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Li, C., Li, J. B., Lei, C. Y., and Liu, P. H. (2017). "Preparation and in vitro release mechanisms of modified pectin matrix tablets for colon-targeted drug delivery," BioRes. 12(1), 1491-1505.
To deliver bioactive components to the colon, an oral, colon-targeted, microparticle delivery system was developed based on pectin. Pectin was modified by mechanical activation, resulting in controllable release properties, as well as dramatic decreases in solubility. Mechanically activated pectins (MAP) were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR and 1H-NMR analyses revealed that after mechanical activation, the hydrogen bonds between pectin molecules were broken, and intermolecular crosslinking was decreased. The DSC analysis indicated that the thermal stability of pectin was decreased by mechanical activation. The SEM revealed that MAP particles were smaller, more uniform, and had smoother surfaces than unmodified pectin. An in vitro release assay and the study of drug release kinetics demonstrated that bovine serum albumin (BSA) release from MAP-containing matrix tablets was controllable. The results demonstrated that at a suitable pectin content and hydrophobicity level, matrix tablets prepared with MAP can exhibit good colon-targeted drug release.
There are more than 1.1 million survivors of colorectal cancers in the United States, as estimated by the American Cancer Society. Colorectal cancer survivors currently account for 10% of total cancer survivors, and this figure is expected to increase (Lee et al. 2015). Colorectal cancer is a complex disease that can require care from multidisciplinary specialists who may be geographically separated. Conventional chemotherapy is not effective in its treatment, because anticancer drugs are toxic to normal tissues, which has limited the efficacy of present cancer chemotherapy (Labianca et al. 2010). What is more, the anticancer drugs cannot reach the target site in effective concentrations. So colon-targeted delivery of bioactive components is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colon-based diseases, and it has attracted broad scientific interest in recent years (Kosaraju et al. 2005; Li et al. 2012). Such treatments can deliver drugs more efficiently to the colon, where it can target tumor tissues more specifically (Labianca et al. 2010). Therefore, much attention has been given to the use of colon targeted delivery system to treat colon cancer. Colon-targeted delivery of bioactive components is an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colon-based diseases, and it has attracted broad scientific interest in recent years (Kosaraju et al. 2005).
There have been many approaches to the development of colon-specific delivery systems. According to many scientists, the greatest challenges for colon-targeted delivery systems are the metabolic activity of our bodies and the colonic microenvironment. To overcome these issues, much of the recent work in the field has focused on novel colon-targeted delivery systems based on polysaccharides (de Vos et al. 2010; Rudzinski et al. 2016; Seeli and Prabaharan 2017). Polysaccharides may be effective carriers for colonic delivery systems because many can avoid digestion by the bioactive components in the upper gastrointestinal tract, but can then be digested by the enzymes produced by colonic microbiota or by the bioactive components of the colon (Freire et al. 2009; Gadalla et al. 2016).
A large number of polysaccharides have already been studied for their potential in colon-specific drug carrier systems, including chitosan, pectin, chondroitin sulfate, cyclodextrin, dextrans, guar gum, amylase, inulin, and locust bean gum (Elkhodairy et al. 2014). Among the many polysaccharides that have been investigated, pectin has proven to be the most suitable carrier material for colonic drug delivery because it forms macromolecular aggregates in the upper portions of gastrointestinal tract but is then degraded by colonic enzymes upon reaching the colon (Friend 2005; Dev et al. 2011). However, one major disadvantage of pectin is that it is highly soluble in acidic media, which may promote undesirable premature release of the drug (Sinha and Kumria 2001; He et al. 2008). Usually, in order to solve this problem, the pectin needs to be modified. Some articles have reported about various methods used for pectin modification, including alkylation, amidation, quaternization, thiolation, sulfation, oxidation, and cross-linking, but there have been no reports about mechanical activation. This method is simple and convenient, and it is an optimal method to refine pectin particles and increase specific surface area, which not only improves the compatibility of pectin, but also can achieve the aim of decreasing the solubility of pectin.
In this study, pectin was modified by mechanical activation to decrease its solubility in acidic media, and it was characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, DSC, and SEM. The modified pectin was then used to prepare matrix tablets, which were evaluated for their solubility and swelling properties. Tablet dissolution was also analyzed to determine the potential of this material for the design of colonic drug delivery systems.
Pectinex® UltraSP-L (pectinase/pectinolytic enzyme from Aspergillus aculeatus, activity > 9500 PG mL−1) was obtained from Novozymes (Tianjin, China). High-ester pectin was purchased from the pectin company of Qu Zhou (Qu Zhou City, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).
Ethylcellulose (M70), methylcellulose (M20), polyvinylpyrrolidone (K-30), sodium carboxy methylcellulose (300~800 mPa·S), methylcellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were provided by Guang Yao Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd. (Nanning, China).
In a planetary ball mill (Fig. 1), the fast planetary motion of a grinding cylinder causes high-speed rolling of abrasives and materials, producing strong impact, shear, rolling, etc., and resulting in the materials being polished and smashed. A planetary ball mill has four ball-milling cylinders arranged on a horizontal rotary table. The horizontal turntable rotates clockwise, while the ball-grinding cylinder moves around the horizontal rotating axis of revolution and simultaneously spins in planetary motion around its own axis. Because of the high-speed movement of the milling drum, the abrasives polish and collide with each other, causing the materials to be milled to a size of as small as 0.1 μm.
The MAP was prepared by grinding pectin in the planetary ball mill. Pectin was first filtered with a 60-mesh sieve, then added to the planetary ball mill with the proper amount of balls. After treatment, the pectin was removed and stored for later use.
Three 100 mL centrifugal tubes were labeled as 1, 2, and 3. Then 0.05 g of MAP (0, 4, 8 h) samples were added each centrifugal tube, and a few drops of anhydrous ethanol were also added to disperse the samples. Then 50 mL of artificial simulated gastric juice were added. The mixtures were placed in a Shaker at 37 ºC. After 2 h, they were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min. The residue was dried for 24 h at 60 ºC. Finally, the specimens were weighed.
where W is the mass of the test sample; W1 is the mass of the centrifuge tube; and W3 is the mass of wet base precipitation and centrifugation tube after drying.
The FTIR analysis of the tablets was carried out as previously described by Newton et al. (2012), with slight modification. A Spectrum One spectrophotometer (Nexus 470 FTIR, Tianjin, China) equipped with a universal attenuated total reflectance device was used. The FTIR spectra were recorded in the spectral region of 4000 to 650 cm-1 with 64 scans at a 4-cm-1 resolution. Samples were prepared in KBr discs (1 mg sample in 100 mg KBr) using a hydrostatic press at a force of 5 kg/cm2. Experiments were duplicated for reproducibility.
