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[ { "answer_id": 7505, "body": "<p>Yes, according to the article bellow:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>But too much brushing, with bad technique, can cause other problems. \"People think if they brush hard and thoroughly they are doing a good job, but you can wear away your gums and tooth surface. People think receding gums are a sign of gum disease, but it's often a sign of too much scrubbing.\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/08/how-to-brush-your-teeth\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/feb/08/how-to-brush-your-teeth</a></p>\n", "score": 3 }, { "answer_id": 7506, "body": "<p>Bursh your teeth daily 3 times, but gently. For the front use up to down, from down to up motion, not left to right motion.</p>\n\n<p>Also, you should use daily mouth wash liquide which kills the bacteria too and keeps your mouth very fresh</p>\n\n<p>Do not eat hard food, when you become older you will lose your teeth early, eat always soft foods, fruits and avoid hard foot, sweets.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "dentistry", "gums" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8795, "body": "<p>I did go back and ask my doctor. They said it was ok for me to use.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "hearing", "ear" ]

[ { "answer_id": 7633, "body": "<p>I would assume because it is a symptom, not virus, bacteria, condition, etc, and a symptom is not the same as a disease.</p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 7635, "body": "<p><em>While I do agree with previous answer suggesting that diarrhea is a symptom rather than a disease, I would like to add the following:</em></p>\n\n<p>According to the WHO, diarrhea is defined as</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more\n frequent passage than is normal for the individual).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>While, infectious causes (virus, bacteria, parasite) are the most frequent aetiologies for diarrhea, other conditions can lead to diarrhea such as</strong>:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>drugs (laxatives, antibiotics) that lead to an inflammation of the<br>\nmucosa and therefore to an alteration in liquid absorption/secretion \nin the intestine</li>\n<li>inflammatory bowel diseases</li>\n<li>neoplasia (colon cancer)</li>\n<li>malabsorption diseases such as celiac disease</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><em>References:</em> </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/</a> </li>\n<li>Toronto Notes 2015, FM26, \"Diarrhea\"</li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "food-safety", "disease-transmission", "disease" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8790, "body": "<p>Ibuprophen is an non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug (NSAID). As it's name indicate, it reduces inflammation, which can reduce the discomfort of a fever. </p>\n\n<p>Paracetamol (called Acetaminophen on my side of the pond) is an analgesic which reduces pain. While not an anti-inflammatory, it does help reduce the symptoms by cutting down on the amount of aching and fever that you feel. </p>\n\n<p>This is a recommended combination when trying to manage mild to moderate pain without resorting to morphine or other opioid medication. A counter-indication to this combination is <a href=\"http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/treatments/medication/safety/acetaminophen-ibuprofen-side-effects.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">gastro-intestinal bleeding</a>. Don't forget to follow the posologie and recommendations of each individual medication </p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "medications", "fever" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8759, "body": "<p>You're overthinking it.</p>\n\n<p>All they are saying is that they strongly recommend no more than 10% of total daily calorie intake be in the form of sugars, and they conditionally recommend that no more than 5% be the goal.</p>\n\n<p>So, if your daily caloric intake goal is 2000 calories, they recommend no more than 200 calories come from sugars. Adjust for your own caloric needs. (Just as a note, many food labels in the United States assume a 2000 calorie diet for their serving size/dietary information panels. Most will tell you the calorie amount they are basing it on.)</p>\n\n<p>Technically, yes, if you eat 10,000 calories in a day, you could have 1,000 calories of sugar. However, that much caloric intake would present problems of their own in short order (excepting highly active individuals whose training regimens dictate that level of intake).</p>\n", "score": 3 }, { "answer_id": 12184, "body": "<p>Free sugars have no associated vitamins/minerals. They are, for all intents and purposes, nothing but calories/kilojoules. Yes, there is carbohydrate sugar in fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses, legumes, dairy, basically everything, but a carrot/apple/slice of bread/etc has more in it than just its energy content. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/your_health/healthy/nutrition/n55a_australian_dietary_guidelines_summary_131014_1.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Australia's Dietary Guidelines</a> (eg, 'eat 5 serves of vegetables/day, 2 serves of fruit/day, etc.) are constructed based on currently understood empirical evidence such that 95% of the healthy population could consume it and experience the least amount of food-related chronic disease risk - which more or less translates to 'bare minimum to get the body's micro-nutrient needs without excessive calorie intake (and thus the associated weight gain and associated problems). I'm assuming most countries use a similar mindset. You can read the health educator guide or summary of scientific evidence publication <a href=\"https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/n55\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a> for a more detailed explanation of of why the decisions were made and based on what evidence (or look up your own country's guidelines or international bodies like the WHO). </p>\n\n<p>If you're 'using up' your daily calorie limit on foods that are primarily energy (calories) with no associated micro-nutrients (eg. processed snack foods/drinks with loads of excess \"free sugars\"), you're missing an opportunity to meet your body's micro-nutrient needs without exceeding your daily calorie needs. That doesn't necessarily mean that you can't ever have junk food - Australia's dietary guidelines were formed with actual eating behaviors in mind (not just biochemical ideals), so the daily recommendations do allow for occasional discretionary (junk food) choices, because you need to be realistic about what the majority of the population is able to achieve. </p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "nutrition" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8785, "body": "<p><em>If you have a look at one of the most famous reference book in neuroscience \"Principles of neural science\" by Kandel (Fifth Edition), on page 22:</em></p>\n\n<p>There is this figure:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8dLY.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z8dLY.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>And here is the description of the figure (extracts):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Most neurons in the vertebrate nervous system have several main\n features in common. The cell body contains the nucleus, the storehouse\n of genetic information, and gives rise to two types of cell processes:\n axons and dendrites. Axons are the transmitting element of neurons;\n they vary greatly in length, some extending more than 2 m within the\n body (...) <strong>The action potential, the cell’s conducting signal, is\n initiated at the initial segment of the axon and propagates to the\n synapse, the site at which signals flow from one neuron to another</strong>.\n Branches of the axon of the presynaptic neuron transmit signals to the\n postsynaptic cell. The branches of a single axon may form synapses\n with as many as 1,000 postsynaptic neurons. <strong>The apical and basal\n dendrites together with the cell body are the input elements of the\n neuron, receiving signals from other neurons</strong>.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So axons connect with target neuronal cells, either on the dendrites or the soma, to propagate the action potential.</p>\n", "score": 4 }, { "answer_id": 8826, "body": "<p>Well, the synapse is made of:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>the presynaptic ending (membrane, terminal): which is actually the axon terminal and here is where we find the neurotransmitters.</li>\n<li>the postsynaptic ending (membrane, terminal): which could be a dendrite, an axon or a cell body, and here we find receptors for those neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Between the two membranes there is a gap or space called synaptic cleft.\nI hope this is clear for you.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "brain", "neurology", "nervous-system" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8806, "body": "<p>When you browse through Pubmed, there are two articles which provide some insights for your question:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Shah U, Mandl L, Mertelsmann-Voss C, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus is not a risk factor for poor outcomes after total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Lupus. 2015;24(9):900-908. doi:10.1177/0961203314566635. <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504835/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>They have done a case-control study comparing individuals with lupus receiving a total knee arthroplasty to individuals without the conditions also receiving this intervention.</p>\n\n<p>Here are their conclusion:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>While SLE patients have more comorbidities than OA, and SLE THA have\n worse pre-operative pain and function compared with OA controls, SLE\n was not an independent risk factor for poor short term pain or\n function after either hip or knee arthroplasty.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This concerned knee arthroplasty, but obviously it shows some tendency regarding those procedures and the outcomes for patients with SLE</p>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Mak A. Orthopedic surgery and its complication in systemic lupus erythematosus. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2014;5(1):38-44. doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i1.38. <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955778/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2</a></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>They provide a good overview of the complications associated with orthopedic surgery in general for patients with SLE.</p>\n\n<p>Here is an extract:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>complications as a result of surgical procedures are indeed not\n uncommon. SLE per se and its various associated pharmacological\n treatments may pose lupus patients to certain surgical risks if they\n are not properly attended to and managed prior to, during and after\n surgery. Concerted effort of management and effective communication\n among orthopedic specialists and rheumatologists play an integral part\n in enhancing favorable outcome and reduction in postoperative\n complications for patients with SLE through thorough pre-operative\n evaluation, careful peri-operative monitoring and treatment, as well\n as judicious postoperative care.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Both articles are freely available so you can read them to have additional informations.</p>\n\n<p>Hope this helps.</p>\n", "score": 5 } ]

[ "surgery", "arthritis", "ankle", "lupus", "joint-replacements" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8861, "body": "<p>This is a very interesting, yet tricky, question. The reason you must stop taking the minocycline is because of the interaction between tetracyclines (minocycline) and vitamin A (Retinoic acid) derivatives (isotretinoin/Accutane) causes a pseudotumor cerebri also known as increased intracranial pressure, which can be deadly.</p>\n\n<p>Now when taking spironolactone and isotretinoin, I don't see a problem per se, as far as interactions go. However, maybe your doctor doesn't want you to endure any of spironolactone's side effects as it will be minimally effective in treating the acne <strong>by comparison</strong> to the isotretinoin.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "medications", "dermatology", "acne", "drug-tapering-weaning", "accutane" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8830, "body": "<p>Good afternoon,</p>\n\n<p><strong>I'll methodically address each part of your question. The important elements are in bold</strong> </p>\n\n<p>The abscesses in your mouth won't heal on their own, if the underlying cause is not removed. <strong>It will most likely reappear after you stop taking the antibiotics, which should not be used in a long term fashion.</strong> </p>\n\n<p>If these are dental abscesses, There are generally two possible causes:</p>\n\n<p><em>Peri-apical Abscesses:</em> The pulp (nerf) inside the tooth has died (necrotic) and the bacteria have reached the apex (bottom of the tooth).</p>\n\n<p>Generally a <strong>root canal</strong> is sufficient to prevent entry of further bacteria and enable the body to repair the bone and allow the abscess to heal.\nAnother possibility is to extract the tooth, if it is not possible to perform a root canal or to restore it afterward (with a crown for example).</p>\n\n<p><em>Periodontal Abscesses:</em>\nThe gums around the tooth have detached from the roots, allowing bacteria to thrive in so-called periodontal pockets between supporting tissues and the rooth of the tooth.<br>\nDepending on the state of the tooth, if it is salvageable, it will require <strong>scaling and root planing</strong> to clean the area of bacterial debris and to allow the gums to reattach to the root. <strong>Using saltwater can help control the bacteria, but will not get ride of the pockets which let bacteria accumulate in the first place.</strong> \nAnother possibility is again to extract the tooth, if there is not sufficient bone and gums to support the tooth</p>\n\n<p><strong>As always, only an exam by a dental professional will allow you to find and treat the cause of your abscess(es).</strong></p>\n\n<p><em>Sources</em>:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>My professional background</li>\n<li>previous question on Health.Stackexchange</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.coeurdaleneiddentist.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-periapical-and-periodontal-abscess/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.coeurdaleneiddentist.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-periapical-and-periodontal-abscess/</a></li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "dentistry", "infection", "antibiotics" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8865, "body": "<p>Magnesium (Mg) citrate is Mg citrate no matter how it's formulated. The manufacturer takes pure Mg citrate (which is a powder) and either adds it to the liquid or compresses it into a pill. Same stuff either way. I don't know what else is in the liquid, but whatever it is it's only there for taste, appearance, etc.</p>\n\n<p>From personal experience I can tell you there's no need to dissolve the tablets in water or anything like that. Mg citrate is a laxative no matter how it's formulated, so just match the amount of Mg in the tablets to the amount of Mg in a dose of the liquid and you should achieve the same results.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "supplement" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8903, "body": "<p><strong>There is no evidence</strong>.</p>\n<p>If you're interested in some historical background about this recommendation, there is interesting quote from &quot;<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medical myhts</a>&quot; (2007) article in British Medical Journal:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The advice to drink at least eight glasses of water a day can be found throughout the popular press. One origin may be a 1945 recommendation that stated: A suitable allowance of water for adults is 2.5 litres daily in most instances. An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 millilitre for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods. If the last, crucial sentence is ignored, the statement could be interpreted as instruction to drink eight glasses of water a day.</p>\n<p>Another endorsement may have come from a prominent nutritionist, Frederick Stare, who once recommended, without references, the consumption “around 6 to 8 glasses per 24 hours,” which could be “in the form of coffee, tea, milk, soft drinks, beer, etc.” The complete lack of evidence supporting the recommendation to drink six to eight glasses of water a day is exhaustively catalogued in <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">an invited review by Heinz Valtin</a> in the American Journal of Physiology. Furthermore, existing studies suggest that adequate fluid intake is usually met through typical daily consumption of juice, milk, and even caffeinated drinks. In contrast, drinking excess amounts of water can be dangerous, resulting in water intoxication, hyponatraemia, and even death.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The review referenced above is <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376390\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">&quot;Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.&quot; Really? Is there scientific evidence for &quot;8 x 8&quot;?</a> (2002) by Heinz Valtin. But if you just want single answer, then:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>No scientific studies were found (...).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Some researchers are trying to determine recommended total daily fluid intake, you can search <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a> if you like. Some sample articles from past few years:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356431\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How much water do we really need to drink?</a> (2010)</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26885571\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Am I Drinking Enough? Yes, No, and Maybe.</a>&quot; (2016):</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356197\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Are we being drowned in hydration advice? Thirsty for more?</a> (2014)</li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 8874, "body": "<p>To drink 8 cups (2 liters) of water per day should not be considered a recommendation but an estimation of the average water needs for sedentary adults living in moderate climates (who sweat only a little).</p>\n\n<p>There is not possible to provide the evidence about \"how much everyone needs to drink per day\" because everyone needs different amount every day. You need to drink as much water as you lose it from your body, mainly by urinating and sweating. This is probably at least 1 liter per day, but if you sweat a lot, you may need 5 or more liters per day. </p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6\" rel=\"nofollow\">Institute of Medicine in the US</a> has determined the Adequate Intake (AI) of water, which is 3.7 liters for young men and 2.7 liters for young women. This does not mean you need to drink that much, but that 98% of young men and women (including more active and hence sweating more) will not need more than 3.7 or 2.7 liters per day. </p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "water", "liquids" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8942, "body": "<p>According to the literature, risk factors for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>gender</strong>: CLL is more frequent in men than in women </li>\n<li><strong>age</strong>: CLL is considered to be mainly a disease of older adults, with a\nmedian age at diagnosis of 70 years. Although younger individuals (in their 30s-40s) can develop CLL, the incidence rises dramatically with age</li>\n<li><strong>ethnicity</strong>: studies have shown that the incidence of CLL varies by\nrace and geographic location: it is higher in caucasians and lower in\nAfrican Americans or Asian Pacific Islanders.</li>\n<li><strong>genetic/positive family history</strong>: the cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics of CLL appear to be similar throughout the world suggesting a common genetic alteration. Also, CLL occur with higher frequency among first-degree family members of patients with CLL.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Finally, <strong>no clear discernible occupational or environmental risk factors that predispose to CLL have been identified yet</strong>. Also, no long term medication has been associated with the development of CLL.</p>\n\n<p>Sources:\n<a href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-pathologic-features-diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-pathologic-features-diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "medications", "cancer", "heart-attack" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8892, "body": "<p>It's nicely summarized in \"<a href=\"http://www.organicauthority.com/health/energy-drink-breakdown-whats-in-a-red-bull-anyway.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Energy Drink Breakdown: What’s in a Red Bull, Anyway?</a>\":</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Basically, Red Bull is a mix of sugar, caffeine, taurine and several B vitamins, all of which are well known for their energy-promoting qualities.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As far as I know, it's true for all energy drinks. So yes, they contain caffeine which is also the main ingredient of coffee and tea (as theine). I have never seen energy drink without caffeine.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "energy-drinks" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8894, "body": "<p>In most of the countries, obstetricians are the physicians specialised in breastfeeding. Sometimes, pediatricians are also involved but they often tend to focus more on the breastfeeded child, leaving obstetricians the lead concerning the mother. </p>\n\n<p>Here a note from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Optimizing-Support-for-Breastfeeding-as-Part-of-Obstetric-Practice\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Obstetric-Practice/Optimizing-Support-for-Breastfeeding-as-Part-of-Obstetric-Practice</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "practice-of-medicine", "breast", "breastfeeding", "lactation", "female" ]

