fertilizer for each 5-inch pot volume of soil mixture. Thoroughly mix the fertilizer into the soil to prevent root injury. A slightly acid soil mixture (pH 6.0 to 6.5) will give the best results.
A saturated soil mix also leads to unthrifty top growth and root rot. A layer of coarse gravel at the bottom of the container will not improve drainage.
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Body Temperature Chart: Body Temperature is the normal temperature at which the body can perform all of its physiological functions properly. The range of normal body temperature can vary for different persons as every body works differently. The body temperature can be measured by using a thermometer. This reading can vary according to the region which is used to measure the temperature of the person.
The average normal body temperature for adults is 98.6°F (37°C). This can vary from person to person and is usually affected by many factors such as your gender, age, time of the day and the type of activity that you do. A minor variation in the temperature reading does not mean that you are sick.
If your body temperature is significantly higher than your basal body temperature then it means that you are suffering from a fever and if your body temperature is lower than your basal body temperature then you are suffering from Hypothermia. Prolonged fever and Hypothermia can lead to severe complications in the patient.
Body Temperature Chart
Many researchers have formulated a range to measure normal body temperature, fever and hypothermia. These ranges can help the physicians to differentiate normal body temperature from fever and hypothermia. These ranges have been suggested after years of extensive research as many people have different normal body temperatures and body temperatures also vary because of many factors.
Many diseases can also affect the body temperature of an individual. Many patients who have been suffering from Hypothyroidism have lower body temperatures and patients who have been suffering from cancer for long periods of time tend to have higher body temperatures. Women also have higher body temperature when they are menstruating.
The type of food that a person eats and their recent physical activities also affect their body temperatures. The article given below will cover the normal temperature ranges by age, how to check temperatures and the symptoms associated with Fever and Hypothermia.
Normal Range of Temperatures By Age
The body can regulate the body temperature as you get older. The process by which your body regulates body temperature is known as Homeostasis and it is controlled by your brain. The table given below consists of the average ranges of body temperatures according to the age of the person.
|0–12 months||95.8 to 99.3°F (36.7 to 37.3°C)||94.8 to 98.3°F (36.4 to 37.3°C)||96.8 to 100.3°F (37 to 37.9°C)|
|Children||97.6 to 99.3°F (36.4 to 37.4°C)||96.6 to 98.3°F (35.9 to 36.83°C)||98.6 to 100.3°F (37 to 37.9°C)|
|Adults||96 to 98°F (35.6 to 36.7°C)||95 to 97°F (35 to 36.1°C)||97 to 99°F (36.1 to 37.2°C)|
|Elderly over age 65||93 to 98.6°F (33.9 to 37°C)||94 to 99.6°F (34.4 to 37.6°C)||92 to 97.6°F (33.3 to 36.4°C)|
How to Check Temperature
There are many methods which can be used to check the temperature of a person by using a thermometer. The methods which can be used to check the temperature of the person depend on the age of the person. The table given below will tell you the methods which can be used to check the body temperature according to their age.
|Methods||Age of the person|
|Rectal||Newborn Babies to 3 Years Old|
|Temporal (Forehead)||3 Months Old to Elderly|
|Oral||4 Years Old to Elderly|
|Tympanic (Ear)||6 Months Old to Elderly|
Symptoms of Fever
A person is diagnosed with Fever when they have a higher body temperature. Fever can occur as an immune response to an infection or injury. A person is said to have a fever when they have a reading which is 2°F (1.1°C) higher than their normal body temperature. Fever is also accompanied by the following symptoms.
- Excessive Sweating
- Body Aches
- Loss of Appetite
- Malaise and Weakness
Fever is a sign that your body is trying to fight an infection or trying to repair an injured site. However when the person suffers from very high temperature and for long periods of time then it can lead to the development of many complications. You should take antipyretics as soon as possible to control your body temperature.
Symptoms of Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a serious medical condition in which the body temperature falls below the normal body temperature. This condition can occur when people are exposed to cold weather for long periods of time. Babies and elderly people are more susceptible to Hypothermia. It can also present the following symptoms in patients.
- Cold hands and feet
- Slurred speech
- Weak pulse
- Drowsiness and sleepiness
- Confusion and memory loss
- Loss of consciousness
- Frostbite (in extreme cases)
Hypothermia is a protective mechanism which is developed to survive cold and harsh weather. This happens in order to preserve the body heat and to provide heat to important organs such as your heart, lungs and brain. However when the cold conditions persist for long durations then the patient can develop the above mentioned symptoms which means that they need immediate medical attention.
FAQs Related To Different Temperatures
The average normal body temperature of an adult is 98.6°F (37°C). This can vary from person to person and is usually affected by many factors such as your gender, age, time of the day and the type of activity that you do.
Hypothermia is a serious medical condition in which the body temperature falls below the normal body temperature. This condition can occur when people are exposed to cold weather for long periods of time. Babies and elderly people are more susceptible to Hypothermia.
A person is diagnosed with Fever when they have a higher body temperature. Fever can occur as an immune response to an infection or injury. A person is said to have a fever when they have a reading which is 2°F (1.1°C) higher than their normal body temperature.
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A Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuropsychology
- Ashok Jansari - Goldsmiths College, University of London
Introduction to Psychology
Are all brains the same? What causes amnesia? And why did a man mistake his psychologist for George Michael?
Find out the answers to these questions, and much more, in A Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuropsychology. Written in an informative and accessible style, this comprehensive text guides you through the traditional areas of cognitive neuropsychology and beyond, applying core theoretical principles to real-world scenarios.
Covering topics from memory to facial recognition, and from language to neglect, this textbook is essential reading for any student of cognitive neuropsychology.
A Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuropsychology also includes features to help enhance your understanding of cognitive neuropsychology, such as:
- Important researcher spotlights
- Key research studies
- Questions for reflection
- Further reading
Ashok Jansari is Senior Lecturer in Cognitive Neuropsychology at Goldsmiths, University of London.
Videos from Dr Jansari exploring various topics in the field of Cognitive Neuropsychology.
In this webinar, Dr Ashok Jansari discusses the fascinating field of cognitive neuropsychology, taking you on a guided tour of the functioning of the human brain.
In this well-written, informative book, Ashok Jansari explains what cognitive neuropsychology is, why it matters, and what is has already shown us about how the brain works, and copes with damage of one kind or another. Replete with case studies, historical vignettes, and QR codes to videos of lectures by, and interviews with, the author, this book covers all the bases and covers them well.
Ashok's book is a masterpiece: in a friendly language, he presents the history and complexity of cognitive neuropsychology. The use of examples we can all relate to helps reflecting on the marvels of the brain. This book is the companion you want in a discovery journey into cognitive neuropsychology!
A Student’s Guide to Cognitive Neuropsychology delivers an informed and accessible introduction to an important field of study. Integrating classic findings with cutting-edge research, Ashok Jansari provides students with a fascinating exploration of the rich insights that can be obtained by studying the damaged brain.
An excellent cognitive neuropsychology resource which covers neglect, attention, agnosia, memory, executive function, language and synaesthesia, and also includes a chapter on cognitive rehabilitation. A valuable guide for students wishing to learn about how the brain works and what happens when it gets damaged.
Sample Materials & Chapters
Chapter 1. Why study damaged brains?
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The Future of Healthcare and Technology
Part 1: Considering the Future of Medical Care
Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 5G, the next-generation communication standard, have begun to spread, marking the beginning of a major turning point deemed the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Further, the impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic has made these technologies more ubiquitous.
At the same time, the latest technologies are bringing about a variety of changes in the field of medicine and healthcare. In this series of five articles, written by Dr. Hiroaki Kato, a practicing physician and an authority on digital health, including tools such as AI and IoT, we peer into the future of medical care, looking ahead to 2030. First, let's take a look at the current state of medical care in Japan as an example to illustrate the need to use technology in the medical and healthcare fields.
Author: Hiroaki Kato, M.D.
Dr. Kato develops surgical instruments and telemedicine services while maintaining a medical practice. In 2016, he joined the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), where he was involved in legislation and policy making as Assistant to the director in the Health Policy Bureau. Since leaving the MHLW, he has been practicing medicine and supporting the development of new businesses throughout the medical field, including co-founding an AI medical device development company. Dr. Kato is the author of several books, including Medical Care 4.0 (Nikkei BP).
Medical Demand with Regional Differences
You have likely heard that Japan’s aging population is expected to grow more than ever going forward. In 2020, the proportion of the population aged 65 and over (aging rate) was 28.1%, which comes to one person out of every 3.3 people (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Seniors in Japan from the Viewpoint of Statistics—Inspired by Respect for the Aged Day—” [September 2020]). The aging rate will rise to 31.2% by 2030 and 36.8% by 2040.
In fact, the over 65 population growth is not uniform across Japan; only nine prefectures—Tokyo, Osaka, Kanagawa, Saitama, Aichi, Chiba, Hokkaido, Hyogo, and Fukuoka—account for 55% of this growth. In 2045, a population decline is predicted to occur outside of Tokyo, especially in Akita and Aomori prefectures, where the population is expected to decrease by about 40% compared to the present (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, “Regional Population Projections for Japan” [2018 estimate]).
These regional differences in aging and population decline are also causing differences in the peak in medical demand from prefecture to prefecture. While some areas already peaked in 2010–2015, other regions will peak in 2030–2040 (All Japan Hospital Association, “What hospitals ought to be — Report of the Committee on the Future of Hospitals” [2015-2016 edition]).
Aging of and Growing Labor Shortages Among Medical Care Providers
On the other hand, what is the situation among medical care providers? The number of medical institutions (about 100,000 clinics and 8,000 hospitals) has been almost flat in recent years (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “Overview of the (Dynamic) Survey of Medical Institutions and Hospital Report (2019)"). However, the number of doctors practicing in these institutions is decreasing in some areas, and it has been pointed out that doctors are aging throughout Japan. The average age of the current 320,000 doctors is about 50 years old, while the average age of doctors in clinics is about 60 years old*. Assuming people become doctors at the age of 25, there is data showing that about 50% are likely to still be working as doctors 50 years later, at the age of 75.
*Reported by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (PDF).
(Only in Japanese.)
There are regional differences in the peak of medical demand, and there are problems such as the aging of and labor shortage among medical care providers. In this situation, there are three needs: improvement of access to medical care, reduction of medical care costs (improvement of efficiency), and improvement in the quality of medical care. The use of digital technology can help resolve these challenges.
In fact, “online medical consultations” between doctors and patients, and “telemedicine” for the exchange of information between medical professionals have already being introduced. In addition, more than 10 medical devices using AI for history-taking and diagnostic imaging have been approved in Japan, and are being used to prevent doctors from missing medical conditions. In addition to smartphone medical apps, some smartwatch apps have also been approved in Japan as medical devices.
What changes have these technologies brought about in medicine and healthcare fields? From next time, we will delve into each technology and consider future developments.
- Continue reading:Part 2: Using IoT to Expand Medicine’s Reach
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The number of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) on the road is projected to reach 145 million by 2023. That would be a massive change considering there are just 10.2 million today.
While that increase would mean a massive reduction in carbon emissions, greater numbers of BEVs in circulation will conversely place a greater strain on power grids. That strain may be greater in some places than others, but countries everywhere will need to prepare themselves to meet the energy needs of a greater number of BEVs on the road.
Of all the countries moving toward greater electric adoption, the United States is in perhaps the most need of shoring up its power grid. Brutal conditions in Texas this past winter helped to render the city of Austin’s fleet of 12 new electric buses inoperative by a statewide power outage.
This power predicament highlights a greater issue facing the U.S. today: the current nation-wide power grid simply isn’t equipped to handle millions of electric vehicles.
A team of researchers from the University of Texas at Austin estimated the amount of electricity required if every car on the road was electric. Wyoming, for instance, would need to nudge up its electricity production by only 17%, while Maine would have to produce 55% more.
A full transition to electric vehicles won’t happen for quite a while though, experts say. According to Reuters, EV adoption would likely not require grid capacity additions until after 2030. Over the next few years and beyond 2030, power companies and state governments will need to improve the nation’s grid.
U.S. energy consumption decreased over the last 20 years, due to efficiency gains in appliances and the transportation sector, meaning that the U.S. power system has enough established capacity to support EV growth without the immediate need for big investments.
Once the amount of EVs in circulation is high enough though, the grid will need to be expanded and improved to meet the required energy needs.
In China, the situation isn’t as pressing as it is in the United States. China has comprehensive plans in place to expand the nation’s electric grid, aiming to triple sustainable power generation by 2030.
In addition, a 2018 study modeled the country’s energy growth from 2020 to 2030 at 64%. That increase will go hand in hand with efforts to connect China’s desert regions to its population centers with ultra-high voltage AC grid infrastructure.
China currently has the highest number of EVs of any country in the world, with more than double the number of electric cars on the road than the United States. This market size and an increasing demand for EV infrastructure are pushing China forward towards grid expansion faster than many players in the Western world.
Europe is ahead of both China and the U.S. in terms of current grid readiness. Because the region has broadly been using and acclimating to EVs longer than the U.S. and China, EV infrastructure in many European countries is fairly comprehensive.
The EU aims to ban the sale of fossil-fuel vehicles by 2030, meaning that countries need electric grids ready for a switch to clean vehicles. In particular, Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and even Germany) has strong existing power grids.
Other areas may need to implement more grid expansion and country-specific solutions. For example, Romania and other countries in Eastern Europe don’t have as much grid infrastructure in place as Germany, and will need to pursue more aggressive improvements if they want to keep pace with global leaders.
Some countries are piloting programs aimed at reducing the stress placed on the electric grid by EVs. These include time-of-use based charging, which would offer EV owners cheaper charging rates at low-volume hours, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. V2G would allow power from charged vehicles to be momentarily pushed back to the grid in order to balance variations in energy production and consumption. To compensate for providing this energy back to the grid, participants are often paid for their electricity.
From building out charging infrastructure to creating legislation that supports the shift, transitioning toward EVs has many moving parts.
Ensuring that power grids can support the growing amount of EVs could help position countries like the U.S., China and Germany as global leaders in clean energy. Right now, it’s a race to see who can figure it out first.
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The HR Studio podcast team invited us to do a show on incivility in the workplace (LISTEN).
Key Learnings From This Episode
- What is Walk the Ridge? Walk the Ridge is a movement promoting the practice of improving listening and engagement, when people interact and communicate with others who have different opinions and views. Incivility affects not only politics and social issues, but in any conversation or content where people feel strongly about their opinions.
Walk the Ridge promotes accountable for civility – both personally and publicly. This shows true behavior change, rather than merely following policy or using civility as a buzzword.
How is incivility defined and how much of it creeps into the workplace, Facebook, politics, and the culture in general? Incivility is not harassment. It is also not discrimination. It is a behavior that happens far more frequently than both of those and often in the workplace. It is often under-managed or not managed at all. It is often not screened for within talent pools or in the hiring process. People have come to accept incivility as normal behavior – rude, discourteous behavior but not to a degree where it would be considered a legal liability. However, it is behavior that builds up and can actually lead to harassment, and it can certainly lead to bullying and other behavior that can become an even bigger issue for companies.$500B a year is lost in terms of stress, 66% of people report having been treated with incivility. Employees no longer have allegiance to their work; they show much lower productivity across different functional areas of their companies; they are less engaged and more likely to quit. Incivility evens contributes to workplace injury. Incivility is rampant, and it is growing. At one Fortune 500 company, there is an underlying thread in organizations across the company that something is not connecting, and it has to do with the way people treat each other.
Is there anything acceptable or is incivility anything that someone could take offense at? Examples of incivility would be treating a subordinate like a child, interrupting people during a meeting, not giving someone credit who deserves credit for an accomplishment or pulling out your cell phone during a conversation. Civility is a soft skill – similar to other soft skills like leadership, problem-solving, and creativity. This is why Walk The Ridge also consults with companies on integrating civility within functional areas, as well as within an organization’s core values.
- People often find reasons not to like each other based on nothing more than a difference of opinion. One disagreement could lead two people not to like each other, even if they have 20 other things in common, and that can lead to other behaviors that can be toxic, not for just the two individuals, but for the whole company.
- How does emotional intelligence intersect with civility? When you are engaged with people, and there is a difference of opinion, we need to recognize that emotions dictate our behavior. Often times, we let emotions jump in and cause us to do and say things that we later regret. An example would be the sending of emails and texts. The day after, you question why you sent that email or text, and it is because of emotion. Emotional intelligence – knowing your own emotional heart and mind and knowing that of others and being able to manage it – is definitely a part of people becoming more civil.
- What are some of the principles or core values that operate within Walk the Ridge? When people become ‘Walkers’, it means they are engaging others with an active interest in civility. If you can rise up from your valley of opinion and meet on the middle ridge, respecting each other, understanding that you can learn from each other, and being able to appreciate the different viewpoints that people have, you won’t feel you need to control every conversation, that you need to win and someone else will lose.At Walk the Ridge, the motto is, ‘I see you, I hear you, I respect you.’ These words are within the movement’s logo, as well as on the reminder wristbands. This comes with the understanding that you do not have to compromise or change your views. You do not have to dislike other people, and you do not have to close yourself off to listening. In general, listening is one of the most important skills, and it is very important to civility. When someone is talking to you, ask yourself honestly, ‘am I really listening to what they are saying or am I just waiting to get out my next response?’ Diversity is important from the perspective of different opinions and views. We have to respect different viewpoints as well as different experiences that led to them – in our workplaces and in our communities.
- What is the bottom-up approach for improving civility? Walk the Ridge recognizes it has been decades since our leaders have been civil with one another. We cannot count on our political or business leaders to teach us and show us civility. We have to recognize that civility is a set of habit-based behaviors that we are going to start personally being accountable for, and then we are going to teach other people to do this in the workplace, at home, in school, and even online. The bottom-up approach means it is infectious. You want to practice and look to build ‘circles of civility’ from yourself, your family and friends all the way into your communities. As our communities overlap and grow in different environments, our leaders will see what real, positive societal behavior looks like.
- Takeaways for HR professionals that they can promote within their organizations. First, teams can order the reminder wristbands from the website. They can also order cobranded wristbands – using both the Walk the Ridge logo and the company’s logo. The wristbands are absolutely key – because they serve as a wearable and teachable reminder for civility – wherever you are. On the website, there is also a whitepaper on Five Strategies to Increase Civility (see recommended reading below for the link). Begin implementing civility from the hiring process through the performance process within the company. Start learning how to tie in civil behavior – civility in management and leadership – to the financial aspects of the company. Operationally, how people treat one another and how they communicate has a significant impact on performance and engagement. If you can link those, you can get top-down buy-in from leadership. Society needs to treat each other better, even when they disagree.
- Engagement and civility is more than policy. Teaching people to be civil and helping them to be civil is going to pass through and genuinely bring about a result that is going to be infectious and growing in your company.
Good useful article ..
I added your web into my favourites!
P.S.: Looking forward for future updates.
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Why should pilots apply reduced thrust takeoff?
This article will focus on a best practice to reduce costs for an airline: Reduced thrust takeoff. We will see why and how pilots should apply it.
What is reduced thrust takeoff?
Thrust required to take off an aircraft is often less than what may be provided by the engines, called full takeoff thrust, also known as TOGA. So, we can define a reduced thrust takeoff as a takeoff that uses less thrust than the engines provide.
What are the benefits of reduced thrust takeoff?
For financial and environmental reasons, it is hence an excellent practice to reduce this thrust at takeoff. Best in class airlines apply it consistently; let’s see why.
Maintenance cost savings
One of the main reasons to use the minimal thrust required at takeoff is to reduce maintenance costs. Regular reduced thrust takeoff applications yield significant cost savings for an airline.
By decreasing internal engine temperatures and the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) at takeoff, it reduces engine wear resulting in a longer engine on-wing life. Therefore, fewer maintenances are required as the engine may achieve more flight cycles between two maintenance actions.
The cost savings are quite dependent on the engine type and several other factors like labor cost and engine age, however according to the IATA, using reduced thrust instead of full thrust during takeoff saves about 150 US$ per engine and per takeoff.
Reduced thrust takeoff procedure does not reduce fuel consumption during the flight; on the contrary, it may even increase it. Nonetheless as the engine wear is reduced the engine remain more efficient longer. It is thus hard to conclude if it saves fuel in the long run.
From an environmental perspective, a reduced thrust takeoff also means fewer emissions.
As most emissions are not linear with thrust settings, a full thrust takeoff emits significantly more nitrogen oxides (NOx), black carbons (BC), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxyde (CO) than a reduced thrust takeoff. For instance, this study showed that using reduced thrust at takeoff instead of full thrust may generate fewer NOx emissions down to 47% and black carbons emissions down to 71%.
These emissions have two undesirable effects:
- First, they contribute to global warming. NOx emissions, for example, are responsible for the formation of ozone, a greenhouse gas.
- They also affect public health, being an important factor in the development of respiratory diseases like asthma.
It is not clear whether there is a CO2 emissions reduction, however. CO2 emissions are proportional to fuel consumption, and as we discussed previously, it is difficult to assess the fuel savings related to reduced thrust takeoff.
How can pilots reduce takeoff thrust?
Derate levels and assumed temperature
There are two different methods to reduce takeoff thrust:
- The derated thrust method
The derated thrust method consists of reducing the engine's rated thrust to a given level below full thrust. There may be one or more derate level on an engine. Therefore, the pilot should select one which provides enough thrust to takeoff.
- The assumed temperature method
The assumed temperature method consists of entering a temperature, known as assumed temperature or FLEX temperature, in the Flight Management Computer (FMC) and is interpreted as the actual outside air temperature. The thrust is then electronically limited, as an engine may provide flat rated thrust up to a given temperature, then it decreases linearly with the temperature. As a result, the assumed temperature should be higher than the actual outside air temperature to reduce thrust effectively.
Both methods may be used together to provide the optimal thrust required to takeoff.
A quick example of optimal thrust reduction parameters
Let's consider an engine with a flat-rated thrust of 10 000 daN and a single derate level of 8 000 daN.
The thrust required to takeoff is 6 600 daN, and the outside temperature is 20 °C.
To illustrate how to compute optimal derate level and assumed temperature parameters, let’s have a look at the following chart:
The thrust required is below the derated thrust; thus, it is possible to use it to take off. By selecting it, however, the engine still has more power than required to perform the takeoff. Here is where assumed temperature comes into play: as the outside air temperature is below the optimal assumed temperature of 38°C, one may use it to get the optimal thrust.
Hopefully, these performance calculations are computerized and available to the pilot inside their Electronic Flight Bag, and pilots may enter derate level and assumed temperature directly from their tablet.
When is it possible to reduce thrust at takeoff?
As long as the required takeoff thrust is provided, considering the aircraft but also the runway length, there is not any limitations to take off with a derated thrust. It may even allow to take off with a higher takeoff weight in some cases. Whereas the assumed temperature method is forbidden where the runway is contaminated. Thus, the pilot should consider taking off with a derated thrust or a full takeoff thrust instead.
Improving reduced takeoff thrust application
To make sure more and more takeoffs are performed with a reduced thrust, the application of the practice should be regularly monitored by the airline. A thorough analysis is often led by the fuel team using a fuel efficiency software. Recommendations may be sent to the pilots to improve their takeoff through a dedicated mobile app.
- Airport emissions reductions from reduced thrust takeoff operations: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920916302401
- Reduced Thrust, Boeing:
- Getting to grips with aircraft performance, Airbus: https://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/2263.pdf
- Guidance material and best practices for fuel and environmental management, 5th Edition IATA October 2011
Take your fuel efficiency knowledge to the next level!
The Green Airlines Fuel Book aims at spreading the fuel-efficiency culture in all airlines.
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By Ike Fredregill, Cowboy State Daily
Californians are moving away from natural gas, which could complicate Wyoming’s energy-reliant economy in the future, but experts say it’s too soon to predict an actual impact. In Berkeley, California, city officials banned natural gas connections to new homes to fuel furnaces and appliances starting in 2020 as part of an initiative to reduce the city’s carbon emissions.
Wyoming Petroleum Association President Pete Obermueller said the move could be troubling if it gains momentum, but it’s not alarming at this point.
“Obviously, if it is large scale and mandated and very widespread that would be detrimental,” Obermueller said. “I’m a little bit skeptical anything like that will happen quickly or on a large scale.”
At the University of Wyoming, Charles Mason, a professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Economics who was raised in Berkeley, said the city’s decision was more symbolic than impactful.
“You could kind of think of it as the first shot in a war,” Mason added.
If the rest of California were to fall in line with Berkeley, Wyoming’s gas industry might not feel a pinch immediately, but could see reduced demands for gas in the future, said Severin Borenstein, faculty director for the Energy Institute at the University of California-Berkley’s Haas School of Business.
“This is not going to happen overnight,” Borenstein said. “Even the Berkeley law, which is way ahead of California, is only on new houses.”
While gas burns cleaner than coal, it still generates greenhouse gasses.
“Presumably, reducing emissions is the thing that is top of mind (in Berkeley),” Mason said. “Gas is cleaner, but it’s not zero.”
The majority of California’s in-state electricity is generated by natural gas, although it’s closely followed by renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, the California Energy Commission reports.
Gas burned in homes for appliances and heating creates more emissions than all the state’s power plants, California Energy Commission Chairman David Hochschild told the San Francisco Chronicle.
“It’s not that (homes) are more polluting,” Borenstein said. “But, there’s a lot of it. Most buildings in California are heated with the on-site combustion of natural gas.”
In 2018, the city of Berkeley reported 27 percent of its total greenhouse gas emissions in 2016 were generated by the ignition of natural gas within city buildings.
For Mason, the potential reduction of gas-fueled heating sources is notable.
“Heating is a lot bigger deal,” he said. “You could possibly see a measurable impact if this takes root and they convince a big chunk of California to follow suit.”
The gas wells currently operating in Wyoming “are pretty price insensitive” and unlikely to be affected by Berkeley’s decision, Mason said. However, if California or other states start requiring buildings to use non-gas heating sources, he said potentially reduced gas prices could affect Wyoming.
“Where a change in prices will matter is a reduction in new drills,” he explained.
Fewer drills could mean fewer jobs for Wyomingites. The oil and gas industry accounted for 12,600 Wyoming jobs in June, according to the Wyoming Department of Workforce Services.
If those jobs were to disappear, Mason said Wyoming workers would need to adapt.
“It’s not radically different than the situation facing coal miners,” he explained. “They may just have to find something new to do — maybe building wind turbines or working at Walmart.”
While some believe a move away from gas is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Obermueller said the U.S. relies heavily on the industry for electricity generation, and that’s not likely to change.
“Natural gas is the primary source in America of large scale electricity production,” he said. “The demand for energy is growing by leaps and bounds. There’s no doubt that (natural gas’) share of electricity is rising rapidly.”
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The zodiac contains 13 unique star constellations, and one of those constellations is known as the Aries star constellation. The Aires constellation is exceptionally unique because the image that it depicts has changed over time. This is why some people tend to be confused about why Aries has two different images.
In this post, you can learn more about the Aries constellation’s interesting history, mythology, see what it looks like – and even learn when you can best see the Aries constellation in the UK sky!
In Latin, Aries means a ram and is why these stars depict said animal. The image has been linked to figures from different mythologies. The most notable and referenced is the golden ram within Greek mythology. The golden ram came to the rescue of King Athamas’ children by the order of his first wife, in what was really a typical domestic problem involving an evil stepmother. In the end, the children were saved and the ram was sacrificed to Zeus. The ram’s fleece was kept and became known as the golden fleece. Interestingly, in later mythology, the same fleece was taken by Jason and his Argonauts.
Just like many other zodiac constellations, the Aries constellation was recorded by the great Greek thinker of the 2nd century, Ptolemy. However, Aries is not completely like other constellations because its symbolism and imagery has changed over time. The ancient Babylonians did not always depict the Aries constellation as a ram, and at one time, the constellation was depicted as a farmworker, also known as the agrarian worker. The exact point of time when the switch occurred has yet to be identified, and it is believed that the constellation was used to depict both images interchangeably for some time during later Babylonian times.
To create a constellation, certain stars are joined together to form an outline of an image. Of course, this new image of joined-up stars will not be elaborate or with fine details. Stargazers need to somewhat use their imagination to see the same images that were recorded from ancient times. For example, those looking at the Aries star constellation with a naked eye may not first see anything like a ram – or the even older image of a farm hand. Earlier medieval depictions of Aries as a ram showed the animal as it would if it was moving, almost like it was running through a field. More recent images have shown the constellation’s ram to be sitting with one outstretched leg.
The brightest star in the Aries constellation is called Hamal. This star also makes it into the top 50 brightest stars in the sky, coming in at 49th place. The star is an orange giant and twice as big as the Earth’s Sun. Other cool facts about Hamal include:
If you want to know how many stars are in the Aries constellation in total, the answer is five. Another interesting star from the constellation is interestingly called Sheratan, which derives from an Arabic phrase meaning two signs. This is considered interesting due to the two depictions that the Aries constellation has been known to represent over time.
The Aries constellation is situated in the northern hemisphere’s first quadrant (NQ1). It takes up 441 square degrees. It is certainly not one of the largest constellations and measures in as the 39th largest star constellation. It can be seen on latitudes between +90 to -60 degrees.
The Aries constellation neighbours one of the biggest constellations, which is almost three times bigger than Aries, namely Cetus. It is also close to two other zodiac star constellations known as Pisces and Taurus. The latter has an interesting history dating back to the Bronze Age!
The Aries constellation is best hunted down by stargazers in December, but it can also be spotted in the months on either side. If you do go looking for Aries in December, try to head out at 10pm when the star constellation is easiest seen. In November and January, the ideal time to look for Aries is 8pm and 6pm, respectively.
Aries is not one of the brightest constellations to look for. You will need low light pollution to see it best. The better news is that the ram’s head is noticeable and peers back on itself almost as though it is admiring its own beautiful fleece. Looking for these constellations can be a fun mini-adventure for the family, especially if you name a star after a loved one.
As we gather together on brisk wintery nights to marvel up at the night’s sky and the Aries constellation, your mind might start to wander and think about how far we are from these stars. Your head might start to hurt just trying to comprehend the distance between us and those stars. We’ll leave explaining time and space to the people at NASA and academics like Neil deGrasse Tyson.
However, what you should know is that those stars are not all the same distance away. Some are much closer to us than others. In fact, we are closer to two of the stars than those same two stars are to the remaining three stars in this constellation. The aforementioned Hamal and Sheratan are around 60-66 light years away, and the other three stars in the Aries constellation are 160+ light years from Earth.
Not enough Aries constellation knowledge for one day? No problem! Here are some more fun facts about the Aries star constellation:
Learn more about the different zodiac constellations and others soon by visiting us again at Star Name Registry!
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Meaning of Prop a Door Open
Prop a door open is a neologism that refers to keeping a door in an open position for ease of access. It may also refer to a charitable act or an action that reduces the spread of smoke, flame, and heat. You might also see this word in a dictionary.
When someone says, “Prop a door open,” they are simply informing another individual that they would like an opening in the wall or door. This is done for various reasons, such as for air or for another individual to get through.
For example, if someone enters a room and the door is open but faces the outside with no wall, they might say, “Prop that door open!”. This means they would like a wall or something blocking the door so that it can’t slam shut while they are inside. It’s important to note, though, that if there were an opening somewhere on the side of the door (or at least one not facing directly outwards), they would ask you to prop it against something.
This is not the same as “Prop a door open for ventilation,” which means you should open it or leave it open as an air vent. This is because doors are usually only opened if weather conditions are bad, so you would prop them open for ventilation. For example, if you have a screen door and no screen, it would be OK to prop it open for ventilation since this would allow the air to come in but keep the bugs out.
If you’re asking someone to prop a door open for ventilation, you should know that they will most likely say, “Prop a door open – ventilate it!” and walk away, expecting you to know what they mean. It is unnecessary to do this, though, as it’s just fine to say, “Prop the door open – ventilate it!” and have them do it.
To Keep a Door in an Open Position
Propped-open doors can compromise the safety of people, equipment, and buildings. While they can facilitate movement and allow cleaning and maintenance, they should be closed as soon as possible. Leaving doors propped open can also let smoke and fire spread throughout a building. Smoke is produced by all types of fires and can quickly affect the entire structure if one door becomes unlocked.
A door-propping device can be inserted between the edge of a door and the door’s frame. This device props the door by attaching it to metal screws or jambs. It can also be placed on the hinge plate of the door frame.
Another solution is to place a coin between the hinges and the door frame. The coin should fit between the door frame and the hinges. This cannot be easy if the door is propping open by itself. Ideally, the coin should be placed in the upper hinge.
To Facilitate Ease of a Student
To facilitate ease of entry for a student, the door of the classroom or building can be propped open to allow the student to enter or exit the classroom. However, a door propped open must be shut immediately after use. If the door remains open, it will be a potential source of smoke and fire.
To Reduce the Spread of Smoke, Heat, and Flame
Propped-open doors are not a safe solution for fire emergencies. They compromise the safety of occupants and could compromise the structure of the building. While a propped open door may be convenient during maintenance and cleaning operations, it can be counterproductive and defeat fire protection measures. Therefore, propped-open doors should be closed immediately.
While in a burning building, be aware of the door’s temperature. It may be a sign of fire on the other side if it is too hot. If the door is cold, it is not yet hot enough to cause danger. If the door feels too hot, do not open it. Keep your head low and face away. If you must exit the building, close the door to reduce the spread of smoke, heat, and flame.
Using a door wedge can reduce the risk of a fire. The NFPA 80 standard for fire doors gives guidance on how to install and maintain these devices. In addition to installing door wedges, a fire door must be labeled to warn users not to prop it open.
Properly closing a door to reduce the spread of smoke, heat, or flame is essential for fighting a fire. Smoke moves upward and fills a room last, reaching the floor last. By keeping a door closed, the smoke can’t penetrate the room, and you will have time to signal for help.
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English 2nd Paper Model Question with Solution for Class Six 2022-(Model 26)
[Answer all the questions. Figures in the margin indicate full marks]
Section : Grammar – 30
1. Fill in the gaps with a, an or the and put a cross (x) where no article is needed. 0.5 × 8 = 4
Traffic jam is (a) — common affair in (b) — big cities and towns. It is one of (c) — major problems of (d) — modern time. (e) — causes of traffic jam are too many to be described. Our roads are not (f) — wide. Most of (g) — drivers are not willing to abide by (h) — traffic rules.
2. Choose the correct preposition from the box and fill in the gaps. 0.5 × 8 = 4
A hospital is the home (a) — the sick. It gives medical treatment (b) — them free (c) — cost. A hospital is generally run (d) — the government. A hospital has outdoor and indoor sections. A great number (e) — the sick people are treated (f) — the outdoor section. People attacked (g) — serious illness are admitted (h) — the indoor section.
3. Complete the text using the words in the box as needed. 0.5 × 10 = 5
A (a) — was (b) — through a (c) —. It was very (d) — at that time. The merchant (e) — very tired. He (f) — the horse and sat under a tree. After a short rest, he (g) — the horse (h) —. (i) — he forgot to take the purse (j) — left it under the tree.
4. Make four sentences from the following substitution table. 1 × 4 = 4
|Globalization||involves||a result of improved communication.|
|It||means||the most vital role.|
|Now it||has become||communication and assistance among the people around the world.|
|Here, media||is playing||an unrestricted process of trade and commerce.|
5. Read the following text and change the sentences as directed. 1 × 5 = 5
(a) No other day in my life is as memorable as my first day at school. (Superlative) (b) I will never forget this day. (Affirmative) (c) I passed the day with my new classmates and teachers. (Passive) (d) How thrilling the day was! (Assertive) (e) I remember my honourable teachers. (Interrogative)
6. Fill in the gaps with the right forms of verbs in the brackets. Questions b and e have instructions. 0.5 × 8 = 4
Rahim is a good student. He (a) — (learn) his lessons regularly. Today he (b) — (‘go’ use present continuous) to market. He (c) — (buy) a new shirt from the market. In the afternoon he will go to the field to (d) — (play) football. Everybody loves him because he (e) — (‘tell’ use ‘never’ to make negative) a lie. He (f) — (be) very much dear to his parents since he (g) — (obey) his parents. He (h) — (want) to become a doctor in future.
7. Use appropriate punctuation marks and capital letters where necessary. 0.5 × 8 = 4
It was the month of june last year from the biman office a bus of Bangladesh biman took us to the airport after checking in I was given a boarding card with my seat number on it It was a special moment and I was full of excitement.
Model Question-26 Solution
1. (a) a; (b) ×; (c) the; (d) × (e) The; (f) ×; (g) the; (h) the.
2. (a) for; (b) to; (c) of; (d) by; (e) of; (f) in; (g) by; (h) in.
3. (a) merchant; (b) passing; (c) desert; (d) hot; (e) felt; (f) stopped; (g) mounted; (h) again; (i) But; (j) and.
4. (a) Globalization means an unrestricted process of trade and commerce.
(b) It involves communication and assistance among the people around the world.
(c) Now it has become a result of improved communication.
(d) Here, media is playing the most vital role.
5. (a) My first day at school is the most memorable day in my life.
(b) I will always remember this day.
(c) The day was passed with my new classmates and teachers by me.
(d) The day was very thrilling.
(e) Don’t I remember my honourable teachers?
6. (a) learns; (b) is going; (c) will buy; (d) play; (e) never tells; (f) is; (g) obeys; (h) wants.
7. It was the month of June last year. From the Biman Office a bus of Bangladesh Biman took us to the airport. After checking in, I was given a boarding card with my seat number on it. It was a special moment and I was full of excitement.
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These resources offer support and suggest ways of using stemNRICH in your classroom.
This document provides links to stemNRICH problems mapped to maths, science and technology curriculum topics.
The Maths supporting SET collection of STEM resources
The Living World collection of STEM resources
The Physical World collection of STEM resources
The Design Technology collection of STEM resources.
These resources are ideal for using as part of a STEM Club.
This collection of resources is designed for developing STEM at Post-16.
Training for a sporting event? Maths can help you!
Scientists are interested in how things grow and decay. Maths provides the tools!
Planning a complex task is often what makes the difference between success and failure.
Explore the contribution maths makes to engineering projects.
Is my container big enough? How should I pack a container? How quickly will it fill up?
Why do I need to learn trigonometry? Plenty of reasons - and here are some examples!
Investigate what maths has to offer the biological sciences.
Modern astronomy starts with observation - maths provides the tools to understand what we see.
Design is mathematical! Find out more with these resources.
Big numbers, small numbers, calculations - all part of discovering more about the living world.
Understanding ratio and proportion is vital in science and in design technology.
Maths is the language of physics.
Explore the maths behind genetics with these problems.
How do you represent a three dimensional object on paper?
These problems introduce key mathematical skills which are needed to understand chemical processes.
Explore the maths of the environmental and geological sciences.
Graphs are a crucial tool in dealing with the data that science generates.
Without scale and measurement, science, design and engineering would not exist!
Numbers are the building blocks of the STEM subjects.
If you want to do interesting things with a computer, why not learn to program?
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How to protect your trees in winter
Snow, ice, wind and sun can damage trees in winter. To protect them from harsh weather conditions, you need to take the appropriate steps. Here’s some advice about how to best protect your trees in winter.
Against snow and ice
Young and diseased trees are particularly vulnerable to the weight of accumulated snow and glaze, which can break branches, split trunks and uproot trees. They’re also less likely to recover in spring. Be sure to prune dead, diseased and injured branches to reduce the risk of damage. You can also hire an arborist to install steel cables to brace weak limbs. Additionally, you should cover saplings in burlap to protect their delicate branches.
Against winter winds
Cold winter winds can dry out a tree’s water reserves faster than normal, especially if it’s a broad-leaved species. This leads to a type of dehydration known as winter desiccation. To ensure your trees remain as hydrated as possible throughout winter, soak the roots in autumn before the ground freezes.
Against root injury
Abrupt changes in temperature and freeze-thaw cycles can damage roots and destabilize trees, especially those with young or shallow root systems. An effective way to regulate the soil temperature and insulate tree roots is to add a layer of mulch around the base of the trunk. You should also water your trees in autumn as it will provide another layer of insulation around the roots.
Against sun scald
This type of injury occurs when new tree-growth triggered by warm daytime weather conditions can’t survive freezing overnight temperatures. Young, newly planted and thin-barked trees such as cherry, maple and mountain ash are particularly susceptible to sun scald. To protect these trees, wrap their trunks in a light-coloured tree wrap that will reflect the sun and help regulate the bark’s temperature.
Against de-icing salt
Salt spray and salt-contaminated soil can impede a tree’s ability to absorb nutrients and reduce the amount of moisture around the roots. Trees that are near roads and walkways are most vulnerable to this type of damage and should, therefore, be wrapped to shield their bark from de-icing salt. You should also avoid shoveling the snow from your walkways toward trees.
Tree care services in Western Canada
At ArborCare, we offer professional and reliable tree assessment, pruning, removal and storm recovery services to help your trees make it safely through the winter. We also sell natural, non-dyed wood chip mulch. Contact us today for more information or to book an appointment with an experienced arborist in Calgary, Edmonton or Kelowna.
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The History of Ghent City: Archaeology
Archaeological research has shown that the initial signs of human settlement in the Ghent city can be traced from as early as the prehistoric times. However, it was only in the Roman period that a community of significance began to develop near the confluence of the two rivers, Leie and Scheldt . The Abbey of Saint Peter that later came to be known as the Abbey of Saint Bavo was crowned and a ‘Portis’ created in the middle ages, for commercial activity. Some scholars have claimed that the Flemish name Gent, was derived from the Celtic ‘Ganda’ that meant confluence. In the 11th and 12th centuries . Ghent grew to become an essential trade center, supported by the local cloth production. The clothes were made from imported English wool. It was during this time that the city’s existing stone (castle of Counts) was built. In 1500 Charles V, who was destined to become one of the most prominent rulers was born in Ghent. Although Charles was a native of the Ghent city, he was not very popular. In 1940 he administered severe punishments to the city when the citizens resisted paying more taxes to finance war . It is worth noting that the history of Ghent city took a wrong direction under the leadership of Philip II, Charles V’s son who came from Spain. In the late 15th century, the cloth trade was declining as Ghent seemed prosperous by shifting to shipping trade along the Scheldt and Leie rivers . In the latter stages of the 15th century, there was a commercial decline brought about by the closing of river Scheldt. This decline was not reversed until cloth working was revived during the industrialization period of the 19th century.
