log_speech-recognition-community-v2_dev_data_en_validation_predictions_greedy.txt

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hi my name's loure bates and i run the everyday sexism project which for anybody who doesn't know what it is is a very simple webite that collects people's experiences ofdaily gender inbalance if anything on the spectrum fromthe more minor incidents that were often told to brush of and not make a fuss about all the ways through workplace discrimination sexual harassment to sexual assat and even rape i set the project op just under two years ago and we've now received fifty thousand entries from women in all works of life all over the world but one thing really shocked me and took me aback about the entries that started to flood in in the first months of the project and it's interesting because people often ask you know what were the most shocking entries and i think they expect me to reply that they were the most serious ones the most horrowing stories and of course those were awful and distressing to read but the thing that really shocked me the most was the number of entries that we receive from rearly young women from litle girls from university students it just wasn't something that i anticipated and nsome of those stories that i want to talk about today and o shas some of them with you today particularly because we're here in a beautiful university city and because just so many of the entries that we've received are suggesting that there is a real problem at uk universities i want to take you through some of the things that we've heard about some of the things that are being reported to us over and over and over again so this all really started and i kind of first noticed a real spike ing activity to the website the first time that freshest week came around so the first year that the website had been launched in april and suddenly when we hit freshest week i noticed that it was a massive surge in entries to the project and i remembr it started i remember really vividly with one email and it came from a girl who was about to start studying physics at a very highly respected london university and she fo fowarded me an email that she 'd receive from the physic society a her university and the email said fresh s lunch this would be mainly a chance for you to scope out who's in your department and stake your clim early on the one in five girls she wrote that she was going into an incredibly male dominated area already and so hre the boys in her year her maile peers were being sent the message from a university affiliated society no lss to view that female peers who were in the minority in this particular caurse very much as sexual pray and this was really just the beginning and so many messages and stories started coming in and often they were about fresh es week and events that were going on in freshes weeks so i actually started having a look at the events that were scheduled at uk universities that year and as you can see behind me these were just a few o the events that i found slagon drag tots and vickers pimps and hose gol prose and tennis hose sos and corporate hot wrappers and slappers geaks and slts and at almost every event the titlesends the message usually  events that were sponsored by oh in association with the universities that these students were studying at that men are cos prose geeks they're powerful they're talentd they're intelligent whilst women were being valued again and again by their sexualization alone and the messages we received were suggesting that this created a really serious sense of pressure for young women to dress in a certain way and it's important to say at this point that this was not about a kind of predish morality ban it wasn't about sayingwomen shouldn't dress in that way if they wanted to but whyshould it be a requirement it felt like fancy dress for the boys meant something fun meant dressing up in a whole variety of different ways bet every time for the girls there was a veryvery clear very narrow requirement of how they were expected to dress and it started to feel like it was about more than just a bit of fun and more like a kind of sexual pressure and this idea of sexual pressure was really backed up by a lot of the stories that we received about initiations and fresh as weak rituals and again obviously this is something that if people want to doe they cant an you know if it's a free choice and if people are choosing to kind of carry ut things and you talk about things being a bit of fun but many of the reports that we received made it oll sound quite millitant and the idea of freedom of choice is quite complex within this unique situation where for most students it was their first week of university for many of them it was the first time living away from home they were anxious to fit in they were keen to make new friends and it was very difficult t be the person standing up and saying no one girl wrote to us in a project entry one of the freshest events organized by our whols of residente were the girl and guy's pup crow we were split into one group of girls nd one of guys and each group went off on different pubcral rootes all the girls were encouraged to wear pink and dress slutty we had to come up with a slut ame which the oldes students encouraged us to write across our breasts upon ariving at each bar oe of the oldest students would shout out a word which was code for us to either flash our tits or our yce or dace in a seductive way in front of the men in the pub i didn't take part in this and didn't want to adopt or slat name i was told i was being too uptight and not getting into the spirit a freshest week the whole thing culminated in the irls and guys meeting up in the student union where we were infrmed that the oldest students had organized a competition with prizes one prize was for the slut who collected the most ties from the guys the other was for the lad whocollected the most brauze from the slunts i alked out on a scene of groups of drunk male students forcefully taking off female students braws another entry said i went out for the freshest night of one of the women' sports clubs our grip bumped into the men's rugby club in a bar they were putting that freshess through their initiation ceremony all the rugby freshes had their trousers around their ancles and were standing in their boxes they were ecouraged to pick one of us to grind with them one guy grabbed tme pulled me on the dance floor and then told me i had to grind on him or else he'd have to do a full fit when i refused he told me i was fridgid and grabbed a different preshure on the one hand i felt ashamed and embarrassed that i felt too uncomfortable to partake fully an wat was considered to be the fun of freshest week on the other i was kind of ashamed that i'd taken part in it at tool it wrer in my freshest week and left me feeling isolated and humiliated another student said it's very differentfor people who feel shy or uncomfortable you don't have a choice there were strict initiations and you just had to do what they said or you issed out another said one of the social initiations within the first month of ini was to down a bottle of beer tha a man was holding in his croach i didn't even realize wat we were going to do as we were facing the other way when they suddenly shouted down at beatch it was awful but i felt like such a wet blanket with everyone cheering on another we had an event as part of fresh st week where some of our friends went on stage a long line of girls was lined up and they had to take all their clothes off they would totalrace to strip then there were competitions where you had to do various sex positions they make it ola as a great thingbut you get pushed into it and it's not a matter of choice and these weren isolated incidents this isn't cherry picing after i started writing about this i was absoluely dalliaged with messages from students that universities up and down the country whoh'd experienced similar things and felt unomfortable or pressured and there was also a lot of evidence in what we were hearing to suggest that this kind of sexual objectification carried over beyond freshes weak beyond the initiations and the rituals a huge number of students mention specific competitions and point systems for sleeping with frshes particularly female freshes often coming from the oldest students he was supposed to be thare to look after them and help tem settle in one student described how at that cen enian there was an add up on the wool it was licoking for peple to help out with freshes weak it was a cartoon of a vulnerable looking girl with a slogan wanted to feel a little fresher another girl said i remmber when i was a fresher i had a couple of male students discussing a point system for sleeping with femail freshes while in the loondry ream another girl described a night where female freshes had to dress up as foxes male freshes had to dress up as hounds and the second and third year boys dressed as huntsman the idea was that the hounds had to catch their huntsmen a ox another student said at my university the freshest we crew are designed to help new students but they get points for scoring with freshes especially virgins we had about point scoring systems where people got bonuss points if they took the girl's virginity or brought her niccosine one student said it wa called seal clubing at her university at another i was called shocking and another it was simply called fofresher it seemed to be such a widely acknowledged practice that there were these colloquial names for it at different universities and the more you hear about this the les harmless it sounds and the more it sounds like part of something widr as one student pointed out when she wrote to us about a chan that her male pearce had a university tha was about slot schools and slags these are the worl leaders the siios and the politicians of tomorrow these are the attitudes about women in their place that are being drummed into them from the very farst week of university and it i important to say that these things do sometimes happen to boys too we had one entry from a fresha man who was falsed to watch pourn in his underwar while a fresher woman was told to sit on his lap to see if he got an erection but in the main the stories including the ones or men that came in because they were talking about what had happened to their female pears seemed to suggest that this sexualizedaspect and often this undercurrent of missogene of kind of making the girls do things that were somehow embarrassig or degrading focus much more on women an that the men's initiations seemed more to focus on things like drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or having to eat disgusting combinations of food so these again are not isolated incidents many f you will probably know that in the last year alone we've seen events using the slogan fuck me i'm a fresher premoted at more than one university in the uk students have reported being grouped grabed pursued and propositioned a part of fresh as weak events we have seen freshes week postery at one university that had a picture o it of a tshert with the words last night i was raping a woman and she cried we h've seen students who've been banned for playing a game called it's not rate if the lead's club knight freshes violation which wasadvertised on youtube using a video of a male prsher being asked what he was going to do at fresher's violation and saying that he was going to rape a female presure we've seen the video of lads on the bus joking and aughing about sexual assault and about miscarriges and the boys who went out in casual rape tesherts all in the last year alone so why does all this matter what's the big deal lemat is because according to a seve ippe by the national union students which looks specifically at female sguents experiences whilst at university one in seven experienced a serious physical or sexual assault twelve er was storked and sixty eight pern were victims of sexual harrustment at also mat is because most perpetrators were known to the victims and most perpetrators were students and it matches more thanever because only four percent of the female students who were seriously sexually assaulted reported itto thei academic institution and only ten  felt able to report it to the police and whenthey were giving the reasons for these lay reporting rates they were asked why didn't you they are able to report what happened fifty fifty ern said that they didn't report t because they were ashamed or embarrassed and forty thre percent because they thought they would be blamed for what happened so suddenly importantly this is where we come back to the freshest weak jokes and the initiations and the slag slot host lapper labels the prssure on female students to dress in a sertin way often by university affiliated knights the ideas that pressure to perpetuate the bunterous games about chasing female students down hunting them stripping that braze and then you look at the statistic that nearly an hundred of all students who didn't report a sexual assault were either ashamed or thought they'd be blamed and of course it's not a simple case of cause and effect of course it's not to suggest that a male's chene will go ito one of these events and suddenly go out and raple sexually asslt a female peer its more complex than that itis a case of saying against this backdrop what do we do given that we're dealing with a culture in which so many female students are experiencing sexual harassment and assault what would be useful given that we're dealing wth a culture in which female students feel unable to report and sexual assult isn't taken seriously how might these kinds of stereotypes be contributing to that problem and t that wider culture and to aaking about cultur you might have heard the term rape culture used recently it is used to describe a culture in which rape and sexual violence are common and in which prevalent attitudes norms practices and media normalize excuse tolerate or even condone rape and online this frequently focuses on students and young women thanks to websites like uni lad the lad bible and confessions of a uni student i'm talking about entire websites where even though most of the articles are about women you won't see a single femae name because they're replaced with wenches hos clunge skank slopy seconds pussy trump chick bird milfh slut and gash they're part of a groing culture in which the sexual targeting of female students aspray is actively encouraged even when it verges on sexual assult it's an atmosphere in which victims are silenced and purpetrators encouraged to seek crimes mrely as banter just part of being a lad these are websites with articles saying things like eighty five of rate cases go unreported that seems to be fairly godods websites which describe a female studrent who has said that she doesn't want to sleep with you as an obstacle course just a game to get around websites wheare posters talking about smashing a virgin and having blood stains to prove it and when criticized these sights in their own words tend to say get a fugking grip we're having a bit of harmless bunter a recent post that appeared on one of teir facebook pages describes a graphic incident of a ma knocking a woman clean out with one smack and leaving halfa dead on the side of the rait and yet this word bunter this cloak of irony is being used to excuse mainstream herific sexismthe normalization and belittling of rape and domestic vilence and it's a very clever way of silencing because if omething's a joke it's very hard to stand up to if you object to somethingand it's just a joke then you're being up tight the jokes are new you just don't have a sense of humour and the implication is that if something's a joke everybody gets it except you it isolates victims and makes it much harder to stand up too one female student who wrote to me said i don't find it funny these pages are not pages for jokes there are no punchlines they're not sexes jokes theyr just displays of sexism displays of mesogeny i find it threatening i find it terrifying this is not banta she asked to remain anonymou because she said i'm afraid of these people i'm afraid tht these attitudes that we thought were ebbing away are coming back with force i'm afraid that by taking a stand against pages like this i will mark myself as a target and again these are nisolated incidents the imperial college newspaper thelics printed a joke article which provided male students with a recip for the date rape drug were hitnal because they said it was a fool prief way to have sex on valentines day for heaper than the price of a huoker an exit to universit society printed a shagmag in which is speculated about how many calaries male students could burn by stripping fmale jenes