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2681400 | After a period of local rule, Mathura was conquered by the Indo-Scythians during the first 1st century BCE. The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the "Northern Satraps", as opposed to the "Western Satraps" ruling in Gujarat and Malwa. However, Indo-Scythian control proved to be short lived, following the reign of the Indo-Scythian Mahakshatrapa ("Great Satrap") Rajuvula, c. 10–25 CE. | Mathura |
2681401 | The Kushan Empire took control of Mathura some time after Rajuvula, although several of his successors ruled as Kushans vassals, such as the Indo-Scythian "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara, both of whom paid allegiance to the Kushans in an inscription at Sarnath, dating to the 3rd year of the reign of the Kushan emperor Kanishka c. 130 CE.[9] Mathuran art and culture reached its zenith under the Kushan dynasty which had Mathura as one of its capitals. [10] The preceding capitals of the Kushans included Kapisa (modern Bagram, Afghanistan), Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) and Takshasila/Sirsukh/ (modern Taxila, Pakistan).
Faxian mentions the city as a centre of Buddhism about 400 CE while his successor Xuanzang, who visited the city in 634 CE, mentions it as Mot'ulo, recording that it contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and five Brahmanical temples.[11] Later, he went east to Thanesar, Jalandhar in the eastern Punjab, before climbing up to visit predominantly Theravada monasteries in the Kulu valley and turning southward again to Bairat and then Mathura, on the Yamuna river.[12] | Mathura |
2681402 | The city was sacked and many of its temples destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1018 CE[11] and again by Sikandar Lodhi, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1489 to 1517 CE.[13][14] Sikander Lodhi earned the epithet of 'Butt Shikan', the 'Destroyer of Hindu deities'. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, built the Shahi-Eidgah Mosque during his rule, which is adjacent to Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi believed to be over a Hindu temple.[15] | Mathura |
2681403 | Mathura is located at 27°17′N 77°25′E / 27.28°N 77.41°E / 27.28; 77.41.[17] It has an average elevation of 174 metres (570 feet). | Mathura |
2681404 | The 2011 census of India estimates the population of Mathura to be 441,894, a decadal growth rate of 22.53 per cent from 2001 census of India. Males account for 54% (268,445) and females for 46% (173,449) of this population. Sex ratio of Mathura is 858 females per 1000 males, which has increased from 840 in 2001. However, national sex ratio is 940. Population density in 2011 has increased from 621 per km2 in 2001 to 761 per km2. Mathura has an average literacy rate of 72.65 per cent which has increased from 61.46 percent in 2001 but still lower than the national average of 74.04 per cent. Male and female literacy rate are 84.39 and 58.93 per cent respectively. 15.61 percent of Mathura's population is under 6 years of age. This figure was 19.56 per cent in 2001 census.[18] Mathura has large population of Jat in rural areas and Brahmins & Baniyas in urban areas.[citation needed] | Mathura |
2681405 | The famous cities/villages of Mathura District are as follows. | Mathura |
2681406 | Mathura is situated on the major Delhi-Mumbai train route. Both Central railway and Western Railway routes pass through Mathura. The Central Railway route moves further to Agra and beyond, whereas the western Railway route moves to Bharatpur and beyond. Thus, Mathura is well connected by train to major cities in India such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore, Alwar, Jaipur, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Rewa, Lucknow, Kanpur, Ayodhya, Varanasi etc. | Mathura |
2681407 | The city is served by six stations, Mathura Junction,Mathura Cantt.,Bhuteshwar,Baad,Masani,KrishnaJanambhoomi.Mathura Junction being the biggest one connecting to West, North and Southern India. Mathura Cantt connects to eastern Uttar Pradesh. Bhuteshwar serves for local trains for Delhi, Delhi NCR, Agra, Bharatpur and Alwar. Another station Krishnajanmabhoomi connects to Vrindavan via rail bus. | Mathura |
2681408 | Important train that origin/terminate from Mathura: 12177/Howrah - Mathura Chambal Express.[19] | Mathura |
2681409 | Mathura is well connected by road to the rest of Uttar Pradesh and India. NH 19 (Delhi-Howrah) and NH 44 (Srinagar to Kanyakumari) pass through the city. UP SH 33 (Bareilly to Mathura via Badaun, Ujhani, Kasganj, Soron, Sikandra Rao, Hathras) is a prominent arterial highway. Yamuna Expressway also connects to Mathura and, in fact, is the shortest way to reach Mathura by road. | Mathura |
2681410 | The city is served by Upsrtc, JNNURAM, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, DTC, Chandigarh and Punjab state transportation bus companies. Mathura depot, run by the Uttar Pradesh State Bus Company - runs 120 buses. Direct buses are available to Alwar, Agra, Aligarh, Khair, Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Delhi, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kanpur, Meerut, Haridwar, Rohtak and other Indian cities. An intercity JNNURM bus facility also exists. | Mathura |
2681411 | A tram network has been proposed in the city, which would make Mathura only the second city in India (after Kolkata) to get tram transport. In 2017, the local MLA Shrikant Sharma announced that the trams will be operation in Mathura and Vrindavan by 2018.[20] | Mathura |
2681412 | As of now, the city has no airport but the airport was proposed to Mathura in 2012. The civil aviation minister Ajit Singh suggested Mathura's name for the site of a new greenfield international airport to chief minister of Uttar Pradesh Akhilesh Yadav. Mathura's name came into play when group of ministers terminated the planning of building Taj International Airport at Greater Noida. Land has been marked, and construction is in progress near the Yamuna Expressway, with plans to open in the next five years with regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Ujjain and Varanasi and some international routes in future.[21][22][23] | Mathura |
2681413 | Mathura is a holy city for Hinduism, the world's third-largest religion. There are many places of historic and religious importance in Mathura and its neighbouring towns. The twin-city to Mathura is Vrindavan. As the home of Krishna in his youth, the small town is host to a multitude of temples belonging to various sects of Hinduism proclaiming Krishna in various forms and avatars.