Honestly, it was not until the end of 18th century that the city was crowned as a part of the French Empire and peace and prosperity were restored to Ghent. Ranging from 1800 there was a construction of new factories which entailed cotton mills and sugar refineries . The idea of establishing a cotton mill was borrowed from England by Lieven Bauwens. This jumpstarted the hope that Ghent would soon grow to become the Manchester of the continent.
Meanwhile, the city continued to grow throughout the 19th century as an industrial center. The industrialization of the city resulted in an influx of inhabitants, making the number of residents to triple. However, the working-class in this city were exposed to miserable working conditions, thus resulting in the formation of first Belgian trade union . Today, Ghent has a total population of about 250 thousand inhabitants. To gain more understanding about Ghent city this research has purposed to show how the history of Ghent has contributed to its current industrialization, globalization, urbanization and local and international identity which benefit its residents and the whole community living around the city.
To start with, the industrial revolution in Belgium was based on the textile industry. This can be traced from 1798 when the Ghent tanner, Lieven Bauwens successfully smuggled out the hidden ideas behind Britain’s textile industry that was booming- the spinning Jennies . Although the British discovered Bauwen’s tricks and wanted to arrest him, he successfully escaped and managed to bring the idea to Ghent. After returning, he assembled the spinning jenny and started using it. Later on, there was widespread use of the spinning jenny. Also, Ghent was victorious in the textile industry because it already had a linen industry.
From the above discussion, it can be derived that the industries that have flourished in the city are as a result of Ghent’s industrial past. Furthermore, the Museum of Industry, Labor, and textile (MIAT), an old cotton mill provides a unique representation of the profound changes in technology that the Ghent society has experienced over the last 250 years . Currently, with the advancement of technology. Many other industries and companies have continued to thrive in this city. Some companies that are now present in this city encompass Kenpolis which is a consumer services company, Larian Studios, which is a technology company and Volvo Car Gent which is also a consumer goods company among other companies. These companies have continued to help the community living around them by providing employment, involving in corporate social responsibilities and availing desirable goods.
Indeed the urbanization in Ghent City can be traced from as early as the 15th century. Urbanization can be defined as the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. While the 1852 Haussmann plan can be viewed as a role model in the establishment of Ghent, traces of such a vision can be observed much earlier. In the period after the construction of the first railway station, the surrounding of the rail station was reinforced with new straight squares and boulevards providing air and light while at the same time connecting the inner commercial districts of the city . Also in the vicinity of citadel, new and large townhouses were built. The layout approaches which were applied to the station area were then utilized for rehabilitation of some densely populated working-class neighborhoods in the city.
In addition to the construction of roads and squares, several public buildings were also erected. Near the Coupure canal, a prison and a casino were constructed. The old Bijloke Hospital was also expanded. Meanwhile, new districts rapidly established outside the former ramparts. These developments acted as the roots for urbanization in Ghent city. Due to the availability of hospitals, housing, roads, and industries to work for, most inhabitants moved to the urban areas. Currently, the City is highly populated with about 250000 residents who either work in the industries or enjoy the social amenities available.
After the smuggling of spinning Jennies from Britain by Bauwens, there was a widespread of its use by many Ghent residents. This was the beginning of industrialization. Since then, Ghent City has gained a unique international and regional identity as an industrial city. The city has grown to adopt scientific research as a way of improving its industrial presence. For instance, Ghent can now be viewed as the birthplace of biotechnology . Some internationally recognized companies like Ghent Bio-Energy Valley, have grown and obtained market dominance in Ghent, providing high-quality bioenergy products to the community members and the international community.
Finally, Globalization and urbanization can be discussed hand-in-hand. Globalization is the process by which organizations and enterprises develop international prominence, conducting their activities at international levels. Ghent started as a small city, with textile trading as its primary economic activity. By this time, it had not gained global prominence. However, with industrialization, many other institutions started to be established. One of these institutions is the Ghent University, which was founded in 1817 by King William I. as a Flemish institution, most of its degrees are taught in Dutch . This university has since grown into an international level, with some degrees now being taught in English. Ghent has also been globally recognized for its Ghent Festival, which was first held in 1843. The intensity of the festival has continued to change throughout the decades. Currently, the festival is known worldwide and receives 1 to 1.5 million visitors yearly.
The developments shown by Ghent city in Belgium are closely linked to its history. The City gained industrialization after Bauwens, smuggled Spinning Jellies from Britain. Since then, many industries have been established. There has been the globalization of several institutions including the Ghent University and other festivals like the Ghent Festival. Also, the City has gained both regional and global recognition due to the industries it hosts. Most of its residents have moved to the city areas due to good housing, transport, jobs and other social amenities.
Stam. 2018. The Story of Ghent: Ghent, a City of All Times. Accessed April 7, 2018. http://stamgent.be/en/digi-expos/het-verhaal-van-gent.
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Best known for his significant contributions to a new musical style that blended African-American musical styles with European forms and melodies, the "King of Ragtime" helped to "revolutionize American music and culture by removing Victorian restraint." (Biographer Susan Curtis)
Scott Joplin was born in November, 1868, to a laborer and a former slave. At age 7,
he taught himself music on a piano in a home where his mother worked in the town of Texarkana. His gift was noticed by the German-born, classically trained music teacher Julius Weiss, who opened the door to a world of learning and music of which the then 11-year old Joplin was largely unaware.
This influence, along with the musical atmosphere present around Texarkana including work songs, gospel hymns, spirituals and dance music, contributed to Scott’s natural ability.
As a teenager he worked professionally in dance halls, brothels and as a traveling musician. The first traceable evidence of his music career places him in a minstrel troupe. When he was in his late twenties, his original songs so impressed a group of businessmen that they arranged for Joplin’s first publications. Around the same time he enrolled in the George R. Smith College for Negroes to study formally.
When he published Maple Leaf Rag in 1899 it transported him to the national stage. So famous, he had several students including ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Louis Chauvin, and Scott Hayden.
Yet despite fame and fortune, there was much sadness in his life. Joshua Rifkin, a leading Joplin recording artist, wrote "A pervasive sense of lyricism infuses his work, and even at his most high-spirited, he cannot repress a hint of melancholy or adversity...He had little in common with the fast and flashy school of ragtime that grew up after him.”
His first and only child with his wife Belle Hayden died within months after birth; they divorced soon afterwards. His second wife, Freddie Alexander, died weeks after their wedding. In 1911, married Lottie stokes, with whom he co-founded a publishing company and who managed his career during his declining mental and physical health. He died, destitute, in 1917.
Joplin’s interest extended beyond the rag music that had made him so famous. He wrote a ballet and two operas. Although none of these ventures provided him the fame and accolades of his piano work, they were deeply important to him.
A Guest of Honor, 1901, his first opera, was performed on tour but foundered and had to be shut down. It is considered lost.
Treemonisha, a groundbreaking work, combines the conventions of opera with traditional African-American folk tales and gospel. He worked on it from 1911 until his death. Not being able to get funding, the composer self-financed its only production, a scaled down reading, which he accompanied as pianist. It was panned and led to his financial ruin.
During the ragtime revival of the 1970’s, Scott Joplin finally found recognition for the full range of his life’s work. Treemonisha was staged by the Houston Grand Opera. (Currently, a new collaboration is working to re-stage the opera). An album of his rags was recorded by Joshua Rifkin, selling millions of copies. The Academy Award winning movie The Sting featured his composition, The Entertainer. In 1976, he was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize.
The Dranoff 2 Piano Foundation
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How Is Statistics Are Used In Data Science To Make Predictions
- December 9, 2022
- No Comment
Defining Statistics In Data Science
Statistics are a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In order to make predictions about future events, data scientists need to be able to understand and analyze data. This is where statistical methods come in. Statistical methods help data scientists make predictions about future events by looking at past events or trends.
Data scientists use statistical methods to make predictions about future events. For example, they might use regression analysis to predict the probability of something happening in the future based on past data. Or they might use Bayesian inference to predict the likely outcome of an event based on a set of variables. By using these types of methods, data scientists can improve their understanding of how data works and how it affects outcomes.
Statistical methods are important for data scientists because they allow them to make predictions about future events. Prediction is a key part of data science, and it can help data scientists improve their understanding of how data works and how it affects outcomes. For example, regression analysis can be used to predict the probability of something happening in the future based on past data. This information can then be used to make better decisions about which products to produce or which marketing strategies to use. Bayesian inference can also be used to predict the likely outcome of an event based on a set of variables. By using this method, data scientists can improve their understanding of which factors are most important in predicting outcomes.
The Role Of Statistics In Data Science Predictions
Statistics are a key component of data science and play an important role in predictions. Statistics help to understand the relationships between variables and identify trends. This is essential for making accurate predictions based on data. Data scientists use statistical methods to determine how likely an event is to occur. For example, they might use probability theory to calculate the odds of something happening.
Statistical methods are often used to make predictions about events that have not yet occurred; this is referred to as “future prediction.” For example, a data scientist might use probability theory to predict the likelihood of a customer cancelling their subscription. They might also use statistics to predict how customers will respond to changes made to the company website.
Data scientists can use a variety of statistical methods to make these predictions, such as regression analysis and Bayesian inference. These methods help data scientists understand how different variables influence one another. This information is then used to make predictions about future events. The Data Science Training in Hyderabad program by Kelly Technologies can help you grasp an in-depth knowledge of the data analytical industry landscape.
The Benefits Of Statistics In Data Science
Statistics is a key ingredient in data science. Statistics can help to make predictions, understand data, and find patterns. These are all important skills for any data scientist.
One of the benefits of statistics is that it allows you to make predictions. Predictions are essential in data science because they allow us to test our hypotheses about how the data works. Without predictions, it would be difficult to know whether or not our theories about the data are correct.
Another benefit of statistics is that it allows us to understand the data. Understanding the data means understanding what it means and how it works. This helps us to better target our experiments and improve our analysis techniques.
Finally, statistics can also help us find patterns in the data. Patterns can tell us a lot about how the data works, which can be very useful for improving our understanding of the data.
The Challenges Of Using Statistics In Data Science
Statistics are an essential part of data science. However, they can be difficult to learn and apply. Data scientists often have to rely on outside experts for help with statistical analysis. Even with these challenges, statistics play a vital role in data science.
One of the most important aspects of statistics is that they can be used to make predictions. This is why data scientists need to be able to understand statistics in order to make accurate predictions. However, this isn’t always easy. Statistics can be complex and it can take time to fully understand them.
Another challenge that data scientists face is that they often have little control over their data. This means that they cannot always change or manipulate it as they would like. This makes it difficult for them to use statistics effectively in their research. In spite of these challenges, however, data science still relies heavily on statistics.
Statistics can be used to make predictions about how different groups of data will behave. This is why data scientists need to understand them in order to make accurate predictions. However, this isn’t always easy. Statistics can be complex and it can take time to fully understand them. Additionally, data scientists often have little control over their data. This makes it difficult for them to use statistics effectively in their research. Despite these challenges, however, statistics still play a vital role in data science.
One example of where statistics are used is in regression analysis. Regression analysis is used to study the relationships between variables. It is also used to predict how different groups of data will behave. In general, regression analysis is a useful tool for predicting outcomes based on factors that are known or assumed about the population being studied.
Another important use of statistics is in machine learning. Machine learning involves using algorithms that are designed to learn from data without being explicitly programmed instructions. Machine learning has become increasingly important as more and more datasets become available. In general, machine learning relies on two main types of statistical models: supervised and unsupervised models. Supervised models involve training an algorithm with labeled examples from which it learns specific patterns. Unsupervised models do not involve any training, but instead rely on the algorithm’s ability to find patterns in unlabeled examples.
The Future Of Statistical Data Analysis In Data Science
In today’s data-driven world, accurate predictions are key to success. Statistics is at the heart of data science, and it plays an integral role in making these predictions. Here are some of the future trends that will impact statistical data analysis:
- Increasing demand for accurate predictions – As businesses become increasingly reliant on data analysis to make informed decisions, there is a growing demand for accurate predictions. This means that statisticians will be needed more than ever to help meet this need.
- The role of statistics in data science – Statistics has long been seen as an essential tool in data science; however, its importance is only becoming more apparent. Statistics helps to identify patterns and insights that would otherwise be difficult to see. Additionally, it can help to improve the accuracy and reliability of prediction models.
- Future trends in statistical data analysis – There are many exciting developments happening in statistical data analysis right now! For example, machine learning is being used more frequently to analyze large datasets. Additionally, new methods such as deep learning are being developed specifically for statistical purposes. We look forward to witnessing even more dramatic improvements in accuracy and efficiency over the coming years!
When To Use Statistics In Data Science?
Data science is a field that uses statistics to analyze data. Statistics play an important role in data science because they allow us to make meaningful observations about the data. When used correctly, statistics can help you answer questions about your data and improve your understanding of it.
One reason why data science uses statistics is because they provide a way to quantify information. This allows you to understand how different variables affect each other, and it can help you identify patterns in your data. Additionally, using statistics can help you determine which methods are most effective when analyzing your data.
When using stats in data science, it is important to be aware of the various benefits that they offer. For example, stats can provide insights into how different groups of people behave; this can allow companies to target their marketing efforts more effectively. Stats also give researchers a way to compare different datasets without having to resort to guessing or assumptions. In short, using stats correctly provides many advantages for both researchers and practitioners in the field of data science.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Statistics In Data Science
Statistics can be used in data science to make predictions. This is useful for making decisions based on data, and it can also help to improve the accuracy of these predictions. Additionally, statistics can be used to infer relationships between variables. By doing this, it can help to better understand how the variables interact.
However, using statistics in data science does require some technical skills. Furthermore, studies using statistics can be expensive and time-consuming. Nevertheless, overall they are a valuable tool for data scientists.
There are some advantages and disadvantages to using statistics in data science. Some of the advantages include that they can be used to make predictions, infer relationships between variables, and improve accuracy. Additionally, statistics can be a valuable tool for understanding how the variables interact.
However, using statistics does require some technical skills. Furthermore, studies using statistics can be expensive and time-consuming. Nevertheless, overall they are a valuable tool for data scientists.
Common Pitfalls When Using Statistics In Data Science
When it comes to advertising, there are a variety of options available to businesses. However, one option that is growing in popularity is white label Google ads. In short, this means that businesses can create their own ads and place them on Google search.
One reason why white label Google ads are becoming increasingly popular is because they offer a number of benefits for clients. For example, low cost per ad means that businesses can afford to run more ads without sacrificing quality or results. Additionally, the reach of these ads can be increased significantly if needed – meaning that even small businesses can have a significant impact on the search engine rankings of their competitors.
However, not all benefits of white label Google Ads are positive. For example, scaleability may be limited depending on the needs of the business. This means that while it is possible to increase reach or budget as needed, it may not be possible to do so dramatically (i.e., adding 1000 new accounts may only add 10-15% more traffic). Additionally, statistical tests used in data science (such as t-tests) vary across platforms and often require different code than what is typically used online (for example MATLAB instead of R). Thus, if you aren’t familiar with these tests and how they work you could make mistakes when using them which could lead to incorrect conclusions about your data set.
Overall though, white label Google Ads provide an efficient way for businesses to advertise online and achieve results that can be scaled up or down according to need – making them an attractive option for SEO managers who want to maximize ROI from their marketing spend. This article in the busineswatch must have given you a clear idea of the How Is Statistics Are Used In Data Science To Make Predictions
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COURTENAY, B.C.—Russell Ball was taking one of his usual walks along Vancouver Island’s Puntledge River on a cool, grey day in January when he noticed something out of the ordinary.
As he knelt down and began chipping away around the patch of brown, he felt a familiar feeling as it grew bigger and bigger.
There’s a glee that comes when you think you’ve found a new fossil, or are about to break open a concretion, the compact mass that forms around fossilized materials, he said.
“Every single time I do that, it’s the same fun as opening a gift. You don’t know what’s going to be inside there,” he said in an interview while at the same river outside Courtenay, B.C.
“And when you find a fossil, you’re the only person in the history of humans to have ever seen that creature.”
Although the retired military expert in explosives disposal has collected thousands of fossils in his spare time over the years, this one turned out to be special.
Experts at the Royal B.C. Museum believe the prehistoric, approximately 84-million-year-old specimen may be one of two known species of ancient sea turtle previously found in the area. Or, it could be a new species altogether.
The process of extracting and identifying the fossil has also involved the Vancouver Island Paleontological Society and the B.C. Fossil Management Office.
“We won’t know for certain until we get the bones completely free of the rock, so we can look at them in fine detail,” said Derek Larson, the museum’s paleontology collections manager, who happens to specialize in turtle fossils.
The fossil is so old that when the turtle was alive, Vancouver Island was in a completely different location further south and below the ocean’s surface, Larson said.
The only other turtle fossil from the same area and time period was identified from a single jaw and parts of its limbs, so this specimen could offer a more complete skeletal record.
The Puntledge River is a known hotbed for fossilized creatures without backbones, such as clams and ammonites, but vertebrates like this sea turtle have been rare.
British Columbia is largely “an unwritten book” on fossilized vertebrates of the Cretaceous period, the last portion of the dinosaur era, Larson said.
“We do know there are fossils here, but we’re only now discovering the true potential and diversity in the area,” he said.
“(The turtle fossil) is another sort of piece of the puzzle bringing back to life this millions-year-old ecosystem that we know very little about so far.”
Discovery of the oldest fossils in the museum’s collection dates back to the 1800s, but the research never took off in B.C. the way it did in neighbouring Alberta, home to Drumheller, the “Dinosaur Capital of the World.”
“I think we’re going to see that shift, especially with the number of amateur fossil finders” and a new fossil research program at the museum, he added.
For his part, Ball is already doing what he can to spread his love of fossils. He offers fossil tours and also presented some of his treasures to school classrooms before the COVID-19 pandemic.
“I’d hand them pieces of fossils they can hang onto and look at. It’s what a lot of kids need—the actual touch and feel and smell and sometimes even the taste of a fossil,” he said.
Taste? Over time, Ball said, the bone becomes “sticky” and will kind of hang to your tongue as if you’d licked a frozen flagpole.
“It’s amazing how many youngsters are happy to get in there and lick one,” he said, laughing.
“That’s fine by me, it’s good old-fashioned rock, it’s not going to hurt you.”
By Amy Smart
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4 ways to prepare your child for school
Help your child to feel confident and secure about their transition to school.Read more
Your listening ears.
Take a stroll through your neighbourhood or around your garden (if you have one). Help your child hone in on the sounds you’re hearing, both natural and human-made. Explore everyday sounds that interest your child, such as watching the dump truck work, or scouting out the nest of the bird in the tree. Which sounds catch your child’s interest and attention most?
Why not try your listening walk indoors too? Explore the sounds of your own home, such as the washing machine spinning, the humming of the fridge, the water running through the tap.
For older children: why not ask your child to make some sounds using natural objects that you can find at home? Why not try and tap your wooden spoons, or tear an old magazine/ newspaper to explore human-made sounds?
Don’t forget to talk through the process and communicate about the sounds that you can both find or make together.
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Table of contents:
- 42 weeks pregnant
- Changes in the fetus at 42 weeks of gestation
- Changes in a woman's body at 42 weeks of gestation
- Tactics in case of a threat of prolongation of pregnancy
Video: 42 Weeks Pregnant - No Childbirth, What To Do
42 weeks pregnant
At 42 weeks of gestation, 40 full weeks have passed since the time of fertilization of the egg. By all standards, the normal duration of pregnancy is 37 to 42 weeks. If its term exceeds 42 weeks, then they speak of postmaturity.
Changes in the fetus at 42 weeks of gestation
At 42 weeks gestation, all fetal organs are ripe for full-fledged work outside the womb. At this time, the child is already quite large, his height ranges from 52 to 54 cm, weight from 3600 g and more.
If by the end of 42 weeks of pregnancy there is no delivery, then there may be signs of postmaturity.
The skin of the baby's body after birth becomes as if parchment, dry and hard to the touch, with many cracks and folds. In places of folds near joints, traces of blood sometimes appear from cracks as a result of friction. The skin has long ago lost the damp lubricant that had a protective function, therefore it is very sensitive to any damage.
The tips of the nails on the hands of such children are longer than the nail bed, they protrude beyond the edge of the phalanx. The bones of the fetal skull at 42 weeks of gestation are quite dense, and the head is less configured during the passage of the birth canal, which complicates childbirth. The large fontanelle can be reduced and the small fontanelle closed completely.
A sufficient amount of adipose tissue has accumulated in the body of the fetus, so the shape of the baby is round at birth.
The brain continues to improve, closer connections are formed between the neurons of its cortex. At 42 weeks of gestation, the oxygen entering the mother's placenta is barely enough to meet the needs of the brain for it.
Changes in a woman's body at 42 weeks of gestation
Due to a decrease in the amount of amniotic fluid and the lowering of the presenting part, the pregnant woman's belly has become smaller in size. The woman determines its activity by the movements of the baby in the womb. Perturbations should be noted regularly, they became more intense in strength, but with a frequency somewhat less often than before.
In a pregnant woman, by this time, the breast significantly increases and becomes heavier, the areoles of the nipples acquire a darker color. The first drops of colostrum periodically appear from the nipples.
Swelling on the legs in the evenings now bother almost all pregnant women, they normally pass by morning. At 42 weeks of gestation, women often experience pain in the lower back, legs, and sometimes in the area of the pubic symphysis.
Tactics in case of a threat of prolongation of pregnancy
It is difficult to single out absolutely reliable criteria that the pregnancy is postponed. This is often talked about if it lasts 43 or more weeks, and as a result, a fetus is born with signs of postmaturity.
It happens that the pregnancy is simply prolonged, without fetal postponement. This occurs if a woman's menstrual cycle before childbirth was 30 or more days, if from generation to generation in a family children are born at a later date, or during pregnancy the baby is not mature enough and has gained weight, and now it is catching up. If the cervix looks immature at 40 weeks, it is likely that labor will be delayed.
A doctor who observed a woman during pregnancy decides on further tactics of behavior - what to do at 42 weeks of gestation. It proceeds from indicators of the fetus's well-being and the presence of a threat to its health. Signs of postmaturity according to ultrasound are thinning and pronounced signs of aging of the placenta, the presence of meconium particles in the amniotic fluid and the absence of vernix flakes in them.
If there is no delivery at 42 weeks of gestation, then their approach is accelerated by drugs, and in some cases, prompt delivery (caesarean section) will be required. Stimulation of natural childbirth is caused by hormonal means, only before that it is important to prepare the cervix for opening.
An emergency cesarean section is done if the fetus has developed acute hypoxia, for example, with placental abruption, loss of umbilical cord loops or ingestion of amniotic fluid or meconium into the respiratory tract.
YouTube video related to the article:
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History of the Champions
Welcome to the Champions
Uasin Gishu County is one of the counties established by the Constitution of Kenya (2010). It is situated in the Rift Valley region of Kenya and covers a total area of 3,345.2 Km2. It extends between longitudes 340 50’ East and 350 37’ East and latitudes 00 03’ South and 00 55’ North. It borders Trans Nzoia to the North, Elgeyo-Marakwet to the East, Baringo to the South East, Kericho to the South, Nandi to the South West and Kakamega County to the North West. The County headquarters; Eldoret town is approximately 350 Km from Nairobi.
Uasin Gishu County until 1750s was historical a savannah plateau with plenty of wildlife such as Lions, Leopards, Hyenas among others. The Maasai arrived in early 1600 and displaced the Sirikwa people occupied the Plateau and named it as Uasin Gishu after the Illwuasin-Kishu Maasai clan which was a grazing area of the clan. The Nandi displaced Maasai from the Plateau and occupied the Plateau as their grazing areas. Upon the arrival of the British, the Nandis were pushed to the Nandi African reserves while others as laborers in their farms. The plateau then was Anglicized as Uasin Gishu by the British.
In 1903, the Eldoret area was proposed as a potential Jewish homeland, as the British Uganda Programme. This proposal was rejected by the British Jewish community leaders. In 1908, fifty eight families of Afrikaans-speaking South Africans settled in Uasin Gishu plateau. They were followed by sixty more families in 1911 and more later. The town of Eldoret was established in the midst of the farms they created.
After independence in 1963, the County was administered by the Municipality of Eldoret and the Wareng County Council. In 2010, it was enacted as a one of the 47 devolved Units of Kenya and elected its first Governor, H.E Jackson Kiplagat araap Mandago, EGH in 2013. And in 2022 H.E Hon. Jonathan Bii Chelilim was elected as the second Governor .
Topographic, Climatic and Ecological Conditions
Uasin Gishu County is a highland plateau with an altitude that cascades gently from 2,700m above sea level at Timboroa in the East to about 1,500m above sea level at Kipkaren in the West. The County can roughly be divided into two broad physiographic regions namely upper highlands and lower highlands, with Eldoret at 2,085 M above sea level (a.s.l.) forming the boundary between the regions. The topography is higher in the east and drops towards the western borders. The plateau terrain in the County is friendly in construction of infrastructure such as roads and use of modern machinery for farming.
The County is divided into three zones namely; Upper highlands, Upper midlands and Lower highlands. Land use patterns in the County have been greatly influenced by these zones as adapt to the particular climatic conditions of an area. The geology of the County is dominated by tertiary volcanic rocks, with minimal commercially exploitable minerals. The four main soil types in the County are; Red Loam Soils occurring mainly in the northern part of the County in Turbo, Moi’s Bridge and Lower Moiben. Brown loam soils occur in high altitude areas of the County around Ainabkoi and Kaptagat. Red Clay Soils are found around Soy, Upper Moiben, and Nandi border areas. Brown Clay soils characterize the plateau and cover most of the Upper Lessos plateau areas. They are mostly shallow with murram close to the surface and are poorly drained. The soils are excellent for livestock rearing.
Economic and Social activities
The County economy is majorly driven by agriculture. Large scale wheat and maize farming, dairy farming and horticulture favoured by fertile soils and regular rainfall are dominant. Besides agriculture, the County is home to some of the world-famous athletes who have boosted sports tourism. The County is also a manufacturing hub, with numerous industries and factories providing employment to thousands of its urban population. Some of the notable industries include Raiply Wood factory, Rivatex Textiles, Kenknit Textiles, Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC), Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC) andas well as corn, and wheat factories all within Eldoret town. Other sectors such as commerce, transport, real estate and financial services are quite vibrant and significantly contribute to the County’s economy. Renowned wholesale and retail stores like Nakumatt, Uchumi, Tuskys, Naivas, Transmattresses, Eldomatt and Ukwala supermarkets have a presence in the County and some provide 24-hour shopping.
Political and Administrative units
Administratively, the County is divided into six sub-counties namely Turbo, Soy, Ainabkoi, Moiben, Kesses, and Kapsaret as shown below. These are further subdivided into one hundred and twenty locations and ninety-seven sub-locations.
The administrative boundaries of the six sub-counties also double as the constituencies’ boundaries with 30 County assembly wards spread as follows Soy (7), Turbo (6), Moiben (5), Ainabkoi (3), Kapsaret (5) and Kesses (4). Politically, these units produce; a Governor, 30 Members of the County Assembly and eight members of parliament comprising of six from the constituencies, a senator, and a woman representative.
County Background Information as per CIDP 2013
- According to the 2009 Population and Housing Census, the total population
of Uasin Gishu County stood at 894,179. At an inter-censual population growth rate of 3.8%, the total population is projected to grow to 1,211,853 by 2017. The population growth rate was higher than the national growth rate at 2.9%. The population density was 267 persons per sq. Km.
- In 2012, the population age group between 0 to 14 years was 41.4% of the
total; while the economically active age group of between 15 and 64 years
accounted for 55.7% of the total. This implies that the County had a high
dependency ratio and a high potential for labor force. The age group under one year was projected to grow from 29,175 in 2009 to 39,539 by 2017, while that aged between 2 and 5 years was expected to grow from 162,559 in 2009 to 220,311 by 2017.
- The age group between 15 and 29 years comprises the youth; and was
expected to grow from 284,278 to 385,273 by 2017. The majority of the youth in the County are dependents due to limited employment and income-generating opportunities. It is also an age group that is prone to exciting activity and possible vulnerability to HIV and AIDS. Skills development and employment creation are therefore priority areas of investment for this group.
- Uasin Gishu has an extensive road network comprising of over 300 Kms of
tarmac roads, 549 Kms of marrum and 377 Kms of earth roads. It also boasts 179 Kms of railway line with 8 railway stations. In addition, there is an inland container depot. The Moi International Airport and two airstrips are also located in Uasin Gishu easily making it the region’s service hub.
- The County enjoyed about 95% mobile phone coverage which is provided by
all the major service providers in Kenya. It also has 16 post offices, 4 sub-postal offices and nine licensed service couriers. It is connected to the fibre optic cable thus, giving it access to fast internet connectivity. The availability of these services confirms the Count’s potential for fast economic development and an attractive location for investment.
- With regard to financial services the County has also witnessed significant
It has a branch of the Central Bank of Kenya, 21 Commercial banks, 108 urban and 4 rural Saccos; and 5 major micro financing institutions.
The education facilities are fairly developed with 2 public universities
namely, Moi University and University of Eldoret. It also has 2 private universities and constituent colleges of major universities. There is also a National Polytechnic, a Technical Training Institute and several private commercial colleges. In terms of basic education, there are 576 ECD centres, 422 primary schools and 129 secondary schools.
- Currently, 30 trading centers, 33 secondary schools and 12 health centers
are not connected to electricity. Firewood remains the main source of cooking fuel accounting for 84% of the households. The over-dependence on firewood has negative implications on existing forests raising the need to plant trees in designated areas for wood fuel; and to connect more households to the National Grid. More effort is also required to connect electricity to all trading centers, schools and health facilities.
- There are 102 trading centers with six of them being urban centers and
The six are Burnt Forest, Matunda, Turbo, Moiben, Kesses and Kapsaret. Urban centers have emerged and grown without proper physical planning. Undesirable developments including informal settlements have mushroomed with their growth. The infrastructural facilities including roads and water supply are insufficient to meet the demands of the growing population.
- Of the built houses in the County, 45.6% are mud-walled or used wood as the
main walling material. Houses built using brick or blocks accounted for 25.4% while mud/slash cement accounted for 18.1%. The main roofing materials was corrugated iron sheets which accounted for 84.4%.
- The Uasin Gishu County had an average land holding of 5 hectares in rural
areas, and 0.25 of hectares within Eldoret Municipality. Land use practices varied considerably across the County. In 2012 there were 919 landless households distributed in various schemes, with Turbo settlement scheme accounting for 658 households; Jabali settlement Scheme 161 and Maili Tisa 100. Some of the landless are squatters living in gazetted forests; immigrants from other counties; and those who become landless by virtue of selling family land.
- The average farm size in Uasin Gishu was 2-10 acres with a wide range of crop and livestock enterprises. The crop enterprises include food crops, cash/industrial crops and horticultural crops whereas the livestock enterprises include dairy, poultry, sheep, goats, pigs, beekeeping and fish farming.
- The three main livelihoods in the County were mixed farming (food crops and
livestock), mixed farming (commercial crops and livestock –dairy) and
formal/casual employment. The agriculture sector comprises livestock production, veterinary, agriculture and fisheries departments. Characteristics of the agricultural sector vary widely from predominantly small-scale with low external inputs to highly mechanized large-scale farming with very high levels of external inputs. Uasin Gishu has a rich agricultural resource base with 80% of the land tenure being privately owned. Private ownership of land has encouraged investment in permanent and long-term improvements of development on farms. Small-scale farming subsector (0-30 acres) accounts for 75% of the total agricultural produce. However, the County has not exploited its potential. Production of main food crops
and livestock has generally been low. Farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture and production costs for most crops are high due to high input costs especially fertilizers, poor and long marketing chains consisting of many players for the different commodities making them inefficient and unresponsive to the process needs. Low levels of mechanization and high transport costs due to an increase in global oil prices. Private sector initiatives have not been fully explored. Of the registered cooperative societies, 149 are active, 104 are dormant, and 12 collapsed. The total membership is 24,011 with a turnover of Kshs.200 million. Most of the active societies are engaged in the production and marketing of agricultural produce.
- Some of the major NGOs operating in the County included the Red Cross,
SNV, Catholic Relief Services, and World Vision. Most of them engage in social programs relating to the provision of clean water and sanitation services, HIV and AIDS management, gender issues and peacebuilding.
- There were 877 registered self-help groups out of which 349 were for women while 301 were for youth groups. The groups are mostly engaged in farming and small-scale businesses.
- The County had a total of 29,802 hectares of gazetted forests out of which
13,184 hectares (or 44%) were under plantation while 16,618 (or 56%) were under indigenous forest cover. The gazetted forests were; Nabkoi, Timboroa Kipkurere, Lurenge, Singalo, and Kapsaret.
- The overuse and destruction of forest cover pointed to the need to protect
forests and water catchment areas. The continued reliance on trees for fuel; and the use of wetlands for farming led to deforestation and encroachment on river banks. These practices resulted in environmental degradation, siltation of water reservoirs, depletion of forest cover, soil erosion and degradation.
The degradation of the environment also resulted from poor solid waste
disposal, pollution from industries and the overuse of insecticides and fertilizers. Soil erosion which was an aspect of environmental degradation had reduced the productivity of the land in some areas. Deforestation had on its part led to unpredictable weather conditions greatly affecting farming. Rainfall patterns had become increasingly unpredictable and health was also affected.
- The County had a potential labor force of 550,000 (or 56% of the entire
population). This implied that 44% of the population was dependent. Out of the total labor force, also 44% are engaged in self-employment. It was inferred that those seeking employment prefer wage employment pointing to the need to create more job opportunities in the County.
A prosperous and attractive County in Kenya and beyond
To provide a high quality of life to the residents through good governance, innovation, inclusive growth and sustainable development
- Participation of the people: we involve our people in decision-making on matters that affect their welfare;
- Equity and equality: we ensure fairness in the distribution of county resources without leaving anyone behind;
- Inclusiveness: we will ensure all developments encompasses all members of the society without discrimination
- Innovativeness: we are committed to transforming the service provision to meet and exceed the expectations of Uasin Gishu county residents;
- Integrity: in all our undertakings, we are committed to acting in an honest and professional manner;
- Accountability and transparency: we are committed to being responsible for our actions and continuously improving service delivery, reporting appropriately to stakeholders and clients;
- Customer focus: we commit to placing the customer at the center of our focus in service delivery.
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This tiny “grain” is gluten-free and packed with vitamins and minerals. In fact, while it’s often called a grain because of its grain-like consistency, millet is actually a seed. It’s frequently used in birdseed, causing countless people to overlook it and miss out on the important health benefits of millet.
To use, collect the seed heads and rub away chaff. Winnowing is not recommended as the seeds are small and may blow away along with chaff, water winnowing is best. Place seeds and chaff in water and seeds will float to the bottom leaving chaff to be collected on top. Soak the grain for 8 hours and allow it to sprout, this causes the nutrients to be unlocked in the grain, as not doing so will make the grain not easily digestible. Once the grain is sprouted, cook like regular rice. Seeds will swell and become opaque.
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Science explains what makes dogs such sloppy drinkers
A dog lapping water with all that ga-lunk ga-lunk splashing has some hidden precision in the inevitable mess.
“We cannot train dogs to drink nicely,” says fluids scientist Sunghwan Jung of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg. Dogs (and cats) can’t close their wide mouths securely enough to suck up liquids, so they lap them up instead. Lappers reach out with the tongue and then retract it quickly, drawing up a thin column of water underneath.
Just when that column of water is about to collapse back into a water dish, a dog snaps its jaws closed, capturing the water, Jung and his colleagues report December 14 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The researchers recognized the precise timing after filming 19 dogs, from a Yorkshire terrier to a Great Dane.
The films also showed what makes dogs so splashy. The dogs plunge a lot more surface area of tongue into the liquid than cats do. And dogs retract their tongues with acceleration up to four times that from Earth’s gravity.
SPLASH, SLOP Cameras looking up from the bottom of a dog bowl and from the side show the extensive tongue surface area plunged into the water and other factors that make dog lapping so messy. S. Gart et al/PNAS 2015
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STX is a lightweight Markup Language. It is simple, yet powerful and open to be used by Everyone.
This Section describes the Markup Structure, which is equivalent to XML, but more concise and readable. Just like XML it can be used to represent any Number of Styles or Semantics, because it is
a 'generalized' Markup Language. That means you can choose the Set of actual Tag Names.
STX also contains other Markup Elements with a different Syntax:
The usual Extension for Files containing Text with this Format is ".stx", the Internet mime-type is text/stx. Files with this Suffix should be associated with the Spoc-Text Editor, so it starts by simply double-clicking a File.
You achieve this by right-clicking on any *.stx File, choosing "Open with.../Choose Default Program" Menu Item and selecting the
SpocText.exe Application with "Use this App for all .stx files" checked.
It is also very useful to enable these and other Text Files in the Preview Pane of
the Windows Explorer as described here.
STX Tags mark their content semantically and can also apply some Formatting to it. Some Examples:
As You can see from the Examples, STX Tags have a common Form, like XML. This makes it easier to learn and remember:
Because the Set of Tags can be extended by just using new ones, most Markup will be applied using Tags. This consistency sets STX apart from other lightweight Markup Languages that use a Hodgepodge of ad hoc Rules.
But certain Constructs like Tables or Check-Boxes [x] have a mnemonic Text Representation that is even easier to read and write than Tags and are therefore included to form a mixed Markup
Tables are a very compact Representation for large Amounts of structured Information. When used with discipline, they can form a Database that Applications can query or update automatically.
STX- Tables are created using the '|' (Vertical Bar) Character and Tabs (shown as '»'). Tabs can control both Content Alignment (left/right/centered) and Column/horizontal-Span (with multiple Tabs).
Row/vertical-Span is indicated by a trailing Hyphen/Minus Sign.
Simply start a Line with a vertical Bar |, enter the Value, a Tab and another Bar. Spoc-Text retains the Bars as Column Delimiters and aligns them so the Result looks like a proper Table.
Rather than fiddling around with the Menu to add Columns or Rows, you just enter | or a new Line with the Keyboard to rapidly fill a well-formatted Table. Try it and You will never again want to enter Tables differently.
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What Is an Affinity Group?
An Affinity Group (AG) is a group of people who share common interests, perspectives and feel an emotional bond to each other and choose to come together to achieve a certain goal. AGs can exist as a part of or independent from larger actions. Some affinity groups form and exist only during a particular protest or action; others work together for years and may both participate in larger demonstrations as well as other ongoing autonomous actions.
Why Do We Form Affinity Groups?
We form AGs so that we can accomplish something with a manageable number of people. We come together in order to better understand the problem and strategize a means of changing the situation. But “I mean, why don’t we just all get together and march and chant things and hold signs and then go home?”
Well, let’s take the upcoming action. The January 20th Occupy Wall Street West action is challenging the housing crisis and huge financial institutions and corporate personhood. Forming affinity groups allows us to take on these big ideas in really tangible ways. Having numerous, smaller groups makes it possible for us to take on many different aspects of these huge issues all at the same time. We can also focus on different priorities, strategies and tactics. This way, we don’t all march to the Wells Fargo HQ; some groups take that on while others may go to a different bank or the courts or who knows? It also means that one group may do something that risks arrest while another may act as support like legal or medics.
Working as affinity groups is one of many ways that we don’t just say that this is a leaderless movement but, in our actions and, display the effectiveness of horizontal organizing within and amongst groups.
How Do You Form an Affinity Group?
Ask people to join you. Seriously. If you have ever had conversations with friends, coworkers, family, neighbors, fellow union members or organizing buddies or anyone like that about something that you all wished could change, get together with those folks and make a plan to make it happen.
What Are Examples of Affinity Group Actions?
Affinity Groups are not a new idea. For years, people have been forming them in order to accomplish any number of goals. A recent example is this past fall when, during a large demonstration, a group of people got together to close down the main branch of Wells Fargo in San Francisco. Within this group, were several smaller affinity groups, each of whom took on blockading one entrance/exit to the building. These groups were made up of people whose priorities ranged from immigrant rights, economic inequality and housing rights among others. Some other examples include:
- in the large-scale anti-globalization demonstrations of ten years ago, affinity groups would take on blockading entrances to convention centers or holding intersections or running communication or medic teams or doing a banner drop
- a longer-term AG could take on routine wheat-pasting and poster hanging around their neighborhood, town or city
- sometimes an AG is just a means for a group of folks to be organized to look out for each other at a larger protest
- sometimes it could be a means of folks educating each other; a study or reading group could be or turn into an affinity group
Link: more info on creating an affinity group
(Thanks to Casey for writing this up!)
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» Pet Notice:
› Leashed pets are allowed on historic site trails, however, they are not allowed in buildings. Please view our Park Rules page for more information.
Chief Vann’s historic plantation house, and grounds, serve as a physical connection to present day visitors of the early nineteenth century Cherokee cultural assimilation efforts planned to counter Georgia’s early expansion which ultimately led to the Cherokee Trail of Tears.
During the 1790s, James Vann became a Cherokee Indian leader and wealthy businessman. He established the largest and most prosperous plantation in the Cherokee Nation, covering 1,000 acres of what is now Murray County. In 1804 he completed construction of a beautiful 2 ½ story brick home that was the most elegant in the Cherokee Nation. After Vann was murdered in 1809, his son Joseph inherited the mansion and plantation. Joseph was also a Cherokee leader and became even more wealthy than his father.
In the 1830s almost the entire Cherokee Nation was forced west by state and federal troops on the infamous Trail of Tears. The Vann family lost their elegant home, rebuilding in the Cherokee Territory of Oklahoma. Today the Vann House survives as Georgia’s best-preserved historic Cherokee Indian home. A guided tour allows visitors to see the house which features beautiful hand carvings, a remarkable “floating” staircase, a 12-foot mantle and fine antiques.
- 137 Acres
- Visitor Center
- Gift Shop
- 12 Picnic Tables
- Bus Parking
Things To Do & See
- ½ Mile Nature Trail one-way
- Guided House Tour
- Physicians Garden - seasonal
- 19th Century Cherokee Farmstead
- 1920s Bradford Spring House
- Three-Sisters Garden - seasonal
- Former site of the 19th century Springplace Moravian mission and cemetery
- Vann Kitchen/Workhouse Exhibit
- Field Trips
Included with admission, exhibits inside the Vann House.