[ { "answer_id": 8977, "body": "<p>Not sure what you mean by sterile eye drops? Most eye drops are sterile formulations so you do not introduce bacteria or pyrogens into your eyes.</p>\n\n<p>Regardless, I looked into the product Clearine and found that the active ingredient is naphazoline. There are still many over the counter eye drop products that contain naphazoline so you might consider trying one of those.\n<a href=\"https://www.visine.com/product-visine-a-allergy-eye-drops\" rel=\"nofollow\">Visine-A is one example</a></p>\n\n<p>If those are not strong enough there are some prescription only naphazoline eye drops that have a higher concentration that you could discuss with your doctor.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "eye", "allergy", "practice-of-medicine" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9002, "body": "<p>A dentist will prepare cavity based on principles of cavity preparation. Sometimes it may require extended preparation for the longevity of filling and further caries prevention. Anyway the caries has to be removed completely (all soft areas or infected dentin).</p>\n\n<p>Now I will answer your second question.\nA cavity or dental caries can be hidden in many cases. The surface enamel may be intact in such cases.In these cases x ray is of great use. Though you cannot identify by bare eyes where the cavity is, a dentist with adequate illumination can detect the minor colour change of surface enamel if there is underlying caries. It has to be restored as soon as possible in order to prevent further loss of tooth structure.</p>\n", "score": 4 } ]

[ "dentistry" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9011, "body": "<p><em>From my current personal experience at medical school, I would like to add following precisions to Carey Gregory's answer:</em></p>\n\n<p>Before going into clinical practice and rotating in the different subspecialties listed by Carey Gregory in his answer, in general, medical students learn the “fundamentals” of medicine during the first years of medical school. \nThis contains:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Human physiology</strong> (= the study of how living organisms works): this is\ndivided into several “sections” (or modules): cardiovascular\nphysiology, respiratory physiology, uro-genital physiology\n(regulation of body fluid volume and composition), immunology,\nneuroscience, muskulo-skelettal system, sensory physiology, digestive\nphysiology, endocrine physiology, digestive physiology, etc, reproductive physiology. <em>One of our reference book is the “Human Physiology- The mechanisms of\nbody function” by Vander et al but there are other books available on\nthe topic.</em></li>\n<li><strong>Pathophysiology:</strong> this studies the impaired physiological mechanisms\nthat lead to diseases. <em>There are many books on pathophysiology. Our\nreference book is “Robbins Basic Pathology” by Kumar et al.</em></li>\n<li><strong>Anatomy/Neuroanatomy</strong>: There are many online available atlas which can\nbe very useful. <em>Otherwise we use the “Clinically Oriented Anatomy” by\nMoore. It contains some text which gives you the importance of your\nstudied anatomy structure in clinically practice (which makes\nstudying more interesting in my opinion)</em></li>\n<li><strong>Histology:</strong> this studies the organisation of cells and tissues using a\nmicroscope. </li>\n<li><strong>Histopathology:</strong> studies the impaired organisation of cells and\ntissues in diseases (with a microscope). <em>Again, there are plenty of books, one commonly used is the “Histology- A text and atlas” by Ross et al</em></li>\n<li><strong>Pathology:</strong> macroscopic study of organs from patients with specific\nconditions. You can find some online atlas of pathology. Otherwise the\nRobbins (see under pathophysiology) is useful too.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><em>I want to emphasise that those books are personal recommendations and that there are other books available on the market which are probably as good as my recommendations (or even better). Also you may wish to consider “Lecture Notes” on the topics, which are basically giving you a summary (when you want to have a quick overview)</em></p>\n\n<p>Hope this brings some clarifications!</p>\n", "score": 4 }, { "answer_id": 9009, "body": "<p>The list of sub-categories in medicine is pretty much the same as the list of specialists in medicine. This list is fairly complete, although there are one or two specialties that aren't listed such as sports medicine, and some fields such as radiology have more than one type of specialist. But for your purposes, this should be accurate enough.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jmu.edu/esol/specialist_list.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jmu.edu/esol/specialist_list.htm</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Allergist or Immunologist - conducts the diagnosis and treatment of\n allergic conditions.</p>\n \n <p>Anesthesiologist - treats chronic pain syndromes; administers\n anesthesia and monitors the patient during surgery.</p>\n \n <p>Cardiologist - treats heart disease</p>\n \n <p>Dermatologist -treats skin diseases, including some skin cancers</p>\n \n <p>Gastroenterologist - treats stomach disorders</p>\n \n <p>Hematologist/Oncologist - treats diseases of the blood and\n blood-forming tissues (oncology including cancer and other tumors)</p>\n \n <p>Internal Medicine Physician - treats diseases and disorders of\n internal structures of the body.</p>\n \n <p>Nephrologist - treats kidney diseases.</p>\n \n <p>Neurologist - treats diseases and disorders of the nervous system.</p>\n \n <p>Neurosurgeon - conducts surgery of the nervous system.</p>\n \n <p>Obstetrician - treats women during pregnancy and childbirth</p>\n \n <p>Gynecologist - treats diseases of the female reproductive system and\n genital tract.</p>\n \n <p>Nurse-Midwifery - manages a woman's health care, especially during\n pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period.</p>\n \n <p>Occupational Medicine Physician - diagnoses and treats work-related\n disease or injury.</p>\n \n <p>Ophthalmologist - treats eye defects, injuries, and diseases.</p>\n \n <p>Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon - surgically treats diseases, injuries,\n and defects of the hard and soft tissues of the face, mouth, and jaws.</p>\n \n <p>Orthopaedic Surgeon - preserves and restores the function of the\n musculoskeletal system.</p>\n \n <p>Otolaryngologist (Head and Neck Surgeon) - treats diseases of the ear,\n nose, and throat,and some diseases of the head and neck, including\n facial plastic surgery.</p>\n \n <p>Pathologist - diagnoses and treats the study of the changes in body\n tissues and organs which cause or are caused by disease</p>\n \n <p>Pediatrician - treats infants, toddlers, children and teenagers.</p>\n \n <p>Plastic Surgeon - restores, reconstructs, corrects or improves in the\n shape and appearance of damaged body structures, especially the face.</p>\n \n <p>Podiatrist - provides medical and surgical treatment of the foot.</p>\n \n <p>Psychiatrist - treats patients with mental and emotional disorders.</p>\n \n <p>Pulmonary Medicine Physician - diagnoses and treats lung disorders.</p>\n \n <p>Radiation Onconlogist - diagnoses and treats disorders with the use of\n diagnostic imaging, including X-rays, sound waves, radioactive\n substances, and magnetic fields.</p>\n \n <p>Diagnostic Radiologist - diagnoses and medically treats diseases and\n disorders of internal structures of the body.</p>\n \n <p>Rheumatologist - treats rheumatic diseases, or conditions\n characterized by inflammation, soreness and stiffness of muscles, and\n pain in joints and associated structures</p>\n \n <p>Urologist - diagnoses and treats the male and female urinary tract and\n the male reproductive system</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "physiology" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9054, "body": "<p>Eating less saturated fat (mainly present in animal fat) should be <a href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD011737/VASC_effect-of-cutting-down-on-the-saturated-fat-we-eat-on-our-risk-of-heart-disease\" rel=\"nofollow\">healthy</a>, although the calories you miss by not eating saturated fat shouldn't be replaced with carbohydrates (most other food in the American diet). It lowers your odds to get cardiovascular diseases, you won't live longer on average.</p>\n\n<p>You might be better off not eating the whole peice of meat. Recently the <a href=\"http://www.who.int/features/qa/cancer-red-meat/en/\" rel=\"nofollow\">WHO</a> also put red meat on the 2A list of carcinogenic compounds, saying that red meat consumption probably increases your risk of colorectal cancer. The risk is not that high though. For processed meat (sausages, bacon) they're more sure.</p>\n\n<p>However, if you look at it from the point of view of an average obese American, you might be better off eating the fat and meat, and just not drinking your coke, as obesity is a major cause of morbidity. <a href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/CD005105/ENDOC_low-glycaemic-index-or-low-glycaemic-load-diets-for-overweight-and-obesity\" rel=\"nofollow\">It has been shown</a> that low carb diets work better than low fat diets. </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "diet" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9077, "body": "<p>It may have to do with the chemical structure and how they bind to specific receptors (see: <a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin</a> on capsaicin) causing a \"sensation of burning\" and irritation. It does also seem to directly affect the GI lining:</p>\n\n<p>\"Many substances directly irritate the lining of the esophagus and can contribute to heartburn. These include spicy foods, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes and tomato sauces, cigarette smoke, aspirin, and ibuprofen (with brand names such as Motrin and Advil). Some of these foods can also increase the production of stomach acid and decrease the LES pressure, leading to heartburn.\"\n<a href=\"http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart-emh.asp?articlekey=59146&amp;page=3\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/mobileart-emh.asp?articlekey=59146&amp;page=3</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "digestion", "food-safety" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9119, "body": "<p>I've had ingrown nails for more than 15 years and complete nail removal was never on the table. Wedge resection is a much more easy procedure, which may not even require anesthesia. It will also heal much faster and will hardly interfere with your everyday life.</p>\n\n<p>More on this procedure can be found at:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.derbyhospitals.nhs.uk/easysitewe/getresource.axd?assetid=281947&amp;type=0&amp;servicetype=1\" rel=\"nofollow\">Advice for parents about wedge resection of toenail</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0615/p2547.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ingrown Toenail Removal</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>EDIT: this procedure is less invasive, but recurrence is quite common.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "infection", "feet" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9121, "body": "<p>The absorption rates are different for each vitamin and mineral, so you can't say 98% or 20% for all. </p>\n\n<p>If a nutrient in the powdered and liquid form is chemically the same and the powder or liquid does not contain substances that would stimulate or inhibit absorption, the percent of the absorbed nutrient from both forms should be about the same. Also, at the time when supplements come into the small intestine they would be all liquid because of the presence of digestive juices.</p>\n\n<p>The form of a vitamin or mineral (liquid or powdered) can affect the <strong>speed</strong> of absorption -- in general, liquid forms would be absorbed faster -- but this does not necessary effect the <strong>percent</strong> of a nutrient being absorbed.</p>\n\n<p>There are other factors that have much greater effect on the percent of absorption of a vitamin or mineral:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemical form.</strong> For example, <a href=\"http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/iron_absorption.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">heme iron</a> is better absorbed than non-heme iron</li>\n<li><strong>Body stores</strong> of a vitamin/mineral. The more body iron stores you have, the less iron from supplements will be absorbed (see the source above)</li>\n<li><strong>Food.</strong> Vitamin C from lemon juice stimulates iron absorption. Tannins from tea or coffee can inhibit iron absorption (see the source above).</li>\n<li><strong>Amount of a supplement.</strong> The greater amount of a supplement you take, the lower percent (but not the lower amount) of it will be usually absorbed, because the absorption of certain nutrients is saturable.</li>\n<li><strong>Personal differences.</strong> In different individuals, different percent of a supplement will be absorbed. </li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "micronutrients" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9154, "body": "<p>That tendon is attached to palmaris longus muscles, a muscle that some people lack. There are absolutely no functional differences between people that have it and those who don't.</p>\n\n<p>Check the wikipedia article for more information: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaris_longus_muscle</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "tendons", "hand" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9176, "body": "<p>The doctor should be able to differentiate between these two diseases.</p>\n\n<p>Crohn's:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>GI inflammatory disease</li>\n<li>Diagnosed through <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20032061\" rel=\"nofollow\">blood tests</a> and/or stool sample and/or GI procedures (colonoscopy, endoscopy..)</li>\n<li>Symptoms related to the GI tract - abdominal pain, diarrhea</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/treatment/con-20032061\" rel=\"nofollow\">Treatment options</a> include: anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics such as cipro</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>From WebMD: \"Antibiotics may be used <strong>in addition</strong> to other medications or when infection is a concern, such as with perianal Crohn's disease. However, there's no strong evidence that antibiotics are effective for Crohn's disease.\"</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/home/ovc-20188556\" rel=\"nofollow\">Koch's/tuberculosis</a>:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Bacterial infection mainly in the lungs</li>\n<li>Diagnosed through TB skin test and/or chest x-ray</li>\n<li>Symptoms include chronic cough over 3+ weeks, fever, night sweats</li>\n<li>Treatment: <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20188961\" rel=\"nofollow\">common antibiotic medications</a> include <strong>isoniazid</strong>, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Both diseases do include weight loss as a possible sign/symptom. But associated symptoms should help determine the diagnosis.</p>\n\n<p>ON ANTIBIOTICS: Prescription of antibiotics <a href=\"http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/medication/question88.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">depends on the type</a> of bacteria of concern. Some antibiotics, such as those for tuberculosis, are specific for a type of bacteria. In theory, if you are taking two antibiotics that target different types of bacteria, then that should be okay, obviously if under medical advice. The main concern is that complications may arise: possibly more side effects, but in particular, inappropriate use of antibiotics may disrupt the balance of good bacteria in your intestines and may lead to emergence of pathogens. Consequently, your <a href=\"http://www.naturalnews.com/036479_antibiotics_immune_system_destruction.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">immune system is affected</a>, because your intestines act as a barrier. </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "medications", "crohns", "tuberculosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9242, "body": "<p>One systematic review (1) conducted in 2003 examined the efficacy of several complementary and alternative therapies (including douching with sodium bicarbonate) for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis</p>\n\n<p>Here an extract of their abstract:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Inconsistencies in definition of vaginitis, type of intervention,\n control groups, and outcomes prevented performance of a meta-analysis,\n and <strong>paucity of high-quality studies</strong> made ranking by evidence-based\n scales unsuitable. <strong>Lactobacillus recolonization (via yogurt or\n capsules) shows promise for the treatment of both yeast vaginitis and\n bacterial vaginosis with little potential for harm.</strong> Boric acid can be\n recommended to women with recurrent vulvovaginal Candidal infections\n who are resistant to conventional therapies, but can occasionally\n cause vaginal burning. <strong>Because of associated risks in the absence of\n well-documented clinical benefits, douching remains a practice that\n should not be recommended for the treatment of vaginitis. Finally, tea\n tree oil and garlic show some in vitro potential for the treatment of\n vaginitis, but the lack of in vivo studies preclude their\n recommendation to patients for the time-being.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The second (2) was conducted in 2009 and examined the efficacy of <strong>probiotics (incl lactobacilli)</strong> for the prevention or treatment of three major urogenital infections: bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and urinary tract infection.</p>\n\n<p>Here the conclusion:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Overall, lactobacilli were beneficial for the treatment of patients\n with bacterial vaginosis. <strong>No clear benefit was seen for candidiasis or\n urinary tract infection.</strong> Studies were heterogeneous, with some limited\n by a small population size. In conclusion, the use of certain\n lactobacillus strains such as L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri for\n prevention and treatment of recurrent urogenital infection is\n promising, especially for recurrent bacterial vaginosis</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong><em>So to summarise, data suggests that probiotics (yoghurts with lacotbacillus) might be useful but larger studies are needed. Concerning douching with baking soda (ie sodium bicarbonate) or the use of hydroxide peroxide, evidence is sparse and their use is currently not recommended.</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>Here the summary of recommendations on UpToDate (a resource for health professionals)</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>There is no evidence from randomized trials that garlic, tea tree\n oil, yogurt (or other products containing live Lactobacillus species), or\n douching is effective for treatment or prevention of vulvovaginal\n candidiasis due to Candida albicans.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><em>As a side note, here an extensive review on the use on the risk of benefits of vaginal douching for women’s health.\nMartino JL, Vermund SH. Vaginal Douching: Evidence for Risks or Benefits to Women’s Health. Epidemiologic reviews. 2002;24(2):109-124.</em></p>\n\n<p><em>Sources:</em></p>\n\n<p>(1) Van Kessel et al.Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003 May;58(5):351-8.</p>\n\n<p>(2) Abad et al. The role of lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections--a systematic review. J Chemother. 2009 Jun;21(3):243-52.</p>\n\n<p>Sobel. Candida vulvovaginitis. Uptodate.com. August 2016</p>\n", "score": 5 } ]

