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Moreover, several contaminations could be necessary to infect another firm. | <fluency> Moreover, several contaminations could be necessary to infect another firm. | Moreover, several contaminations could be required to infect another firm. | fluency | 0.9987569 | 0904.1653 | 1 |
Numerical applications illustrate the impact of exchangeability among direct defaults and among contaminations, on different indicators calculated from the law of the total number of defaults . | <meaning-changed> Numerical applications illustrate the impact of exchangeability among direct defaults and among contaminations, on different indicators calculated from the law of the total number of defaults . | Numerical applications illustrate the impact of exchangeability among direct defaults and among contaminations, on different indicators calculated from the law of the total number of defaults . We then examine the calibration of the model on iTraxx data before and during the crisis. The dynamic feature together with the contagion effect seem to have a significant impact on the model performance, especially during the recent distressed period . | meaning-changed | 0.9994684 | 0904.1653 | 1 |
The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the " No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk " condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model. | <fluency> The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the " No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk " condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model. | The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the `` No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk " condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model. | fluency | 0.9994111 | 0904.1798 | 1 |
The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the " No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk " condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model. | <fluency> The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the " No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk " condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model. | The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the " No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk '' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model. | fluency | 0.99935955 | 0904.1798 | 1 |
In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. | <clarity> In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. | In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. | clarity | 0.9980215 | 0904.1798 | 1 |
In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. | <meaning-changed> In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. | In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. | meaning-changed | 0.9995272 | 0904.1798 | 1 |
In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. An ELMD is a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales. | <clarity> In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind in the market if and only if an equivalent local martingale deflator (ELMD) exists. An ELMD is a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales. | In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing (FTAP) , it is shown that there is absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales. | clarity | 0.99912053 | 0904.1798 | 1 |
An ELMD is a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales. In terms of measures, absence of arbitrages of the first kind is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a finitely additive probability, weakly equivalent to the original and locally countably additive, under which the discounted asset-price process is a "local martingale ". Finally, the aforementioned results are used to obtain an independent proof of the FTAP . | <clarity> An ELMD is a strictly positive process that , when deflated by it, discounted nonnegative wealth processes become local martingales. In terms of measures, absence of arbitrages of the first kind is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a finitely additive probability, weakly equivalent to the original and locally countably additive, under which the discounted asset-price process is a "local martingale ". Finally, the aforementioned results are used to obtain an independent proof of the FTAP . | An ELMD is a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes . | clarity | 0.99883705 | 0904.1798 | 1 |
The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model . | <coherence> The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model . | In a semimartingale financial market model . | coherence | 0.91329986 | 0904.1798 | 2 |
The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model . In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | <coherence> The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model . In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | The absence of arbitrages of the first kind, a weakening of the ``No Free Lunch with Vanishing Risk'' condition, is analyzed in a general semimartingale financial market model , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | coherence | 0.9983255 | 0904.1798 | 2 |
In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | <fluency> In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | fluency | 0.9993073 | 0904.1798 | 2 |
In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | <meaning-changed> In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | In the spirit of the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing , it is shown that there is equivalence between the absence of arbitrages of the first kind (a weak viability condition) and the existence of a strictly positive process that acts as a local martingale deflator on nonnegative wealth processes. | meaning-changed | 0.99934655 | 0904.1798 | 2 |
There are many modelling issues that should be resolved to use the approach in practice. | <fluency> There are many modelling issues that should be resolved to use the approach in practice. | There are many modeling issues that should be resolved to use the approach in practice. | fluency | 0.9968732 | 0904.1805 | 1 |
In this paper we review the quantitative methods suggested in literature for implementation of the approach . | <meaning-changed> In this paper we review the quantitative methods suggested in literature for implementation of the approach . | In this paper we review the quantitative methods suggested in literature for implementation of the approach . In particular, the use of the Bayesian inference method that allows to take expert judgement and parameter uncertainty into account, modeling dependence and inclusion of insurance are discussed . | meaning-changed | 0.9992939 | 0904.1805 | 1 |