naked without their consent at one university the cross team were given rules that stated membrs don't date that's what rape is for at another university the men's hockey team held an event where the theme was grate victims and it isn't just something that happens in club or when students go out it's something that's beginnig to become pervasive in all aspects of the academic experience you see pages like this on facebook where girls completely unwittingly in the university in the university library during their work find that their pictures appear lay tron on facebook we heard from one girl who said thatthere was a group of lads at her university that started an anonymous page where they talked about girls who were eating at the canten but she saidbecause they didn't know who the people were that were doing it she had a choie to make between not eating not going to the cantene or risking that her picture would end up on facebook with people talking about coming or over her breasts and on facebook as well this unter about abuse and violence and other places n line has also proliferated in recent years these next slides may be very distressing so they come with a trigger wounding for domestic violence and sexual assault if you feel you need to look away e o omee eel eeeeae e e e ease ee te we   e we m ed  we w and again thisis all part of the normalization of a society in which we joke about rape is a ciety in which sexual assult is just something to laugh about just bantage is part of being a ad and against that backdrop we get stories like these a male student at university with me outright told me i was having sex with him that night he was calling me a lag a slut and a hore he straddled himself across my legs and started pinning me against the seat folcing kisses on me and saying now i've got you another studnt said i was raipe to my second year university i had some great support from my family and some great therapy i thought this was the worst part but when i felt safe enough to tell my friends the question started was i drunk was i dressed slucterly did i know him had i let him on and in fact what happens is that boundaries begin to become so blurred that people aren't even aware of what they have the right to be protected from i often speak in univrsities all up and down the uk and i have a slide which just simply says the definition of sexual assult under uk law which is that if somebody touches you anywhere in your body and the touching is sexual you don't consent and they don't reasonably believe that you consent then it's a form of sexual assault but when i talk about it in universities young women come up to me afterwards saying that can't be a sxual assult because it's normal that can't be sexual assult because it's just what happens when i go out with my friends ecause there's a massive gap between what people are protected from under te lawr in what society is telling women particularly young women partcular university its just part of life and just somthing that they ought to be putting up with but we can't say no we can't stand up and we can shout back we have to start now no means no it doesn't matter what you'rewearing or where you are or who you've had sex within the past or whether you've been flirting it doesn't matter if it's somehone you know if it's late at night or if you're drunk nobody has the rght to touch you sexually without your consent so what an you do to play your part the important thing is that we need a cultural shift in attitudes in the way that we pereive women and everybody can be a part of that we can petition student unions and clubs to take a zero tolernce policy towards sexual harassment and groping w can speak up about consent and try to offset some of these normalized assumptions we can support students wh are sexually assulted to feel able to report it if they wan to we can all play part in influencing these social norms and the culture around us not letting the small  stuff slide because it's those mino incidents that contribute to the same attitudes about womn that lead to the big issues happening calling women sluts and slags giving them marks out of ten de humanizes them joking about rape and assault normalizes it so we have to speak up and our voiceis lodest when we raise them together thank yuli
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tendin tax is sately bestitendin teni tai etin eti diman res tand in la don't let my mosks scare you i'm just tryin to stay anonymous my name is anamic nagrik iam a proud indian and i have one problem with my country and the problem is why is india so filthy i've travelled outside india in neighbouring countries in asia my fiends have been to africa and we can all agree on one thing in india we tolerate filth on our streets but why we can send a rocket to mars but we can't fix this problem why do we keep our houses clean and our streets dirty even macdonald who has come to bangalog is cleaning he steps of its outlet out there but you can se how dirty it is outside they're either e incapable or unwilling to fix what's outside so what's the problem vya we like his and i think all of hurs in this audience know the answer it's not my problem ipay tax i wolt isn't that enough what more should i do and som of you will say okay i want to fix it i don't even know how to start let me take it to a dreamland in this dreamland there is no corruption the government is strong our budget goes up ten times do you think our cities will be clean what d you think and the answer is no i think we all realize thar't's not about money or systems it is abot us as a people look at this picure can someone shout out whach city use this from look closelly look at the furniture can you guess shout out what city is this it's not bangalor look closely again that the clew out here  the bank of india the other clew is that it's very poorly maintained there are pan stains everywhere this is the resaurant it is singapore and it is little india sinapore and what does this tell us about us what is singapore's brand image clenliness it isa fine city they enforce laws they are very affluent they care about their look but when a group of indians livs in one neighborhood we seem to bring down the civic standards we can beat the world's best ystems in fact i would like to say and i'm an indian e are the undisputed world champions of publi filt why do we need a policeman when we have a traffic light because ve ra society that doesn't like to follow rules in banglo dusbinds are not allowed you are expected to keep our gabbage at home till the collector comes but it doesn't seem to work so one neighborhold and bangalor indraniker said let' put dusbins so they put dusbins and see what appens we don't like to follow rules so all the gabbages outside the duspin now this is the problem wih us as a society we need to all admit that we are all ugly indians and more importantly only we can save us from ourselves and as long as we're in motinal about it we won't solve it and so do you think there s any hope what doyo all think a lot of people have given up the leaved the country the ste angated communities but ome people said no let us try and fix this problem inan indian way by understanding the indian psychology and so social experiments began on church street in bengalor in two thousand and ten but the idea was simple let us understand indian's behaviour from a point of view of culture behavioural psychology let's see whatit takes to make an ugly indian change but most importantly without him or her realiing it we don't like to be told what to do we are to be fooled into improving our behaviour can we nudged ugly indian towards better behaviour in public spaces and you may hve head of the broken windows theory which says that if a place is ugly it becomes uglier if a place is beautiful it commands respect thereis another theory in economics caled the tragedy of the commons hich means we care for our private spaces we don't care abut public speces india is a perfect example of both these theories and action this is coramangala that lady is throwing gabbage on the road in a beautiful part of an ubsilled neighborhood and why is she doing it because someone has already thrown before what can we do to make her change her behaviour without her knowing it this is a typical example of civic problems in india pan stands on the wall this is on the wall of deccandheadled newspaper in church street it has been like this forever because they esponse tains people urenit on it nobody walks in that footpart so a few people sad and observed it and tried an experiment this is what they did they painted the wall they panted a red band at the bottom they put some flowerports and incredibly there were no more pan stainson that wall and why because the person speeting pan is trying his best to be clean he chooses to spit into the pot if he by mistake spits in the orner the red color masks it once people stop pitting people actually go on the footpat it works there are dozens of balls in banglavere the red band at the bottom that has taken an indian solution to apply o an indian problem this is very common this is indranegord a young schoolboy is facing a deck trap we see this ver often has anyone of you ever seen a dead trap banglod is full of dead traps the little boyers to walk around look at that footpat and if you go and ask the residents the have complained for years nothing has happened three people said let's fix it this is what they did they actually went and fixed the footpat it has remained fixed for six months what's the message if you see a problem you will go o fix it nobody stops you you can actually make a change don't waist your time complaining little beans are a problem why someimes they look like animals they made a fiber class they catch fire with cigarettes some little bins are rusting they're falling on the grund and don't lithropins look so dirty that they actually bring down the estreticks of the place the late min is suppose to make it clean sometimes they're not they where you want them so people improvise they put letter in priase so some eople sat and said can we design a littebin that wil not get stolen that looks beautiful that people will usethat lasts through weather and actually improves the esthetics of the place and so they came up with something called the tere bin which is tha designer des bin this is on g road in hbanglo brigade road rather the beautiful part of it it is not stealable nobody wants it because it's made of materials nobody wants it works it looks clean and for the last three years there are two hundred dozbons across bangalo and it has worked because somebody applied his mind to solve a problem as a problem this is in front of itpl the dusbin is exactly where you need it near a bus top people luse it t has worked and this is the biggest problem of all open gabbage this is outside the korumangala club you ld think they would figure it out but they didn't and some people said let's make this as an example and this is what they did it has remained fixed it is not a photoup at all and the reason well known places are taken is that if people who are rich powerful and with social pressure cannot do it then there's something wrong with us this is outside the house of doctor rachkumar poor mr punite rachkomar has to see this every year he has got amazing socil power he coldn't fix it this is what was done and it has remained fixed for the last six months this is jpi nagur outside ambria's house again we hare chosen people who are important who can get things done but it required the public to do it this is outside a slum this is cowdung this is wher children wait for their school bus it's becomes a beautiful bustop this is outside of teck park every tuck park in banglo this is ae outearring rold it has got open drains there are billion dollar companies in there apparently nobody is willing to fix this they're all blaming somebody else a few people went male it a safe zone marle it a bus trop it's working and so the point is whether to islama tech parker an affluence zona you can make change this is in whitefield nearby thisis actually an open toilet that as slammet the back wir people who use their toilet that's a wine shop this is in the jagrati theatre i's crazy so some people from whitefield said let's fix itso they fixed it but what happened eople still threw gabbage you cannot fix a place by just painting it yo have to solve the underlying problem so on day two five people went to all the houses and said from tomorrow we will make a new sstem that ou don't need to put your gabbage on the ground see what happens what is interesting is that all the people the slam dwellers the wineshop owner the jagrati  the people in the apartments got together to solve a common problem they have never spoken to each other before they irse to complain to each other about ach other before when the community comes together to fix a common problem it is no longer a tragedy of the commons this is a vctory of the commonts and this particular project has spurnet many many more projects in wide field now look closely this is actly urin outside a wineshop indian men need to urnate and let's accept that let's not get emotional about it can we make them irinate in a digified way and rescue the public space so this is the wine shop that' uron outside the wine shop onnor couldn't be borthered it crated an innovation where someone said let's create a dignified wyfway for men to urinit and rescue our public space itresulted in something called the wander loo which is an open air uranal of private space the men euranete and the rest of the warl get rescued now who did all these projects look closely they are senior citizens that lady is in asvent sheis holding a crowbar there are retired army officers that are slam children at the wineshop owner they all came together and did this project there was no contract labor atolitors all done entirely by citizens and that evening people came in their car to buy their licqar and they use the rest oom in the open everybody's happy so everybody all the stakeholders in that spot eventally got what they wanted and even though they have hugely opposin ideologies they're getting along and that's the big message out here so what do you think is there any hope yeh that's good over four hundred such ports have been fixed but what's more interesting is ninety percet have survived and that's an excellent survival grade for problems that were so chronic no one even knew how to start solving them but how does it all work and that's what i'm here to tell you it' not about going and painting a wall thare is much more to it than that and the most important thing is this kam chalu muband oonly work nor talk ay muchko kelsa uchko it's as simple as that in india we talk too much we refuse t listen but if you decide to go and do and don't talk incredible things can be acieved don't lecture don't modelize don't ceate avenda drives don't tell people what to do don't act condescending and say i know the solution to your problem because it may not even be our problem at all if you take the leadothers will follow some of you may have been in protests an darnaz when you go on a protest some people join you some people ignoe you it's the same thing with good work if you go on to a disruptive positive anarchy some will ollow you some will ignore you but nobody will stop you so the only person stopping you from going out and doing good is yourself don't blame anybody else for stopping you don't xpect credit don't expect applaus stay anonyous don't take anybody's money use your own whtever your means are if a person a single person does somethng within his own means youill be surprised how many other people join you the moment you take money youare almost losing your independence gandigi famously said be the change you want to see there's slight problem with that with your respect to gandegi if the situation is hopeless you first need to see the change that they want to be to believe that they can even make the changeand that's where facebook has been fantastic every before after photograph goes on facebook people say nhow i's possible let me try it creating beliefs that arepathetic civic situation can improve is the biggest lesson that the ugly indian movement has learned focus on result not on who is doing it how it's being done if you ca deliver tit before after photograph you'are good if not and te facebook is a very brutal decider of whether the poject was good or not there are many myths about scial movements which've got broken volunteers are the asiest to get banglau has got thousands of people who come out n weekends and work these are not social activity the people who got regular jobs to take time out to work money is no problem at all many of the project shit were