processing_florence2.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2024 Microsoft and The HuggingFace Inc. team.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
Processor class for Florence-2.
"""

import re
import logging
from typing import List, Optional, Union
import numpy as np

import torch

from transformers.feature_extraction_utils import BatchFeature
from transformers.image_utils import ImageInput, is_valid_image
from transformers.processing_utils import ProcessorMixin
from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import (
    PaddingStrategy,
    PreTokenizedInput,
    TextInput,
    TruncationStrategy,
)
from transformers.utils import TensorType


logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Copied from transformers.models.idefics2.processing_idefics2.is_url
def is_url(val) -> bool:
    return isinstance(val, str) and val.startswith("http")

# Copied from transformers.models.idefics2.processing_idefics2.is_image_or_image_url
def is_image_or_image_url(elem):
    return is_url(elem) or is_valid_image(elem)


def _is_str_or_image(elem):
    return isinstance(elem, (str)) or is_image_or_image_url(elem)


class Florence2Processor(ProcessorMixin):
    r"""
    Constructs a Florence2 processor which wraps a Florence2 image processor and a Florence2 tokenizer into a single processor.

    [`Florence2Processor`] offers all the functionalities of [`CLIPImageProcessor`] and [`BartTokenizerFast`]. See the
    [`~Florence2Processor.__call__`] and [`~Florence2Processor.decode`] for more information.

    Args:
        image_processor ([`CLIPImageProcessor`], *optional*):
            The image processor is a required input.
        tokenizer ([`BartTokenizerFast`], *optional*):
            The tokenizer is a required input.
    """

    attributes = ["image_processor", "tokenizer"]
    image_processor_class = "CLIPImageProcessor"
    tokenizer_class = ("BartTokenizer", "BartTokenizerFast")

    def __init__(
        self,
        image_processor=None,
        tokenizer=None,
    ):
        if image_processor is None:
            raise ValueError("You need to specify an `image_processor`.")
        if tokenizer is None:
            raise ValueError("You need to specify a `tokenizer`.")
        if not hasattr(image_processor, "image_seq_length"):
            raise ValueError("Image processor is missing an `image_seq_length` attribute.")

        self.image_seq_length = image_processor.image_seq_length

        tokens_to_add = {
                'additional_special_tokens': \
                    tokenizer.additional_special_tokens + \
                    ['<od>', '</od>', '<ocr>', '</ocr>'] + \
                    [f'<loc_{x}>' for x in range(1000)] + \
                    ['<cap>', '</cap>', '<ncap>', '</ncap>','<dcap>', '</dcap>', '<grounding>', '</grounding>', '<seg>', '</seg>', '<sep>', '<region_cap>', '</region_cap>', '<region_to_desciption>', '</region_to_desciption>', '<proposal>', '</proposal>', '<poly>', '</poly>', '<and>']
            }
        tokenizer.add_special_tokens(tokens_to_add)

        self.tasks_answer_post_processing_type = {
            '<OCR>': 'pure_text',
            '<OCR_WITH_REGION>': 'ocr',
            '<CAPTION>': 'pure_text',
            '<DETAILED_CAPTION>': 'pure_text',
            '<MORE_DETAILED_CAPTION>': 'pure_text',
            '<OD>': 'description_with_bboxes',
            '<DENSE_REGION_CAPTION>': 'description_with_bboxes',
            '<CAPTION_TO_PHRASE_GROUNDING>': "phrase_grounding",
            '<REFERRING_EXPRESSION_SEGMENTATION>': 'polygons',
            '<REGION_TO_SEGMENTATION>': 'polygons',
            '<OPEN_VOCABULARY_DETECTION>': 'description_with_bboxes_or_polygons',
            '<REGION_TO_CATEGORY>': 'pure_text',
            '<REGION_TO_DESCRIPTION>': 'pure_text',
            '<REGION_TO_OCR>': 'pure_text',
            '<REGION_PROPOSAL>': 'bboxes'
        }

        self.task_prompts_without_inputs = {
            '<OCR>': 'What is the text in the image?',
            '<OCR_WITH_REGION>': 'What is the text in the image, with regions?',
            '<CAPTION>': 'What does the image describe?',
            '<DETAILED_CAPTION>': 'Describe in detail what is shown in the image.',
            '<MORE_DETAILED_CAPTION>': 'Describe with a paragraph what is shown in the image.',
            '<OD>': 'Locate the objects with category name in the image.',
            '<DENSE_REGION_CAPTION>': 'Locate the objects in the image, with their descriptions.',
            '<REGION_PROPOSAL>': 'Locate the region proposals in the image.'
        }

        self.task_prompts_with_input = {
            '<CAPTION_TO_PHRASE_GROUNDING>': "Locate the phrases in the caption: {input}",
            '<REFERRING_EXPRESSION_SEGMENTATION>': 'Locate {input} in the image with mask',
            '<REGION_TO_SEGMENTATION>': 'What is the polygon mask of region {input}',
            '<OPEN_VOCABULARY_DETECTION>': 'Locate {input} in the image.',
            '<REGION_TO_CATEGORY>': 'What is the region {input}?',
            '<REGION_TO_DESCRIPTION>': 'What does the region {input} describe?',
            '<REGION_TO_OCR>': 'What text is in the region {input}?',
        }
        self.image_mean = image_processor.image_mean
        self.image_std = image_processor.image_std
        self.crop_size = image_processor.crop_size
        self.post_processor = Florence2PostProcesser(tokenizer=tokenizer)