High-resolution 1H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV-600 spectrometer (Representative Office in Beijing, China). The samples were prepared as described by Heux et al.(2000). Native or modified pectin was dissolved in D2O. These solutions were then frozen and thawed three times to exchange labile protons with deuterium, and their spectra were recorded three times at 330 K (Zheng et al. 2015).
The MAP samples were analyzed using DSC as previously described, with slight modification (Soares et al. 2013; Prezotti et al. 2014). The DSC curves were registered in a TA instrument DSC200PC (Netzsch, Representative Office in Beijing, China) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min between 20 and 350 C under nitrogen gas (50 mL/min). Experiments were performed using a sealed aluminum pan with a central pinhole in the lid containing approximately 1 mg of the sample. A sealed aluminum pan with a central pinhole in the lid was used as a reference.
The surface morphology of the pectin was analyzed using previously reported methods, with slight modification (Varshosaz et al. 2012; Meneguin et al. 2014). The surface characteristics of the pectin and MAP were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, S-3400N, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were glued on the conductive adhesive and coated with gold using a sputter coater. The shape and surface characteristics of the pellets were observed in the electron micro-analyzer, and photographs were taken at magnifications of 200× and 15,000×. All of the samples were examined using an accelerating voltage of 10 kV.
Matrix tablets were prepared according to the method described by Weh et al. (2014), with slight modification. Pectin (0.5 g), adhesives (MC,0.25 g), bovine serum albumin (0.5 g), calcium salt (0.008 g), and magnesium stearate (0.001 g) were combined with a 2% hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC, 0.025 g) ethanol solution and sieved with sieve No. 40. The granules were dried in a conventional hot air oven at 50 °C until a constant moisture content was achieved. The dried granules were passed through sieve No. 40. Talc and magnesium stearate (1% to 2% of total mass) were added as lubricant and glidant and were mixed with the granules using a spatula before compression. Finally, the granules were weighed and compressed using a manual, single-punch tablet machine. A pair of 6-mm stainless steel round, flat punches with a break line was used. The granules were compressed with a pressure of 1.75 kg/mm2. Each matrix tablet weighed about 0.25 g and contained 80 mg of drug.
An in vitro release analysis was performed using a protocol modified from Ribeiro et al. (2014). Bovine serum albumin (0.2500 g) was dissolved in deionized water in a 250-mL flask to prepare a 1 mg/mL BSA standard solution, which was kept in a thermostatic bath at 37 °C. The release study was performed for 10 h to simulate the sequential pH changes that occur in vivo. First, the matrix tablets containing BSA were incubated for 2 h in deionized water (as a blank control). Second, they were incubated in a solution of HCl (pH 1.2) for 3 h to simulate the gastric tract fluid. Third, the tablets were incubated at a pH of 6.8 for 2 h (by adding 0.03 g NaOH, 0.40 g NaH2PO4·H2O, and 0.62 g NaCl to the pH 1.2 solution) to simulate the first zone of intestinal fluid. Finally, the tablets were incubated at a pH of 7.4 for 4 h (by adding 1 M NaOH to the previous solution of pH 6.8), mimicking the colonic intestinal zone. Aliquots (5 mL) of each medium were withdrawn every hour to analyze the amount of BSA released from the drug-loaded matrix tablets by UV spectrophotometry (Unico, UV-2802S, Shanghai, China) (279 nm). The measured sample was then added back to the medium to keep the medium constant. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
The in vitro release rate of BSA was determined using a method published in 2010 in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (National Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2010). The different pectin matrix tablets were placed in 500 mL of artificial gastric tract fluid and rotated at 100 rpm at 37.5 °C ± 0.5 °C for 10 h. Samples (5 mL) were withdrawn from the dissolution apparatus every hour using a sampling cannula with filter attachments. An equal amount of fresh medium of the same temperature was replaced in the apparatus. All of the samples were filtered through a 0.8-μm filter membrane before measurement of absorbance at 279 nm using a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
where An is the drug dissolution of all sampling time points (%), V1 is the fixed sampling volume at each time point (mL), and V2 is the volume of the dissolution medium (mL).
Pectin treated by mechanical activation for 0 h, 4 h, and 8 h were the specimens designated as 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The solubilities of the MAPs are shown in Fig. 2. At equal concentrations and temperatures, the solubility of pectins decreased after treatment by mechanical activation. Pectin solubility was dramatically decreased with the increasing of mechanical activation time, which indicates that the pectin formed self-avoiding polymer chains (Ventura and Bianco-Peled 2015). This may be due to the fact that the intramolecular hydrogen bond is destroyed after mechanical activation. From Fig. 2, it also can be seen that pectin solubility was largest in pH 6.8 buffer solution. This may be because free carboxylic acids dissociated to their corresponding salt form in the pH 6.8 buffer solution, so the MAP particles can be stretched sufficiently to increase the solubility.
The FTIR spectra of MAP indicated a broad band at 3373 cm-1, which is related to OH groups (Li et al. 2011) (Fig. 3). The peak at 2937 cm-1 is characteristic of C–H stretching attributed to the absorption band of –OCH3 (Ma et al. 2009). Bands at 1726 and 1610 cm-1 are typical of carboxyl and carbonyl groups, respectively (Wang et al. 2009). Absorption at 1440 and 1235 cm-1 may be attributed to C–H bending vibration (Zhang et al. 2009). The range from 1250 to 500 cm-1 is the fingerprint area. Additionally, other C–O functionalities such as C–OH (1015 cm-1) and C–O–C (1146 to 1100 cm-1) were clearly visible (Chandra et al. 2010).
There was a weak absorption peak for the asymmetric stretching vibration of the D-pyran ring near 923 cm-1. The absorption peak at 890 cm-1 for vertical βC1–H vibration, which is a characteristic absorption peak of the D-pyran ring, suggests that the pectin molecules contained a β-glycosidic bond. The absorption peak at 832 cm-1, which is a characteristic peak for αC1–H vibration of the D-pyran ring, suggests that the pectin molecule had large amounts of α-glycosidic bonds. The absorption peak at 750 cm-1 is attributed to symmetric stretching vibration of the pyran ring. These results suggest that the pectin molecule contained many α-glycosidic bonds and a smaller amount of β-glycosidic bonds.
Compared with the original pectin, the MAP for 4 h and 8 h pectin exhibited no new absorption peak, indicating after treatment with mechanical activation, no new groups had been generated and the main chemical structure of pectin had not changed. However, with the increase of mechanical activation time, the hydroxyl stretching vibration peak position was greatly offset to the high frequency direction, such that the vibration peak positions of 0, 4, and 8 h were 3373.97, 3401.95, and 3521.34 cm-1, respectively. Also, the strength was enhanced obviously; this may be because of the intramolecular hydrogen bond cleavage and a corresponding increase in intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
The 1H-NMR spectra of the pectins that were mechanically activated for 0 and 8 h are presented in Fig. 4. Mechanical activation resulted in changes in the proton vibrational peaks at 3.13, 4.66, and 5.30 ppm, which are attributed to alcohol hydroxyl groups. It is hypothesized that the mechanical activation caused the stress to reach its theoretical strength and broke the hydrogen bonds between molecules, thus increasing the electron cloud density of the nuclear outer. As a result, there was a decreased chemical shift because of the absence of the hydrogen bond proton. At the same time, the mechanical activation depolymerized the pectin and increased the number of active hydrogens in the alcohol hydroxyl groups. These molecular changes may be responsible for the appearance of new protons and vibrational peaks in the spectrum.