A study of the boundedness in probability of the set of possible wealth outcomes of an economic agent facing constraints, and with limited access to information , is undertaken. | <meaning-changed> A study of the boundedness in probability of the set of possible wealth outcomes of an economic agent facing constraints, and with limited access to information , is undertaken. | We undertake a study of market viability from the perspective of a financial agent with limited access to information , is undertaken. | meaning-changed | 0.9787404 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
A study of the boundedness in probability of the set of possible wealth outcomes of an economic agent facing constraints, and with limited access to information , is undertaken. The wealth-process set is abstractly structured with reasonable economic properties, instead of the usual practice of taking it to consist of stochastic integrals against a semimartingale integrator. | <clarity> A study of the boundedness in probability of the set of possible wealth outcomes of an economic agent facing constraints, and with limited access to information , is undertaken. The wealth-process set is abstractly structured with reasonable economic properties, instead of the usual practice of taking it to consist of stochastic integrals against a semimartingale integrator. | A study of the boundedness in probability of the set of possible wealth outcomes of an economic agent facing constraints, and with limited access to information . The set of wealth processes available to the agent is structured with reasonable economic properties, instead of the usual practice of taking it to consist of stochastic integrals against a semimartingale integrator. | clarity | 0.9984835 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | <fluency> We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | We obtain the equivalence of the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | fluency | 0.999186 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | <meaning-changed> We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of the set of terminal wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | meaning-changed | 0.9992699 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | <clarity> We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | clarity | 0.9787971 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | <meaning-changed> We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one deflator that make the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | We obtain the equivalence of (a) the boundedness in probability of wealth outcomes with (b) the existence of at least one strictly positive deflator that makes the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | meaning-changed | 0.99917054 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | <fluency> Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | Specializing to the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | fluency | 0.99904937 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | <meaning-changed> Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | Specializing in the case of full agent's information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | meaning-changed | 0.99244326 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | <meaning-changed> Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market all wealth processes have versions that are semimartingales . | Specializing in the case of full information, we obtain as a consequence that in a viable market every properly discounted wealth processes has a version that is a semimartingale . | meaning-changed | 0.9991823 | 0904.2913 | 1 |
We undertake a study of market viability from the perspective of a financial agent with limited access to information. | <clarity> We undertake a study of market viability from the perspective of a financial agent with limited access to information. | We undertake a study of markets from the perspective of a financial agent with limited access to information. | clarity | 0.9980579 | 0904.2913 | 2 |
We obtain the equivalence of the boundedness in probability of the set of terminal wealth outcomes with the existence of at least one strictly positive deflator that makes the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | <meaning-changed> We obtain the equivalence of the boundedness in probability of the set of terminal wealth outcomes with the existence of at least one strictly positive deflator that makes the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | We obtain the equivalence of the boundedness in probability of the set of terminal wealth outcomes (which in turn is equivalent to the weak market viability condition of absence of arbitrage of the first kind) with the existence of at least one strictly positive deflator that makes the deflated wealth processes have a generalized supermartingale property. | meaning-changed | 0.9994936 | 0904.2913 | 2 |
This allows for a flexible correlation structure where the dependence between frequencies of different risk categories and between severities of different risk categories as well as within risk categories can be modelled . | <fluency> This allows for a flexible correlation structure where the dependence between frequencies of different risk categories and between severities of different risk categories as well as within risk categories can be modelled . | This allows for a flexible correlation structure where the dependence between frequencies of different risk categories and between severities of different risk categories as well as within risk categories can be modeled . | fluency | 0.9991192 | 0904.4074 | 1 |
The model is estimated using the Bayesian inference methodology, allowing for combination of internal data, external data and expert opinion in the estimation procedure. | <fluency> The model is estimated using the Bayesian inference methodology, allowing for combination of internal data, external data and expert opinion in the estimation procedure. | The model is estimated using Bayesian inference methodology, allowing for combination of internal data, external data and expert opinion in the estimation procedure. | fluency | 0.99458814 | 0904.4074 | 1 |
In particular, they are global indices, that is they do not preserve any %DIFDELCMD < {\em %%% local information about the performance dynamics either in time or for a particular investment horizon. | <clarity> In particular, they are global indices, that is they do not preserve any %DIFDELCMD < {\em %%% local information about the performance dynamics either in time or for a particular investment horizon. | In particular, they are global indices, that is they do not preserve any %DIFDELCMD < {\em %%% 'local' information about the performance dynamics either in time or for a particular investment horizon. | clarity | 0.98448724 | 0904.4099 | 1 |