        super().__init__(image_processor, tokenizer)
    
    def _construct_prompts(self, text):
        # replace the task tokens with the task prompts if task token is in the text
        prompts = []
        for _text in text:
            # 1. fixed task prompts without additional inputs
            for task_token, task_prompt in self.task_prompts_without_inputs.items():
                if task_token in _text:
                    assert _text == task_token, f"Task token {task_token} should be the only token in the text."
                    _text = task_prompt
                    break
            # 2. task prompts with additional inputs 
            for task_token, task_prompt in self.task_prompts_with_input.items():
                if task_token in _text:
                    _text = task_prompt.format(input=_text.replace(task_token, ''))
                    break
            prompts.append(_text)
        return prompts

    def __call__(
        self,
        text: Union[TextInput, PreTokenizedInput, List[TextInput], List[PreTokenizedInput]] = None,
        images: ImageInput = None,
        tokenize_newline_separately: bool = True,
        padding: Union[bool, str, PaddingStrategy] = False,
        truncation: Union[bool, str, TruncationStrategy] = None,
        max_length=None,
        return_tensors: Optional[Union[str, TensorType]] = TensorType.PYTORCH,
        do_resize: bool = None,
        do_normalize: bool = None,
        image_mean: Optional[Union[float, List[float]]] = None,
        image_std: Optional[Union[float, List[float]]] = None,
        data_format: Optional["ChannelDimension"] = "channels_first",  # noqa: F821
        input_data_format: Optional[
            Union[str, "ChannelDimension"]  # noqa: F821
        ] = None,
        resample: "PILImageResampling" = None,  # noqa: F821
        do_convert_rgb: bool = None,
        do_thumbnail: bool = None,
        do_align_long_axis: bool = None,
        do_rescale: bool = None,
    ) -> BatchFeature:
        """
        Main method to prepare for the model one or several sequences(s) and image(s). This method forwards the `text`
        and `kwargs` arguments to BartTokenizerFast's [`~BartTokenizerFast.__call__`] if `text` is not `None` to encode
        the text. To prepare the image(s), this method forwards the `images` and `kwrags` arguments to
        CLIPImageProcessor's [`~CLIPImageProcessor.__call__`] if `images` is not `None`. Please refer to the doctsring
        of the above two methods for more information.

        Args:
            text (`str`, `List[str]`, `List[List[str]]`):
                The sequence or batch of sequences to be encoded. Each sequence can be a string or a list of strings
                (pretokenized string). If the sequences are provided as list of strings (pretokenized), you must set
                `is_split_into_words=True` (to lift the ambiguity with a batch of sequences).
            images (`PIL.Image.Image`, `np.ndarray`, `torch.Tensor`, `List[PIL.Image.Image]`, `List[np.ndarray]`, `List[torch.Tensor]`):
                The image or batch of images to be prepared. Each image can be a PIL image, NumPy array or PyTorch
                tensor. In case of a NumPy array/PyTorch tensor, each image should be of shape (C, H, W), where C is a
                number of channels, H and W are image height and width.
            tokenize_newline_separately (`bool`, defaults to `True`):
                Adds a separately tokenized '\n' at the end of the prompt.
            padding (`bool`, `str` or [`~utils.PaddingStrategy`], *optional*, defaults to `False`):
                Select a strategy to pad the returned sequences (according to the model's padding side and padding
                index) among:
                - `True` or `'longest'`: Pad to the longest sequence in the batch (or no padding if only a single
                  sequence if provided).
                - `'max_length'`: Pad to a maximum length specified with the argument `max_length` or to the maximum
                  acceptable input length for the model if that argument is not provided.
                - `False` or `'do_not_pad'` (default): No padding (i.e., can output a batch with sequences of different
                  lengths).
            max_length (`int`, *optional*):
                Maximum length of the returned list and optionally padding length (see above).
            truncation (`bool`, *optional*):
                Activates truncation to cut input sequences longer than `max_length` to `max_length`.
            return_tensors (`str` or [`~utils.TensorType`], *optional*):
                If set, will return tensors of a particular framework. Acceptable values are:

                - `'tf'`: Return TensorFlow `tf.constant` objects.
                - `'pt'`: Return PyTorch `torch.Tensor` objects.
                - `'np'`: Return NumPy `np.ndarray` objects.
                - `'jax'`: Return JAX `jnp.ndarray` objects.

        Returns:
            [`BatchFeature`]: A [`BatchFeature`] with the following fields:

            - **input_ids** -- List of token ids to be fed to a model. Returned when `text` is not `None`. If `suffix`
              is provided, the `input_ids` will also contain the suffix input ids.
            - **attention_mask** -- List of indices specifying which tokens should be attended to by the model (when
              `return_attention_mask=True` or if *"attention_mask"* is in `self.model_input_names` and if `text` is not
              `None`).
            - **pixel_values** -- Pixel values to be fed to a model. Returned when `images` is not `None`.
            - **labels** -- Labels compatible with training if `suffix` is not None
        """

        return_token_type_ids = False

        if images is None:
            raise ValueError("`images` are expected as arguments to a `Florence2Processor` instance.")
        if text is None:
            logger.warning_once(
                "You are using Florence-2 without a text prompt."
            )
            text = ""