- Historic Maps of Georgia, March – April: View our legend-ary collection of Georgia land lottery maps and maps of Georgia from the 15th-19th centuries, donated by the Ivan Allen Family.
- Handwoven Baskets, May – June: Enjoy our collection of handmade baskets crafted with materials and styles authentic to the Cherokee culture.
- Fall into Quilts, October – November: Settle into fall with our vast collection of handmade quilts from the 19th and 20th centuries.
- Chattanooga, Tennessee
- Chickamauga & Chattanooga National Military Park
- Cloudland Canyon State Park
- Funk Heritage Center
- Fort Mountain State Park
- New Echota State Historic Site
- Red Clay State Historic Park (TN)
- Resaca Battlefield
- Southern Highroads Trail
- Conasauga River WMA
- Coosawattee WMA
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https://gastateparks.org/ChiefVannHouse
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Table of Contents
What was the Trojan War based on?
According to the ancient Greek epic poet Homer, the Trojan War was caused by Paris, son of the Trojan king, and Helen, wife of the Greek king Menelaus, when they went off together to Troy. To get her back, Menelaus sought help from his brother Agamemnon, who assembled a Greek army to defeat Troy.
Was there a real Trojan horse?
Turns out the epic wooden horse that gave the Greeks their victory was all a myth. Actually, historians are pretty much unanimous: the Trojan Horse was just a myth, but Troy was certainly a real place.
Was Helen of Troy a real person?
Is Helen of Troy based on a real person? In Greek mythology, Helen of Troy is a character in Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad. However, there is no solid evidence to suggest that Helen was a real person.
What was the real reason for the Trojan War?
The reason for this “Trojan War” was, according to Homer’s “Iliad,” the abduction of Helen, a queen from Sparta. This abduction was done by Paris, the son of Troy’s King Priam. Throughout the “Iliad” the gods constantly intervene in support of characters on both sides of the conflict.
Did Helen love Paris?
Paris chose Aphrodite and therefore Helen. Helen was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta (a fact Aphrodite neglected to mention), so Paris had to raid Menelaus’s house to steal Helen from him – according to some accounts, she fell in love with Paris and left willingly.
Who killed Achilles?
Achilles is killed by an arrow, shot by the Trojan prince Paris. In most versions of the story, the god Apollo is said to have guided the arrow into his vulnerable spot, his heel. In one version of the myth Achilles is scaling the walls of Troy and about to sack the city when he is shot.
What is Troy called now?
The ancient city of Troy was located along the northwest coast of Asia Minor, in what is now Turkey.
Did Helen actually love Paris?
Did Helen and Paris have a child?
Family. Helen and Paris had three sons, Bunomus, Aganus (“gentle”), Idaeus and a daughter also called Helen.
Who Killed Achilles?
Why did Achilles cry?
In book 23 of the Iliad, after Achilles has killed Hector and had his corpse dragged back to the Greek ships, he cries because he is mourning his beloved friend Patroclus, and he sees Hector’s death as an act of vengeance.
Is the Trojan War a true story?
Some experts believe that the Trojan War described in the Iliad never occur, while many others are convinced that the epic is based on real historical events. Because Homer ‘s story is a rare mixture of gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, many people believe that it is nothing but a fictional story.
Is the Trojan War a real war?
The Trojan War. Troy was a city-state in the Mediterranean, which waged a ten-year war against Ancient Greece . The war was described in the epic poem The Iliad by the poet Homer . The war is partly mythical, with the gods supposed to have taken sides, but it may have been based on a real war in the 12th century BCE .
Did the Trojan War actually happen?
We can say that the Trojan War really did happen, although not in that way it has been portrayed by the Greeks. It has been proved by the German archeologist Schliemann that Troy existed. In addition, Homer estimates the war to have probably lasted for around ten years. The year is estimated to be around 1250 BC.
What were the causes of the Trojan War?
Trojan War. n. The ten-year war waged against Troy by the Greeks, caused by the abduction of Helen by Paris and resulting in the burning and destruction of Troy.
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Medically reviewed by, Russell Braun RPH
Ever wish you could have as much energy as you used to? What if I told you a simple device, with no pills required could restore that energy, lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of diabetes? All with a simple pedometer, like the free Gmaps pedometer.
Sound too good to be true?
Gmaps pedometer and other pedometers can provide the motivation you need to get there!
With all the technology and creature comforts in our modern lives make it hard to be disciplined enough to get the exercise needed on a daily basis. An expensive gym membership or pricey exercise equipment can work, but is not required. The simple act of being more active can get help you obtain your daily exercise goals.
1. What is a pedometer?
Pedometers are devices used to count the number of steps you take. They can be wearable or in the case of Gmaps pedometer a route you mark out ahead of time. Wearable pedometers can be spring levered or piezoelectric. Both use movement caused by acceleration through the hips to record steps.
Pedometers can record steps taken during most activities. However, in general they do not record steps during the following activities.
A side note for Gmaps pedometer, it could actually give you distances for these activities listed above. This is nice if you like to change things up and walk or run in addition to one of these activities.
2. Are pedometers accurate?
Pedometers have been found to be most accurate in step counting, the faster the movement is. This is because hip movement is the key to wearable pedometers. Specifically, when going over 3 miler per hour accuracy has been shown to be over 95%. This accuracy drops the slower someone walks or moves.
Gmaps pedometer is more accurate based on the number of pins that you drop along your route. This helps to detail your exact course. An example would be crossing the street and getting on the sidewalk versus simply putting a pin that looks like you are walking in the road.
For either type of pedometer, they are still giving a picture of approximately how many steps you take. Remember, increasing that number is the key factor, not knowing exactly how many steps you actually took.
3. Can a pedometer make a difference?
People get quite a shock when they find out how many steps they actually take in a day. Most overestimate the amount of activity and daily movement they partake in. They say knowledge is power and knowing how active, or inactive you are can be a powerful tool to change habits.
The benefit of wearing a pedometer is the motivation is can provide to promote more physical activity. Many people are far to sedentary and even a slight increase in physical activity could help improve their health. Having a way to track how active we are each day is a great way to compete against ourselves or others.
Now things like parking farther away from a store can be seen as a way to get more steps. Taking the stairs seems like a viable option versus the elevator. Many little differences can add up during the day to help you reach your new step goal.
Studies show pedometers increase activity
The Journal of the American Medical Association published an analysis of 26 research trials looking at the effect of pedometers. They found that people who used pedometers took about 2,000 more steps daily, which equals approximately another 0.9 mile walked per day. This was a 27% increase in physical activity! Throw the New Years resolution out the window and just get a pedometer.
Another study conducted by Sports Medicine in 2017 found a similar increase in activity. They noted an increase of 2,500 steps per day. The key factor was a motivation from knowing how many steps they had taken.
4. Health benefits of Gmaps and other pedometers
A study done on sedentary workers showed that both people with normal and high body mass index (BMI) significantly increased their physical activity by using a pedometer. BMI is a persons weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. A high BMI is an indicator of high body fat and has been correlated with increased risk of several diseases.
The people in the study experienced clinically significant reductions in BMI, waist size and resting heart rate from using a pedometer.
Therefore, the authors concluded that increasing the number of steps per day by 3000 can have significant positive health impacts. The table below depicts what the positive impacts of reducing BMI, waist size and heart rate can have on the body overall.
|Stress relief||Lower blood pressure|
|Lower blood sugar level||Lower cholesterol levels|
|Increase bone mineral density (BMD)||Decrease body mass index (BMI)|
|Lower cancer risk||Lower diabetes risk|
|Lower heart disease risk||Lower Alzheimers disease risk|
5. Setting new goals with Gmap and other pedometers
Once you understand how many steps you take in a day or in a particular route, setting goals to increase them is easy. As a general guideline the table below indicates activity levels based on the number of steps per day. Keep in mind that a persons age and health conditions can impact these numbers.
|Activity status level||Steps per day|
|Sedentary||less than 5,000|
|Low activity level||5,000 to 7,499|
|Somewhat active||7,500 to 9,999|
|Active||10,000 to 12,499|
|Highly active||more than 12,500|
Healthy adults should be trying to reach the “active” level or 10,000 steps per day. However, keep in mind if you currently only take 4,000 steps per day the likelihood of getting to 10,000 right away is not very good. Instead try to move up the activity levels incrementally. Small wins and increases in steps to get to the next level up will allow you to see positive results and not feel overwhelming.
Adding a brisk walk during times of the day when you have down time can add up steps quickly. The U.S. Surgeon general recommends 30 minutes of exercise 5 times per week.
What if you don’t have 30 minutes each day available?
You probably have chunks of 5 or 10 minutes you could use throughout the day that can add up to 30 minutes. If you don’t like to watch the clock during exercise then try increasing steps by 10% per week. If you were at 5,000 steps and you increased by 10% per day you would be to 10,000 steps in 8 weeks.
You should set a step count goal and come up with a plan to achieve it. Consult with your doctor first if you have a health condition to make sure you don’t overdo it.
6. Have social step challenges
As with any lifestyle or habits change being more active every day can be hard. Many people have jobs that have them confined to a desk and are tired by the time they get home. How can you overcome this problem?
A great way is having someone to hold you accountable. This can be a friend, colleague or family member. Have them ask you every day how many steps you have or write it down somewhere and compare numbers with them. When you are held accountable to someone else you are much more likely to follow through on your habits. For more on habits check out this great book written by James Clear titled Atomic Habits, they can change your life.
Don’t have anyone close to you who you want to be accountability partners with? No problem, social media has friends and groups of like minded people who are out there to support you in pursuit of your goals. Seeing others succeed is motivational and can cause you to take those few extra steps after supper.
7. Does Google maps have a pedometer?
If you don’t want to buy or wear a pedometer, then Gmaps pedometer is the perfect fit. Simply put in your route by dropping pins onto google maps data at this site and voila! Google will calculate your steps, distance traveled and approximate calories burned.
The Gmaps pedometer has a host of cool features listed in the table below. In addition to walking it can be used to calculate distance traveled and calories burned for running, cycling and other activities.
|Save your favorite route(s) on your computer or as a webpage.|
|Easily share your route with friends and family.|
|Print off the map of your route.|
|Move marker points from one location to another to easily adjust route.|
|Straight line between two points allow you to follow trails that are off road.|
|Reverse route lets you calculate distance and steps going back the way you had came.|
|Distance markers show mile or kilometers along the route you create.|
|Changes in elevation are calculated for you automatically.|
See the screenshot of the Gmaps pedometer website.
8. How do I walk on Google maps?
Creating a new route in Gmaps pedometer is simple. First, enter a location by city name, zip code or clicking on the map. Then Gmaps will display a map of that location. Next, click on a location as your starting point and then click on other points that you want to take on your route. As points are added Gmaps will automatically calculate distance for you.
That is it!
Now you can change distances between miles and kilometers, save or print the route and decide if you will walk, run, cycle etc. The more points you mark the more precise the distance and steps will be.
9. How do I map a running route?
Running routes are saved the same way as walking routes. Simply select the run option to modify the calories burned estimate. Using the zoom function allows you to zoom in and out to see the whole route and then detailed parts. In addition, the street level view gives insight into what the actual area looks like at street level. This feature is great when deciding if it looks like an area where running or walking would make the most sense.
Another important thing runners want to know is how many hills are there. The elevation graphs let you know exactly how much the elevation changes. Once your route is selected a graph is calculated providing details on elevation. This includes:
- Elevation in feet or meters
- Total elevation change
- Increase in elevation
- Decrease in elevation
- Minor variations in elevation on mostly flat roads are not included
This is a great heads up for parts of the run that will be easier or harder.
10. Save Gmaps pedometer map routes
The ability to save your favorite routes to walk or run is an important feature of the Gmaps pedometer. To get the most from this you should register and create a log in to the site so that all routes can be saved under your identification.
Once a route is created and saved it, Gmaps pedometer will create a route number for you. Next time you log in you can put the route number in the load route box to retrieve the route.
Don’t want to mess around with the route number? No problem…
Just bookmark the route after you save it and next time you click on the link the route will be loaded for you. Finally, remember that all Gmaps pedometer routes are publicly viewable.
Share your Gmap pedometer routes
Sharing activity milestones with friends and like minded people via social media can be a great way to hold yourself accountable to increasing your activity. Gmaps pedometer makes this easy to do. You can send routes via an email or copy & paste into Twitter or Facebook or even print them out on the share map routes tab.
11. Ways to maximize the Gmaps pedometer tool
Pedometers have been shown to increase physical activity. When you make the decision to start using a pedometer here are some tips to increase the chances of sticking with the program.
1. Get good walking, hiking or running shoes! If your getting blisters from increasing your step count that can deter you from continuing. Check out good shoe options such as these:
2. Try a hear rate monitor. Talk to your doctor about what your target heart rate should be and try to walk briskly enough (or run) to get your heart into that target range during exercies. Below are some great heart rate monitor options.
3. Use apps to record your calorie intake. If you are increasing the calories you burn, you should track the number you take in as well. Just as the pedometer may surprise you on how few steps you take, a calorie tracker may shock you on how many calories you consume. A few apps that are very helpful for this are listed below.
4. A wearable pedometer can be used with Gmaps pedometer. A limitation of the Gmaps pedometer is that you can’t map out your entire day’s worth of steps. However, wearable pedometers do allow for this. A great idea is to use Gmaps to calculate walks, hikes and runs and then compare Gmaps steps to a wearable pedometer. Some of the top pedometers are listed below.
Click here to get Dr. Jason Reed’s exclusive list of medication questions you MUST ask your doctor, for FREE!
Share your story
Have you used gmaps pedometer? Also, please share how you liked it. Chime in below with your comments and thoughts.
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The tactile system refers to receptors located in our skin that send messages to the brain to process and interpret information including: temperature, texture, pain, pressure, and traction. Tactile sensitivity (either hyper-, hypo-) can look like:
- Avoiding messy play, avoiding messy hands
- Avoids hair washing/hand washing
- Has difficulty with certain clothing items/textures or tags
- Needs to touch everything! Appears fidgity
- Avoids hugs or cuddles, avoids activities that include physical contact with others
- Seems unaware of pain
- Bumps into others or objects
Tactile input can affect level of arousal (Light touch tends to be alerting such as tickling, light or cold touch. Deep pressure touch, such as bear hugs, deep, warm, or soft touch are calming).
A fun, interactive, and engaging way to introduce tactile input to a child is through a sensory bin. It is best to begin with dry textures (beans, fabrics, puffs, rice) and to then slowly move to wet textures (shaving cream, foam, applesauce, oatmeal + water) once your child can tolerate covered hands in the texture without showing signs of distress.
A sensory bin that is both practical and enjoyable is edible sand! This is a dry texture, and a perfect introduction to sensory bins for children who love to mouth everything.
- Take cheerios
- Add them to the blender
- Voila! You have made edible sand!
- Add the edible sand to a lipped baking sheet or box to contain, add in some scoopers/animal toys/cars/cups/spoons etc. to increase the fun! If your child is hesitant about any sensory bin to start, make sure to have toys available so they can interact with the new texture using the toy as a buffer.
One thought on “Tactile System + Easy Sensory Bin Idea!”
Adorable! You’re the best Taylor!
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The Dusky-throated Hermit (Phaethornis squalidus) – also known as Sooty-throated Hermit – is a South American hummingbird that is endemic to the humid Atlantic forests in south-eastern Brazil; specifically this species is found in south Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina.
It formerly included the Streak-throated Hermit as a subspecies.
Alternate (Global) Names
Spanish: Ermitaño Chico Bronceado, Ermitaño Escuálido … French: Ermite terne … Italian: Colibrì del sole golabruna … Czech: Kolibrík cernohrdlý, kolib?ík temnohrdlý ,… Danish: Sodstrubet Eremit … German: Schwarzkehleremit, Schwarzkehl-Eremit … Finnish: partaerakkokolibri, Suttuerakkokolibri … Japanese: nodoguroyumihachidori … Dutch: Bruinkeelheremietkolibrie, Bruinkeel-heremietkolibrie … Norwegian: Smusseremitt … Polish: pustelnik skromny … Portuguese: Rabo-branco-amarelo, rabo-branco-miúdo, rabo-branco-pequeno … Russian: ??????????? ????????? ??????? … Slovak: slnecnícek ciernohrdlý … Swedish: Sotstrupig eremit
This small hermit has a total length of approximately 3.5 inches or 9 cm.
The under plumage is pale buff. It has dark streaks on its throat.
Hummingbirds in general are solitary and neither live nor migrate in flocks; and there is no pair bond for this species – the male’s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female.
The males of many Hermit species form leks and congregate on traditional display grounds, where females visit to choose a mate. He will separate from the female immediately after copulation. One male may mate with several females. In all likelihood, the female will also mate with several males. The males do not participate in choosing the nest location, building the nest or raising the chicks.
- Hummingbird Information
- Hummingbird Amazing Facts
- Attracting Hummingbirds to Your Garden
- Hummingbird Species
- Feeding Hummingbirds
The female Dusky-throated Hermit is responsible for building the remarkable cone-shaped nest which hangs by a single strong string of spiders’ silk and/or rootlets from some overhead support, which could be a branch or the underside of the broad leaves of, for example, Heliconia plants, banana trees or ferns about 3 – 6 ft (1 – 2 m) above ground. However, these unusual nests have been found beneath bridges, in highway culverts and even hanging from roofs inside dark buildings. The nest is often near a stream or waterfall. It is constructed out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location.
She lines the nest with soft plant fibers, animal hair and feather down, and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material, giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room.
The average clutch consists of two white eggs, which she incubates alone, while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on (although hermit males tend to be less aggressive than the males of other hummingbird species).
The young are born blind, immobile and without any down.
The female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food (mostly partially-digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks). The female pushes the food down the chicks’ throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs.
As is the case with other hummingbird species, the chicks are brooded only the first week or two, and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days – probably due to the small nest size. The chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 days old.
Diet / Feeding
The Dusky-throated Hermits primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored, scented small flowers of trees, herbs, shrubs and epiphytes.
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I was reminded recently of an article that I wrote for Seanda, the magazine from the National Roads Authority (NRA) Archaeology section in Ireland (McClatchie 2011). The article presented results from the excavation of an archaeological site at Baysrath, Co. Kilkenny. The site was discovered when a new road was being designed and constructed, and it was found to contain a variety of settlement, industrial and funerary features. The excavation was carried out under the direction of archaeologist John Channing of Valerie J. Keeley Ltd, and I undertook the examination of preserved plant remains from the site.
|Charred grains of spelt wheat, Baysrath|
One of the most interesting finds at Baysrath was the discovery of substantial spelt wheat deposits in two different areas of the site. Spelt wheat chaff and grains were found in a post-hole located in an area of Iron Age activity (700 BC – AD 400). Spelt wheat grains and chaff were also found in a T-shaped drying kiln, and the grains were radiocarbon dated to the transition between the Iron Age and early medieval period (AD 400-1150). These two features contained one of the largest spelt wheat assemblages ever found in Ireland. Spelt wheat assemblages of comparable size are more often found at Iron Age and Roman archaeological sites in Britain. Interestingly, one of the archaeological features at Baysrath containing spelt wheat, the T-shaped drying kiln, is rare in Ireland. T-shaped drying kilns are more commonly recorded in Roman Britain, and the presence of this particular kiln in Ireland may reflect links across the Irish Sea at this time.
|Charred chaff fragments of spelt wheat, Baysrath|
The consumption of spelt wheat has seen a revival in Ireland during recent years. Although spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) is closely related to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), modern spelt wheat food-products are often less processed than bread-wheat products, which may explain why spelt wheat is viewed as more of a ‘health food’.
Spelt wheat can tolerate poorer soils and less intensive management systems than the more commonly grown bread wheat, which is reflected in the increasing popularity of spelt wheat among organic growers.
There is also an important difference in how grain is separated from chaff in each case. Bread wheat is a free-threshing wheat and is easily separated from its enclosing chaff. Spelt wheat is, by contrast, a hulled wheat, whereby the chaff is fixed firmly to the grain and is therefore more difficult to remove. Although de-husking would have been a time-consuming activity in the past, spelt wheat chaff does give the grains protection in the field and in storage, providing a useful barrier against water and insect damage.
Archaeological evidence indicates that spelt wheat was introduced into Ireland during the Bronze Age (2500-700 BC), several thousand years after the introduction of other cereals, such as emmer wheat and barley. Spelt wheat had many potential uses, including its incorporation into food products, such as bread and gruels, as well as in brewing and perhaps as animal fodder.
But it seems that spelt wheat was only ever a minor crop in Ireland’s past. The discovery of a large spelt wheat assemblage from Baysrath is important because there are very few substantial finds of spelt wheat from archaeological sites in Ireland. Indeed, I would argue that spelt wheat is probably more popular in modern Ireland than it has been at any stage in Ireland’s past!
McClatchie M (2011) A long tradition of cereal production. Seanda 6: 8-10.
Post a Comment
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In mathematics, a geometric transformation is any bijection of a set to itself (or to another such set) with some salient geometrical underpinning. More specifically, it is a function whose domain and range are sets of points — most often both or both — such that the function is bijective so that its inverse exists. The study of geometry may be approached by the study of these transformations.
Geometric transformations can be classified by the dimension of their operand sets (thus distinguishing between, say, planar transformations and spatial transformations). They can also be classified according to the properties they preserve:
- Displacements preserve distances and oriented angles (e.g., translations);
- Isometries preserve angles and distances (e.g., Euclidean transformations);
- Similarities preserve angles and ratios between distances (e.g., resizing);
- Affine transformations preserve parallelism (e.g., scaling, shear);
- Projective transformations preserve collinearity;
Each of these classes contains the previous one.
- Möbius transformations using complex coordinates on the plane (as well as circle inversion) preserve the set of all lines and circles, but may interchange lines and circles.
- Conformal transformations preserve angles, and are, in the first order, similarities.
- Equiareal transformations, preserve areas in the planar case or volumes in the three dimensional case. and are, in the first order, affine transformations of determinant 1.
- Homeomorphisms (bicontinuous transformations) preserve the neighborhoods of points.
- Diffeomorphisms (bidifferentiable transformations) are the transformations that are affine in the first order; they contain the preceding ones as special cases, and can be further refined.
Transformations of the same type form groups that may be sub-groups of other transformation groups.
Opposite group actions
Many geometric transformations are expressed with linear algebra. The bijective linear transformations are elements of a general linear group. The linear transformation A is non-singular. For a row vector v, the matrix product vA gives another row vector w = vA.
The transpose of a row vector v is a column vector vT, and the transpose of the above equality is Here AT provides a left action on column vectors.
In transformation geometry there are compositions AB. Starting with a row vector v, the right action of the composed transformation is w = vAB. After transposition,
Thus for AB the associated left group action is In the study of opposite groups, the distinction is made between opposite group actions because commutative groups are the only groups for which these opposites are equal.
- Coordinate transformation
- Erlangen program
- Symmetry (geometry)
- Rigid transformation
- Transformation matrix
- ^ Usiskin, Zalman; Peressini, Anthony L.; Marchisotto, Elena; Stanley, Dick (2003). Mathematics for High School Teachers: An Advanced Perspective. Pearson Education. p. 84. ISBN 0-13-044941-5. OCLC 50004269.
- ^ Venema, Gerard A. (2006), Foundations of Geometry, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 285, ISBN 9780131437005
- ^ "Geometry Translation". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ "Geometric Transformations — Euclidean Transformations". pages.mtu.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ a b Geometric transformation, p. 131, at Google Books
- ^ "Transformations". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ "Geometric Transformations — Affine Transformations". pages.mtu.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
- ^ a b Leland Wilkinson, D. Wills, D. Rope, A. Norton, R. Dubbs – 'Geometric transformation, p. 182, at Google Books
- ^ Geometric transformation, p. 191, at Google Books Bruce E. Meserve – Fundamental Concepts of Geometry, page 191.]
- Adler, Irving (2012) , A New Look at Geometry, Dover, ISBN 978-0-486-49851-5
- Dienes, Z. P.; Golding, E. W. (1967) . Geometry Through Transformations (3 vols.): Geometry of Distortion, Geometry of Congruence, and Groups and Coordinates. New York: Herder and Herder.
- David Gans – Transformations and geometries.
- Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952). Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.). Chelsea. ISBN 0-8284-1087-9.
- John McCleary (2013) Geometry from a Differentiable Viewpoint, Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-11607-7
- Modenov, P. S.; Parkhomenko, A. S. (1965) . Geometric Transformations (2 vols.): Euclidean and Affine Transformations, and Projective Transformations. New York: Academic Press.
- A. N. Pressley – Elementary Differential Geometry.
- Yaglom, I. M. (1962, 1968, 1973, 2009) . Geometric Transformations (4 vols.). Random House (I, II & III), MAA (I, II, III & IV).
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Influence of building shape and orientation on heating demand: simulations for student dormitories in temperate climate conditions
Author: Martyna Mokrzecka
Type of publication: Conference proceeding
The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of preliminary design decisions such as building shape and orientation on its heating demand. After analysing plans of forty student dormitories located in heating dominated climate (Dfb and Cfb), eight typical plan layouts were identified and chosen for further analysis. Eight buildings were modelled using these plans and uploaded to dynamic simulation tool, Sefaira. Buildings have the same characteristics (surface, height, thermal properties, location etc.). The next step was to rotate the buildings at 45° intervals and simulate the annual heating demand for each case. The results show that the shape influences the heating energy consumption. The difference between minimum and maximum heating demand in the chosen sample was 50%. The square – shaped buildings have advantages in terms of heating energy consumption over L, U and C-shaped buildings as well as over rectangles with different shape factor. Orientation does not substantially influence the consumption in well insulated buildings. Last step of the research was to analyse the influence of functional layout on heating energy and internal comfort in a square-shaped building.
Reference to article:
Martyna Mokrzecka. 2018. Influence of building shape and orientation on heating demand: simulations for student dormitories in temperate climate conditions. E3S Web Conf. 44 00117 (2018)
Link to the article:
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- Case StudyHelp.com
- Sample Questions
Question 1. Malso is a small family business situated in East London in the UK. Malso was originally set up in 1970 by four brothers who were shoemakers. They made bespoke shoes for very specialist clients. Over time the business grew steadily, and it expanded into e-commerce. In the tax year 2014–2015 Malso had expanded from having 120 customers a year to orders in the region of 100,000 a year. This expansion resulted in the acquisition of a number of new technologies, new information systems and a major expansion in the number of workers in the organisation. At the last head count, Malso had over 1,000 workers on its payroll. The brothers now recognise that they need to consider what knowledge exists in the firm and how they should capture it. Taking into account the above description, write a report in which you discuss the major types of knowledge work systems that might exist and how they could provide value for Malso. [50 marks]
Question 2. Conventional wisdom in Information Systems Management suggests that the Information Systems Strategy and the Business Strategy should be aligned if the true value of introducing an information system is to be realised. Discuss some of the ways in which managers can ensure that the Information Systems Strategy and the Business Strategy are aligned. Illustrate your discussion with one or more examples.
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Why do New Year's resolution notoriously fail and how do we make sure we stick to them? Dr Lisa A Williams from UNSW School of Psychology explains the psychological reasons why your New Year's resolutions might actually work.
Dr Lisa A. Williams has been appointed Associate Dean for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion for UNSW Science, the first appointment of its kind for the faculty.
Darkness can bring out the worst in us, and the nighttime announcement of a US grand jury decision could have exacerbated the ensuing social unrest, writes Lisa Williams.
Our social identities lie at the core of many psychological processes, including the emotional reactions of football fans to their teams' victories and losses, writes Lisa Williams.
Science suggests winking is an inherently ambiguous gesture and context makes all the difference to interpretation, as Prime Minister Tony Abbott has discovered.
A computer algorithm that can identify complex emotions from facial expressions is a step towards improving the human-machine interface, write Lisa Williams and Eliza Bliss-Moreau.
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The Coronavirus has brought the whole world to a big stop! It has become the antagonist of everyone’s story. Doctors, nurses, frontline workers and everyone has been striving hard to achieve a better tomorrow. Vaccines for people aged 18+ have been released and everyone in the nook and corner of the world is being vaccinated. Many thoughts about the vaccination have been going through in our minds.
Here is Dr.Major R.Ramakrishnan, sharing his views on vaccination.
Dr. Major R Ramakrishnan, MBBS, MS, DNB (ENT) is an ENT Specialist. He started his career as a general practitioner and after a year joined the Indian Army as a medical officer. Subsequently, he worked as a resident doctor in Command Air Force Hospital in Bangalore. In 2009, he joined SRM Medical College in Potheri as an assistant professor where his responsibilities included teaching medical students. He is currently a consultant and surgeon with various leading hospitals in Chennai. He has authored and co-authored a number of books and articles for medical journals and publications.
Q – What is vaccination?
A – Vaccination is an effective way to prevent diseases. This can be used for bacterial and viral diseases, but it is mostly used for viruses. Diphtheria is a good example of a vaccine, which is used for bacterial infection. Few vaccines are used to eradicate diseases, like small pox, measles, etc.
Q – What is your perspective about Covid -19 vaccination?
A – The spread of the virus was identified in December 2019. There was very minimal time to develop reliable vaccinations. There is a 5-6 stage process before the public is vaccinated.
Due to the lack of time, the tests were directly conducted on a small batch of volunteers rapidly. Normallu, it takes 10-15 years to develop the vaccine. Vaccines were approved for emergency use authorization (EUA) by the DCGI (Drugs Controller General of India).
‘Pfizer and Moderna’ vaccines are provided in the US. In India, the citizens are being vaccinated with Covaxin and Covishield.
Covishield is an mRNA vaccine, which provides a dose of the spike protein.
Covaxin uses inactivated Coronavirus
This is an old technology while the Covishield is a new one.
Q – Who should be vaccinated? Who should avoid it?
A- Everyone SHOULD be vaccinated. Clear guidelines on who can/cannot be vaccinated have been released. It is safe to get vaccinated based on medical advice. Patients under long-time steroids and chemotherapy cannot be vaccinated. Consulting a physician is highly recommended.
Q- What are the myths/fears of getting vaccinated?
A- 1. Worried about safety due to the ‘information pandemic’ and circulation of fake news. People are concerned due to the number of deaths, which are represented.
2. Few are careless and do not understand the seriousness of the current situation and do not get vaccinated. People have a common thought that they are not prone to get affected.
Q- The third wave and Adolescents getting affected is one of the frequently discussed topics now. What do you expect during the third wave?
A- Initially during the first wave people aged 50+ were affected. In the current second wave, people aged 30 + are getting affected. I believe that children and adolescents will be vaccinated as soon as possible which will reduce the impact of the third wave. Continuing online learning and abiding by the guidelines is highly recommended to reduce the risks of school students getting affected. We would have to wait and watch to determine the intensity of the upcoming wave.
Q- Nasal Vaccine-What is it and what are your thoughts about it?
A- This is a very effective vaccine -The virus enters your body through the nose and throat. As the name suggests, the nasal vaccine is sprayed the same way so, it works efficiently in the body.
However, there are two main challenges:
1. A delivery mechanism is needed for the drug to be sprayed
2. The nose should have the ability to absorb the provided drug.
Once these are resolved, the vaccine would become ready for use. This is a very effective way to get children vaccinated, as it is easier than the injectable vaccine. Multiple doses can be provided which is an advantage.
Q- Final thoughts?
A- Every disease has four waves until it dies naturally. Unless most of the population is vaccinated, the virus is not going to die anytime soon. It is going to take time to completely eradicate this pandemic. We expect the situation to get better in the next 2 years, sometime in March 2023. We can start seeing signs of getting better around November 2021.
*This article represents the opinions of Dr.Major R.Ramakrishnan in an interview with a student reporter of YOCee. . The content here is for informational purposes only and should not be taken as medical advice to any individual.*
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Node.js helps developers create applications that can handle large amount of data using Restful Microservices architecture. Microservices is a cloud-based architectural approach composed of loosely coupled, independently deployable smaller services that are cohesively put together to create and work on larger, and more complex applications. The approach enables business leaders to structure and run their operation model and teams as per their needs.
This Project will help you to create an application using multiple microservices. It will provide you hands-on practice on the implementation of microservice communication, API Gateway, and Discovery Service.
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A new study by Virginia Commonwealth University researchers suggests that dysregulation in the way two G protein-coupled receptors talk to each other may be responsible for some symptoms of schizophrenia and could lead to new treatment targets.
The study “Allosteric signaling through an mGlu2 and 5-HT2A heteromeric receptor complex and its potential contribution to schizophrenia,” was published in the journal Science Signaling in January.
GPCRs are proteins that sense signaling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters and are the targets of many prescribed drugs. Healthy brain function relies on GPCR signaling, and alterations in this process can result in various diseases and ailments, including hypertension, diabetes and pain, as well as neurological and psychiatric disorders.
In this case, researchers analyzed the structure of two GPCRs involved in schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action: serotonin 5-HT2A and glutamate mGlu2.
Until relatively recently, these GPCRs were assumed to function as monomeric signaling units. Monomers are proteins made up of a single polypeptide chain. In a 2008 study published in Nature by the same team, researchers discovered that these two GPCRs were actually assembled as heteromeric complexes, which contain two or more polypeptide chains, and are located in close molecular proximity at the cell surface. This structure functions in a different way than the monomeric complex and changes the way therapeutic drugs affect it, too. Building on that knowledge, researchers in the new study were able to characterize the mechanism for how 5-HT2A and mGlu2 crosstalk within the receptor complex and show that this crosstalk is altered in both lab mice and postmortem brain tissue samples of schizophrenic patients.
“We found that if you activate only the mGlu2 receptor in single cells expressing both mGlu2 and 5-HT2A, you have both Gi signaling and Gq signaling,” said Javier González-Maeso, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the VCU School of Medicine. However, when you activate the mGlu2 receptor in animals without the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, Gq signaling doesn’t occur. The brain tissue samples of schizophrenic patients indicated the same thing: Gi signaling but no Gq signaling.
Gi and Gq are molecules that control how each cell decodes the various signals coming from the GPCRs. Previous studies have shown that a specific ratio of Gi versus Gq signaling is necessary to induce antipsychotic responses in mouse models of schizophrenia.
“Our findings suggest that this crosstalk is changed in patients with schizophrenia and might be responsible for some of the symptoms,” González-Maeso said.
Knowing this, researchers can consider new therapies for schizophrenia. Current treatment addresses symptoms through drugs that target one receptor. Often, these drugs either do not work or patients have severe secondary effects. About 74 percent of patients end treatment, according to González-Maeso.
“With these new findings, we set the stage for new pharmacological approaches that will allow us to balance Gi and Gq signaling with the final goal of developing new therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia treatment,” González-Maeso said.
Schizophrenia is a mental illness that affects 1 percent of the U.S. population. The disease interferes with cognitive function, managing emotions and social interactions. Risk factors for schizophrenia include genetics, environment and brain chemistry.
González-Maeso’s collaborators include José L. Moreno, Ph.D., VCU Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Diomedes E. Logothetis, Ph.D., chairman of the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU School of Medicine; and J. Javier Meana, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country.
Funding: The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health grant R01MH084894.
Source: Anne Dreyfuss – Virginia Commonwealth University
Image Credit: The image is credited to Marco Castellani and is licensed CC BY SA 2.0
Original Research: Abstract for “Allosteric signaling through an mGlu2 and 5-HT2A heteromeric receptor complex and its potential contribution to schizophrenia” by José L. Moreno, Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu, Aintzane García-Bea, Jason Younkin, Meng Cui, Alexey Kozlenkov, Ariel Ben-Ezra, Georgios Voloudakis, Amanda K. Fakira, Lia Baki, Yongchao Ge, Anastasios Georgakopoulos, José A. Morón, Graeme Milligan, Juan F. López-Giménez, Nikolaos K. Robakis, Diomedes E. Logothetis, J. Javier Meana, and Javier González-Maeso in Science Signalng. Published online January 12 2016 doi:10.1126/scisignal.aab0467
Allosteric signaling through an mGlu2 and 5-HT2A heteromeric receptor complex and its potential contribution to schizophrenia
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein (G protein)–coupled receptors (GPCRs) can form multiprotein complexes (heteromers), which can alter the pharmacology and functions of the constituent receptors. Previous findings demonstrated that the Gq/11-coupled serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and the Gi/o-coupled metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptor—GPCRs that are involved in signaling alterations associated with psychosis—assemble into a heteromeric complex in the mammalian brain. In single-cell experiments with various mutant versions of the mGlu2 receptor, we showed that stimulation of cells expressing mGlu2–5-HT2A heteromers with an mGlu2 agonist led to activation of Gq/11 proteins by the 5-HT2A receptors. For this crosstalk to occur, one of the mGlu2 subunits had to couple to Gi/o proteins, and we determined the relative location of the Gi/o-contacting subunit within the mGlu2 homodimer of the heteromeric complex. Additionally, mGlu2-dependent activation of Gq/11, but not Gi/o, was reduced in the frontal cortex of 5-HT2A knockout mice and was reduced in the frontal cortex of postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients. These findings offer structural insights into this important target in molecular psychiatry.
“Allosteric signaling through an mGlu2 and 5-HT2A heteromeric receptor complex and its potential contribution to schizophrenia” by José L. Moreno, Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu, Aintzane García-Bea, Jason Younkin, Meng Cui, Alexey Kozlenkov, Ariel Ben-Ezra, Georgios Voloudakis, Amanda K. Fakira, Lia Baki, Yongchao Ge, Anastasios Georgakopoulos, José A. Morón, Graeme Milligan, Juan F. López-Giménez, Nikolaos K. Robakis, Diomedes E. Logothetis, J. Javier Meana, and Javier González-Maeso in Science Signalng. Published online January 12 2016 doi:10.1126/scisignal.aab0467
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We use do, does, did, don’t, and didn’t constantly; because of that, we run the risk of messing up this very irregular auxiliary verb. Have you ever heard a child say that she “dood” something, as if it were a past tense version of do? You wouldn’t be alone in smiling at her mistake!
- Does you want some of this carrot cake?
- He do think he don’t need any help with grammar.
The past tense of do is always did, and the past tense of don’t is always didn’t. Simple! With do and does, we confuse them because of the irregularity of “I do” and “he does.” Using “he / she don’t” is the most common mistake of all; it should always be “he / she doesn’t.” I think he doesn’t need any help with grammar.
MORE TO KNOW
The word do has so many uses! We use it to ask questions (“Do you like music?”), to substitute for repetitive phrases (“She plays music and so do I”), to emphasize something (“I did do the dishes!”), and to express the negative and positive (“We don’t listen to music” and “Yes, you do”). Its frequent use means you’ll have lots of opportunities to get this right.
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| 0.962736 | 327 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Yes, we can change things on our scale and reduce our carbon footprint.
What is the carbon footprint ?
The carbon footprint, calculated in tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year, refers to the greenhouse gas emissions generated by our activities . From the production of goods, to our food consumption, through the energy used in our homes or our mode of transport, everything goes there.
The sectors that emit the most CO2 in the world are: fossil fuels , agriculture , land use and the fashion sector .
To give you an idea, the carbon footprint of Paris is 22.7 million tonnes of CO2 per year. Therefore, a Parisian consumes 10.3 tonnes of CO2 per year, taking into account emissions from buildings, transport, intramural industries, and indirect emissions generated by Parisians outside the city. 10.3 tonnes… It's huge isn't it?
Fossil fuels: do they still exist?
Oil , natural gas and coal are the main fossil fuels. These 3 hydrocarbons have one thing in common: they come from underground deposits and are formed by the decomposition of organic matter (based on carbon) of living beings (plants, animals, bacteria, etc.).
We use fossil fuels every day, by producing electricity, heat, burning coal in thermal power stations, but also by taking the plane, our own car or even by buying something packaged in plastic (yes, it takes a lot of fossil energy to produce plastic). To give you an order of magnitude, oil (30.9%) is the most used source of energy in the world, closely followed by coal (26.8%) and natural gas (23.2%). ).
The only small problem is that even before its combustion, fossil energy is already a time bomb for the environment. Its mode of extraction is how to say… (a little) cata.
To extract this oil from the depths of the earth, oil drilling companies must all too often raze the forests before installing their pumping machines.
When the extraction is done in the sea, the offshore platforms (offshore) represent a real risk of an oil spill (and personally, I don't want to do an oil scrub during my beach vacation).
Once this energy has been extracted, its combustion causes greenhouse gases. And who says CO2, says global warming, summer heat and melting sea ice, freezing winter. And therefore to drink even more mulled wine (and thus to end up drunk, *hips*).
In 2021, a study was carried out by researchers from University College London. This shows that if humanity wants to limit global warming to 1.5°C as set out in the objectives of the Paris Climate Agreement, 90% of the coal and 60% of the oil still present in the soil must stay there . We'll have to go a little harder!
Fashion: essential or indefensible?
The fashion sector is a sector that has exploded in recent years. By always wanting to be “in fashion”, the phenomenon of fast fashion has taken on an unprecedented scale and forces us to produce more and more, by selling at lower and lower prices to encourage consumption. The fashion sector's carbon footprint is estimated at 1.2 billion tonnes of CO2 , which represents 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions. And if this continues, in 2050 these emissions will represent 26%!
Where does the carbon impact in fashion come from?
64% of sector emissions are made by two stages of a garment's life cycle. First by manufacturing the fabric from a raw material (for example the spinning of the cotton and the weaving of the fabric) then by the treatment of the textile (dyes and finishes). Added to this is the transport of the garment from the extraction of raw materials to final consumption.
To give you an idea, your shoes have already done an average of 5300 km before you even take the slightest step with them. Okay, let's qualify our point a bit. A pair of shoes made in France will have done less than 1000km while a pair from China will have more than… 8000km on the clock. So yes, buying French already changes a lot.
Here are some figures that can only convince us: for 1% of textile consumption redirected towards Made in France , French industry produces 5,500 additional tons, this generates 4,000 new jobs and 140,000 tons of CO2 are saved . To reduce the carbon footprint of the fashion sector, the real challenge is to support the energy transition , by using renewable or clean energies to produce clothes.
Another way to reduce the impact of the fashion industry is to reduce the volume of clothing put on the market . Basically, let's stop over-consuming and over-producing. Some brands have set up a pre-order system to streamline production. By reducing the number of unsold products, CO2 emissions along the value chain would decrease by 25%.
With the Oé team, we choose responsible brands to make the team's clothing. We pre-ordered our t-shirts several months in advance from ForLife , in order to avoid overproduction and buy responsible products.
earth against earth
As there are more and more of us on earth, we have to produce more and more to feed ourselves. Since 1960, world agricultural production has greatly increased. Agriculture now accounts for a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions !
I can already hear you saying to yourself: “But agriculture is part of nature, it doesn't pollute” . Well, can you imagine that what produces the most greenhouse gases is livestock farming (48%), the cultivation of pesticide-infested soils (41%) and agricultural machinery (11%). In addition to contributing to climate change, agriculture is singled out for its impact on air and water quality, biodiversity, the destruction of natural areas and soil erosion...
How to reduce the carbon footprint of the agricultural sector?
Develop bicycles/tractors? Significantly decrease meat production? We asked ourselves a lot of questions to limit pollution linked to agriculture. You are given avenues which are currently being studied and which are beginning to be put in place.
The soils are rich in organic matter. They make it possible to capture CO2 present in the air. But for that, you need large green areas. One idea that is beginning to develop is to create “carbon sinks” with pastures, hedgerows, or large expanses of grass that absorb CO2 from the air.
Another way to reduce the carbon footprint of the agricultural sector is to save energy. Alright. We're not going to plant potatoes by hand?
Optimizing the use of agricultural machinery by adopting eco-driving and acquiring high-performance and economical equipment makes it possible to reduce pollution from machinery as much as possible. Properly insulating buildings is also essential to reduce energy losses (but that's the same with us!).
Finally, a last track is to change the food given to the animals . You might smile, but just like a human who eats too many beans, cows have foods that cause them to produce more methane (if you know what I mean 💨).
Flax seeds are gradually being introduced into cattle feed, and it's much better for their digestive system (and for their hair)!
How can I limit my carbon footprint?
It doesn't matter if you're a bad cook. You can still limit your carbon footprint by eating fewer animal products (fish, meat).
On the fashion side , a simple but always working tip is to buy less but better. Here is a rather crazy little fact: in France, we buy 10kg of clothes and shoes every year . 68% of our wardrobe has never been worn in the last 12 months.
Let's take care of our clothes. At Oé, we really like Patagonia clothing, which is guaranteed… for life! Many of us send them back and have them repaired. And if you are tempted to buy, we suggest you try the BISOU method.
If shoes catch our eye, it's good to wait a few days to find out if we really need them. And when you need it, you can check if the product exists second-hand on Vinted , Emmaüs or in thrift stores. Second-hand and recycling can reduce total emissions from the fashion sector by 10 to 15% .
To make this change in habits more fun, the Zero Waste France association launched the “ Rien de Neuf ” challenge. The rule: for one year, individuals agree to buy as few new items as possible. A facebook group has been created with more than 28,000 people who exchange ideas and tips on how to avoid buying new products. We try ?
Finally, if we have no choice but to buy new, let's buy as locally as possible. We have already explained to you the benefits of Made In France, both to reduce carbon emissions and to create jobs. And then, anyway, fashion is cyclical, isn't it? Head to your parents'/grandparents' closet, maybe you'll find some nuggets!
On another note, our homes increase our carbon footprint. It is estimated at 2.4 tonnes of CO2 per person per year and is mainly linked to heating and electricity consumption .
So to limit all these losses, you have to bet on good thermal insulation . If there are fewer exchanges with the outside, there will be less need for heating in winter and vice versa for summer. To have the least possible losses, you need good windows (thanks to double glazing) and well-sealed doors.
You can also opt for wood-fired heating or opt for green energy suppliers. At Oé we are at Enercoop , a 100% renewable energy supplier from French producers.
The government has given a sobriety plan to follow for the winter, with the main directive not to heat above 19 degrees. And 19, believe us, it's perfect!
In our everyday life, an easy thing to put in place is to abandon our dear friend the car . We can replace it with public transport, cycling, walking… With the team, many of us come by bike, and we love it. This is an opportunity to take a moment for yourself in the morning and evening, to tone up and enjoy going to work while avoiding traffic jams. To try it is to adopt it !
And on the food side, let's be aware of the impact of intensive farming on animals and the environment . By putting more plants back on our plates, we can help change things. We show you an idea for a festive , delicious and vegetarian menu, developed by chef Matthieu Chambrier. Yum !
Finally, one last point to change your carbon footprint is to change jobs . “Change job? No, but that has nothing to do with it!”
We don't say that all jobs are bad, far from it, but if you work for a company that seeks to do better, that brings good practices up to date (hello Oé and the bottle deposit ), you will contribute to change things and the world on your scale.
You know why you get up in the morning, and you make other companies want to get started in turn. The world is not perfect, but if everyone chooses a fight, we can make a difference.
Are you ready to fight with us?
Ps: Here is a little tool to calculate your carbon footprint ;)
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Strategic Intervention for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT)
The government of India on August 15, 2021, announced the implementation of a project that encourages the use of green hydrogen. The objective of the project is to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and focuses on de-carbonization. For this, a project has been launched with an estimated budget of around ₹19,744 crores that will create a boom in the production of green hydrogen. With the implementation of this project, the country is expected to witness a surge of investments worth Eight lakh crores rupees with the creation of Six lakh jobs and a cumulative reduction in fossil fuels imports worth Rs One lakh crore.
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Background to the Study
Evaluation of participation in female sport and recreation has been ignored for decades. Research by the Sports Information and Science Agency indicates that women have been disadvantaged as far as participation in sport and recreation is concerned for many years (Bmi Sports Info, 1997:1-2). In addition they have not had coaching and refereeing opportunities, and were not able to occupy administrative positions (Bmi Sports Info, 1997: 1-2). Statistics, according to Bmi Sports Information (1997:4-5), indicates that only 2,5 million of the 12,5 million South African women aged 18 years and older participate in organised sport. This leaves 9, 9 million women who are not participating in sport. Less than 21% of women participate in sport, compared to 40% of men, clearly demonstrating a much lower participation level to that of men. This participation level varies considerably from one culture group to another with 48% white women participating in sport, but only 15% of black women. During the 21st century, sport and recreation activities have been thoroughly masculinised.
However, women cannot afford to allow this tendency to continue unchallenged. The way sport is encouraged and organised for male participants is perhaps the most impressionable way females observe that males are to be active while females are not (Birrell and Cole, 1994: 48-49). A series of social processes is implicated in the way in which sport and recreation is seen as male territory while women are effectively excluded. Gender is a key factor within the world of sport. Researchers found evidence to support the phenomenon that women’s motives for participating in sport are different from men’s motives. Women are less competitive than men, and therefore, participate in sport for intrinsic motives, whereas males participate more for extrinsic motives. Women on average participate more for friendship and fun, while males participate to win(Chantel, Guay, Debreva-Martinova and Vallerand, 1996: 180).Spears and Swanson in (Gouws, 2001: 242) defines sport as the activities involving power and skill, competition, strategy engaged in for the enjoyment and satisfaction of the participant and others. This definition includes both organised sport and sport for recreational purposes. It clearly includes the component of sport as entertainment, which encompasses professional sport.Similarly, Snyder and Spreitzer (2001:242) defines sport as an activity which takes place within a specific time, space and area where certain rules are clearly defined with the purpose to nominate a winner or loser. Sport is seen as a physically active pastime practiced at a wide variety of levels, under agreed rules, not necessarily, but often, in a competitive setting, at the very least competing with oneself (Watt, 1998: 10).Gouws, (2001: 242) refers to various perceptions. Sport is competitive in nature and is based on the natural tendency of man to compete with himself, others and nature.By practicing sport, man is pursuing excellence, because sport tests the perseverance of every participant. Birrel and Cole (1994: 50) define sport as something in which men and children participate in, though males far more than females. If women want to play the game, they are going to have to play it by ‘male-generated rules’. The defining process is effective and shows the fact that far fewer women participate in sport activities.
Furthermore, Sport is now also taking a leading role as far as equalizing the playing fields for women. For many years women have been disadvantaged as far as participation in sport and movement into coaching, refereeing and administrative positions are concerned (Bmi sports info, 1997: 1-2). Over the past decade much more opportunities, but not as much as that given to men, have been created for sportswomen.But with the bulk of sports sponsorship going to cricket, football, rugby and golf and with redressing social imbalances, opportunities for black girls and women have been sandwiched. Much pressure to perform is also placed on a black sportswoman when she emerges as a potential international athlete. For example, Athletes Dikeledi Morapane,Sarah Mahlangu, Farwa Mentoor, footballers Portia Modise and Veronica Phewa carry the hopes and aspirations of millions of black women who want to be black sports heroines (Roberts, 2004: 12-13). Admittedly, these sportswomen have been assisted through age group competitions and into international sport but not enough black women have been brought through the ranks. Gender imbalances continue to embarrass our non-racial, democratic South Africa. South Africa is producing world champions and world class female athletes whose performances inspire thousands of female athletes in all sports, but sponsors are not showing the keenness to be associated with the development of our sportswomen (Roberts, 2004: 12-13).In almost the same vein, Roberts, (2003: 3-4) in his examples comments that South Africa’s elite sportswomen have over the past decade shown that they are not only world class female competitors in South Africa but that they are also capable of winning world titles and Olympic medals. Therefore, sportswomen such as swimmer Penny Heyns, tennis player Amanda Coetzer, athlete Elana Meyer, rowers Rika Geyser and now world high jump champion Hestrie Cloete have not only competed creditably throughout the world but have also done South Africa proud.On the other hand, enjoyment is an elusive concept that is difficult to articulate and is individualistic (Biddle and Chatzisarantis, 1999). Constructs of enjoyment have been examined in an attempt to identify its determinants (Carroll and Loumidis, 2001;Goudas and Biddle 1993; Portman, 1995, Ryan, Fleming and Maina, 2003). Researchers have also identified the teacher (Carlson, 1995; Hassandra, Gouda and Chroni, 2003;Ryan, Fleming and Maina, 2003), choice (Carlson, 1995; Dyson 1995), perceived competency (Carroll and Loumidis, 2001; Dyson, 1995; McKiddie and Maynard, 1997; Ntoumanis, 2001; Portman, 1995) and instructional strategy (Mitchell, 1996) as important indicator variables and determinants of enjoyment in educational contexts.Therefore, enjoyment as a construct must be increasingly understood if we are to understand children's initial and continued engagement in physical activity (Gam and Cothran, 2006). Physical education is of particular interest since it continues to be a critical component of a youth's educational involvement in physical activity and has been shown to impact future exercise habits (Coakley and White, 1992).Again, enjoyment has been described as a "positive affective response to the sport experience that reflects generalized feelings such as pleasure, liking, and fun" (Scanlanand Simons, 1992: 203-204). With enjoyment being a factor that influences females participation in physical education, sport and physical activity, scholars have often linked enjoyment to intrinsic motivation, (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; Deci and Ryan, 1985), while others believe that enjoyment of sport is broader than intrinsic motivation and goes beyond feelings of competence and control (Scanlan & Lewthwaite, 1986; Scanlan & Simons, 1992). Consequently, recreation is defined as any activity, which is not conscientiously performed for the sake of reward beyond the activity itself, which is usually engaged in during leisure. Recreation offers a main outlet for the individual’s physical, mental and creative powers, in which the individual engages because of inner desire and not because of outer compulsion (Gouws, 2001:239). Goodale and Godby in (Gouws, 2001: 239)defined recreation as the strong desire that exists to escape for a while from the daily,routine world, as well as from the rules and roles of the world. A second characteristic is that pleasure and enjoyment forms part of the activity. During recreation every individual has freedom of choice. The choice centers around when, how, with whom and where recreation will or will not take place. Therefore, recreation is seen as the physical (when related to sport and usually the allied mental) re-creating (renewing) of the body and the person (Watt, 1998:9). Subsequently, when faced with obstacles, females with entity beliefs tend to showdetrimental performance, and negative affect and cognitions. In physical activity settings,Wang and Biddle (2001) found that high incremental belief was one of the key factors affecting intrinsic motivation towards physical education. Entity or fixed belief, however,resulted in less adaptive motivational profiles. They also found that females tended to beover-represented in the less adaptive motivational profiles as compared to males.According to the theories, sport ability beliefs are seen as antecedents of achievement goals (Biddle, 2003; Dweck, 1999; Dweck and Leggett, 1988).
Spray and his colleagues (Spray, 2006) provided support for the causal links between conceptions of sport ability and situational achievement goals. Again, on the side of the self-determination continuum, intrinsic motivation represents the motivation when one is doing something for its own sake and not for external rewards. The self-determination theory also posits that there are at least three main types of extrinsic regulatory processes: external regulation, introjected regulation and identified regulation. External regulation is characterized by behaviour that is controlled by external forces, such as rewards or punishments. Introjected regulation is behaviour controlled by internal pressure to act, such as avoidance of guilt and shame.Identified regulation involves acting out because behaviour is seen as personally important.
Statement of the Problem
The state of females’ enjoyment in recreation sports is insignificant compare with that of that males’ counterpart. However, some factors have been identified as responsible for such differences in physical activity. These factors include intrinsic motivations of females in recreational sports which have always resulted in low performance. Another factor forming the problem statement is the perceived competence of females which could impact directly on their goal, belief and determination in promoting their enjoyment in recreation sports, especially in Nigeria.Moreover, the effect of social factors and/or situational factors is also one of the identified factors that may be influencing promotion of females’ enjoyment in recreation sports as well as its impact on their goals, belief and self-determination. However, literatures have revealed that it is important to promote incremental beliefs among females’ students in physical activity, like recreation sports by focusing on important aspects of sport ability, as a result, females are more likely to adopt a mastery approach in taking part in sport or physical activity and thereby promoting their enjoyment.Consequently, the attitude of physical education teachers during physical education lessons tends to contribute to hindrances to enjoyment of females in recreation sports as well as their goals achievement, beliefs and self-determination. This, in turn,may foster intrinsic motivation of females to engage in physical activity outside physical education lessons. Therefore, physical education teachers must provide an enjoyable experience such that females’ students do not feel that they are taking part in physical education because of external rules or feeling of guilt. Hence, when students were more self-determined or intrinsically motivated, they enjoyed their PE experience more. These could be important in increasing the likelihood of females’ enjoyment and its impact on goals, beliefs and self-determination in physical activity. Against this background, this study intends to investigate on the outcome of the above reiterated factors on females’ enjoyment in recreation sports and their impact on goal, beliefs and self-determination.
Purpose of the Study
The overall purpose of this study is to investigate on promoting females enjoyment in recreation sports and its impact of goals, beliefs and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State. Specifically, other related objectives of the study will include the followings:
(i) To establish the relationship between promotion of females’ enjoyment in recreation sports and its impact on goals, beliefs and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government area of Ogun State.
(ii) To establish the relationship between females’ enjoyment in recreation sports and that of their males’ counterpart in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government area of Ogun State.
(iii) To examine the perceived competence of females in recreation sports and its impact on goal, belief and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government area of Ogun State.
(iv) To examine the effect of social factors and/or situational factors on females’enjoyment in recreation sports and their influence on goal, beliefs and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government area of Ogun State.(v) To find out whether the attitude of physical education teachers have any significant impact on females’ enjoyment in recreation sports.
Adebanjo, A. (2018). Promoting females enjoyment in recreation sports and its impact of goals, beliefs, and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/promoting-females-enjoyment-in-recreation-sports-and-its-impact-of-goals-beliefs-and-self-determination-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-ijebu-ode-local-goernment-area-of-ogun-state
Adebanjo, Adeyemi "Promoting females enjoyment in recreation sports and its impact of goals, beliefs, and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State" Afribary. Afribary, 01 Apr. 2018, https://afribary.com/works/promoting-females-enjoyment-in-recreation-sports-and-its-impact-of-goals-beliefs-and-self-determination-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-ijebu-ode-local-goernment-area-of-ogun-state. Accessed 26 Mar. 2023.
Adebanjo, Adeyemi . "Promoting females enjoyment in recreation sports and its impact of goals, beliefs, and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State". Afribary, Afribary, 01 Apr. 2018. Web. 26 Mar. 2023. < https://afribary.com/works/promoting-females-enjoyment-in-recreation-sports-and-its-impact-of-goals-beliefs-and-self-determination-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-ijebu-ode-local-goernment-area-of-ogun-state >.
Adebanjo, Adeyemi . "Promoting females enjoyment in recreation sports and its impact of goals, beliefs, and self-determination in some selected secondary schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State" Afribary (2018). Accessed March 26, 2023. https://afribary.com/works/promoting-females-enjoyment-in-recreation-sports-and-its-impact-of-goals-beliefs-and-self-determination-in-some-selected-secondary-schools-in-ijebu-ode-local-goernment-area-of-ogun-state
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The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Anna Ivanovna
ANNA IVANOVNA, empress of Russia, born in 1693, died Oct. 28, 1740. She was the daughter of Ivan, the eldest brother of Peter the Great, and married the duke of Courland, who died previous to her ascending the throne. She became empress on the death of Peter II., grandson of Peter the Great, in 1730. Ostermann, the great chancellor, and the then all-powerful princes Dolgoruki facilitated her elevation over the heads of two daughters of Peter the Great, as Anna promised a limitation of the autocracy. But Anna brought from Courland to Moscow her favorite, the former equerry Biron, who prevented her from keeping her promise, exiled the Dolgorukis to Siberia, and ruled absolutely over the empress and the nation. He organized the system of espionage over all classes, officials and private individuals, which with more or less rigor prevailed for more than a century. Anna interfered in the affairs of Poland, in 1733, in favor of Augustus III. against Stanislas Leszczynski, and obliged the Courlanders to choose Biron for their sovereign duke, and on her deathbed named him regent during the minority of her nephew Ivan; but a revolution overthrew him, and he was exiled to Siberia.
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The initial Pc networks have been focused Distinctive-goal techniques like SABRE (an airline reservation program) and AUTODIN I (a protection command-and-Manage program), each built and applied during the late nineteen fifties and early 1960s. From the early 1960s Pc suppliers experienced started to implement semiconductor know-how in professional products, and each typical batch-processing and time-sharing techniques have been set up in lots of large, technologically Highly developed organizations. Time-sharing techniques permitted a computer’s resources to get shared in fast succession with several people, cycling from the queue of people so immediately that the computer appeared dedicated to Every consumer’s jobs Regardless of the existence of many Other individuals accessing the program “simultaneously.” This led to the Idea of sharing Pc resources (referred to as host personal computers or just hosts) more than an entire community. Host-to-host interactions have been envisioned, together with usage of specialized resources (like supercomputers and mass storage techniques) and interactive access by remote people to the computational powers of your time-sharing techniques Situated in other places. These Concepts have been 1st understood in ARPANET, which set up the first host-to-host community relationship on Oct 29, 1969. It had been developed because of the Superior Investigation Assignments Agency (ARPA) in the U.S. Division of Defense. ARPANET was one of the 1st typical-goal Pc networks. It linked time-sharing personal computers at governing administration-supported study websites, principally universities in America, and it soon turned a vital bit of infrastructure for the computer science study Local community in America. Equipment and programs—such as the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP, normally known as e-mail), for sending limited messages, as well as the file transfer protocol (FTP), for longer transmissions—immediately emerged. So that you can reach Charge-effective interactive communications concerning personal computers, which usually communicate in short bursts of knowledge, ARPANET employed the new know-how of packet switching. Packet switching usually takes large messages (or chunks of Pc facts) and breaks them into lesser, workable parts (called packets) that will vacation independently more than any accessible circuit to the focus on destination, where the parts are reassembled. As a result, not like classic voice communications, packet switching won’t need a single focused circuit concerning Every set of people. Commercial packet networks have been launched during the nineteen seventies, but these have been built principally to deliver successful usage of remote personal computers by focused terminals. Briefly, they replaced extensive-length modem connections by a lot less-high priced “Digital” circuits more than packet networks. In America, Telenet and Tymnet have been two this sort of packet networks. Neither supported host-to-host communications; during the nineteen seventies this was however the province in the study networks, and it might remain so for a few years. DARPA (Defense Superior Investigation Assignments Agency; formerly ARPA) supported initiatives for ground-primarily based and satellite-primarily based packet networks. The bottom-primarily based packet radio program furnished cell usage of computing resources, whilst the packet satellite community linked America with a number of European international locations and enabled connections with widely dispersed and remote areas. Together with the introduction of packet radio, connecting a cell terminal to a computer community turned possible. Even so, time-sharing techniques have been then however way too large, unwieldy, and dear to get cell as well as to exist exterior a local climate-managed computing environment. A powerful drive Hence existed to attach the packet radio community to ARPANET in order to allow cell people with simple terminals to access time-sharing techniques for which they had authorization. Equally, the packet satellite community was employed by DARPA to link America with satellite terminals serving the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Italy. These terminals, nevertheless, needed to be connected to other networks in European international locations in order to reach the conclude people. As a result arose the necessity to hook up the packet satellite Internet, together with the packet radio Internet, with other networks. Foundation of the web The online market place resulted from the effort to attach several study networks in America and Europe. First, DARPA set up a program to analyze the interconnection of “heterogeneous networks.” This program, referred to as Internetting, was based upon the newly launched thought of open up architecture networking, through which networks with described typical interfaces will be interconnected by “gateways.” A Doing the job demonstration in the thought was planned. In order for the thought to operate, a different protocol needed to be built and produced; without a doubt, a program architecture was also demanded. In 1974 Vinton Cerf, then at Stanford College in California, and this creator, then at DARPA, collaborated on the paper that 1st explained this kind of protocol and program architecture—specifically, the transmission Manage protocol (TCP), which enabled differing kinds of machines on networks all around the entire world to route and assemble facts packets. TCP, which originally provided the web protocol (IP), a world addressing mechanism that permitted routers to obtain facts packets to their supreme destination, fashioned the TCP/IP typical, which was adopted because of the U.S. Division of Defense in 1980. From the early 1980s the “open up architecture” in the TCP/IP approach was adopted and endorsed by all kinds of other scientists and eventually by technologists and businessmen around the globe. From the 1980s other U.S. governmental bodies have been closely associated with networking, such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Division of Electricity, as well as the National Aeronautics and Area Administration (NASA). Whilst DARPA experienced performed a seminal position in creating a little-scale version of the web among the its scientists, NSF labored with DARPA to grow usage of all the scientific and academic Local community and to create TCP/IP the typical in all federally supported study networks. In 1985–86 NSF funded the first 5 supercomputing centres—at Princeton College, the College of Pittsburgh, the College of California, San Diego, the College of Illinois, and Cornell College. Inside the 1980s NSF also funded the development and operation in the NSFNET, a nationwide “backbone” community to attach these centres. From the late 1980s the community was operating at countless bits for every second. NSF also funded several nonprofit local and regional networks to attach other people to the NSFNET. A few professional networks also commenced during the late 1980s; these have been soon joined by Other individuals, as well as the Commercial World-wide-web Trade (CIX) was fashioned to allow transit targeted traffic concerning professional networks that or else would not have been permitted about the NSFNET backbone. In 1995, soon after comprehensive evaluation of the problem, NSF resolved that guidance in the NSFNET infrastructure was now not demanded, considering the fact that several professional providers have been now inclined and able to meet up with the demands in the study Local community, and its guidance was withdrawn. Meanwhile, NSF experienced fostered a competitive assortment of commercial World-wide-web backbones connected to each other through so-referred to as community access details (NAPs).
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NWEA at Fair Grove High School
January 19, 2023
Fair Grove High School students in grades 5-10 take the Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) test. The test provides the teachers with information to see where the students are academically.
“In high school, the NWEA test is a multiple choice computer test that freshmen and sophomore English students take which takes about one full school day to complete. The test gives teachers feedback that tells us about where kids are thriving or struggling,” explained English teacher Joseph Florez. These areas the test covers include grammar and reading comprehension. He continued, “There is a ton of data that the test could give teachers.”
The test helps the teachers and students see where they are at in the subject. It also tells what areas the student needs to work on or improve in, and what they excel in. Florez continued, “High school students take the test in the library. All freshmen, for example, will test in the library at the same time and spread out at all of the available tables. As they finish, we try to let those that complete the test go have a bit of a brain break in the gym or at the football field. After lunch they will take their math test in the afternoon. I believe they normally return to class during 6th hour.”
The students test in the library so they have fewer distractions around them and everyone gets the test done around the same time.
Florez said, “I think there are pros and cons to the NWEA test. On the one hand, it’s hard to motivate kids to take a test that doesn’t give them a specific percentage score, but on the other hand, the tests in theory give data to teachers which can be used to tell us more about what students have learned or still need to learn.”
Taking the test takes an hour or two for each subject, depending on the student and how fast they answer the questions.
Isabel Wells, a student at Fair Grove High School who takes the NWEA test, expressed, “The test for me as a student can be used as preparation for the EOC or finals. The unbeneficial part is the added extra stress, making less time for other tests.” The test may add extra stress for some students but it’s used as a tool to let students see where they are at and helps them improve on something that they may struggle with.
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The fascinating evolution of photography from Daguerreotype to digital images
If the video player is not working, you can watch the video from this alternative link.
Photography began back in 1800 when British inventor Thomas Wedgwood realized one could, in theory, preserve the image produced by a camera obscura via the use of a light-sensitive substance. The early images produced via this method were grainy and faded quickly, but they were the foundation for the first commercially available photographic process: the Daguerreotype introduced in 1839 by Louis Daguerre.
Daguerre used a special technique that involved polishing a sheet of silver-plated copper, treating it with iodine vapor, developing the image by exposing the plate to heated mercury, and “fixing” the image in place with hot salt water. Although this might seem like a lot of work, the process took just minutes and produced what was at the time considered very impressive results.
Many other technologies were invented after the Daguerreotype but it wasn't until 1885 that what some consider the biggest early breakthrough in photography came to be. It was the introduction of film and it laid the foundation for the photography we have today.
What was this new and advanced technology? Why did it forever change photography? What other key developments were made to get to today's cameras? This video answers all these questions and more.
More than half of the Brazilian population deals with food insecurity. This social startup is trying to combat food waste within the country and help feed people in need.
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We are asking the Minister of Environment and Climate Change to take steps to protect boreal caribou in Alberta.
Antlered. Big-eyed. Canadian.
Found in old growth forests and on the flip side of quarters across the country, boreal caribou are an iconic Canadian species.
In northeastern Alberta, however, habitat loss due to industrial development is threatening their survival.
The federal government has identified habitat deterioration as the number one threat to boreal caribou. When humans destroy or fragment caribou habitat, we leave these animals vulnerable to predators like wolves.
Unfortunately, a recent government report found that the provinces have not done enough to protect boreal caribou from these threats, despite the fact that more than 95 per cent of caribou habitat falls under provincial and territorial jurisdiction. In Alberta, the report said, seven out of 12 herds were in decline in 2017, only three were stable, and data was unavailable for the other two.
Without immediate action, we risk losing these herds forever.
That is why, along with Alberta Wilderness Association, Cold Lake First Nations, and the David Suzuki Foundation, we sent Minister of Environment and Climate Change Catherine McKenna a petition asking her to recommend a Species at Risk Act (SARA) safety net order to protect five herds of boreal caribou in northeastern Alberta.
This measure would allow the federal government to step in and protect caribou where the Alberta government has failed to do so.
For a closer look at this iconic species — and why it is important we protect it — here are some “ABC’s” of Alberta boreal caribou:
Boreal caribou are listed as a threatened species.
This means that unless we take action to protect them, they are likely to become endangered, at which point they would face “imminent” extinction or disappearance from the Canadian wild.
In fact, a Toronto Star editorial warned, “If the government does nothing to protect the caribou, the outcome is all but certain: some alive today will live to see a country without caribou.”
For more information on how SARA is designed to protect at-risk species in Canada, and how a safety net order could protect boreal caribou, check out our recent blog on how the law works.
Healthy caribou mean healthy forests.
Caribou are a key species in Canada, and, as the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society said in a 2016 report, ensuring their survival is “one of the most important ways” of protecting the rich biodiversity in our boreal forest.
According to Natural Resources Canada, the boreal forest is home to 150 bird species, or half of the bird species in Canada. It is also home to a myriad of other plants and animals, including other species at risk, such as the Canada lynx and American marten.
Together, these plants, animals, and their non-living environment, form an important ecosystem that stretches 2.7 million square kilometres, and is responsible for storing carbon, purifying air and water, and regulating the climate.
When we look at how caribou are faring, it tells us important information about the health of this entire ecosystem. Because of this, boreal caribou are known as bellwethers of the boreal forest’s wellbeing.
For many Indigenous peoples, caribou have great cultural and spiritual importance, and are an important resource.
For thousands of years, Indigenous peoples have hunted caribou for their meat, a source of protein and fat; for their hides, which can be used to make clothing, tents and drums; and for their antlers and sinew, which can be used as knives, cutlery, needles, kayak and canoe frames and more.
In 2010, lawyers for four First Nations sent a letter to the former minister of environment, asking him to stop issuing development permits in boreal caribou habitat in northeast Alberta.
“The caribou is our sacred animal; it is a measure of our way of life,” Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation Chief Vern Janvier said at the time. “When the caribou are dying, the land is dying.”
Seven years later, Indigenous peoples continue to be at the forefront of efforts to protect caribou. From Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador, to the Yukon and Northwest Territories, First Nations, Inuit and Métis are demanding governments and industry take action to protect caribou – and are crafting and implementing their own strategies to protect the species.
Defending boreal caribou in Alberta
Boreal caribou are an important part of Canada’s natural and cultural landscapes, and a sacred and valuable resource for Indigenous peoples.
Given Alberta’s failure to adequately protect critical caribou habitat in the province, the federal government has a clear opportunity and the responsibility to extend Species at Risk Act protection to this threatened species. We made this clear when we sent our petition to Minister McKenna.
If we want to prevent boreal caribou from disappearing – a loss that would be deeply felt throughout the province, the country, the boreal ecosystem and Indigenous communities – we need to act now.
In short, you might even say we are asking the Minister to follow another set of ABC’s:
(Minister Mckenna, please take)
Action to protect
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Often times, the dried versions of fruits have higher ORAC values than their comparable fresh forms. It's not that antioxidants are formed in the drying process, but rather, the water is removed and hence, the concentration of nutrients (including antioxidants) is denser. These dry pears were purchased in Italy. Those purchased in America and many other countries may be more processed and contain less antioxidant value.
USDA Database for the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2 - Prepared by Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center (BHNRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - May 2010
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What to Know About Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
Let’s first take a quick look at sustainability before delving into the concepts of sustainable wastewater treatment. Sustainable practices promote the vitality and health of the human race, the economy, and the environment. With limited natural resources, we should use them carefully and sparingly while considering the needs of future generations. This is the fundamental tenet of sustainability.
All About Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
In this article, we’ll talk about the fundamental idea behind environmentally friendly and sustainable wastewater treatment and how it helps pave the way for a green and sustainable future.
What is Sustainable Wastewater Treatment?
Sustainable wastewater treatment is the method of expertly removing poisonous and harmful impurities from various bodies of water so that they are safe for use. To maintain acceptable quality water, water undergoes a thorough treatment process. There are different phases of sustainable wastewater treatment.
Collection and Screening
The collection is the initial stage of a sustainable wastewater treatment process. To reuse the water as efficiently as possible, it is first collected from lakes, reservoirs, rivers, etc. The other half of the procedure involves an intricate system of pipelines and pumps that effectively transports water to the treatment facility.
Wastewater is screened after a predetermined amount has been collected to look for suspended objects like trash, and plants. All undesired substances are collected and removed using a large metal screen.
Coagulation and Chemical Addition
Other substances known as coagulants are added to the suspended material to help the minuscule particles group together to form a “floc” The additional chemical is then combined at various rates for an extended period to create the aforementioned flocs.
Sedimentation and Clarification
Additional processing takes place in a basin of sedimentation, where the floc particle sinks to the bottom and moves toward the disposal pond.
Disinfection and Filtration
After the large particles have been removed, the water is filtered through layers of gravel, sand, and granular activated carbon to eliminate undesired small particles. This process is filtration. By the time the water reaches this step, all significant pollutants have been removed, preparing it for the disinfection stage.
The water is treated with chlorine, which has no taste or odor, to eradicate the remaining bacteria, viruses, and germs. After several procedures and treatments, the water is now considered safe for consumption.
Storing and Distributing
Now the water must be hygienically kept in above-ground or underground tanks until the need comes. Distribution refers to the final stage of a sustainable wastewater treatment process. The process is effectively completed when water is distributed to various companies and residences across the nation via a meticulously designed network of hydrants, meters, pumps, and other components.
Applying Sustainable Services
The aim should be to create effective products and solutions for various industries, including hotels, commercial real estate, healthcare, transportation, and more.
We can see changes on a larger scale when we implement smart technology for water and wastewater systems. A few examples are the plug-and-play platform, IoT-enabled and interoperable, which enables innovation from Edge Control to connected devices, apps, analytics, and services.
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Leave a ReplyWant to join the discussion?
Feel free to contribute!
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1- Use your space! – Your body language shows how comfortable you are in your own skin and in your situation. When you stand and sit tall, and expand your arms or legs outward or upward (crossing your legs with ankle over thigh like the number 4 or stretching an arm out over a chair to your left or right or crowned up over your head) it shows that you are not afraid to maximize your presence and interact with the space and those around you. When people are not comfortable they implode. They minimize the space they use by slouching, and sinking into themselves. They sit or stand demurely, closing their bodies off from others by clasping their hands, rounding their shoulders, keeping arms and legs close to take up less space. So open up and use your space to show you are confident and comfortable or to at least give the impression that you are!
2- Stop touching that! – Any kind of self touch can be seen as a soothing pacifier. When you hold your arms, rub your hands together, rub your palms on your thighs, grab the back of your neck, touch your nose, or preen and fidget, you are telling the world you need reassurance. It’s basically the adult version of sucking your thumb. George Washington is reported to have said “Thy shall not touch thyself in public”! So avoid self-touch when ever possible.
3-Give them your full body attention! -When you want to build rapport and trust, let them know you care by making sure your toes, belly button and eyes are lined up and pointing in their direction. By aligning these three things in the direction of another person you are making it clear that your sole focus is on them and the conversation, and that they have your full undivided attention. The greatest gift you can give someone is your full attention. The flip side of this is to watch if others are lining up these three things to you. If their toes, belly button or eyes are pointing or darting elsewhere you know they either want out of the conversation, are distracted by something or someone else, or they’re just not that into you.
4- Hold your ground – in an argument or negotiation keep your body language open and non-confrontational. No hands on hips the way your mother used to yell at you, and no pointing. Use your space and own it (mentioned in #1). Do not lean backward – lean in or upright. Keep your head up straight, not tilted to the left or right – this will literally show you’ve “got your head on straight” in other words you’re confident, prepared and strong. Maintain eye contact after you state your case or ask a question, until the other person responds- no matter how long it takes.
5- Smile You’re Superman (or Superwoman) -Need to feel instantly energized, ready to take on the world or get in a happier mood? Amy Cuddy’s now famous study shows that in just two minutes the Superman Pose (hands on hips, chin up, tall posture) can increase your testosterone (confidence hormone) and decrease your cortisol levels (stress hormone in just two minutes). Other studies show the physical act of using your facial muscles to smile can flip the switch in your brain to change your mood and attitude, and increase your sense of well being in just seconds.
Why is Body Language so powerful?
Body Language is powerful because it speaks to others before you ever say a word. It can reveal your true emotions, feelings and intentions unconsciously to others. It can open up the world to you or close you off from it. It can welcome others or repel them.
The way you hold and position your body can energize you and make you feel powerful, or minimize your presence and make you virtually disappear. When you know what to look for in others it can help you gain insight into what they might be thinking and feeling, their intentions, and if they are friend or foe, lying or truthful. It can help you to ask better questions.
To be a great communicator, networker, salesperson, mediator, facilitator, or rapport builder you must be aware of your body language signals and the signals of those around you.
About The Author
Patricia Stark works on both sides of the camera & stage as a Media Trainer, Public Speaking Trainer, and Certified Body Language Specialist. She appears regularly as a Guest TV Communication Expert & Lifestyle Expert and sought after keynote speaker. To book an engagement with Patricia contact us here.
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States have traditionally dominated the orthodox concept of security. This is not without reason, as history attests to an international community ravaged by deadly wars, with the two World Wars as probably the most infamous examples. Given the ever-present possibility of threats from external aggressors, the notion of (in)security has been heavily associated with states.
But amidst the ongoing health crisis, this pandemic has clearly demonstrated that security is indeed a far more complex notion than nuclear threats and military build-ups. A non-state threat, such as a microscopic virus, can very much threaten and erode a nation’s sense of security.
COVID-19 has taught the world how closely societies are interwoven with one another, and it has highlighted that the international community is only as strong as its weakest link. It is within this context that the world’s great powers will have to play a critical role for the necessary international cooperation that would aid the entire globe and enable other countries to be assisted in a more effective manner.
In fact, the world just might have become aware that its default security paradigm needs to change, and focus more on living human beings rather than states and institutions.
Reshaping the security framework
With the push for a greater understanding of human needs and the emergence of other, equally pressing phenomena such as climate change, migration, health issues and the rise of Information Technology, the concept of security has been expanded and intertwined with the concept of human development. Human development pertains to the broadening of people’s choices, while human security involves protecting people’s freedoms to exercise those choices.
In 1982, the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues articulated the first stretch of the idea of security beyond a state-centric conceptualisation and military-heavy approach when it proposed to incorporate the well-being of people. The concept of human security, however, was only formally defined and enshrined in 1994 in the United Nations Development Programme’s publication, the Human Development Report, which puts forward a holistic vision of security that incorporates not only state-security and military solutions but also lays emphasis on the forgotten needs of human beings.
Hinged on three pillars – the freedom from fear, freedom from want, and freedom from indignity – human security advocates an expanded notion of security that involves different facets (security, economic, food, environmental, personal, community, political, and health) and fields (security studies, international relations, development studies, human rights, among others), and locates it at all levels (global, regional, national, local).
Expanding the notion of security resonates greatly at the individual level because, after all, a sense of insecurity may easily arise in the face of hunger, disease, or repression, and not necessarily from a war – although these could be tightly interwoven in some occasions.
Security beyond conflicts and weapons
By the end of July, the John Hopkins Corona Virus Resource Center has reported that the outbreak of the coronavirus, known officially as the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already yielded 16,747,268 confirmed infections and claimed 660,593 deaths at the global scale. What started as a pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China, as the World Health Organisation’s Office in China reported on 31 December 2019, rapidly spread across borders in a very short time.
Further still, the consequences of this pandemic extend beyond the boundaries of health. Lockdowns causing a halt to business operations and goods transfers have triggered a global recession. CleverMaps, a spatial data analytics company displaying the number of COVID-19 cases alongside the expected economic impact on GDP, shows that the change over time in terms of economic effect from 22 January to 2 June 2020 is a loss in filtered time of US$152,952,074,798, with the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain as the top five countries incurring economic losses.
In terms of the impact on the labour market, millions of workers have been directly affected by the lockdown. Although some have been able to continue their work through remote working arrangements, many have experienced temporary unemployment, the reduction or total loss of their livelihood. Upon the onset of the spread of COVID-19 at the beginning of this year, around 190 million people across the world were already unemployed, and the lockdowns, whether partial or full, have only intensified these.
At present, the disruption in work has affected 2.7 billion workers, which is equivalent to four out of every five members of the world’s workforce. Those in the informal sector are among the most vulnerable in the labour market, with 1.6 billion being drastically impacted by the lockdowns.
Unemployment is linked to the concept of relative poverty, which the International Labour Organisation defines as “the proportion of workers with monthly earnings that fall below 50 per cent of the median earnings in the population”, a figure that is estimated to increase by almost 34 percentage points globally for informal workers, 21 percentage points for upper-middle-income countries, and 56 percentage points for lower-middle-income countries.
Juxtaposed to the economic woes are mental health issues that have been triggered or magnified by the crisis. As pointed out by the World Health Organisation, past pandemics escalated the number of people dealing with mental health issues, resulting in suicide or substance abuse.
A recent study published in Lancet Psychiatry about the psychiatric consequences of coronavirus infections (including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19) reveals that patients have experienced confusion, depressive moods and insomnia during acute illnesses, and insomnia, anxiety, irritability, traumatic disorders and sleep disorders in the post-illness stage. Other forms of violence have also increased rapidly, including the intensification of domestic abuse. Although there are still no comprehensive reports on intimate partner violence due to the pandemic, there are already reports from the United States, China, Canada and Turkey, among others, pointing to increased rates of domestic violence.
As some groups of people may feel neglected or excluded, this situation could potentially lead to or aggravate ongoing conflicts, whereby the possibilities of such are broader in the poorer and more vulnerable countries in the world.
It is within this context that armed groups, terrorists and organised criminals might take advantage of the pandemic to further their cause.
Another area that the impact of COVID-19 is infiltrating is the political arena. The pandemic has started to incur democracy deficits as government officials politicise the pandemic and government agencies scale down their operations.
In the US, President Donald Trump’s allies have exhibited favouritism by extending coronavirus contracts based partly on personal relationships. In India, Muslim minorities have been scapegoated during the pandemic, as Muslims have been specifically accused of spreading the virus.
In the Philippines, press freedom has been further curtailed with more restrictive measures imposed during the pandemic such as intimidation, surveillance, red tagging, and restriction of movement for journalists.
Human security first
That being said, this ongoing pandemic has driven home the point of the pressing need to strive for integral human security. The traditional realist concept of security tends to put a premium on military security, which tries to anticipate imminent external threats posed by other states.
It stresses the conflictual and competitive context of the international system, due to an anarchic nature that pushes states to act out of their own self-interest and struggle for power.
The security threat imposed by COVID-19 departs from the orthodox notion of security that heavily locates it at the level of the state and associates it with inter-state conflict.
This pandemic has pushed states to fight a different kind of foe – a plague – whereby large-scale investments in arms and ammunitions are of no use. As weapons lie idle, this lethal pandemic has ‘attacked’ the health sector, which has proven itself to be unprepared as it suffers from shortages of hospital beds, masks and doctors.
This situation has, in turn, rapidly and violently affected economic, political, social and personal aspects of life. Over the past few months, shattering events such as deaths, hunger and economic meltdown have truly tested the state-centric notion of state security.
What started as a health risk has leaked into all other spheres of society, posing threats and disrupting the lives of numerous individuals and communities.
This crisis has shown that human security is relevant across countries, whether from the so-called North or South, East or West, developed or developing state.
Crises such as this demonstrate that security threats are no longer isolated events cooped up solely within the borders of one country. The impact of this kind of security threat travels around the world and threatens the whole community.