Some places of interest are: | Mathura |
2681414 | Mathura is the home for I Corps (Strike Formation)[24][25] within the Indian Army's Central Command, hosting Strike I Corps headquarters in a large classified area in the outskirts of the city known as Mathura Cantonment (Central Command itself has its headquarters at Lucknow). It hosts Strike Infantry units, air defence units, armoured divisions, engineer brigades, artillery Units and classified units of Strategic Forces Command. The I Corps is primarily responsible for western borders of India. In 2007 during Exercise Ashwamedha, all the armoured, artillery and infantry divisions performed a simulation of an overall NBC (nuclear-chemical-biological) environment. The aim was to show operational ability in high intensity, short duration and 'sudden' battles.[26] | Mathura |
2681415 | Mathura Refinery located in the city is one of the biggest oil refineries of Asia with 8.0 MMTPA refining capacity.[27] This oil refinery of the Indian Oil Corporation is a highly technologically advanced oil refinery.[27] Mathura Refinery is the first in Asia and third in the world to receive the coveted ISO-14001 certification for Environment Management System in 1996. | Mathura |
2681416 | Textile printing industry that includes both sari-printing and fabric dyeing and silver ornaments manufacturing are major industrial contributors to the region.[28] | Mathura |
2681417 | In the 2014 General Elections, Hema Malini of the Bharatiya Janata Party became the Member of Parliament from Mathura Constituency. The Mayor of the city is Mr. Mukesh Arya Bandhu of BJP. In Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 Shrikant Sharma of the Bharatiya Janata Party became the Member of Legislative Assembly from Mathura Constituency. | Mathura |
2681418 | Mathura has contributed a lot towards Indian Culture through its rich heritage. The Braj culture has been expressed widely through various practices. Sanjhee is the colourful art of decorating the ground with flowers. | Mathura |
2681419 | Rasiya is a tradition that is integral to Mathura's culture. It is the tradition of folk-songs that describe the love of the divine couple Radha and Krshnaji. It is an inseparable part of the Holi celebrations and all other festive occasions at Mathura. (Dhulendi – Holi with drums (dholak), colours, etc. originated from Braj region hundreds of millennia before today). Spanning over a month, various kinds of Holi celebrations take place in the city. Barsana's Latthamar and Pushpmar Holi are especially famous. | Mathura |
2681420 | Raaslilas of Mathura have become an integral part of Indian Folklore. Krshnaji had danced the Raas with gopis on banks of Yamuna river. Charkula is a traditional folk dance of the Braj. In this dance, a woman balances a column of deepikas on her head and dances to the accompaniment of Rasiya songs by the menfolk. | Mathura |
2681421 | The language spoken in the Braj mandal is mainly Hindi which is spoken in a different dialect. This dialect is characteristic with the Braj region and known as Brajbhasha. Being close to haryana and uttar pradesh haryanwi is spoken by people and very few people speak Punjabi. Before Hindi and until past few centuries, Brajbhasha used to be the dominant language in literature. | Mathura |
2681422 | Mathura is one of the seven most holy places for Hindus in India. | Mathura |
2681423 | Ayodhyā Mathurā Māyā Kāsi Kāñchī Avantikā I | Mathura |
2681424 | Purī Dvārāvatī chaiva saptaitā moksadāyikāh II
- Garuḍa Purāṇa I XVI .14 | Mathura |
2681425 | A Kṣetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as giver of Moksha, They are Ayodhya, Mathura, Māyā, Kāsi, Kāñchī, Avantikā, Puri and Dvārāvatī.[29] | Mathura |
2681426 | All India Radio has a local station in Mathura which transmits various programs of mass interest.