        if isinstance(text, List) and isinstance(images, List):
            if len(images) < len(text):
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Received {len(images)} images for {len(text)} prompts. Each prompt should be associated with an image."
                )
        if _is_str_or_image(text):
            text = [text]
        elif isinstance(text, list) and _is_str_or_image(text[0]):
            pass

        try:
            pixel_values = self.image_processor(
                images,
                do_resize=do_resize,
                do_normalize=do_normalize,
                return_tensors=return_tensors,
                image_mean=image_mean,
                image_std=image_std,
                input_data_format=input_data_format,
                data_format=data_format,
                resample=resample,
                do_convert_rgb=do_convert_rgb,
            )["pixel_values"]
        except ValueError as e:
            try:
                pixel_values = self.image_processor(
                    images,
                    do_resize=do_resize,
                    do_normalize=do_normalize,
                    return_tensors=return_tensors,
                    image_mean=image_mean[1],
                    image_std=image_std[1],
                    input_data_format=input_data_format,
                    data_format=data_format,
                    resample=resample,
                    do_convert_rgb=do_convert_rgb,
                )["pixel_values"]
                print("Grayscale processing succeeded")
            except ValueError as e:
                print(f"Grayscale processing failed: {e}")



        # pixel_values = self.image_processor(
        #     images,
        #     do_resize=do_resize,
        #     do_normalize=do_normalize,
        #     return_tensors=return_tensors,
        #     image_mean=image_mean,
        #     image_std=image_std,
        #     input_data_format=input_data_format,
        #     data_format=data_format,
        #     resample=resample,
        #     do_convert_rgb=do_convert_rgb,
        # )["pixel_values"]


        if max_length is not None:
            max_length -= self.image_seq_length  # max_length has to account for the image tokens

        text = self._construct_prompts(text)

        inputs = self.tokenizer(
            text,
            return_tensors=return_tensors,
            padding=padding,
            max_length=max_length,
            truncation=truncation,
            return_token_type_ids=return_token_type_ids,
        )

        return_data = {**inputs, "pixel_values": pixel_values}

        if return_token_type_ids:
            labels = inputs["input_ids"].masked_fill(inputs["token_type_ids"] == 0, -100)
            return_data.update({"labels": labels})
        return BatchFeature(data=return_data)

    # Copied from transformers.models.clip.processing_clip.CLIPProcessor.batch_decode with CLIP->Florence2
    def batch_decode(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        This method forwards all its arguments to BartTokenizerFast's [`~PreTrainedTokenizer.batch_decode`]. Please
        refer to the docstring of this method for more information.
        """
        return self.tokenizer.batch_decode(*args, **kwargs)

    # Copied from transformers.models.clip.processing_clip.CLIPProcessor.decode with CLIP->Florence2
    def decode(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        This method forwards all its arguments to BartTokenizerFast's [`~PreTrainedTokenizer.decode`]. Please refer to
        the docstring of this method for more information.
        """
        return self.tokenizer.decode(*args, **kwargs)

    @property
    # Copied from transformers.models.clip.processing_clip.CLIPProcessor.model_input_names with CLIP->Florence2
    def model_input_names(self):
        tokenizer_input_names = self.tokenizer.model_input_names
        image_processor_input_names = self.image_processor.model_input_names
        return list(dict.fromkeys(tokenizer_input_names + image_processor_input_names))

    def post_process_generation(self, text, task, image_size):
        """
        Post-process the output of the model to each of the task outputs.

        Args:
            text (`str`): The text to post-process.
            task (`str`): The task to post-process the text for.
            image_size (`Tuple[int, int]`): The size of the image. height x width.
        """

        task_answer_post_processing_type = self.tasks_answer_post_processing_type.get(task, 'pure_text')
        task_answer = self.post_processor(
            text=text,
            image_size=image_size,
            parse_tasks=task_answer_post_processing_type,
        )[task_answer_post_processing_type]

        if task_answer_post_processing_type == 'pure_text':
            final_answer = task_answer
            # remove the special tokens
            final_answer = final_answer.replace('<s>', '').replace('</s>', '')
        elif task_answer_post_processing_type in ['od', 'description_with_bboxes', 'bboxes']:
            od_instances = task_answer
            bboxes_od = [_od_instance['bbox'] for _od_instance in od_instances]
            labels_od = [str(_od_instance['cat_name']) for _od_instance in od_instances]
            final_answer = {'bboxes': bboxes_od, 'labels': labels_od}
        elif task_answer_post_processing_type in ['ocr']:
            bboxes = [_od_instance['quad_box'] for _od_instance in task_answer]
            labels = [str(_od_instance['text']) for _od_instance in task_answer]
            final_answer = {'quad_boxes': bboxes, 'labels': labels}
        elif task_answer_post_processing_type in ['phrase_grounding']:
            bboxes = []
            labels = []
            for _grounded_phrase in task_answer:
                for _bbox in _grounded_phrase['bbox']:
                    bboxes.append(_bbox)
                    labels.append(_grounded_phrase['cat_name'])
            final_answer = {'bboxes': bboxes, 'labels': labels}
        elif task_answer_post_processing_type in ['description_with_polygons', 'polygons']:
            labels = []
            polygons = []
            for result in task_answer:
                label = result['cat_name']
                _polygons = result['polygons']
                labels.append(label)
                polygons.append(_polygons)
            final_answer = {'polygons': polygons, 'labels': labels}
        elif task_answer_post_processing_type in ['description_with_bboxes_or_polygons']:
            bboxes = []
            bboxes_labels = []
            polygons = []
            polygons_labels = []
            for result in task_answer:
                label = result['cat_name']
                if 'polygons' in result:
                    _polygons = result['polygons']
                    polygons.append(_polygons)
                    polygons_labels.append(label)
                else:
                    _bbox = result['bbox']
                    bboxes.append(_bbox)
                    bboxes_labels.append(label)
            final_answer = {'bboxes': bboxes, 'bboxes_labels': bboxes_labels, 'polygons': polygons, 'polygons_labels': polygons_labels}
        else:
            raise ValueError('Unknown task answer post processing type: {}'.format(task_answer_post_processing_type))