sowncosts less than three thousand rupies or sixty u s dollars if then people get together put three hundred roupies each you can fix a spot it's cheaper than going out for dinner or having coffee in one of banglod's upskill restaurants and the best part you can make a dramatic change without asking anybody else for hlp a lot of people are worried about the government the government loves it if the citizens engage this being taxis and voting is not enough if you come out and work te government loves it the banglor and the bbmp has takenthe first step in entering partnerships with citizen movements it is unprecedented in india and we are hopeful that other cities take notethat when the collective energies of the government emplies and the citzens are put on the common cause bhich is improving the ity dramatic change can happen we' spent too much time fighting with the government that should stop india is truly rising what began in banglor in church street four years ago quickly spread and now there are literally twenty to thirty teams in banglad operational all their work s on facebook and slowly across india there are thirty to forty cities kanpur agrad chennai yo just named the city people are coming out and you now the best part none of them know each other nobody talks to each other the only thing that counter as result so where ever you are go out and d something put posti to fo ugly indian if youre workd come an ugly and then you become famous on your street other people join you these are random photos sent by people kanpu ramet sir agrad charni everybody is trying to copy emulate what's happening elsewhere simple message if you want to change the world start with your own street if you want your street to change you should do t if you wate for somebody else to do it it may never happen and the choice is yours a question that is often asked hy are ugly endians anonymous so far i've revealed my gender because of my tone of voice and the language that i speak in which i'm proficient in bu you don't know what i speak at home you don't know my age you don't know my religion you don't know my cast you don't know my political views you don't know why whether i weare a pony taile or i have a tatue the problem with india is we make judgments on eople and not on the work they do and the reason the agly andin has worked is that the focus is only on results not who did it why are they doing it what are ther motivations anonimaty allows a lot of people to come and join the fold so the message here is stop being an ugly endian from today go out and do something do you think there's any hope i came here two days back with a friend to check out this hall this is howit look like outside where we are that's the footpat it says wer to school very helpfully so if the're going to school they should asically take that footpat  that's exactly outsite the hall this is what wo would normally do this is called the celta hiatitude i don't care it's not my problem i need to get from er to b ile jus jump overd we need to change from chalta here to com chalo so what did we do me and my friend went to a construction site we got some laborers we got some iron roads be fixed it so chalta he ga change to am chalu if i'm going to spend eighteen minutes doing mo chalu in this auditorium i said i will spend eighteen minutes woking outside and in eighteen minutes that place was fixed and when you go out today please walk on that footpat on the way to brigade school because it has got fixed just two days ago regot into the jerch of it just outside the entrance of this hall is an open electricity box with the gabbagesthey spent an hour and fixed it so when you go out today you will se work done by three people three days back because they felt they needed to do it the question to ask is have you build an impact n your street and we loved predix they said predix is a taukfest can predics do anything so two yays ago a hundred people from this audience came out and te a spot fix in banglo and that's the story we're going to share with you now this i kar circle one of banglo's favorite circles it's a beautifu place but with one problem pedestrians have to cross n the road that are underpasses there beautifully designed but the problem is they're either closed or if they ope they look like this that is urin that has not been cleane for years in the middle of the lady coming in is holding ar nose list look at this lady wher h's to alt for the man to cross she walks bravely holding her nose in a dark dingy uran filled room to get to work isn't that sad these girls are risking their lives and crossing to go to college because they don't want to use the underpass that girl is reading a book and taking a decision she 'ld rather walk on the road than go on the underpass thisgoal goes to college with ther noise closed that is the mayor of anglo we invited him to come and inspect this and he said weu ave tred for years to fix it can the public help an the public sries and so a group of public went in clean displace the mayor came and joined they transformed the subwa and for the last three weeks it's been running well this is hat it looks like now so two years ago the ded volunteers gemierthey're entering the subwey to check it out this is the clean subvey see how different it is look at how many people are walking they're smiling that it's a friendly place all it akes to convert a public speces a little bit of sincerity and effort and the public has rescued a subway they came here to see the change that they wanted to be and this is what they did in the next one hur  hundred people from this room actually went and cleaned up the subves this is well this is how they look then subways were painted as the sweek the subwys are being cleaned and come next week they will allopen six subways in classicl open because of eforts taken by people at dead this is what it looks like if i want to walk from the library to freedom park it's very difficult but what they've done now is banglor is a beautiful underconnected pedestrian walkways which are lyng dormant they hve been rescued we have kiar circlefor cars and we have a pedestrian circle for pedestrians so what do yu all think is there any hope all the people who worked on the spot fixed give yourselvs a big hind thank yous i i o
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de tin tittedbadote ber thetil beis etout there well i work at the setty institute that's almost my name setty searche for extra terrestrial intelligence in other words i lookfor aliens and when i tell people that at a cocktail party they usually look at me with a mildly incredulous look on their face i tryd to kep my own face somewhat dispassionate anda lot of people think that this is kind of n ideaistic ridiculous may be even hopeless but i just want to talk to you a little bit about why i think that the job i have is actually a privilege and give you a little better the motivation from m getting into this line of work if that's what you call it this hing whops can we go back helloh come in earth there we go  this is the owns valley radio observatory behind the cierra nevadas and in hune n ndan sixty eight i was working there collecting data for my thesis's kind of lonely it's kind of tedious yut's collecting data so i would amuse myself by taking photos at neither the telescopes or even of myself because  knat ight i would be the only hormonid within about thirty miles so here pictures of myself the observatory had just acquired a new book written by a russian cosmologist by the name of joseph schlavski and then expanded and traslated and edited by a little known coronel astronomer by name of karl sagen and i remembe reading that book and at three in the morning i was reading this book and it was explaining how the antennas i was using to measue the spinse of galaxies could also be used to communicate to send bits of information from one star system to another now three o'clock in the morning when you're all alone haven't had much sleep that was a very romantic idea but it was that idea the fact that you could in fact prove that there's somebody out there just using this same technology that appealed to me so much that twenty years later i took a ob at the sedy institute now i have to say that my memory is notoriously poorous an i've often wondered whether there was any truth in this story it was just misremembering something but i recently just blew up this old negaive of mind and sure enough there you can see the shlask in sagen burk underneath that analogue calculating device so it's true now the idea for ding this wasn't very old at the time that i made that photo the idea dates from nineteen sixty when a young astronomer by the name of frank drake used this antenna in west virginia pointed at t a couple ond nearby stars in the hopes of eves dropping on et now frank didn't hear anything actually he did but it turned out to be the us air force which doesn't count as extra terrestrial intelligence but drake's idea here became very popular because it was very appealing and i'll gt back to that and on the basis of this experimet which diddidn't succeed we have been doing seddy ever sice not continuously but ever since we still hven't heard anything we still haven' heard anything in fact e don't know about any life beyond earth but i'm going to suggest to you that that's going to change rather soon npart of the reson in fact the majority of the reasons why i think that is going to change is that the equipment's getting better this is the island telescope aray about three hundred and fifty miles from whatever seat you're in right now this is something that we're using today to search ret and the electronics have gotten very much better too this is frank drakes electronics in e nn nan sixty this is the iland telescoper ray electronics today some pund it with too much time on his hands has wreckoned that the new experiments are approximately one hundred trillion times better than they were in hon nand nd and sixty a hundred thillion times better that's a degree of an improvement that will look out on your report card okbut something that's not appreciated by the public is in fact that the experiment continues to get etter and consequently tends to get faster this's a little plot and every time you show a plot you lose ten percent of the audience i have twelve of these but  what i plodted here is just some metric that shows how fast were searching in other words we're looking for a needle in a haystack we know how big the hystack is it's the galaxy but we're going through the haystack no longer with a teaspoon but with a skip loader because of this increase in speed in fact hose of you who are still conscious and mathematically competent will note that this is a semi-log plite in other words the rate of increase is exponential it's exponentially improving now exponential is an overworked word you hear it on the media all the time they don't really know what exponential means but this is exponential in fact it's doubling every eighteen monthsand of course every card caring member of the digiradi knows thatthat's moor's law so this means that over the course of the next two thousand years we'll be able to look at a million star systems a million star systes looking for signals that would prove somebodys out there well  million star systems is that interesting i mean how mny of those star systems have planets and the facts we didn't now the answer to that even as recently as fifteen years ago andin fact we really didn't know it even as recently six months ago but now we do recent results suggest that virtually every star has planets nd more than one they're like you know kittens you get no you get a litter you don't get one kitten you get a bunch oky so in fact this is a pretty accurate estimate of the umber of planets in our galaxy just in our galaxy byte way and i remind the non astronomy majors among you that our alaxy is only one of one hundred billion that we can see wth our telescopes that's a loud a real estate but of course most of these planes are going to be kind of worthless like you know mercury orneptune neptune's probably not very big in your life so the qestion is what fraction of these planets are actually suitable for life we don't know th answer to that either but we will learn that answer this year thanks to te nasa's kepler's space telescope and in fact the smart money which is to say the people who work on this project the mart money is suggesting that the fraction of planets that might be suitable for life is maybe one in a thousand one in a hudred something like that well even taking the pessimistic estimate that it's one and a thousand that meas that there are at least a billion cousins of the earth just in our own galaxy now i've given you a lot of numbers here but thery'are mostly big nmbers oka so you know keep that in mind there's plenty of real estate plenty of real estate in the universe and if we're the only bit of real estate in which there are some interesting occupants that make you a miracle and i know you'd like to think you're a miracle but if you do science you learn rather quickly that every time you think youre a miracle you're wrong so probably not the case i so the bottom line is this because of the increase in speed and because of the vast amount of habitable real estate nd the cosmos i figure we're going to pick up a sigal within two dozen years and i feel strongly enough about that to make abet with you either we're going to find et in the next two dozen years or i'll buy you a cup of coffee so that's not so bad i mean ether with two thousand years you open up your brows and there's news of a signal or knw yo get a cup of coffee now let me tell you about some aspect of this that people don't think about and that is what happens suppose tht y nwhat i say is true i mean who knows but suppose it happens suppose sometime in the next two dozand years  we pick up a faint line that tells us we have some cosmic company what is the effect what's the consequence ow i might be at ground zero for this i happened to know what the consequence fr me would be because we've had false alarms this is neteen ninety seven and it's a photo i made it about three o'clock in the morning in mountain view here when we were watching the computer monitors because we had picked up a signal that we thought this is the real deal and i kept waiting for the men in blck to show up righ i kept waiting for i kept waiting for my mam to call somebody tho call the government to call nobody called nobody called i was so nervous tha i couldn't sit down i just wanowandered around taking photos like this one just for something to do well at nine thirty in the morningwith my head down on my desk because it obviously hadn't slept all night the phone rings and it's the new york times and i think there's a lesson hin that and that lesson is that if we pick up a signal te me the media will be honored faster than a weasel on ball bearings it's going to be fast ok ou can be sure that no secrecy okay that's what happens to e it kind of ruins my whole week because whatever i've got plann tha week kind of out of the window but what about you what's it going to do to you and the answer is we don't know the answer we don't knw wht that's going to do to you not in the long term and not even very uch in the short term i mean that would be a bit like asking chris columbus in foteen ninety one hey kereas what happens if it turns out that there's a continent between here and japan where you're sailng to what will be the consequences for humanity if that turns out to be the case i mean chris probably would offer you some some answer that you might not have understood but it probably wouldn'thavebeen right and i think that to predict what finding et is going to mean we can't predict that either but hereare a couple of things i can't say to begin with it's going to be a society that's away in advance of our own you're not going tohear from aili in niender thaus they're not building transmites they're gong tobe ahead of us maybe by a few thousand years maybe by a few million ears but substantially ahead of us and that means if you can understand anything that they're going to say then you might be able to short circuit hitory by getting information from a society that's way beyond our own now you might find that a bit hyperbolic and maybe it is but nonetheless it's conceivable that thi will happen and ou knwyou could consider this like ont know giving julious cesar english lessons in the key to the library of ongress it would change as day thats one thing another thing that's for sure going to happen is that it will calibrate us we will know that we're not that miracle ight that we're just another duck in a row we're not the only kids on the blok and i think that that's philosophically