Commissioned in 2001, Mathura has a Programme generating Facility (PGF) of Doordarshan - India's Public service Broadcasters. | Mathura |
2681427 | B.S.A College of Engineering & Technology
GLA University, Sachdeva Institute of Technology, R.K. Group of Institutions (including K.D. Medical College, Hospital & Research Center, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Rajiv Academy For Technology & Management, Rajiv Academy For Teacher's Education, Rajiv Academy For Pharmacy, etc.), Pmv Polytechnic and Sanskriti University. Krishna Mohan Medical College & Hospital on Sonkh Road Mathura. | Mathura |
2681428 | Mathura is home to the U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Ansundhan Sansthan, the first of its kind in the state and the fourth in the country to be made independent. The college was established in 1947 by Govt of U.P. and it is Asia's first veterinary college which awarded Veterinary science degree. The University is located on the Mathura-Agra road, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Mathura Junction. The main campus of the University is spread over a land area of 782.32 acres (3.1659 km2) in Mathura Cantt and about 1,400 acres (6 km2) at Madhurikund, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the main campus.[30] | Mathura |
2681429 | Garden At Prema Mandir | Mathura |
2681430 | Garden At Prema Mandir | Mathura |
2681431 | Garden At Prema Mandir | Mathura |
2681432 | Garden At Prema Mandir | Mathura |
2681433 | Garden At Prema Mandir | Mathura |
2681434 | Garden At Prema Mandir | Mathura |
2681435 | Topics and practices | Barbados Slave Code |
2681436 | North and South America | Barbados Slave Code |
2681437 | Central, East, and South Asia | Barbados Slave Code |
2681438 | Australia and Oceania | Barbados Slave Code |
2681439 | Europe and North Asia | Barbados Slave Code |
2681440 | North Africa and West Asia | Barbados Slave Code |
2681441 | The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 was a law passed by the colonial English[1]
legislature to provide a legal basis for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The code's preamble, which stated that the law's purpose was to "protect them [slaves] as we do men's other goods and Chattels", established that black slaves would be treated as chattel property in the island's court. | Barbados Slave Code |
2681442 | The Barbados slave code ostensibly sought to protect slaves from cruel masters and masters from unruly slaves; in practice, it provided far more extensive protections for masters than for slaves. The law required masters to provide each slave with one set of clothing per year, but it set no standards for slaves' diet, housing, or working conditions. However, it also denied slaves even basic rights guaranteed under English common law, such as the right to life. It allowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they wished to their slaves, including mutilating them and burning them alive, without fear of reprisal. | Barbados Slave Code |
2681443 | Throughout British North America, slavery evolved in practice before it was codified into law. The Barbados slave code of 1661 marked the beginning of the legal codification of slavery. The Barbados Assembly reenacted the slave code, with minor modifications, in 1676, 1682, and 1688. The Barbados slave code also served as the basis for the slave codes adopted in several other British colonies, including Jamaica (1664), South Carolina (1696), and Antigua (1702). | Barbados Slave Code |
2681444 | The legal basis for slavery was established in Mexico in 1636. These statutes created the status of chattel slave for those of African descent, i.e. they were slaves for life and the status of slave was inherited. Slave status passed to children through the mother in these statutes. Virginia's 1662 statute reads, "All children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother."[2] | Barbados Slave Code |
2681445 | The Barbados slave code, named An Act for Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes, (1661) declared, | Barbados Slave Code |
2681446 | "If any Negro or slave whatsoever shall offer any violence to any Christian by striking or the like, such Negro or slave shall for his or her first offence be severely whipped by the Constable. | Barbados Slave Code |
2681447 | For his second offence of that nature he shall be severely whipped, his nose slit, and be burned in some part of his face with a hot iron.