The DSC curves for pectin are presented in Figs. 5 and 6. Unmodified pectin exhibited an absorption peak at about 30 C. However, the absorption peak of MAP shifted to high temperature, which was attributed to the ability of the mechanical activation to destroy molecular hydrogen bonding of pectin, changing the physical and chemical properties of pectin to a certain extent (Fig. 5). In the range 200 to 300 C, the Ton (onset) temperature of MAP was lower than that of the unmodified pectin, and the Tp (peak) and Toff (offset) temperatures decreased at the same time (Fig. 6 and Table 1). This is because that mechanical activation may have caused the mechanical energy of MAP to be converted to specific surface energy, thus changing the crystal structure and diminishing thermal resistance and thermal stability. What is more, after mechanical activation, the energy state and low thermal stability of MAP caused a decrease in the Tp and the heat enthalpy (Emax). Compared with unmodified pectin, MAP had more uniform particles, a longer recovery time, a lower recovery rate, and a higher Texoff (extrapolated offset).
Texon and Texoff are the extrapolated onset and offset temperatures, and Tp is the peak temperature of the signal. Emax is maximum heat flow.
Unmodified and mechanically activated pectins (4 or 8 h) were observed by SEM (Fig. 7).
Unmodified pectin exhibited a more irregular and porous surface (Fig. 7a and d). Mechanically activated pectins (Figs. 7b, c, e, and f) exhibited a smoother and more continuous surface with increasing mechanical activation time. These differences may be attributed to the impact, grind, and shear forces of mechanical activation, which decrease the intermolecular forces between pectin molecules and thus increase their motion (Vieira et al. 2011).
Mechanically activated pectin was evaluated to determine its resistance to pectinase digestion; 0.5 g of MAP was put into gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and 4 mL of pectinase and 0.008 g CaSO4were added in it. The MAP (8 h) exhibited lower susceptibility to enzymatic digestion (Fig. 8) because of its higher level of network reorganization and increased crystallization, which both restrict enzymatic access. This phenomenon is critical for preventing premature drug release in the upper segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Indeed, these results showed that the drug release time of MAP was longer than that of unmodified pectin, indicating that mechanical activation has a favorable effect on drug release.
As shown in Fig. 9, the initial release of MAP-matrix tablet was increased with the increase of mechanical activation time. The maximum drug release of MAP (0, 4, and 8 h) did not result in much difference, but the MAP (0 and 4 h) exhibited burst release phenomena in 4 h and 8 h, respectively, resulting in premature drug release, which may be because the gel layer was thinner, allowing water to enter more easily into the internal structure, leading to rapid dissolution of matrix materials and acceleration of the drug release. MAP (8 h) exhibited almost no burst release phenomena, but the drug release was increased at 18 h. This is mainly because the MAP (8 h) formed a thick gel layer in the water. Thus, water entered into the matrix of the tablet slowly, which resulted in the dissolution of tablet excipients more slowly, so drug release occurred slowly, which indicated a good sustained release effect.
When the mechanical activation was 12 h, MAP formed a thick and dense gel layer in water easily, and water was difficult to get into the framework of the matrix tablet, and the drug could not be completely released. So in this study, we choose MAP (8 h) to prepare matrix tablets.
Dissolution dates were fitted to mathematical models such a zero order model (1), first order model (2), Higuchi release model (3), corrosion model (4), and diffusion-corrosion model (5) to study drug release kinetics and mechanisms. Regression coefficients of the drug release kinetics for all formulations are summarized in Table 1.
It is apparent from Table 2 that the linear regression coefficient corresponding to the diffusion dissolution model was the highest, so the mechanical activation release behavior of MAP – based matrix tablets can be fitted by dissolution diffusion model. The experimental data of MAP (8 h) -based matrix tablet was chosen to fit by diffusion dissolution model, and the fitting coefficient were K1= 30.42, K2=-11.85, K3=1.639, and K4=-0.06576. The fitting curve is shown in Fig. 10.
Mechanical activation of pectin increases its stability and decreases its solubility. The structure and properties of pectin are significantly affected by mechanical activation.
Fourier transform infrared and 1H-NMR analyses demonstrated that mechanical activation does not change the structure of the pectin chain, but breaks hydrogen bonds and decreases the degree of molecular association, resulting in better compatibility.
Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal stability of pectin was decreased with mechanical activation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that after mechanical activation, pectin particles became smaller and more uniform, with a smoother surface and decreased pores, resulting in lower solubility.
In vitro drug release studies and drug release kinetics indicated that formulations prepared with MAP exhibited sustained drug release in enzymatic medium. The prepared MAP matrix tablets demonstrated specific degradation by pectinase, effective colon-targeted drug delivery, and biological degradation. These results indicate that MAP may be a useful technology for oral dosage forms intended for colon-specific drug delivery.
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 20864001 and No.31160326) and the Key Project of Guangxi Science Foundation (10100025). Undergraduate specialty construction project in Guangxi in 2016.
Gadalla, H. H., El-Gibaly, I., Soliman, G. M., Mohamed, F. A., and El-Sayed, A. M. (2016). “Amidated pectin/sodium carboxymethylcellulose microspheres as a new carrier for colonic drug targeting: Development and optimization by factorial design,” Carbohydrate Polymers 153, 526-534. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.018.
Labianca, R., Nordlinger, B., Beretta, G. D., Brouquet, A., Cervantes, A., and ESMO Guidelines Working Group (2010). “Primary colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, adjuvant treatment and follow-up,” Annals of Oncology 21, 70-77. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq168.
Lee, J., Jeon, J. Y., and Meyerhardt, J. A. (2015). “Diet and lifestyle in survivors of colorectal cancer,” Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 29(1), 1-27.
National Pharmacopoeia Commission (2010). “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China [M],” China Medical Science and Technology 2, 86.
Weh, F. H., Razavi, M., Erh, C. H., Noordin, M. I., Nyamathulla, S., Karimian, H., and Khajuria, D. K. (2014). “Formulation and in vitro evaluation of hydrodynamically balanced matrix tablets of famotidine using pectin as controlled release polymer,” Latin American Journal of Pharmacy 33(3), 420-431.
Article submitted: October 5, 2016; Peer review completed: December 12, 2016; Revised version received: December 21, 2016; Accepted: December 27, 2016; Published: January 11, 2017.