a very profound thing to learn we're not a miracle oky the third thing that it might tell you is somewhat vague but i think interesting and importnt and that is if you find a signal coming from a more advanced socity because they will be that will tell you something about our own possibilities that were not inevitably domed to self destructionbecause they survive their technology we could do it too normally when you look out into the universe you're looking backin time right that's interesting to cosmoloist but in this sense you actually can look into the future hazily but you can look into the future so those are al the sorts of things that would come from a a detection now let me talk a little bit about something that happens even in the meantime and that is sedy i think is important because its exploration and it's not only exploration it's comprehensible exploration nw i got to tell you  yalways reading books about explorers i find an exploration very interesting arctic exploration yknpeople like majellan amonson shackleton you see franklin down there scott all these guys is really nify expression theythey're just doing it because they want to explore and you might say oh that's kind of a frivolous opportunity but that's not frivolous that's not a frivolous activity because a you think of ance you kn't most answer a program to follow one another along in a long line but they'r couplnts maybe one percent of those ants that are what they call pioneer ants and hey're the ones that wander off they're the ones you find on the kitchen countertop yougind of get tem with your thumb before they findthe sugar or something but those ants even though most of them gt wiped out those antswer the ones that are essential to the survival of the hive so exploration is important i also think that exploration is important in terms of being able to address what i think is a critical lack in our society and that's the lack of science literacy the lack of the ability to een understand science now look a lot has ben written about the the pourible state of sciece literacy in this country h you've heard about it well here's one example in fact poles akn this pols taken ten years ago  chouse i like a roughly one third of the public thinks that the aliens are not only out there we're looking for a out there but they're here ih sailing this guys and their saucers and occasionally abducting people for experiments thir parents wouldn't approve of well that would be interesting if it was true ind job security for me but i don't think te evidence is very good that's more sad thand significant but there are other things that people believe that are significant like the efficacy of homeopathy or that evolution is just  nsortofa crazy idea by scientists without any legs or evolutionary yoknowthat all that sort of thing are gloal warming these sorts of ideas don't really have any valiity that you can't trust the scientists now we've got to solve that problem because that's a critically importantproblem and you might say well oky how rewe'r going to solve that problem wash steady welllet me suggest to you that seti obviously can't solve the problem but it an address the problem it can address the problem by getting young people interested in science look science is hard it has the reputation of being hard and the facts are it is hirghd and that's the result of four hundred years of science ght i mean n the eighteenth century in the eighteenth century you could become an expert on any field of science in an afternoon by going to a library if you could find a libray i in the th century if you had a basement lab you could make major scientific discoveries in your own home right because it was all this scientist lying around waiting for somebody to pick it up well that's not turu any more today youre got to spend years in grad school and postdox positions just to figure out what the important questions are it's hard there's no doubt about it and in fact here is an example they hegs bose on finding they hegs bose on ask the next ten people you see on the street hey do you think it's worth while to spend billions of swiss franks looking for the higg's bos on i'm gat the answer youre going to get this well i don't nowhat the higs bozan is and i don'tknow if it's important and probably most of the people wouldn't even kow the value of a swiss frank oky and yet we're spendin billions of swiss franks on this problem oso that doesn't get pople i interest in science because they can't comprihend what it's about saiti on the one hands really simple we're oing to use these big an tennets we're going o try an ese drop on signals everybody can understand that yes technologically it's very sophisticated but everybody gets the idea so that's one thing the other thing is it's xciting science it's exciting because we're naturally interested in other intelligent beings and i think that's part of our hard wiring i mean we're hard wired to be interested in in beings that might be if you will competitors or if you're a romantic sort possibly even mates oky imen this is anallego to our interest in things that have big teeth right we're interestd in things that have big teeth you can see the evolutionary value of that and you can also see the practical consequences by watching  animal planet you knowthey make very few programs about gerbals it's mostly bad things that have big teeth oka so we're interested in these sorts of things and not just us it's also kids this allows you to pay it forward by using this subjectas a hook to science because stedy involves all kids of science obviously biology obviously astronomy but also geology chemistry various scientific diciplines all can be presented in the guys of we're looking for et so to me this is interesting and important and in fact it's my policy even though i give a lot of talks to adults yo give talks to adults and two days later they're back where hey were but if you give talks to kids  kn one and fifty of them some light bulb goes off and aand i think j i'd never thought of that and thenthey go  read a book or a magazine or whatever they get interested in something now it's my theory s supported only by anecdotal prsonalanecdotal evidence but nonetheless that kids get intereste in something between the ages of eight and eleven tey' got to get them there so al al right give talks to adults that's fine but i try and make ten percent of the talks that i give try and make those for kids  i rememer when a guyd came to our high school ose actually my junior high school i was in  sixth grade and he gave some talk all i remembered from it was one word electronics there's al like dust and half mint in the graduate right when he said plastics whatever that means plastics s th guy say electronics  no i don't emember anything else in fact i don't remember anything that my six grade teacher said all year but i remember electronics and so i got interested in electronics an younoi g i've studied to get my hamb lie sice i was wiring up stuff here i am at about fifteen or something doing that sort of suf ok that ad a big effect on me so that's my point that you can  have a big effect on these kids in fact this remins when a cupl of years ago i gave a talk at a school in paloalto where they were about a dozen eleven year olds o  come to this talk i'd been brought in to talk to these kids for an hour eleven year old they're all sitting in a little semicircle looking up at me with big eyes and i started there was a whipe board behind me ad i started off by writing a one with twenty two zeroes after it and isaid i now look there are the number of stars in the visible universe and this number is so big there's noteven a name for it and one of these kids shot up his hand and he said whey actually there s ta name forwaid it's a sext quadro hexter osomething or ather rightnow that kid was wronged by fou orders of magnitude but there was no dauta about it these kids were smart okyso i stopped giving te lecture all they wanted to do was ask questions in fact my last commentis to these kids at the en i said you know you kids are smarter tan the people i work with now they didn't even care about that what they wanted what they want was my email address so they could ask me more questions so a wa just say look my job is a privilege because we're ing a special time previous generations couldn't do this experiment at all i in another generation down the line i think we will have succeeded so to me it is a privilege and when i look in the mirer you know the facts are that i really don't see myself what i see is the generation behind me these o some kids from te hough school fourth craters talked there what two weeks ago somehing like that i think that if you can instill some interest in science and how it works well that's a payoff beyond easy measure thank you very much e  elo ii  niiiet  mot
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bad chatren du si  noty oroan o ne el leta poof owhat do your digital footprint say about you what do i mean by digital footprint i mean all the stuff that we leave online the digital tracks and traces the stuff that makes up other people's perception of who we are as well as our own some of those things are really visible and somef them are really invisible soe of them are the things that youyouve watched the trail of things you'v watced on yechib that recommends something else some of themhings like your search history but losts of the things tht weall lave online or stuff that are entirely within our control and rabout our own of creative process so i want you to start off by thinking about what the last thing that you shed on line was now this might hve been two or three minutes ago this mighthave een  hours ago this migt have been days ago what was that las thing that you shared it mightav bensometing on facebork it mightv be someing on snapchat i know that i just protecd a tweet automatically because id like to be a little bet smug when i'm speaking but what was that last thing what does thatthing me about you if someone is looking a that what does that tell you does that tell you that tell mem what yo ag is it tellng about your interests maybe it sys something that's really positive or quirky so again'm being a bit smug this is baking of mine maybe it shows that you've got interest maybe it shows tat you do a particular kind of job maybe it shows a particular kind of hobby that you have maybeth'e somthin you'd really want to show to the world someting really positive so if someone looks at that yo'dthink brilliant i recognize that person as myself and i think that's what id would like to portray people and maybe you'r portraying different parts of yourself to different kinds of audiences so evan gofman writes about having different kinds of identities for different kind of contexts so resenting yourself inst of onstage ways and off staeways  just being of stage i just come on stage it feels very relevant right now but sometimes you have to ave different kind of idenities and they don't always stay totally separate and in fact some other things shawe on line may be then not presentingyo exactly how you'd want to do it so this is my polite version of sharing something slightly inappropriate online this is my cat godfry he's on twittor an instagram please don't judge me o jodge mik that's oky you might be sharing stuff you don't really intend to get a wider airing ani'm god foree's not to embarrass althogh i have to say t didn't ask his consent to use his image which i really should of but maybe something gets out of hanry somethng goes ton ordent you don't expect it to get se and then your idetity starts to be this slight model of things tat areintended for different kinds of audiences you get this idea of context collapse where your friends and your colleagues and people who you run wy  people who you you create croft with may be they all converge in the same space they all start to see ifferent parts of your identity and that's quite challenging andwn you're showing  social media that's really likely to happen your parents might be on vaceberg people who you don't know mo internet is people who you do know when you're sharing stuff in anonymous spaces you have to be thinking about what the identity is projecting about you and what you wanted to project about you and it's tochs about what you share nd where you shar it it's also who you share it who share it with ou can choose but most of us don't choose to so we ben doing some research with students at the university of etinburgh and we've been asking them tell us how they use socia media how they think abot their identity online and sixty oneof them very very rarely check their privacy settings and five per of them have found something online that they did not want to see they thought it being taken away tdidn't thnk they posted it so prosy settings and who you share with and the circles tha you share with matter you share to these networks they share further on you have control of that but most of us choose not to exercise that and that's kind of interesting so we have tese footprints we have these things are visible we have thes things thtare invisible we also create other people's footprints for them but we don't always think about it that way so we have in all of these social media platforms te ability to attack people and that's great that's lovely you can say you're all in te same place and it's really good until yo've turned down this one ivitation to do something quite important and someone tags union event somewhere else that's not so great  soeone taked ing a photo and it's not a good photo now some a hit has a really serious consequence a lot of trainey teaches particulaly in the usa found that pictures of them drinking not drinking under eds just drinking when that stoved in the twenties have been enough to impact on their employment potential because that's an image that the employers don't want to have of them sometimes it is much less important that some of its like you haven't got me at the right side i don't like that picture that picture is not very flattering that might jes do though you have to respect people's witches and we're still trying to figure out this etticat about what we tag what we share how our ditial footprints are constructed and how we are constructing by other people every day so again when we did research thouse students eleven of peple said they had been tagged in an unwanted way in a photgraph eleven per as a huge number and gain theme at the seriousness potentially there are some professioal bodies and things that from the moment that you start university omethin's from before that your presence on line actually is part of your professional identity student nurses are ost in the day they start university to consider themselves a professional that is how they supose to present themselves online that's a really big ask i have to say so the stuf tht you're sharing now the stuff that you share every day can have longterm consequences the thing is though i'm standing a bit scary and i lve social media i am on all of the social media if you google me you will find me all over the place i totally love these things they are creative fantastic tools they are like a big john yaun shop for iministit and it's a huge sweet of things that its be creative and wonderful and create marveless things i am not going to diswade you from setting stuff up thre can be really good things about being present online again with our studens in the research sixteen  of them hadhad approaches for jobs for volunteering opportunities because of having presence online i've had professonal oportunities because i shae cooking pictures it can be really fantasticto build up your network it's a really positive thing as longas youre being deliberative and thinkg by what you're doing because once something is out there it's really hard to get it back these things the gors of hands they grow they network you ent up with this big tangle of things if you want to take back a post you might delite it i one place it might havebeen copied to somewhere else if you want to get something removed you might have to ask your friends to kindof reforget it was ever there and to remove a screenshot of it as well it's not that easy to take stuff back once it's out there it's not impossible the stuff tt i post yo n o s a teenager on line just about young enough to expose thisef on limon as a teenager that has dis appeared and some of it i'm pleased bout some of thit i really miss but you have to assume stuff was they corrand a little bit and trying t cut it back is difficult so i want you to think ten years ahead it's two thosanad twenty six i have no idea what state the world is in especially for the last few weeks thing head is twosad twenty six what does the digital footprint of stuff that you are leaving now say about you i it saying the right things itis that history of you ecause we will all have a history of us recorded in lots of different places what does tht say about you is it what you want ed to and whn you post something next time i want you to think about tat i want you to think this thing that i'm sharing this post tis comment it might be silly it doesn't moghto be serious having a personality is ninety percent of what social media's ar about being fun and lively is fine but i wan't othink about what are you creating you creatin smethng beautiful and complex like this stale chill huli glass sculpture maybe you can't see everything maybe different audietcs see different things but interesting and comple and a brilliant presentation of you that's watwe ned to think about when you think about making a digital footprnt for the future and i won't youo think aout that when you're thinking about how you deal with stuff that you don't wnt to stay online forever just to be thinking about the longterm view of it it might be femiral it might stitk around forever but always be thinking how do i make my digital footprince say the right thing about me and how can i make that a choice that i've taken cotrol of thank you e in o e a sh