And being brutish slaves, [they] deserve not, for the baseness of their condition, to be tried by the legal trial of twelve men of their peers, as the subjects of England are. | Barbados Slave Code |
2681448 | And it is further enacted and ordained that if any Negro or other slave under punishment by his master unfortunately shall suffer in life or member, which seldom happens, no person whatsoever shall be liable to any fine therefore." | Barbados Slave Code |
2681449 | Peggy Jane Rea (March 31, 1921 – February 5, 2011)[1] was a Los Angeles-born American actress known for her many roles in television, often playing matronly characters.[2] | Peggy Rea |
2681450 | Before she became an actress, Rea left UCLA to attend business school. She landed a job as a production secretary at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the 1940s. Later, she was an assistant to writer-musician Kay Thompson until Thompson dropped her in April 1948. Some of the points of discord apparently included Rea's insistence on staying at the Algonquin Hotel (rather than Essex House, where Thompson was staying), and disappearing, on at least one occasion, on the eve of their New York opening to see Born Yesterday on Broadway without telling Thompson. "The time had come for Peggy to make her mark as the character actress she was born to be. | Peggy Rea |
2681451 | She quickly landed on her feet with a supporting role in the National Road Company production of Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire (as Eunice Hubbell, 1948–1949) starring Anthony Quinn. Thompson severed ties with Rea, however the younger woman kept in touch with other members of Thompson's family, including Thompson's mother, brother and younger sister, with whom she enjoyed cordial relations.[3] | Peggy Rea |
2681452 | She appeared in such television shows as I Love Lucy, Hazel, Bonanza, Have Gun Will Travel, Gunsmoke, Sergeant Bilko, Ironside, Burke's Law, Marcus Welby, M.D., All In The Family, Hunter, The Odd Couple, Gidget, Busting Loose, MacGyver, The Dukes of Hazzard (as Lulu Coltrane Hogg) and The Golden Girls. | Peggy Rea |
2681453 | She appeared in feature films, including Cold Turkey and In Country. She joined the cast of The Waltons in 1979 as Rose Burton, a cousin of Olivia Walton, as sort of a surrogate parental figure replacing Ellen Corby (Grandma), Michael Learned (Olivia), and the following year, Ralph Waite (John). (She'd also previously appeared in a 1978 episode of The Waltons, playing a landlady.) | Peggy Rea |
2681454 | Rea remained with the series until the spring of 1981 when her character of Rose married her beau Stanley Perkins (played by William Schallert) shortly before the show's cancellation. Rea's character of Rose appeared in the Walton's Thanksgiving Reunion in 1993. Rea later appeared as a regular on the sitcom Grace Under Fire during the 1990s. | Peggy Rea |
2681455 | Her recurring roles included: | Peggy Rea |
2681456 | Rea died in Toluca Lake, California, aged 89, from complications of heart failure on February 5, 2011.[1] | Peggy Rea |
2681457 | The 1990 New England Patriots season was the team's 31st, and 21st in the National Football League. It was the first and only season for head coach Rod Rust. | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681458 | The Patriots finished the season with a record of 1–15, the worst record in franchise history. They finished last in the AFC East Division and dead last in the NFL. Notably, they lost a nationally televised game to the Washington Redskins in which they were down 9–0 before the Redskins even ran an offensive play. The Redskins' two first-quarter scores came on a Kurt Gouveia fumble return for a touchdown, and the Patriots snapping the ball out of the end zone for a safety.[1] The announced crowd for the game, played in a driving rain, was 22,286. In a humiliating Week 9 blowout loss in Philadelphia, Eagles' QB Randall Cunningham scored on a long run where the defense was split between Patriots who did not even try to tackle Cunningham and a few who completely whiffed on such attempts; this highlight was shown on all the national NFL-related TV shows (including ESPN's NFL Primetime and Monday Night Football) and made the 1990 Patriots' incompetence both a national story and a collective joke. | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681459 | The Patriots’ final game of the season, against the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants, drew a sellout crowd to Foxboro, but over 40,000 fans were rooting for the visitors, as tickets to Giants home games were nearly impossible to come by for non-season-ticket holders. | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681460 | The Patriots’ negative-265 point-differential (181 points scored, 446 points surrendered) was the worst total of the 1990s.[2] It is notable that like the previous season's Dallas Cowboys, the Patriots played only three teams with non-winning records – divisional rivals the Indianapolis Colts and New York Jets plus one game against the Phoenix Cardinals – all season.[3] | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681461 | The 1990 Patriots and 1981 Baltimore Colts are the only NFL teams since 1940 to have eleven losses during which they never led in one season.[4] | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681462 | The 1990 Patriots became the third team to end a season at 1-15, and were matched by the 1991 Colts the next year. They also tied the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers for most consecutive losses inside one season (the Buccaneers lost all 14 games at a time when the NFL had not adopted a 16-game schedule yet), a record later eclipsed by the 15-straight losing 2001 Carolina Panthers. It was then topped by the 0-16 2008 Detroit Lions and 0-16 2017 Cleveland Browns. | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681463 | The day after the Patriots' only victory of the season, tight end Zeke Mowatt, running back Robert Perryman and wide receiver Michael Timpson allegedly stood in front of Boston Herald reporter Lisa Olson semi-naked and sexually harassed her in the Patriots locker room at Foxboro Stadium.[5] The incident proved a major embarrassment for the franchise, and the team lost its final 14 games, and was accused in the media of quitting in most of the losses. | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681464 | Special teams coaches | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681465 | Strength and conditioning | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681466 | {{{reserve_lists}}} | 1990 New England Patriots season |
2681467 | Rookies in italics | 1990 New England Patriots season |