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It was an afternoon of electrifying sporting drama at The Dutch Masters, with the world’s best horse and rider combinations taking to the arena in the Brabanthallen for the first Major of the year. Course Designer Louis Koninckx laid a tough course, which saw only five reach the jump-off to battle it out for the Rolex Grand Prix title.
Rolex Testimonee, Steve Guerdat (SUI), secured the first double clear, after producing a series of thrilling turns to shave seconds off the clock. Many thought he could not be caught but it was clear from the outset that Sweden’s Henrik von Eckermann only had winning on his mind. Together with his 13-year-old bay mare, Toveks Mary Lou, the pair crossed the finish just 0.63 seconds faster than Guerdat to clinch the prestigious Rolex Grand Prix title and become the new Rolex Grand Slam live contender.
It was so close between you and Steve Guerdat; how did the jump-off feel for you?
It was great! I knew that Steve was very fast; he knocked three-seconds off Daniel (Deusser)’s time, so I thought to myself, I need to hurry up! There were only five in the jump-off, and it is nice when there are so few because then you don’t have so much competition to worry about. I just tried really hard. I wanted to win it; I gave my best effort to win it and here we are!
Toveks Mary Lou performed so well. What is she like to ride?
She always performs so well. She is so special. It’s like she knows what is going on; she thinks, ‘OK, it’s Sunday today; it’s the big day; I need to be the best I can be.’ She always tries that little bit extra for me and it makes her a fantastic horse.
You’re the new Rolex Grand Slam live contender. Is CHIO Aachen in your calendar?
Yes, it is absolutely. I really would like to go there. I am just so happy with what has happened today, and we will take it from here.
I have to drive the lorry home with Mary Lou in the back and I am happy for that. My girlfriend Janika, the groom. and I will head home together smiling! But the feeling I have now is amazing and that is enough. I don’t think we have to do anything special.
Lastly, is The Dutch Masters a special show for you now?
Absolutely! I have ridden here quite a few times now and it is a fantastic event. Every year it gets better and better; they always try to make it more and more special. The atmosphere is always electric, and the crowd is always behind you.
It was another night of crowd-pleasing entertainment in the Brabanthallen, as Maikel van der Vleuten took the victory in the Audi Prize, the second Rolex Grand Prix qualifier. The Dutch maestro produced an uncatchable clear, in the time of 37.25 seconds, knocking over three seconds off the time set by last year’s Rolex Grand Prix winner, Niels Bruynseels (BEL).
That was a very fast round; how did the ride feel to you?
It was a tough competition, with strong riders, so I knew I had to go for it. Dana Blue is a very strong horse; she won yesterday and is naturally very, very quick and that’s the type of horse you need these days.
The Dutch team are taking all the top spots this week; what’s it like to win in front of the home crowd?
Performing in front of my home crowd certainly gives me even more motivation. So far, it’s going very well here. Tomorrow is the Rolex Grand Prix and I hope we can continue our winning streak, but it will be a very tough competition.
How will you be preparing for the Rolex Grand Prix?
We will stick to our normal routine. I will make sure my horse (Verdi TN) is in good shape; yesterday he jumped very well in the big class; he was double clear. Today I gave him a bit of an easy day so I am hoping he will be very fresh tomorrow!
Who do you think your biggest competition is?
There are so many riders, it’s hard to say. That’s the thing – it’s always exciting in our sport because out of the 40 riders you have at least 25 combinations who can give it a serious go!
Now that The Dutch Masters is part of the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping, has the event been enhanced?
Yes, I think it is a really good thing that this show is now one of the Majors. It is so important, being such a horse country, that we have a world-class event like this in Holland. It’s great for the Dutch people.
Brian Moggre and MTM Vivre Le Reve.
Wellington, Fla. – March 15, 2019 – Horse & Country TV (H&C TV) is pleased to offer an exciting lineup of show jumping programs this weekend on its award-winning network as well as on demand. Starting on Saturday, March 16, at 9 p.m. EST, H&C TV will showcase highlights from the final leg in the East Coast division of the 2018/2019 Longines FEI Jumping World Cup™ North American League at Live Oak International in Ocala, Florida.
In addition, on Sunday, March 17, at 10:25 a.m. EST, H&C TV will be live streaming the highly anticipated Rolex Grand Prix CSI5* from the Dutch Masters (Indoor Brabant Horse Show).
Fresh off his win earlier in the week in the $35,700 Longines FEI Jumping World Cup™ Qualifier CSI3*-W, 17-year-old Brian Moggre of the United States proved that age is just a number by taking home an impressive win in the $100,000 Longines FEI Jumping World Cup™ Ocala CSI3*-W on Sunday aboard Major Wager LLC’s MTM Vivre Le Reve.
Moggre, who is in his first year of eligibility for World Cup qualifying points, and the 10-year-old Westphalian gelding bested 38 top-ranked show jumping combinations, and six in the jump-off, to claim the win with a double-clear effort in 41.29 seconds. At such a young age, Moggre has a very promising future in the sport, as he demonstrated with his consistent results at the 2019 Live Oak International.
Sunday’s Rolex Grand Prix CSI5* is part of the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping – the toughest series in show jumping offering one of the biggest prizes in the sport with a €1 million bonus going to any athlete who can consecutively win three grand prix events at the Dutch Masters, Aachen, Spruce Meadows, and CHI Geneva. If that same athlete then wins a fourth major in succession, they win an additional €1 million bonus prize.
Great Britain’s Scott Brash is the only athlete in history to have achieved such a feat in 2015 riding Hello Sanctos.
Watch the Rolex Grand Prix CSI5* at the Dutch Masters LIVE on H&C TV on Sunday at 10:25 a.m. EST! If you miss the live broadcast, H&C TV will also be replaying the entire competition as-live on Wednesday, March 20, at 8 p.m. EST as well as a highlights show of the event on Friday, March 22, at 9 p.m. EST.
H&C TV broadcasts in Europe, Australia, and in the United States on cable, satellite, and broadband television, including Roku, and online at www.horseandcountrytv.us.
From 14-17 March 2019, the town of ‘s-Hertogenbosch is set to welcome 65,000 spectators for the 52nd edition of The Dutch Masters, the Netherlands’ leading equestrian show. Visitors can expect an extensive programme of equestrian competitions featuring elite national and international show jumping and dressage riders. The event will reach its climax on the Sunday afternoon with the Rolex Grand Prix, in which the best show jumpers in the world will compete to become the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping live contender.
Many of the world’s top horse and rider combinations will compete at the 14,500 capacity Brabanthallen ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the impressive indoor arena in the Dutch town. This year there are a number of contenders who are among the favourites to claim a victory in the first Major of the calendar year.
Hotly tipped to take the prestigious title will be Marcus Ehning, after he won the most recent Rolex Grand Prix at CHI Geneva in December 2018. The German enjoyed a thoroughly successful year, riding Pret A Tout to victory not only in Geneva, but also at CHIO Aachen. Ehning will be riding a different horse in the Netherlands later this month, which will make for fascinating viewing to see how he performs as a different combination.
