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feat: add epi info dataset
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SOURCE_DOCUMENTS/dataset.txt
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SOURCE_DOCUMENTS/dataset2.txt
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SOURCE_DOCUMENTS/epi.txt
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The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) provides a data-driven
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summary of the state of sustainability around the world. Using 40 performance
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indicators across 11 issue categories, the EPI ranks 180 countries on climate
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change performance, environmental health, and ecosystem vitality.
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These indicators provide a gauge at a national scale of how close countries
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are to established environmental policy targets. The EPI offers a
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scorecard that highlights leaders and laggards in environmental
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performance and provides practical guidance for countries that aspire
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to move toward a sustainable future.
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EPI indicators provide a way to spot problems, set targets, track trends,
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understand outcomes, and identify best policy practices. Good data and
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fact-based analysis can also help government officials refine their policy
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agendas, facilitate communications with key stakeholders, and maximize the
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return on environmental investments. The EPI offers a powerful policy
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tool in support of efforts to meet the targets of the UN Sustainable
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Development Goals and to move society toward a sustainable future.
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Overall EPI rankings indicate which countries are best addressing the
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environmental challenges that every nation faces. Going beyond the
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aggregate scores and drilling down into the data to analyze performance
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by issue category, policy objective, peer group, and country offers even
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greater value for policymakers. This granular view and comparative
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perspective can assist in understanding the determinants of environmental
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progress and in refining policy choices.
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Over 2 billion people — nearly 25% of the world’s population — currently
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drink unsafe water, and nearly 3.6 billion
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people lack access to basic sanitation services like sewage treatment.
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Without clean water, morbidity and
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mortality remain high in many regions of the globe, particularly Sub-Saharan
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Africa and Southern Asia.
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The world has made only modest progress in reducing poor health
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outcomes from inadequate Sanitation & Drinking Water.
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Countries striving to improve their water and sanitation
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infrastructure under Sustainable Development Goal 6 often lack
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the financial or engineering capacity to adequately achieve healthy standards,
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illustrating the importance of international aid in the form of funding and
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technology sharing. Global and national leaders must
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take considerable action to expand safe drinking water
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and sanitation access to the billions of people who suffer
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from the lack of these services.
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Ensuring universal access to safely managed sanitation
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and drinking water promotes human health and sustainable development. Clean water and proper sanitation are
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essential to preventing the transmission of disease
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(Prüss-Üstün et al., 2008), including the COVID-19 virus
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(Otto et al., 2020). Despite the importance of safe water
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maintaining an individual's well-being, 2 billion people lack
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access to clean drinking water and 3.6 billion people lack
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basic sanitation services (UN-Water, 2021).
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As climate change warms the world, ecosystems that
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provide water shrink, making water access more unpredictable and scarce (UN-Water, 2021). These trends
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exacerbate gender inequalities in societies, as the burden
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of fetching clean water from far-away sources often falls
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on women (Kayser et al., 2019). The 2022 EPI Sanitation &
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Drinking Water metrics track diseases and deaths from
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exposure to unsafe sanitation and drinking water, providing countries with insights on whether their water
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infrastructure is sufficient to maintain public health
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Unsafe Sanitation (40% of issue category)
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We measure unsafe sanitation using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to their exposure to
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inadequate sanitation facilities.
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Unsafe Drinking Water (60% of issue category)
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We measure unsafe drinking water using the number of age-standardized disability adjusted life-years lost per 100,000 persons (DALY rate) due to exposure to unsafe
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drinking water.
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The world remains far from establishing universal access
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to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services.
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Between 2000 and 2020, however, 2 billion individuals
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gained access to clean water and 2.4 billion individuals
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gained improved sanitation services (WHO and UNICEF,
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2021). Figure 6-2 shows that the number of lives lost due
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to unsafe water or inadequate sanitation has steadily decreased for the last thirty years.
