This awesome visualization by @abdurrahmanbutler tracks how reliant the High Court of Australia has been on UK precedents over time.
Back in the early 1900s, up to 70% of citations in High Court decisions were from the UK. Today, that number sits around 20%.
This change seems to have happened gradually as Australia gained more and more independence from the UK, culminating in the Australia Acts of 1986, where we see a nice bump in the proportion of Australian cases cited.
These insights would not be possible without our latest legal AI model, Kanon 2 Enricher, which we used to extract dates and citations from High Court decisions in isaacus/open-australian-legal-corpus and categorize citations by jurisdiction. You can learn about Kanon 2 Enricher here: https://isaacus.com/blog/kanon-2-enricher.
if you like it give the demo a little star and send a shoutout to : @MaxLSB@jddqd and @GAD-cell for absolutely obliterating the pareto frontier of the french language understanding .
@abdurrahmanbutler and I just dropped Legal RAG Bench, the first benchmark for legal RAG systems to simultaneously evaluate hallucinations, retrieval failures, and reasoning errors.
Our key takeaways are: 1. Embedding models, not generative models, are the primary driver of RAG accuracy. Switching from a general-purpose embedder like OpenAI's Text Embedding 3 Large to a legal domain embedder like Isaacus' Kanon 2 Embedder can raise accuracy by ~19 points. 2. Hallucinations are often triggered by retrieval failures. Fix your retrieval stack, and, in most cases, you end up fixing hallucinations. 3. Once you have a solid legal retrieval engine like Kanon 2 Embedder, it doesn’t matter as much what generative model you use; GPT-5.2 and Gemini 3.1 Pro perform relatively similarly, with Gemini 3.1 Pro achieving slightly better accuracy at the cost of more hallucinations. 4. Google's latest LLM, Gemini 3.1 Pro, is actually a bit worse than its predecessor at legal RAG, achieving 79.3% accuracy instead of 80.3%.
These findings confirm what we already knew at Isaacus: that information retrieval sets the ceiling on the accuracy of legal RAG systems. It doesn’t matter how smart you are; you aren’t going to magically know what the penalty is for speeding in California without access to an up-to-date copy of the California Vehicle Code.
Even still, to our knowledge, we’re the first to actually show this empirically.
Unfortunately, as we highlight in our write-up, high-quality open legal benchmarks like Legal RAG Bench and our earlier MLEB are few and far between.
In the interests of transparency, we have not only detailed exactly how we built Legal RAG Bench, but we’ve also released all of our data openly on Hugging Face. You can read our write up [here](https://isaacus.com/blog/legal-rag-bench), noting that we’ll soon be publishing it as a paper.
Kudos to my brother @abdurrahmanbutler for serving as the lead author on this monumental release.
What happens when you annotate, extract, and disambiguate every entity mentioned in the longest U.S. Supreme Court decision in history? What if you then linked those entities to each other and visualized it as a network?
This is the result of enriching all 241 pages and 111,267 words of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) with Kanon 2 Enricher in less than ten seconds at the cost of 47 cents.
Dred Scott v. Sandford is the longest U.S. Supreme Court decision by far, and has variously been called "the worst Supreme Court decision ever" and "the Court's greatest self-inflicted wound" due to its denial of the rights of African Americans.
Thanks to Kanon 2 Enricher, we now also know that the case contains 950 numbered paragraphs, 6 footnotes, 178 people mentioned 1,340 times, 99 locations mentioned 1,294 times, and 298 external documents referenced 940 times.
For an American case, there are a decent number of references to British precedents (27 to be exact), including the Magna Carta (¶ 928).
Surprisingly though, the Magna Carta is not the oldest citation referenced. That would be the Institutes of Justinian (¶ 315), dated around 533 CE.
The oldest city mentioned is Rome (founded 753 BCE) (¶ 311), the oldest person is Justinian (born 527 CE) (¶ 314), and the oldest year referenced is 1371, when 'Charles V of France exempted all the inhabitants of Paris from serfdom' (¶ 370).
All this information and more was extracted in 9 seconds. That's how powerful Kanon 2 Enricher, my latest LLM for document enrichment and hierarchical graphitization, is. If you'd like to play with it yourself now that it's available in closed beta, you can apply to the Isaacus Beta Program here: https://isaacus.com/beta.
One year after the “DeepSeek Moment,” open source has become the default. Models, research, infrastructure, and deployment are increasingly shared to support large-scale, system-level integration.
This final blog examines how leading Chinese AI organizations are evolving ,and what this implies for the future of open source.
✨ Sparse MoE:196B/11B active ✨ Supports up to 256K context ✨ Multi-token prediction for fast decoding (100–300 tok/s) ✨ Runs locally on consumer hardware