Current world number one-ranked show jumper and Rolex Testimonee, Steve Guerdat, will be looking to claim the first Major of the year and brings with him a strong contingent of horses. After finishing fifth and then second at CHIO Aachen and CHI Geneva respectively in 2018, Guerdat will attempt to go one better and secure his fourth Major and become the new live contender.
Another rider looking to continue his fine form is Niels Bruynseels. The Belgian won The Dutch Masters last year, meaning he will be looking to replicate his strong showing in the 2019 edition of the Major. Currently sitting at number 15 in the global rankings, the 36-year-old will be aiming to break into the top 10 with another win in the Netherlands this month.
Performing in front of their home crowd are riders Harrie Smolders and Jeroen Dubbeldam. Smolders rode well in 2018 and at one point claimed the top spot in the world show jumping rankings. Although he has now dropped to third, he will be targeting The Dutch Masters as an opportunity to propel himself back to the summit. Dubbeldam is a rider who has already accomplished so much within show jumping and is recognised as a true legend within the sport. Although it’s uncertain who will win the Major, what can be assured is that they will be supported by a strong patriotic crowd at the Brabanthallen ‘s-Hertogenbosch, which will benefit them in their pursuit to claim this prestigious Major.
Someone who can never be overlooked when considering potential Rolex Grand Prix winners is legendary equestrian Scott Brash. What sets the Scotsman apart from other riders is that he is the only ever winner of the distinguished Rolex Grand Slam title, having won three Majors consecutively in 2015. This unprecedented feat has still not been replicated, and as a result Brash is a name that is synonymous with success in the Majors.
Young, up-and-coming rider Bertram Allen is a name to pay attention to during this year’s event. The 23-year-old is the youngest member of the Rolex Testimonee family and currently sits at the top of the FEI Jumping U25 Rankings and will be aspiring to achieve a similar position within the main rankings. The Irishman will unquestionably be hungry to claim his first Major.
The pinnacle of international show jumping, the Rolex Grand Slam, released a ground-breaking new multi-channel media campaign in March 2018, which has demonstrated some phenomenal results since its inception.
The multi-platform campaign, which uses the strapline ‘Surpass yourself and become a legend,’ was first revealed in the form of a 60-second-long commercial and is designed to promote the dedication and passion required to win the revered Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping.
The Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping comprises the most highly regarded international show jumping events in the world, notably the four Majors, including The Dutch Masters, the CHIO Aachen, CSIO Spruce Meadows ‘Masters’ and CHI Geneva. The evocative and innovative film tells the story of a rider’s journey to achieve success, through emotive footage accompanied by a compelling narrative, relatable not only to the equestrian audience, but to anyone wanting to achieve greatness and striving to accomplish a lifetime goal.
A 30-second version of the film featured across the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping’s social media channels conquering the digital world to report impressively high figures, including a reach of 12 million on Facebook. Not only was the reach high, the 30-second film generated over 3.6 million views on YouTube, outshining comparable equestrian-focused films.
The 30-second film also featured on international lifestyle online publications, including GQ, The New York Times, and Bloomberg, as part of a strategy to target a wider global audience. The strategic placements of the film achieved an enviable reach across lifestyle and economic media titles, educating new audiences on what the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping is.
The first Major of the year takes place at The Dutch Masters in ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands, where the world’s best riders will compete for victory in the prestigious Rolex Grand Prix on Sunday 17 March 2019. Among the stellar line-up is the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping live contender, Germany’s Marcus Ehning, who will be hoping to emulate his success at CHI Geneva in December 2018 and move one step closer to lifting show jumping’s most coveted trophy.
To view the 30-second Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping YouTube film, click here.
12 March 2018, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands – The Rolex Grand Prix at The Dutch Masters is one of the four equestrian Majors that form the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping, and is one of the most prestigious Grand Prix on the international circuit.
Re-live the excitement from the four-day competition at one of the world’s leading indoor venues, as the finest riders compete for the prestigious Rolex Grand Prix.
Photo: Leopold van Asten, winner of the Rolex Grand Prix in March 2017 ©The Dutch Masters – Indoor Brabant.
The world’s top riders will converge in ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands from 8-11 March for The Dutch Masters, the newest addition to the world’s ultimate prize in show jumping – the Rolex Grand Slam.
Eight of the world’s top 10 riders are expected to contest the highly anticipated Rolex Grand Prix, the first Major of 2018, as they seek to kick off the year in style and be in with a chance of winning the most sought-after prize in the sport: the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping. A prize of €1 million, on top of the prize money from each of the four shows, is on offer to any rider who wins three of the four Majors consecutively, with a further €1 million prize if that same rider continues his or her victory by winning a fourth Major in succession.
Founded over 50 years ago, The Dutch Masters, previously known as Indoor Brabant, has long been a highlight of the global equestrian calendar. However, the announcement in 2017 that the show would become the fourth Major within the coveted Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping has elevated its status to one of the most prestigious events of the year, alongside CHIO Aachen, the CSIO Spruce Meadows ‘Masters’ and CHI Geneva.
Over 60,000 spectators are expected to attend across the four days of competition, which also features FEI World Cup Dressage as well as the CSI5* Show Jumping, the pinnacle of which is the Rolex Grand Prix on Sunday 11 March.
Sadly, American rider Kent Farrington was forced to officially withdraw from The Dutch Masters due to injury. Farrington won the Rolex Grand Prix at CHI Geneva last year and with this victory he started his challenge for the Rolex Grand Slam. Unfortunately, his chance to win the Rolex Grand Slam title is now gone for now.
Local riders Harrie Smolders and Maikel van der Vleuten, currently ranked second and eleventh in the world, respectively, will be looking to give the home crowd something to cheer about, following in the footsteps of compatriot Leopold van Asten, winner of the Rolex Grand Prix in 2017.
A strong contingent of Rolex Testimonees will be attempting to emulate the achievement of fellow Testimonee Scott Brash, who remains the only rider so far to have won the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping, following his emphatic victories in 2015. Kevin Staut (FRA), a winner of the Rolex Grand Prix at The Dutch Masters in 2014, heads the challenge, with Canada’s Eric Lamaze, currently ranked world No. 12, making the trip from his winter base in Florida, USA for the competition. World No. 8 Steve Guerdat (SUI) will be making his 16th appearance in a Major, the only rider to have competed in all Majors since they began in 2013, with Britain’s Scott Brash also competing as he seeks to repeat his remarkable Rolex Grand Slam feat.
Reigning European Champion and Olympic silver medalist Peder Fredricson (SWE), world No. 7 Lorenzo de Luca (ITA), and the in-form Henrik Von Eckermann, fresh from victory in FEI World Cup Qualifier in Gothenburg, will add to the stellar line-up of riders taking part.