In order to highlight this feature, we introduce the local risk decomposition (LRD) formalism, where dynamical information about a strategy's performance is retained. | <fluency> In order to highlight this feature, we introduce the local risk decomposition (LRD) formalism, where dynamical information about a strategy's performance is retained. | In order to highlight this feature, we introduce the ' local risk decomposition (LRD) formalism, where dynamical information about a strategy's performance is retained. | fluency | 0.9989579 | 0904.4099 | 1 |
In order to highlight this feature, we introduce the local risk decomposition (LRD) formalism, where dynamical information about a strategy's performance is retained. | <fluency> In order to highlight this feature, we introduce the local risk decomposition (LRD) formalism, where dynamical information about a strategy's performance is retained. | In order to highlight this feature, we introduce the local risk decomposition ' (LRD) formalism, where dynamical information about a strategy's performance is retained. | fluency | 0.9988991 | 0904.4099 | 1 |
This framework, motivated by the multi-scaling techniques used in complex system theory, is particularly suitable for high-frequency trading systems and can be applied into problems of portfolio optimization. | <clarity> This framework, motivated by the multi-scaling techniques used in complex system theory, is particularly suitable for high-frequency trading systems and can be applied into problems of portfolio optimization. | This framework, motivated by the multi-scaling techniques used in complex system theory, is particularly suitable for high-frequency trading systems and can be applied into problems of strategy optimization. | clarity | 0.997954 | 0904.4099 | 1 |
On the basis of this, succinct equations describing the backoff distribution as a function of the collision probability \gamma are derived , which also shed light on a controversy in the field . | <coherence> On the basis of this, succinct equations describing the backoff distribution as a function of the collision probability \gamma are derived , which also shed light on a controversy in the field . | On the basis of this, succinct equations describing the backoff distribution as a function of the collision probability \gamma are derived . | coherence | 0.77962536 | 0904.4155 | 1 |
Moreover, we {\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | <meaning-changed> Moreover, we {\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | Moreover, we identify the{\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | meaning-changed | 0.99583554 | 0904.4155 | 1 |
Moreover, we {\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | <meaning-changed> Moreover, we {\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | Moreover, we {\it long-range dependence show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | meaning-changed | 0.99937767 | 0904.4155 | 1 |
Moreover, we {\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | <meaning-changed> Moreover, we {\it show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | Moreover, we {\it in 802.11 and show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or {\it L\'evy} \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) entailing infinite variances, {\it leaning} tendency, and {\it directional} unfairness. | meaning-changed | 0.9995266 | 0904.4155 | 1 |
We first make a simplistic Palm interpretation of the Bianchi's formula and on the basis of which, succinct equations describing the backoff distribution as a function of the collision probability \gamma are derived, which also correct a possible misunderstanding in the field. The observation that the entropy of the backoff process in 802.11 increases with the number of nodes leads us to see through a Poissonian character inherent in 802.11. However, it is also found that the collision effect between nodes prevails over the Poissonian aggregation effect in spite of its tendency to increase with the number of nodes. Based on these findings, we formulate the principle about the inter-transmission probability that lays a foundation for the short-term fairness analysis. Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | <coherence> We first make a simplistic Palm interpretation of the Bianchi's formula and on the basis of which, succinct equations describing the backoff distribution as a function of the collision probability \gamma are derived, which also correct a possible misunderstanding in the field. The observation that the entropy of the backoff process in 802.11 increases with the number of nodes leads us to see through a Poissonian character inherent in 802.11. However, it is also found that the collision effect between nodes prevails over the Poissonian aggregation effect in spite of its tendency to increase with the number of nodes. Based on these findings, we formulate the principle about the inter-transmission probability that lays a foundation for the short-term fairness analysis. Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | A simplistic principle founded upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | coherence | 0.98768884 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | <fluency> Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff time has a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | fluency | 0.998752 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | <meaning-changed> Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor ). | Another principle discovered upon regular variation theory is that the backoff times have a truncated Pareto-type tail distribution with an exponent of (\log \gamma)/\log m (m is the multiplicative factor and \gamma is the collision probability ). | meaning-changed | 0.99953866 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. | <meaning-changed> This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. | This reveals that the per-node backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. | meaning-changed | 0.99878615 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. | <clarity> This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. | This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. | clarity | 0.573067 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. | <meaning-changed> This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 , essentially due to collision. Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. | This reveals that the backoff process is heavy-tailed in the strict sense for m^2 \gamma>1 /m^2, and paves the way for the following unifying result. The state-of-the-art theory on the superposition of the heavy-tailed processes is applied to establish a dichotomy exhibited by the aggregate backoff process, putting emphasis on the importance of time-scale on which we view the backoff processes. While the aggregation on normal time-scales leads to a Poisson process, it is approximated by a new limiting process possessing long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. | meaning-changed | 0.9995223 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. | <meaning-changed> Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. | Moreover, we identify long-range dependence (LRD) on coarse time-scales. This dichotomy turns out to be instrumental in formulating short-term fairness, extending existing formulas to arbitrary population, and to elucidate the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. | meaning-changed | 0.9995229 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. We also show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or L\'evy \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) . | <clarity> Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of long range dependence in aggregate total load. We also show that the inter-transmission probability undergoes a dramatic change at \gamma_0=1/m^2 and falls into two qualitatively distinct categories: either approximately Gaussian or L\'evy \alpha-stable distribution with \alpha \in (1,2) . | Moreover, we identify long-range dependence in 802.11 through both of mathematical and empirical wavelet-based analyses and answer a riddle: the absence of LRD in practical situations. A refined wavelet analysis is conducted to strengthen this argument . | clarity | 0.9752577 | 0904.4155 | 3 |
We present a simple model of firm rating evolution and resulting bankruptcies, taking into account two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and ordering interactions between firms. | <coherence> We present a simple model of firm rating evolution and resulting bankruptcies, taking into account two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and ordering interactions between firms. | We present a simple model of firm rating evolution . We consider two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and ordering interactions between firms. | coherence | 0.5484366 | 0904.4430 | 1 |
We present a simple model of firm rating evolution and resulting bankruptcies, taking into account two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and ordering interactions between firms. | <meaning-changed> We present a simple model of firm rating evolution and resulting bankruptcies, taking into account two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and ordering interactions between firms. | We present a simple model of firm rating evolution and resulting bankruptcies, taking into account two sources of defaults: individual dynamics of economic development and Potts-like interactions between firms. | meaning-changed | 0.99471444 | 0904.4430 | 1 |
Our results mean that, in the case when the individual firm dynamics favors dumping of rating changes, there is an optimal strengthof firms' interactions from the risk point of view . | <clarity> Our results mean that, in the case when the individual firm dynamics favors dumping of rating changes, there is an optimal strengthof firms' interactions from the risk point of view . | The existence of the collective phase depends on the mean interaction strength . | clarity | 0.9973889 | 0904.4430 | 1 |
For small interaction strength parameters there are many independent bankruptcies of individual companies. | <fluency> For small interaction strength parameters there are many independent bankruptcies of individual companies. | For small interaction strength parameters , there are many independent bankruptcies of individual companies. | fluency | 0.9992719 | 0904.4430 | 1 |
For large parameters there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters . | <fluency> For large parameters there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters . | For large parameters , there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters . | fluency | 0.9987783 | 0904.4430 | 1 |
For large parameters there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters . | <meaning-changed> For large parameters there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters . | For large parameters there are giant collective defaults of firm clusters . In the case when the individual firm dynamics favors dumping of rating changes, there is an optimal strength of the firm's interactions from the systemic risk point of view . | meaning-changed | 0.99947804 | 0904.4430 | 1 |
A universal effect in ensembles of similar systems under load of similar factors is described: in crisis, typically, even before obvious symptoms of crisis appear, correlation increases, and, at the same time, variance (and volatility) increases too. | <fluency> A universal effect in ensembles of similar systems under load of similar factors is described: in crisis, typically, even before obvious symptoms of crisis appear, correlation increases, and, at the same time, variance (and volatility) increases too. | A universal effect in ensembles of similar systems under the load of similar factors is described: in crisis, typically, even before obvious symptoms of crisis appear, correlation increases, and, at the same time, variance (and volatility) increases too. | fluency | 0.9991522 | 0905.0129 | 1 |
After the crisis achieves its bottom, it can develop into two directions: recovering (both correlations and variance decrease) or fatal catastrophe (correlations decrease, but variance not). | <coherence> After the crisis achieves its bottom, it can develop into two directions: recovering (both correlations and variance decrease) or fatal catastrophe (correlations decrease, but variance not). | coherence | 0.9982108 | 0905.0129 | 1 |
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This effect is supported by many experiments and observation of groups of humans, mice, trees, grassy plants, and on financial time series. | <fluency> This effect is supported by many experiments and observation of groups of humans, mice, trees, grassy plants, and on financial time series. | This effect is supported by many experiments and observations of groups of humans, mice, trees, grassy plants, and on financial time series. | fluency | 0.9993437 | 0905.0129 | 1 |
A general approach to explanation of the effect through dynamics of adaptation is developed. | <fluency> A general approach to explanation of the effect through dynamics of adaptation is developed. | A general approach to the explanation of the effect through dynamics of adaptation is developed. | fluency | 0.99762386 | 0905.0129 | 1 |