[ "home-remedies", "hydrogen-peroxide", "yeast-infection", "vagina", "baking-soda" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9238, "body": "<p>Depending on the laboratories, the upper limit for thrombocytes count varies between 350,000 to 450,000/microL (350 to 450 x 109 /L).</p>\n\n<p>Thrombocytosis refers to the condition where the thrombocyte count is above this upper limit. There are different categories for thrombocytosis: reactive thrombocytosis, autonomous thrombocytosis (in the presence of a myeloproliferative or myelodysplasic disorder) and essential thrombocytosis (a type of myeloproliferative disease).</p>\n\n<p>Here a non exhaustive list of the causes of thrombocytosis:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Nonmalignant hematologic conditions (acute blood loss, iron deficiency anemia, acute hemolytic anemia)</li>\n<li>Malignant conditions</li>\n<li>Acute and chronic inflammatory conditions (Rheumatologic disorders, vasculitides, inflammatory bowel diseases)</li>\n<li>Infections (chronic infections, acute viral or bacterial infections)</li>\n<li>Reaction to medications (glucocorticoids)</li>\n<li>Tissue damage (myocardial infarction, acute pancreatitis, burns)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>I haven't found a direct link between endometriosis and thrombocytosis. However, acute bleeding (which can occur in endometriosis) and resulting iron deficiency anemia (which you suggest you have) are both causes for thrombocytosis.</p>\n\n<p><em>Sources: Tefferi A. Approach to the patient with thrombocytosis. Uptodate. August 2016</em></p>\n", "score": 5 } ]

[ "symptoms", "endometriosis", "white-blood-count", "platelet-count", "anemia" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9322, "body": "<p>Drawbacks of the way you are sitting are:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Confine your legs to one position, which can increase pressures under the knee cap and slow circulation to the legs.</li>\n<li>Prevent you from using your feet to scoot around and navigate your work area.</li>\n<li>Be tricky to get in and out of.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>so, I would recommend you try change your habit of sitting, maybe difficult but it's good for both your health and your work.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "position" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9336, "body": "<p><strong>When someone is considering to take 2 drugs both of which can have severe side effects, he/she should discuss this with a doctor, so this part of the question CANNOT be properly answered here.</strong></p>\n<p>Mirena can actually cause acne:</p>\n<p><strong>1. Mirena side effects</strong> (<a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/sfx/mirena-side-effects.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Drugs.com</a>)</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The most commonly reported adverse effects are alterations of\nmenstrual bleeding patterns, nausea, abdominal/pelvic pain,\nheadache/migraine, dizziness, fatigue, amenorrhea, ovarian cysts,\ngenital discharge, <strong>acne/seborrhea,</strong> breast tenderness, and\nvulvovaginitis</p>\n<p>Dermatologic side effects: <strong>Very common...Acne/seborrhea (15%)</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>2. Mirena</strong> (<a href=\"https://www.drugwatch.com/mirena/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Drugwatch</a>)</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Common side effects of Mirena include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acne</strong></li>\n<li>Weight change</li>\n<li>Mood changes</li>\n<li>Breast tenderness</li>\n<li>Nausea</li>\n<li>Ovarian cysts</li>\n<li>Vaginal discharge</li>\n<li>Abnormal bleeding patterns</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>3. Mirena safety considerations</strong> (<a href=\"http://www.mirena-us.com/safety-considerations/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mirena-us.com</a>)</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Between 5% and 10% of Mirena users may experience:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Headache/Migraine</li>\n<li><strong>Acne</strong></li>\n<li>Depressed mood</li>\n<li>Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>4.</strong> Mirena contains the progestin hormone levonorgestrel, which can increase the blood levels of free testosterone (androgene hormone), which can cause acne (<a href=\"https://www.aad.org/media/news-releases/hormonal-factors-key-to-understanding-acne-in-women\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">AAD.org</a>).</p>\n<p><em>Stumpf PG et al, 1981 Changes in physiologically free circulating estradiol and testosterone during exposure to levonorgestrel (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778889\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed</a>)</em></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>During treatment with d-Ng [levonorgestrel]...the % of testosterone\nincreased to about 55% of the total.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><strong>5.</strong> There are many conflicting anecdotal reports of the effect of Mirena on acne online.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "acne", "inter-uterine-device-iud", "contraceptive", "drug-interactions", "accutane" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9358, "body": "<p>If a male person ejaculates the body produces certain hormones, such as dopamine, which is a happiness hormone. It is the reason for the good feeling - your body relaxes. Your well being increases, your organs work well. To make it short: Ejaculation, no matter how often, does not make your life shorter and it does not make your life longer. It just increases your well being. It can only be dangerous if you forget to eat or drink or something like that because you are 'too busy ejaculating'. In that case you would need professional help. What did your doctor say about your question? I am very interested in that, because a doctor should know it isn't bad for your life or anything.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "sex", "research", "penis", "life-expectancy", "ejaculation" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9373, "body": "<p>Unless you live on an area known for having deposits of heavy metals, or you suspect that you have been exposed (in which case you should go see a doctor), your kidneys should be able to take care of the small amounts of heavy metals present in your diet and environment. That being said, heavy metal intoxication can be treated with chelation therapy if needed. There are many drugs for this, most of them target a different metal selectively. This is not exempt of risks and by no means should be performed without medical supervision.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "home-remedies", "toxins", "metal", "detox-purge", "mercury" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9422, "body": "<p>Chlorhexidine is intended for local use only. From <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009564/?report=details\" rel=\"nofollow\">PubMed Health</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>This medicine may cause serious and permanent injury when placed in the eyes, ears, or mouth. Carefully follow all instructions before using this medicine to prevent these serious side effects.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Martindale: The complete drug reference, 34th edition lists the following potential side-effects:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>multiple episodes of cyanosis and bradicardia (in an infant whose mother sprayed her breasts with chlorhexidine when breastfeeding)</li>\n<li>mild giddiness, unusual laughter, and an increased appetite (in an elderly lady who mistakenly drank 30 mL of 4% chlorhexidine)</li>\n<li>gastritis (mistaken ingestion)</li>\n<li>pharyngeal oedema and necrotic oesophageal lesions, increased aminotransferase concentrations and liver necrosis (150mL of 4% solution)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>You may say that the concentration of your solution is lesser than in most of these examples. The quantity, however, that you intend to use is much larger. Even though you probably intend to use it over a prolonged period of time, not at once, the fact that chlorhexidine is not intended to be ingested remains.</p>\n\n<p>Edit: As rumtscho has pointed out in comments the tax may be significantly lower because the liquid might contain other ingredient(s) that make it unsafe to drink. Bottom line is that if something is not intended for peroral use, it should not be ingested (even if you find a way to remove chlorhexidine).</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "medications", "alcohol", "antiseptics" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9413, "body": "<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/home/ovc-20183131\" rel=\"nofollow\">Anemia</a> means decreased ability of the <strong>blood</strong> to carry oxygen. Two examples are iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia due to impaired vitamin B12 absorption. You can have anemia and good circulation.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=97614\" rel=\"nofollow\">Poor circulation</a> is a decreased ability of the <strong>circulatory system (heart and arteries)</strong> to deliver blood to all parts of the body. Examples of causes are heart failure, for example after heart attack, and hardening of arteries in the legs and arms (peripheral artery disease). You can have poor circulation without anemia.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "blood", "blood-circulation" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10356, "body": "<p>First: it says on the WebMD link you posted that you should consult your doctor immediately if you experience the side effect of \"outbursts of words/sounds.\" Please be sure you do so.</p>\n\n<p>The word for the involuntary behaviors you're experiencing is <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">tics</a>. They are \"verbal tics\" if you are saying words, or \"vocal tics\" if you are making non-word sounds with your voice. Some people group both these into \"phonic tics,\" since you use your vocal cords to make sounds with both.</p>\n\n<p>You also ask about <a href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tourette/detail_tourette.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tourette Syndrome</a>. Verbal and vocal tics are a characteristic of this syndrome. Having the tics does not mean you have Tourette Syndrome. Consult your physician about this as well.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "medications", "side-effects", "adhd", "behavior", "speech" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9512, "body": "<p>Under no circumstances should you ever allow chiropractic manipulation of the neck unless you're interested causing a stroke or paralysis. There is an artery that exits between two cervical vertebrae. If it gets pinched off, it can cause a full-blown stroke, and over-manipulation can actually break the neck. </p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "injury", "spine", "treatment-options", "neck" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9681, "body": "<p>Generally, legislation of each country prescribes how medicines should be labeled. There are international guidelines, but national regulations always come first.</p>\n\n<p>An example of international guidelines on labeling are the ones by World Health Organisation (WHO) given in <a href=\"http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19638en/s19638en.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Guidelines on packaging for pharmaceutical\nproducts; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 902, 2002</a> which state that the label should contain at least:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>(a) The name of the drug product;</p>\n \n <p>(b) a list of the active ingredients (if applicable, with the International Nonproprietary Names), showing the amount of each\n present, and a statement of the net contents, e.g. number of\n dosage units, weight or volume;</p>\n \n <p>(c) the batch number assigned by the manufacturer;</p>\n \n <p>(d) the expiry date in an uncoded form;</p>\n \n <p>(e) any special storage conditions or handling precautions that \n may\n be necessary;</p>\n \n <p>(f) directions for use, and warnings and precautions that may be\n necessary; and</p>\n \n <p>(g) the name and address of the manufacturer or the company or the\n person responsible for placing the product on the market.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Other example of international guidelines are those by European Medicines Agency in <a href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-2/c/bluebox_06_2013_en.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Guideline on the Packaging Information of Medicinal Products for Human Use Authorised by the Union</a> which is binding for the member states.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "medications", "labeling", "guidelines" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9596, "body": "<p>Applying cold compresses to the painful knee is one of the best and easiest ways to reduce pain and swelling. The cold will constrict the blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the affected area and thus reducing swelling. It will also give you relief from the pain.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Wrap a handful of ice cubes in a thin towel.</li>\n<li>Apply the compress to the affected knee area for 10 to 20 minutes.</li>\n<li>Do this two or three times daily until your pain is gone.\nA bag of frozen peas also works well as a cold compress. You can opt for alternating hot and cold compresses as well for chronic pains.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-knee-pain.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-knee-pain.html</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://everydayroots.com/arthritis-remedies\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://everydayroots.com/arthritis-remedies</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/knee-pain-home-remedies\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/knee-pain-home-remedies</a></p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "pain", "knee" ]

[]