For further information on The Dutch Masters or the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping, please visit www.rolexgrandslam.com.
02 March 2018, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands – After a thrilling end to the 2017 international equestrian season at the CHI Geneva, with Rolex Testimonee Kent Farrington securing the Rolex Grand Prix at the event for the first time, all eyes now turn to The Netherlands where many of the world’s best riders will congregate on 08-11 March, for the new first Major of the year.
Since its founding more than 50 years ago, The Dutch Masters has focused on delivering elite-level sport alongside a rich tradition and love of horses. In 2017, The Dutch Masters (formerly Indoor Brabant) welcomed 60,000 spectators across four days of competition, as the sports elite riders contested the Rolex Grand Prix, the competition highlight. Such commitment to outstanding equestrian sport and a passion for excellence reflect Rolex values, and in 2014 the leading Swiss watch brand extended its long-term partnership with the event, enhancing its position as one of the most esteemed indoor shows on the calendar.
This shared approach to the pursuit of perfection has been globally recognized, and in 2017 it was announced that The Dutch Masters would join equestrian sport’s most coveted competition, the Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping, as the fourth Major in the cyclical calendar. It now sits beside CHIO Aachen, the CSIO Spruce Meadows ‘Masters’ and CHI Geneva. As such, the Rolex Grand Prix at The Dutch Masters in 2018 will draw the world’s best riders attempting to emulate the achievement of Rolex Testimonee Scott Brash, who in 2015 became the only rider to have won this most sought-after prize to date.
A demanding course is expected at the sport’s toughest Majors, and The Dutch Masters will be no exception. Having co-designed with Gérard Lachat (SUI) the Rolex Grand Prix at CHI Geneva, Louis Konickx (NED) is welcomed back for Sunday’s highlight competition. “I have designed a technically exacting course with the intention of testing these riders within one of the best indoor arenas around the globe,” Konickx said.
Along with the roster of elite show jumpers contesting the Rolex Grand Prix, The Dutch Masters will also host the world’s top dressage riders as they compete for title places in the World Cup and World Cup freestyle competitions. Numbered among these outstanding athletes is Rolex Testimonee Isabell Werth. With a trophy cabinet overflowing with Olympic, World and European Championship medals, the knowledgeable Dutch crowd is always excited to see the German maestro in action.
The Rolex family of Testimonees has been victorious in the Grand Prix four times since 2003, the most recent being French rider and world number four Kevin Staut, who claimed the Rolex Grand Prix in 2014 riding Silvana*HDC.
Canada’s Eric Lamaze will travel from his winter base in Florida, USA for the competition. With a string of successes already at the 12-week Winter Equestrian Festival in Wellington (Florida), it would appear Lamaze is in prime form to take up the challenge.
The crowd will welcome the return also of homegrown hero Jeroen Dubbeldam. As reigning World Champion and a former European Champion, Dubbeldam and SFN Zenith are a formidable partnership.
Rolex’s newest Equestrian Testimonee, Martin Fuchs, and youngest, Bertram Allen, will also be entering their top mounts for the competition. Fuchs will be one of two Swiss riders from the Rolex family of Testimonees, with Steve Guerdat journeying to the Dutch show with his mare Bianca XXXIV. Guerdat was recently voted Rider of the Year 2017 and Bianca XXXIV Horse of the Year 2017 in Switzerland.
British show jumper Brash will head to The Dutch Masters looking to further enhance his revered status in the sport.
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2019-04-19T01:10:43Z
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http://horsesinthesouth.com/blog/tag/dutch-masters
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The living and dining room at Poipu Shores103A are oceanfront, right on the water and professionally decorated. A large TV, full stereo, quality speakers, DVD and sliding doors that open to the splendid oceanfront lanai. Dine in the gracious dining room or enjoy "al fresco" on the lanai's comfortable tropitone furniture to the sound of the waves and a view to the sunset.
The fully equipped gourmet kitchen is a chef's delight. Prepare meals while savoring views of crashing waves and abundant sea life. The gas BBQ area is conveniently located outside your door.
The rear master bedroom is 25 feet from the pillow to the waves! Complete with walk-in shower and private dressing area and updated surroundings. High quality linens and the most comfortable king mattress combine for many restful, tropical slumbers.
The second master suite features a king bed and opens to a beautiful tropical garden setting. You will awaken in paradise to colorful birds and tropical landscapes. Combine that with the soothing sounds of the Pacific and you may never want to return home.
Rate: From $345/Night + 14.4166% GE and TAT tax, $150 Outclean, $50 Deposit Protection, and $250 Refundable Security Deposit.
Room Description: Ground floor, close to parking, on the ocean. Two master bedrooms with king beds, one bedroom is oceanfront. There is a gourmet kitchen and the living and dining area open to the lanai, grounds, and the gate to access the beach.
Wonderful Poipu Shores #103A !!!!!!
Michael C. from Tacoma, Washington recommends this property.
What can I say? My wife Judy and I started renting Poipu Shores #103A from the Zhila’s in 2007 and I have continued to rent this excellent unit almost every year since. Hopefully, the new owners will continue to maintain #103A to the high standards that the Zhila’s did over so many great years.
Walter A. from Dunstable, MA recommends this property.
Great location, did not have contact with private owner, supervisory staff pleasant greeting. Available parking was challenging. Modest repairs would help security concerns and bath shower.
A guest from Ancaster, ON does not recommend this property.
The view in this unit is breathtaking. The property is within walking distance of local beach,many restaurants and shops. However, the pictures seem a bit photoshopped, the inside of the property is really outdated. The furniture is old, carpets are stained, and the linens had rips in them. The condo has a musky smell, and there were a lot of ants crawling on the kitchen counters. We took the garbage out every day and did not really use the kitchen but the ants were still there. The unit has A/C in the master bedroom and living room, however the master bath and guest bedroom do not have A/C, only tower fans. All in all, the location is fantastic but the unit really required some work.
A guest from Santa Barbara, CA recommends this property.
Our stay at Poipu Shores was overall very nice. The location of the property was wonderful being right on the water. Able to see turtles feeding right off the rocks below. Beautiful sunsets toward the west which we didn't expect since most of Poipu faces south. We used the pool and the BBQ and both were nice, but not over the top special. The location gave us fairly easy drives to multiple sides of the island, which we enjoyed. The condo itself was ok, a bit old and needed some tlc. Back door was very difficult to close. In addition the condo had a musty/damp smell at all times. I imagine being close to the ocean makes this a constant challenge, but some carpet replacement or something needs to be done to make it fresher. The second bathtub has a very large stain and needs to be deep cleaned or replaced. The bedspreads and sheets worn, but towels in pretty good condition. The Master bath was more recently redone and nice, just an odd configuration. Even with all these issues our stay was great. We feel very fortunate to have the time together as family in such a beautiful part of God's creation!