A general approach to explanation of the effect through dynamics of adaptation is developed. | <meaning-changed> A general approach to explanation of the effect through dynamics of adaptation is developed. | A general approach to explanation of the effect through dynamics of individual adaptation of similar non-interactive individuals to a similar system of external factors is developed. | meaning-changed | 0.9160017 | 0905.0129 | 1 |
URLanization of interaction between factors (Liebig's versus synergistic systems) lead to different adaptation dynamics. This gives an explanation to qualitatively different dynamics of correlation under different types of load . | <clarity> URLanization of interaction between factors (Liebig's versus synergistic systems) lead to different adaptation dynamics. This gives an explanation to qualitatively different dynamics of correlation under different types of load . | Qualitatively, this approach follows Selye's idea about adaptation energy . | clarity | 0.99673176 | 0905.0129 | 1 |
We consider the problem of option pricing under stochastic volatility models, focusing on the two processes known as exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Stein-Stein. | <meaning-changed> We consider the problem of option pricing under stochastic volatility models, focusing on the two processes known as exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Stein-Stein. | We consider the problem of option pricing under stochastic volatility models, focusing on the linear approximation of the two processes known as exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Stein-Stein. | meaning-changed | 0.9994553 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | <coherence> We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | Indeed, we show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | coherence | 0.99781847 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | <clarity> We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the exact expression of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | clarity | 0.99293524 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | <clarity> We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. | We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function associated to the risk neutral probability measure. | clarity | 0.99845886 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. This allows us to obtain a semi-closed form for European option prices , based on Lewis ' approach. | <clarity> We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability measure. This allows us to obtain a semi-closed form for European option prices , based on Lewis ' approach. | We show they admit the same limit dynamics in the regime of low fluctuations of the volatility process, under which we derive the expressions of the characteristic function and the first four cumulants for the risk neutral probability density. Its knowledge allows us to obtain a semi-closed form for European option prices , based on Lewis ' approach. | clarity | 0.9958234 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
This allows us to obtain a semi-closed form for European option prices , based on Lewis ' approach. We deeply analyze the case of Plain Vanilla calls, being liquid instruments for which reliable implied volatility surfaces are available. | <meaning-changed> This allows us to obtain a semi-closed form for European option prices , based on Lewis ' approach. We deeply analyze the case of Plain Vanilla calls, being liquid instruments for which reliable implied volatility surfaces are available. | This allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula. We analyze in detail the case of Plain Vanilla calls, being liquid instruments for which reliable implied volatility surfaces are available. | meaning-changed | 0.9975432 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
We implement a conceptually simple two steps calibration procedure which considerably reduces the computational burden and we test it against a data set of options traded on the Milan Stock Exchange. | <meaning-changed> We implement a conceptually simple two steps calibration procedure which considerably reduces the computational burden and we test it against a data set of options traded on the Milan Stock Exchange. | We also compute the analytical expressions of the first four cumulants, being crucial to implement a simple two steps calibration procedure which considerably reduces the computational burden and we test it against a data set of options traded on the Milan Stock Exchange. | meaning-changed | 0.99953794 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
We implement a conceptually simple two steps calibration procedure which considerably reduces the computational burden and we test it against a data set of options traded on the Milan Stock Exchange. | <coherence> We implement a conceptually simple two steps calibration procedure which considerably reduces the computational burden and we test it against a data set of options traded on the Milan Stock Exchange. | We implement a conceptually simple two steps calibration procedure . It has been tested against a data set of options traded on the Milan Stock Exchange. | coherence | 0.99628335 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
Our results show a good agreement with the market data for all the considered models. | <clarity> Our results show a good agreement with the market data for all the considered models. | The analysis we present reveals a good agreement with the market data for all the considered models. | clarity | 0.9973375 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
Our results show a good agreement with the market data for all the considered models. In particular, the fitted parameters suggest the risk neutral dynamics is in a low volatility fluctuation regime, which supports the reliability of the linear approximation. | <clarity> Our results show a good agreement with the market data for all the considered models. In particular, the fitted parameters suggest the risk neutral dynamics is in a low volatility fluctuation regime, which supports the reliability of the linear approximation. | Our results show a good agreement with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | clarity | 0.9986199 | 0905.1882 | 1 |
Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | <meaning-changed> Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | This expression allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | meaning-changed | 0.9948754 | 0905.1882 | 2 |
Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | <clarity> Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting a formula derived by Lewis and Lipton formula . | clarity | 0.9939774 | 0905.1882 | 2 |
Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | <clarity> Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton formula . | Its knowledge allows us to compute option prices exploiting Lewis and Lipton . | clarity | 0.9981104 | 0905.1882 | 2 |
We also compute the analytical expressions of the first four cumulants, being crucial to implement a simple two steps calibration procedure. | <coherence> We also compute the analytical expressions of the first four cumulants, being crucial to implement a simple two steps calibration procedure. | We also compute the analytical expressions of the first four cumulants, that are crucial to implement a simple two steps calibration procedure. | coherence | 0.9898443 | 0905.1882 | 2 |
The analysis we present reveals a good agreement with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | <clarity> The analysis we present reveals a good agreement with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | The data analysis that we present reveals a good agreement with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | clarity | 0.997974 | 0905.1882 | 2 |
The analysis we present reveals a good agreement with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | <clarity> The analysis we present reveals a good agreement with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | The analysis we present reveals a good fit with the market implied surfaces and corroborates the accuracy of the linear approximation. | clarity | 0.9983271 | 0905.1882 | 2 |
The questions in the experimental and theoretical research in the field of interaction of weak influences of various fields with biological objects in conditions when an intense of the influence is smalland weak perturbation are analyzed. | <meaning-changed> The questions in the experimental and theoretical research in the field of interaction of weak influences of various fields with biological objects in conditions when an intense of the influence is smalland weak perturbation are analyzed. | The effect of ultralow-frequency or static magnetic and electric fields on biological processes is of huge interest for researchers due to the resonant change of the intensity of biochemical reactions although the energy in such fields is small. A simplified model to study the effect of the weak magnetic and electrical fields on fluctuation of the influence is smalland weak perturbation are analyzed. | meaning-changed | 0.9940556 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
The questions in the experimental and theoretical research in the field of interaction of weak influences of various fields with biological objects in conditions when an intense of the influence is smalland weak perturbation are analyzed. The type of resonant interactions connected with these processes is considered. The new method of decision of the k_BT problem in magnetobiology is offered. | <meaning-changed> The questions in the experimental and theoretical research in the field of interaction of weak influences of various fields with biological objects in conditions when an intense of the influence is smalland weak perturbation are analyzed. The type of resonant interactions connected with these processes is considered. The new method of decision of the k_BT problem in magnetobiology is offered. | The questions in the experimental and theoretical research in the field of interaction of weak influences of various fields with biological objects in conditions when an intense of the random ionic currents in blood and to solve the k_BT problem in magnetobiology is offered. | meaning-changed | 0.6341951 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
The new method of decision of the k_BT problem in magnetobiology is offered. On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. | <clarity> The new method of decision of the k_BT problem in magnetobiology is offered. On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. | The new method of decision of the k_BT problem in magnetobiology is arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. | clarity | 0.99905986 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. | <clarity> On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. | On the basis of results of the previous work %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. | clarity | 0.82170486 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. Numerical estimations of the energy of molecules in capillary and aorta volume are resulted: for the values of relaxation rate \Lambda=0.5 \lambda, 0.05 \lambda, and 0.005 \lambda we obtain the energies \varepsilon=2, 20 and 200 k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of capillaries and \varepsilon=2\cdot 10^{-9} , 20\cdot 10^{-9, and 200\cdot 10^{-9} k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of the aorta. | <meaning-changed> On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% the analytical expression of energy of a molecule in considered area has been obtained. Numerical estimations of the energy of molecules in capillary and aorta volume are resulted: for the values of relaxation rate \Lambda=0.5 \lambda, 0.05 \lambda, and 0.005 \lambda we obtain the energies \varepsilon=2, 20 and 200 k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of capillaries and \varepsilon=2\cdot 10^{-9} , 20\cdot 10^{-9, and 200\cdot 10^{-9} k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of the aorta. | On the basis of results of the previous work arXiv:0904.1198%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% suggested. The analytic expression for the kinetic energy of the molecules dissolved in certain liquid media is obtained. The values of the magnetic field leading to resonant effects in capillaries are estimated. The numerical estimates showed that the resonant values of the energy of molecular in the capillaries and aorta are different: under identical conditions a molecule of the aorta gets 10^{-9} , 20\cdot 10^{-9, and 200\cdot 10^{-9} k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of the aorta. | meaning-changed | 0.7721464 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