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thes is marton diton barti ditir bartn into artiten aretin inton batn ie baretin on ten ot my name's jame and i'm an experimental particle physicist and what that means is that i get together wth a few thousand of my closest colleagues and we take the smallest possible things in nature and we acceleate them up to the highest possible speeds and we slamp them inteach other to se what happens and the reason we do this is because we'relooking for things that mankind has never seen before at ha very undamental physical scales and so i'm here to share with you what something caled a dark photon is but to do so i need to set a little bit of historical context that was an unsuccessful collict there we go i needas sayd a little bitof a historical context and to flashback to  eighteen ninety four whone eminent physicist albert michaelson said the following he stood in fron an audience fronat the universit of chicago and he said the following the more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered and these are now so firmly establishd that the possibility of ther ed ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedngly remote a couple of decades previous electricity and magnetism had been shown to be two parts of the same force electro magnetism and this was considered such a gigantic break throgh at the time that there was a prevalent attitude amongst a lot of physicsts that this is pretty much it and the rest were some minor details but sometimes i wonder if people like this michaelson didn't need to because we'rve gad to get the nobel but i wonder sometimes if people like this say things like this with such definitive authoritys just so they can ensure their place in history as like grand historical straitmen so that we ca e look back a hundred years later and marvel at how completely wrong they were a different albert nineteen o five special relativity n n te n and iteen genral relativity and in thei early decades of the een hundreds quantum mechanics and then the need to put quantum mechanics together with relativity led to something called quantum field theory and any one of these things by themselves is sh t required such a complete paradigme shift and our understanding of nature it's very basic scales that it's hard to imagine how michaelson could have been more wrong in his pronouncement and so then  tithis quantum field theory that we ame up with as was the language that llowed us to understand that had this amazing intrplay between theory and experiment in paricle physics and physics  in the h century that culminated in this thing that we call the standard model of particle physics and sit'is essentially a list f all the particles the fundamental particles that we know and the ways that they interact and it's nicely summarising this diagram from the movie particle fever it doesn't have any significance begand it's just a really nice way to put it down on a slide and essentially have two basic classes of particles yo have the outer ring which is matter particles and they are quorks in the electron and tenyu hav this inner ring which is populated by the so called force carring particles orgage bozons and so this is its an amazing san almost shockingly successful experimental theory so much so that it actuallyearns that name the standard model capital s capital m and the but i think maybe a few ears may have purked up when i said that word boson anyone anyone hear heard of the higgs boson okay so for those of you whi haven't heard of the higgs bose on perhas you know by its more sensationalistic name the kanye particle sorry the god particle so physicists don't care much for that name because it obscures the truly awsom nature of this particle but netheless in july of two thousand and twelve xcuse me two of the collaborations two of the experiments at the large hadrung colider at last the one that i work on and ms a complementary experiment he large headrunk lider at sern near jeneva annonced the discovery of tis brand new particle  the higs bows on andit's the hcbn men tis discover is amazing triumph it was the cumbination of decades of work by thousands of physicists and it really was it really was a fantastic triumph and it was the last remaining piece of the standard model puzzle to be pluged in and so you might think that n once this was plgged in we all kind of turned to each other and said whow is in this great finally a hundred and twenty years later but we finally o reached the end michelson's dreamed of tend of physics is this what we said to each other absolutely nt we know for a fact that the standard model is not the complet picture it is amazingly successful but it cannot be the complete picture of nature at its fundamental scales this interpla between  theory nd experes and also we've learned our historical lesson not to say things like that the but we also know that this interplay vyou can thit  between theyare an experiment and these aazing paradygmes sut that happene in the tweneth century also went over to oter related fields of physics and so we know for the fact that the standard model is in omplete but it's so experimntly successful that any new new thing that comes has to build upon it it still has to be true at the end of the day and i can so the barrier that we face now in partice physics is not the same one tha was in the es the one that michelson has positive the question of as to whether we should even bothered to keep searching for new physics excuse me the barriar we face now is lightly differen it's the question of how to keep searching for new physics and i'll giveyou a flavor of what i mean by showing you an aeral view wops an aerial view of the large hadrunk lighder so this is a twenty seven kilometer around tunnel on the border of france and switzerland one hundred meters under the ground but to make it more local this is what it wuld look like around laure manhattan and so at the lhc we collided two beams of protonsthat the highest energies mankind has ever used in a colyder xperiment thirteen terror electron volts so this give you aa sense of the scale  and we have these two beams in anynyand the place where we we focus them tgether and a clide them we build a big detector there and so so this gives you a sense of the scope of some of these experiments and to get up to higher energies to the igher energies where the new revolutionary physics may be hiding w need to build bigger machines and so this is the next generation of machines they're plann to be something like an hundred kilometers around and colide particles that are ane hundred terra electron bots but is that it is that the only direction we can go and absolutelytit has to happen and ths is this is being planned and this is absolutely the thig  that needs to be done but is that the only direction we can go the answer is no and this is where somethng caled the dark photon comes in this gamma is the symbol we often use for a photonand the dee just means dark and so thisis were a dark photon comes in but before we talk about a dark photon we shold probably familiarize ourselves with the regular photon so the regular photon you know quite well it's the as you may have heard  depended on how you look at it light behavers as eiter a wave or a particle it has properties of both and the photo on is the particle manifestation of like and so when you'r camera takes a photo please if you have cameras tke them out and take a photo of me posing like this and your camera will take yo the wer o some of yur seking a photo your camera with that with that photo is is collecting a few billion photons whn you're standing outside at noon  the square metere around you is absorbing something like a thousandbillion billion photons a second very bright and coherent photons make up lasures and the some of the dimmest photons we know are those that have been travling for fourteen billion years from a fraction of a second after the bg bang and are just now arriving to be collected and studied by astronomers the most energetic photons we know of come from astrophysical sources like hypernovay and the least energetic that we know of are the ones that carry these soft rock hits of the s via am radio so you're very familiar with regular photons or at least you think you are because as a particle physicist we have a different slightly different way of thinking about photons in addition to all these things it's also a special type of frce carrying particle and to give you an apreciation of what i mean by that i have to take a brief foray into colider physics and into quantum field theory but i promise it will not be painful because you already basically kow wat a collision is so you lrealy kn what microscopic collisions are so if you take two billiard balls they smack together and fly apart great in physics we'like to keep track of things as they evolve in time so we'regoing tolook at this same collision on a billiard table as it evolves in time so  at some point in time the balls are faced far apart they get closer tgether they smack together and fly upart and we draw lines through this and this givesus a trajectory of this collision as it happened in spacetime oky so but these builliard balls are moveing pretty slow and ththey're pretty large so if we want to go to the very very smallest fundamental scales the smallest uncuttable particle scales and if we want to go up to the highest energy o the highs highest speed is possible like almost the speed of light then the rules change because quantum field theory takes over there and you can't think of colisions in the same way so instead of builliard alls let's colide something another protocole that you know quite well and that we use quite a bit in calider physics the electron  electron an its antiparticle deposit run as time goes on they get closer together something happens and then n electron depositor on come of theother side ok what that something happens can be as a collision and it can take a few forms one of them is that they can pass right by each other it's not very interesting one thing they can do is  they can actually aniolate and create a new particle  according to the very strict rules of quantum field theory and this particle can then split into other particles another thig they can do though is they can get close enough to each other so that they feel each other and i feel i main they feel a force much like one planet can be said to feel the gravitational force o another one as they go around each other this electron depositiron can be said to fiel the electromagnetic force between them and in the particle leve what that means t they're actually exchanging another type of photonist the type of particle a special type of particle a force carrying particle and for electromadnitism this is th photon each one of the forces has a force carring partiles associated with it but is that all of them the answer is no this development of this standard model in the th century let us to understand that there wre other fundamental forces that we had missed before and oneof them wascalled the strong force this was discovered and this is the one that holds corks bounded to protons and neutrons and hence keeps your body from flying apart and keeps the sidewalk from from dissolving underneath your feet and its forece carer is caled the gluon appropriate name th the one of te other forces we found is called the weak force and the weak force you probably best know is responsible for radio active decay and it's kind of an oddbalxe case it has three different force carrying partile associated with it the w plus w minus and zbozons but is that all of them the answer's that we don't knw there actually could be other fundamental forces out there bt because so many people  physical forces becuse so many people hav been working on this for so long so many clever people and so many much clever than i and so many somany great so many experiments performed we have narrowed down th possible way that we could have missed new forces and hence new force carrying particles to a very few one way is if the particles are supermassive and what i've ben by mass is not the typical  ik massive bouncer at a bar type colloquial sense would mass at the particle level its an intrinsic property of a particle and so th so what i mean by mass an if you remember eequals emse squared this indicates an equivalence beween energy and mass and so we often measure we often express the masses of fundamental particles in terms of energy so you'll see this giga electron volt here and so the proton is not a forse carrier but it's a paticle you know quite well the proton has a massive about one gigga electron bot the newly discovered higgs particle has a mass oabout one undrd and twenty five times that and then the most massivefundamental particle we know of is the top work and it has a massive abut one hndred and seventy two times that and but for reference the w z force carriers have masses closer to the higgs and the electoron has a super small mass ok so one way we could have missed new force carrying paricles as if they're just supermassive we haven't built a large enough kalider with enough energy to get up there like i said we hae to build a larger colider to get the higher energies to find the new particles andlike i said that costs money that's not where you go and getthe money athait costs money to get up there and so tis evening is that the only way no another one of the very very few ways we could avemissed new physical forces as if thtat we could ave missed them so far is that they have a very small mass smaller thanthe mass of the proton and if they interact very very slightly with our everyday electromagnetic word or everyday world and you might thik that desn' make any sense because i just saidthat to get to the higher the higher masses we need more money so why haven't we covered the broake end of the spectrum already the answer comes from the fact that from that very very slightly interacting thing so what i mean by that is that the most important force  i went on the forces that we know the most important force to us n terms of physics in terms of experiment is electromagnitism because it's the only one we can do anything directly with o in terms of instrumentation so if some new physics effect doesn't eventually result in an electromagnetic interaction we won't know about it oky so so if nature had forinstance conspired to hide some new force from us new force carrying particle that had a very very small mass and that alo interacted really really slightly with our everyday electromagnetic world so sligtly we never see it before it would have escaped the deection of al the previous experiments so this is by contrast to the regular photon we call it the dark photon kso this w'ld be a new force carrier so okay you might be thinking ththat's all well and good man but this is like a staff n the dark you have any external motivation for this beyond just it might exist i mean he latter things might exist that's a groad question i like the way yu think and the answer is yes there's a lot of motivation i'm oing to focus on jus one thing it's because this dark actually has something to do with dark matter so we al lik to look at hobble photographs so take your favorte spiral galaxy count of ouf the stuff you can see that gives you the amount of luminous matter in the galaxy now go dow apul out your favoritetext book on gravity and take that number and put it into the eqation that tells you how fast a star should be moving  as a