        final_answer = {
            task: final_answer}
        return final_answer 

class BoxQuantizer(object):
    def __init__(self, mode, bins):
        self.mode = mode
        self.bins = bins

    def quantize(self, boxes: torch.Tensor, size):
        bins_w, bins_h = self.bins  # Quantization bins.
        size_w, size_h = size       # Original image size.
        size_per_bin_w = size_w / bins_w
        size_per_bin_h = size_h / bins_h
        xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = boxes.split(1, dim=-1)  # Shape: 4 * [N, 1].

        if self.mode == 'floor':
            quantized_xmin = (
                xmin / size_per_bin_w).floor().clamp(0, bins_w - 1)
            quantized_ymin = (
                ymin / size_per_bin_h).floor().clamp(0, bins_h - 1)
            quantized_xmax = (
                xmax / size_per_bin_w).floor().clamp(0, bins_w - 1)
            quantized_ymax = (
                ymax / size_per_bin_h).floor().clamp(0, bins_h - 1)

        elif self.mode == 'round':
            raise NotImplementedError()

        else:
            raise ValueError('Incorrect quantization type.')

        quantized_boxes = torch.cat(
            (quantized_xmin, quantized_ymin, quantized_xmax, quantized_ymax), dim=-1
        ).int()

        return quantized_boxes

    def dequantize(self, boxes: torch.Tensor, size):
        bins_w, bins_h = self.bins  # Quantization bins.
        size_w, size_h = size       # Original image size.
        size_per_bin_w = size_w / bins_w
        size_per_bin_h = size_h / bins_h
        xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = boxes.split(1, dim=-1)  # Shape: 4 * [N, 1].

        if self.mode == 'floor':
            # Add 0.5 to use the center position of the bin as the coordinate.
            dequantized_xmin = (xmin + 0.5) * size_per_bin_w
            dequantized_ymin = (ymin + 0.5) * size_per_bin_h
            dequantized_xmax = (xmax + 0.5) * size_per_bin_w
            dequantized_ymax = (ymax + 0.5) * size_per_bin_h

        elif self.mode == 'round':
            raise NotImplementedError()

        else:
            raise ValueError('Incorrect quantization type.')

        dequantized_boxes = torch.cat(
            (dequantized_xmin, dequantized_ymin,
             dequantized_xmax, dequantized_ymax), dim=-1
        )

        return dequantized_boxes


class CoordinatesQuantizer(object):
    """
    Quantize coornidates (Nx2)
    """

    def __init__(self, mode, bins):
        self.mode = mode
        self.bins = bins

    def quantize(self, coordinates: torch.Tensor, size):
        bins_w, bins_h = self.bins  # Quantization bins.
        size_w, size_h = size       # Original image size.
        size_per_bin_w = size_w / bins_w
        size_per_bin_h = size_h / bins_h
        assert coordinates.shape[-1] == 2, 'coordinates should be shape (N, 2)'
        x, y = coordinates.split(1, dim=-1)  # Shape: 4 * [N, 1].

        if self.mode == 'floor':
            quantized_x = (x / size_per_bin_w).floor().clamp(0, bins_w - 1)
            quantized_y = (y / size_per_bin_h).floor().clamp(0, bins_h - 1)

        elif self.mode == 'round':
            raise NotImplementedError()

        else:
            raise ValueError('Incorrect quantization type.')

        quantized_coordinates = torch.cat(
            (quantized_x, quantized_y), dim=-1
        ).int()

        return quantized_coordinates

    def dequantize(self, coordinates: torch.Tensor, size):
        bins_w, bins_h = self.bins  # Quantization bins.
        size_w, size_h = size       # Original image size.
        size_per_bin_w = size_w / bins_w
        size_per_bin_h = size_h / bins_h
        assert coordinates.shape[-1] == 2, 'coordinates should be shape (N, 2)'
        x, y = coordinates.split(1, dim=-1)  # Shape: 4 * [N, 1].

        if self.mode == 'floor':
            # Add 0.5 to use the center position of the bin as the coordinate.
            dequantized_x = (x + 0.5) * size_per_bin_w
            dequantized_y = (y + 0.5) * size_per_bin_h

        elif self.mode == 'round':
            raise NotImplementedError()

        else:
            raise ValueError('Incorrect quantization type.')

        dequantized_coordinates = torch.cat(
            (dequantized_x, dequantized_y), dim=-1
        )

        return dequantized_coordinates


class Florence2PostProcesser(object):
    """
    Florence-2 post process for converting text prediction to various tasks results. 