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Sustainable Development Goal 6 outlines a target of ensuring available and safely managed water for all by 2030
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(Sadoff et al., 2020). While this ambitious target highlights the importance of clean water, reaching it will not
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be easy. Achieving universal access to both safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in this
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timeline will require a four-fold increase in current levels
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of progress (UN-Water, 2021). Without substantial investment, an estimated 1.6 billion people will lack access
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to safe drinking water at home and 2.8 billion people will
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lack safe sanitation services by 2030 (WHO and UNICEF,
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2021).
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Geographic inequities in access to safe drinking water
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and sanitation exist in many regions (Prüss-Üstün et al.,
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2008). While, on average, 74% of the global population
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drinks safe water, access ranges widely from 96% in Europe and North America to just 54% in Sub-Saharan
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Africa (UN-Water, 2021; WHO and UNICEF, 2021). Poor
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countries house the majority of individuals who face unsafe conditions — over 50% of those who lack access to
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safe drinking water and 40% of those who lack basic sanitation services live in the least developed countries (UNWater, 2021). Water insecurity is particularly threatening
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to rural communities, who often lack improved drinking
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water and sanitation infrastructure. In urban areas, population growth has outpaced progress, meaning there are
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more people currently without at least a basic water and
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sanitation service than there were in 2000 (UNICEF,
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2020).
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Wealthy countries in the Global West lead the world in
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the Sanitation & Drinking Water issue category, with minimal deaths related to exposure to unsafe sanitation and
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unsafe drinking water. Several of the top-performing
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countries are in the European Union, highlighting these
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countries' continued commitment to policies that promote safely managing water and sanitation. In December
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2020, the European Union updated the Drinking Water
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Directive to confront emerging pollutants, like microplastics, and to increase information accessibility for citizens
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(European Commission, 2020).
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Several small island developing countries land in the middle of Sanitation & Drinking Water rankings. Nearly 70%
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of small island developing states face water scarcity,
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slowing progress to provide safe water for residents. In
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addition, climate change consequences, including sea
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level rise, variable rainfall, and increased frequency of severe weather events, are exacerbating water shortages
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(UNCTAD, 2021). Singapore, however, stands out as a
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leader among these countries. While the country experiences heavy rainfall, its small surface area prevents the
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nation from establishing water storage units and aquifers.
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Singapore has recently expanded infrastructure like rainwater catchment systems and recycling processes to
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supplement imports from Malaysia and adequately supply water (UNCTAD, 2021). Nationally set water prices
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and education programs further encourage residents not
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to waste water (UNCTAD, 2021).
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Despite being the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia still faces risks from unsafe sanitation practices
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and drinking water. Almost 25 million people in Indonesia
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lack access to toilets or latrines, leading to contaminated
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water supplies and the spread of diarrheal diseases
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(UNICEF, 2022). In West Java, fecal matter and heavy
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metals pollute the Citarum River, which millions of Indonesians rely on for water and food (Price and Price, 2017).
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Responding to pressure from international organizations,
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the Indonesian government has established a cleaning
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program with the intent to make the river’s water drinkable by 2025. The decentralized framework and poor
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enforcement of Indonesia’s environmental regulations,
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however, presents challenges on the road to improvement (Holzhacker et al., 2016).
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Many Sub-Saharan African countries receive low rankings
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in Sanitation & Drinking Water. In 2020, half of the individuals who lacked access to basic drinking water lived in
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this region (WHO and UNICEF, 2021). Geographic inequalities also exist at the sub-national level. Safe drinking
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water access ranges from upwards of 50% in urban areas to just 13% in rural areas (WHO and UNICEF, 2021). In recent years, many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have
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increased access to improved wells and springs, but access to piped water — a more reliable source — remains
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uncommon (Deshpande et al., 2020). Insufficient infrastructure, as well as a disproportionate distribution of
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water storage units, fuels these disparities. In addition,
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transboundary water laws have contributed to conflict
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over water in sub-Saharan Africa. For example, the 1959
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Nile Basin agreement established Sudan and Egypt as the
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only actors with power over the allocation of Nile resources, despite the vested interests of several other
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nearby countries (Tatlock, 2006). To ensure broader access to water resources, the region should seek
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multilateral input on how to sustainably manage the Nile.