In spite of the coronavirus being an equal threat for everyone, there have been unequal responses from states, highlighting the asymmetrical consequences of the virus.
With rising intra- and inter-national polarisation and power rivalry in the twenty-first century, this has impeded the much-needed close cooperation among states. It has demonstrated that the international community is unprepared to wage this kind of war.
Preparing for other kinds of security threats demands building friendly relations among countries with variegated social systems, as well as investment in the longer term in development support. Short-term and ad hoc humanitarian assistance can never substitute for the development of robust institutions across countries.
Efforts to fortify human security require states to synergise their resources in order to fight off these new threats. Collective problems need a united struggle in order to confront these cross-boundary issues.
Given the devastating impact of this disease that the whole world is grappling with, this current pandemic has drawn attention to the other security frontiers that need attention as well. The crisis has offered ample opportunities to revisit the notion of security in general by focusing on it through the lens of human security.
This pandemic has demonstrated that hinging security on state security alone will leave individual states and the global community in a precarious position if it is not tied to the security of individuals and does not incorporate inter-state cooperation. It regards how other facets of life impinge on the life of an individual person, not just locating it at the state level.
This is not to suggest that national security be brushed aside, but the concept of human security offers us the opportunity to consider all major aspects of security and thereby expand the understanding of security. COVID-19 can help us situate human security in a meaningful context by expanding the discourse on human development, which can only be done through authentic international cooperation.
The integral concept of human security provides both the language and the arena to re-evaluate mankind’s most urgent vulnerabilities and threats to its survival. COVID-19 has shown that health security is a vital area that permeates other facets in society whereby prioritising and putting the needs of people at the heart of discourses and policies serves as a game-changing paradigm.
Maria Pilar Lorenzo is a development professional and researcher based in Belgium. Her research areas focus on governance (regional governance, administration, public sector innovations) and development issues (social (in)equity, human development, higher education). She is currently a fellow of the Regional Academy on the United Nations, a Research Associate of the Philippine Society for Public Administration, and a Research Affiliate of the Asian Society for Public Administration. She is currently completing a Master of Arts in International Politics from the Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven in Belgium, and she holds an Advanced Master of Science in Cultural Anthropology and Development Studies from KU Leuven as a VLIR-UOS scholar, and Master of Public Administration from University of the Philippines (UP).
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Isis - The Temple of Isis at Philae
A Thousand Miles Up the Nile
By Amelia Edwards
Having been for so many days within easy reach of Philæ, it is not to be supposed that we were content till now with only an occasional glimpse of its towers in the distance. On the contrary, we had found our way thither towards the close of almost every day's excursion. We had approached it by land from the desert ; by water in the felucca ; from Mahatta by way of the path between the cliffs and the river. When I add that we moored here for a night and the best part of two days on our way up the river, and again for a week when we came down, it will be seen that we had time to learn the lovely island by heart.
The approach by water is quite the most beautiful. Seen from the level of a small boat, the island, with its palms, its colonnades, its pylons, seems to rise out of the river like a mirage. Piled rocks frame it in on either side, and purple mountains close up the distance. As the boat glides nearer between glistening boulders, those sculptured towers rise higher and ever higher against the sky. They show no sign of ruin or of age. All looks solid, stately, perfect. One forgets for the moment that anything is changed. If a sound of antique chanting were to be borne along the quiet air – if a procession of white-robed priests bearing aloft the veiled ark of the God, were to come sweeping round between the palms and the pylons – we should not think it strange.
Most travellers land at the end nearest the Cataract ; so coming upon the principal temple from behind, and seeing it in reverse order. We, however, bid our Arabs row round to the southern end, where was once a stately landing-place with steps down to the river. We skirt the steep banks, and pass close under the beautiful little roofless Temple commonly known as Pharaoh's Bed – that Temple which has been so often painted, so often photographed, that every stone of it, and the platform on which it stands, and the tufted palms that cluster about it, have been since childhood as familiar to our mind's eye as the Sphinx or the Pyramids. It is larger, but not one jot less beautiful than we had expected. And it is exactly like the photographs. Still, one is conscious of perceiving a shade of difference too subtle for analysis ; like the difference between a familiar face and the reflection of it in a looking-glass. Anyhow, one feels that the real Pharoah's Bed will henceforth displace the photographs in that obscure mental pigeon-hole where till now one has been wont to store the well-known image ; and that even the photographs have undergone some kind of change.
And now the corner is rounded ; and the river widens away southwards between mountains and palm-groves ; and the prow touches the débris of a ruined quay. The bank is steep here. We climb ; and a wonderful scene opens before our eyes. We are standing at the lower end of a courtyard leading up to the propylons of the great Temple. The courtyard is irregular in shape, and enclosed on either side by covered colonnades. The colonnades are of unequal lengths and set at different angles. One is simply a covered walk ; the other opens upon a row of small chambers, like a monastic cloister opening upon a row of cells. The roofing-stones of these colonnades are in part displaced, while here and there a pillar or a capital is missing ; but the twin towers of the propylon, standing out in sharp unbroken lines against the sky and covered with colossal sculptures, are as perfect, or very nearly as perfect, as in the days of the Ptolemies who built them.
The broad area between the colonnades is honeycombed with crude-brick foundations ; vestiges of a Coptic village of early Christian time. Among these we thread our way to the foot of the principal propylon, the entire width of which is 120 feet. The towers measure 60 feet from base to parapet. These dimensions are insignificant for Egypt ; yet the propylon, which would look small at Luxor or Karnak, does not look small at Philæ. The key-note here is not magnitude, but beauty. The island is small – that is to say it covers an area about equal to the summit of the Acropolis at Athens ; and the scale of the buildings has been determined by the size of the island. As at Athens, the ground is occupied by one principal Temple of moderate size, and several subordinate Chapels. Perfect grace, exquisite proportion, most varied and capricious grouping, here take the place of massiveness ; so lending to Egyptian forms an irregularity of treatment that is almost Gothic, and a lightness that is almost Greek.
And now we catch glimpses of an inner court, of a second propylon, of a pillared portico beyond ; while, looking up to the colossal bas-reliefs above our heads, we see the usual mystic forms of kings and deities, crowned, enthroned, worshipping and worshipped. These sculptures, which at first sight looked not less perfect than the towers, prove to be as laboriously mutilated as those of Denderah. The hawk-head of Horus and the cow-head of Hathor have here and there escaped destruction ; but the human-faced deities are literally "sans eyes, sans nose, sans ears, sans everything."
We enter the inner court – an irregular quadrangle enclosed on the east by an open colonnade, on the west by a chapel fronted with Hathor-headed columns, and on the north and south sides by the second and first propylons. In this quadrangle a cloistral silence reigns. The blue sky burns above – the shadows sleep below – a tender twilight lies about our feet. Inside the chapel there sleeps perpetual gloom. It was built by Ptolemy Euergetes II, and is one of that order to which Champollion gave the name of Mammisi. It is a most curious place, dedicated to Hathor and commemorative of the nurture of Horus. On the blackened walls within, dimly visible by the faint light which struggles through screen and doorway, we see Isis, the wife and sister of Osiris, giving birth to Horus. On the screen panels outside we trace the story of his infancy, education, and growth. As a babe at the breast, he is nursed in the lap of Hathor, the divine foster-mother. As a young child, he stands at his mother's knee and listens to the playing of a female harpist (we saw a bare-footed boy the other day in Cairo thrumming upon a harp of just the same shape, and with precisely as many strings) ; as a youth, he sows grain in honour of Isis, and offers a jewelled collar to Hathor. This Isis, with her long aquiline nose, thin lips, and haughty aspect, looks like one of the complimentary portraits so often introduced among the temple sculptures of Egypt. It may represent one of the two Cleopatras wedded to Ptolemy Physcon.
Two greyhounds with collars round their necks are sculptured on the outer wall of another small chapel adjoining. These also look like portraits. Perhaps they were the favourite dogs of some high priest of Philæ.
Close against the greyhounds and upon the same wall-space, is engraven that famous copy of the inscription of the Rosetta Stone first observed here by Lepsius in A.D. 1843. It neither stands so high nor looks so illegible as Ampère (with all the jealousy of a Champollionist and a Frenchman) is at such pains to make out. One would have said that it was in a state of more than ordinarily good preservation.
As a reproduction of the Rosetta decree, however, the Philæ version is incomplete. The Rosetta text, after setting forth with official pomposity the victories and munificence of the King, Ptolemy V, the Ever-living, the Avenger of Egypt, concludes by ordaining that the record thereof shall be engraven in hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek characters, and set up in all temples of the first, second, and third class throughout the Empire. Broken and battered as it is, the precious black basalt1 of the British Museum fulfils these conditions. The three writings are there. But at Philæ, though the original hieroglyphic and demotic texts are reproduced almost verbatim, the priceless Greek transcript is wanting. It is provided for, as upon the Rosetta Stone, in the preamble. Space has been left for it at the bottom of the tablet. We even fancied we could here and there distinguish traces of red ink where the lines should come. But not one word of it has ever been cut into the surface of the stone.
Taken by itself, there is nothing strange in this omission ; but taken in connection with a precisely similar omission in another inscription a few yards distant, it becomes something more than a coincidence.
This second inscription is cut upon the face of a block of living rock which forms part of the foundation of the easternmost tower of the second propylon. Having enumerated certain grants of land made to the Temple by the VIth and VIIth Ptolemies, it concludes, like the first, by decreeing that this record of the royal bounty shall be engraven in the hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek : that is to say, in the ancient sacred writing of the priests, the ordinary script of the people, and the language of the Court. But here again the sculptor has left his work unfinished. Here again the inscription breaks off at the end of the demotic, leaving a blank space for the third transcript. This second omission suggests intentional neglect ; and the motive for such neglect would not be far to seek. The tongue of the dominant race is likely enough to have been unpopular among the old noble and sacerdotal families ; and it may well be that the priesthood of Philæ, secure in their distant, solitary isle, could with impunity evade a clause which their brethren of the Delta were obliged to obey.
It does not follow that the Greek rule was equally unpopular. We have reason to believe quite otherwise. The conqueror of the Persian invader was in truth the deliverer of Egypt. Alexander restored peace to the country, and the Ptolemies identified themselves with the interests of the people. A dynasty which not only lightened the burdens of the poor but respected the privileges of the rich ; which honoured the priesthood, endowed the Temples, and compelled the Tigris to restore the spoils of the Nile, could scarcely fail to win the suffrages of all classes. The priests of Philæ might despise the language of Homer while honouring the descendants of Philip of Macedon. They could naturalise the King. They could disguise his name in hieroglyphic spelling. They could depict him in the traditional dress of the Pharaohs. They could crown him with the double crown, and represent him in the act of worshipping the gods of his adopted country. But they could neither naturalise nor disguise his language. Spoken or written, it was an alien thing. Carven in high places, it stood for a badge of servitude. What could a conservative hierarchy do but abhor, and, when possible, ignore it?
There are other sculptures in this quadrangle which one would like to linger over ; as, for instance, the capitals of the eastern colonnade, no two of which are alike, and the grotesque bas-reliefs of the frieze of the Mammisi. Of these, a quasi-heraldic group, representing the sacred hawk sitting in the centre of a fan-shaped persea tree between two supporters, is one of the most curious ; the supporters being on the one side a maniacal lion, and on the other a Typhonian hippopotamus, each grasping a pair of shears.
Passing now through the doorway of the second propylon, we find ourselves facing the portico – the famous painted portico of which we had seen so many sketches that we fancied we knew it already. That second-hand knowledge goes for nothing, however, in presence of the reality ; and we are as much taken by surprise as if we were the first travellers to set foot within these enchanted precincts.
For here is a place in which time seems to have stood as still as in that immortal palace where everything went to sleep for a hundred years. The bas-reliefs on the walls, the intricate paintings on the ceilings, the colours upon the capitals, are incredibly fresh and perfect. These exquisite capitals have long been the wonder and delight of travellers in Egypt. They are all studied from natural forms – from the lotus in bud and blossom, the papyrus, and the palm. Conventionalised with consummate skill, they are at the same time so justly proportioned to the height and girth of the columns as to give an air of wonderful lightness to the whole structure. But above all, it is with the colour – colour conceived in the tender and pathetic minor of Watteau and Lancret and Greuze – that one is most fascinated. Of those delicate half-tones, the facsimile in the "Grammar of Ornament" conveys not the remotest idea. Every tint is softened, intermixed, degraded. The pinks are coralline ; the greens are tempered with verditer; the blues are of a greenish turquoise, like the western half of an autumnal evening sky.
Later on, when we returned to Philæ from the Second Cataract, the Writer devoted the best part of three days to making a careful study of a corner of this portico ; patiently matching those subtle variations of tint, and endeavouring to master the secret of their combination. The annexed woodcut can do no more than reproduce the forms.
Architecturally, this court is unlike any we have yet seen, being quite small, and open to the sky in the centre, like the atrium of a Roman house. The light thus admitted glows overhead, lies in a square patch on the ground below, and is reflected upon the pictured recesses of the ceiling. At the upper end, where the pillars stand two deep, there was originally an intercolumnar screen. The rough sides of the columns show where the connecting blocks have been torn away. The pavement, too, has been pulled up by treasure-seekers, and the ground is strewn with broken slabs and fragments of shattered cornice.
These are the only signs of ruin – signs traced not by the finger of Time, but by the hand of the spoiler. So fresh, so fair is all the rest, that we are fain to cheat ourselves for a moment into the belief that what we see is work not marred, but arrested. Those columns, depend on it, are yet unfinished. That pavement is about to be relaid. It would not surprise us to find the masons here to-morrow morning, or the sculptor, with mallet and chisel, carrying on that band of lotus buds and bees. Far more difficult is it to believe that they all struck work for ever some two-and-twenty centuries ago.
Here and there, where the foundations have been disturbed, one sees that the columns are constructed of sculptured blocks, the fragments of some earlier Temple ; while, at a height of about six feet from the ground, a Greek cross cut deep into the side of the shaft stamps upon each pillar the seal of Christian worship.
For the Copts who choked the colonnades and courtyards with their hovels seized also on the Temples. Some they pulled down for building material ; others they appropriated. We can never know how much they destroyed ; but two large convents on the eastern bank a little higher up the river, and a small basilica at the north end of the island, would seem to have been built with the magnificent masonry of the southern quay, as well as with blocks taken from a structure which once occupied the south-eastern corner of the great colonnade. As for this beautiful painted portico, they turned it into a chapel. A little rough-hewn niche in the east wall, and an overturned credence-table fashioned from a single block of limestone, mark the sight of the chancel. The Arabs, taking this last for a gravestone, have pulled it up, according to their usual practice, in search of treasure buried with the dead. On the front of the credence-table, and over the niche which some unskilled but pious hand has decorated with rude Byzantine carvings, the Greek cross is again conspicuous.
The religious history of Philæ is so curious that it is a pity it should not find an historian. It shared with Abydos and some other places the reputation of being the burial-place of Osiris. It was called "The Holy Island." Its very soil was sacred. None might land upon its shores, or even approach them too nearly, without permission. To obtain that permission and perform the pilgrimage to the tomb of the God, was to the pious Egyptian what the Mecca pilgrimage is to the pious Mussulman of to-day. The most solemn oath to which he could give utterance was "By Him who sleeps in Philæ."
When and how the island first came to be regarded as the resting-place of the most beloved of the Gods does not appear ; but its reputation for sanctity seems to have been of comparatively modern date. It probably rose into importance as Abydos declined. Herodotus, who is supposed to have gone as far as Elephantine, made minute enquiry concerning the river above that point ; and he relates that the Cataract was in the occupation of "Ethiopian nomads." He, however, makes no mention of Philæ or its Temples. This omission on the part of one who, wherever he went, sought the society of the priests and paid particular attention to the religious observances of the country, shows that either Herodotus never got so far, or that the island had not yet become the home of the Osirian mysteries. Four hundred years later, Diodorus Siculus describes it as the holiest of holy places ; while Strabo, writing about the same time, relates that Abydos had then dwindled to a mere village. It seems possible, therefore, that at some period subsequent to the time of Herodotus and prior to that of Diodorus or Strabo, the priests of Isis may have migrated from Abydos to Philæ ; in which case there would have been a formal transfer not only of the relics of Osiris, but of the sanctity which had attached for ages to their original resting-place. Nor is the motive for such an exodus wanting. The ashes of the God were no longer safe at Abydos. Situate in the midst of a rich corn country on the high road to Thebes, no city south of Memphis lay more exposed to the hazards of war. Cambyses had already passed that way. Other invaders might follow. To seek beyond the frontier that security which might no longer be found in Egypt, would seem therefore to be the obvious course of a priestly guild devoted to its trust. This, of course, is mere conjecture, to be taken for what it may be worth. The decadence of Abydos coincides, at all events, with the growth of Philæ ; and it is only by help of some such assumption that one can understand how a new site should have suddenly arisen to such a height of holiness.
The earliest Temple here, of which only a small propylon remains, would seem to have been built by the last of the native Pharaohs (Nectanebo II, B.C. 361) ; but the high and palmy days of Philæ belong to the period of Greek and Roman rule. It was in the time of the Ptolemies that the Holy Island became the seat of a Sacred College and the stronghold of a powerful hierarchy. Visitors from all parts of Egypt, travellers from distant lands, court functionaries from Alexandria charged with royal gifts, came annually in crowds to offer their vows at the tomb of the God. They have cut their names by hundreds all over the principal Temple, just like tourists of to-day. Some of these antique autographs are written upon and across those of preceding visitors ; while others – palimpsests upon stone, so to say – having been scratched on the yet unsculptured surface of doorway and pylon, are seen to be older than the hieroglyphic texts which were afterwards carved over them. These inscriptions cover a period of several centuries, during which time successive Ptolemies and Cæsars continued to endow the island. Rich in lands, in temples, in the localisation of a great national myth, the Sacred College was yet strong enough in A.D. 379 to oppose a practical resistance to the Edict of Theodosius. At a word from Constantinople, the whole land of Egypt was forcibly Christianised. Priests were forbidden under pain of death to perform the sacred rites. Hundreds of temples were plundered. Forty thousand statues of divinities were destroyed at one fell swoop. Meanwhile, the brotherhood of Philæ, entrenched behind the Cataract and the desert, survived the degradation of their order and the ruin of their immemorial faith. It is not known with certainty for how long they continued to transmit their hereditary privileges ; but two of the above-mentioned votive inscriptions show that so late as A.D. 453 the priestly families were still in occupation of the island, and still celebrating the mysteries of Osiris and Isis. There even seems reason for believing that the ancient worship continued to hold its own till the end of the sixth century, at which time, according to an inscription at Kalabsheh, of which I shall have more to say hereafter, Silco, "King of all the Ethiopians," himself apparently a Christian, twice invaded Lower Nubia, where God, he says gave him the victory, and the vanquished swore to him "by their idols" to observe the terms of peace.
There is nothing in this record to show that the invaders went beyond Tafa, the ancient Taphis, which is twenty-seven miles above Philæ ; but it seems reasonable to conclude that so long as the old gods yet reigned in any part of Nubia, the island sacred to Osiris would maintain its traditional sanctity.
At length, however, there must have come a day when for the last time the tomb of the God was crowned with flowers, and the "Lamentations of Isis" were recited on the threshold of the sanctuary. And there must have come another day when the cross was carried in triumph up those painted colonnades, and the first Christian mass was chanted in the precincts of the heathen. One would like to know how these changes were brought about ; whether the old faith died out for want of worshippers, or was expelled with clamour and violence. But upon this point, history is vague and the graffiti of the time are silent. We only know for certain that the old went out, and the new came in ; and that where the resurrected Osiris was wont to be worshipped according to the most sacred mysteries of the Egyptian ritual, the resurrected Christ was now adored after the simple fashion of the primitive Coptic Church.
And now the Holy Island, near which it was believed no fish had power to swim or bird to fly, and upon whose soil no pilgrim might set foot without permission, became all at once the common property of a populous community. Courts, colonnades, even terraced roofs, were overrun with little crude-brick dwellings. A small basilica was built at the lower end of the island. The portico of the Great Temple was converted into a Chapel, and dedicated to Saint Stephen. "This good work," says a Greek inscription traced there by some monkish hand of the period, "was done by the well-beloved of God, the Abbot-Bishop Theodore." Of this same Theodore, whom another inscription styles "the very holy father," we know nothing but his name.
The walls hereabout are full of these fugitive records. "The cross has conquered, and will ever conquer," writes one anonymous scribe. Others have left simple signatures ; as, for instance – "I, Joseph," in one place, and "I, Theodosius of Nubia," in another. Here and there an added word or two give a more human interest to the autograph. So, in the pathetic scrawl of one who writes himself "Johannes, a slave," we seem to read the story of a life in a single line. These Coptic signatures are all followed by the sign of the cross.
The foundations of the little basilica, with its apse towards the east and its two doorways to the west, are still traceable. We set a couple of our sailors one day to clear away the rubbish at the lower end of the nave, and found the font – a rough stone basin at the foot of a broken column.
It is not difficult to guess what Philæ must have been like in the days of Abbot Theodore and his flock. The little basilica, we may be sure, had a cluster of mud domes upon the roof ; and I fancy, somehow, that the Abbot and his monks installed themselves in that row of cells on the east side of the great colonnade, where the priests of Isis dwelt before them. As for the village, it must have been just like Luxor – swarming with dusky life ; noisy with the babble of children, the cackling of poultry, and the barking of dogs ; sending up thin pillars of blue smoke at noon ; echoing to the measured chime of the prayer-bell at morn and even ; and sleeping at night as soundly as if no ghost-like, mutilated Gods were looking on mournfully in the moonlight.
The Gods are avenged now. The creed which dethroned them is dethroned. Abbot Theodore and his successors, and the religion they taught, and the simple folk that listened to their teaching, are gone and forgotten. For the church of Christ, which still languishes in Egypt, is extinct in Nubia. It lingered long ; though doubtless in some such degraded and barbaric form as it wears in Abyssinia to this day. But it was absorbed by Islamism at last ; and only a ruined convent perched here and there upon some solitary height, or a few crosses rudely carved on the walls of a Ptolemaic Temple, remain to show that Christianity once passed that way.
The mediæval history of Philæ is almost a blank. The Arabs, having invaded Egypt towards the middle of the seventh century, were long in the land before they began to cultivate literature ; and for more than three hundred years history is silent. It is not till the tenth century that we once again catch a fleeting glimpse of Philæ. The frontier is now removed to the head of the Cataract. The Holy Island has ceased to be Christian ; ceased to be Nubian ; contains a mosque and garrison, and is the last fortified outpost of the Moslems. It still retains, and apparently continues to retain for some centuries longer, its ancient Egyptian name. That is to say (P being as usual converted into B) the Pilak of the hieroglyphic inscriptions becomes in Arabic Belak ; which is much more like the original than the Philæ of the Greeks.
The native Christians, meanwhile, would seem to have relapsed into a state of semi-barbarism. They make perpetual inroads upon the Arab frontier, and suffer perpetual defeat. Battles are fought ; tribute is exacted ; treaties are made and broken. Towards the close of the thirteenth century, their king being slain and their churches plundered, they lose one-fourth of their territory, including all that part which borders uppon Assûan. Those who remain Christians are also condemned to pay an annual capitation tax, in addition to the usual tribute of dates, cotton, slaves, and camels. After this we may conclude that they accepted Islamism from the Arabs, as they had accepted Osiris from the Egyptians and Christ from the Romans. As Christians, at all events, we hear of them no more ; for Christianity in Nubia perished root and branch, and not a Copt, it is said, may now be found above the frontier.
Philæ was still inhabited in A.D. 1799, when a detachment of Desaix's army under General Beliard took possession of the island, and left an inscription on the soffit of the doorway of the great pylon to commemorate the passage of the Cataract. Denon, describing the scene with his usual vivacity, relates how the natives first defied and then fled from the French ; flinging themselves into the river, drowning such of their children as were too young to swim, and escaping into the desert. They appear at this time to have been mere savages – the women ugly and sullen ; the men naked, agile, quarrelsome, and armed not only with swords and spears, but with matchlock guns, which they used to keep up "a brisk and well-directed fire."
Their abandonment of the island probably dates from this time ; for when Burckhardt went up in A.D. 1813, he found it, as we found it to this day, deserted and solitary. One poor old man – if indeed he still lives – is now the one inhabitant of Philæ ; and I suspect he only crosses over from Biggeh in the tourist-season. He calls himself, with or without authority, the guardian of the island ; sleeps in a nest of rags and straw in a sheltered corner behind the great Temple ; and is so wonderfully wizened and bent and knotted up, that nothing of him seems quite alive except his eyes. We gave him fifty copper paras for a parting present when on our way back to Egypt ; and he was so oppressed by the consciousness of wealth, that he immediately buried his treasure and implored us to tell no one what we had given him.
With the French siege and the flight of the native population closes the last chapter of the local history of Philæ. The Holy Island has done henceforth with wars of creeds or kings. It disappears from the domain of history, and enters the domain of science. To have contributed to the discovery of the hieroglyphic alphabet is a high distinction ; and in no sketch of Philæ, however slight, should the obelisk that furnished Champollion with the name of Cleopatra be allowed to pass unnoticed. This monument, second only to the Rosetta Stone in point of philological interest, was carried off by Mr. W. Bankes, the discoverer of the first Tablet of Abydos, and is now in Dorsetshire. Its empty socket and its fellow obelisk, mutilated and solitary, remain in situ at the southern extremity of the island.
And now – for we have lingered over long in the portico – it is time we glanced at the interior of the Temple. So we go in at the central door, beyond which open some nine or ten halls and side-chambers leading, as usual, to the sanctuary. Here all is dark, earthy, oppressive. In rooms unlighted by the faintest gleam from without, we find smoke-blackened walls covered with elaborate bas-reliefs. Mysterious passages, pitch-dark, thread the thickness of the walls and communicate by means of trap-like openings with vaults below. In the sanctuary lies an overthrown altar ; while in the corner behind it stands the very niche in which Strabo must have seen that poor sacred hawk of Ethiopia which he describes as "sick, and nearly dead."
But in this Temple dedicated not only to Isis, but to the memory of Osiris and the worship of Horus their son, there is one chamber which we may be quite sure was shown neither to Strabo nor Diodorus, nor to any stranger of alien faith, be his repute or station what it might ; a chamber holy above all others ; holier even than the sanctuary; – the chamber sacred to Osiris. We, however, unrestricted, unforbidden, are free to go where we list ; and our books tell us that this mysterious chamber is somewhere overhead. So, emerging once again into the daylight, we go up a well-worn staircase leading out upon the roof.
This roof is an intricate, up-and-down place ; and the room is not easy to find. It lies at the bottom of a little flight of steps – a small stone cell some twelve feet square, lighted only from the doorway. The walls are covered with sculptures representing the shrines, the mummification, and the resurrection of Osiris. These shrines, containing each some part of his body, are variously fashioned.
His head, for instance, rests on a Nilometer ; his arm, surmounted by a head, is sculptured on a stela, in shape resembling a high-shouldered bottle, surmounted by one of the head-dresses peculiar to the God ; his legs and feet lie at full length in a pylon-shaped mausoleum.
Upon another shrine stands the mitre-shaped crown which he wears as Judge of the Lower World. Isis and Nephthys keep guard over each shrine. In a lower frieze we see the mummy of the god laid upon a bier, with the four so-called canopic jars ranged underneath. A little farther on, he lies in state, surrounded by lotus buds on tall stems, figurative of growth, or returning life. Finally, he is depicted lying on a couch ; his limbs reunited ; his head, left hand, and left foot upraised, as in the act of returning to consciousness. Nephthys, in the guise of a winged genius, fans him with the breath of life. Isis, with outstretched arms, stands at his feet and seems to be calling him back to her embraces. The scene represents, in fact, that supreme moment when Isis pours forth her passionate invocations, and Osiris is resuscitated by virtue of the songs of the divine sisters.
Ill-modelled and ill-cut as they are, there is a clownish naturalness about these little sculptures which lifts them above the conventional dead level of ordinary Ptolemaic work. The figures tell their tale intelligibly. Osiris seems really struggling to rise, and the action of Isis expresses clearly enough the intention of the artist. Although a few heads have been mutilated and the surface of the stone is somewhat degraded, the subjects are by no means in a bad state of preservation. In the accompanying sketches, nothing has been done to improve the defective drawing or repair the broken outlines of the originals. Osiris in one has lost his foot, and in another his face ; the hands of Isis are as shapeless as those of a bran doll ; and the naiveté of the treatment verges throughout upon caricature. But the interest attaching to them is altogether apart from the way in which they are executed.
And now, returning to the roof, it is pleasant to breathe the fresher air that comes with sunset – to see the island, in shape like an ancient Egyptian shield, lying mapped out beneath one's feet. From here, we look back upon the way we have come, and forward to the way we are going. Northward lies the Cataract – a network of islets with flashes of river between. Southward, the broad current comes on in one smooth, glassy sheet, unbroken by a single rapid. How eagerly we turn our eyes that way ; for yonder lie Abou Simbel and all the mysterious lands beyond the Cataracts! But we cannot see far, for the river curves away grandly to the right, and vanishes behind a range of granite hills. A similar chain hems in the opposite bank ; while high above the palm-groves fringing the edge of the shore stand two ruined convents on two rocky prominences, like a couple of castles on the Rhine. On the east bank opposite, a few mud houses and a group of superb carob trees mark the site of a village, the greater part of which lies hidden among palms. Behind this village opens a vast sand valley, like an arm of the sea from which the waters have retreated. The old channel along which we rode the other day went ploughing that way straight across from Philæ. Last of all, forming the western side of this fourfold view, we have the island of Biggeh – rugged, mountainous, and divided from Philæ by so narrow a channel that every sound from the native village on the opposite steep is as audible as though it came from the courtyard at our feet. That village is built in and about the ruins of a tiny Ptolemaic Temple, of which only a screen and doorway and part of a small propylon remain. We can see a woman pounding coffee on the threshold of one of the huts, and some children scrambling about the rocks in pursuit of a wandering turkey. Catching sight of us up here on the roof of the temple, they come whooping and scampering down to the water-side, and with shrill cries importune us for bakhshîsh. Unless the stream is wider than it looks, one might almost pitch a piastre into their outstretched hands.
Mr. Hay, it is said, discovered a secret passage of solid masonry tunnelled under the river from island to island. The entrance on this side was from a shaft in the Temple of Isis. We are not told how far Mr. Hay was able to penetrate in the direction of Biggeh ; but the passage would lead up, most probably, to the little Temple opposite.
Perhaps the most entirely curious and unaccustomed features in all this scene are the mountains. They are like none that any of us have seen in our diverse wanderings. Other mountains are homogeneous, and thrust themselves up from below in masses suggestive of primitive disruption and upheaval. These seem to lie upon the surface foundationless ; rock loosely piled on rock, boulder on boulder ; like stupendous cairns, the work of demigods and giants. Here and there, on shelf or summit, a huge rounded mass, many tons in weight, hangs poised capriciously. Most of these blocks, I am persuaded, would "log," if put to the test.
But for a specimen stone, commend me to yonder amazing monolith down by the water's edge opposite, near the carob trees and the ferry. Though but a single block of orange-red granite, it looks like three ; and the Arabs, seeing in it some fancied resemblance to an arm-chair, call it Pharaoh's throne. Rounded and polished by primæval floods, and emblazoned with royal cartouches of extraordinary size, it seems to have attracted the attention of pilgrims of all ages. Kings, conquerors, priests, travellers, have covered it with records of victories, of religious festivals, of prayers, and offerings, and acts of adoration. Some of these are older by a thousand years and more than the temples on the island opposite.
Such, roughly summed up, are the fourfold surroundings of Philæ – the cataract, the river, the desert, the environing mountains. The Holy Island – beautiful, lifeless, a thing of the far past, with all its wealth of sculpture, painting, history, poetry, tradition – sleeps, or seems to sleep, in the midst.
It is one of the world's famous landscapes, and it deserves its fame. Every sketcher sketches it ; every traveller describes it. Yet it is just one of those places of which the objective and subjective features are so equally balanced that it bears putting neither into words nor colours. The sketcher must perforce leave out the atmosphere of association which informs his subject ; and the writer's description is at best no better than a catalogue raisonnée.
Back to Isis of Ten Thousand Names
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The underlying landscape and water system constitute the basis for design and development; a sound ecological basis. In ‘From borders to bridges’ the spatial organisation of the plan is determined by the frequency of flooding. The river bed is extended as a result of which a reasonable water quality can be maintained. Moreover, maximum efforts are made on infiltration and reusing water. Different water qualities are separated and the water system is integrated in new urban developments. Contaminated water is filtered and recycled naturally. The river ecology is able to flourish by retaining water as long as possible and discharging it in stages. Consequently the city will have a healthy format for further growth and development of the ecological and social diversity.
The second plan layer consists of removing barriers and creating new connections. The urban districts to the east and west of the park are reconnected and the area is made accessible. Openness and connection are both literally and figuratively vital when removing physical and psychological barriers.
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USAID monitors for animal viruses with pandemic potential
Project partners with African, Asian and Latin American countries to stay ahead of emerging zoonotic disease viruses.
- UW School of Public Health: Jake Ellison, [email protected]
- UW Medicine: Susan Gregg, [email protected]
To better identify and prevent future pandemics, the University of Washington has become a partner in a five-year global, collaborative agreement with the U.S. Agency for International Development. The newly launched Discovery & Exploration of Emerging Pathogens – Viral Zoonoses, or DEEP VZN project, has approximately $125 million in anticipated funding and will be led by Washington State University.
The effort will build scientific capacity in partner countries to safely detect and characterize viruses which have the potential to spill over from wildlife and domestic animals to human populations.
“The DEEP VZN project provides an exciting chance to better understand why the world is experiencing more frequent and severe outbreaks of zoonotic infectious diseases transmitted between animals and people,” said Dr. Peter Rabinowitz, a co-principal investigator for USAID DEEP VZN and professor of environmental and occupational health sciences in the UW School of Public Health and a professor of family medicine in the UW School of Medicine.
“This means gaining knowledge about new viruses that could cause problems in the future, and the ecosystem changes that appear to be driving the process of viruses jumping between species,” Rabinowitz added. “The hope is that this improved understanding will lead to prevention of future pandemics and more resilient ecosystems.”
Rabinowitz is also director of the UW Center for One Health Research and co-director of the UW Alliance for Pandemic Preparedness.
The project initially plans to partner with five countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America to help local organizations carry out large-scale animal surveillance programs within their own countries safely and test samples for viruses using their own laboratory facilities. This will avoid having to ship samples to other countries for testing and will build an international network of laboratories capable of quickly responding to disease outbreaks.
“Because the vast majority of viruses that ignite pandemics have their origin in nonhuman animals, it is critical that we figure out which of the many new zoonotic viruses that we are now identifying are most likely to jump species into humans, spread easily from person to person and cause severe disease or death,” said Dr. Judith Wasserheit, a co-principal investigator in the project and chair of the UW Department of Global health.
“The UW Alliance for Pandemic Preparedness focuses on a proactive, integrated systems approach to pandemic preparedness that has brought together internationally recognized leaders in the kinds of laboratory methods that will make it possible for the DEEP VZN team to fully sequence and characterize novel viruses in unprecedented breadth and depth,” said Wasserheit, co-director of the Alliance. “In addition, the Alliance’s approach catalyzed collaborations between these lab-based scientists; One Health leaders working at the interface of human, animal and environmental health; and leaders in Global Health who will work with colleagues in focus countries to identify high-risk locations and subpopulations at the human-animal interface.”
The DEEP VZN project will focus on finding previously unknown pathogens from three viral families that have a large potential for viral spillover from animals to humans: coronaviruses, the family that includes SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19; filoviruses, like Ebola virus; and paramyxoviruses, such as Nipah virus. With 70% of new viral outbreaks in people originating from animals, understanding future threats helps protect the United States as well as the partner countries.
The goals are ambitious: to collect over 800,000 samples in the five years of the project, most of which will come from wildlife; then to detect whether known and novel viruses from the target families are present in the samples. When those are found, the researchers will determine their zoonotic potential, or the ability to be transmitted between animals and humans.
This process is expected to yield 8,000 to 12,000 novel viruses, which researchers will then screen and perform genome sequencing for the ones that pose the most risk to animal and human health.
The UW Medicine laboratory effort, led by Dr. Alex Greninger, assistant professor of laboratory medicine and pathology at University of Washington School of Medicine, will use the cutting-edge research expertise of five internationally recognized UW Medicine laboratories to develop innovative techniques and provide reference and support activities for virus detection and characterization by the participating labs in Africa, Asia and South America.
“It’s time to get to work and find some new viruses,” said Greninger. “We will be building capacity in other countries to be able to find new viruses and characterize them in hopes to better understand coronaviruses and other viruses circulating in the world.”
The roles of the UW Medicine labs in this project are:
- The Greninger Lab in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology will coordinate qRT-PCR and broad serology assay development and in-country training, viral genome recovery and viral glycoprotein characterization.
- The David Baker Lab at the Institute for Protein Design will model novel viral glycoproteins to determine risk potential based on in silico screens for potential human receptor affinity.
- The David Veesler Lab in the Department of Biochemistry has detailed mechanisms of viral attachment and entry for novel paramyxoviruses and coronaviruses and will extend these biochemical studies to novel viral glycoproteins discovered in zoonotic viruses identified in the project.
- The Michael Gale Jr. Lab in the Department of Immunology will determine the degree and mechanisms of innate immunity evasion in human cells by novel viruses.
- The Wes Van Voorhis Lab in the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, will produce recombinant proteins for in-country serological analysis as it has done for SARS-CoV-2.
The UW Department of Global Health will apply its experience in more than 145 countries and expertise in capacity strengthening through the International Training and Education Center for Health, or I-TECH, to support sustainable sampling and strengthen in-country laboratory programs.
In addition to UW and WSU, USAID DEEP VZN includes virology expertise of The Washington University at St. Louis, as well as data management and in-country expertise of public health nonprofits PATH, based in Seattle, and FHI 360, based in North Carolina. These partners have extensive established presence and partners in countries in the target regions.
“To make sure the world is better prepared for these infectious disease events, which are likely to happen more frequently as wild areas become increasingly fragmented, we need to be ready,” said Felix Lankester, lead principal investigator for USAID DEEP VZN and associate professor with WSU’s Paul G. Allen School for Global Health. “We will work to not only detect viruses but also build capacity in other countries, so the United States can collaborate with them in carrying out this important work.”
This story was adapted from a Washington State University news release.
Check out the USAID’s media release.
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- Home / Blog / Tips for Students / Nurses: Use These 5 Tips for Success in Advanced English Composition
Nurses: Use These 5 Tips for Success in Advanced English Composition
As a registered nurse embarking on your journey at Chamberlain University, you’ll have the opportunity to take general education courses—like Advanced English Composition—and broaden your skills in areas that can carry over into your nursing career.
“Strong critical thinking, applied objectivity and keen communication abilities are the foundation of every interaction that skilled nurses have with patients, families, peers, administrators and doctors,” said Julie Harris, MA, Chamberlain University visiting professor and course lead for ENGL-147. “The advanced composition class helps students recognize and apply these competencies that will be essential to their success at Chamberlain and in the nursing field.”
In this course, you’ll navigate the Chamberlain Library to seek academic-level research, read and analyze various essays on health- and medical-related topics, compose weekly writing assignments, take quizzes/final exam, and complete a pro/con final essay project.
What’s the best way to tackle Advanced English Composition? Here’s some advice from Harris on succeeding in the course.
1. Seek assistance from your peers and professor.
Many students may be apprehensive about taking advanced composition. Your professor and classmates are your greatest allies in successfully completing the course. The professor can often clarify and simplify information and assignments, while your peers may have already overcome a course hurdle you are facing.
2. Know your APA resources.
Very early in the course, familiarize yourself with the basics of APA citation. Understanding the need to paraphrase, summarize and properly cite resources using the APA guide is important to success in the course. The course offers MANY excellent resources to help students with this essential element of research, including the APA Handbook, Chamberlain Library videos and links, course material and, of course, your professor.
3. Stay active—the course builds upon itself.
It is very important to stay current in each week of the course. Each week helps build to the final project. As you gain feedback from your professor each week, you can apply the information to the assignment the following week instead of repeating mistakes. The course builds upon itself, so avoid getting behind.
4. Read lessons, course content and announcements carefully.
Since most Chamberlain students take this course online or in a blended format, it is essential that students jump into the online information early on each week. The lessons and instructor announcements provide the foundation and necessary information for the week. Review these items carefully prior to tackling the discussion area or the assignment.
5. Practice, proofread and be patient.
Be sure to approach your assignments early in the week. Usually a student’s best writing is not accomplished in one sitting. Take time to understand the assignment and ask your professor questions early in the week. Allow ample time for proofreading and revision, and be patient with the process as your skills develop. Remember that writing is a process, not just a single event!
Want more information on how to set yourself up for success in the RN to BSN Online Degree Completion Option? Check out:
5 Tips for Registered Nurses Returning to an Online Classroom
Nurses: Use These 3 Tips for Success in Statistics
4 Tips from RN to BSN Students on How to Balance School, Family and Work
10 Tips to Get the Most from an Online Lecture
By Agnes Hicks
More from Tips for Students
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Data Mining is the process that enables any organization to find hidden meaning and underlying structure in seemingly unstructured data. In essence, data mining allows companies to churn huge volumes of unstructured data and turn it into useful information. Usually, data science with python is employed in conjunction with traditional data mining techniques to amplify and ramp up the entire process.
Importance of Data Mining:
In the current paradigm, each passing second generates Terabytes of data. Data mining becomes an indispensable tool for any organization. The main reason why data is of such importance is that it allows the company to understand things like customer mindsets, popular trends, which offer to run, analyze the market. Moreover, a good data scientist would be able to make accurate predictions from historical data which would help shape the future of any corporation. So, data mining is not only important for any 21st Century organization, but also to the professionals either looking to transition into data science or are working toward building a career in data science.
Top Data Mining Projects for Beginners:
It is an indisputable fact that projects are by far the best way to learn and master any tech stack. Not only would projects allow you to apply your learning but they also do a great job of mimicking real-world scenarios albeit on a small scale. If you are looking to pick up on data mining skills or are looking to sharpen your data mining, the projects listed below would have something for you.