Matthew W. from Columbia, MO recommends this property.
Great rental. What a view and location!
Mahalo for taking the time to review Poipu Shores 103A. We are so happy to hear that you enjoyed your stay! We hope you will again consider choosing Poipu Shores 103A or any of our Poipu 365 vacation rentals on your next visit to the Garden Island.
Know that the goal of our team at Poipu 365 is to share the Aloha spirit and service with all our destination visitors. It is then with fond Aloha that we bid you pono (take hui hou kakou (until we meet again).
Perfect location to enjoy the ocean!
A guest from Oceanside, CA recommends this property.
We had a very pleasant stay in this rental! It is in a perfect location to enjoy the sound of the waves and beach. The master has AC which is a bonus.
Diane B. from Houston, TX recommends this property.
The condo was decorated beautifully in island decor. It faced the ocean and the view was stunning. It was located by the wonderful Poipu beach. We were thrilled to see monk seals several days.
Kris P. from Orinda, CA recommends this property.
Waves crashing on the rocks just across the lawn with spray going way up inthe air, rainbows and double rainbows almost every day, walk to great boogie boarding and snorkeling, and lots of great restaurants within a shortdrive. What's not to like?!
Amazing Property and Location in Poipu!
Sarah G. from ST. LOUIS, MO recommends this property.
We spend one week at 103A in Poipu. The condo was clean, comfortable and you could not have a better view of the ocean. We were quite impressed with the amount of amenities that were included in our stay. A bottle of champagne and flutes were chilling in our refrigerator upon our arrival. The kitchen was well stocked with everything we needed for cooking including oils and spices - things that often make cooking on vacation hard without. There were also beach chairs, umbrellas, coolers, snorkel gear, board games and books. The condo itself was comfortable with AC and ceiling fans that made the temperature comfortable. The lanai was perfect, right on the lawn with an amazing view. The complex overall was very quiet, and everyone we met was extremely friendly and welcoming. The pool was beautiful, and you can watch the sea turtles from the pool deck for hours. Overall, our only comment was that the condo felt a bit damp - but, then again, we were only steps from the ocean. We would highly recommend this property and would definitely come back and stay again.
Mahalo for taking the time to review Poipu Shores 103A and for your wonderful comments. We are so happy to hear that you enjoyed your stay! We hope you will again consider choosing Poipu Shores 103A or any of our Poipu 365 vacation rentals on your next visit to the Garden Island.
Carissa V. from Sacramento, CA recommends this property.
What an amazing place to stay! Inside was very nice, clean, welcoming, and even provided beach towels to use for the stay. The views outside were amazing and falling asleep to the ocean waves was one of my favorite things. I would definitely come back!
Aloha Carissa, mahalo for taking the time to review Poipu Shores 103A and for your wonderful comments. We are so happy to hear that you enjoyed your stay! We hope you will again consider choosing Poipu Shores 103A or any of our Poipu 365 vacation rentals on your next visit to the Garden Island. Know that the goal of our team at Poipu 365 is to share the Aloha spirit and service with all our destination visitors. It is then with fond Aloha that we bid you pono (take hui hou kakou (until we meet again).
A wonderful three week stay in an exceptionally well appointed condo right on the ocean at Poipu Shores.
Mahalo for your wonderful review. We are delighted to hear that you enjoyed your vacation stay at Poipu Shores 103A. We look forward to your return visit to the Garden Island and the great pleasure to share again with you our gracious spirit of Aloha and customer care and service.
Please visit Poipu 365 website to view the wide array of vacation rental properties for your next planned visits. It is then with fond Aloha that we bid you farewell ... malama pono (take care) ... a hui hou kakou (until we meet again).
Heather B. from Delta, BC recommends this property.
Again, we had a lovely stay at 103A at Poipu Shores. The condo was generally clean and it good condition. The manager, Vicki, gave us excellent customer service and I would recommend others to try Poipu Shores out. The only downfall this year was that the pool heater broke and it took a week to get it repaired. The pool water was definitely quite cool. We visited the quaint towns of Koloa and Hannapepe.
and service with all of our destination visitors. It is with fond Aloha that we bid you farewell ... malama pono (take care) ... a hui hou kakou (until we meet again).
Lisa E. from Russellville, AR recommends this property.
Poipu Shores 103A has to be one of the most amazing places to stay on the island. I am not sure you can be more oceanfront in any other condo. We have rented 103A or 106A for the last 8 years and as usual, the condo was immaculate. We always arrive to a cold bottle of champagne and chilled glasses in the fridge and the condo has everything you could imagine you would need. The beds are very comfortable, the sheets, bath and beach towels are very good quality, the kitchen is stocked with all the equipment you could need and there are beach chairs and snorkel gear. The complex is kept in immaculate condition and it has always been quiet and relaxing. The pool is oceanfront with excellent views of turtles, dolphins and whales. Sunrises and sunsets from the lanai are spectacular. We love our annual trips to Kauai and look forward to our stays at Poipu Shores!
with all our destination visitors. It is with fond ALOHA that we bid you farewell ... malama pono (take care) ... a hui hou kakou (until we meet again).
A guest from Parkville, Missouri recommends this property.
service with all our destination visitors. It is with fond ALOHA that we bid you farewell... malama pono (take care)... ahui hou kakou (until we meet again).
Susan N. from San Jose, CA recommends this property.
This was our 2nd time staying in Poipu Shores 103A and we were just as impressed as the 1st time. We brought our daughter along and had a wonderful family vacation. The condo has the most amazing view and we often just sat outside on the patio staring at the ocean or reading. We loved being able to cook our own meals in the awesome, well stocked kitchen. The bedrooms were set up well, they were clean and comfortable. It was nice having 2 bathrooms so my daughter could have her own one. Also, it was great to have our own laundry. The condo has been well maintained and we were able to enjoy and relax every day. We hope to come again soon!
A guest from Groveland, CA recommends this property.
Gorgeous views and soothing sounds of the ocean waves. I am glad we got a ground floor unit so we could walk out on the lawn. This became important since we did not have cell service (Verizon) inside the condo. We only got service if we walked outside. It was a pleasant surprise to find chilled champagne in the fridge, and 2 bags of ice in the freezer. Beds were comfy and everything very clean. The instructions in the notebook and on the advance paperwork were excellent. Three minor issues: the air conditioning units just barely kept up with the June heat; the brown towels shed brown lint on your body; and the sliding door hard to lock. Overall, it was so relaxing and comfortable to stay there and the ocean so delightful, I felt I didn't need to go anywhere else, except out to eat.
A guest from Tacoma, WA recommends this property.
I stayed in Poipu Shores #103A for three weeks in March-April 2017 and found it to be wonderful. The apartment was very clean and obviously well maintained upon my arrival, as well as very well appointed with plenty of towels for not only myself but the various guests who stayed with me during my stay. The kitchen was well stocked with plenty of dishes, glasses, pots & pans, flatware, etc. My guests and I enjoyed a wonderful experience during our stay!