Numerical estimations of the energy of molecules in capillary and aorta volume are resulted: for the values of relaxation rate \Lambda=0.5 \lambda, 0.05 \lambda, and 0.005 \lambda we obtain the energies \varepsilon=2, 20 and 200 k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of capillaries and \varepsilon=2\cdot 10^{-9} , 20\cdot 10^{-9, and 200\cdot 10^{-9} k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of the aorta. | <fluency> Numerical estimations of the energy of molecules in capillary and aorta volume are resulted: for the values of relaxation rate \Lambda=0.5 \lambda, 0.05 \lambda, and 0.005 \lambda we obtain the energies \varepsilon=2, 20 and 200 k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of capillaries and \varepsilon=2\cdot 10^{-9} , 20\cdot 10^{-9, and 200\cdot 10^{-9} k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of the aorta. | Numerical estimations of the energy of molecules in capillary and aorta volume are resulted: for the values of relaxation rate \Lambda=0.5 \lambda, 0.05 \lambda, and 0.005 \lambda we obtain the energies \varepsilon=2, 20 and 200 k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of capillaries and \varepsilon=2\cdot 10^{-9} , and 200\cdot 10^{-9} k_BT, respectively, for the molecules of the aorta. | fluency | 0.9983038 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . | <meaning-changed> The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . | The } times less energy than the molecules in blood capillaries. So the capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . | meaning-changed | 0.99950826 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . | <meaning-changed> The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . | The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonant effect, with an approach to the resonant value of the magnetic field strength, the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . | meaning-changed | 0.9994518 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . This value of the energy is sufficient for the deterioration of the chemical bonds . | <fluency> The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy . This value of the energy is sufficient for the deterioration of the chemical bonds . | The } capillaries are very sensitive to the resonance effectand the average energy of the molecule localized in the capillary is increased by several orders of magnitude as compared to its thermal energy , this value of the energy is sufficient for the deterioration of the chemical bonds . | fluency | 0.99925035 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
This value of the energy is sufficient for the deterioration of the chemical bonds . Even if the magnetic field value is not so near to the resonance value of the magnetic field a significant effect can be reached with an increase of the time of exposition to the magnetic field . | <coherence> This value of the energy is sufficient for the deterioration of the chemical bonds . Even if the magnetic field value is not so near to the resonance value of the magnetic field a significant effect can be reached with an increase of the time of exposition to the magnetic field . | This value of the energy is sufficient for the deterioration of the chemical bonds . | coherence | 0.9955771 | 0905.2669 | 1 |
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the process Z to be a true martingale in the case where M_t=\int_0^t b(Y_u) dW_u and Y is a one-dimensional diffusion driven by a Brownian motion ~ W. Furthermore, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for Z to be a uniformly integrable martingale in the same setting. | <coherence> We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the process Z to be a true martingale in the case where M_t=\int_0^t b(Y_u) dW_u and Y is a one-dimensional diffusion driven by a Brownian motion ~ W. Furthermore, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for Z to be a uniformly integrable martingale in the same setting. | We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the process Z to be a true martingale in the case where M_t=\int_0^t b(Y_u) \, dW_u and Y is a one-dimensional diffusion driven by a Brownian motion ~ W. Furthermore, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for Z to be a uniformly integrable martingale in the same setting. | coherence | 0.6917843 | 0905.3701 | 2 |
We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the process Z to be a true martingale in the case where M_t=\int_0^t b(Y_u) dW_u and Y is a one-dimensional diffusion driven by a Brownian motion ~ W. Furthermore, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for Z to be a uniformly integrable martingale in the same setting. | <fluency> We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the process Z to be a true martingale in the case where M_t=\int_0^t b(Y_u) dW_u and Y is a one-dimensional diffusion driven by a Brownian motion ~ W. Furthermore, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for Z to be a uniformly integrable martingale in the same setting. | We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the process Z to be a true martingale in the case where M_t=\int_0^t b(Y_u) dW_u and Y is a one-dimensional diffusion driven by a Brownian motion W. Furthermore, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for Z to be a uniformly integrable martingale in the same setting. | fluency | 0.9807488 | 0905.3701 | 2 |
These conditions are deterministic and expressed only in terms of the function b and the drift and diffusion coefficients of ~ Y. As an application we provide a deterministic criterion for the absence of bubbles in a one-dimensional setting. | <fluency> These conditions are deterministic and expressed only in terms of the function b and the drift and diffusion coefficients of ~ Y. As an application we provide a deterministic criterion for the absence of bubbles in a one-dimensional setting. | These conditions are deterministic and expressed only in terms of the function b and the drift and diffusion coefficients of Y. As an application we provide a deterministic criterion for the absence of bubbles in a one-dimensional setting. | fluency | 0.99702954 | 0905.3701 | 2 |
We prove existence and uniqueness of stochastic equilibria in a representative class of incomplete continuous-time financial environments where the market participants are exponential utility maximizers with heterogeneous risk-aversion coefficients and general random endowments. | <clarity> We prove existence and uniqueness of stochastic equilibria in a representative class of incomplete continuous-time financial environments where the market participants are exponential utility maximizers with heterogeneous risk-aversion coefficients and general random endowments. | We prove existence and uniqueness of stochastic equilibria in a class of incomplete continuous-time financial environments where the market participants are exponential utility maximizers with heterogeneous risk-aversion coefficients and general random endowments. | clarity | 0.99914396 | 0906.0208 | 1 |