[ "medications", "eye", "treatment" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9625, "body": "<p>Mild to moderate cases of dry eye syndrome can usually be treated using lubricant eye treatments that consist of a range of drops, gels and ointments. These lubricants are often called artificial tears because they replace the missing water in the tear film. For more information on other treatments for different other causes, visit the website below. <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dry-eye-syndrome/Pages/Treatment.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dry-eye-syndrome/Pages/Treatment.aspx</a></p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "eye", "treatment" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9667, "body": "<p>Medicine, more than almost any other discipline, requires continuing education through the entire career. It changes rapidly, and whatever a doctor was taught 20 years ago in med school, or even 10 years ago at a conference, may not be true today. So if they're not keeping up, they're going to be ignorant on some issues. I've seen that myself more than once with my own doctors.</p>\n\n<p>In some ways it's easier for specialists. They can focus their continuing ed on their one narrow specialty. If you walk into a cardiologist's office and ask about your rash, he'll just wave you off down the hall to the dermatologist. But a GP can't do that. They have to remain abreast of the whole spectrum. They have to be able to recognize and diagnose -- or at least suspect and refer to a specialist -- pretty much every disease, disorder, allergy, rash, psych issue, pregnancy issue, STD, sex problem, weird bump on my tongue, and of course whiny made-up complaints.</p>\n\n<p>So it should come as no surprise when patients like you, who suffer from a certain disease and therefore know more about it than most doctors, encounter one whose knowledge is outdated and no longer correct. Your knowledge of the subject is ahead of theirs, so I would recommend smiling, saying good day, and finding another doctor.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "autoimmune-disease", "fibromyalgia", "rheumatology", "general-practitioners", "different-national-health" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9748, "body": "<p>According to this page, <a href=\"http://sunvalleypediatricdentistry.com/statistics-brushing-flossing-oral-health/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://sunvalleypediatricdentistry.com/statistics-brushing-flossing-oral-health/</a> 50% of Americans floss daily, 31% floss less regularly, and 18% do not floss at all.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "dentistry", "oral-health", "statistics", "gingivitis", "floss-flossing" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9857, "body": "<p>DIMPLES</p>\n\n<p>Professor McDonald, citing limited research, concludes dimples have been mislabeled as genetically inherited and as a dominant trait. However, the University of Utah considers dimples an \"irregular\" dominant trait that is probably controlled mostly by one gene but is influenced by other genes.</p>\n\n<p>The truth is that dimples are actually genetic defects that are caused by shortened facial muscles.</p>\n\n<p>Dimples are caused by a fault in the subcutaneous connective tissue that develops in course of the embryonic development. A variation in the structure of the facial muscle may also cause dimples.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.genetic.com.au/genetic-traits-dimples.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.genetic.com.au/genetic-traits-dimples.html</a></p>\n\n<p>CHINS</p>\n\n<p>This is an inherited trait in humans, where the dominant gene causes the cleft chin, while the recessive genotype presents without a cleft. However, it is also a classic example for variable penetrance with environmental factors or a modifier gene possibly affecting the phenotypical expression of the actual genotype.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin</a></p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "genetics", "heredity", "chins" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9930, "body": "<p>Typically <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/features/get-to-the-bottom-of-your-sore-throat#1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">itchy throats</a> are associated with post nasal drip, dry air, allergies, or some other irritant. </p>\n\n<p>If it's allergen related, an antihistamine (Benadryl, Zyrtec, Claritin, etc) can be helpful. If you're developing some sort of virus or bacterial infection, often a warm salt water gargle helps to alleviate discomfort and can prevent a full-on infection.</p>\n\n<p>How long has your throat been itchy? If this is an on-going problem, I'd advise seeing your health care provider.</p>\n\n<p>Also, <a href=\"http://www.healthcentral.com/allergy/c/2048/10075/itchy-throat/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">hot tea with honey</a> can provide temporary relief as the honey will coat your throat.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "home-remedies", "otolaryngology", "itching", "throat", "scratch-scratching" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9927, "body": "<p>That depends on the age and general condition of the patient, as well as why and how fast and where they're losing blood. </p>\n\n<p>In your case, if you had pancreatitis severe enough to perforate the splenic artery (or another of the many large vessels touching the pancreas), the answer is \"not much, cause you're already in bad shape\". Then again, if that were the case, you'd have most likely been in the ICU before the hemorrhage happened for treatment of severe pancreatitis, and would have required surgery or interventional radiology to fix the bleeding, and the transfusion requirement would have been higher than three units, because blood loss quickly rises to litres from a major vessel like that.</p>\n\n<p>The other option is known as hemorrhagic pancreatitis in which you bleed into the tissue of the pancreas itself. It doesn't necessary mean you'd end up needing surgery, and if you did, it would not have been for bleeding, it'd have been to clean out the dead parts of the pancreas. In such a case, blood loss would not be severe (minimal, in fact), but coupled with the rest of the stuff that goes very very wrong during pancreatitis, you'd have needed a modest transfusion anyway, in order to keep your blood hemoglobin content optimal, rather than just good enough (we don't usually transfuse to optimal, because the benefit of that is usually nowhere near as large as the risks of the transfusion itself, so we settle for good enough, if possible).</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "icu-intensive-care-unit", "internal-bleeding", "pancreatitis", "hemorrhage" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9978, "body": "<p><a href=\"http://www.belmarrahealth.com/exercise-benefits-for-osteoporosis-reduces-bone-fracture-risk/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Source</a></p>\n\n<p>Osteoporosis exercises are encouraged for a number of reasons. First and foremost exercise is good in a general sense, but building muscle strength can be really beneficial to people who may be at risk of losing bone mass. \nStronger muscles can help improve balance, which can prevent falls. </p>\n\n<p>Balancing exercises are therefore a good addition to any workout routine. Regular exercise that includes muscle strength or resistance training, as well as weight-bearing aerobic activity can help prevent bone loss, as we get older.</p>\n\n<p>You don’t have to get overly aggressive, especially if you have already had a fall and are nervous about exercise. Nonimpact activities such as balance and posture exercises can benefit people with osteoporosis even though they don’t build bone density. These non-impact approaches can still increase muscle strength and decrease your risk of falling and potentially breaking bones.</p>\n\n<p>If you are at risk of osteoporosis or you have already been diagnosed with osteoporosis, most doctors agree that supervised weight-bearing exercise is the safest.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Exercises which strengthen bones and reduce fractures risk</strong></p>\n\n<p>Exercises which strengthen bones and reduce fractures risk If you want to experience the benefits of exercise and reduce fracture risk there are four different areas you should consider.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Strength training</strong> – This area of exercise focuses on free weights, such as dumbbells, weight machines or exercise bands. They can make muscles and bones work by lifting, pushing and pulling.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Balance training</strong> – These exercises reduce your base of support. For example, instead of standing on two legs, you stand on one. Challenging your balance can actually strengthen your balance.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Posture training</strong> – This involves paying attention to how different parts of your body are aligned. The alignment of the spine can become a concern for people with osteoporosis.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Weight bearing aerobic activity</strong> – This can be rhythmic activity that you do for at least 10 minutes at a time. Jumping rope, tennis or dancing are good examples.</p>\n\n<p>Yoga and Pilates are two very popular forms of exercise today. They can improve strength, balance and flexibility. While they may sound enticing, certain positions may not be safe for people with osteoporosis. As an example, movements that require you to bend forward could increase your chance of breaking a bone in your spine.</p>\n\n<p>Here are some of the exercises that fall into the above categories and that osteoporosis sufferers say they have had success with.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Functional movements, such as standing and rising up on toes </li>\n<li>Doing low-impact aerobics</li>\n<li>Using stair-step machines</li>\n<li>Fast walking on a treadmill</li>\n<li>Hiking</li>\n<li>Dancing</li>\n<li>Tai Chi </li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "exercise", "bones", "stretching", "physical-therapy", "osteoporosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9965, "body": "<p>Fingerprints are formed semi-randomly as the foetus develops in the womb and are affected by such things as chance fluctuations of hormone levels. Similarly, the pattern of freckles and moles on the skin is caused by random mutations and will vary between identical twins.</p>\n\n<p>Identical twins are 'clones' of one another. Their fingerprints are similar but not identical. ... Fingerprints form patterns the same way frost on a window forms patterns -- due to physical forces and conditions, not due to DNA programming.</p>\n\n<p>Yes, clones have fingerprints. No, they wouldn't be exactly like their original: fingerprints are influenced by in-utero and epigenetic factors, not just by the DNA. A clone's fingerprints would be very much alike its progenitor (and some features would be nearly identical), but not the same.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sciencefocus.com/qa/why-do-identical-twins-have-different-fingerprints\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.sciencefocus.com/qa/why-do-identical-twins-have-different-fingerprints</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.quora.com/Will-a-human-and-his-her-clone-have-the-same-fingerprints\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.quora.com/Will-a-human-and-his-her-clone-have-the-same-fingerprints</a></p>\n", "score": 0 }, { "answer_id": 11266, "body": "<blockquote>\n <p>Identical twins have the same DNA and blood-types, right?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Sort of. It is more complicated than that. DNA mutates at a rate of around 1 in 10,000 cell divisions. Some of those mutations will happens very early in development. Because of which it isn't uncommon for one twin to have different DNA based health conditions than the other. Identical twins usually have enough differences in their DNA that you can find a few legitimate differences in the raw output that services like 23andMe.com provide. If both twins have their Exomes sequenced there is usually enough differences to settle paternity and criminal DNA evidence issues. It has only reached a price to be realistic to do so in the last few years. There is even one company that provides DNA testing for twin issues. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.wired.com/2014/12/genetic-test-distinguishes-identical-twins-may-used-court-first-time/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.wired.com/2014/12/genetic-test-distinguishes-identical-twins-may-used-court-first-time/</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>But different fingerprints?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>DNA will typically give twins the same type of fingerprints. But the exact shape is determined by environmental factors. \n<a href=\"http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/02/identical-twins-dont-have-identical-fingerprints-even-from-birth/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/02/identical-twins-dont-have-identical-fingerprints-even-from-birth/</a></p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "blood-type", "dna", "fingerprint" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10003, "body": "<p>Apparently, from my research it's only the small-pox virus that is presently being stored.</p>\n\n<p>But still, the find was disturbing because for decades after smallpox was declared eradicated in the 1980s, world health authorities believed the only samples left were safely stored in super-secure laboratories in Atlanta and in Russia.</p>\n\n<p>There is a vaccine against smallpox that was a key tool in the eradication of the disease. This vaccine does not contain the variola virus which causes smallpox, but a closely related virus called vaccinia. When this vaccine is given to humans, it protects them against smallpox. However, it may have rare, but serious side effects, which in extreme cases can be fatal. Since smallpox was eradicated, the vaccine is not recommended in routine immunization. It is used to protect researchers who work on the variola virus that causes smallpox and other viruses in the same virus family (known as orthopox viruses). It could also be used to protect anyone else judged to have a high risk of exposure to smallpox. </p>\n\n<p>Vaccination with the vaccinia virus as a protection against smallpox is not recommended for widespread use. No government gives or recommends the vaccine routinely since it can cause serious complications, and even death. It should be given only to those persons who have a high risk of coming into contact with the virus which causes smallpox, or who have been exposed.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://nypost.com/2014/07/08/scientist-finds-lost-vials-of-extinct-smallpox-virus/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://nypost.com/2014/07/08/scientist-finds-lost-vials-of-extinct-smallpox-virus/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/faq/en/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/faq/en/</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "who-world-health-org" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10084, "body": "<p>Depending on your age, clinical treatment with rest, physiotherapy, NSAID, epicondylitis, both lateral and medial, may take one to several months to resolve. Surgery is a last resort and should be reserved to those cases where there is complete rupture of a tendon.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "tendinopathy", "tendons" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10117, "body": "<p>The key for this, and unfortunately it goes without saying, is balance.</p>\n\n<p>How do you achieve a work/life balance when you're being forced to work virtually non stop? Well, for this I will refer to my university days where in the lead up to exams, it was pretty common to spend a month or so on a fairly similar schedule as yourself. </p>\n\n<p>By and large, it should be fairly easy to stay <strong>physically healthy</strong>:</p>\n\n<p>Avoid high sugar contents or excessive caffeine consumption. These are great for sprints where you have 4 hours to finish a job. But this isn't a sprint, this is a marathon. Binging on sugar and caffeine will help you on that day, but you will be in a real trough the following day and the day after (which will make you crave more sugar/caffeine and the cycle continues). I'm not saying don't have a coffee and a bowl of coco pops; I'm saying don't have four 500ml cans of Monster Energy. </p>\n\n<p>I assume you'll be working at a desk as well so if you make sure you take regular stretches or short walks (even just to the canteen and back) every hour or so you should be fine. Otherwise, you will feel stiff and tired. Yoga or any other more intense exercise (a short run?) would also be excellent every few days if you find the time, but if not then don't worry too much about it. </p>\n\n<p>Make sure you set up your desk properly: screen at the right level, seat adjusted, use the back rest, don't slouch etc. There is plenty of guidance online (first link on google I found: <a href=\"http://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.ergonomics.com.au/how-to-sit-at-a-computer/</a>) on how to sit properly at a desk, but you need to be disciplined and actually follow it. You'll really struggle if two weeks in you find you've got a horrible knot in your back or twinge in your neck that makes using your computer uncomfortable. As someone who works a 9-5 office job, I can't really stress how big a difference this can make enough. </p>\n\n<p>Also it goes without saying but try to get ~8 hours sleep a night. Don't stay up too late, with limited time you might really struggle to claw back a sleep deficit.</p>\n\n<p>EDIT: Also drink water. Half the reasons people feel tired, depressed, lathargic etc is because they are dehydrated. If your pee is yellow and smells, you are already dehydrated and need to immediately drink water. If you are thirsty then it's already too late. Don't worry about going to the toilet every two hours, if your pee is clear and odorless then you are on the right track! Make sure you're always topped up. Keep a bottle on your desk, or leave a note to yourself.</p>\n\n<p>Ultimately, keep your discipline, you're body should be totally fine. Don't stress too much about that. If you do all of the above, you'll probably end up healthier than you already are if you're of average fitness currently. </p>\n\n<p>What you should be more concerned about is your <strong>mental health</strong>:</p>\n\n<p>This WILL knock the absolute shit out of you mentally. You need to go into this with the right attitude and build yourself a few crutches to lean on along the way. Make sure you remember why you're there and how much this would mean to you to be accepted. Write yourself a little message on a post-it note and stick it to your desk, or bathroom mirror or at your bed to remind you that this isn't forever and that it will all be worth it in the end. </p>\n\n<p>Work/Life balance is out the window, you don't have time to do the job and have planned time to yourself and sleep. What I would suggest is to <em>make</em> time for yourself, even 15 minutes every few hours: step away from your computer and go outside and get some sun. Don't even look at your phone. Just 'meditate' in the simplest form possible: do nothing. Do absolutely nothing and revel in it. </p>\n\n<p>If the opportunity is there (which I imagine it is) make a few friends. Everyone will be suffering the same so see if you can build a few relationships with your peers. Also, you might start to feel homesick so plan for a daily phonecall to someone you know (even if it's just for 5 minutes) on the outside world (Partner, parent, friend) and let them know exactly how you feel. </p>\n\n<p>Ultimately this entire exercise is about discipline: stay disciplined and focused on the goal, accept that it's going to be awful, and get on with it using every possible trick or crutch you have available to you. </p>\n\n<p>And have fun too and best of luck. It probably won't be as bad as you expect! </p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 10107, "body": "<p>The least you could do, I reckon:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Strict adherence to sleep schedule. Offset at your own risk - your minimum expectation is that one hour asleep buys you two hours awake.</p></li>\n<li><p>I assume you will have scheduled breaks for lunch etc? Make the most of it.</p></li>\n<li><p>Don't go to bed hungry or stressed.</p></li>\n<li><p>Don't skip breakfast, regardless. Porridge in the morning - even if its one spoonful before rushing out.</p></li>\n<li><p>Feet up when you can :P</p></li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "sleep" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10137, "body": "<p>Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is <strong>very toxic</strong>. It can cause both serious acute and chronic effects. The severity of effects depends on several factors such as:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>dose</li>\n<li>length of exposure</li>\n<li>frequency of exposure</li>\n<li>exposure route</li>\n<li>other toxic substances present</li>\n<li>factors related to the exposed person (age, weight, physiological susceptibility) etc.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>CCl4 is toxic via all 3 routes of exposure (oral, dermal and inhalation) and can cause a range of detrimental effects, including (but not limited to):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Oral and inhalation exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride results in acute central nervous system effects including dizziness, vertigo, headache, depression, confusion, incoordination and, in severe cases, respiratory failure, coma and death. Gastrointestinal problems including <strong>nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea</strong>, often accompany these <strong>narcotic effects</strong>. <strong>Liver and kidney damage</strong> can appear after the acute symptoms subside. All symptoms can occur following a single oral or inhalation exposure. Milder narcotic effects followed by liver and kidney damage have been reported following dermal exposure. <strong>Although an inhalation exposure of about 1000 ppm for a few minutes to hours will cause the narcotic effects in 100% of the population, large variations in sensitivity are seen.</strong> Alcohol intake greatly increases human sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride; consequently, exposure to 250 ppm for 15 minutes can be life threatening to an alcoholic. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(RAIS, emphasis mine)</p>\n\n<p>It is also characterised as a group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans). There have been many epidemiological studies to confirm these effects, such as this one:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Ott et al. (1985) conducted a cohort mortality study of 1919 men employed for one or more years between 1940 and 1969 at a chemical manufacturing facility in the United States. This cohort included 226 workers assigned to a unit which produced chlorinated methanes (methyl chloride (see this volume), dichloromethane (see this volume), chloro-\n form (IARC, 1987b), and carbon tetrachloride) and, recently, tetrachloroethylene (IARC,1995). Exposure levels were not reported.[...] There were <strong>42 deaths observed among the 226 workers</strong> (standardized\n mortality ratio (SMR), 0.6, based on national rates) [SMR, 0.8, based on company rates]. <strong>Nine cancers were observed</strong> [SMR, 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4–1.5, based on company rates], including three pancreatic cancers [SMR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.7–9.7, based on company rates]. <strong>Two of the three workers who died of pancreatic cancer had been employed for less than five years.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(from IARC, emphasis mine)</p>\n\n<p>Furthermore, it takes time for liver damage to be noticed. Even more so mid- 20th century, when the solvent was mostly used. Still, the toxicity of CCl4 is such, that it has been gradually replaced in dry cleaning from 1940s and 1950s and since 1960s it is no longer in use. The use of CCl4 as a pesticide was stopped in 1986. </p>\n\n<p>Finally, one can experience severe health damage without actually \"dropping dead\" . It took time (as many things in science do) to establish and prove the connection between CCl4 and its detrimental health effects, but once this was done the old ways from the old days were abandoned. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/carbot_c.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Condensed Toxicity Summary for CARBON TETRACHLORIDE</a> - RAIS, The Risk Assessment Information System</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=194&amp;tid=35\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Public Health Statement for Carbon Tetrachloride</a>, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), CDC</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_193194.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">International Hazard Datasheets on Occupation. Dry cleaners</a>, ILO</li>\n<li>Malaguarnera G, Cataudella E, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Chisari G, Malaguarnera M. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374978/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents</a>. World J Gastroenterol.2012; 18(22):2756–2766</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-150/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Control of Health and Safety Hazards in Commercial Drycleaners: Chemical Exposures, Fire Hazards, and Ergonomic Risk Factors</a> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/mono71-17.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Carbon tetrachloride</a> IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)</li>\n</ol>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "research", "toxicity", "medical-myths" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10273, "body": "<p>No, wearing a mask cannot help fight infection when sick.</p>\n\n<p>A sick person can wear a face mask when around others only to help prevent the spread of flu. Wearing a face mask limits the spread of tiny infected drops that are released when a person talks, coughs or sneezes.</p>\n\n<p>After all, the masks were originally designed to protect patients from the coughs and sneezes of a surgeon and not to help fight an infection.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/22/416466284/will-a-surgical-mask-keep-you-safe-in-a-viral-outbreak\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/22/416466284/will-a-surgical-mask-keep-you-safe-in-a-viral-outbreak</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sfcdcp.org/fluill.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.sfcdcp.org/fluill.html</a></p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "infection", "disease-transmission", "virus", "sinus" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10308, "body": "<p>Iron supplements will only increase your hemoglobin levels if they are low because you lack iron. Ferritin levels are a better indicator of how much iron you have than hemoglobin. If this is the case, animal sources of iron are much more efficient than fruits and vegetables.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "blood", "iron-supplements", "hemoglobin" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10339, "body": "<p>Assuming you do not only hear these sounds on windy days while outside, wWhat you are describing is most likely <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tinnitus/home/ovc-20180349\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">tinnitus</a> and not simply the wind passing your ear. While tinnitus is common, it is generally a sign of an abnormality in the auditory system. In most cases you are the only one who can hear it, but in some cases the ear makes sounds. These <a href=\"http://www.audiology.org/news/otoacoustic-emissions-tinnitus-distortion-product-oaes-and-transient-oaes-interview-david-kemp\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">otoacoustic emissions</a> can sometimes be heard by you and others.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "hearing", "ear" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10398, "body": "<p>Mononucleosis is usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus, but other viruses such as cytomegalovirus can cause it as well<a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/infectiousmononucleosis.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"> [1]</a>. EBV is a really common infection, and it's very likely that you've been exposed at an early age without developing serious symptoms<a href=\"http://virology-online.com/viruses/EBV2.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">[2]</a>. If that's the case, you wouldn't be infected by a person with active mononucleosis.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "mononucleosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10431, "body": "<p>Call your psychologist and ask for such option if you can get the e-mail, because you would like to explain your situation in writing.</p>\n\n<p>If they don't have, you can explain your situation on the paper either handwriting or on the computer and print it before going to the appointment.</p>\n\n<p>Especially when it's a private psychologist, they'll love to read what you've written to understand better your situation. In public clinic usually they've tight timeframes. But it may all depend on the specific psychologist and their approach, some of them would want to assess your situation by the direct approach.</p>\n\n<p>Even when they wouldn't want to read it, it's worth to print such document just for your self (even if it's just <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a mind map</a>), so you won't forget any details what you wanted to share.</p>\n\n<p>If you looking just for online psychologist, I'm sure you can write to them as you like, whether via e-mail, chat or web forms. Search online for some, then send the message explaining your situation and find the most suitable for you who can understand your problems and can help you.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "mental-health", "psychiatrist-psychiatry", "psychologist-psychology" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10935, "body": "<p>Yes.</p>\n\n<p>The definition of syncope is exactly that, hypo-perfusion in the brain. This is usually caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure such as in a vaso-vagal syncope where a strong vagal response triggers sudden dilation of arteries (vasodilation) and decreases the heart rate. The same goes for heart conditions called arrhythmias cause an abnormal heartbeat (sometimes very slow or very fast) that leads to a drop in blood pressure.</p>\n\n<p>The response to this hypo-perfusion is a sudden loss of consciousness and muscle tone. This leads to collapse leaving the head/brain at the same level as the heart. This makes the return of venous blood from the lower body easier as it no longer travels against gravity and blood must no longer travel against gravity to the brain. This in turn makes the hearts job of perfusing the brain easier leading to a rapid recovery of consciousness. That's at least the rough concept.</p>\n\n<p>Here is an article about syncope, it's clinical symptoms, and physiology: <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/132/10/2630/329792/Symptoms-and-signs-of-syncope-a-review-of-the-link\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/132/10/2630/329792/Symptoms-and-signs-of-syncope-a-review-of-the-link</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "emergency", "pathophysiology", "syncope" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10507, "body": "<p>Cyanosis occurs when the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin is high (greater than 5g/dL), because deoxyhaemoglobin absorbs differing wavelengths of light than oxyhaemoglobin and looks bluer.</p>\n\n<p>Central cyanosis occurs when there is high deoxyhaemoglobin levels in the arterial blood, caused by:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Shunt of deoxygenated blood into the systemic arteries</li>\n<li>Impaired oxygen uptake through the alveolar membrane</li>\n<li>High levels of overall haemoglobin overwhelming oxygen diffusing capacity (eg <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia_vera\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">polycythaemia rubra vera</a>)</li>\n<li>Low delivery of blood to the alveolar capillaries</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>This is because these central areas have high capillary blood flow which reduces the effect of tissue oxygen extraction.</p>\n\n<p>Peripheral cyanosis occurs when there is high tissue oxygen extraction, caused by:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Localised low blood supply (eg peripheral vasoconstriction)</li>\n<li>High tissue metabolic demand</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>So you'd always see peripheral cyanosis if there is central cyanosis, but not necessarily central cyanosis when there is peripheral cyanosis.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "blood", "heart-disease", "blood-circulation", "coloration-discoloration" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10492, "body": "<p>It's just a misspelling of <em>haematology</em>, which is the British spelling of <em>hematology</em>. <em>Hematology</em> and <em>haematology</em> are synonyms, and there is no such word <em>hemeatology</em>.</p>\n\n<p>From the <a href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hematology#medicalDictionary\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary</a> (emphasis mine): </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>hematology </p>\n \n <p>noun he·ma·tol·o·gy</p>\n \n <p>Medical Definition of hematology </p>\n \n <p>plural hematologies</p>\n\n<pre><code>: a medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs\n</code></pre>\n \n <p><strong>hematologist or chiefly British haematologist</strong> -jəst\\</p>\n \n <p>noun</p>\n \n <p><strong>Variants of hematology</strong></p>\n \n <p><strong>or chiefly British haematology</strong>\n \\ˌhē-mə-ˈtäl-ə-jē\\</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "terminology", "hematology" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10547, "body": "<p>Body temperature actually does not vary a lot between individuals contrary to Lakshmi's answer unless you have a fever. More information is needed to answer the question. Age, body weight / height and calorie intake per day as well as a recent history of unintentional weight gain or weight loss for starters. How long has this been going on for and are there other symptoms? Is your son actually unwell?\nAlso: It may be you whose temperature perception is off. It is well known that women, especially as they get older are less tolerant to colder temperatures than men. What is the actual temperature in your house and in his room? Maybe he is trying to escape from the excessive heat you create to be comfortable.</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 10534, "body": "<p>A common sense or intuition question: Does your son appear ill to you? Does he look or feel unwell?</p>\n\n<p>Examples of symptoms that would suggest he has some illness:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>His behavior has changed, so he was not always like this </li>\n<li>Increased body temperature (did you measure it?)</li>\n<li>Night sweats</li>\n<li>Fatigue</li>\n<li>Paleness</li>\n<li>Cough</li>\n<li>Changed bowel habits</li>\n<li>Pain (headache, stomach pain...)</li>\n<li>Rash </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>One disorder, among others, with feeling of warmth and appetite changes is hyperthyroidism (<a href=\"https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hyperthyroidism/hyperthyroidism-symptoms\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Endocrinoweb</a>)</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "body-temperature", "senses" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10567, "body": "<p>This sounds like <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">orthostatic hypotension</a>. There may be underlying causes, so you should ask a doctor about it, but you can help alleviate symptoms immediately by increasingly salt and water intake or wearing compression stockings.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "blood" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10573, "body": "<p>If you desire professional assistance, psychologists have specific training in therapy that can help. A therapist will likely work on developing skills based around becoming aware when you are starting to become angry, and training in techniques to lower your anger levels.</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 10568, "body": "<p>Yes of course ! You can control your angry. But instead of controlling it, you can show it in a peaceful way or forget it. I experienced it lot. Before few years, I used to get angry often. Showing your anger towards others should be in a peaceful manner if you want to show your angry. Count numbers in your mind from 1..10 when you get angry. </p>\n\n<p>Try these simple steps:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm. Breathing from your chest won't relax you, so picture your breath coming up from your \"gut.</li>\n<li>\"Slowly repeat a calming word or phrase, such as \"relax\" or \"take it easy.\" Keep repeating it to yourself while breathing deeply.</li>\n<li>Use imagery. Visualize a relaxing experience from your memory or your imagination.</li>\n<li>Try non-strenuous, slow exercises. Yoga and similar activities can relax your muscles and calm you down.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Practice these techniques daily. Eventually, you'll be able to use them automatically when you're in a tense situation.</p>\n\n<p><strong>It's best to find out what it is that triggers your anger, and then to develop strategies to keep those triggers from tipping you over the edge.</strong></p>\n\n<p>Tips to tame your temper : <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/anger-management/art-20045434\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/anger-management/art-20045434</a></p>\n\n<p>Reference : <a href=\"http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/controlling-anger.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/controlling-anger.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p>Play with Kids :) Smile :) Laugh a lot :) Enjoy Your Life :)</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "mental-health", "subconscious-stress", "violent-behavior" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10601, "body": "<p>There are actually a variety of publicly available databases that include many different aspects of the types of data that you are looking for. For example, a database produced by AHRQ, known as the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), includes data on hundreds of millions of inpatient visits by patients. It includes data on length of stay, ICU admission, diagnosis, procedures completed, complications, and mortality. You can learn more about using this deidentified, HIPAA-compliant database here: <a href=\"http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/</a></p>\n\n<p>Another national data system is the Medicare database, that includes similar information for the portion of the population that is covered by Medicare. Learn more here: <a href=\"https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/research-statistics-data-and-systems.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/research-statistics-data-and-systems.html</a></p>\n\n<p>The US is ahead of much of the world in collecting such advanced data on a variety of health topics. This so-called Health Services Research is actually a hot topic in medicine with many papers published in just the past ten years. Major data systems exist elsewhere, including Canada, Finland, and many others. You can do a straightforward Google search to discover more.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "medical-records", "data", "different-national-health" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10599, "body": "<p>Conception (pregnancy) can occur from menarche (the onset of ovulation / menstrual period) to menopause (cessation of the menstrual period). The CDC lists the average age of menarche as about 13 years (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137967/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137967/</a>) and menopause as 51 (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922699/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922699/</a>).</p>\n\n<p>A 48 year old woman, if still having an active menstrual cycle, can get pregnant. However, there are risks of having a pregnancy at that age. Remember that all of the eggs that a woman has are present at birth. This means that a 48 year old woman has kept all of those eggs for her entire life, and that they have been exposed to all of the various stresses that people have over a lifetime. This can include the effects of medications, radiation exposure (which accumulates over time), and other considerations. As a result, the risk of birth defects increases with age of the woman. I strongly recommend consultation with a physician, including special consultation with a fertilization expert. Genetic counseling may also be of particular benefit to help you with family planning.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, I would also espouse getting a triple screen done should a successful pregnancy happen. This will help you to identify some potentially devastating genetic defects well before birth, thus giving you options for family planning.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "prevention" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10641, "body": "<p><a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)</a> produces electrical currents in the brain through EM induction. It can do all sorts of temporary things to the brain including inducing hallucinations. See for example <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418887/magnetically-induced-hallucinations-explain-ball-lightning-say-physicists/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.technologyreview.com/s/418887/magnetically-induced-hallucinations-explain-ball-lightning-say-physicists/</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "lasting-effects-duration", "hallucinate-hallucogenic" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12697, "body": "<p>No, it just happens and you're overthinking about it. It means absolutely nothing. </p>\n\n<p>Cough is a protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. A cough can also be psychogenic or neurogenic but certainly not telepathic or magic.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h2>What causes coughs:</h2>\n\n<p>Most coughs are caused by cold or flu.</p>\n\n<p>Other causes include:\nsmoking,\nallergies(for example hay fever),\ninfections like bronchitis,\nmucus dripping down the throat from the back of the nose.\nA cough is very rarely a sign of something serious like lung cancer.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://beta.nhs.uk/conditions/cough?WT.mc_id=organic_split\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://beta.nhs.uk/conditions/cough?WT.mc_id=organic_split</a></p>\n", "score": 3 }, { "answer_id": 10660, "body": "<p>So, the question is, if cough is contagious in a similar way as yawning is, only with this difference that you don't even cough?</p>\n\n<p>Yes, such things can happen. It's not exactly that you \"spread\" the cough, but you can--unintentionally-- \"provoke\" the person to cough. This can happen if the person feels uncomfortable in your presence, because you are, for example, giving awkward, ambivalent messages (when your words, voice, emotions, gestures and facial expressions seem to be in a conflict). The other person can find this scary or funny, but he/she is not able or does not want to tell you, so the tension builds up in his/her chest/throat resulting in an urge to cough.</p>\n\n<p>The problem can be either on your or the coughing person's side.</p>\n\n<p>Speaking from experience; been on both sides.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "medications", "lungs", "cough", "airborne-transmission", "vector" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10655, "body": "<p>When a person is in a shock their organs aren't recieving enough blood or oxygen. \nThe main types of shock are:</p>\n\n<pre><code>Cardiogenic shock (due to heart problems)\nHypovolemic shock (caused by too little blood volume)\nAnaphylactic shock (caused by allergic reaction)\nSeptic shock (due to infections)\nNeurogenic shock (caused by damage to the nervous system)\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>In Septic shock: the inflammation resulting from sepsis causes tiny blood clots to form. This can block oxygen and nutrients from reaching vital organs.\nThe symptoms of septic shock are:</p>\n\n<pre><code>Significantly decreased urine output\nAbrupt change in mental status\nDecrease in platelet count\nDifficulty breathing\nAbnormal heart pumping function\nAbdominal pain\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>There's an important sign in septic shock that the hypotension does NOT improve with fluid replacement.</p>\n\n<p>From a symptomatic point of view: patients with sepsis often present with a fever, tachycardia, and hypotension but feel warm to touch with a bounding pulse due to the raised cardiac output in the early stages, while in other types of shock the patient presents with cold peripheries.\n <a href=\"http://rrapid.leeds.ac.uk/ebook/05-circulation-04.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://rrapid.leeds.ac.uk/ebook/05-circulation-04.html</a>\nAlso serum albumin level could be used to differentiate septic shock from other types of shock: <a href=\"http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1045614\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1045614</a></p>\n\n<p>Finally, septic shock and other types of shock have very similar symptoms, the main differences in septic shock are the fever and the hypotention that doesn't respond to fluid replacement.</p>\n\n<p>For more: \n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sepsis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20169787\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sepsis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20169787</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000039.htm</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.healthline.com/health/septic-shock#Overview1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.healthline.com/health/septic-shock#Overview1</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "differential-diagnosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11500, "body": "<p>AFAIK: It's pretty normal as long that you don't have trouble getting back to sleep.\nTry to google 'sleep cycles' to learn more about how the brain functions. Basically we have, I recall, 4 stages of sleep. Stage 4 is what is known as REM sleep, and this is where vivid dreaming happends, stages 3 is deep sleep and so on ...\nThe point I'm getting to, is that a complete sleep cycle will take approx. 90min, and after a complete cycle you're back at stage 1, where you'll be mildly awake again.\nInfo is based on recollection and might not be 100% accurate.</p>\n\n<p>Cheers,\nTobias</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "sleep-deprivation", "waking-up", "sleep-apnea", "restless-sleep", "nocturia" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10743, "body": "<p>You need to have some synovial fluid drawn from the joint and examined for Crystals. If none are present the condition is not gout. \nOther possible causes of symptoms are psoriatic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis septic (infectious arthritis).\nThe high CRP number indicates an autoimmune condition. </p>\n\n<p>Ask for steroid injection in ankle.\nThat may give you some relief while you try to adjust your diet to one focused on reducing inflammation.</p>\n\n<p>Keep an eye out for other symptoms like skin rashes that are also caused by auto immune inflammation causing disorders. </p>\n\n<p>I had extreme ankle pain and swelling for 2 months finally got injection. Within a day ankle was much better.\nHas not recurred for 4 months.\nBut now I have a skin problem diagnosed as psoriasis.</p>\n\n<p>My symptoms began during a high stress time in my life ( death of my sister).\nAnything that helps lower stress like meditation, yoga,exercise,healthy foods will help.</p>\n\n<p>Good luck!</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 12581, "body": "<p>Well apart from medications prescribed by medical physician or rheumatologist <a href=\"http://www.upaae.com/get-rid-of-gout-pain-in-24-to-48-hours-guaranteed-using-this-natural-remedy/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this home remedy</a> is extremely effective at curing gout pain and preventing further gout attacks. May God prevent you from further gout attacks but if it reappears then must give it a try, its all natural and with no side effects.\n4 Easily available Items you will need for preparing this remedy.\n1, Two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar<a href=\"https://upaae.com/10-proven-health-benefits-and-uses-of-apple-cider-vinegaracv/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">[1]</a>,2. One tablespoon of raw honey (Honey is for changing the strong taste of <a href=\"http://www.upaae.com/10-proven-health-benefits-and-uses-of-apple-cider-vinegaracv/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ACV</a>, if you are diabetic don't add honey).\n3, Juice of One Fresh lemon<a href=\"https://upaae.com/all-about-lemon-juice-and-gout-high-uric-acid-levels-research-based/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">[2]</a>.\n4, A glass of water.</p>\n\n<p>Use:\nMix all these items and drink the whole glass of this mixture. Prepare this drink two times a day and drink, you will notice pain reduction in less then 24 hours.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "medications", "diet", "joints", "swelling", "gout" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10725, "body": "<p>To minimize the chance of tooth pain, assuming that your tooth has a cavity, i.e. dental caries, you must: </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong>avoid suga</strong>r: sugar is metabolized by oral bacteria generating acids,\nhence pain</li>\n<li><strong>avoid acidic beverages and food</strong>s, like lemons </li>\n<li><strong>avoid food or drinks too warm or cold</strong></li>\n<li><strong>avoid to put anything in the tooth</strong>, as aspirin or anything else</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Brush twice a day with a soft toothbrush and using fluoridated toothpaste (>1.000 ppm of fluoride)</p>\n\n<p>Now, if the pain is <strong>transitory</strong>, i.e, you drink something cold and you feel the tooth, but as soon as you stop to drink the feel stops, in such case you will be fine. </p>\n\n<p>If, otherwise, the pain <strong>prolongs</strong> even if you retire the stimulus, or start to hurt during the night, then you must go ASAP to a dentist. </p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "dentistry", "pain", "tooth-decay" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10741, "body": "<p>If that is the accurate pressure, you really need to go to the emergency room! 188 is high but not immediately dangerous, but 134 for a diastolic is outrageous. At very least go to an urgent care or a pharmacy and have it double checked.</p>\n\n<p>To answer the original question, blood pressure and pulse are not directly related. The body regulates both separately to respond to environmental and internal conditions, but there is no direct 1:1 correlation. Pulse is how often the heart squeezes; pressure is how hard it squeezes, though technically that's the systolic pressure; and, in the case of diastolic (the lower number) pressure, it's how well or poorly the heart relaxes after squeezing). </p>\n\n<p>A pressure of 188/134 would be severely hypertensive with likely diastolic heart failure; A number like that, though, to me, screams poor equipment or poor technique, which is most likely the case if you are not being professionally tested and especially if you are improperly using a home testing system.</p>\n", "score": 5 } ]