1. Prediction of Housing Prices:
This project is a staple in the data mining community mainly because of its scalability and the learning it provides. As the name suggests, in this project, you will have to predict the prices of houses. If you are a beginner, then it is recommended that you find a well-documented and enriched data set and start your project from there. Whereas, if you are on the experienced side of the spectrum, then it is recommended that you scrape the data and create the dataset yourself. Post the data collection stage, beginners will be applying basic linear regression, basic feature scaling, and basic hyperparameter tuning. Whereas, the experienced ones should apply more advanced concepts such as boosting, model chaining and grid search for the best hyperparameters. So, not only will this project serve as the cornerstone for the ones looking to get their hands dirty with data but it will also help the experienced ones to build upon this project and take it to the next level.
2. Fraud Detection:
It is another staple data mining project. In this project, you would be predicting whether the transactions done by the credit card are fraudulent or not. Fraud transactions are a real threat to society, and with the power of data, you would be able to create a classifier which upon seeing the details of the transaction would flag it as fraudulent or legitimate. As stated, you would be building a classifier; hence, for the beginners, they will be learning about classification through Logistic Regression (yes, Logistic Regression is not a regression rather it is mainly used as a classifier). You would learn the crucial details about False positives, False negatives, True Positives, True Negatives, Precision, Recall, Precision vs Recall tradeoff, just to name a few. Don’t worry if you already know all about the aforementioned things because you would be expected to take this project to the next level by automating and deploying your model. Also, you would be using better classifiers than the simple logistic regression.
3. Fake News Detection:
Since the internet is so commonplace, it is very easy for anyone to fake news. Fake news has a tendency of spreading like wildfire, and thus it becomes near impossible to contain the spread of misinformation. This project would cater to that demographic. You would be using a classifier and would harness the power of NLP or Natural Language Processing. This is a tricky project, and thus beginners would have to struggle to complete this project; however, it will provide them with the knowledge of Natural Language Processing which is crucial in the data mining community.
4. Data Cleaning with Forbidden Itemsets (FBIs):
The terabytes of data generated daily contain many errors. This dirty data contaminates the information pool and must be cleaned urgently. A popular repairing method utilizes FBIs to clean data that may be corrupted with illegal values, failed logic, lack of constraints, and other issues. FBIs allow errors to be detected by discovering any unlikely co-occurrences in the datasets. This mechanism is well established as a method to minimize error and corruption in data.
5. Personality Classification of Users:
Many sectors use models based on the personality of the users to recommend options that may be more suited for them. From career guidance to targeted advertising, categorized personality traits allow users to have a tailor-made experience in the virtual realm and help companies to perform more targeted campaigns. Data Mining techniques can be used for personality classification with the help of previously collected information. The existing information can be used as a base to establish signs and tendencies that correspond to personality traits. These can later be extracted and compared to existing patterns of behavior obtained from mining the usage data of the individual, helping to automate the classification process.
6. Movie Recommendation System:
If you have ever been to websites like Amazon or Netflix, you would have noticed one striking similarity between the two. Both of them have recommendations based on the stuff which you have already watched or purchased. If you have ever wondered how they do that well, the answer lies in this project. You will be building a recommendation system. In this system, you would have to recommend movies based on what types of movies the users have already liked or have seen. You can also make this project more comprehensive by slapping it with a full-stack application and serving it to users with the help of cloud computing. Beware, newbies, you will be struggling a lot with this project, but in the end, you will acquire the skills to create a powerful recommendation system.
The age of information has seen the advent of Data based strategies across all sectors. However, before all the analysis and conclusion, it is important to collect organized, structured, and reliable data to base them on. Data Mining is the foundation upon which Data Science rests and the tools of the trade must be kept sharp at all times. Practicing these projects will allow you to grasp the fundamentals and advance your career in the field.
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Around 6th century B.C. Lumbini was a beautiful pleasure garden collectively maintained by the Sakyas of Kapilvastu and the Koliyas of Devadaha and Ramagrama kingdoms.
Buddhist literature describes Lumbini as a Pradimoksha vana, a place blessed with blooming Sal trees and bees of five colors humming among the masses of beautiful flowers. The sweet warbling of various birds and other natural characteristics in Lumbini were compared to the Cittalata (mind-captivating) grove of Indra's paradise in heaven. Lumbini, apart from being a pleasure garden for the youths of the two republics, also nurtured contemplative and aesthtic values. Even the Buddha at the time of his Mahaparinivana eloquently recommended from his deathbed at Kushinara that all faithful followers and devotees of his order should visit for inspiration.
After the passing away of the Buddha, Indian Emperor Asoka visited Lumbini in around 249 BC and installed a commemorative pillar bearing an inscription in Brahmi script, stating: “King Piyadassi (Ashoka), beloved of the gods, in the 20th year of the coronation, himself made a royal visit. Buddha Sakyamuni having been born here, a stone railing was built and a stone pillar erected. And Lumbini village was tax reduced to the eighth part only.” Chinese Buddhist monks also visited Lumbini in 5th and 7th century A.D. and left written records of their visit. However, due to socio-political changes in the continent after the 9th century, slowly Lumbini was forgotten and lost in time. In 1895 A.D., Lumbini was re-discovered by Keshar Shumsher JBR and Alois Anton Fuhrer. The written travel records of Chinese monks and the inscription left on the Asoka pillar played a major role in identifying the birthplace of the Buddha after its rediscovery.
In 1967, U Thant, Secretary-General of the United Nations, visited Lumbini and proposed the development of Lumbini into a major center of pilgrimage and a peace destination. His visit became a major landmark in the history of the development of Lumbini. A devout Buddhist from Myanmar, U Thant believed that Lumbini should be developed as a place where religious and secular leaders could work together to create a world free from hunger and strife. United Nation created a 15-nation member International Lumbini Development Committee. The Master Plan was conceptualized by famed architect Kenzo Tange and approved in 1978.
The Kenzo Tange Master Plan covers an area of 5×5 miles with the central square mile being the Sacred Garden within which lies the UNESCO World Heritage Property. Of the Master Plan, the 1×3 mile area includes the following three zones:
THE SACRED GARDEN ZONE
THE MONASTIC ZONE
This zone accommodates monasteries and meditation centers, including approximately 49 stupas and monasteries. This zone is divided into East and West Monastic Zones. The East Monastic Zone is reserved for the construction of Theravada centers. The West Monastic Zone hosts various monasteries and meditation centers representing the Mahayana Buddhist tradition.
The Sacred Garden includes the World Heritage property, Maya Devi temple, the Asokan Pillar, various stupas, chaityas and old remains of the garden and its trees. New construction is restricted in this zone to reflect the great ideals of peace, compassion, purity and brotherhood.
THE NEW LUMBINI VILLAGE ZONE
This zone is purely allocated for physical facilities like hotels, pilgrims’ inns, post and telegraph offices, etc. A Museum, an international Buddhist research center, and a tourist information center have already been constructed in this area.
Local villagers welcomed the plan for the development of Lumbini and 7 villages were moved from their location to create the land for the master plan. Implementation of the master plan since its beginning in 1978, has had some setbacks and has taken longer than initially planned. These days, Lumbini Development Trust is the implementing agency of the Master plan.In collaboration with the Canadian Engaged Buddhism Association (CEBA), LSSF is building a Peace Education Center within the Master Plan zone (at its Bodhi Institute) to help serve the visitors of Lumbini, and to help re-connect the rural communities with the new master plan.
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People who work in web development may already be familiar with the post method in PHP, but for those who are just getting started in the field, it’s important to understand what post method in PHP is and how it works. PHP is a scripting language used for creating dynamic webpages, and the post method is a way of sending data from the web browser to the server. This method has been around for some time, and is one of the most popular ways of sending data on the web. In this blog post, we’ll take a closer look at post method in PHP and explore its various benefits and drawbacks. We’ll also discuss some of the considerations you should make when deciding which method to use. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced web developer, understanding the post method in PHP can help make sure you have the right tools available for your project.
PHP Get And Post Methods | Get And Post Method In PHP With Example | PHP Tutorial | Simplilearn
What is GET method in PHP
The GET method is one of the most commonly used methods for sending data from a client to a server in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). In PHP, the GET method is used to retrieve data from a specified resource. It passes information through the URL parameters, which can be seen in the address bar of the browser. This method is the default method in most browsers and is generally the preferred method for retrieving data from a server. The data passed through the GET method is appended to the URL, so it is visible to the user. The main advantage of the GET method is that it is easy to use and secure. However, it has a limit of 2048 characters, so it is not suitable for sending large amounts of data.
What is the POST method?
The POST Method The POST method is used to create or update resources by sending data to a server. Some notes on POST requests: POST requests are never cached. POST requests do not remain in the browser history.
What is GET POST method in PHP?
The HTTP request methods Get and Post are used within the form> tag to send form data to the server. A browser may serve as the client and an application running on the computer system that hosts your website may serve as the server thanks to the HTTP protocol.
What is $_ POST method?
PHP’s super global variable $_POST is used to store form data after an HTML form with the method=”post” has been submitted. $_POST is also widely used to pass variables.
What is $_ GET and $_ POST in PHP?
Using the URL parameters, the current script receives an array of variables called $_GET. An array of variables known as $_POST are sent to the current script using the HTTP POST method.
What is POST method with example?
POST is an HTTP method created to send data from an HTTP client to the server. The body of the POST message contains the data that the HTTP POST method requests the web server accept. When submitting login or contact forms, or when uploading files and images to the server, the HTTP POST method is frequently used. Sep 15, 2022.
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Published on 30 November 2016
The Pointe de Givet is a picturesque intrusion of the northeastern French border into Belgium. The stunning views it offers of the Meuse valley contrast with the fairly monotonous landscapes of the French Ardennes to the south and, to the north, of the Famenne area of the Belgian Ardennes. The rugged terrain has long attracted attention, in particular that of Charles V and Vauban, who took advantage of it when building their military fortifications: Charlemont fort on the left bank of the Meuse river and Mont d’Haurs fort on the right bank.
In 1879, the eminent geologist Jules Gosselet established the relationship between these outcrops and the underlying geological structure, and introduced the Givetian stage for the escarpments of the Meuse valley below Charlemont fort, south of Givet. This stage and its stratotype are now internationally recognized and adopted by the entire scientific community and have many interesting features: the rocks, numerous and diverse fossils, caves, as well as the people who discovered, described or explained these objects, the monuments that were built with Givetian stone… This book contributes to make known the richness of the local geological heritage to be preserved.
Denise Brice is a specialist of Devonian brachiopods, a retired CNRS researcher and professor emerita at Lille Catholic University, where she has lectured for many years. Her keen interest in the geological heritage led to many years of collaboration with the regional Geological Heritage committee. As chair of the Geological Society in 1996-1997, she organized and launched the first Regional Geological Heritage Day in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in Lille in 1997 in cooperation with the Geological Society of the Nord département, the Lille museum of natural history and the Conservatoire des Sites Naturels of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
BRICE D. (coord.) 2016. — Stratotype Givétien. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris ; Biotope, Mèze, 272 p. (Patrimoine géologique ; 7).
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Orangefin MadtomLarry Page
The Orangefin Madtom has a slender body and a flat head with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower jaw. The body is olive or brown above and pale yellow or white below. The fins are dark with light yellow or white edges. The caudal fin is dusky to dark with a distinctive white to orange triangle on its upper edge. The pectoral and dorsal spines are short, and the pectoral spine usually has large teeth on its rear edge. The anal fin is short with 14-16 rays. The caudal fin edge is straight or slightly rounded. To 3 ¾ in. (10 cm) total length.
The Orangefin Madtom is found in the upper Roanoke River (including the Dan River) drainage in Virginia and North Carolina. It is also found in the upper James River in Virginia where it was probably introduced. This species is uncommon.
Distribution of Noturus gilberti. © Larry Page
The Stonecat, Noturus flavus, has a cream-white spot at the rear of the dorsal fin base, small teeth on the rear of the pectoral spine, and backward projections on the premaxillary tooth patch.
About This Page
Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Larry Page at and Griffin Sheehy at
Page copyright © 2007 Larry Page
All Rights Reserved.
- First online 23 May 2007
- Content changed 23 May 2007
Citing this page:
Page, Larry. 2007. Noturus gilberti http://tolweb.org/Noturus_gilberti/69897/2007.05.23 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/. Orangefin Madtom. Version 23 May 2007 (under construction).
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If you take the trouble to take a closer look at the back of the packaging when buying food, you will find a whole range of information there. In addition to details on the composition of the dog food, this also includes information such as crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre.
What these terms mean exactly and whether they say anything about the quality of the food is explained below.
Mandatory information on the food’s packaging
It is a legal requirement to print certain information on dog food packaging in Germany. This includes the ingredients in the food, nutritional additives and the so-called analytical ingredients.
The analytical components of dog food include the already mentioned terms crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat. They are given as a percentage and determined in laboratory analysis.
Crude protein in dog food
The term crude protein refers to the protein content of the dog food. The analysis does not differentiate between protein sources. Therefore, the crude protein includes proteins from the meat in the food and vegetable protein, which can come from cereals such as wheat.
Read more What Is Crude Fiber in Dog Food? What to Know!
Crude fibre in dog food
Crude fibre is non-soluble dietary fibre in dog food. This includes, for example, dried beet pulp and inulin. Although dogs are semi-carnivores and need sufficient animal fats and proteins, this fibre is essential to stimulate the stomach and intestines’ motor function and promote healthy digestion.
Raw fat in dog food
The so-called raw fat includes all fats in the dog food. This includes vegetable fats, such as oils, and animal fats, like chicken fat.
Crude ash in dog food
In addition to the values mentioned, the so-called crude ash is also determined in the laboratory. For this purpose, the dog food is heated so strongly that it burns. Doing this leaves behind the non-combustible components of the food. The main part of the crude ash consists of minerals.
Moisture content in dog food
The moisture content, or water, indicates how much moisture is in the dog food. With dry food, this value is, of course, significantly lower than with wet food, which you must also take into account concerning how much drinking water you give your dog.
What are nutritional additives?
A complete food like our dry or wet food must provide a dog with all the vital nutrients in the right amounts. Besides obvious things like proteins, carbohydrates and fats, this naturally includes certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D, taurine, copper or iron.
A lack of these so-called micronutrients can sometimes have fatal consequences for health. To avoid this and ensure a nutrient supply that meets your dog’s needs, the required vitamins and minerals are added to the food.
Read more How to Treat Dog Acne the Natural Way
These are listed on the packaging as nutritional additives. The quantities are usually given in IU (international units) or mg per kilo of feed, depending on the micronutrient.
What do the analytical components mean for quality?
The indication of the analytical components is mandatory and gives you as an owner a rough overview of the nutritional values. However, conclusions about the quality of the dog food cannot be drawn from the raw protein, raw fibre and raw fat.
For example, the raw protein can come from grain as well as meat or insects. As a rule, vegetable proteins are much less efficiently utilised by your dog than animal proteins. Therefore, the crude protein content and the type of protein source play an essential role in your dog’s protein supply.
The situation is similar with the crude fat, which can be both low-quality vegetable oil and high-quality fats that are very important for a dog’s health.
What values should the analytical ingredients in dog food have?
The individual values for crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat in dog food vary significantly. This is because dogs have different needs depending on their age and life circumstances.
For example, a growing puppy or a pregnant bitch needs more energy and protein than an adult dog. Sporting and service dogs need different nutrients than purely house dogs.
Small dog breeds generally have a higher energy metabolism than large breeds. Therefore, their food should contain more protein and fat, which also supplies higher crude fat and crude protein values in the dog food.
Read more How Much Does a Full Blood Panel Cost Dog & What Does it Include?
Individual help with the choice of feed
It is crucial for the health and well-being of your dog that you choose the right food. Considering the many factors that play a role in your four-legged friend’s needs, selecting the right dog food can quickly become a challenge.
We have developed an exceptional online tool with our nutritionist to support you in this. All you have to do is enter a few details about your dog, and within a few minutes, you will receive individual feeding recommendations for your four-legged friend.
Try Bellfor nutritionist.
Conclusion: It pays to take a look at the packaging
As you can see, it can be worth taking a closer look at the back of the packaging when buying food. In addition to information on the analytical components such as crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat, you will also find details on the composition of the dog food.
This way, you can quickly determine whether the food of your choice delivers what it promises and whether high-quality ingredients ensure good quality and digestibility.
With Bellfor dog food, you can, of course, be sure that this is precisely the case and that the food not only tastes good to your dog but also provides them optimally with all the essential nutrients for a happy and hopefully long dog’s life.
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Looking for ways to know how to generate barcode numbers in Excel? Sometimes, we want our Excel to move to the next cell automatically to make our work easier. Here, you will find step-by-step explained ways to generate barcode numbers in Excel.
Download Practice Workbook
What Is Barcode?
Barcode is a machine-readable code consisting of space and varying widths of parallel lines which represent numerals and characters. It can encode product information. Barcode brings ease, speed, accuracy, and inventory control to Business.
Steps to Generate Barcode Numbers in Excel
We can generate Barcode Numbers in Excel by going through some steps.
Here, we have a dataset containing the Name and Code of some Products. Now, we will show you how to generate Barcodes from these given Codes.
1. Using Format Cells Feature to Convert Numbers into Text
Here, we will show you how to use Format Cells Feature to convert Numbers into Text. This is necessary for the correct display of Codes beginning with “0” and prevent large numbers to display in scientific notation.
Follow the steps given below to do it on your own.
- First, select Cell range C5:C12 and Right-click.
- Then, select Format Cells.
- Now, the Format Cells box will open.
- After that, go to the Number tab >> select Text.
- Finally, press OK.
2. Using Ampersand Operator (&) to Insert Values for Barcode in Excel
Now, we will Insert Value for Barcode using Ampersand Operator (&) to change the Text into Code. Here, we will add Brackets () using Ampersand Operator (&) so that the data can convert from Code to Barcode smoothly.
- First, select Cell D5.
- Then, insert the following formula.
Here, In the formula, we added Brackets () with Cell C5 using Ampersand Operator (&).
- After that, press ENTER.
- Next, drag down the Fill Handle tool to AutoFill the formula for the rest of the cells.
- Now, you will get all the values of Text values as Code in the Barcode column.
3. Download Barcode Fonts to Generate Barcode Numbers in Excel
In case, your Microsoft Excel does not have any Barcode Fonts you can download it for free from different websites. Here, we downloaded IDAutomationHC39M Free Version Barcode Font.
Follow the steps given below to download Barcode Fonts on your own.
- First, click on the link to go to the Website.
- Then, click on the Download Now button.
- After that, the box is shown below to see the Download List.
- Next, click on the IDAutomationCode39.zip file.
- Now, open the IDAutomation_Code39FreeFont zip file.
- Then, click on the Extract all button.
- After that, Select a Destination and Extract Files box will open.
- Now, click on Browse to select a Destination.
- Next, select a Folder of your own choice. Here, we will select Code 39 Folder.
- Then, press on Select Folder.
- Now, you will see that the Folder has been selected.
- Afterward, click on the Extract button.
- Then, open the IDAutomation_Code39FreeFont Setup File.
- Now, click on Next.
- Afterward, License Agreement box will open.
- Next, turn on I accept the agreement option.
- Then, click on Next.
- Again, click on Next.
- Now, the Select Destination Location box will appear.
- Next, click on the Browse button.
- Then, the Browse For Folder box will open.
- After that, select any Folder of your choice. Here, we will select New Volume (F:) Folder.
- Next, press OK.
- Now, you can see that the Folder has been selected.
- Afterward, click on Next.
- Again, click on Next.
- Here, again click on Next.
- Then, the Ready to Install box will appear.
- Next, click on Install.
- After that, click on Next.
- Finally, click on Finish.
Read More: How to Use Code 39 Barcode Font for Excel (with Easy Steps)
4. Change Fonts to Generate Barcode Numbers in Excel
Now, we will change the Font of the Barcode column to generate Barcode Numbers. Go through the steps to do it on your own.
- First, select Cell range D5:D12.
- Then, go to the Home tab >> click on Theme Fonts.
- After that, select the IDAutomationHC39M Free Version Font.
- Finally, you will get the Barcode Numbers for your Products in Excel.
In this section, we are giving you the dataset to practice on your own and learn to use these methods.
So, in this article, you will find a step-by-step way to generate barcode numbers in Excel. Use any of these ways to accomplish the result in this regard. Hope you find this article helpful and informative. Feel free to comment if something seems difficult to understand. Let us know any other approaches which we might have missed here. And, visit ExcelDemy for many more articles like this. Thank you!
- How to Create Barcode Without Font in Excel (2 Smart Method)
- Use Barcode Scanner in Excel (2 Suitable Ways)
- How to Generate Code 128 Barcode Font for Excel (With Easy Steps)
- Barcode Scanner Entry to Excel Database with Timestamp (3 Basic Cases)
- How to Print Barcode Labels in Excel (with 4 Easy Steps)
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NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM
How Star Wars Revolutionized Entertainment
Three ways Star Wars changed the entertainment business.
So many things come in threes, even Star Wars trilogies. Three sets of three sequential space science fiction films:
- The original trilogy, Star Wars: A New Hope (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and “Return of the Jedi” (1983)
- The prequel trilogy, The Phantom Menace (1999), Attack of the Clones (2002), and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
- The newest trilogy, The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker
So in honor of all of those threes, here are three ways that Star Wars changed the entertainment business.
First, in the late 1970s, Star Wars revived the marketplace for space science fiction as a genre. Space adventures had found wide audiences in the 1930s through characters such as Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon that began in short stories or comic strips and developed through movie serials and radio programs. The toys from Buck Rogers even have a holiday story of their own. But by the 1950s, space science fiction appeared mostly in alien monster movies or as children’s television programming that was cheaply produced and melodramatic. The unexpected success of the first Star Wars movie in 1977 inspired other production houses to rediscover space adventures as a bankable genre. For instance, the planned television series Star Trek: Phase II was revamped and greenlit as Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979). The success of science fiction and fantasy movies in the 1980s and beyond owes much to Star Wars.
Second, in addition to reviving the genre, Star Wars fundamentally changed how licensed toys and memorabilia were created and marketed. After Star Wars creator George Lucas initially had trouble finding a manufacturer for toys associated with the movie, the Kenner Products toy company signed on. Their 3 ¾-inch action figures, created to be small and affordable, became a runaway success. In fact, Kenner became overwhelmed by the demand. In a true story that has become legend in toy marketing, Kenner actually dealt with a Christmastime shortage of action figures in 1977 by selling “Early Bird Certificate Packages” through toy stores. The mail-in raincheck entitled the bearer to action figures that would not be available until the spring of 1978. The package also included a cardboard display for all twelve characters—encouraging buyers to order complete sets.
Kenner’s Star Wars action figures gave new direction to the consumer desire to collect multiple toys. Each figure came attached to a card-back that included the names and accompanying photos of all figures available for purchase. Storage or carrying cases included labels for the individual slots, encouraging children to match the right playthings and collect them all. Star Wars toys did not invent the idea of buying toy sets but many other manufacturers later imitated their successful marketing scheme of emphasizing set completeness.
Third, Star Wars introduced the concept of toys as collectibles, not just children’s trinkets. As author and toy historian Sharon Scott has argued in her book Toys and American Culture: An Encyclopedia, “When vintage Star Wars toys in good condition became quite expensive, consumers began to realize that other toys in good condition might be valuable over time as well. From the 1980s onward, it became common for Americans to purchase toys and keep them for collectible purposes.” Beanie Babies and other toys that were marketed with the aim of being collectible owe part of their appeal to Star Wars.
The Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum has long had an interest in how space flight has been imagined. The “Star Wars: The Magic of Myth" exhibition in 1999 was immensely popular and survives online. SpaceX founder Elon Musk even named his Falcon series of launch vehicles after the Millennium Falcon. So if you watch one of the movies or purchase any merchandise this holiday season, remember how Star Wars not only helped to influence real spaceflight but also shaped business and economics.
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The virtuous site bearing both legendary and archaeological importance is surrounded by network of five Buddhist hillock such as
“LANDAPAHADA” in the south west, “PARABHADI PAHADA” in the west “RIGIDI PAHADA” in north east, “GANGI PAHAD” in north east and “LALITAGIRI-SUKHUAPADA PAHADA” in the north east in an approximate radius of 1k.m.
These five hillocks in the Ancient past constituted the “Great Pushpagiri panchali” according to the “”copper plate inscription during eastern Ganga King Devendra Varman-I.Dharma Lingesvava
The historic site and establishment was visited by the Chinesepiligrim Hiuen-Tsang during the 7th century A.D, who became exclaimedat the scenic beauty and the Buddhistic heritage of this historic siteand called “Pu-sie-po-ki-li” that is Pushpagiri. The top of thehillock Olasuni is about 7 AC of area, where the Mahasamadhi Temple existed.
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A truly dramatic garden plant, a close relative of borage, it produces the most spectacular tall flower spikes seemingly from nowhere in summer.
Despite its common name of 'Pride of Madeira', it is hardy in the UK down to -5C or so, particularly where it is drier in winter. It is biennial, so needs one cold winter after germination to flower - so these plants will flower in their first year and beyond.
Once your echium has established and flowered, it will self-seed prolifically and, unless we have a really harsh winter, you will never have to plant another as you will always have plenty of seedlings!
E. candicans will grow to around 1m (3ft) in its first year, then in its second, it produces its magnificent flower - in milder areas the plants keep growing all year around and, after a frost-free winter, you will see enormous flower spikes. Expect flowering spikes in July or later.
Although plants are hardy when kept dry, leaves can still be damaged by frost and cold winds, and the cold will kill plants that are in wet ground, so protect plants over winter with fleece or similar product.
A common sight in Cornwall as well, Echiums are best grown in very well drained soils, or in large pots with plenty of sand or grit for drainage. When it does grow in spring, keep it well watered between May and August as it grows quickly.
Echiums self-seed over a small area, and once these seedlings have germinated and over-wintered, they too may flower away, and a little colony will appear. Truly spectacular and one of the best plants that you can grow to attract pollinating insects into your garden.
Supplied as an over-wintered plant in a 2L pot, between 30-50cm tall, ready to flower in this first summer.
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by Saptak Majumdar
“Crime is the outcome of a diseased mind and jail must have an environment of hospital for treatment and care”.
– Mahatma Gandhi
Abstract: When a person commits a crime and is punished for it, it does not make him inhuman. Therefore, the State has no right to treat his inanimate state. The Indian Constitution guarantees everyone’s right to life and freedom, and they cannot be deprived unless there is a due process of law. This clause also applies to prisoners, which is why some protection is provided to them. This paper explains the existing constitutional and legal framework in India compared with USA, UK and Australia to guarantee the rights of prisoners and clarifies various administrative and judicial guidelines issued from time to time regarding the needs, requirements and care of prisoners.
The right to life must always be interpreted from the broadest perspective, not just a right, but also the quality of life we live. The imprisoned prisoners are the result of their violation of a country’s land law, but their basic human rights are granted by various international conventions and constitutional laws and must not be violated at any cost. The investigation involved different laws and regulations passed in India related to the rights that prisoners can enforce. He also talked about how basic human rights are abused in prisons. Legislation and enlightening precedents are additional factors needed to determine the rights of prisoners.
The term ” prisoner ” can be used to refer to any person who violates the law of the Country and is therefore detained by the police in order to restrict their freedom in order to maintain the welfare of society. A person in prison allows himself to suffer under the most inhumane and contemptuous conditions. They suffered human rights violations in prison. But we must remember that prisoners in modern democracy have no civil rights, but reformist methods must be allowed. One cannot reform himself and become a better person without adopting reform methods. If we conduct reality checks on prisons, we will hear a few words about overcrowding, and lack of security[i]. Not only they are isolated from the world, they are also at risk even in prison. According to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), they should be treated with dignity and their right to life, including their basic requirements and safety, should not be violated. They must also be protected from inhumane torture. Human rights are vital to a person’s survival. Therefore, in spite of the crimes committed, prisoners must not be allowed to suffer.
Prisoner Rights in International Conventions
After World Wars, some citizens were deprived of their rights and some prisoners were forced to work or were recklessly killed. This led to changes in international prisoner law. The United Nations had established certain minimum requirements for the treatment of prisoners. It provides standards that state that prisoners receive adequate food, good hygiene, bedding, and medical facilities. Article-3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly establishes that both prisoners and free people in society must enjoy the right to life. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights explores the same issues and art. Article-10 stipulates that no one shall be deprived of liberty and human dignity must be respected. Reduce the line between the defendants before and after the trial. The basic objective of these treaties and conventions is that prisons are not subjected to inhuman torture or degrading treatment[ii].
Main issues regarding violation of Human Rights of prisoners
The basic human rights granted to all people are violated every day in prison. Let them suffer in a crowded environment in the narrow prison cells along with other prisoners. Incarceration for rape in prisons is increasing, and it is one of the places where a person is restricted by social welfare and that person eventually loses their dignity. The level of physical torture and violence that prisoners face is unbearable and sometimes leads to what we call death in prison. Various prisons around the world have witnessed genocide, slavery and the murder of prisoners in the name of encounters. The right to life, which is a basic requirement, has been violated. Malnutrition is also a vital cause of death in prison. They were not provided with adequate food and sanitary conditions.
Several examples from different prisons around the world can explain human rights violations[iii].
- In Venezuelan prisons, inmates face rape and extortion, with only one guard taking care of 150 people.
- In the Model Prison of Panama, it can be observed that the prison population exceeds its capacity.
- In United States of America, the American Civil Liberties Union investigated the issue of prisoners in solitary confinement and stated that there is a great need to stop curbing violations.
- In Iraq, there were some reports of abuse in prison in 2003. They said that prisoners were forced to remove their clothes and subjected to inhumane torture.
Prisoner Rights in India
In India, the prisoners’ rights are guaranteed and protected by the different Legislations. Such are as follows ——-
A. The Indian Constitution[iv]: –
Article – 14, 20, 21 & 22 Of the Indian Constitution specifically guaranteed the rights of the Prisoners of India. Article-21 is a unique term that describes right to life and personal liberty. Under the range, certain rights find places such as food, bonds, fast testing and free legal assistance rights. Article-21 also offers prisoners with violence of detention and health rights to maintain basic human dignity. There was a specific law on the rights of Indian prisoners. They have the right of other rights for non-human heterotrophic treatment in prison. The rights of the interview and the right to know friends and family are important rights of prisoners.
B. Other Legislations[v]: –
1. Prisoners Act, 1894
This act is one of the oldest prison laws in India. Chapter VII of the law stipulates matters related to the employment of prisoners, so it says that they can work and earn income with the permission of the prison director, but the rules stipulate that they should not work more than 9 hours a day. Section- 37 of the Prisoners Act of 1894 stipulates in any case, if the prisoner becomes ill, the responsible officer will talk to the jailer and must call the subordinate doctor immediately. Other parts of the law discuss whether civil or trial prisoners can obtain their products, such as clothing, bedding, or food, from outside the prison.
2. The Transfer of Prisoner Act, 1950
The purpose of the act is to allow prisoners to be transferred between states in India. The purpose is to provide professional training, reduce prison overcrowding, and maintain basic human dignity.
3. Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990
The act stipulates that, taking into account all disability factors, there is no distinction between prisoners and non-prisoners. The protection and safety of disabled prisoners and the required accommodation are a key point that should be reflected here.
Impact of cOVID – 19 in Indian Prisons
Coronavirus, one of the deadliest epidemics facing the world today. In the prison, there are some overcrowded and underestimated prisoners who are in trouble. Countries are unwilling to verify the factor of overcrowding in prisons. Due to overcrowding, the State Government was forced to take action, releasing several detainees on parole, and the prison was also ordered to close. Health experts say that overcrowding in prisons can cause health problems, and the disease can spread because it is an infectious disease and becomes a terrible situation. It is said that it will not only infect the prisoners but also the guards. In Madhya Pradesh prisons, some 20 inmates have reportedly tested positive for the coronavirus[vi].
After predicting the pandemic, the World Health Organization urged prison officials and governments in many countries to reduce the number of prisoners because the virus is spreading rapidly.
At present, there are two main situations to focus by The Governments to pay attention to: one is
- The model prison manual,
- The ignorance of the mental health of the prisoners.
The Supreme Court asked the State Government to review the matter. The Chief Justice of India Shri Sharad Arbind Bobde, stated that a committee should be established to classify prisoners and distinguish the types of prisoners who can be released. Statistics show that as of April, about 12,000 prisoners have been released.
- M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra[vii]
The Supreme Court of India stated that if the defendant cannot provide legal aid, the state must provide free legal aid to the defendant.
- Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar[viii]
In this case, if the prisoner on trial remains in detention for a longer period of time, then Article-21 of the Constitution of India will be violated.
3. D. K. Basu v. State Of West BENGAL[ix]
One of the most remarkable judgment given by the Apex court in the case of an increasing number of custodial deaths in India. This case made a landmark judgement, which stipulated guidelines for arresting a person, otherwise more crimes would be committed in the name of justice.
4. Hirst v. United Kingdom[x]
The fact is that the prisoner cannot vote on the U/S – 3 of the 1983 People’s Representative Act, but a case was later filed in which he claimed that his voting rights had been violated. The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights announced that the voting rights of British prisoners can be revoked in accordance with the law.
- Prem Sankar v. Delhi Administration[xi]
The court ordered UOI to investigate the matter, saying that it was inhumane to wear handcuffs and violated Article 21.
- Bonner v. Coughlin[xii]
In this case in the United States, the prisoner went to court to demand compensation, claiming that the prison guards did not open his cell. Therefore, due to their negligence, the court transcript was lost. It is said that prisoners have limited privacy rights.
Suggestion and Conclusion
By examining a contemplative situation, stringent legislation must be made for their welfare, as well as better protection must be provided to them by judge-made laws. In the current situation of the epidemic worldwide, many prisoners are released because they mostly committing non-heinous crime. The criminal situation will make a crime to commit. Therefore, adequate rehabilitation and periodic approaches should be adopted. When the member generated by income goes to jail for fraud, he or her family must suffer.
Developing countries are not providing financial support for that particular family. Families without bread in the mouth cannot think about buying a lawyer to save the prisoners. Therefore, the State must maintain fundamental right equally and treat them as well as others. UNODC is firmly believed that prison reforms are prison obligations only if prison policy is governed by prison. The prison and the best health care systems are affiliated with prison, and national laws can be fuel to be processed.
[iv] The Constitution of India, https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india
[vii] AIR 1987 SC 1548
[viii] AIR 1979 SC 1360
[ix] AIR 1997 SC 610
[x] (2006) 42 EHRR 41
[xi] AIR 1980 SC 1535
[xii] 545 F.2d 565 (7th Cir. 1976)
[xiii] Picture: The Sentinel Assam
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Introduction to insurance terms is essential to understand the process and make informed decisions. Insurance is an important part of most people’s life and helps protect them from the financial impact of unexpected events. It is important to understand the terminology used in the insurance industry so that you can make informed decisions and understand the coverage you are purchasing.
Insurance terms can be confusing and difficult to understand, but it is important to take the time to research and become familiar with them. Understanding the basic insurance terms and the way they are used will help you make the best decisions for your needs.Insurance is an important part of financial security, providing the funds necessary to cover losses in the event of an accident, illness, or other unexpected event. To fully understand and benefit from insurance coverage, it is important to have an understanding of the essential insurance terms.
These terms are used to describe the various aspects of an insurance policy, including the type of policy, coverage limits, and exclusions. Knowing and understanding these terms will help you make informed decisions when selecting and purchasing an insurance plan. Introduction to insurance terms is the first step to ensure that you are getting the coverage you need for the right price.
Understanding 10 Essential Insurance Terms:-
Insurance is an important part of financial planning. To make informed decisions about insurance coverage, it is important to have a basic understanding of the essential insurance terms. A policyholder is the person or entity that purchases an insurance policy and is responsible for paying the premiums. The insured is the individual or entity that is covered by the policy. The policyholder is not necessarily the same as the insured.
The insured is the person or entity that is protected by the policy in the event of a covered loss. The policyholder is the one who pays for the coverage and is responsible for filing claims. The insurer is the company that provides the insurance policy. The insurer is the party who is legally obligated to pay the insured when a covered claim is filed. Understanding these terms is essential to making informed decisions about insurance coverage.
The most important term to understand when it comes to insurance is premium. This is the amount that must be paid to the insurer in order to maintain coverage. It is generally paid on a monthly or yearly basis.
Depending on the type of policy and coverage chosen, the premium may vary. It is important to understand the premium in order to determine the full cost of the policy and to ensure that it is within the budget. It is also important to understand that the premium may change over time as the insurer reviews the policy. It is important to review the premium regularly to ensure that it remains within the budget.
3) Tax Benefits
Insurance is a financial product that provides protection against certain risks like illness, accidents, or death. It is important to understand essential insurance terms, such as premiums, deductibles, and benefits, before purchasing a policy.
Tax benefits are an important factor to consider when buying insurance. Premiums paid for life, health, and disability insurance policies may be eligible for a tax write-off. Deductibles refer to the amount of money you must pay out of pocket before your insurance policy kicks in. Benefits are the payments you receive from an insurance company when you make a claim. Understanding these terms can help you choose the right insurance policy for your needs and maximize your tax benefits.
4) Claim Process
Insurance is a financial protection product that helps to mitigate risks. To make the most of an insurance policy, it is important to understand the essential insurance terms. One such important term is the claim process. It is the procedure that a policyholder must follow to receive payment from their insurance company in the event of a claim. The claim process typically starts with the policyholder filing a claim with their insurer.
The insurer then reviews the claim and decides whether to accept or reject it. If accepted, the insurer will provide payment in accordance with the policy terms and conditions. If rejected, the policyholder can then appeal the decision or seek legal advice. Therefore, understanding the claim process is essential for ensuring that policyholders are able to receive the benefits of their insurance policy.
Insurance is a complex subject and understanding all the terms related to it is essential for making informed decisions. One of the most important terms to understand is Underwriters, who are responsible for evaluating the risk associated with the coverage of the insurance policy. They assess the potential risks and decide the premium rate for the policy.
After analyzing the information provided by the insured, they determine whether the insurance company should accept or reject the risk. Underwriters also determine the final terms, conditions and coverage limits of the insurance policy. It is important to understand the role of underwriters when evaluating and purchasing an insurance policy.
6) Free-Look Period
Having a basic understanding of essential insurance terms is important when purchasing an insurance policy. One such term is the Free-Look Period, which is the duration of time during which a policyholder can review the insurance policy and return it if they are not satisfied. This time period is typically 15 days, although the duration can vary depending on the insurance company.
During this time period, the policyholder can review the terms and conditions of the policy, the premium amount, and the benefits provided. If the policyholder is not satisfied, they can return the policy without incurring any charges. Knowing the Free-Look Period is a key piece of knowledge when looking for an insurance policy.
7) Surrender Value
Understanding essential insurance terms is important for making informed decisions about insurance policies. One such term is ‘Surrender Value’. This is the amount payable to the policyholder when they choose to discontinue their insurance policy before the maturity date. It is calculated based on the contributions made by the policyholder, the terms of the policy and the number of years the policy has been in effect.
It is important to understand that the surrender value will be lower than the actual amount of premium paid. Therefore, policyholders should only surrender their policy if they have exhausted all other options.
8) Premium Payment Term
Premium payment term is an essential insurance term that refers to the due date of a policyholder’s payment for an insurance policy. Insurance premiums are usually paid on a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, or annual basis. The premium payment term is typically specified in the policy documents and is often set to coincide with the policyholder’s payment cycle. It is important for policyholders to understand their premium payment terms and to make timely payments in order to keep their policy active and avoid any penalties or cancellation.
Failing to make the premium payment on time can result in the lapse of the policy and the policyholder losing any coverage. It is important to remember that premium payment terms are an essential insurance term and can significantly impact a policyholder’s coverage.
Insurance is a contract between two parties, the insured and insurer, wherein the insurer agrees to compensate the insured for a financial loss due to an unexpected event. There are certain essential terms that are part of any insurance agreement. One such term is ‘Nominee’. This is a person named by the policyholder to receive the policy proceeds in the event of the policyholder’s death.
The nominee is usually a close family member of the policyholder, such as a spouse, parent, or child. It is important to understand the concept of nomination when signing an insurance policy, as this will help ensure that the policy proceeds are paid out to the person of your choice when you are no longer around.
10) Life Assured
Understanding essential insurance terms is vital to make an informed decision when buying an insurance policy. One of the key terms is “Life Assured”. This term is used to describe the person whose life is insured. The life assured could be the policyholder or a third-party. It is essential for the life assured to provide accurate information about their age and health status when taking out a policy.
Failure to do so could invalidate the policy or prevent the policyholder from receiving the full benefits if it is needed. It is important to understand the terms associated with life insurance to ensure the policyholder is fully protected. It is also essential for the life assured to understand their responsibilities when taking out the policy.
Insurance can be a complex and difficult subject to understand, but having a basic understanding of essential insurance terms is key to making the right decisions for yourself and your family. This article has provided a basic overview of some of the most important terms including policy limits, deductibles, premiums and coverage.
While this is not an exhaustive list, it should provide a basic understanding of the fundamentals of insurance. By being aware of these concepts, you can better navigate the insurance landscape and make the best choices for you and your loved ones. In conclusion, it is important to understand these essential insurance terms in order to make the right decisions and purchase the best insurance policies for yourself.
Also Read:- The Unseen Benefits of Having Disability Insurance
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Conduct initial research of your topic with the goal of forming a specific, detailed opinion about it. Then state your opinion as an argument without saying “I think.” For example,
Hitler’s greatest strategic mistake was to break his pact with Stalin and invade Russia, which caused the Soviet Union to join the Allies, and ultimately led to Germany’s defeat.
Despite the strategic boldness Macbeth shows in targeting women and children, these attacks reveal he is a weak man, obsessed with who will inherit his throne, and so cowardly that he fears children.
DON’T write a thesis that states a universally held opinion. Instead, test that your thesis is an argument someone else could disagree with, so you will have to prove your case. Examples of weak theses that are universally held opinions:
Germany lost World War II because of the superior strength and strategy of the Allied forces.
Macbeth’s attacks on women and children show how ruthless he is.
Although these thesis statements are opinions, no reasonable person would argue against either of them, so they’re both essentially pointless.
DON’T write a thesis that is a statement of fact or a summary of events. Examples of weak theses that are statement of facts:
Germany ultimately lost to the Allied forces in World War II.