    Args:
        config: A dict of configs.
        tokenizer: A tokenizer for decoding text to spans.
        sample config:
            UNIFIED_POST_PROCESS:
                # commom configs
                NUM_BBOX_HEIGHT_BINS: 1000
                NUM_BBOX_WIDTH_BINS: 1000
                COORDINATES_HEIGHT_BINS: 1000
                COORDINATES_WIDTH_BINS: 1000
                # task specific configs, override the common configs
                PRASE_TASKS:
                    - TASK_NAME: 'video_dense_caption'
                      PATTERN: 'r<time_(\d+)><time_(\d+)>([a-zA-Z0-9 ]+)'
                      SCORE_MODE: 'avg_cat_name_scores'
                      NUM_BINS: 100
                    - TASK_NAME: 'od'
                      PATTERN: 'r<loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)>([a-zA-Z0-9 ]+)'
                      SCORE_MODE: 'avg_cat_name_scores'

    Returns:
        parsed_dict (dict): A dict of parsed results.
    """
    def __init__(
        self,
        tokenizer=None
    ):
        parse_tasks = []
        parse_task_configs = {}
        config = self._create_default_config()
        for task in config['PARSE_TASKS']:
            parse_tasks.append(task['TASK_NAME'])
            parse_task_configs[task['TASK_NAME']] = task

        self.config = config
        self.parse_tasks = parse_tasks
        self.parse_tasks_configs = parse_task_configs

        self.tokenizer =  tokenizer
        if self.tokenizer is not None:
            self.all_special_tokens = set(self.tokenizer.all_special_tokens)

        self.init_quantizers()
        self.black_list_of_phrase_grounding = self._create_black_list_of_phrase_grounding()

    def _create_black_list_of_phrase_grounding(self):
        black_list = {}

        if 'phrase_grounding' in self.parse_tasks and self.parse_tasks_configs['phrase_grounding']['FILTER_BY_BLACK_LIST']:
            black_list =  set(
                ['it', 'I', 'me', 'mine',
                 'you', 'your', 'yours',
                 'he', 'him', 'his',
                 'she', 'her', 'hers',
                 'they', 'them', 'their', 'theirs',
                 'one', 'oneself',
                 'we', 'us', 'our', 'ours',
                 'you', 'your', 'yours',
                 'they', 'them', 'their', 'theirs',
                 'mine', 'yours', 'his', 'hers', 'its',
                 'ours', 'yours', 'theirs',
                 'myself', 'yourself', 'himself', 'herself', 'itself',
                 'ourselves', 'yourselves', 'themselves',
                 'this', 'that',
                 'these', 'those',
                 'who', 'whom', 'whose', 'which', 'what',
                 'who', 'whom', 'whose', 'which', 'that',
                 'all', 'another', 'any', 'anybody', 'anyone', 'anything',
                 'each', 'everybody', 'everyone', 'everything',
                 'few', 'many', 'nobody', 'none', 'one', 'several',
                 'some', 'somebody', 'someone', 'something',
                 'each other', 'one another',
                 'myself', 'yourself', 'himself', 'herself', 'itself',
                 'ourselves', 'yourselves', 'themselves',
                 'the image', 'image', 'images', 'the', 'a', 'an', 'a group',
                 'other objects', 'lots', 'a set',
                 ]
            )

        return black_list
    
    def _create_default_config(self):
        config = {
            'NUM_BBOX_HEIGHT_BINS': 1000,
            'NUM_BBOX_WIDTH_BINS': 1000,
            'BOX_QUANTIZATION_MODE': 'floor',
            'COORDINATES_HEIGHT_BINS': 1000,
            'COORDINATES_WIDTH_BINS': 1000,
            'COORDINATES_QUANTIZATION_MODE': 'floor',
            'PARSE_TASKS': [
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'od',
                    'PATTERN': r'([a-zA-Z0-9 ]+)<loc_(\\d+)><loc_(\\d+)><loc_(\\d+)><loc_(\\d+)>'
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'ocr',
                    'PATTERN':  r'(.+?)<loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)>',
                    'AREA_THRESHOLD': 0.01
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'phrase_grounding',
                    'FILTER_BY_BLACK_LIST': True
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'pure_text',
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'description_with_bboxes',
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'description_with_polygons',
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'polygons',
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'bboxes',
                },
                {
                    'TASK_NAME': 'description_with_bboxes_or_polygons',
                }
            ]
        }

        return config

    def init_quantizers(self):
        # we have box_quantizer (od, grounding) and coordinates_quantizer (ocr, referring_segmentation)
        num_bbox_height_bins = self.config.get('NUM_BBOX_HEIGHT_BINS', 1000)
        num_bbox_width_bins = self.config.get('NUM_BBOX_WIDTH_BINS', 1000)
        box_quantization_mode = self.config.get('BOX_QUANTIZATION_MODE', 'floor')
        self.box_quantizer = BoxQuantizer(
            box_quantization_mode,
            (num_bbox_width_bins, num_bbox_height_bins),
        )
        
        num_bbox_height_bins = self.config['COORDINATES_HEIGHT_BINS'] if 'COORDINATES_HEIGHT_BINS' in self.config else self.config.get('NUM_BBOX_HEIGHT_BINS', 1000)
        num_bbox_width_bins = self.config['COORDINATES_WIDTH_BINS'] if 'COORDINATES_WIDTH_BINS' in self.config else self.config.get('NUM_BBOX_WIDTH_BINS', 1000)
        box_quantization_mode = self.config.get('COORDINATES_QUANTIZATION_MODE') if 'COORDINATES_QUANTIZATION_MODE' in self.config else self.config.get('BOX_QUANTIZATION_MODE', 'floor')
        self.coordinates_quantizer = CoordinatesQuantizer(
            box_quantization_mode,
            (num_bbox_width_bins, num_bbox_height_bins),
        )

    def decode_with_spans(self, tokenizer, token_ids):
        filtered_tokens = tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens(
            token_ids, skip_special_tokens=False)
        assert len(filtered_tokens) == len(token_ids)