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Unsafe sanitation and unsafe drinking water use the
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GBD’s Comprehensive Risk Assessment (CRA) framework
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to estimate the impacts of exposure to unsafe sanitation
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and drinking water, measured by Disability-Adjusted Life
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Years (DALYs) lost per 100,000 persons (Kyu et al., 2018).
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This provides a standard metric for comparing performance across countries. The metrics first examine the
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estimated exposure to health risks in each country. For
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these indicators, the minimum level of exposure to unsafe
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drinking water is defined as “All households have access
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to water from a piped water supply that is also boiled or
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filtered before drinking,” and for unsafe sanitation, minimum exposure means “All households have access to
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toilets with sewer connection” (Forouzanfar et al., 2016). The second step uses statistical models to estimate the
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portion of deaths and DALYs lost attributable to those
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risks.
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It remains difficult to track all adverse health outcomes
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from the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. The
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GBD evaluates three key measures: diarrheal diseases, typhoid fever, and paratyphoid fever. Data on the health
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risks and outcomes from diarrheal disease are much
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stronger than the studies on typhoid and paratyphoid,
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stemming from gaps in the literature and on-the-ground
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data on the prevalence of these illnesses.
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Unsafe sanitation and unsafe drinking water currently
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only track adverse health outcomes from exposure to biological risks, such as bacteria. Risks of illness or death
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from chemical contaminants, like lead and pesticides, are
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not considered. Despite their exclusion here, exposure to
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chemical pollutants poses serious health concerns in
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both the developed and developing world.
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Water quality assessments also rest on the assumption
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that “improved” water supplies are safe, but a significant
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number of water sources that meet the definition of an
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“improved” source still do not meet WHO guidelines
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(Clasen et al., 2014). Even piped water sources and groundwater from wells (as opposed to open water) may be
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contaminated by soil pollutants or nearby latrine pits
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(Back et al., 2018). Infrastructure is not always indicative
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of health outcomes.
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2022 EPI Framework
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The framework organizes 40 indicators into 11 issue categories and three policy objectives,
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with weights shown at each level as a percentage of the total score.
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SOURCE_DOCUMENTS/sanitationDrinkingWater.csv
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country;rank;epi score;10-year change
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Finland;1;100.00;0.60
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Iceland;1;100.00;1.10
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Netherlands;1;100.00;NA
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Norway;1;100.00;0.90
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Switzerland;1;100.00;NA