We prove existence and uniqueness of stochastic equilibria in a representative class of incomplete continuous-time financial environments where the market participants are exponential utility maximizers with heterogeneous risk-aversion coefficients and general random endowments. | <meaning-changed> We prove existence and uniqueness of stochastic equilibria in a representative class of incomplete continuous-time financial environments where the market participants are exponential utility maximizers with heterogeneous risk-aversion coefficients and general random endowments. | We prove existence and uniqueness of stochastic equilibria in a representative class of incomplete continuous-time financial environments where the market participants are exponential utility maximizers with heterogeneous risk-aversion coefficients and general Markovian random endowments. | meaning-changed | 0.99942327 | 0906.0208 | 1 |
Consequently, the usual approach which employs the a-posteriori Pareto optimality of equilibrium allocations and the related representative-agent techniques in the complete-market setting cannot be used. | <clarity> Consequently, the usual approach which employs the a-posteriori Pareto optimality of equilibrium allocations and the related representative-agent techniques in the complete-market setting cannot be used. | Consequently, equilibrium allocations are not necessarily Pareto optimal and the related representative-agent techniques in the complete-market setting cannot be used. | clarity | 0.9987802 | 0906.0208 | 1 |
Consequently, the usual approach which employs the a-posteriori Pareto optimality of equilibrium allocations and the related representative-agent techniques in the complete-market setting cannot be used. | <clarity> Consequently, the usual approach which employs the a-posteriori Pareto optimality of equilibrium allocations and the related representative-agent techniques in the complete-market setting cannot be used. | Consequently, the usual approach which employs the a-posteriori Pareto optimality of equilibrium allocations and the related representative-agent techniques cannot be used. | clarity | 0.9987281 | 0906.0208 | 1 |
Well-known notions such as alpha-fairness, Jain's index and entropy are shown to be special cases. | <fluency> Well-known notions such as alpha-fairness, Jain's index and entropy are shown to be special cases. | Well-known notions such as alpha-fairness, Jain's index , and entropy are shown to be special cases. | fluency | 0.9992576 | 0906.0557 | 1 |
Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | <meaning-changed> Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | Among the engineering implications is a generalized Jain's index that tunes the resolution of the fairness measure, a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | meaning-changed | 0.99954575 | 0906.0557 | 1 |
Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | <fluency> Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions , and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | fluency | 0.99697304 | 0906.0557 | 1 |
Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | <meaning-changed> Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . | Among the engineering implications is a new understanding of alpha-fair utility functions and an interpretation of "larger alpha is more fair" . We also construct an alternative set of four axioms to capture efficiency objectives and feasibility constraints . | meaning-changed | 0.9994236 | 0906.0557 | 1 |
We consider different kinds of linear barriers. We will consider two scenarios of controlled process . | <coherence> We consider different kinds of linear barriers. We will consider two scenarios of controlled process . | We will consider two scenarios of controlled process . | coherence | 0.99267524 | 0906.2100 | 1 |
We will consider two scenarios of controlled process . | <meaning-changed> We will consider two scenarios of controlled process . | We will consider two scenarios of controlled process : refraction and the impulse control . | meaning-changed | 0.9992067 | 0906.2100 | 1 |
In first one when two-dimensional risk process hits the barrier the minimal amount of dividends is payed out to keep the risk process within the regionbounded by the barrier . | <clarity> In first one when two-dimensional risk process hits the barrier the minimal amount of dividends is payed out to keep the risk process within the regionbounded by the barrier . | In first one the dividends are payed out when two-dimensional risk process hits the barrier the minimal amount of dividends is payed out to keep the risk process within the regionbounded by the barrier . | clarity | 0.6094446 | 0906.2100 | 1 |
In first one when two-dimensional risk process hits the barrier the minimal amount of dividends is payed out to keep the risk process within the regionbounded by the barrier . | <clarity> In first one when two-dimensional risk process hits the barrier the minimal amount of dividends is payed out to keep the risk process within the regionbounded by the barrier . | In first one when two-dimensional risk process exit fixed region . | clarity | 0.64297664 | 0906.2100 | 1 |
In both models we calculate discounted cumulative dividend payments until the ruin time . | <meaning-changed> In both models we calculate discounted cumulative dividend payments until the ruin time . | In both models we calculate discounted cumulative dividend payments until the ruin time . This paper is an attempt at understanding the effect of dependencies of two portfolios on the the join optimal strategy of paying dividends. For the proportional reinsurance we can observe for example the interesting phenomenon that is dependence of choice of the optimal barrier on the initial reserves. This is a contrast to the one-dimensional Cram\'{e . | meaning-changed | 0.99952734 | 0906.2100 | 1 |
Consider two insurance companies (or two branches of the same company) that have the same claims and they divide premia in some specified proportions . | <meaning-changed> Consider two insurance companies (or two branches of the same company) that have the same claims and they divide premia in some specified proportions . | Consider two insurance companies (or two branches of the same company) that receive premiums at different rates and then split the amount they pay in fixed proportions for each claim (for simplicity we assume that they are equal) . | meaning-changed | 0.98244387 | 0906.2100 | 2 |
The ruin is achieved if the corresponding two-dimensional risk process first leave the positive quadrant. | <fluency> The ruin is achieved if the corresponding two-dimensional risk process first leave the positive quadrant. | The ruin is achieved when the corresponding two-dimensional risk process first leave the positive quadrant. | fluency | 0.99666107 | 0906.2100 | 2 |
The ruin is achieved if the corresponding two-dimensional risk process first leave the positive quadrant. | <fluency> The ruin is achieved if the corresponding two-dimensional risk process first leave the positive quadrant. | The ruin is achieved if the corresponding two-dimensional risk process first leaves the positive quadrant. | fluency | 0.99725264 | 0906.2100 | 2 |