[ "blood", "blood-pressure", "cardiology", "heart-rate" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11075, "body": "<p>drugs.com is a great resource. Go to the a Pro Edition header. Once you pull up the medication, scroll down until you find the Pharmacology Category. Once here, look for Metabolism and Elimination. This is where you will find your answer. Wikipedia is also a great place for quick hitter info. Search for the same sections in those articles and you should get the information you need. The least fun but most precise way is to google search the package insert for the medication you wish to research. Make sure you click the \"I am a health care provider\" tab. Then look for the package insert/prescribing information. This will be a large pdf where CTRL + F will be your friend. </p>\n\n<p>Hope this helps.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "medications", "liver", "kidney" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10812, "body": "<p>Chronic appendicitis is possible but rare (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4416293/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PubMed Central</a>).</p>\n\n<p>Crohn's disease and ovarian cyst are more common cause of the right lower abdominal pain.</p>\n\n<p>Constipation and IBS are even more common.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "abdominal", "appendectomy", "appendicitis", "appendix" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10848, "body": "<p>About Stevia : I don't know for sure what this product is so I will assume it is just <em>Stevia rebaudiana</em> extract. There has been a huge controversy over the safety of the product, but serious studies (<a href=\"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2006%2F9241660546_eng.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WHO - Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Steviol Glycosides</a>) tend to prove there's no significant effect on health (not a mutagen) in \"consumption\" doses.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The Committee concluded that <strong>stevioside and rebaudioside A are not genotoxic</strong>\n in vitro or in vivo and that the genotoxicity of steviol and some of its oxidative\n derivatives in vitro is not expressed in vivo. \n The no-observed-effect level (NOEL)\n for stevioside was 970mg/kgbw per day in a long-term study evaluated by the\n Committee</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It should also be noted that it is not an \"inert\" compound has apparently <em>some</em> effects on humans. Please ask a doctor if you think you might be affected by the Stevia extract you use.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The Committee noted that stevioside has shown <strong>some evidence of pharmacological\n effects</strong> in patients with hypertension or with type-2 diabetes [..]. The evidence available at present was inadequate to\n assess whether these pharmacological effects would also occur at lower levels of\n dietary exposure, which could lead to adverse effects in some individuals (e.g.\n those with hypotension or diabetes). </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>All depends of the flavor.\nHazelnut flavor is most likely to be filbertone but it could also be a mix of different other chemicals I'm not aware of. Filbertone is naturally present in hazelnut.</p>\n\n<p>I am not aware of any study claiming that filbertone is harmful but also none that claimed it was totally safe. Normally it should be present in very small quantity.</p>\n\n<p>Normally your stevia drops should contain information about its composition. Ask a someone competent if you want detailed information. It can be a doctor, a chemist or a pharmacist.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "supplement", "benefits", "healthy-cooking", "artificial-flavor", "nutrition" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10908, "body": "<p>From this answer on Biology.SE (given and researched by me):</p>\n\n<p>Yes, this is possible through something called heteropaternal superfecundation (see below for further explanation).</p>\n\n<p>Of all twin births, 30% are identical and 70% are non-identical (fraternal) twins.</p>\n\n<p>Identical twins result when a zygote (one egg, or ovum, fertilized by one sperm) splits at an early stage to become twins. Because the genetic material is essentially the same, they resemble each other closely.</p>\n\n<p>Typically during ovulation only one ovum is released to be fertilized by one sperm. However, sometimes a woman's ovaries release two ova. Each must be fertilized by a separate sperm cell. If she has intercourse with two different men, the two ova can be fertilized by sperm from different sexual partners. The term for this event is <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488855\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">heteropaternal superfecundation</a> (HS): twins who have the same mother, but two different fathers.</p>\n\n<p>This has been proven in <em>paternity suits</em> (in which there will be a bias selecting for possible infidelity) involving fraternal twins, where genetic testing must be done on each child. The frequency of heteropaternal superfecundation <em>in this group</em> was found (in one study) to be 2.4%. As the <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1488855\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">study's authors</a> state, <strong>\"Inferences about the frequency of HS in other populations should be drawn with caution.\"</strong></p>\n\n<p>So, to answer specifics, it's rare, the offspring are half-siblings without any further specific name, and yes, before (and since) DNA testing, there were cases of different race children, but as it is rare, there are not many. </p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "statistics", "history", "conceive-conception" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10945, "body": "<p>The rupture of the follicle is totally painless as it is not innervated.\nHowever, some women experience ovulation pain. It is particular to one side, and the mecanism that cause pain are not fully understood. It is maybe due to the excessive size of the follicle that stretches the ovary or to irritation the abdomen.\n<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mittelschmerz/basics/symptoms/con-20025507\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">On mayo clinic . com</a>, it is said</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Mittelschmerz [middle-pain, aka ovulation pain] pain occurs on the side of the ovary that's releasing an egg (ovulating). The pain may switch sides every other month, or you may feel pain on the same side for several months.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So it is apparently possible for some woman to guess what ovary ovulated on this cycle.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "uterus", "ovulation", "ovum-egg-oocyte", "ovary" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10962, "body": "<p>The following is for adults:</p>\n\n<p>Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2.\n <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373954\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(PubMed)</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In individuals inoculated with the common cold virus, milk intake was\n not associated with increased nasal secretions, symptoms of cough,\n nose symptoms or congestion.</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "pediatrics", "milk", "mucus-phlegm", "nasal-congestion", "sinus-congestion" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10961, "body": "<p>A herniated (slipped) disc in the neck (cervical) spine causes pain in the neck, between the shoulder blades and often radiates down one arm. Placing a hand on the affected side on top of the head often relieves the pain. Applying pressure on top of the head often aggravates the pain in the arm (<a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te7JpiXTH-0\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Spurling's test - video, 1 min</a>).</p>\n\n<p>A herniated disc in the lower back (lumbar) spine causes pain in the lower back, which often radiates down across the buttocks and into the thigh. Raising an extended leg to a certain level (<a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTIPOKhAzZM\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">straight leg raising test, video, 20 sec</a>) triggers pain in the buttocks. The pain is worse during sitting or lying and relieved by walking.</p>\n\n<p>A herniated disc in the chest (thoracic) spine is very rare.</p>\n\n<p>Muscular pain is by far the most common cause of back pain, either due to bad posture, repeating chronic injuries or acute injury.</p>\n\n<p>A herniated disc can be detected by an MRI. </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "pain", "back", "spine", "diagnosis", "hernia" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10980, "body": "<p>The method I am most fond of is to <strong>try to be more interested in the person</strong>. Try to find things about the person which you like enough to discuss. Ask lots of questions about the person, but try to avoid subjects that are insulting or painful for either of you. Examples:</p>\n\n<p>How are you? How are your kids? How is your husband/wife/daughter/son? How is work going? How was your weekend? Do you have any fun plans this weekend? How is your week going?</p>\n\n<p>If you have difficulty finding anything you would like to know about the person, you can try talking about a subject with which you both are familiar. <strong>Finding common ground is an easy way to form a bond with someone, and will give you more interesting things to discuss.</strong> Examples:</p>\n\n<p>Have you seen (<em>TV show/film that you have seen</em>)? Did you see the game/match between (<em>teams you like to watch</em>)?</p>\n\n<p>Finally, try not to be unnecessarily judgmental. If you get a lot of negative feelings toward a person, it will be more difficult for you to have conversations with them. Also, try not to use the word <em>boring</em>. The world is more interesting than you might think, and to call anything boring is to deny yourself the joy of discovering what is interesting about it. </p>\n\n<p><strong>If</strong> you find it very difficult in general to be interested in people or your surroundings, consider the possibility of depression. Lack of interest in (or inability to enjoy) the world around you is a symptom of depression, and may need to be addressed by your primary doctor or a specialist.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "speech", "speech-therapy", "social-anthropology", "social-cues" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11077, "body": "<p>I had never heard of these things and never had them. I had to find out what they are and came across an article in <a href=\"http://www.the-dermatologist.com/issue/2724\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Volume 21 - Issue 7 - July 2013 edition</a> of The Dermatologist.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.the-dermatologist.com/content/what-black-umbilical-nodule\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">The article</a> says that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>An omphalolith – also referred to as an omphalith, omphalokeratolith or umbolith – is a keratin and sebum containing stone-like mass found in the umbilicus.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.verywell.com/what-is-sebum-1069375\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Sebum</a> is a light yellow, oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands that keep the skin and hair moisturised, and as indicated in the Dermatologist article, these solid masses are a result of poor hygiene. The hair shown in some pictures is hair from the umbilicus. It is not something the omphalith is growing.</p>\n\n<p>If you shower or have a bath regularly and ensure the <a href=\"http://www.prevention.com/health/healthy-living/how-clean-your-belly-button\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">umbilicus is clean</a> whilst washing, you should have no problem.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "hygiene", "cotton-swabs-q-tips", "navel-belly-button" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11151, "body": "<p>What are we to say?\nThis is a very delicate issue, and misjudgements from us could lead to severe consequences. </p>\n\n<p>Let's assume that the person does in fact suffer from seizures and the SE-Community convinces you of this.\nAssuming you are from a country with regulations on medicine, there will be nothing you can do, apart from checking Dr. Google to understand what seizure exactly is, how it works and what possible cures are. Be asserted though that Dr. Google May not provide you with the best answer.<br>\n=> You will have to go to the hospital and get him/her checked. The answers couldn't help you in any way.</p>\n\n<p>Let's assume that the person does in fact suffer from seizures but the SE-Community wrongly tells you he/she doesn't.\nIf this would prevent you from visiting the hospital, it would put a serious burden on the suffering person. As you stated in the question, you would, as I hope, visit the hospital no matter of the outcome.<br>\n=> You will have to go to the hospital and get him/her checked. The answers couldn't help you in any way.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Concluding, the next thing to do is go and visit a hospital.</strong></p>\n\n<p>As the OP asked whether the symptoms are likely linked to seizure: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>When it happens he start moving to a corner without his conscious and then falls on floor with bending mouth and fingers unconsciously.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>To me, this looks more like a psychological issue than a seizure...\nI assume that the person can't remember anything about this, as you mention that he/she is unconscious. \nDoes he/she notice they black out?</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "brain", "nerves", "seizure" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11210, "body": "<p>In essence, the <a href=\"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash/eating-diet-nutrition\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">recommendation</a> is to eat a low fat diet with the goal of losing weight. In addition, avoid alcohol use, as you should with any liver issue.</p>\n\n<p>There's really no magic to most dieting needs (there are some that require medical intervention, but your health professional should have gone over them). Rather it's more an equation: [calories in] - [calories used] &lt; 0 leads to weight loss.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "diet", "healthy-cooking", "fatty-liver-disease" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11279, "body": "<p>Albuterol is a short-duration ß2-receptor agonist (to which it owes its main effect, bronchodilation); and while it can produce some effect on ß1-receptors (producing effects such as tachycardia), these will still be short-lived due to the short-acting nature of the drug itself.</p>\n\n<p>More reliable exercise-induced asthma information here:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-asthma-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;search=Salbutamol&amp;selectedTitle=2%7E10\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.uptodate.com/contents/exercise-induced-asthma-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;search=Salbutamol&amp;selectedTitle=2%7E10</a></p>\n\n<p>Also, I cannot comment on Chris' response, but most of the information he gave is irrelevant; and some of it is downright incorrect. Steroids are not prescribed \"to make sure Albuterol is safe for you\"; the actual reason is that Asthma is primarily an inflammatory condition that responds very well to inhaled corticosteroids as first-line therapy. These are added to therapy when the asthma is anything more severe than \"sporadic, mild crises that respond to short-acting bronchodilators.\"</p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 11219, "body": "<p>I had to look this up as I had only heard of Salbutamol which I have found out is <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/cons/salbutamol.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">exactly the same thing</a>. Albuterol is the generic name for Salbutamol.</p>\n\n<p>I have Salbutamol inhalers (Ventolin - blue inhalers) to use in event of asthma attacks along with a brown Beclometasone inhaler as a preventer, and I have had them since very young. These inhalers are safe to use over many years as long as you follow the dosage recommended by the doctor.</p>\n\n<p>Dosage is different from person to person and will need reviewing regularly by your doctor. <a href=\"https://www.drugs.com/albuterol.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Albuterol overdose can be fatal</a> so any overdose will need urgent medical assistance.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Overdose symptoms may include dry mouth, tremors, chest pain, fast heartbeats, nausea, general ill feeling, seizure (convulsions), feeling light-headed or fainting.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You must also</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Get emergency medical help if you have <strong>signs of an allergic reaction to albuterol:</strong> hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>also,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>You should not use <strong>ProAir RespiClick</strong> if you are allergic to milk proteins.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In order to make sure albuterol inhalation is safe for you, you or your child may also be taking an antiinflammatory medicine, such as a steroid (cortisone-like medicine), together with this medicine. Do not stop taking the antiinflammatory medicine, even if your asthma seems better, unless you are told to do so by your doctor. Also:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>tell your doctor if you have:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>heart disease, high blood pressure, congestive heart failure;</li>\n <li>a heart rhythm disorder;</li>\n <li>a seizure disorder such as epilepsy;</li>\n <li>diabetes;</li>\n <li>overactive thyroid; or</li>\n <li>low levels of potassium in your blood.</li>\n </ul>\n \n <p>It is not known whether albuterol will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.</p>\n</blockquote>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "lasting-effects-duration", "effectiveness", "risks", "exercise-induced-asthma", "asthma-inhalors" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11553, "body": "<p>Migraine auras are in a way similar to epileptic seizures; the most-accepted theory is they're caused by a depression of cortical neurons that spreads throughout the cortex during the attack.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25473742\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Cortical Spreading Depression</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170844\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Migraine Aura Pathophysology</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "physiology", "migraine-auras", "scotomas-blind-spots", "scintilla-flashing-lights" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11278, "body": "<p>The quality of evidence is not really the best (taken from a management guideline) but I frankly doubt there is any better-quality evidence to answer this question:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://guideline.gov/summaries/summary/48406\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://guideline.gov/summaries/summary/48406</a> says,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Follow-up of People Started on Statin Treatment</strong></p>\n \n <p>Measure total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in\n all people who have been started on high-intensity statin treatment at\n 3 months of treatment and aim for a greater than 40% reduction in\n non-HDL cholesterol. If a greater than 40% reduction in non-HDL\n cholesterol is not achieved:</p>\n \n <ul>\n <li>Discuss adherence and timing of dose</li>\n <li>Optimise adherence to diet and lifestyle measures</li>\n <li>Consider increasing the dose if started on less than atorvastatin 80 mg and the person is judged to be at higher risk because of comorbidities, risk score or using clinical judgement. [new 2014]</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Which is pretty much consistent with what I have seen and done managing patients with dislipidemia.</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 11320, "body": "<p>I am not clear as to how soon an intervention results in changes but in some <a href=\"http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015151\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">trials</a> people have tested within 2 weeks.</p>\n\n<p>I typically retest people at three weeks to provide reinforcement for a dietary intervention.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "cholesterol", "lipids" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11302, "body": "<p>Go see an orthopedic surgeon; it's not exactly the most classical story but you might have some form of carpal tunnel syndrome. In most cases in can be effectively treated with rest, painkillers and stretching/exercise (so you don't get unnecessarily scared about the \"surgeon\" part); either way, considering it's your profession, I definitely think it is justified to be evaluated by a professional.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00005\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00005</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "hand", "repetitive-strain-injury", "fingers", "irreversible-damage", "knuckles" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11308, "body": "<p>This question violates rules; the only reason I'm answering is because it is normal.</p>\n\n<p>It's got a regular rhythm with a normal rate, an axis around 30º, which is normal.\nAll segment durations are within normal limits, and I don't see any conduction blocks. The \"Possible infarction\" comment is an automated interpretation by the machine (more often than not, not very reliable) and is probably due to the extremely low voltage in aVL and V1 (which I think is probably due to a badly-placed electrode).</p>\n\n<p>Nonetheless, the person who can (and should) give you the most qualified interpretation of this exam is the doctor who ordered it in the first place and has knowledge of your history and any other symptoms you may or may not have.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "electrocardiogram" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11354, "body": "<p>Theres choline, but hey why not calculate it yourself? I can't share a website that does no sell anything too often it seems,but you will find on my profile.</p>\n\n<p>The nutritional database are from Usda and websites transform their data with % value and tools to calculate total nutrient amount of selected foods.</p>\n\n<p>From what I know you are missing several nutrients. Should also check for spinach oaxalic acid and nutrient interference, as well as uric acid impact.</p>\n\n<p>You should try sunflower seeds,pumpkin seeds,peanuts, and look seeds/nuts and herbs you'll find everything(except iodine for usda) \nB12 can be supplemented (don't forget it's stored in the liver)</p>\n", "score": 1 }, { "answer_id": 11361, "body": "<p>You missed a lot actually!</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Raw Honey</strong> in lukewarm water , very first thing in the morning, great if lemon added to it.</li>\n<li><strong>Grapes(raisins)</strong> drink it in the morning and the noon after soaking it in the glass of water if they are raisins or eat it raw.</li>\n<li><strong>Figs</strong> (in many ways, eating, make a powder to clean teeth and drinking a tea of it by boiling it)</li>\n<li><strong>Olives</strong> either as an oil or vegetable</li>\n<li><strong>Oranges</strong> at least two daily, make a juice with its fiber and drink it sip by sip slowly.</li>\n<li><strong>Dates and Guava</strong> (in the morning) are seen as the most nutritious.</li>\n<li>unbleached <strong>Jaggery</strong> a little piece after every meal.</li>\n<li><strong>Beetroot</strong> especially if you have eye issues or anemia problem.</li>\n<li><strong>Almonds</strong> either as an oil or eat it after soaking it at night and eating it very first things in the morning.</li>\n<li><strong>Cashew</strong> has healing benefits.</li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "diet" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11387, "body": "<p>Probably the doctor isn't using the stethoscope to determine your heart beat rate. Mine seem to use it to listen to my lungs as I breathe, and I've seen them used to listen for valve sounds or other oddnesses in a baby's heartbeat. The actual rate can be determined other ways: the stethoscope is more for observing the sounds in your chest. They may move on quickly from a spot because they can't hear anything useful at all, or because they can hear that everything sounds fine.</p>\n\n<p>Anecdotally, I can tell you that when I had growths in my lungs that caused an almost constant cough, doctors held their stethoscopes in place for quite a while at a time, and now that those growths are all gone, they listen for a shorter time in each place and then say \"your lungs sound completely clear.\" As an adult, I've never been told anything about my heart after a stethoscope has been used.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "cardiology", "procedure-purposes", "heartbeat", "procedural-behavior", "stethoscope" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11708, "body": "<p>Potatoes have are a great source of many minerals and a healthy option for a carbohydrate. They may raise your blood sugar rather quickly, but so will your typical pasta. If you eat the skin, that is a decent source of fiber, so that should slow the absorption of the carbs. Potatoes are actually significantly higher in potassium than bananas, go figure.<br>\nHowever, it is hard to say whether or not potatoes or pasta are going to be a benefit to your diet depending on the rest of your food intake. Assuming you are not overindulgent in calories or carbs, then I would suggest potatoes. But, variation is always a great idea, so maybe you can switch to pasta occasionally.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition", "carbohydrates" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11491, "body": "<p>Your kidneys will take care of that for you. They regulate the concentration of electrolytes in your blood.\nUsually, enough potassium is available in your food (e.g. coffee and bananas are rich in potassium) to prevent a potassium shortage.</p>\n\n<p>Too much medical saline can cause hypernatraemia (too high concentration of sodium) and hypokalaemia (too low cencentration of potassium). However, one needs quite some quantities for that, and the balance is usually quite easily recovered by supplementing potassium.</p>\n\n<p>TL:DR; don't worry about it.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "nutrition", "supplement", "salt", "sodium", "potassium" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11512, "body": "<p>If the bracket is removed all the way and is not cemented you can remove it carefully. You should be fine but I have had this happen before. Just open the tiny latch on the bracket and place bracket in a safe place. If you cannot remove it mouthwash and a little floss or a Christmas tree brush will help clean behind it.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "tooth-decay", "brushing-teeth", "cavity", "mouthwash", "dental-braces" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11526, "body": "<p>I am not a dermatologist, but hickeys are cutaneous very small bleedings when tiny blood vessels in the dermis, known as capillaries, get broken. They begin to bleed in to the small spaces below the epidermis called interstitial space. The best method to heal this bleedings is just to wait. Maybe cold application could help ... but the blood must be resorbed by body cells and it takes time.</p>\n\n<p>So its not dangerous at all ... just wait :)</p>\n\n<p>I hope that helps.</p>\n", "score": 0 } ]