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United Kingdom;1;100.00;1.00
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Malta;7;99.80;1.70
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Germany;8;99.10;0.90
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Luxembourg;9;98.70;2.20
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Sweden;10;98.60;1.80
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Italy;11;98.30;1.60
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Greece;12;98.20;0.80
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Denmark;13;97.50;2.50
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Ireland;14;97.40;1.90
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Spain;15;96.90;1.10
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France;16;96.30;4.80
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Japan;17;95.10;1.00
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Austria;18;94.70;1.00
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Cyprus;19;94.00;1.60
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Belgium;20;93.60;3.80
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Singapore;21;93.30;0.70
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Israel;22;92.90;2.20
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South Korea;23;90.80;2.40
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Canada;24;88.10;2.90
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Australia;25;87.10;1.70
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United States of America;26;86.10;2.30
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Brunei Darussalam;27;85.70;1.60
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Portugal;28;83.50;3.00
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New Zealand;29;80.40;2.00
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Czech Republic;30;76.50;0.40
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Slovenia;31;74.70;0.60
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Taiwan;32;72.40;2.30
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Slovakia;33;71.90;2.20
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Poland;34;71.80;2.50
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Uruguay;35;70.80;5.90
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Croatia;36;70.30;2.20
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Bulgaria;37;68.40;3.30
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Chile;38;68.10;3.60
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Kuwait;39;67.50;2.70
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United Arab Emirates;40;67.20;1.90
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Qatar;41;66.60;3.30
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Costa Rica;42;66.20;4.10
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Montenegro;43;65.60;3.40
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Serbia;43;65.60;3.30
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Mauritius;45;65.50;3.90
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Argentina;46;64.80;4.40
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Jordan;47;62.70;8.40
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Hungary;48;62.20;0.70
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Estonia;49;61.90;1.30
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Bosnia and Herzegovina;50;61.50;3.90
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North Macedonia;51;61.10;2.90
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Belarus;52;60.50;1.70
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Lebanon;53;59.80;5.90
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China;54;59.50;6.00
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Saudi Arabia;55;59.30;6.80
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Latvia;56;59.10;1.50
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Lithuania;57;58.40;1.20
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Oman;58;58.30;3.70
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Malaysia;59;57.60;2.70
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Armenia;60;57.30;1.50
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Bahrain;61;56.60;2.50
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Romania;62;56.00;3.30
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Colombia;63;55.90;6.80
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Thailand;63;55.90;5.20
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Russia;65;55.50;1.30
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Kazakhstan;66;55.20;4.20
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Ukraine;66;55.20;-0.50
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Bahamas;68;55.00;0.70
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Albania;69;54.10;2.80