        # To avoid mixing byte-level and unicode for byte-level BPT
        # we need to build string separately for added tokens and byte-level tokens
        # cf. https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/1133
        sub_texts = []
        for token in filtered_tokens:
            if token in self.all_special_tokens:
                sub_texts.append(token)
            else:
                if isinstance(tokenizer, (BartTokenizer, BartTokenizerFast)):
                    sub_text = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string([token])
                elif isinstance(tokenizer, (T5Tokenizer, T5TokenizerFast)):
                    # Ref: https://github.com/google/sentencepiece#whitespace-is-treated-as-a-basic-symbol
                    # Note: Do not strip sub_text as it may have functional whitespace
                    sub_text = token.replace('▁', ' ')
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f'type {type(tokenizer)} not supported')
                sub_texts.append(sub_text)

        text = ''
        spans = []
        for sub_text in sub_texts:
            span = (len(text), len(text) + len(sub_text))  # [start index, end index).
            text += sub_text
            spans.append(span)

        # Text format:
        # 1. T5Tokenizer/T5TokenizerFast: 
        #      "<loc_1><loc_2><loc_3><loc_4> transplanting dog<loc_1><loc_2><loc_3><loc_4> cat</s>"
        #    Equivalent to t5_tokenizer.decode(input_ids, skip_special_tokens=False, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False, spaces_between_special_tokens=False)
        # 2. BartTokenizer (need to double check):
        #      "<s><loc_1><loc_2><loc_3><loc_4>transplanting dog<loc_1><loc_2><loc_3><loc_4>cat</s>"
        #    Equivalent to bart_tokenizer.decode(input_ids, skip_special_tokens=False, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False, spaces_between_special_tokens=False)
        return text, spans

    def parse_od_from_text_and_spans(
        self,
        text,
        pattern,
        image_size,
        phrase_centric=False
    ):
        parsed = list(re.finditer(pattern, text))

        instances = []
        for i in range(len(parsed)):
            # Prepare instance.
            instance = {}

            if phrase_centric:
                bbox_bins = [int(parsed[i].group(j)) for j in range(2, 6)]
            else:
                bbox_bins = [int(parsed[i].group(j)) for j in range(1, 5)]
            instance['bbox'] = self.box_quantizer.dequantize(
                boxes=torch.tensor(bbox_bins),
                size=image_size
            ).tolist()  

            if phrase_centric:
                instance['cat_name'] = parsed[i].group(1).lower().strip()
            else:
                instance['cat_name'] = parsed[i].group(5).lower().strip()
            instances.append(instance)

        return instances

    def parse_ocr_from_text_and_spans(self, 
                                    text, 
                                     pattern, 
                                     image_size,
                                     area_threshold=-1.0,
        ):
        bboxes = []
        labels = []
        text = text.replace('<s>', '')
        # ocr with regions
        parsed = re.findall(pattern, text)
        instances = []
        image_width, image_height = image_size

        for ocr_line in parsed:
            ocr_content = ocr_line[0]
            quad_box = ocr_line[1:]
            quad_box = [int(i) for i in quad_box]
            quad_box = self.coordinates_quantizer.dequantize(
                torch.tensor(np.array(quad_box).reshape(-1, 2)),
                size=image_size
            ).reshape(-1).tolist()

            if area_threshold > 0:
                x_coords = [i for i in quad_box[0::2]]
                y_coords = [i for i in quad_box[1::2]]

                # apply the Shoelace formula
                area = 0.5 * abs(sum(x_coords[i] * y_coords[i + 1] - x_coords[i + 1] * y_coords[i] for i in range(4 - 1)))

                if area < (image_width * image_height) * area_threshold:
                    continue

            bboxes.append(quad_box)
            labels.append(ocr_content)
            instances.append({
                'quad_box': quad_box,
                'text': ocr_content,
            })
        return instances

    def parse_phrase_grounding_from_text_and_spans(self, text, pattern, image_size):
        # ignore <s> </s> and <pad>
        cur_span = 0
        if text.startswith('<s>'):   
            cur_span += 3

        text = text.replace('<s>', '')
        text = text.replace('</s>', '')
        text = text.replace('<pad>', '')

        pattern = r"([^<]+(?:<loc_\d+>){4,})"
        phrases = re.findall(pattern, text)
    
        # pattern should be text pattern and od pattern
        pattern = r'^\s*(.*?)(?=<od>|</od>|<box>|</box>|<bbox>|</bbox>|<loc_)'
        box_pattern = r'<loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)>'

        instances = []
        for pharse_text in phrases:
            phrase_text_strip = pharse_text.replace('<ground>', '', 1)
            phrase_text_strip = pharse_text.replace('<obj>', '', 1)

            if phrase_text_strip == '':
                cur_span += len(pharse_text)
                continue