[ "lasting-effects-duration", "neck", "bruising-bruise", "lips" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11610, "body": "<p>You don't specify which test was used to screen for TB, in this answer I will assume that <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mantoux test</a> was used.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>You probably were vaccinated using <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Calmette-Guérin</a> vaccine.\nUnfortunately this has been proven not to give an efficacious immunity against TB infection.</p>\n\n<p>In this scenario there are two chances:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>You actually were exposed to M.Tuberculosis.</li>\n<li>The Mantoux test is probably a <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8668383\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">false positive</a> due to your vaccination if you are at low risk for TB infection or to other factors.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Being at low risk means an individual was not:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>In contact with another person with infectious TB</li>\n<li>Born or has lived in a high TB prevalence country</li>\n<li>Continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>In both cases I would personally advise you to contact a doctor to get a chest x-ray and a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuantiFERON\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">IGRA quantiferon</a> blood test to further investigate. This is particularly advisable in your case having two different outcomes from serial testing which honestly could increase the possibility of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_tuberculosis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">latent TB</a>.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "tuberculosis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11668, "body": "<h1>Why is there not enough research on heart stent and exercise?</h1>\n\n<p>There is research of stents and exercise! How much is enough?</p>\n\n<p>In fact there are exercise programmes, known as <a href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rehab\" rel=\"noreferrer\">cardiac rehabilitation</a> designed to help those who have had some forms of cardiac disease or procedures-- including stent insertions. Cardiac rehabilitation has evidence to suggest that it is a beneficial programme for those who have suffered eg heart attacks or who who have had stents. </p>\n\n<p>There is evidence to suggest that <a href=\"http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/42/9/1569\" rel=\"noreferrer\">exercise shortly following stent insertion is safe</a> too; though perhaps inadvisable in the context of having a sore groin from the femoral access used.</p>\n\n<p>Certain types of exercise, such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870309006553\" rel=\"noreferrer\">may protect stent function</a>, though it should be noted that the study that suggested this had a relatively small sample size. It may have <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962772\" rel=\"noreferrer\">other beneficial effects</a>, but again note 1) small sample size and 2) a surrogate marker (<em>heart rate variability</em> (HRV)).</p>\n\n<p>It should be reasonable to conclude that other factors notwithstanding some forms of exercise is not harmful in and of itself following a stent. Of course, <strong>context is everything</strong>- if those 'other factors' were that a person who has had a stent is terribly unfit and so has very poor heart function, or has other significant co-morbidities, or similar it may not be safe for them to exercise!</p>\n\n<p>And so to the next point:</p>\n\n<h1>Why isn't there research to say if me running this marathon is safe? Why wouldn't my doctor tell me it's safe to run in the LA marathon?</h1>\n\n<p>'Why' questions can be tricky to answer; but in brief it may be tricky to do good, conclusive research as to whether having a stent affects marathon running. Research or trial design is a very broad topic to go into (it's a science unto itself), but it's hard to do well at the best of times. In this particular case there are several potential pitfalls.</p>\n\n<p>Stent or not, <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989386\" rel=\"noreferrer\">some people die during marathons</a>. This may be due to <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106468\" rel=\"noreferrer\">cardiac arrest</a> or in the context of <a href=\"http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/28/2/428\" rel=\"noreferrer\">sudden cardiac death</a>.</p>\n\n<p>So, say you have someone who sadly dies during a marathon, and they have a stent. How do you work out whether they died due to it not being safe to run because they have a stent, or for another reason? Stent or not, were they fit to run- are they a previously fit-and-healthy individual with a background of running before their procedure, or were they a sedentary individual who had a heart attack out the blue and leapt 'off the couch' to get fit after they had to have stents put in?</p>\n\n<p>In the absence of evidence, it's a judgement call. I can't and wouldn't wish speak for your doctor, but if they were to tell you that based on you being previously fit and well, and that you are doing well following the procedure you should be fine; if you then were to have something adverse happen, you may decide they had advised you poorly.</p>\n\n<p>That being said, there is a <a href=\"http://www.medtronic.com/us-en/about/foundation/global-heroes/guidelines.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">programme for those with stents (and other medical devices) to be sponsored to enter a marathon</a>; I am not affiliated with them. It's also worth pointing out that one of the requirements is that the putative runner:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Certify they have consulted with a physician who deems the runner medically fit to participate in the race.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So there you go. Run safe.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h1>Citations and Further Reading</h1>\n\n<p>Cardiac rehabilitation- <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Coronary-heart-disease/Pages/Recovery.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">NHS info</a> and a linked <a href=\"https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/living-with-a-heart-condition/cardiac-rehabilitation\" rel=\"noreferrer\">British Heart Foundation guide</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2011/05/16/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983536\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mortality and Cardiovascular Events After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Community</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/42/9/1569\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Early exercise after coronary stenting is safe</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870309006553\" rel=\"noreferrer\">High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation : A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19962772\" rel=\"noreferrer\">High-intensity interval exercise training improves heart rate variability in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention for angina pectoris.</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23989386\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Marathon-related cardiac arrest</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106468\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Cardiac Arrest during Long-Distance Running Races</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/28/2/428\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Risk for sudden cardiac death associated with marathon running</a></p>\n", "score": 5 } ]