function of how far away from the center of the gauts it is you'll get this prediction k now go down to oa local astronomer and get her to measure those speeds of those particles they're totally off from the prediction this meas the t has to be more stuffed there than what we can see and i it's not luminous it's dark that's where dark matter is word dark matter comes from  now' go down to our local astrophysicist and ask her to show you the energy budget of the universe she'll tell you that there's over that's the breakdown of all the stuff that exists in the universe ish'll tllyouthte'is over five times as much dark matter as there is regular matter now got hon to your local particle theorist and ask her what dark matter is she'll tell you we don't kno we have a lot of ideas though and so on the experimental end there are a lot of people looking for dark matter directly direct detection not necessarily s colider physicist like me bu other direct detection  dark matter experiments and excuse me and they have seen some weired things and so i don' have time to go into be here but i'm just goingto tell you you get the dark matter experimenexperimentalist in to the room with a particle theorists get them to talk together and compare notes and work it out eventually the particle thotries will turn toyou and she'll say yea know if there we a low mass if the were a new force carrying particle that had a mass a little less than the mass of the proton and if it w interacted really really slightly with our everydayworld this would explain a lot of the dark matter craziness that she seen  the dark matterexperimentalist and then asas a particle as a clider pasiico go that's a dark photon i might be able to create that in the clyder experiment so partially because of its relationship to dark matter partially for other reasonsthey dont have time to go into d yes partially just because this field of dark photon searching has heated up quite a bit in the last few years so this is the state of things as of like two thousand and eight and that white space completely unexplored and that's exactly wher a dark photon should live if it's going to help explain these dark matter anomalies now flash forward to today just six years laer this is the state of things  those shaded regions re exclusions places where dar dark photon can't live ad the open lines are planned experiments to take place in the net few years so what changed some theorists in fact natalia toro philip shooster ruben essig and james orkan pointed out that we can't indeed look in this space for adark photoon and we can do so on the cheap they made some calculaions and they made the observation that we can use existing fixe target facilities that were built for other particle physics purposes to look for this dark photon and so this is where all thexperimentals we rub er hands together and say yes this is good we can do this and so these experients are all over the world they're in russia they're in germany ithey'r in italy they're in california and there are actually three experiments taking place that are planned to happen at at a facility in virginia called thomas jefferson national accelerator facility or jefferson lab i' ging to focus briefly on one caled apex becase that's the one that i work on so jefferson lab b bycontrast to the lhc where we collite two beams of protons at really high energies like terror electron volts at jefferson lab it's one bioom of electrons that you get up to the gigga electron vot it's gev scale and then that beam of electron goes into an experimental hall okand then once it goes int  experimental hall this is what itlooks like for apex the beam comes in over my head it goes into to this target anclosure and then where you hold a chunk of metal fixed so what happens wen the electrons encounter the the chunk of metal  let's look at he diagram so the collectio a chunk of metal is a dense collection of atoms with large nuclei and so when an electron comes in it gets close to the nucleas they feel each other and they exchange a photon then as the electron bends around this nucleus it spits off anothe photoon which splits into a couple of particles the weekan detect ok hen  we detect those particles ha we calculate the mass of the particle they came from and then we've bin those up and overwhelmingly it's just a background noise shape h smooth background shape but occasionally if a dark photon exists you'll creat a dark photon instead very very rarely and so yu look abuch as an actual mass and so you're lookingfor a tiny bump on top f this smooth background thing so we did this for the apx expeiment in in july of two thousand and ten where we held a testrun approve e concept testrum and in an ideal world we would have seen sometng like this you don't hve to work too hard to convince somebody that that's like a bop but that in fact a simulation and what we saw wis this and if you think that doesnt look like anything you write that was just a background spectrum and in fact the thing we'd be looking for would be a much suttler effect to lok closer to the one on the right than the one on the left but so we did not see  dark phote on other wise you wold hve heard about it but we did rule out a small space whereone can live and we proved the feasibility of the experiment which will happen sometime in the next couple of years but like i said other experiments are looking too so this dark photoon race is on so so finally what is a dark photon a dark photon would be a new force carrying prticle much like theregular photon is the force carryig particle of electromagnetism it's dark because it interacts so slightly with our everyday electromagnetic world tat it's effectively been hidden from all previous experiments and because it could help explain some of the odd astrophysical resultsrelated to dark matter it's because it interacts so slightly with our everyday world we need to perform specialized experiments but had existing facilities to look for a tiny ark phote on signal on top of a huge background xcuse me and it's potentially revlutionary because it would be th it wold be the first unambiguous evidence of a fundamental particle not predicted bythe wildly successful standard model that we know and love but i mean i know the crowd here a little bit after spendng the whole day here whyou knwwhat wild this do for you i mean wt what would you get if if we found a dark vhote on i man would you b soon be able to i on' know take dark photos with your phone ipossibly probably not i mean may be'm th wrong peronthey asked that because i'm an experimentalist not a product developmentalist i mean i look for a dark photom because i'm interested in the funamental open questions of physics like what is dark matter and more importantly i lokd for a dark voton because ilook at this plot and i think i wonder what's there muc like when you're hiking you lok at the hill in think i wonder what could be in that next hiden valley we pushed the limits of human knowledge because we'r curious that being said i do know that the simple pushing o te limits of human knowledg for curiosity's sake by my particle physics forebar has led eventually to such things as ct scans pet scans major event is in irf power the world wide web i have noited what the discovery of a dark phote on would mean beyond expanding our understanding on the universe the rest of it wild be up to you so at the end of the day though is it possible that every sing oone of these experiments could come up completely emt yes absolutely i mean these are experiments because you knwthese are eperiments and in particle physics there's no such thing as failure because even if you don't find something you've still gained an importan piece of information about nature the only failure is to sto searching thank you   emeit
5
the moas mede sa anmot  lo my name is marcus beeler i'm the meccorfie professor of engineering it mita and i'm also a member of the centre for computational scienc and engineering in the shwortsman college of computing in this tal i'll be talking about the nexus of materialized sound and sonfied material we're going to be talking about how vibration sound and matter interact and how we can use music to design new and better materials we think about biologicl structures such as a spider web we can see that very detailed very intricate very complex structures if we look in a spiderweb in this case at three dimensional spideweb there are many internal structures they go really from he macro scale all the way down to the nano scale we're now flying inside the web structure and we can see that this eb has very complex architectural features as e lok closer we see more more of those architectural features emerge and become visible if we go even closer we can look inside each of the circle filaments we can recognize that each cilk filamenit of itself consists f a hibralcual structure this hirarcical structure ranges from the molecular scale the individual protin molecules which are assembled atom by atom to form secondary structures to form terciary structuresto form bundles of proteins ultimately forming filaments assembling into bundles of filamensand fibrals then forming the filamens the silk fibers that you can see in the web so you can see tha the web structure really has a structure that goes from the maro scale all the way down to the nano scale how are these materials built while these materials are built in nature by encoding structural information through the genetic sequence usually incoudered by dna these dna letters and quote information about how proteins ar built proteins are built from primary sequences these genetic information letters forming sequences of amino ascets forming secondary structures such as alpha hilisees or beta sheets and these are in turn formd more complicated structures such as collein in our bones spidercill consisting of better sheets and althor helix mixtures to also more complex structures like viruses what you see in this light in this picture here is the pathogen of covid nineten which has the spike proteins sticking out on the surface which gives this virus its name the coronoviros or crowns this corona virus is incouded by sequences of ameno ascids and quodeed by letters of arand a or dna genetic informatin this genetic information provides the building plan for how this virus is actually built just like te viruses built from the bottom up forming hirarcical structures across different length scales and time scales we also know that in engineering we might be able to use such an approach as well thinking about an architectural system like the athl tower you cn also recognise that this system has features as well the go from the macro all the way down to the nano scale even though engineers have been using hierarcical principles for an extended period of time we have not yet been able to tun simultaneously molecular scale all the way to the microscopic level one other feature that's really interesting is a unifying phytheme on feature across different manifestations of matter that is the equivalence of vibrations to matter to sound the universlity of waves and vibrations is something we see in molecules we can recognise that at the quantom mechanical level we can dscribe matter as collections of waves we can also see that sound is an overlaying of signwaves harmonic waves to create more complicated sound structures and we can also see that spiders for instance use waves as a way of communicating and understanding the environment weef's sound vibration are universal and we can use perhaps wave vibrations unsound as a way of defining material models optimizing materials and even inventing entighly new materials by using vaporations here we show how we can ivolve the way how orco systems are built thinking about a spider a spider uses vibrations as a way of sensing the environment communicating with other spiders sensing throughout detecting pray and many other things they use the signals they collect prosses it n their brain and make decisions make decisions about ho to build the web just like an autonomous speedy printer theybuild webs by assembling materials in space depositing materials in space repairing the web and interacting with other spiders forming a autonomous material system a smart material system nd intelligent material system humans operated in a very similar way when humans build things when we create a painting play an instrument we sense the environment we make decisions about what to do next weate kind a tool to use  we're thinking about wood carbing what kind of action to do next to create a certain pattern we play an instrument we decide on what key to play next dependin  what we hear these kind of processes are very smilar what the spider does the question is can we incorporate some of those feedback mechanisms some of these autonomous ways of creating materials of creating matter trough sensing processing information in no one nat works and creating new things from it can we utilize those and implement those an technological solutions to create mteuras that aren't static but matures that are alive they can interact with the environment in innovative novel ways in fact one way to do that is to translate matter because matter has equivalences to vibrations into sound and use sound as a way of designing new matter the way we do this is we have a material composition and material structure we can understand it as a set of oberations we can compute this set of viborations make it intor auduble sound and manipulate the sound we can make new sound we can change the sund and we can then use the reverse translation to move sound back into matter by doing this we solve the design problem which really consists of assembling a set of building blocks kind of like lego building blocks intostructures in the case of sound building blocks are sign waves or insruments of melodies or keys on a piano we can assemble complex pieces of structure complex pieces of sound complex melodies simultaneously play intersecting in a weaving and create rally complicated designs in sound which then we can translate back into material so the question is what kind of mterial would a certain composition like fobaco bethoven may be represent can we utilize this idea in designing and highly new aterials that nature has not yet invented can we cme up with engineering solutions to sustainable materials that we cannot otherwise obtain sound is a relly elegant way of capturing multiple levels in the material organization recall the spidarweb it has many different structures i recall we were going from the big large scale into the web and we cald recognize from the beginnin the architectural levels andstructural details all the way down to the moleculor scales and the individual atoms that make up the aminoi assets which are the building block of proteins these amenio asseds to proteins to assemblies of proteins to filaments fibers to the entire weabhr architecture s a really complicated puzzle by using sound we can hear simuntaneously all these different levels each level ontributes a particular type of frequency spectrum by listening to it our ear our brain can process the information and w can design r new hibarchical structures just like i music we think about matter and molecules let's take a closer look if you open at chemistry texook most likely you' were going to find a drawing of a molecule like benzin in this case these kind of models change over time but i would say they're all wrong because these pictures in a textbook are static they look like static drawings when in fact molecules are continuously moving they are vibrating they'r moving all the time bese vaborations and movements is acually what defines the structure of these molecules each molecule has a unique fingerprint of sound ust like you can hear hear the vaborations of a guitar yo can hear the vaborations creating what become music in a similarway aborations of molecle also have a unique sound an we can make it audible by transposing the frequencies intor the audible range so that a brain can process the information what you hear her is the sounding of a complex protein structure  at bele thank the protein is vibrating all the time it's continuously moving these movements and motions can be made untor audible sound just like playing multiple gutars multiple instruments and multiple structures in musial composition by having a model of a protein in sound we can begin to understand the protein better have another way of understanding structure we can very quickly process information we can understand questions like mutations we can understand how proteins might change their folding geoetry as mutations happen we can understad how diseases might be treated by developing antabodiesor drugs that bind to the protein all these aspects