            # Prepare instance.
            instance = {}

            # parse phrase, get string 
            phrase = re.search(pattern, phrase_text_strip)
            if phrase is None:
                cur_span += len(pharse_text)
                continue

            # parse bboxes by box_pattern
            bboxes_parsed = list(re.finditer(box_pattern, pharse_text))
            if len(bboxes_parsed) == 0:
                cur_span += len(pharse_text)
                continue

            phrase = phrase.group()
            # remove leading and trailing spaces
            phrase = phrase.strip()

            if phrase in self.black_list_of_phrase_grounding:
                cur_span += len(pharse_text)
                continue

            # a list of list 
            bbox_bins = [[int(_bboxes_parsed.group(j)) for j in range(1, 5)] for _bboxes_parsed in bboxes_parsed]
            instance['bbox'] = self.box_quantizer.dequantize(
                boxes=torch.tensor(bbox_bins),
                size=image_size
            ).tolist()  

            # exclude non-ascii characters
            phrase = phrase.encode('ascii',errors='ignore').decode('ascii')
            instance['cat_name'] = phrase

            instances.append(instance)

        return instances

    def parse_description_with_bboxes_from_text_and_spans(self, text, pattern, image_size, allow_empty_phrase=False):
        # temporary parse solution, split by '.'
        # ignore <s> </s> and <pad>

        text = text.replace('<s>', '')
        text = text.replace('</s>', '')
        text = text.replace('<pad>', '')

        if allow_empty_phrase:
            pattern = rf"(?:(?:<loc_\d+>){{4,}})"
        else:
            pattern = r"([^<]+(?:<loc_\d+>){4,})"
        phrases = re.findall(pattern, text)
    
        # pattern should be text pattern and od pattern
        pattern = r'^\s*(.*?)(?=<od>|</od>|<box>|</box>|<bbox>|</bbox>|<loc_)'
        box_pattern = r'<loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)><loc_(\d+)>'

        instances = []
        for pharse_text in phrases:
            phrase_text_strip = pharse_text.replace('<ground>', '', 1)
            phrase_text_strip = pharse_text.replace('<obj>', '', 1)

            if phrase_text_strip == '' and not allow_empty_phrase:
                continue

            # parse phrase, get string 
            phrase = re.search(pattern, phrase_text_strip)
            if phrase is None:
                continue

            phrase = phrase.group()
            # remove leading and trailing spaces
            phrase = phrase.strip()

            # parse bboxes by box_pattern
            bboxes_parsed = list(re.finditer(box_pattern, pharse_text))
            if len(bboxes_parsed) == 0:
                continue

            # a list of list 
            bbox_bins = [[int(_bboxes_parsed.group(j)) for j in range(1, 5)] for _bboxes_parsed in bboxes_parsed]

            bboxes = self.box_quantizer.dequantize(
                boxes=torch.tensor(bbox_bins),
                size=image_size
            ).tolist()  

            phrase = phrase.encode('ascii',errors='ignore').decode('ascii')
            for _bboxes in bboxes:
                # Prepare instance.
                instance = {}
                instance['bbox'] = _bboxes
                # exclude non-ascii characters
                instance['cat_name'] = phrase
                instances.append(instance)

        return instances

    def parse_description_with_polygons_from_text_and_spans(self, text, pattern, image_size, 
                                                            allow_empty_phrase=False,
                                                            polygon_sep_token='<sep>',
                                                            polygon_start_token='<poly>',
                                                            polygon_end_token='</poly>',
                                                            with_box_at_start=False,
                                                            ):
        
        # ref_seg format: '<expression><x1><y1><x2><y2><><><sep><><><><>'
        # ignore <s> </s> and <pad>

        text = text.replace('<s>', '')
        text = text.replace('</s>', '')
        text = text.replace('<pad>', '')

        if allow_empty_phrase:
            pattern = rf"(?:(?:<loc_\d+>|{re.escape(polygon_sep_token)}|{re.escape(polygon_start_token)}|{re.escape(polygon_end_token)}){{4,}})"
        else:
            # [^<]+: This part matches one or more characters that are not the < symbol. 
            # The ^ inside the square brackets [] is a negation, meaning it matches anything except <.
            #
            pattern = rf"([^<]+(?:<loc_\d+>|{re.escape(polygon_sep_token)}|{re.escape(polygon_start_token)}|{re.escape(polygon_end_token)}){{4,}})"
        phrases = re.findall(pattern, text)

        phrase_string_pattern = r'^\s*(.*?)(?=<od>|</od>|<box>|</box>|<bbox>|</bbox>|<loc_|<poly>)'
        box_pattern =  rf'((?:<loc_\d+>)+)(?:{re.escape(polygon_sep_token)}|$)'

        # one polygons instance is separated by polygon_start_token and polygon_end_token
        polygons_instance_pattern = rf'{re.escape(polygon_start_token)}(.*?){re.escape(polygon_end_token)}'
    
        instances = []
        for phrase_text in phrases:

            # exclude loc_\d+>
            # need to get span if want to include category score
            phrase_text_strip = re.sub(r'^loc_\d+>', '', phrase_text, count=1)

            # phrase = phrase.replace('<poly>', '')
            # phrase = phrase.replace('poly>', '')

            if phrase_text_strip == '' and not allow_empty_phrase:
                continue


            # parse phrase, get string 
            phrase = re.search(phrase_string_pattern, phrase_text_strip)
            if phrase is None:
                continue
            phrase = phrase.group()
            # remove leading and trailing spaces
            phrase = phrase.strip()