[ "heart-disease", "stents", "arteries-artery" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11637, "body": "<p>Not at all.\nStudies have shown that a large amount of fibers is a <strong>protective factor</strong> against colo-rectal cancer for example.\nActually, as you said, only effects are some <strong>digestive troubles</strong>, since fibers are cut and destroyed by bacterias in colon : those bacterias produce gas, that's why you might feel uncomfortable.\nBut if you don't have that, go on !</p>\n\n<p><strong>One important point :</strong> you don't have to REPLACE something by fibers. I mean, it's good to eat a lot of fibers, but <strong>not only fibers.</strong> Don't forget proteins !</p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 11655, "body": "<p>There are no negative consequences, <strong>IF</strong> you eat in the proper way.</p>\n\n<p>With this statement I am referring to eat every component of the diet, like carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and of course fibers. This is essential.</p>\n\n<p>The main problem with people that eat lots of fibers, is that they feel full fast and usually won't eat all the proper components. \nProblems you have provided, like abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation are in fact caused of not eating good enough: vitamins deficit can lead to abdominal pain, coagulation problems and so on; protein deficit can leat to muscular problem, problems in the healing of scars or in general dermatological problems and so on.</p>\n\n<p>So, eating a lot of fiber has no side effect if you integrate the other component of the diet.</p>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "nutrition", "fibre" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11663, "body": "<p>Good evening.</p>\n\n<p>I would like to point out that this question might be to general for a complete answer but I will do my best in point out some points.</p>\n\n<p>When it comes to health, eating healthy is important regardless if your in a low stress or a high stress environment, and while I do realize you asked about eating healthy in a low stress environment I felt it was important to point out some of the stress inducing problem. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Effect of stress</strong></p>\n\n<p>Stress causes the release of hormones in your blood stream and it arrives and affects your entire body (From lectures).\nThe extended exposure to stress has effects on cognitive and mental health, (Sonia J. et al.) and immune system (David N. et al.) among others.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Effects of Food</strong></p>\n\n<p>This one is probably self explanatory, between not eating the amount of vitamins required to problems such as obesity there's plenty we could talk about. </p>\n\n<p>-For vitamins I like to refer to this very informative and complete website:\n<a href=\"http://universityhealthnews.com/daily/nutrition/the-abcs-of-vitamin-deficiency-symptoms-you-can-treat-yourself/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://universityhealthnews.com/daily/nutrition/the-abcs-of-vitamin-deficiency-symptoms-you-can-treat-yourself/</a></p>\n\n<p>-Due to byproduct of protein metabolism ammonia, excess of protein intake can have toxic effects(William V. et al.). </p>\n\n<p>Even if you live in a low stress environment the health issues obtained from unhealthy eating remain.</p>\n\n<p>I hope This was useful to you and, even if not completely, answered your question.</p>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Sonia J. Lupien, Bruce S. McEwen, Megan R. Gunnar &amp; Christine Heim ; Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition</p></li>\n<li><p>David N Khansari, Anthony J Murgo, Robert E Faith. Effects of stress on the immune system</p></li>\n<li><p>William V. McDermott, Jr., M.D. ,Metabolism and Toxicity of Ammonia</p></li>\n</ol>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "nutrition" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11803, "body": "<p>The problem with getting your daily requirement of water solely from juices, is that most juices have significant amounts of sugar in them. Let's say your favorite juice is orange juice. Orange juice is about 88.3% water so in order to get your recommended 64 fl. oz. (1.892 L) of water you'd have to consume 72 fl. oz. (2.129 L) of juice. Orange juice has 112 Calories in 1 cup (248 g), so you'd have to drink nine cups which would be 1,008 Calories. Add that to whatever food you eat and you'd have a whole helluva lot of calories. Unless you led a very active live style, you'd gain a lot of weight. But as far as water goes, your body really doesn't care where the H₂O comes from. If you got it from juice or plain water, you'd more or less remain just as hydrated. (I say \"more or less\" because variations in sodium content of one juice to another would affect how much water your body retains.)<br><br><b>Edit:</b> Contents of orange juice came from this <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_juice\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia article</a>.<br><br><b>Edit 2:</b> For those who consider Wikipedia an unreliable source: <a href=\"http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1971/2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this site</a> also has similar data.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "water", "juice" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11764, "body": "<h1>TL;DR</h1>\n\n<p>The pill <em>slightly more effective</em> than condom for contraception. Other methods are better still.</p>\n\n<p>The pill is <strong>ineffective</strong> for preventing STI; condoms are mostly effective.</p>\n\n<h1>In Full</h1>\n\n<p>First things first. Statistics on contraception efficacy are widely available, so as a bonus you are getting info on several more types than just 'condom' and 'pill'.</p>\n\n<h1>How effective is contraception at preventing pregnancy?</h1>\n\n<p>Reported in percentages; take the percent away from 100 if you would prefer to know how many women in a hundred will fall pregnant <em>despite using the contraception correctly</em>.</p>\n\n<h2>Short-Acting</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>male condoms</strong>: 98% (NB <em>heavily</em> dependent on effective / proper use)</li>\n<li><strong>female condom</strong>s: 95%</li>\n<li>diaphragms: 92-96%</li>\n<li>caps: 92-96%</li>\n<li><strong>COCP</strong> (combined oral contraceptive pill): >99%</li>\n<li><strong>POP</strong> (progestogen-only pill): 99%</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>Long-active Reversible Contraception (LARC)</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>contraceptive injection: >99%</li>\n<li>contraceptive implant: >99% (NB: over <strong>three</strong> years)</li>\n<li>IUS (intrauterine system): >99% (NB: over <strong>five</strong> years)</li>\n<li>IUD (intrauterine device): >99%</li>\n<li>contraceptive patch: >99%</li>\n<li>vaginal ring: >99%</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>'Permanent'</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>female sterilisation: >99% (1 in 200)</li>\n<li>male sterilisation: > 99% (1 in 2000)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>'Natural'</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>natural family planning: ≤ 99% (ie up to 99%, depending on how closely it is followed)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><em>(condoms and pills highlighted in bold)</em></p>\n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/contraception-guide/Pages/how-effective-contraception.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NHS contraception guide</a>; from which the stats are liberally taken.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Note</strong>: The <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/pdf/contraceptive_methods_508.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CDC also publishes a poster family planning methods</a>. The percentages are the number of pregnancies per year (ie the opposite of the NHS published statistics). They also give <em>actual effectiveness</em>, rather than assuming correct use every time. For <strong>condoms in particular, this means only 82% effectiveness (vs 99%)</strong>; and for <strong>the pill</strong>, 92% (vs >99%). There is <a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">further information available</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Although it isn't an 'accepted' source, there is a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods#Effectiveness\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia page with a table on contraceptive effectiveness</a>; the more important part is in the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods#References\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">references section of the article</a> which has plenty of further reading.</p>\n\n<h1>How effective are condoms vs the pill for preventing STIs?</h1>\n\n<p>STIs need a method of entry to pass an infection from one host to another. Condoms, when used correctly, form a physical barrier preventing entry. The pill gives <strong>no barrier to entry</strong>.</p>\n\n<p>I have yet to find a (reputable) source which claims that the pill gives any protection for STIs.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand, the CDC by itself has several resources on condom effectiveness at preventing STIS:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/docs/condoms_and_stds.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Condom factsheet in brief</a> (PDF warning)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/brief.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Condom factsheet</a> (non-PDF) - has further sources at the bottom of the article</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Condom Effectiveness</a></li>\n</ul>\n", "score": 2 } ]