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Iran;70;53.70;4.40
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Trinidad and Tobago;71;53.40;1.80
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Algeria;72;53.30;3.90
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Mexico;73;52.90;4.90
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Viet Nam;74;52.80;4.40
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Turkey;75;52.70;4.50
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Tunisia;76;52.60;1.70
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Uzbekistan;77;52.10;2.10
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Barbados;78;52.00;0.20
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Georgia;79;51.70;2.30
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Seychelles;80;51.50;3.00
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Ecuador;81;50.30;7.10
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Antigua and Barbuda;82;50.10;1.10
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Moldova;83;50.00;1.80
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Cuba;84;49.70;1.60
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Iraq;84;49.70;12.10
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Jamaica;86;49.40;0.30
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Samoa;87;49.30;1.60
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Sri Lanka;88;48.50;5.20
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Maldives;89;47.80;4.00
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Dominica;90;47.60;0.90
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Paraguay;90;47.60;5.70
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Turkmenistan;92;47.40;9.10
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Grenada;93;47.10;1.00
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95 |
-
Venezuela;94;46.80;2.60
|
96 |
-
Tonga;95;46.50;1.00
|
97 |
-
Brazil;96;46.20;8.50
|
98 |
-
Azerbaijan;97;45.60;2.40
|
99 |
-
Kyrgyzstan;97;45.60;5.60
|
100 |
-
Saint Lucia;99;45.40;0.80
|
101 |
-
Panama;100;43.60;7.10
|
102 |
-
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;100;43.60;1.80
|
103 |
-
Mongolia;102;43.20;3.60
|
104 |
-
Peru;103;43.10;2.20
|
105 |
-
Nicaragua;104;42.90;7.60
|
106 |
-
Belize;105;42.70;2.80
|
107 |
-
El Salvador;106;41.70;4.10
|
108 |
-
Morocco;107;40.90;10.00
|
109 |
-
Bolivia;108;40.10;6.50
|
110 |
-
Suriname;109;39.40;3.70
|
111 |
-
Dominican Republic;110;39.00;3.50
|
112 |
-
Philippines;110;39.00;8.00
|
113 |
-
Egypt;112;36.70;9.30
|
114 |
-
Cabo Verde;113;35.60;4.90
|
115 |
-
Micronesia;114;35.50;2.30
|
116 |
-
Guyana;115;35.30;6.00
|
117 |
-
Sao Tome and Principe;115;35.30;12.00
|
118 |
-
Fiji;117;34.70;3.40
|
119 |
-
Cambodia;118;34.30;8.30
|
120 |
-
Equatorial Guinea;119;33.20;10.50
|
121 |
-
Marshall Islands;120;32.30;5.20
|
122 |
-
Honduras;121;31.80;6.40
|
123 |
-
Bhutan;122;31.20;5.60
|
124 |
-
Myanmar;123;30.90;10.50
|
125 |
-
Tajikistan;123;30.90;6.70
|
126 |
-
Indonesia;125;28.50;7.70
|
127 |
-
Guatemala;126;28.30;8.00
|
128 |
-
Afghanistan;127;28.10;8.30
|
129 |
-
Gabon;128;27.70;9.80
|
130 |
-
Bangladesh;129;27.40;5.70
|
131 |
-
Nepal;130;27.10;8.90
|
132 |
-
Laos;131;26.60;9.90
|
133 |
-
Timor-Leste;132;26.00;4.40
|
134 |
-
South Africa;133;24.70;7.80
|
135 |
-
Sudan;134;22.40;11.10
|
136 |
-
Vanuatu;135;21.50;3.30
|
137 |
-
Botswana;136;20.90;6.50
|
138 |
-
Ghana;136;20.90;4.30
|
139 |
-
Namibia;138;19.70;5.60
|
140 |
-
India;139;19.50;9.60
|
141 |
-
Gambia;140;19.20;5.70
|
142 |
-
Tanzania;141;18.50;5.80
|
143 |
-
Djibouti;142;18.30;5.10
|
144 |
-
Uganda;143;17.60;3.40
|
145 |
-
Pakistan;144;17.50;5.70
|
146 |
-
Cote d'Ivoire;145;17.30;6.10
|
147 |
-
Rwanda;146;16.90;6.90
|
148 |
-
Zimbabwe;146;16.90;8.50
|
149 |
-
Mozambique;148;16.40;6.40
|
150 |
-
Kiribati;149;16.30;4.20
|
151 |
-
Papua New Guinea;150;15.60;4.00
|
152 |
-
Comoros;151;15.20;5.60
|
153 |
-
Republic of Congo;152;14.60;10.10
|
154 |
-
Haiti;153;14.10;3.30
|
155 |
-
Solomon Islands;153;14.10;4.80
|
156 |
-
Kenya;155;13.70;6.80
|
157 |
-
Dem. Rep. Congo;156;13.60;10.30
|
158 |
-
Mauritania;156;13.60;8.50
|
159 |
-
Benin;158;13.50;4.60
|
160 |
-
Zambia;158;13.50;7.60
|
161 |
-
Senegal;160;13.10;4.30
|
162 |
-
Angola;161;12.80;9.50
|
163 |
-
Eswatini;162;12.60;6.10
|
164 |
-
Malawi;163;12.10;5.30
|
165 |
-
Sierra Leone;164;11.60;4.40
|
166 |
-
Guinea;165;11.30;5.10
|
167 |
-
Ethiopia;166;11.00;5.80
|
168 |
-
Liberia;167;9.90;7.50
|
169 |
-
Mali;168;8.30;5.60
|
170 |
-
Burkina Faso;169;7.80;3.70
|
171 |
-
Cameroon;169;7.80;6.50
|
172 |
-
Lesotho;171;7.30;4.10
|
173 |
-
Guinea-Bissau;172;6.80;6.80
|
174 |
-
Eritrea;173;6.40;4.60
|
175 |
-
Madagascar;174;6.00;5.10
|
176 |
-
Burundi;175;5.40;2.90
|
177 |
-
Togo;176;5.20;5.20
|
178 |
-
Nigeria;177;5.00;5.00
|
179 |
-
Niger;178;1.50;1.50
|
180 |
-
Central African Republic;179;NA;NA
|
181 |
-
Chad;179;NA;NA
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