can be very easily done and heard in soundspace one discovery made recently is that eah of the amino assets there twenty natural birding blocks for opro teins call the minor assets have a unique sound they have a unique fingerprint in other words they have a unique ke on a piano they all sound different what you hear now is the sound of each of the twenty emmin acit going from the begining to the end these are the sounds of life these sounds can be utilized to build models or proteins in fact what ou hear now is the musical representation of the spike protein of covid nineteen's pathogen obe tothis is a very large protein with about three thousand amino acids because the protein is so big and has uch a complicated folding drometry the musical composition tha results from this protein to reflect its structure s very long in fact it's about one hour and fifty minutes long the protein itself is heralkical in nature it has a primary sequence as we've talked about before and quoded by the genetic information of the virus again there are thirty thousand basic levels of information in the genetic code of the virus three thousand of these icode this particular proteinthat we have secondary structures like other hilliseas and beta heets and random coils and other structures as well thes are then folded into complex dreometries the resulting music is a very complicated piece because we have many different melodies weaving into another creating what we call in music counterpoint counterpoint is a concept introduced and used very heavily by gan sebastian back for instance a ouple  hundred years ago so he has alvery utilised some o the structural features we find in proteins by sing sound or music as a way of modling proteins wecan build vare powerful coding models that we can use in artificial intelligence applications in fact in recent work we have used poteins to build data sets to represent thousands and hundreds of thousans of hours of music that reflect these proteins and train artificial nor networks to listen to them these ayies can then generate new music based on what they have learned these new musical compositionscan then once generated be translaved back into proteins because we have a unique mapping between the protein soundand the genetic information so we can go from protein from material to sound through the understanding of the equivalence of waves and matter we can then use waves or sound as a way of creating new sound to editing he sound manipulating the sound coming up with new design solutions not only by human but also using ais and we can use the new sound a translating that back into material so we can materialize sound tis nexis of matter and sound is very exciting because it allows us o use different techniques to solve various design problems in the case of covid nineteen one of the design problems weare after of course is to think about ways of creating ntibodies molecules or proteins that can bind to the protein in the virus more strongly tha the protein conbined to the human cell but here now is one of these proteins that we have generated using a ad  and you can see in the picture how the protein looks like this is a protein that nature has not yet invented now how do we create this we listen to many diferent kinds of coronaviros spike proteins different species differet evolutionary stages of the coronavirs not only the current covid nineteen but many other corono viruses we then let the ai method generate new music that reflects the inate structures in these particular type of proteinsage which are all spake proteins in viruses and the resulting piece is a composition that reflects approtein geometry approtein sequence that has something to dowith these corona viras spike proteins but has not yetbeing found in nature this kind of composition this kind of sequence might in fact hold the key turn and her body because it matches the types of sequences we find inthe protein in the genetic information here you can hear a piano composition that reflects the moment of infection this is a protein structure that resembles the moment when the virus spike potin attaches to the human cell devn dedan do a bopen gonlydoring the attachment process the protein changes its orientation slightly and you can hear this attachment in a slide change in thespectrum of frequencies and vibrations and you can make it audible through music so music here provides a microscope into the world of molecular emotions into the world of infectiondetachment and the interaction of the virus ultimately ith a human body vibrations can also be seen in other manifestations for instance in surface waves water waves in a lake is a very common phenomeno in fact this phenomen of having sun shining on our lake or on water bodies having waves creating surface waves in the water and seeing the glittering of this resulting product is something that's been very important in human evolution humans use these glittering concepts as a way of finding wate not only humans do that but are many animals as well it's a way of detecting water by using surface waves so e've been trying to see whether we can think aboutusing the deeper structures of watrwaer waves surface waves generated not only by wind loading or other environmental influences but also generating those through the mechanicl signatures of vibriations incouded in the proteins so we have created an experimental setup where we can excite water through the innate vibrations in the protei and make them visible you can then see at the microscopic level with your eyes how these protein excite water and what kind of unique patterns they frm turns out different protein states different viborations we can see the different patterns formed with our eyes from the molecular skale it provides yet another way of visualizing nanoscopic elements nanoscpic events menoscopic features not only without ears leg in music but also using our eyes by looking at  wave patterns these wave pattents can distore reality as shown here in this animation you can see how we ave used a camarod to film the surface of a wave and watching the reflections of the environment in this case trees and brushes in a snowy landscape because there's a slight wind loading on this water body there ase slight surface waves and these surface waves distored the image recorded by the camera so even though you can recognize the image as a slight distortion this distortion the enceptionism of creating difinnt image based on an environmental influence is something we like to explore and see whether we can use a similar concept to see how reality might be distorted or changed by visualizing protein reborations in ater imerging water waves generated by proteen vibratons is in fact a powerful way of detecting prteins we have done here as we have selected a number of different proteins and visualized them in water waves in water surface waves and then train the neal network against thousands of images for each of those proteins what the new n ot work can learn through this training process is what are the wave patterns that at are associated with each of the protein structures this is how it looks like for one of the examples you cn see there is a really interesting innate pattern that is formig on the surface because of the protein viborations so these mechanical oborations of the proteins are causing these surface waves which in turn create very interesting paters they can be picked up with hr eyes over the high speed camera each protein has a uniquespectrum of operations as i mentioned earlier you could hear that n the music i've played here is a graphical visual representation of the same idea you can see this bar chart the finger openet of two different proteins in the left hand side its a protein calsed six m one seven which is the situation when the covid nineteen pathogen is bound to the human cell on th wrighthand side you see a potant cost six m eighteen it's the case when the varus is not attached to the human cell so in might handsight not infected left handside infected this protein is a very particularly imortant aspect of understanding the infection process of covid nineteen into the human body we've trained a newal netork against many different proteins and detacted surface waveswe can do another experiment now and film or record photos of surface waves associae with different proteins and use a neal network to classify hat kind of protein has cased these surface waves in fact e method works really well you can see on the left hand side its a protein calle one o seven m this protein is shaded in a bownish color and you can see in this barchard the highest probabilty of prediction for this scenario is the brown color which in fact reflects this particular protein one o seven m it's by far the highest probability so the model is perfectly abed of predict the structure eddin go through thereis a tiagraph and see that every single case the highest prediction by far reflects the acual protein that is causing the vaboration so the method is able to by just looking at the picture of the surface waves immdiately detact what is the underlying protein causing thesevibrations let's look at the middle part six an sventeen and six on eighteen are the proteins shown before thes are the infection stages when the molecular inaction begins between the covinenting pathagen and the human body six one seventeen is the attached stage six m eighteen is the detached state and even though the structure is very similar is only very slight molecular change a very slight change in the varborational spectrum as you have seen on theprevious picture the method is able to pick up the differences vey well the highest probability in six o mad eighteen is ligt blue which reflects that particular structure so it's able to pedict that six and seventeen is a greenish colour and te same idea te highest probability is for this particular structure so the method cannot ly distinguish many different classes of roteins small big but i can also describe very salol differences in raborational spectra very salol differences in protein folding states through these surface waves we can use this method to develop an approach called protein inceptionism we can try to see whether we can find patterns that are found in these surface waves and water generated by th proteins in other images taken off  mountain landscape may be taken off lakes taking of anything we can see with our eyes we can take a photo and identify whether we can see some of those innate features that are seen in these protein vaborations impacting on srface waves also in other systems where and how do we recognize molecular oporations in other everydayobjects we used the deep dream algorithm to do that and apply the nual network we have trained against all these various protein vibrations he can see the picture here his is how the vibrational spectrum looks like embedded realized in this waterwave surface structure if we apply the protein inception in the algorithm to that it will in fact recognize all these different patterns which are unique to this particular protein and that's how the new network works the inner layers dtermine features that are unique to that particular prochein and the taxts which protein has been creating the viborations we can use some image processing to see these features a little more clearly and this picture here shows how the processing of this results in these spagetti lak structures or those o the unique fingerprints of structures that are actually causing these particular residences in the newer network the resiences in the newer network generated by the protein nception as an algorithm really is a powerful way of viualizing how certain features can be magnified and made more visible and amplified adresonate in these images just like residences happened in musical instruments like a guitar here we can see vesenus as an image generated ultimately by the moleclar oborations now if we look at another situation where we have water waves in a river you can see this as the original picture and these waves are now not caused by proteins these waves in fact are called by flowing water over rocks and you can see how the agorothm picks up certain features in these waterwaves which again do not occur because of proteins but have similar features a the onese seen in protein cast water waves aain with some processing of the images you can see there is certain pattern that emerges these are all the areas of spagetti like structures where the algorithm detects residences of the inner detailed structures that are caused by these proein vibrations so protein viborations are also seen in ivers this is an example of a coastal landscape we hav three elements we have the water we have rocks and we have air and in fact the algorithm detects these features of protein viborations in all three elements some of them in the water waves which is not surprising because both of them are water waves we also see some of these ideas being resembled in rocks some of them feature some of the patterns in rocks resemble those seen in the proteins and ye can also see a few of those being picked up in the sky and again this is the analysis using the image processin and you can see where in the image we can pick up the features that are natural that are innate to the proting vibrations matter as sound and sound as matter in fact we have seen that we think about the representation of material we can think of it as a collection of vibrations we can make it audible we can also make the vibrations visible in other states of matter like in liquids in water fo instance as surface waves and we can utilise various ways of manipulating matter of creating new materials by either creating new sound or using sound as a way of detecting information in existing musical compositions so you can ask the question what kind of material did bethoven reate by analysing the compositions he made we can aso see protein vaborations or the features of proch ing veborations are unique siknacures of the oborational spectrum in other forms using the protein onception as an algorithm we have been able to sho that these vaborations can be seen not only in water wavs they can also be seen in other states of matta they can be seen in landscapes they can be seen in plants thaty can be seen in the sky in snow in many other elements thank you so much for your atten
6