            # parse bboxes by box_pattern

            # split by polygon_start_token and polygon_end_token first using polygons_instance_pattern
            if polygon_start_token in phrase_text and polygon_end_token in phrase_text:
                polygons_instances_parsed = list(re.finditer(polygons_instance_pattern, phrase_text))
            else:
                polygons_instances_parsed = [phrase_text]

            for _polygons_instances_parsed in polygons_instances_parsed:
                # Prepare instance.
                instance = {}

                # polygons_parsed= list(re.finditer(box_pattern, phrase_text))
                if isinstance(_polygons_instances_parsed, str): 
                    polygons_parsed= list(re.finditer(box_pattern, _polygons_instances_parsed))
                else:
                    polygons_parsed= list(re.finditer(box_pattern, _polygons_instances_parsed.group(1)))
                if len(polygons_parsed) == 0:
                    continue

                # a list of list (polygon)
                bbox = []
                polygons = []
                for _polygon_parsed in polygons_parsed:
                    # group 1: whole <loc_\d+>...</loc_\d+>
                    _polygon = _polygon_parsed.group(1)
                    # parse into list of int
                    _polygon = [int(_loc_parsed.group(1)) for _loc_parsed in re.finditer(r'<loc_(\d+)>', _polygon)]
                    if with_box_at_start and len(bbox) == 0:
                        if len(_polygon) > 4:
                            # no valid bbox prediction
                            bbox = _polygon[:4]
                            _polygon = _polygon[4:]
                        else:
                            bbox = [0, 0, 0, 0]
                    # abandon last element if is not paired 
                    if len(_polygon) % 2 == 1:
                        _polygon = _polygon[:-1]
                    
                    # reshape into (n, 2)
                    _polygon = self.coordinates_quantizer.dequantize(
                        torch.tensor(np.array(_polygon).reshape(-1, 2)),
                        size=image_size
                    ).reshape(-1).tolist()
                    # reshape back
                    polygons.append(_polygon)

                instance['cat_name'] = phrase
                instance['polygons'] = polygons
                if len(bbox) != 0:
                    instance['bbox'] = self.box_quantizer.dequantize(
                        boxes=torch.tensor([bbox]),
                        size=image_size
                    ).tolist()[0]  

                instances.append(instance)

        return instances

    def __call__(
        self,
        text=None,
        image_size=None,
        parse_tasks=None,
    ):
        """
        Args:
            text: model outputs
            image_size: (width, height)
            parse_tasks: a list of tasks to parse, if None, parse all tasks.

        """
        if parse_tasks is not None:
            if isinstance(parse_tasks, str):
                parse_tasks = [parse_tasks]
            for _parse_task in parse_tasks:
                assert _parse_task in self.parse_tasks, f'parse task {_parse_task} not supported'
        
        # sequence or text should be provided 
        assert text is not None, 'text should be provided'

        parsed_dict = {
            'text': text
        }

        for task in self.parse_tasks:
            if parse_tasks is not None and task not in parse_tasks:
                continue

            pattern = self.parse_tasks_configs[task].get('PATTERN', None)

            if task == 'ocr':
                instances = self.parse_ocr_from_text_and_spans(
                    text,
                    pattern=pattern,
                    image_size=image_size,
                    area_threshold=self.parse_tasks_configs[task].get('AREA_THRESHOLD', 0.01),
                )
                parsed_dict['ocr'] = instances
            elif task == 'phrase_grounding':
                instances = self.parse_phrase_grounding_from_text_and_spans( 
                    text,
                    pattern=pattern,
                    image_size=image_size,
                )
                parsed_dict['phrase_grounding'] = instances
            elif task == 'pure_text':
                parsed_dict['pure_text'] = text 
            elif task == 'description_with_bboxes':
                instances = self.parse_description_with_bboxes_from_text_and_spans( 
                    text,
                    pattern=pattern,
                    image_size=image_size,
                )
                parsed_dict['description_with_bboxes'] = instances
            elif task == 'description_with_polygons':
                instances = self.parse_description_with_polygons_from_text_and_spans( 
                    text,
                    pattern=pattern,
                    image_size=image_size,
                )
                parsed_dict['description_with_polygons'] = instances
            elif task == 'polygons':
                instances = self.parse_description_with_polygons_from_text_and_spans( 
                    text,
                    pattern=pattern,
                    image_size=image_size,
                    allow_empty_phrase=True,
                )
                parsed_dict['polygons'] = instances
            elif task == 'bboxes':
                instances = self.parse_description_with_bboxes_from_text_and_spans( 
                    text,
                    pattern=pattern,
                    image_size=image_size,
                    allow_empty_phrase=True,
                )
                parsed_dict['bboxes'] = instances
            elif task == 'description_with_bboxes_or_polygons':
                if '<poly>' in text:
                    # only support either polygons or bboxes, not both at the same time
                    instances = self.parse_description_with_polygons_from_text_and_spans( 
                        text,
                        pattern=pattern,
                        image_size=image_size,
                    )
                else:
                    instances = self.parse_description_with_bboxes_from_text_and_spans( 
                        text,
                        pattern=pattern,
                        image_size=image_size,
                    )
                parsed_dict['description_with_bboxes_or_polygons'] = instances
            else:
                raise ValueError("task {} is not supported".format(task))

        return parsed_dict