Besides all the grown men he murders, Macbeth is responsible for attacks on women and children.
DO write a thesis sentence that lays out an attack plan for your essay. An attack plan highlights the main ideas that support your argument, and makes your thesis more specific. Example of a thesis with an attack plan:
While the messages of the Oracle at Delphi sometimes supported democracy and sometimes favored tyrants, they consistently supported colonization.
This essay will be organized by three main ideas: democracy, tyrants, and colonization.
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Analysing two ordinal variables
Part 4: Reporting
If we combine all the reporting bits from the example, the full report for this variable, might have looked something like:
To see if the questions about the teacher actually relate to each other the results of the question on the motivation by the teacher and if s/he was able to link the theory to practical situations are shown in Figure 1.
As can be seen Figure 1 it appears that most students answered both questions similar.
The Goodman-Kruskal gamma confirmed that there was a significant high positive association between how motivational the teacher was, and how s/he was able to link the theory to practice, γ =.88, p < .001.
Students seem to have answered these two questions similarly, as could be expected since both are about the teacher. To see if perhaps being able to link theory to practical situations helps a teacher to motivate students it was further discussed during a focus session. In this focus sessions students explained that……
Note the final paragraph explains the some-what technical results into more understandable English, something many readers would often appreciate.
Ordinal vs. Ordinal
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Don’t remove all the leaves of the zucchini plant when it’s time to trim it. The leaves should be on the stem near the last fruit you want to keep. If you want to give the plant more sun, just cut the leaves larger than the base of the plant.
What does it mean when your zucchini leaves turn yellow?
Zucchini leaves will also turn yellow due to nutrient deficiencies that aren’t caused by overwatering. The yellowing of the leaves is linked to iron, zinc, and manganese deficiencies.
If you’re looking for a way to make sure your plants are getting all the nutrients they need, you can add a few drops of a nutrient-rich liquid to your water. This will help the plants absorb nutrients more quickly and efficiently.
You can also use a liquid fertilizer, such as Miracle-Gro’s Nutri-Grain, which is designed to help plants grow faster and more vigorously.
What does Overwatered zucchini plants look like?
Slow growth, yellow leaves, the appearance of mold, and fruit rotting on the vine are some of the signs of over watering your zucchini plants. Slow growth is caused by a lack of water and nutrients in the soil. If you don’t have enough water or nutrients, your plants will not grow as fast as they would if they were growing in a well-drained soil with plenty of nutrients.
In addition, too much water can cause the plants to over-water, which can lead to mold and other problems. Too little water also causes the plant to dry out faster than it should, causing it to rot and eventually die. The best way to increase the water content of your soil is to add compost to your garden.
Compost is made up of organic material that has been broken down into its component parts, such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. When compost is added to soil, it helps to break down the organic matter, making it more available for plant growth. This is especially important if you have a lot of plants in your yard, as the compost will help to keep them healthy and healthy-looking.
How often do you water zucchini plants?
It’s good to have water generously. If the soil is moist, add about one inch of water. Add an extra inch of water if it feels too dry.
When the weather is cooler in early spring, water your zucchini about once a week, increasing to two or even three times per week once it starts to get a little warmer.
This will help prevent root rot, which is a common problem with vegetables that are grown in soil that’s not well drained.
How do you fix yellow zucchini leaves?
Compost or well-rotted manure can be used to fix your zucchini leaves. Valuable plant food will be provided by these soil amendments, which will help to keep the soil in a healthy state. If you have a lot of yellowed leaves, you may want to consider adding a little bit of compost to your garden.
Are coffee grounds good for zucchini plants?
Coffee grounds can be used as mulch. If you want to use them as sheet mulch, apply them around the base of your plants and rake them out after a few days. Coffee grounds are also a great source of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and manganese. They also contain trace elements such as copper, zinc, iron, copper-zinc, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, selenium and zinc.
How do I get more female zucchini flowers?
If your plant produces more female flowers, you can store the male flowers in a vase of water for up to two days. The saved flowers can be used to pollinate the female blossoms. One male flower can be used to pollinate up to three female flowers.
Do zucchini plants need direct sunlight?
Zucchini needs full sun (at least 6 to 8 hours) and consistently moist soil that is high in organic matter. A lot of room to sprawl is required for some zucchini varieties. The bush types are suitable for container gardening and small vegetable gardens. Growing Zucchinis in the Garden: How to Get the Most Out of Your Garden and Garden Soil.
Do zucchini need lime?
Adding dolomite lime or bonemeal will raise the calcium content on your soil, but it may not work fast enough to give you a zucchini harvest in a few weeks. It’s better to do it now in hopes of a long fall of good crops.
I’ve heard that you can use herbicides, but I don’t know if that’s a good idea or not. Thank you so much for your time and expertise.
Can a yellow leaf turn green again?
The leaf has chlorophyll, which gives it a green color. When the leaf loses its chlorophyll, the plant abandons it and begins to absorb leftover nutrients from the leaf. It’s not possible to make the leaf turn back to green once it’s yellow. The nutrients can also be recycled back into plant cells, which means that the plants can grow even more.
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During the 1920s and 1930s, French Algeria and Italian Libya witnessed spectacular motor-sports events: desert rallies as well as car races on closed circuits. Speed sports events, in this context, served three main purposes: they integrated or reconquered the colonial territory symbolically; they demonstrated the advancement and technological superiority of the conquerors vis-à-vis the “backward” indigenous population; and beyond that, they established the colonies as laboratories of modernity and experimentation grounds of progress. In this sense, this essay employs the Foucauldian term heterotopia to designate the sites of motor sports competitions in Libya and Algeria. The colonies now were even more modern than France or Italy itself, or, put differently, they served as showcases for a possible future. Motor sports were especially apt to serve the outlined purposes. Road races and new circuits constantly referred to colonial claims about the progress of infrastructure. “Automobilism” was perceived as the very epitome of modernity and progress, set to take over the colonies, which were imagined as a tabula rasa. Finally, mastery of a car at a “devilish speed” was metonymically extended to represent the taming of the wheel of contingency in an uncertain situation and staying in control of the colonies.
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With more than 100 years of combined teaching experience and PhDs in particle, nuclear, and condensed-matter physics, these three authors could hardly be better qualified to write this introduction to modern physics.
They have combined their award-winning teaching skills with their experience writing best-selling textbooks to produce a readable and comprehensive account of the physics that has developed over the last hundred years and led to today’s ubiquitous technology.
Assuming the knowledge of a typical freshman course in classical physics, they lead the reader through relativity, quantum mechanics, and the most important applications of both of these fascinating theories.
PART 1. Relativity
1 The Space and Time of Relativity
2 Relativistic Mechanics
PART 2. Quantum Mechanics
4 Quantization of Light
5 Quantization of Atomic Energy Levels
6 Matter Waves
7 The Schrödinger Equation in One Dimension
8 The Three-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation
9 Electron Spin
10 Multielectron Atoms; the Pauli Principle and Periodic Table
11 Atomic Transitions and Radiation
PART 3. Systems with Two or More Atoms
13 Solids – Theory
14 Solids – Applications
15 Statistical Mechanics
PART 4. Subatomic Physics
16 The Structure of Atomic Nuclei
17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
18 Elementary Particles
APPENDIX A Physical Constants
APPENDIX B Useful Mathematical Relations
APPENDIX C Alphabetical Lists of the Elements
APPENDIX D Atomic and Nuclear Data
No resources currently available for this title.
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Bird-brained? Not at all: Reed Warblers reveal a magnetic map
We all marvel at those mammals, birds and insects who migrate long distances, and at their innate ability to reach a destination thousands of miles away.
Scientists are still trying to unravel all the mechanisms involved. Now, one group of scientists believe that they have revealed one system being used by some migrating birds, and it reveals a fascinating ‘world-map’ that many of us would marvel at.
One of the problems thrown up by covering long distances is how to estimate your current position. While latitude was a relatively simple problem to resolve, it took human geographers, map-makers, scientists, clock-makers and mariners centuries to resolve the problem of how to locate themselves longitudinally, or on the west- east axis, as they crossed vast oceans. The system which eventually resolved the problem for human explorers involved accurate time-keeping.
One aspect of the system used by some birds has been revealed for the first time and involves detecting the declination or variation that occurs because the geographic ‘true’ north pole and magnetic north are not in the same place.
In Europe, this difference between the true and magnetic north, increases as you move from east to west. When using a map and compass, this changing declination needs to be accounted for, especially if you are to reach a long distance destination. It would appear that the birds detect the declination or variation between the true north and the magnetic north, and from that, their longitudinal axis.
Writing in the current issue of Current Biology (August 2017) an international team of biologists, including Richard Holland and Dmitri Kishkiniev of Bangor University's School of Biological Sciences, explain how they identified for the first time, that mature reed warblers are able to detect the declination from magnetic north, and use the scale of the declination or change from true north to geo-locate themselves to a longitude, from which they orient themselves towards their autumnal migration from Russia to Africa.
“How birds have resolved the longitudinal problem has been a scientific mystery,” says Dr Richard Holland of Bangor University. “It seems that a bird as unassuming as the reed warbler, may have a geographic map or memory that enables it to identify its longitudinal position on the globe, only by detecting the magnetic north pole and its variance from true north. This, combined with other external cues, which may include the strength of the magnetic field, star positions or smells enables it to locate its current position and orient itself during a long migration.”
In a bid to prove their theory, the group temporarily caught both mature and juvenile Eurasian Reed Warblers. Holding the birds in small funnel shaped cages that record their orientation tendencies, the team recorded the birds’ tendency to orient towards their migratory route from Russia to North Africa before changing the magnetic field around the aviaries to represent an 8⁰ variance from true north (reflecting Aberdeen’s actual declination). Still contained within orientation cages, mature birds were found to temporarily orient themselves as though they were embarking on a migration from Aberdeen, around 900 miles away from their location in Russia!
The immature birds appeared confounded by the new magnetic signal and were not able to orient themselves, suggesting that this magnetic map is learnt by experience.
The group have opened a window to reveal one system which these birds, and possibly other species use. The revelation however raises as many questions as it answers- how do the birds detect the magnetism? How do they learn the map?
Publication date: 17 August 2017
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Descendants of the ancient Maya abound throughout southern Mesoamerica. The population is estimated at eight million, likely as many as there were at the time of conquest. Some live by very traditional means, others have integrated into urban life, yet all, in some way or another, have adapted to modern lifestyles of the 21st century.
The importance of Maya culture is attracting more and more attention. The Mayan language is now being taught in schools and modern science is recognizing the value of traditional medicinal plants for their healing power and their potential in finding cures for diseases like cancer, diabetes, and AIDS.
The modern Maya and researchers are working to overcome centuries of cultural suppression. Today, the Maya forest stands as an enduring monument to the resourcefulness of the Maya and the continuation of their invaluable cultural heritage.
Check out Macduff Everton's new photo narrative of the Modern Maya
Want to learn more about the Maya? Check out some of these resources!
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Land(ing) Back: Recentering Indigenous Youth Voices in Climate Action & Reconciliation5 months ago 5 months ago
This report was published by the 4Rs Youth Movement & Youth Climate Lab.
HERE’S HOW THE AUTHORS DESCRIBE THIS REPORT:
This document was developed based on the conversations and recommendations from the Land(ing) Back audio blogs that were collaboratively produced and released by 4Rs Youth Movement (4Rs) and Youth Climate Lab (YCL) in fall 2021. Land(ing) Back was a call to pay attention to the voices and perspectives of Indigenous young people, to be inspired by their work in community and around transformative approaches to creating healthier and sustainable futures for us all.
This knowledge and insight is consistent with the research and analysis published by countless Indigenous peoples, and organizations leading climate work on Turtle Island and internationally, as demonstrated throughout the citations embedded in this document. Our intention here was to honour their labour and uplift the voices of young people who have been speaking truth to the same issues for decades.
While current programs, policies, and initiatives of the federal government, nonprofit, and community sectors aim to advance climate action and reconciliation, the perspectives and experiences of Indigenous youth are not well integrated, and often the types of action taken at the policy level create more barriers and cause further harm in community. This document seeks to address the gaps and barriers identified by Indigenous youth who are driving the climate movement.
4Rs Youth Movement & Youth Climate Lab. (2022). Land(ing) Back: Recentering Indigenous Youth Voices in Climate Action & Reconciliation. https://4rsyouth.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Landing-Back-Policy-Paper-2022.pdf
Categorised in: Report
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MULTITUDE, n. A crowd; the source of political wisdom and virtue. In a republic, the object of the statesman's adoration. "In a multitude of consellors there is wisdom," saith the proverb. If many men of equal individual wisdom are wiser than any one of them, it must be that they acquire the excess of wisdom by the mere act of getting together. Whence comes it? Obviously from nowhere — as well say that a range of mountains is higher than the single mountains composing it. A multitude is as wise as its wisest member if it obey him; if not, it is no wiser than its most foolish.
2009 Update: The many, of whom most are mainly martyrs and merely imagined. In most cases, one leader and a horde of grief.
Finishing the bread and fish
On the shore of Galilee
The Five thousand dared another wish
From him who gave his life for me.
St. James asked the holy seed
"Can you please this multitude?"
I could, indeed, The LORD agreed
But then they'd be but a few.
multitude (v) - To demonstrate various emoptional atitudes simultaneously. Ex. "Man that guy is a great multituder."
Multitude, safety for the lamb, power for the wolf and food for the lion.
salling - Sally fell in salt water
multitude: mass belief of lies
Gatarode? Oh you crack me up
multitude: Just like days in a year. There are 365 of them. Some days are sunny, some rainy.
Hail is also a possibility, as is brimstone, fire, monsoons, tornadoes, sleet, snow, flooding, drought and famine.
Multitude: too many to count using all your fingers and toes.
The Multitude here seems to have dwindled. I mean, gee, not even Doug showed up!
Verifier: tabelrat --no wonder folks aren't showing up!
How 'bout that Quilly? That Doug. lazy.
Multitude – there are multitudes of multitudes, i.e:
->multitude of sins;
->multitude of amendments, alterations and additions;
->multitude of bacteria;
->multitude of multimedia;
->multitude of options;
->multitude of casualties;
->multitude of opportunities;
->multitude of blogs;
->multitude of parties;
->multitude of multiples;
->multitude of stars; and
->multitude of characters.
Those were the first 20 listed by Google. 'Multitude of sins' had the most.
And of course there are a multitude of others in the next26,499,980 occurrences of 'multitude' for use by the most adept of the lexiconers.
even with a multitude
you can not please
all the people
all the time
The attitude of the cable channel flicking couch potatoes.
Doug you're not burning are you?
He's probably part of the lucky multitude traveling for the holiday.
Makes sense, Poobah. And which of us isn't?
Ariel, I wish I'd said that.
Pia, simple chemistry, no?
Karen, Sunny with a 50% chance of brimstone. That's been the actual prediction for these parts lately.
TLP, I too count 18, 19, 20, infinity.
Quilly, sorry for my contribution to the shrinkage.
A multitude of multitudes, Jim. Clever.
Bear, we can only do our best.
Coop, no (not yet) and thank you for asking. That was big nasty one, for sure. Anytime you catch me on an anti-government birther rant, feel free to remind me of the spectacular job the firefighters did this last week.
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Hello and happy Independence day! The 4th of July has been a federal holiday in the U.S. since 1941, but the tradition of Independence Day celebrations goes back to the 18th century and the American Revolution (1775-83). In June 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies then fighting in the revolutionary struggle weighed a resolution that would declare their independence from Great Britain. On July 2nd, the Continental Congress voted in favor of independence, and two days later its delegates adopted the Declaration of Independence, by Thomas Jefferson. From 1776 until the present day, July 4th has been celebrated as the birth of American independence, with typical festivities ranging from fireworks, parades and concerts, getting drunk, family gatherings and barbecues.
Wishing everyone love, fun in the sun, good food and laughter!
Erika Jordan, Licensed Love Coach
Follow me: Erika Jordan
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Mentoring goals and objectives can have a significant impact on the development of a successful mentoring relationship. So, it is essential to understand what is goal setting before we get into the “why”.
FTC Disclosure: This site contains affiliate links from which I may receive a small commission for purchases made through the links. Read more in the footer.
Chances are that you may not be able to accomplish something if you did not identify it at the beginning as something you desire to accomplish. What is it? Goal setting is the structure that tells you when you have reached an objective that wanted to realize.
Goal setting moves you to stay on the path that will get you to the end result. That is why you are setting goals.
In a mentoring relationship, the mentees must have a specific idea of what they want. It could be something that is oriented to short-term goals of capturing a picture of the broad view of the career field in which they may want to pursue.
On the other hand, one of their long-term goals may be to fully understand an area of that career to the point where one could utilize the professional networks of your mentor to gain access to the appropriate personnel in an organization. This could lead to an advantageous position in the list of possible candidates for a role.
One recognized approach to accomplishing objectives is to use the term SMART goals. It is a clarified way of viewing mentorship especially in reaching your primary objectives. That term is an acronym for “Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound”.
When all of these elements exist, then you can almost count on having achievable goals.
Here is a view of SMART Goals:
Let’s work our way through them to ensure you capture the essential points.
S = In specifically defining your goal, consider what it is you want to accomplish. You should include in that process the defined main tasks of who, what, when, where, and why. Covering those points will help clarify your main objective.
M- To make your goal tangible, you should be able to measure it in some way. It could be in a quantitative method, time-oriented, or event based.
A= Motivation should be one of your major elements, rather than disappointment. So evaluate to be sure that it can be attained.
R= Examine your broader long-term business goals to determine if this one fits into that scope.
T = Identify the time perspective and see if it fits in with your own view of a completion date. If it doesn’t, then it is time to re-evaluate that goal.
Formalizing the process by writing down your goals has been shown to significantly improve your chances of meeting those goals.
Having a clear picture of your objective only helps clarify where you are in the process and what you need to do to take the next step.
The mentee receives the following benefits in a mentoring relationship especially regarding a career change:
These are just some of the effects of mentoring for the mentor:
Both the mentee and the mentor work to meet the mentee's mentorship goals. During this process the parties develop a mentoring partnership. Due to this opportunity to address such career issues, a successful mentoring relationship is formed.
Just as you would expect, there is an old way and a new way of finding a mentor.
You may be able to remember (or not) that there was quite a process in locating a mentor. The old way may have gone something like this.
First, as you would do today, you evaluate yourself to determine what career path that you are interested in.
Next depending on your age, you search through the library for annual reports that provide more information about companies in that general field.
Then start searching through your contacts and those of your friends to identify people who may have some knowledge of that career field.
You start phoning those identified to determine if they know someone who could help in your career development in that area.
As you get the names of those individuals, start cold calling each to request some of their time either in a longer phone call or a physical meeting to determine if they may assist you as a mentor.
Finding someone who has the background and knowledge is one key objective. But getting someone who is willing and anxious to transfer their insight and guidance to help you could be challenging. You are fortunate if you have found a better mentor who gains joy and satisfaction from the mentoring process. The mentee's goals are to find potential mentors that do just that. Grab that opportunity.
Start the process by telling your mentor the specific goal you wish to accomplish. The best ways to be successful are to be honest with yourself and with your mentor.
Go online and search for the career categories for which you have an interest.
Your search will yield numerous locations where you can find individuals who are experienced in their career field and, most importantly, want to transfer their knowledge and insight about that field to people like you who want to learn and perhaps enter that field.
One such company that makes mentors available is CareerRedo . The home page lists numerous career categories. You can dig deeper to find mentors that are available to offer their services via phone, Zoom, or any other agreed to method. There is a way to view all of their mentors and the career fields for which they will gladly give their guidance.
The mentors do charge for their services. However, a one-hour session with a mentor may give just the information you are looking for to help you take the next step. Alternatively, You may decide that it is a perfect fit and you book a full day or multiple hourly sessions over a period of time.
You decide what are the best practices for you as you address your personal goals and career goals. You never know how things will evolve. You mentor or mentors may even develop into role models for you.
This new way is more efficient and a more effective way to determine if your desires can turn into an achievable goal. You could try formal mentoring programs but something personal like an online mentor can help you achieve your goals more quickly.
Completing your objectives is the true measure to call it a successful mentoring program.
Finding a way to quickly and easily obtain insight from those who come from different backgrounds from you is a good idea. Their knowledge could add to your base of specific skills to allow you to develop a successful career in your new field.
The great thing about the new way is that you can quickly develop an action plan to investigate any new skill that is beneficial in your desired career field. If you feel it is not for you, then adjust quickly with a new, different mentor. This new mentor relationship is critical in the development of mutual trust for your development and accomplishing your mentoring goals and objectives.
Search for your own mentor with the green button below.
Examine more advice and ideas on changing careers and mentors here:
Our Free Guide Gives You An Easy Way To Find Your Mentor And Begin Your Career Change
Don D'Armond is the creator of Career Redo.
His goal is to connect his visitors who want to learn more about their desired new career fields with experienced individuals (Mentors) to transfer their insight and knowledge.
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An alert system for a third wave of Covid-19 cases in South Africa has been developed using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to uncover complex interdependencies and relationships between mobility data, stringency of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and actual case data. This alert system recognises an additional wave when the actual value of daily cases deviates from the predicted value for each province. The risk metric used for the alert system is the relative difference. The Risk Index (the relative difference), is calculated using the following equation:
Artificial Intelligence Algorithm: LSTM RNN
The prediction model is based on a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Though recurrent neural networks are often used in time series forecasting, they have a problem where the weights of past data are lost due to the vanishing gradient problem. Adding Long Short Term Memory to the RNN architecture is the solution to this problem.
RNNs, like other neural networks, have an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer, but are characterised by the fact that the hidden layer changes under the influence of the previous time's hidden layer and the new input layer. The figure below shows the structure of a RNN where x is the input layer, h is the hidden layer and y is the output layer:
LSTM RNNs have the same basic structure as simple RNNs. However, while RNNs use a simple function to generate the hidden layer, LSTM uses a more complex function to create the hidden layer for long-term memory.
The predictions were based on the following features. (Please click on the links if you want to know more information.)
Actual positive cases are updated every day, while Google Mobility and Facebook Mobility Indices are updated weekly with a delay of a week.
Based on the relative differences between the predicted and measured values at steady-states between the first and the second waves, the threshold for the possible onset of the third waves were determined as follows:
The predictions are updated every Monday, and the Risk Index is updated every day.
Users should concentrate on the red line on the graphs below. The red line should be below the orange line (the risk threshold). When the red line is consistently above the orange line, the probability of a wave is high. It must also be noted that a low index can be an indication that a province has past a wave.
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What is a Turnbuckle? A Look at Types, Components, Usages, and Installation
The rigging and industrial hardware industry use lots of unique pieces of hardware that are not used for many other purposes. One such piece is the turnbuckle – so what is a turnbuckle exactly and what is its purpose?
A turnbuckle (also sometimes called a stretching screw or bottlescrew) is defined as “A device for adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods, and other tensioning systems.” While this hardware piece is relatively small, it can be used for large apparatus setups and can withstand weights up to 75,000 lbs.
Since its invention in the 1950s, the turnbuckle design has not altered very much. But there are many different types, designs, and sizes offered by industrial hardware suppliers – so it’s important to understand this information when purchasing turnbuckles.
1. Parts of the Turnbuckle
The turnbuckle is made of three key parts: the body, jam nut, and end fittings. These parts may be made of different designs or materials, so knowing the names and purpose of each component is quite important.
The body is the metal frame in the middle of the turnbuckle. This is the part that turns so the end pieces on either side will either extend or retract. This is what creates the tension.
A turnbuckle’s body may either be open or closed. The open body design exposes the threads of the end fittings, making it easier to see how far the turnbuckle is extended. A closed body turnbuckle (also called pipe body) encloses the threads. This adds slightly more support and a smaller frame that is ideal for smaller fits.
This is a traditional nut piece that threads the end fittings into the body. The jam nut can be tightened to hold the end fittings more securely in place to the body.
There are two end fittings on either side of the turnbuckle. These serve as the connection point for the rigging equipment. There are several styles of end fittings that can be used, depending on the application. These components can also be mixed and matched – both end fittings do not necessarily need to match.
2. Turnbuckle Types
There are several types of turnbuckles. The primary difference is the end-fitting combinations. As mentioned before, the end fittings do not necessarily need to match.
The typical end fitting styles you will see offered by most industrial hardware suppliers are:
- Eye and Eye Turnbuckles: Two rounded loops on each end
- Hook and Eye Turnbuckles: One loop and one open hook
- Hook and Hook Turnbuckles: Two hooks on either end
- Jaw and Eye Turnbuckles: One closed loop and one U-shaped opening with a pin and screw closure
- Jaw and Jaw Turnbuckles: Two U-shaped openings with pin and screw closures
These different fittings are used to connect varying types of industrial hardware for rigging applications. For instance, an eye end fitting may be used to connect to a loop end of an industrial wire rope or cable. A hook would be optimal for an application that needs to be easily unattached, while a jaw end fitting creates a more secure, permanent connection.
Turnbuckles may also be made of different materials, depending on the application. Stainless steel turnbuckles are the most heavy-duty, as this metal is naturally corrosion resistant. Stainless turnbuckles would be recommended for applications exposed to the elements, such as for marine rigging.
Most industrial hardware suppliers will also offer turnbuckles in drop forged, hot-dipped galvanized finish for added protection.
3. When are Turnbuckles Used?
Turnbuckles are used for many types of applications across many industries, including:
- Aircraft construction
- Bridge construction
- Overhead rigging and lifting
- Shipping rigging and lashing
- Theatre productions for lifting equipment
- Pipe systems
- Marine transportation
The primary purpose of the turnbuckle is to easily adjust the tension within a rigging assembly. This can be used for simple setups like fences or boxing rings as well as large projects such as suspension bridges and aircraft.
The most important element of a turnbuckle is the quality of its material and construction. Since this small piece of hardware is responsible for securing heavy loads, it must withstand tension and weight without warping or loosening. The material requires durability to withstand external factors like moisture levels, direct sunlight, temperature fluctuations, and weight load changes.
4. Turnbuckle Installation Process
Apart from the question of “what is a turnbuckle”, perhaps the most common one asked by our customers is how to install this piece of equipment. Proper installation is crucial – but thankfully, it is also fairly simple.
First, you will unscrew each end fitting to the full take-up length. Then each end fitting will be connected to the intended securement point. Next, you will rotate the turnbuckle so that each end fitting move in closer together in the center. This will create tension and become more difficult until you reach the desired tension. The final step is to tighten the nuts around each end fitting to the body for added securement.
It is important to note that turnbuckles must be inspected before use and any wear or damage requires replacement. If any parts appear corroded, rusted or damaged, the turnbuckle should not be used.
Choosing top-quality industrial hardware pieces should be a top priority for any application. This includes everything from larger setups to small pieces of hardware, such as turnbuckles. These comparatively small components are responsible for providing necessary tension and holding large applications in place.
If you are on the hunt for an industrial hardware supplier that offers top-quality pieces, look no further than Elite Sales. We carry a wide selection of turnbuckles in multiple styles, sizes, and materials for any application necessary – along with additional hardware pieces for rigging use.
Get in touch with our sales team today to place an order.
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More than 20 years ago, British documentary film maker Alan Ereira began researching for a film about a lost city in the rain forests of Colombia’s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, the highest coastal mountain in the world.
The description is typical of the shrewd, laid-back charm he brings to the complexities involved in setting up, making and selling a film. In 1990s Colombia it took courage, chutzpah and experience as well as that charm to negotiate warring drug barons, labyrinthine government bureaucracy and a group of massively obstructive nuns. But in the end, the place known as hell proved to be the gateway to a Garden of Eden. And Ereira didn’t just find the lost city. He found a lost civilisation that changed his perception of the universe.
During this project, Ereira heard that the Kogi tribe lived in the area of the lost city. Along with two other indigenous tribes, the Arhuaco and the Assario, the Kogi of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta are descendants of the ancient Tairona civilisation, which flourished in Colombia at the time of the Spanish invasion. They escaped destruction at that time by retreating high into the mountains.
Ereira was responsible for contacting the mamas or elders. The Kogi are elusive, and, at that time, getting to them required either a four-day hike or a helicopter ride through country controlled by guerillas.
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Saturn’s moon Enceladus has charming researchers as far back as the Voyager 2 strategic through the system in 1981. The secret has just developed since the appearance of the Cassini test in 2004, which incorporated the revelation of four parallel, direct crevices around the southern polar locale. These highlights were nicknamed “Tiger Stripes” due to their appearance and the manner in which they stand apart from the remainder of the surface.
Since their discovery, researchers have endeavored to answer what these are and what made them in any case. Fortunately, new research drove by the Carnegie Institute of Science has uncovered the material science overseeing these crevices. This incorporates how they are identified with the moon’s crest action, why they show up around Enceladus’ south post, and why different bodies don’t have comparable highlights.
The study, which as of late showed up in the journal Nature Astronomy, was driven by Doug Hemingway – a Carnegie Fellow with the Institute’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. He was joined via planetary researchers Maxwell Rudolph of the University of California Davis and Michael Manga of the University of California Berkeley.
For their study, the group utilized geophysical models of Enceladus to explore the physical powers that permitted the Tiger Stripes to shape and stay set up after some time. Specifically compelling was the motivation behind why these stripes are available just on the moon’s south pole and why they are so equitably separated. As Hemingway clarified:
“First seen by the Cassini mission to Saturn, these stripes are like nothing else known in our Solar System. They are parallel and evenly spaced, about 130 kilometers long and 35 kilometers apart. What makes them especially interesting is that they are continually erupting with water ice, even as we speak. No other icy planets or moons have anything quite like them.”
The response to the principal question demonstrated to be fairly intriguing. Evidently, the models uncovered that the crevices that make up the stripes could have framed at either post, they essentially shaped on the southern shaft first. The purpose behind their reality, then again, has to do with Enceladus’ communication with Saturn and the eccentricity of its circle.
To separate it, Enceladus takes barely a day (1.37 to be accurate) to finish a solitary circle of Saturn. Due to the 2:1 mean-movement orbital reverberation, it has with neighboring Dione, Enceladus’ encounters some whimsy in its circle (0.0047), going from 236,918 km (147,214 mi) at its nearest (periapsis) to 239,156 km (148,605 mi) at its most distant (apoapsis).
This capriciousness causes Enceladus to stretch and flex, bringing about inner warming and geothermal action. This procedure is the thing that considers Enceladus to keep up an inside sea at its center mantle limit. It is at the posts where the best impacts of this gravitationally-initiated deformation are felt the most, which prompts the ice sheet being more slender here and for gaps to frame.
This procedure likewise prompts times of cooling, during which time, a portion of Enceladus’ subsurface sea will freeze. This defrosting and solidifying will cause the ice sheet to thicken and thin from below, making changes in pressure that lead crevices. Since the ice sheet is more slender at the shafts, it is generally defenseless to splitting, prompting the Tiger Stripes.
These highlights all take their names from urban communities that are included in the Arab summary of people stories The Arabian Nights: Alexandria Sulcus, Cairo Sulcus, Baghdad Sulcus, and Damascus Sulcus. The group accepts that the Baghdad Sulcus crevice was the first to frame and didn’t solidify up again after. This permitted water tufts to emit from inside, which in the long run caused three increasingly parallel fissures to frame.
Fundamentally, after the crest of water showered from the moon’s surface, they would refreeze in space and be redeposited as snow superficially. As snow developed along the edges of the Baghdad fissure, the gathered weight included another wellspring of weight the ice sheet. As Max Rudolph clarified, this records for how these gaps shaped, however why they run parallel to one another.
“Our model explains the regular spacing of the cracks,” he said. “That caused the ice sheet to flex just enough to set off a parallel crack about 35 kilometers [ mi]away.”
This equivalent instrument clarifies why Enceladus’ gaps stay open and continue ejecting with tufts of water. The moon’s tidal connection with Saturn prompts a consistent cycle of extending and flexing. This keeps the crevices from shutting and rather guarantees that they experience a customary example of extending and narrowing.
With respect to why this occurs on Enceladus and not different moons – like Ganymede, Europa, Titan, and other “ocean worlds” – that boils down to estimate. Bigger moons have more grounded gravity that averts breaks brought about by tidal communications from opening right to the inside. Henceforth, Enceladus is the main known frosty moon where Tiger Stripes can happen. As Hemingway described it:
“Since it is thanks to these fissures that we have been able to sample and study Enceladus’ subsurface ocean, which is beloved by astrobiologists, we thought it was important to understand the forces that formed and sustained them. Our modeling of the physical effects experienced by the moon’s icy shell points to a potentially unique sequence of events and processes that could allow for these distinctive stripes to exist.”
In the following decades, it is trusted that another strategic be sent to the Saturn system to investigate Enceladus in more prominent detail. As of now, information acquired by Cassini has affirmed that the tufts emitting from its crevices contain natural particles. Future missions will endeavor to decide whether extraterrestrial life exists underneath the moon’s frosty surface too.
Disclaimer: The views, suggestions, and opinions expressed here are the sole responsibility of the experts. No Stats Observer journalist was involved in the writing and production of this article.
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According to the National Fire chief’s council, arson and wilful fire raising remain the most common and damaging causes of fire. Over fifty percent of all fires attended by fire and rescue services in 2017/18 were due to arson and the estimated financial loss over this period was between £5.7 bn and £11.5 bn.* According to Paul Redington, Regional Major Loss Adjuster at Zurich, says, “Malicious or deliberate fires are not uncommon in empty premises. While such fires will remain a significant issue, regardless of the economic downturn, we may see more deliberate fires, particularly if the volume of vacant properties increases.”
Schools also at risk of fire Schools can also be at greater risk of malicious fire setting, particularly during long periods where they are of unoccupied. They can take a number of measures to reduce risk, from reviewing and upgrading building security, to relocating combustible external structures such as sheds, waste and litter bins or temporary buildings, away from main buildings. Organisations should also conduct routine inspections ensuring procedures and maintenance schedules are up-to-date, and implementing effective incident reporting
Hot works fire risks
Hot works are defined as any building, maintenance or refurbishment work that requires the application of heat, such as grinding, welding or torch applied roofing and as such represents another major fire risk. Zurich Insurance’ claims data reveals that 15% of all fires in commercial and industrial properties are caused by hot works.*
Poor practices and processes can lead to explosions as a result of sparks coming into contact with flammable gases or combustible dusts and injuries including burns and inhalation of fumes. To mitigate the risks posed by hot works, organisations need to:
- Fully understand the nature of the works taking place and the specific risks they pose
- Select experienced contractors who will select the lowest risk methods
- Remove all combustible materials from the site vicinity and apply the right controls
- Maintain fire watches during breaks in the day and after hot works have finished
- Establish proper procedures for dealing with an emergency
This is not an extensive list of the measures that can be taken and new technology may help reduce the risks of hot works in the future.
Changes to the built environment fire risks
More and more organisations, including local authorities and housing associations, are embracing modern methods of construction, (MMC). New technologies are used in the construction of a variety of buildings, from small blocks of flats, to education, health and leisure centres. As construction practices and technology continue to develop rapidly, taller and more complex buildings are being erected using MMC.
The use of MMC can be particularly attractive to local authorities and housing developers looking to construct public buildings and social housing developments in the most effective manner, whilst meeting the latest standards of sustainability and environmental performance. Although there are many benefits of MMC, including reduced costs, minimising waste, ensuring greater consistency in quality standards and satisfying green energy requirements, they can introduce added risks. There is potentially a reduction in resilience when compared with more traditional builds, both during construction and throughout a building’s lifetime.
Pre-fabricated designs fire risks
Advances in pre-fabrication are enabling larger and more complex building components to be manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Ranging from wall panels to whole sections of buildings, including plumbing and electric fittings, this can make construction quicker, cheaper and more accurate. However, there are additional risks associated with these aspects of MMC. For example, voids between modules can allow fire, water and smoke to spread through a building.
Changes of use fire risks
In the modern built environment, many buildings are changing use which can present new fire risks. Paul Redington explains, “A few years ago we saw a number of former refrigerated warehouse units being converted into offices and other uses, but with the original combustible insulation in place. That situation has changed, but we need to avoid sleepwalking into a similar scenario as other buildings are re-purposed.”
*Zurich Municipal Whitepaper, ‘The human impact of fire’ December, 2019
Business insurance from Towergate
At Towergate we don’t just offer traditional insurance broking: we believe that prevention is better than cure. That is why we have our own risk management consultancy focusing on pre-loss mitigation and business continuity, and have developed our own business interruption calculator.
We engage actively with insurers and our clients to obtain protection for businesses of all sizes. Our wide range of covers help protect your organisation should the worst happen.
See our range of specialist business insurance or contact your local office.
We are passionate about tackling the unprecedented levels of underinsurance in the UK: watch our video on how to avoid this for your business.
About the author
Mark Brannon Cert CII is a respected industry leader with over 17 years’ industry experience in a variety of roles within the business insurance sector. He works across a wide spectrum of insurance product and policy development, delivery and optimisation for clients, including claims, insurer relationships, marketing and communications, and risk management.
Read more fire related articles
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- Recent spate of fires caused by electrical faults suggests businesses need to check electrical systems
The information contained in this bulletin is based on sources that we believe are reliable and should be understood as general risk management and insurance information only. It is not intended to be taken as advice with respect to any specific or individual situation and cannot be relied upon as such. If you wish to discuss your specific requirements, please do not hesitate to contact your usual Towergate Insurance Brokers adviser.
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How did a Newcastle greenhouse come to be mentioned in the same breath as the Summer Palace in St Petersburg? And how was Heaton, as so often, at the centre of the story? To find out, we need to wind back to the early eighteenth century and news of a development in faraway Devon that caused huge excitement here in the north-east.
It was in 1712 that a young ironmonger called Thomas Newcomen, combining the ideas of fellow Devonian, Thomas Savory, and the French physicist, Denis Papin, first demonstrated his ‘atmospheric engine’, created to pump water from Cornish tin mines in which flooding had long been a major problem. News of the invention spread quickly, with mine owners around the country immediately recognising the potential for their own industry. The first commercial model of the steam engine was built by Newcomen and his business partner, John Calley, at Conygree Coalworks in Dudley in the West Midlands.
Ridleys of Heaton
Among those who set about acquiring the so-called ‘fire machine’ for themselves were the Ridley family, who had interests in mines at such places as Byker and Jesmond as well as owning an estate in Heaton, although here they did not own the rights to mine and profit from the coal that lay underground.
Nicholas Ridley senior (Be warned: the same few names, principally Richard, Matthew and Nicholas constantly recur in the Ridley family tree), who in 1692 had bought part of Heaton Manor including the manor house itself from the then owner, Robert Mitford, had died just a few years earlier. His eldest surviving son, Richard inherited and, in 1713, rebuilt Heaton Hall and, with his younger brother, another Nicholas, continued to manage the family’s many interests, including the extensive coalfields beyond Heaton.
But getting hold of the new engine wasn’t easy for the brothers. Demand was high and Newcomen and Calley were busy fulfilling existing orders. (Sound familiar?) Despite being prepared to pay an annual licence of £400, the building and operation of the engine was to be overseen by Calley’s sixteen year old son, Samuel, something the Ridleys weren’t at all happy about, as Marten Triewald later explained.
‘This Calley though he was, one might almost say, reared in the fire-machine was, however, rather young and did not, with all his practice, possess the very least of theory’.
But a meeting in London led to a significant upgrade.
Mårten Triewald had been born in Stockholm in 1691, the son of a farrier and anchorsmith. By this time he was a merchant, engineer and amateur physicist and, in 1717, was in London on business and to study. There he met Nicholas Ridley, ‘who had known me from early childhood, and moreover was aware with what diligence and zest I had been studying natural science and mechanics in London’. According to Triewald, the Ridleys were ‘perturbed because of the youthfulness of his engineer‘ but also feared that his competitors and other mine owners in the neighbourhood ‘would get an opportunity to corrupt this youth, so that he would not serve him faithfully’.
The result was a job for Triewald, which was beneficial to both parties. Ridley promised ‘to promote me to the knowledge of how to construct fire-machines, and I, for my part, promised to serve him loyally against a fair reward.’
According to Triewald, just a few days later, he arrived in Newcastle where ‘construction of the first fire-machine in this district was in full swing.’ He said that for over a year he didn’t allow anybody else to gain commercial advantage by learning anything at all about how the machine worked while he acquired a better understanding than even the inventors themselves.
Soon Ridley wanted an engine larger than the biggest Newcomen and Calley had built – and larger than the developers themselves believed to be possible. Triewald, however, with his greater understanding of the physics behind the technology, was able to work out improvements which would allow a scaling up to the required size. Ridley persuaded the inventors to allow Triewald to form a partnership with the younger Calley so that production could go ahead. A copy of this agreement is held by Northumberland Archives.
Although Triewald wrote of being recruited by Nicholas Ridley, who, being the second son, had not inherited the Heaton estate on his father’s death (We haven’t yet been able to ascertain where he lived at this time. Later his Northumberland residence was near Blyth), he also referred to being employed by ‘Messrs Ridley’ suggesting Richard Ridley of Heaton Hall was also involved. And we know that the very first ‘fire-engine’ in Northumberland, so the one Triewald first oversaw, was at the Ridley’s Byker Colliery, just north of Shields Road. (At that time what became Tynemouth Road was the boundary between the Byker and Heaton royalties.) A few years later, in 1724, Sir John Clerk noted three such engines on his visit to Byker.
Within a few years, Triewald had built more for the Ridleys (We aren’t sure of their whereabouts) and at least another three were built locally by Ridley’s great rival, William Cotesworth, on what are now the Ouseburn Road allotments immediately west of Heaton Park, land owned by the Ridleys but for which Cotesworth held the mineral rights. There was another just a short distance away on the Jesmond side of the Ouseburn. Heaton History Group’s Les Turnbull has written that Heaton, Byker and Jesmond had ‘the greatest concentration of steam power in the world at this time’.
In 1726, Triewald returned to Sweden, where his understanding of the new technology ensured he was in great demand. He is still well known in his home country as the builder, in 1728, of the first steam engine in Sweden at Dannemora iron mines in Uppsala. Soon after that he set up a diving company and wrote about the use of diving bells and other equipment under water. He also took up and wrote about bee keeping.