[ "sex", "statistics", "effectiveness", "pill", "condom" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11857, "body": "<p><em>Artificial hips made out of an element on level above titanium.</em></p>\n\n<p>The trouble I'm having here: <strong>Literally the only four metals/metalloids a period above titanium</strong> are beryllium, magnesium, aluminium and silicon (and, to be fair, boron also counts as a metalloid). You don't won't your artificial hip to be made of either one of the four.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Your doctor can not have meant any of the metals above!</strong> I recommend to kindly write a letter or an email to your doctor asking for which artificial hip they were referring to, or just call them.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/be0iC.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/be0iC.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>Today, as <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02443329\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this study </a>notes, almost all artificial hips are made of cobalt-based alloys or titanium-based alloys. I therefore think it is safe to assume that your doctor referred to the cobalt hip replacement.</p>\n\n<p>(Cobalt is in the same period as titanium, but has an atomic number of 27 instead of 22. It comes after titanium in any way that one could read the periodic table.)</p>\n\n<p>EDIT:\nRegarding jet engines, have a look at this article: <a href=\"http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=11454\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Advanced Metal Alloys and Their Applications in Jet Engines</a></p>\n", "score": 2 }, { "answer_id": 11862, "body": "<p>I'd venture to guess that when your doctor referred to \"above\" titanium, he meant towards elements with greater atomic number. If so, my guess is that he/she was referring to zirconium. Zirconium oxide ceramic materials are an alternative to titanium, but according to <a href=\"http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/87-B/12/1631\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this</a> article, there are conflicting studies as to their effectiveness. Apparently this alloy is also referred to as Oxinium; when you Google \"zirconium hip replacement,\" you get several references to Oxinium.</p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "orthopedics", "metal", "hips", "joint-replacements" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11867, "body": "<p>It is one of several brands of rabies vaccine available in India. A list can be found <a href=\"http://www.medlineindia.com/vaccines/rabies_vaccine.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>. It wouldn't be appropriate for anyone allergic to eggs since it is cultured in eggs. Otherwise, it should be perfectly fine and is on the lower end of the cost scale. </p>\n\n<p>Probably only a pharmaceuticals distributor in India could say whether it's the \"preferred\" brand, but it is a major brand from a reputable manufacturer. It should be completely adequate to protect the patient.</p>\n", "score": 3 } ]

[ "injections" ]

[ { "answer_id": 12023, "body": "<p>Both alcohols, ethyl and isopropyl, can kill several bacteria in 10 seconds or fewer in the lab, including Staph aureus, Strep pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella typhosa, and Pseudomonas species, some of the bad actors in infections. For M. tuberculosis, it may take as long as five minutes of contact.  Many, but not all, viruses are goners, too, like HIV, hepatitis B, herpes, influenza, etc. Even some systemic bad fungal infections are susceptible, but again not all. But kissing means you put the virus into the mucose of the Respiratory and GI tract, rubbing the alcohol wont help the disease transmission. </p>\n\n<p>Some references:<br>\n- <a href=\"http://www.academia.edu/32253904/Effectiveness_of_disinfection_with_alcohol_70_w_v_of_contaminated_surfaces_not_previously_cleaned\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">This study is addressing the effectiveness of alcohol</a>.<br>\n- <a href=\"http://www.mtpinnacle.com/pdfs/disinfectant-selection-guidelines.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">This PDF</a> </p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "herpes", "antiseptics", "prophylaxis" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11992, "body": "<p>The first thing to do is you should go to see a doctor. Your primary care physician can look deep into your ear to see if there is anything lodged in it. It may be a build up of wax, or debris. If so, your doctor can clean it out. If there is nothing blocking your ear drum, and the feeling of blockage continues you should see a specialist. You could also have an ear infection that could be causing some inflammation. The doctor may prescribe ear drops, an oral antibiotic, or even a nasal spray to help with you These physicians are called Ear, Nose &amp; Throat (ENT) doctors. They can test to see if there is a problem with how your ear is working. Here is a web site that explains how the ear works. It is a remarkable and complex instrument. Protect it. Good luck.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/how-the-ear-works/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.hearinglink.org/your-hearing/how-the-ear-works/</a></p>\n", "score": 1 } ]

[ "hearing", "ear", "waking-up" ]