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<h1>VALL-E</h1>
<h3>Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers</h3>
Paper: <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02111">https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02111</a>
</div>
<p>
<b>Abstract.</b>
We introduce a language modeling approach for text to speech synthesis (TTS).
Specifically, we train a neural codec language model (called VALL-E) using discrete codes derived from an off-the-shelf neural audio codec model,
and regard TTS as a conditional language modeling task rather than continuous signal regression as in previous work.
During the pre-training stage, we scale up the TTS training data to 60K hours of English speech which is hundreds of times larger than existing systems.
VALL-E emerges in-context learning capabilities and can be used to synthesize high-quality personalized speech with only a 3-second enrolled recording of an unseen speaker as an acoustic prompt.
Experiment results show that VALL-E significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art zero-shot TTS system in terms of speech naturalness and speaker similarity.
In addition, we find VALL-E could preserve the speaker's emotion and acoustic environment of the acoustic prompt in synthesis.
</p>
<!-- <br>
official demo page: <a href="https://valle-demo.github.io/">https://valle-demo.github.io</a>
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<br>
my implementation: <a href="https://github.com/lifeiteng/vall-e">https://github.com/lifeiteng/vall-e</a>
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This page is for showing reproduced results only, I keep the main parts of the official demo.
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<!-- <h2 id="model-configs" style="text-align: center;">Model Configs</h2>
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<th style="text-align: center">Item</th>
<th style="text-align: center">The Paper</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LJSpeech Model</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LibriTTS Model</th>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>Transformer</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>Dim 1024 Heads 16 Layers 12</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>Dim 256 Heads 8 Layers 6</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>Dim 1024 Heads 16 Layers 12</b></td>
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<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>Dataset</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>LibriLight 60K hours</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>LJSpeech 20 hours</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>LibriTTS 0.56K hours</b></td>
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<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>Machines</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>16 x V100 32GB GPU</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>1 x RTX 12GB GPU</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center; width: 140px"><b>1 x RTX 24GB GPU</b></td>
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<h2 id="model-overview" style="text-align: center;">Model Overview</h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;">
<img src="./Overview.jpg" height="400" width="800">
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<p>
The overview of VALL-E.
Unlike the previous pipeline (e.g., phoneme → mel-spectrogram → waveform), the pipeline of VALL-E is phoneme → discrete code → waveform.
VALL-E generates the discrete audio codec codes based on phoneme and acoustic code prompts, corresponding to the target content and the speaker's voice.
VALL-E directly enables various speech synthesis applications, such as zero-shot TTS, speech editing, and content creation combined with other generative AI models like GPT-3.
</p>
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<h2 id="ljspeech-samples" style="text-align: center;">LJSpeech Samples</h2>
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<th style="text-align: center">Text</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Speaker Prompt</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LJSpeech Model</th>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 600px">In addition, the proposed legislation will insure.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/ljspeech/LJ049-0185_24K.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/ljspeech/LJ049-0124_24K.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/ljspeech/LJ049-0185_24K_prompted_libritts.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">During the period the Commission was giving thought to this situation,</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/ljspeech/LJ049-0124_24K.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/ljspeech/LJ049-0185_24K.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/ljspeech/LJ049-0124_24K_prompted_libritts.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<h2 id="librispeech-samples" style="text-align: center;">LibriSpeech Samples</h2>
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<th style="text-align: center">Text</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Speaker Prompt</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">VALL-E</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LibriTTS feiteng</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LibirTTS ours</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LibriTTS-R ours</th>
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<tr><td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 600px">They moved thereafter cautiously about the hut groping before and about them to find something to show that Warrenton had fulfilled his mission.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/61-70970-0024/prompt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/61-70970-0024/gt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_35epoch_valid_best_rerun/audios/librispeech/61-70970-0024/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">And lay me down in thy cold bed and leave my shining lot.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/908-157963-0027/prompt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/908-157963-0027/official.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_35epoch_valid_best_rerun/audios/librispeech/908-157963-0027/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_libritts_r_best_valid_35epoch/audios/librispeech/908-157963-0027/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">Number ten, fresh nelly is waiting on you, good night husband.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1089-134686-0004/prompt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1089-134686-0004/gt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1089-134686-0004/official.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1089-134686-0004/libritts.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_35epoch_valid_best_rerun/audios/librispeech/1089-134686-0004/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_libritts_r_best_valid_35epoch/audios/librispeech/1089-134686-0004/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">Yea, his honourable worship is within, but he hath a godly minister or two with him, and likewise a leech.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1221-135767-0014/prompt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1221-135767-0014/gt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1221-135767-0014/official.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/librispeech/1221-135767-0014/libritts.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_35epoch_valid_best_rerun/audios/librispeech/1221-135767-0014/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="demos_libritts_r_best_valid_35epoch/audios/librispeech/1221-135767-0014/libritts_yk.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<!-- <div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="Acoustic-Environment-Maintenance" style="text-align: center;">Acoustic Environment Maintenance</h2>
<p>
VALL-E can synthesize personalized speech while maintaining the acoustic environment of the speaker prompt. The audio and transcriptions are sampled from the Fisher dataset.
</p>
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<th style="text-align: center">Text</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Speaker Prompt</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Ground Truth</th>
<th style="text-align: center">VALL-E</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LibriTTS Model</th>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">I think it's like you know um more convenient too.</td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">Um we have to pay have this security fee just in case she would damage something but um.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/fisher/2_pt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">Everything is run by computer but you got to know how to think before you can do a computer.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/fisher/3_pt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">As friends thing I definitely I've got more male friends.</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/fisher/4_pt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="Speaker-Emotion-Maintenance" style="text-align: center;">Speaker’s Emotion Maintenance</h2>
<p>
VALL-E can synthesize personalized speech while maintaining the emotion in the speaker prompt. The audio prompts are sampled from the Emotional Voices Database.
</p>
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<th style="text-align: center">Text</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Emotion</th>
<th style="text-align: center">Speaker Prompt</th>
<th style="text-align: center">VALL-E</th>
<th style="text-align: center">LibriTTS Model</th>
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<td rowspan="5" style="text-align: left;vertical-align:middle;width: 500px">We have to reduce the number of plastic bags.</td>
<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 220px">Anger</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/emov_db/anger_pt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 220px">Sleepy</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/emov_db/sleepiness_pt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 220px">Neutral</td>
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<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 220px">Amused</td>
<td style="text-align: center"><audio controls="controls" style="width: 140px;"><source src="audios/emov_db/amused_pt.wav" autoplay/>Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></td>
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<td style="text-align: center;vertical-align:middle;width: 220px">Disgusted</td>
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<div class="container pt-5 mt-5 shadow p-5 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
<h2 id="Ethics-Statement" style="text-align: center;">Ethics Statement</h2>
<p>
To avoid abuse, Well-trained models and services will not be provided.
</p>
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