ebewell i'd like to start by asking you to imagine yourself in the following scenarioyou are a high school senior or the paren of a high school senior and you're interested in a potential colege and so you arrange for a campus visit and you go on a campus tour and everything looks great and the people are friendly but after a few minutes something strainge starts to dawn on you that this campus has a really horrible smoking habit everybody yu see is smoking outside everybody smells like cigarette smoke in fact you go to have lunch in a dining hal and students are actually bragging about how much they smoke one student says yesterday i smoked three packs ll by myself and another student says nice i did that last week hy five and you think to yourself well this is pretty strange this is another wise great school but they have sort of a weird bad habit and they're oddly celebrational about it so i'm not sure i want to go here so imagine you go o a second campus toure and you look at a second collge and it's very similar to the first the campus looks really beautiful people are friendly except this college has a bad junk food habit everybody you see is eating junk food there's junkfood wrappers everywhere there's nothing nuritious to eat in the dining hall and again people are bragging about how much they're eating so one student says last night i had a whole pizza by myself and another student saysnice i did the same thing last week hy five so if these two scenarios stand a little far fetched imagine a third scenario is you go visit another college and again it looks really great the people re friendly except at this college everybody looks tired you see people falling asleep at their computers you visit a class and people are dozing off in class and just looks generally like everyone could use a great nap right so what's crazy to me about this is that i've never seen a campus full of people who are all smokers or a campus full of people who are all sleep deprived but a campus full of people who look tired and sleep sorry a campus full of people who all eat junkfood but a campus full of people ho are all sleep deprived entired describes every colleg ind university i think that i've ever seen and actually mos high schools at wells especially during lader parts of of the semester and what's interesting is that the effects of being sleep deprived all the time can be just as bad as smoking and just as bad as any too much junk food and yet lots of students would actually choose to go to a cllege where everyone looks sleep do prived because it looks like it's a really hard working college where people are very productive and achieving great things and so as a sleep researcher i've been fascinated by the biology and neuroscience of sleep for over a decade and i have a lab at williams ollege that studies mice we look at what happens in the brainand the body during sleep we look at how the neurons and the bain control sleep but i have to say as a father as a teacher and as a colleague to a lot of hard orking colleagues hard working people i have a new found fascination for how we tolerate sleep deprovation as a society and the's not just students in our schools it's really everywhere whenever i ride public transportation whether it's a bus or a subway i see people who just look exhausted and in fact you can see people taking naps on their morning or afternoon comute and sneak them in and in our public life it's really not uncommon to see people dozing off and in general in our public and in our professional lives pople really just look exhausted but something is even crazier than that to me which is that not only are people exhausted but some people choose to be sleep deprived and some people actually wear it as a badge of honour right because in order to be sleep deprived you must be really hard working you must have a lot of important things t do and you must be very very productive or else why would yo be sleep deprived in the first place i've actually been a art of job committees where job applicants wll brag about the fact that they only get three or four hours a sleep a night and actually just a couple months ago i was looking at facebook and one of these meams that somehow just shows up in your feed for no reason i read itit had tens f thousands of likes and said no one looks back on their life and remembers the nights they had plenty of sleep the implication being that if you get plenty of sleep you'e somehow missing out on your life's greatest potential andi all the things that you could be doing and so tis is really interesting to me and i wonder actually if people would brag about the fact that they're not gtting enough sleep if they knew that the health benefitsof getting sleep were just as important as the benefits of not smoking or the benefits of eating a good nutritian and not aeny junk food sleep scientists have made so many great discoveries over the pst ten years and i'm surprised that more people don't know about the so here's just a couple of examples and youll have to excuse me because i'm a biology professor so when you're sleeping your petuitary gland which it's right below your rain surges its production of growth hormon growth hormon is released much more when you're sleepingthan when you're awake and growth wormont essentially causes threeeffects muscle growth bone growth and fat metablism how many people would take a pill that cause muscle growth bone growth and fat metabolism if there as a company that sold this pll they would make billions of dollars and i imagine most consmers would pay a lot for this and yet we get it for free when we're sleeping and it's always odd to me when i see people working out at the gem and they spend hours a day at the gy and then they say they don't get enough sleep at night it's kind of a funny thing to me it'slike you know that your muscles aren't actually growing when you're working out or you're not losing weight when you're working out that all happens when you're sleeping and i don't think most people know that here is another example is the cells in the bochemistry the biochemicals that make up your immue system and circulate through your blood stream they actually change when you're sleeping comparing to when you're awake and when you're sleeping they're particularly good ats seeking out viruses bacteria and other micro organisms to stop infection and disease and this is why when you don't et enough sleep you're much more prone to getting sic and it's why when you're sick the best thing you can do is to get a good night sleep and so in addition to these health benefits of sleep people who don't get enough sleep are at a higher risk for high blood pressure heart disease diabetes obesity psychologically people are at a much higher risk for anxiety and depression we all know that when you are sleep deprived you lose focus you lose the ability to pay attention and it's been estimated by the ntional sleep foundation that over sixty billion dollars is lost in the united states annually just two unproductive workers because they're so sleep deprived and all of this is really important but i think it also ignores something that we all know everybody in this room knows to be true which is that it really sucks to be sleep deprived  it feels so awful to be sleepdeprived and try to keep your eyelids open they're all of a sudden so heavy you do things like when ywhen you're at a speaker evet like this where you do that headbob thing where you're like tryig to keep your head awake and you fall asleep for a second and some distant part of your brain is like not now not now andyu're trying to keep yourself awke and i know this just as well as anyone else this is the worst picture of me ever taken it's also the most ironic picture of me ever taken because i was so tired i fell asleep in the middle of the day because i had spent the entire night working on a talk about the benefits of sleep and so i did not do tht last night so i know this just as well as everybody else and it's just really awful to be sleep deprived but here's where there's good news because he good news is that the opposite is also true the opposite being that people who are chronically sleep deprived when they develop habits to get a reguar amount of sleep every single day they all of a sudden feel like years have been taken off their life they are suddenly alive and awake and have the energy of someone much younger and they just feel great and they wonder why they didn't do it before but there's also a lot of sleep science to back this up one of my olleagues ran lots of studies on varsti athletes at stanford university and she recruited varsiti athletes for sleep studies in which they were essentially forced to get a good night sleep over several weeks and what she found was that compared to players who didn't take part in th sleep study everything about these athletes who slpt in improved their speed improved their strength improved the number of mistakes and errors they made wentway down their chances of getting a cocussion went way down and they were generally much better atthe sport the same thing happens in the classroom when students are recruited for sleep studies where they get much more sleep their creativity increases their problems solving increases their test scores increase ad their grades increase and so it just seems that everything gets much better once somebody declares themselves that they're going to get a nighta good night of sleep every single night ery consistently and the greatest paradox in this i think is that the people who don't get enough sleep because they'd like to accomplish more during the day actually find that they're more productive when they get more sleep and not less productive because even thogh they're not awake as long they are muchmore productive when they've gottn enough sleep and there's lots of measure studies on this that you're actually able to get more done when yo get a good night sleep not less so why are we so bad at this if this is all true then why is a society or are we not goo at this and this is actually where i feel like the analogy between sleep deprovation junk food andsmoking goes down iis because when people smoke or have junk food they're doing it for th short term reward it's immediately satisfying when people choose to do those things but there's nothing satisfying about t sleep deprovation like we've already talked abouts so why do people do it and i asked my colleagues this i survey students all the time and the same three answers come up again and ain and again one we have busy lives and we'd like to get more done two were stressed their stress and anxiety keeps us awake some times and there's lots of stressers in our life and three a this is a very ew trend is that we're addicted to our gadgets at nigh we love looking at our smart phones tablets computers and there's all sorts of apps now that just occupy our time before we go to bed there's email facebook twitter instagram not to mention youtube netflixs and a long list of great ted tocks that we can see so so what do we do about all of this and this is where i actully get some insight from the mice that we study in ur lab because it actually turns out that all animals need sleep all animals get the same benefit of sleep that humans do but it's amazingly easy to keep a mouse awake it's a sleep to privata mouse you don't really have to do very much if you want to stress out a mouse a little bit you can give him a new roommate and giving him a new roummate will keep him awake for a little while or you can move him to a different cage that he's not used to and the stress of going to a new home will keep him awake hours past his bedtime you might ask what is the mouse equivalent of watching youtube or being addicted to email and it turns out it's actually able we can duplicate this as well with something s putting a a paper towel in a mouse's cage we wath up a paper towel give it to the moue the mouse is entertained by this for hours it'll explore the contores of the paper towel it'll kick it around it'll play with it and  again it'll stay up hours past its bedtime so the take home point from this i think is that we're hard-wired to need sleep but we're also hardwired to be sleep deprived at a moment's ntice based on stressful things and exciting things happening in our lives and it actually turns out when the mouse is playing with the paper towel a surge of dopamine is bein released in its brain and the same thing happens when we scroll on a smart phone every time you swipe up on a facebook post storey or an email or anything else we actully get a little surge of dopamine in our brains and that surge ofdopamine keeps us awake so what do we do about all of this especially when we have a life that's much more complicated than that of a mous yu knwa paper towel is bad enough for a mouse but we have all these nice gadgets now that we didn't hve ten years ago to immediately give us all these things so it's here where i feel like i have three ideas worth spreading and the first idea is that we need to just completely embrace sleep a a culture we need to treat this as healthy and no jo applicant should bragg about only getting three or four hours of sleep no students should hide five another studens in the dining hall for poin and all knighter and in general we should jut be much more sleep conscious as a society i actually went to a doctor a couple weeks ago and when i showed up at the doctor's office i had to check a little form about the healthy habits in my life and i was a long less hand itwas things like do i have a smoke detector in my home do i wear my seatbelt do i take a daily vitamin and i thught this was a great list but nowhere on the list was do i get si to eight hours a sleep at night and i thought that was very odd we need to treat health sleep as a health issue just as much as smoking or just as much as eeating a balanced diet number two is we need to relearn how to go to bed it's amazing you know who the best sleepers are in american society is actually our kids which is funny because it takes a while to get them to sleep but once they're a sleep they actually sleep very soundly and they have a nice quantity and quality of sleep andi think tthat's because we take the time to put them to bed properly we brush their teeth we give them some water we change their clotes in to their pajamas w dimm the lights we read them a story and this whole thirty minute forty minute process really prepares them for a great night of sleep and they sleep very soundly once they finally go to sleep can you imagine what it would be like to put our kids to sleep the same way that we put ourselves to sleep if we gave our kids bright screens and said play withitr whatever you want for thirty minutes but maybe it'll turn into two hours our kids would never sleep and this would be really detrimental nd so we need to put ourselves to bed essentially the same waywe need to just remember what we did n when we weresix years old and i think that this gets lost some time aroun high school we don't as parents put our high schoolers to bed and somewhere around the elementary school ages to high school ages people forget how to go to bed and we just magically assume that we'll fall asleep after being worried nd plain with our gadgets and so we need to dim the lights develop a nice habbit a nice nigt time routine and we need to take anything that has a screen on it and push it away thirty or forty five minutes before we go to bed and try not to look at it until we wake up the next morning finally kids are the best sleeers but if you ask adults who are the best sleepers out of the adult community what people find is that the best sleepers are the ones who embrace good wake habits as well people who have good time management and productivity skills actually sleep better at night because they have such a well-balanced day and there are so many books written on the topic of productivity and time management and lots of tips you can find on line but i tell students this can be something as easy as just knowing if you're a marning person ora knight person what time of day are you most productive ad do your best work during that time of day what time of day are you least productive and do the mindless tasks that you jst need be n a done at that time of day ask were you work best how you work best even just by asking students these kinds of questions they discover the answers for themselves an and everyone is different because really you get a good night sleep not because sleep is fun but because if you get a good knight osleep it makes you have a better days wake it makes you more productive more time efficient and you get more done but it's reciprocal if you have a better days wake and you get more dune and you're more productive it actually causes you to have a better night sleep and this s sort of a reinforcing cycle and it works really great and i'm a little disappointed in myself that i didn'tfigure out these techniques into years in my life i sudied studying sleep before i realized these good night sleep habits and these great productivity habits and when i think about that i actually kind of get a little frustrated because when i was in school i had sex education nutritian eduction drug awareness resistance education but no one ever told me how to go to bed and no one ever told me how i could get more done during the day these were things i just picked up on my own and i think these are o valuable things that we could actually be teaching high school kids and college kids and so just recently at williams college we actually taught our first course called the science of sleep and the art of productivity and i was really afraid that no one would sign up for this class and in the end it turned out people were hungryfor it college students are overenrolled in theclass and we wound up letting a lot more people in than that we initially intended but it was amazing they loved learning about sleep habbits they loved talking about how they could get more done during the day and it worked out really well and now what we're trying to do is take these messages and spred them across our campus and the community to try to embrace a culture of sleep that everyone is proud of because it's really true no one looks back o their life and remembers the nights they had plenty of sleep this is true but the opposite is also true nobody looks back on their life and remembers the time they were exhausted right and i ate this picture of me but the funny thing about this day is i don't remember a single thing about this day the only reaon i remember this is because a picture was taken of me i remember the times i was awake and alert and i had a life of good experiences when i was awake not when i was exhausted and i choosed to optimize those times now i choose to try to be awake as much as i can so i can enjoy those great experiences with my family and with my friends so i think the take home message is to get a good night sleep not because it's fun but because it makes you so much happier during the day and this is what i wish for all of you i wish that everybody has a good night sleep for a better days wake and a better days wake for a good night sleep thank you