But perhaps Triewald’s greatest contribution to Swedish scientific and cultural life was the part he played in the founding of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1739. He had been a great admirer of the British Royal Society and a member since 1731 (his letter to Sir John Sloane canvassing to be admitted is in the British Museum) and was determined to set up something similar in his home country. He persuaded the great Swedish botanist, Carl Linnaeus, and others to support him in his endeavour with the result that the society opened its doors in 1739 and is now known worldwide as the body which awards the Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry.
But what of this entry in Wikipedia?
‘Early hot water systems were used in Russia for central heating of the Summer Palace (1710–1714) of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg. Slightly later, in 1716, came the first use of water in Sweden to distribute heating in buildings. Marten Triewald, a Swedish engineer, used this method for a greenhouse at Newcastle upon Tyne.’
Naturally, knowing that Triewald worked for the Ridleys,whose family seat was Heaton Hall, we wondered if Heaton could have been the location of one of the first buildings in the modern world to be heated by hot water pipes. Were the Ridleys growing, not only the oats, wheat, barley and turnips that we know was cultivated in the eighteenth century on the farms of their Heaton estate, but also pineapples or other exotic fruit and vegetables in a heated greenhouse?
But Google ‘Triewald’ and ‘greenhouse’ or similar, and while there are plenty of results, they all use almost identical wording to the Wikipedia entry and there are no references to primary sources.
A search of the British Newspaper Archive yielded no results either. Surely something as significant would have been reported in the local or even national papers at the time. A trawl of the Ridley collection in Northumberland Archives proved equally fruitless. There are lots of entries in the index for glasshouses but they all appear to refer to glass making establishments in the Ouseburn in which the Ridleys had a financial interest.
An email to Blagdon Hall went unanswered. Correspondence with the Newcomen Society led to an English translation of a work by Triewald which refers to his time in England working for the Ridleys but no mention there of a greenhouse.
An authoritative history of the greenhouse dates the first use of hot water to heat greenhouses much later. It refers to steam heat being invented by a Mr Wakefield of Liverpool in 1788 and accredits hot water heating to Frenchman, M Bonnemain in 1777 (Apparently he used it to keep his hens’ eggs warm). There is a reference to St Petersburg : ‘Prince Potemkin’s greenhouse near St Petersburg was said to have been heated by a mixture of flues in walls and pillars and “earth leaden pipes… incessantly filled with boiling water”’. The quote is from ‘The Encyclopedia of Gardening’, 1822 but the greenhouse was apparently built around 1780. Potemkin lived from 1739-1791, well after Triewald worked for the Ridleys and the dates given in Wikipedia.
So was the whole story a modern mistake or even a hoax?
A glimmer of hope came in the definitive (and luckily well-indexed!) English tome on the history of building services engineering ( No stone rests safe from disturbance by Heaton History Group researchers). The authors, Neville S Billington and Brian M Roberts refer to Bonnemain and his eggs in 1777 and go on to say ‘Despite Triewald’s experiment, it was not until 1816 that hot water heating was introduced into Great Britain, by the Marquis of Chabannes, who had, four years earlier, used it to heat a house in St Petersburg’. If hot water pipes really were used by the Ridleys in or around 1716, the technology was still considered innovative a hundred years later.
But the key passage in their book is ‘The first successful use of hot water as a medium for conveying heat is recorded by Tomlinson to be Sir Martin (sic) Triewald’s application to a greenhouse in 1716’. So who was Tomlinson, when was he writing and what source material was he using?
Charles Tomlinson (1808-1897) was an eminent scientist and academic, a Fellow of the Royal Society and one of the founders of the Physical Society of London (later merged into the Institute of Physics). But his ‘Rudimentary Treatise on Warming and Ventilation’ was published in 1850, so well after Triewald‘s time and he does not give a source for the assertion about Triewald, quoted by Billington and Roberts.
But there is one more important indication that the story has some basis in reality: the house in which Triewald lived, ‘Triewald’s malmgard’, still stands on the outskirts of Stockholm and is open to the public. A plaque on the wall includes the legend: ‘steam heated greenhouses and central heating were other inventions’. But it doesn’t mention Newcastle.
There, unlike a heated greenhouse, the trail goes cold at least for now. We cannot, as yet, prove one way or another whether Triewald heated a Newcastle, let alone a Heaton, greenhouse with hot water or whether the Ridleys grew pineapples. But what we can say is that Marten Triewald, one of the greatest engineers that Sweden ever produced found himself working for the Ridleys of Heaton Hall in the early 18th century and helped ensure our area possessed the ‘greatest concentration of steam power in the world at this time’. Even if no more information comes to light, that’s pretty amazing.
Can you help?
If you know more about Marten Triewald, especially his time working for the Ridleys or his work on heating or greenhouses, we’d love to hear from you. You can contact us either through this website by clicking on the link immediately below the article title or by emailing [email protected]
British Newspaper Archive
‘Building Services Engineering: a review of its development‘ Neville S Billington and Brian M Roberts; Pergamon, 1982
‘A Celebration of our Mining Heritage: a souvenir publication to commemorate the bicentenary of the disaster at Heaton main Colliery in 1815′ Les Turnbull; Chapman Research, 2015
‘Coals from Newcastle; an introduction to the Northumberland and Durham coalfield’ Les Turnbull; Chapman Research, 2009
‘Glass houses: a history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories’ Mary Woods and Arete Warren; Aurum, 1988
‘Rudimentary Treatise on Warming and Ventilation: being a concise exposition of the general principles of the art of warming and ventilating domestic and public buildings, mines, lighthouses, ships etc’ Charles Tomlinson, 1850
‘Short Description of the Fire- and Air-Machine at the Dannemora Mines‘ Marten Triewald, 1734; Newcomen Society, 1928
Researched and written by Chris Jackson, Heaton History Group. Copyright Chris Jackson and Heaton History Group except images for which permission to reproduce must be sought from individual copyright holders.
Fascinating bit of research Chris!
Sent from my iPad
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The Lincoff-Kreissig Balloon
A move towards minimal extraocular surgery for repair of a retinal detachment evolved with Drs. Harvey Lincoff and Ingrid Kreissig’s development of a temporary balloon-buckle without drainage or fixating sutures. The intention was to eliminate the last remaining extraocular and reversible complications after segmental nondrainage buckling. In 1979, after 7 years of experiments, the temporary buckle without a fixating intrascleral suture was born. The device was manufactured by the Ruesch Company in Stuttgart, Germany. “The Lincoff-Kreissig Balloon minimized surgical trauma to an eye with retinal detachment, combined with optimal long-term visual outcome,” said Dr. Kreissig. “This was one of our most important accomplishments for repair of a retinal detachment.” Read more here. Watch balloon surgery here.
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Formerly known as the General Accounting Office, the GAO changed its name in July 2004 to the Government Accountability Office. It is the investigative arm of Congress, serving both Republican and Democratic members. The GAO evaluates federal programs, audits federal expenditures, issues legal opinions and makes recommendations for improved efficiency. The head of GAO is known as the comptroller general.
In addition to offering materials sorted according to a variety of featured issues, the GAO’s website compiles congressional reports and testimony. A helpful page for newcomers to the site offers introductions to the GAO and a list of the “Top 10” GAO publications of the previous month.
Comments: GAO’s reports are thorough and authoritative, and they often provide excellent summaries of federal programs. Users should be cautious of reports responding to individual members of Congress, who sometimes tailor their questions to bring forth answers that support their side of a policy debate.
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The solar tracking system can more fully receive and use solar energy, improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and maximize the output power. Tracking is necessary in the use of solar energy. The tracking accuracy of the receiving device obviously affects the performance of using solar energy.
Sustainable development is an issue for all mankind, and making full use of clean and renewable resources is valued by many countries and regions. As a resource that has always existed and widely distributed in nature, solar energy is a clean energy that people use and research. my country has a vast territory, a ior geographical location and abundant solar energy resources. The optimal use of solar energy is not only of long-term strategic significance, but also a manifestation of overall national strength.
Solar energy receiving devices are generally arranged in a fixed arrangement, and the number is large. The position of the sun changes all the time. The power generation of the device is proportional to the light intensity. When the sun is directly on the device, the maximum light intensity can be obtained. The solar tracking system can control the receiving The device moves with the sun's trajectory, so that the two are always in a vertical state, thereby increasing the solar energy receiving and generating capacity.
The commonly used solar tracking methods are mainly uniform speed control, light intensity control and time-space control.
One of the solar tracking methods is controlled at a constant speed: the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. During the day and night, the earth is rotating. 24 hours a day, the earth is a sphere-like body. When the receiving device tracks and rotates at a speed of 15°/h, it can maintain a vertical position. purpose. This mode of operation is relatively simple, but the actual operation is somewhat difficult and more restrictive. The initial installation angle is difficult to confirm without reference, the accuracy is not enough, and there may be errors. The rotation of the sun brings changes in the four seasons, and it is necessary to adjust the angle frequently to receive solar energy.
Solar tracking method 2: Light intensity control: Use the light intensity of the photosensitive element to track the solar energy, and place two photosensitive cells on both sides of the altitude and azimuth. In the initial state, the sunlight is relatively parallel to the photosensitive cell and relatively perpendicular to the receiving device. When the sunlight shifts, the photosensitivity of the two photosensitive cells is different, and the solar energy can be tracked in real time according to the changes in battery voltage. This method is simple to operate and makes up for the problem of insufficient accuracy. It is suitable for a sunny environment with sufficient light. Once there are too many clouds and insufficient light, there will be a problem of untracking.
Solar tracking method 3: Time and space control: Among the above methods, environmental factors generally have a greater impact on solar tracking. In fact, the sun's trajectory is related to time, space and many other complex factors. These complex factors are simulated in the program in the form of data, and the sun's altitude and azimuth are calculated at the same time, and accurate angles can be obtained and tracked automatically in real time. This method has relatively high technical requirements, the procedure is relatively complicated, and the actual operation is somewhat difficult.
There are many large-scale solar power stations in my country, and solar power generation accounts for about 60% of the world's total output. The solar tracking system has a wide range of applications, such as flat-panel photovoltaics, parabolic, trough collectors, and solar tower thermoelectrics. Exploring a more optimized energy conversion rate can achieve higher output at a lower cost.
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Disability Needs Surveys
In November 2011, the States of Guernsey commissioned BMG Research and The University of Nottingham to conduct a programme of research exploring the needs of disabled islanders and the family members and friends who care for them. The research covered Guernsey and Alderney.
In 2011 two surveys were undertaken (Links here)
- The first survey looked at the number of people living with long-term health conditions or disabilities, as well as the number of carers.
- The second survey looked at the experiences of disabled people and people who care for someone with a disability.
The surveys provided information which informed the Disability and Inclusion Strategy.
1st Disability Needs Survey
The first survey looked at the number of people living with long-term health conditions or disabilities, as well as the number of carers.
Link to the survey
Key findings are:
- One in five people (21% Guernsey and 19% Alderney) have a disability; that is, have a long-term condition that affects their day-to-day life. This gives an estimate of 13,742 people with a disability on the islands.
- One in four households (27%) contains at least one person with a disability, and this equates to an estimated 7,352 households across Guernsey and Alderney.
- The prevalence of disability is known to increase with age, hence rates range from 10% for those aged under-16 years to 38% for those aged 67 and over. However, the rates are relatively steady between the ages of 16 and 54, only increasing to 25% for the 55 to 66 age group.
- Overall, the four most common conditions (in order) are: those affecting the legs or feet, the neck or back, heart or blood pressure and mental well-being. The majority (62%) have a medical diagnosis for their condition.
- Individuals may have more than one condition; and three-quarters (74%) are affected by more than one condition. Forty-five per cent of people with a physical condition have a condition that affects their limbs, neck or back, 30% have a condition that affects their hearing, speech or sight, and 36% a condition that affects an internal organ.
Most (43%) of those with a long-term condition are in employment – 29% in full-time employment, 12% in part-time employment and 3% in self- employment. Only a small minority (3%) are unemployed and looking for work. A quarter (27%) have retired. A tenth (10%) are in education or training
2nd Disability Needs Survey
The second survey looked at the experiences of disabled people and people who care for someone with a disability.
Link to the survey
The Disability and Inclusion Strategy was created to identify and respond to situations and social conditions which disadvantage or exclude disabled people. It does not have a medical focus – that is, it does not look at people’s conditions or impairments and try to “fix” them.
The second stage involved face-to-face or telephone interviews with around 300 individuals who identified themselves as disabled: either in the course of the first stage research or in the 2012 Housing Needs Survey conducted by the Guernsey Housing Department. Younger people, and people with more significant communication difficulties, were able to have a parent or carer respond to the interview on their behalf. Altogether, 23% of the interviews were completed by parents and carers on behalf of disabled islanders.
Another 100 interviews were conducted with people who care for or support a disabled person. This was limited to “informal” carers – family and friends – rather than professionals or volunteers. These interviews sought to gather information about the experiences of carers in Guernsey and Alderney.
In both cases, the interviews focused on a number of core areas, including: employment, education, accommodation, equipment, social and health care, financial security, accessibility and social participation.
Prepared for: States of Guernsey
Prepared by: BMG Research and the University of Nottingham Date: December 2012
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Very few African Americans received any education at all before the Reconstruction Era when public schools were established. Many whites opposed the idea of education of the African Americans fearing that it would threaten their authority.
However, the desire for education among African Americans was unstoppable and despite these adverse circumstances some of them even managed to graduate from college. Among them was Alexander Twilight, the first African American to graduate from college in the United States.
Twilight was born on September 23rd, 1795, in Corinth, Vermont to parents who were free and of mixed race. He was one of six children of Ichabod and Mary Twilight. His father Ichabod Twilight was a Revolutionary War veteran, thereby earning his freedom. Reportedly his parents were the first black people to arrive in the city of Corinth.
When Alexander was 8-years-old he went to work for a neighboring farmer in Corinth where he learned the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1815 he enrolled in Randolph’s Orange County Grammar School and six years later he enrolled at Middlebury College. In 1823 he made history by becoming the first African-American to earn a bachelor’s degree from an American college or university.
He was determined to teach others and after graduation, he worked as a teacher in Peru, New York. There he met Mercy Ladd Merrill, whom he married in 1826. He was also interested in religion and was licensed to preach by the Champlain Presbytery in Plattsburgh, but chose to pursue his career in education.
In 1829 he was appointed principal of the Orleans County, Vermont Grammar School in Brownington. There, he helped in the creation of a massive three-storey granite building, Athenian Hall, which served as a dormitory for the co-educational school and later became known as the Brownington Academy. It is said that he paid for the construction of the massive building which still stands today, known as the Old Stone House Museum.
Under his leadership, the school prospered and more than 3,000 students passed through the school until 1847 when he resigned after having conflicts with the Orleans County school administrators. He went on to teach in Quebec, Canada and the school closed for several years, but people eventually persuaded him to come back.
Before he moved to Quebec, Canada, Twilight also became the first African American to serve in the state legislature as a member of the Vermont General Assembly.
Read another story from us: Shirley Chisholm was the first African-American woman to run for President of the USA
He spent five years in Canada and returned to Brownington in 1852, where he worked as a minister and led the academy. He resigned his church duties one year later but continued to lead the school until October 1855, when he was forced to retire due to ill health. He died two years later, on June 19th, 1857, and was buried in the churchyard in Brownington.
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The probe works on the principle that light waves change as they pass through objects. The researchers aimed a laser into skin tissue from volunteer patients and studied the changes that occurred to this light beam. "Because cancer cells are denser, larger and more irregularly shaped than normal cells, they cause distinctive scattering in the light waves as they pass through," Louie says. "We were able to invent a novel way to interpret these patterns instantaneously."
This optical probe can extract measurements without needing expensive lenses or cameras, and it can provide a more easily interpreted numerical result like those of a thermometer. Although the probe's components cost only a few hundred dollars total, it is not envisioned to be a consumer product. "A cancer screening tool should be administered by a trained health care professional who would know where the patient needs to go afterwards," adds Tim Lee, an associate professor of skin science and dermatology at UBC and a senior scientist at both BC Cancer and the Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute. He believes the device would be a good future addition to standard cancer screening methods, but not a replacement.
Lee also believes the probe can promote early detection of this cancer, noting that about 7,200 new cases of melanoma are reported every year in Canada. "We have so few dermatologists relative to the growing number of skin cancers that are occurring," said Lee. "If we can develop a device that can be integrated easily into other parts of the health care system, we can simplify the screening process and potentially save hundreds if not thousands of lives."
Study: Most Melanomas Don’t Arise From Existing Moles
As the summer draws near, sunscreen should stay within arm’s reach for year-round protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Because exposure to those harmful UV rays can increase one’s risk of skin cancer - and people spend a lot of time in the sun during the summer – it’s always a good time to perform a skin self-exam. While it’s important to look for any suspicious spots on the skin, research published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology indicates that it’s vital to check for new growths in order to detect melanoma.
After reviewing 38 published studies comprising 20,126 melanomas, researchers found that less than one-third of melanomas - 29 percent - arose from an existing mole, while the vast majority - 71 percent - appeared on the skin as new spots. Moreover, melanomas that arose from existing moles were thinner than other melanomas, indicating that patients whose melanoma was associated with an established mole had a better prognosis than others. “These results could indicate that patients who monitor their existing moles for suspicious changes could detect melanoma in its early stages, when it’s most treatable,” says study author Caterina Longo, MD, Ph.D., a dermatologist at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Italy. “Because the disease is more likely to appear as a new growth, however, it’s important for everyone to familiarize themselves with all the moles on their skin and look for not only changes to those moles, but also any new spots that may appear,” Longo says.
The American Academy of Dermatology encourages everyone to perform regular skin self-exams, asking a partner to help them check hard-to-see areas like the back. Any new or suspicious spots warrant a trip to a board-certified dermatologist, as does anything changing, itching or bleeding. The AAD also recommends that everyone protect themselves from the sun’s harmful UV rays by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and applying a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
In research published in JAAD, however, only 39 percent of consumers consider broad-spectrum protection as a factor in choosing a sunscreen. “People may think SPF is the only important element of sunscreen selection, but that’s not the case,” says study author Roopal V. Kundu, MD, FAAD, an associate professor of dermatology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago. “SPF only tells you how much protection a sunscreen provides against UVB rays. To be protected against both UVA and UVB rays, both of which can cause skin cancer, you need to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen.”
Study: Enzyme Inhibition May Lead to New Melanoma Therapy
Inhibition of the cellular enzyme thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) may be an effective treatment for melanoma, according to research published recently in the journal Oncogene. The paper, “Thymine DNA Glycosylase As A Novel Target For Melanoma,” describes how inhibition of TDG, known for its role in cell repair and proliferation, may be used to trigger cell death of cancerous melanoma cells and halt tumor growth. “These findings suggest that TDG may provide critical functions specific to cancer cells that make it highly suitable as an anti-melanoma drug target,” says senior author Alfonso Bellacosa, MD, Ph.D., professor of cancer epigenetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center at Temple University. “By potentially disrupting both DNA repair and the epigenetic state, targeting TDG may represent a completely new approach to melanoma therapy.”
Researchers at the Sbarro Health Research Organization (SHRO) and the Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research, directed by Antonio Giordano, MD, Ph.D., also contributed to the study at Temple University. “This is an important study that may lead to the identification of powerful TDG inhibitors for pre-clinical and clinical studies,” Giordano says. “A few pharmaceutical companies have already shown a lot of interest and enthusiasm towards this approach.”
Study: Melanoma Biomarkers Predict Checkpoint Blocker Response
Scientists at Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center have identified biomarkers in melanoma that could help tailor immunotherapy treatments to maximize the benefits for patients while reducing the likelihood of severe side effects. While the utility of these biomarkers needs to be validated in future clinical trials, the findings - reported in Science Translational Medicine - suggest that the current practice of combining two different types of immune checkpoint blocker drugs in advanced melanoma patients may be the best course in some instances, but not in others, because the immune makeup of some melanoma tumors may cause them to be resistant to one class of checkpoint inhibitors.
“By looking at how melanoma is avoiding immune detection, we may be able to identify patients who may do just as well with a single agent, with no loss of efficacy, but improved tolerability,” says Scott Rodig, MD, Ph.D., an oncologic pathologist at DF/BWCC and first author on the report. The study revealed that some patients, whose tumors are deficient in a protein needed for the immune system to recognize cancer cells, are unlikely to benefit from ipilimumab, an immunotherapy drug that blocks the CTLA-4 checkpoint, but which has potentially severe side effects. Therefore, identifying such patients with a biomarker test prior to treatment could spare them the adverse effects.
The outlook for patients with advanced melanoma has dramatically improved in recent years because of drugs known as immune checkpoint inhibitors, which mobilize the immune system to attack cancer. These drugs block checkpoint molecules that act as brakes on the immune system; by removing these brakes, checkpoint inhibitors unleash immune defenders such as T cells to recognize and attack cancer. Typically, patients with advanced melanoma receive a combination of two different checkpoint inhibitor types: one, such as ipilimumab, targets the CTLA-4 checkpoint, while the other, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab, targets the PD-1 checkpoint.
In general, patients with advanced melanoma have better outcomes when they receive drugs that block both the CTLA-4 checkpoint and the PD-1 or PD-L1 checkpoints, says F. Stephen Hodi, MD, director of the Melanoma Disease Center at Dana-Farber and senior author of the report. Treated with the combination, more than 50 percent of patients will have tumor shrinkage and some of the responses will be quite prolonged. But this benefit can come at a steep cost - around 50 percent of patients will have severe side effects, such as inflammation of the gut causing diarrhea, rash, or inflammation of the liver and pancreas.
The new study was inspired by recent research by Margaret Shipp, MD, at Dana-Farber showing that Hodgkin lymphomas frequently avoid immune detection by eliminating their MHC class I proteins. MHC class I proteins are found on the surface of most cells in the body. Their function is to bind fragments of foreign proteins, including those stemming from cancer cells, and present them to T cells, which then mount a mass attack on the invader. But if cancer manages to somehow dial down the abundance of MHC class I proteins, the immune system won’t recognize the cancer as foreign and respond against it. In Hodgkin lymphoma, the tumor cells accomplish this feat by deleting a key gene required for expression of the MHC class I proteins.
Ideal Clinical Trials
Speculating that something similar might occur in melanoma, the authors of the study used data from two clinical trials of immunotherapy for advanced melanoma that included measurements of MHC class I proteins and other immune cells and immune regulators. They found that partial or complete loss of MHC class I proteins was common in untreated melanoma patients, and those patients had poor responses to treatment with ipilimumab - the drug that blocks the CTLA-4 checkpoint.
“CTLA-4 is exquisitely sensitive to even partial loss of these MHC class I proteins,” Rodig says. The result was the melanoma was highly resistant to ipilimumab treatment and the cancer continued to grow, because even though the immunotherapy drug was releasing the CTLA-4 brake on the immune system, the melanoma cells weren’t recognized due to the lack of MHC class I proteins to “present” the cancer fragments to the T cells. These findings may explain why most melanoma patients don’t respond to single-agent ipilimumab.
However, the researchers also observed that the deficiency of MHC class 1 proteins did not make melanoma tumors resistant to the other type of checkpoint inhibitor, drugs like nivolumab, a PD-1 inhibitor. That is because responses to those drugs activate an immune substance known as interferon-gamma, which in turn activates both MHC class I-dependent and MHC class I-independent immune pathways and thereby promotes anti-tumor activity when MHC class I levels are reduced by the tumor. Indeed, the data from the clinical trials showed that patients whose tumors had higher pre-treatment levels of interferon-gamma had better outcomes when treated with nivolumab or a combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab but not ipilimumab alone.
These results reveal that the clinical efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 drugs like ipilimumab is “dependent on robust, pre-existing expression of MHC class I proteins by tumor cells.” By contrast, efficacy of anti-PD1 checkpoint blockers like nivolumab depends on “pre-existing interferon-gamma-mediated inflammation within the tumor microenvironment.” Combining the two types of checkpoint blockers “provides a further immune stimulus over individual therapies alone and, in addition, overcomes the limitations of each,” the researchers stated. Going forward, it would be ideal to have clinical trials in which treatment options are determined in accordance with the results of tissue-based biomarker studies.
Looking for 100% chemical-free, all-natural nourishing face and body oils? Check out Earth & Elm Nourishing Face Oil and Earth & Elm Nourishing Body Oil. Subscribe to our Trusted Health Club newsletter for more information about natural living tips, natural health, oral health and skincare. If you are looking for more health resources make sure to check out the Trusted Health Resources list.
With over 30 years of writing and editing experience for newspapers, magazines and corporate communications, Kevin Kerfoot writes about natural health, nutrition, skincare and oral hygiene for Trusted Health Products’ natural health blog and newsletters.
Founder Ray Spotts has a passion for all things natural and has made a life study of nature as it relates to health and well-being. Ray became a forerunner bringing products to market that are extraordinarily effective and free from potentially harmful chemicals and additives. For this reason Ray formed Trusted Health Products, a company you can trust for clean, effective, and healthy products. Ray is an organic gardener, likes fishing, hiking, and teaching and mentoring people to start new businesses. You can get his book for free, “How To Succeed In Business Based On God’s Word,” at www.rayspotts.com.
Image by andreas160578 from Pixabay
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Many people believe that the more you have, the happier and better life you will lead. This is not always true in our society. The other side of gold is powerlessness and poverty; a lack of agency that has been perpetuated throughout history by those who seek to control others for their own gain.
The “story on all that glitters is not gold in 100 words” is a short essay for students. It tells the story of how people tend to believe that things with shiny surfaces are always better than those without.
|All That Glitters Isn’t Gold 100-Word Essay|
All That Glitters Isn’t Gold: A Class 1, 2, 3, or 4 Short Essay
This is a well-known English adage that we have all heard since we were children. It genuinely refers to a person’s inner darkness. Gold is extremely valuable, and it gleams at all times. However, there are many other comparable stones or items that sparkle like gold. They aren’t, however, gold. There are many attractive and beautiful people in this area. They aren’t very good, in fact. Some of them are downright evil on the inside. We must comprehend someone’s core reason or goal. We should not evaluate someone only on the basis of their looks.
In 100 words, this is a very short essay on why all that glitter isn’t gold. This essay is just for students in grades one, two, three, and four. This brief article is simple for them to understand. It’s a crucial subject for the test.
Additional 100-Word Essays:
“All That Glitters is not Gold Essay outline” is a common essay topic that students are assigned to write. It can be difficult to find an interesting and unique angle on this topic, so it may be helpful to use the “All That Glitters is not Gold Essay outline” as a guide. Reference: all that glitters is not gold essay outline.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why all that glitters are not gold?
A: Because all that glitters is not gold. If a sticker costs $1 and it says 25% off, then the sticker would only cost you 50 cents instead of 75 cents if you bought one at full price, because 25 percent is taken away from 100.
What is the conclusion of all the glitters are not gold?
A: Glitters are not gold, but neither is the ending to Romeo and Juliet.
What type of sentence is All that glitters is not gold?
- story on all that glitters is not gold in 200 words
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- write an essay on all that glitters is not gold
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The early use of polygraph tests in Australia
In Australia, the use of polygraph testing in criminal investigations began in the early 20th century. These tests, which measure physiological responses such as heart rate and blood pressure, were seen as a promising tool for determining the truthfulness of suspects and witnesses.
One of the earliest documented cases of polygraph use in Australia dates back to 1912, when a police officer in New South Wales administered a lie detector test to a suspect in a murder investigation. However, it wasn’t until the 1950s that polygraphs began to be used more widely in criminal investigations in Australia.
During this time, the Australian Federal Police began to use polygraph tests in their investigations, with a particular focus on national security cases. For example, in the 1960s, the police administered polygraph tests to employees of the Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO) in order to screen for potential security risks.
At the same time, there were concerns among legal professionals about the reliability of polygraph tests, as well as the ethical and legal implications of using such tests as evidence in court. In 1963, a judge in the Victorian Supreme Court refused to accept polygraph evidence, saying that “the validity of the polygraph as a way to determine guilt or innocence is by no means beyond question.”
Despite these concerns, polygraph tests continued to be used in some criminal investigations in Australia throughout the latter half of the 20th century. However, there was no consistent approach to their use, with different police forces and courts taking varying positions on the admissibility and reliability of polygraph evidence.
Overall, while polygraph tests have been used in Australia for almost a century, their use in criminal investigations and in court has been controversial and inconsistent.
An overview of the current use of polygraph tests in Australia
One of the most common uses of polygraph tests in Australia is for employment screening, particularly in government and law enforcement roles. Some government agencies require applicants to undergo polygraph testing as part of their background check, with the aim of identifying any potential security risks or dishonest behavior.
Another use of polygraph tests in Australia is in the investigation of specific crimes. However, the use of polygraph tests in criminal investigations is generally more limited than in the past, and there is no consistent approach to their use across different police forces or jurisdictions.
Despite the continued use of polygraph tests in some circumstances, their admissibility as evidence in court remains a contentious issue. In general, the Australian legal system has been skeptical of the reliability of polygraph tests, and there have been only a few cases where polygraph evidence has been admitted in court.
In some cases, polygraph evidence has been admitted in the context of plea bargaining, where a defendant agrees to take a polygraph test in exchange for a more lenient sentence. However, even in these cases, the admissibility of polygraph evidence is generally at the discretion of the judge.
This article will explore the various uses of polygraph tests in Australia, including employment screening and criminal investigations, as well as the debates surrounding their accuracy and reliability. It will also examine the legal precedents and guidelines for the admissibility of polygraph evidence in Australian courts, including the opinions of legal experts and the experiences of those who have been affected by the use of polygraph tests in legal proceedings.
The current legal framework governing the use of polygraphs in Australia
Currently, there is no national legislation in Australia that specifically regulates the use of polygraph tests. Instead, the admissibility of polygraph evidence is determined on a case-by-case basis, with judges making decisions based on a range of factors, including the reliability of the test results and the relevance of the evidence to the case.
In recent years, there have been calls for greater regulation of polygraph testing in Australia, with some experts arguing that specific legislation is needed to ensure that the tests are administered and interpreted in a consistent and reliable manner. However, there is currently no consensus on the best way to regulate polygraph testing, and the debate surrounding its admissibility in court continues to be a complex and controversial issue.
Current debate and controversies surrounding polygraph admissibility in Australian courts
Polygraph admissibility in Australian courts remains a highly contested issue. While the use of polygraphs has been banned in some states, other states still allow them as part of criminal investigations. However, even in those states where polygraphs are allowed, their admissibility in court remains a controversial topic.
One of the main concerns with polygraphs is their reliability. While proponents argue that they are an effective tool for detecting deception, critics argue that polygraphs are not foolproof and can produce both false positives and false negatives. The accuracy of polygraphs is particularly questioned when it comes to innocent people who may be falsely accused of a crime.
Another concern is the potential for polygraphs to be used as a coercive tool. Critics argue that polygraph examinations can be intimidating, particularly for vulnerable individuals such as those with mental health issues or intellectual disabilities. The use of polygraphs can therefore be seen as an abuse of power by law enforcement and a violation of the rights of the accused.
There is also the question of the scientific basis of polygraphs. Critics argue that the scientific validity of polygraphy has not been sufficiently established and that the techniques used are not supported by adequate empirical evidence. This has led to calls for the use of polygraphs to be banned outright in Australia.
In recent years, there have been some efforts to regulate the use of polygraphs in criminal investigations. For example, in 2015, the New South Wales Parliament passed the Forensic Procedures Amendment (Polygraph Testing) Act, which regulates the use of polygraphs in criminal investigations in that state. Under the act, polygraphs can only be used with the consent of the person being tested, and the results cannot be used as evidence in court.
Various regulations governing the admissibility of polygraphs in court in different Australian states
When it comes to the admissibility of polygraph evidence in court, the laws differ across different Australian states. In New South Wales and Victoria, the results of polygraph tests are generally not admissible as evidence in court, while in Queensland, polygraph evidence is only admissible if all parties involved agree to it.
In South Australia, the Evidence Act 1929 allows for the results of polygraph tests to be admitted as evidence in criminal proceedings, but only if certain conditions are met. For example, the test must have been conducted by a qualified examiner, the subject must have consented to the test, and the prosecution and defense must agree to the admission of the evidence.
In Western Australia, the Evidence Act 1906 does not specifically address the admissibility of polygraph evidence, but the general rule is that evidence must be relevant, reliable, and fair to be admissible. Polygraph evidence would need to meet these criteria to be admitted in court.
In Tasmania and the Northern Territory, there are no specific laws governing the admissibility of polygraph evidence. However, the general rule of evidence applies, which requires that evidence be relevant, reliable, and fair to be admissible.
It’s important to note that even if polygraph evidence is allowed in court, it is still subject to challenge and cross-examination. The reliability and validity of polygraph tests are often disputed, and the court will weigh the evidence against other factors in the case before making a decision on its admissibility and weight.
Ethical and procedural guidelines related to the use of polygraph tests in Australia
One of the key ethical considerations surrounding polygraph testing is the issue of informed consent. Before a test can be administered, the individual being tested must be fully informed of the nature of the test and the potential implications of the results. This includes informing the individual of their right to refuse the test without any negative consequences.
Another important ethical consideration is the issue of confidentiality. The results of a polygraph test are considered highly sensitive and should be treated as such. This means that only authorized individuals should have access to the results, and they should only be used for the specific purpose for which they were obtained.
In addition to these ethical considerations, there are also procedural guidelines that govern the use of polygraph tests in Australia. These guidelines are designed to ensure that the tests are administered in a consistent and reliable manner.
Impact of these guidelines on the admissibility of polygraph evidence in court
When it comes to the admissibility of polygraph evidence in court, ethical and procedural guidelines play a significant role. In Australia, these guidelines have been established by various organizations, including the Australian Polygraph Association, the Australian Psychological Society, and the Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology.
These guidelines might have a significant impact on the admissibility of polygraph evidence in court. The courts consider ethical and procedural guidelines when determining whether to admit polygraph evidence. If the examiner has not followed these guidelines, the court is less likely to admit the evidence.
Throughout this article, we have explored the role of polygraphs in Australia, the current debate and controversies surrounding their admissibility, recent developments in policy and legal guidelines related to their use, specific laws in different Australian states regarding their admissibility in court, ethical and procedural guidelines related to their use, and the impact of these guidelines on the admissibility of polygraph evidence in court.
Despite these developments, the impact of polygraph evidence on court proceedings in Australia remains limited. The vast majority of jurisdictions do not recognize polygraph testing as reliable or valid enough, and courts are unlikely to admit polygraph evidence unless it is supported by other corroborating evidence. This means that while polygraph tests may be used in certain circumstances, they are not typically a significant factor in criminal investigations or court proceedings.
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The New Arctic is upon us now and the changes are accelerating rapidly. Yet, what the Arctic System will look like, and how the major biogeochemical cycles (carbon, water and nutrients) will behave and interact over the next 5, 10, 20 years is uncertain, but globally tremendously important. Thus, any insight as to the behavior of the New Arctic is extremely valuable, as we considering mitigation, adaptation and resource management practices.
Long-term field experiments that attempt to mimic the New and forthcoming Arctic are a powerful means by which we can transport ourselves into the future Arctic, providing an Arctic Crystal Ball of sorts. The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), that has been underway all across the Arctic since the early 1990’s and in Arctic Alaska since 1994; has created a future Arctic with warmer temperatures (such as those that might be reached by ~2030 or sooner) and deeper snow conditions that will accompany the warmer north.
Today, the New Arctic is the subject of global discussions with an array of postulates and suggestions across the scientific community that is often based on past and current observations (e.g. sea ice extent, tundra greenness) that can be decades long or by traveling back-to-the-future with palaeo- archives visiting different histories of the earth that look like what is ahead (Eemain Period, ~120,000 years ago).
We now know have strong evidence that snowier winters in the New Arctic result in a dramatically different tundra ecosystem; as just discovered by UArctic Research Chair, Professor Jeff Welker and colleagues. This NSF and DoE funded team show that deeper snow; through a series of biophysical changes to the Arctic has the net effect of capturing more C, than it releases, becoming a carbon sink that can be almost 300-times the rate of conditions today.
This dramatic change in the tundra landscape and it’s sequestering of C will result from 3 interacting processes: first-deeper snow in winter results in soils that are less cold (ie. warmer); b) warmer soils in winter accelerate microbial activity and the decomposition of organic matter leading to more N available to plants in the next spring and summer, c) shrubs are the life form that has a inherent ability to capture this “extra” N and the extra snow-melt water and thus flourish dramatically, d) 10-fold increases in shrub leaf area, stem and root biomass contribute to soil C inputs and the dramatics increases in soil C sequestration rates.
Read the full article online here or in pdf attached to this news.
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Testing solar panels is an important step in making the switch to clean energy. You want to make sure that the panels are functioning as they should before installing them. You’ll also want to periodically test them as part of your regular maintenance.
Luckily, solar panels testing is fast and simple.
In this article, we cover the step-by-step process of solar panel testing. After discussing the tools you’ll need, we’ll teach you how to test a solar panel with a multimeter. Finally, we’ll walk you through some common problems you may encounter.
Solar Panel Tester Tips and Preparation
Before testing your solar panels, there are a couple of details you should know.
- Purchase a Multimeter
A multimeter is a device that is used to measure voltage (volts), current (amps), and resistance (ohms). We recommend using a digital multimeter, as it offers a more accurate reading than the analog variety.
- Direct Sun
When testing solar panels, make sure it’s a bright and clear day; unobstructed sunlight conditions are essential for accuracy. When you begin, position the panel in direct sunlight. Otherwise, your reading will be weak.
- Solar Charge Controller
Solar charge controllers ensure that your solar panels are performing within their intended range. They do so by preventing the current/voltage from exceeding its maximum limit. In the absence of one, you risk overcharging your batteries, leading to internal damage.
When testing your solar panels, check that the solar charge controller isn’t fully charged. If it is, it’ll resist the current from the multimeter.
The electricity that’s fed to your building’s electrical system is alternating current (AC). However, the photovoltaic (PV) cells in solar panels convert sunlight into direct current (DC). That’s why you need an inverter to convert DC current to AC current.
How to Test Solar Panel Output
1. Clean Solar Panel
Before testing a solar panel, remove any dust or debris from its surface. Not doing so will result in a weak reading. Use a clean, dry microfiber cloth.
2. Check Voltage/Current Rating
Before testing your solar panel, you’ll need to know its rating. To find this information, flip the panel over. You’ll see a sticker containing several metrics. Pay special attention to the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the solar panel amperage (Imp).
A panel’s Voc is its measure of electrical potential in direct sunlight. It can be checked using a voltmeter.
The Imp represents the panel’s maximum current when in direct sunlight. You can measure it using an amp meter.
3. Open Converter Box
The converter box is on the rear of the solar panel. Remove the cover to expose the wiring.
4. Set Multimeter to Volts
Configure your multimeter so that the positive lead is attached to the volt port (usually denoted as VΩmA or mAVΩ). Remember, the positive lead is the red one.
Now, set the multimeter to a voltage greater than your panel’s Voc rating; this will produce the most accurate reading.
Finally, check that the multimeter is set to DC voltage—not AC. DC is generally denoted by a V with two parallel lines above it: one dotted, one solid. AC is depicted as a V with a squiggly line on top.
5. Connect Multimeter to Solar Panel
Attach the multimeter to the solar panel. The positive lead (or red wire) should be connected to the panel’s positive terminal. Likewise, the negative lead (or black wire) must be connected to the panel’s negative terminal.
The panel’s voltage will appear on the multimeter’s screen. Remember to turn off the multimeter before disconnecting the leads.
6. Set Multimeter to Amps
Transfer the positive lead from the volt port to the amps port, usually depicted with a capital A. Like with voltage, set the current to any amount greater than the panel’s Imp rating.
7. Reconnect Multimeter to Solar Panel
Repeat step 5.
8. Calculate Solar Panel Output
Hopefully, your solar panels have passed their tests with flying photons! To finish up, calculate the output.
Power (Watt-hours) = Voltage (Volts) X Current (Amps)
Simply multiply the voltage (in volts) by the current (in amps) using the amounts registered on your multimeter. The result is power, measured in watt-hours.
To account for interference, take 75% of that result—this represents the practical output of your solar panel.
And that’s really all there is to it. You should also know how to test a solar panel charge controller. Check out this helpful article for tips.
|Learn more about solar panels:|
Now You Know How to Test Solar Panels – Learn to Troubleshoot Them
Testing your solar panels is just the first step in ensuring their longevity. Let’s now turn to some common issues you may encounter. If any of these sound familiar, consult a technician.
- Inverter Problems
Solar panels have an impressive lifespan of around 20 years. But don’t be surprised if your inverter only lasts 10-15 years. As mentioned above, inverters actually make solar power usable; never neglect a failing inverter.
If you encounter any problems with your inverter, check your manufacturer’s warranty before attempting to resolve the issue yourself—doing so could result in a voided warranty.
If there’s space between your panels and your roof, birds will find their way in. Some will even make a nest beneath your panels.
Birds can scratch the panel glass or damage exposed wiring. Ideally, your solar panels are roof-integrated. If not, you can install bird mesh, roof spikes, and yes—even plastic predators.
- Hot Spots
Hot spots are both dangerous and destructive—luckily, they’re also fairly rare. In one study, 3,000 panels were analyzed for hot spots. Of those,1.5% showed hot spots with an increased operating temperature of between 10ºC and 20ºC. An additional 2.5% of the panels had hotspots greater than 20ºC.
Hot spots can be avoided by selecting good quality panels and keeping them unobstructed. For instance, avoid panels with poorly soldered joints and instead opt for ones with built-in drainage corners. A buildup of debris can also cause hot spots.
- Bad Wiring
Unless you’re a trained electrician, it’s best not to play with the wiring in your panels. That said, it’s important to make a visual inspection. Look for things like loose connections, corrosion, or oxidation—all of which can obstruct your panel’s ability to produce electricity.
Occasionally, solar panels sustain damage during transportation. That’s why it’s important to check your new solar panels for cracks upon arrival.
Extreme weather and falling debris can also create hairline cracks in your panels. Inspect them regularly, as a barely visible fissure can quickly grow in size.
You Don’t Need to Worry About Solar Panel Testing…When You Work With Airis
Congratulations on recognizing the power of solar energy. Now that you understand how to test a solar panel, we encourage you to put it into practice. Always test new panels before installation. For maintenance purposes, every five years—or in the wake of an extreme weather event—will suffice.
Thinking of buying or installing solar panels? There’s no substitute for Airis Energy. We offer efficient lighting solutions to both commercial and residential clients.
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