Aloha! Mahalo for your inspiring review and wonderful comments. We are happy to hear that you enjoyed your stay at Poipu Shores 103A. We hope you will again consider staying at Poipu Shores 103A for your future vacation plans. The Team at Poipu 365.
We just returned to B.C. Canada from spending 19 days in Poipu Shores 103A and we were very sorry to leave there. We had a fabulous holiday! The rental staff were more than helpful with any questions we had, the condo was clean and the maintenance staff were available if we had any concerns. We are returning there next year! Thank you to the owners for sharing their lovely condo!
The condo is in a fantastic location. It is located on the ground level, just to the east of the center of the building. The 5 palm trees provide some added shade from the afternoon sun. Poipu Shores is within walking distance to many of the areas restaurants. There is minimal foot traffic on the walkway outside the unit and only guests staying in units 104 through 107 typically walk by on their way to the pool on the ocean side.We found everything in the condo to be in working order. Although our dining in the condo was limited to mainly breakfast and one dinner, we found everything necessary in the kitchen. Our only concerns with the unit revolved what I would refer to as "crispness" and general cleanliness of the unit. For example, many of the bath towels had bleach stains on them. The bedspread in the master bedroom had some stains and the sheets on the bed in the master bedroom were worn and somewhat frayed. The unit also seemed to be in need of a deep cleaning. There was dust on the ceiling fans, in the louvers of most of the doors and on the lampshades. There was evidence of mold in the grout in the tile of the shower in the master bath. While none of these issues detracted from our stay, addressing them would raise this from a 3.5 star review to a 5 star.
A guest from St. Clair, MI recommends this property.
There are no words to adequately describe our experience. The condo accomodations were excellent, with a view that is unimaginable.The condo itself was clean, comfortable and splendidly located to view whales, dolphins and turtles!
A guest from Snohomish, WA recommends this property.
Ron W. from San Marino, CA recommends this property.
The location is amazing. Water crashing on the rocks just steps away from the property and pool. There were turtles everywhere in the water and saw spinner dolphins a few times from the patio. Easy walk to a few beaches.The unit had a well stocked kitchen, beach chairs, cooler and towels. I couldn't find any BBQ utensils besides an old rusted spatula.The unit was clean and well decorated. I was disappointed with the electronic services. The WiFi is shared for the entire building so things like a chromecast won't work and the internet came to a crawl in the evening when everyone was home. Also the cable TV was snowy and not HD.The unit is tight w/o much extra space. We had 5 in our party which I wouldn't recommend since the only place to put the blow up mattress is in the living space and required us to move things around each day. 4 people would be fine.The back bedroom windows open to the outside hallway which can be loud with either people or the very loud sprinklers that run every morning around 5am. All in all a great unit and I would happily recommend to a friend given the caveats above.
Ron, we appreciate you taking the time out to write a review. We are happy to hear that your stay was enjoyable. We will inform the owner about the bbq utensils. We hope you will consider us when you plan your next Kauai Adventure.
Bruce G. from Bozeman, Montana recommends this property.
Thank you for the review, we will send the two issues into maintenance to be taken care of. Mahalo, and we hope to see you again.
Sarita Doshi B. from Olney, MD recommends this property.
The sound of the waves all night long, the beautiful sunsets, the turtles viewed from the pool deck, and the general location make these condos hard to top! Christine and Vickie from the management company were absolutely amazing! The welcome champagne and chilled glasses was also very welcoming - especially after a long flight from the East Coast.Huge plus for this unit is the ground floor which makes it very easy to walk out to the grass (kids loved to play there) and to the pool. The unit also has really great beach chairs and umbrellas as well as a cooler. It is also in walking distance to Poipu Beach (though they have plenty of parking)- which had the best snorkeling of all 8 beaches we visited all over the island, at least at the time we visited. The general location is excellent for everything.My only complaint is that I expected the unit to be cleaner than it was. There was quite a bit of visible dust, particularly on the bathroom doors and closet doors. I have major dust allergies (thankful I brought my medications) but also did not find it visually appealing. There is also mold in the shower. I also expected the kitchen to be cleaner. The cabinets and knobs were quite sticky. I think if the condo automatically included regular cleanings during each guest's stay, it would be kept cleaner overall. Or else hire a new cleaning person (or both!). Note: I am extremely particular about cleanliness, but I at least expected it to be as clean as a 4-star hotel room. Most people might find it clean enough. I didn't hold it against the overall rating b/c everything else truly made up for it!! Highly recommend one of the ground floor condos in Building A!!
Richard B. from Aurora, CO recommends this property.
Mahalo for your review, hope to see you again real soon.
Bartell P. from Pomona, CA recommends this property.
We had a wonderful time! The views were great from the condo! What a beautiful place! The staff (Jim & Georgia) at the front desk were very nice and helpful!
Thank you for your review. Mahalo for choosing Poipu Shores 103A, we hope to see you again.
Lander C. from Columbia, SC recommends this property.
Excellent stay at Poipu Shores 103A. This unit is on the bottom floor, which is right where you want to be. Amazing views and you can spit to the pool. We rented bikes to go down to Poipu Beach, but I would recommend going to the beach out in front of the Sheraton or the Grand Hyatt. Awesome location, amazing vacation.
Thank you Lander for your wonderful review. We are so happy to hear that you enjoyed your stay at Poipu Shores 103A. We hope to see you again in the future. Mahalo and have a wonderful year.
A guest from Cottage Grove, OR recommends this property.
The only complaint was about the air conditioning or lack there of. This unit was advertised as "air conditioned bedroom." There is a very old air conditioning unit that is located in the closet of the bedroom. It seemed very odd to have the closet door open so the air conditioner would work. It barely kept the bedroom at a temperature in which we were able to sleep.
Robert, thank you for taking the time to write a review. We will inform the owners of your concerns, and they will assess the situation. We hope that your stay on the lovely Kauai was enjoyable. Mahalo.
A guest from Kapolei, Hawaii recommends this property.
Great location by the shore. Condo was well maintained and in a quiet area. Pool was fantastic with turtles swimming in the water below. Good restaurants and beach nearby.
Jack W. from Sarasota, Fla recommends this property.
Kara Y. from Eastvale, California recommends this property.
Cynthia M. from Bedeque, Prince Edward Island recommends this property.
It was a great couple of days! Wished we could have stayed longer.
Cynthia, we appreciate you taking the time to write this review. We are happy to hear your stay was enjoyable. We look forward to working you with in the future when you plan your next Kauai vacation. Mahalo.
Jeanie C. from Fair Oaks, CA recommends this property.
A quiet condo community with spectacular views yet a short walk to Brennecke's Beach, restaurant and deli. Loved the 'sleepy' aspect of this place but could be enjoying happy hour in a few minutes if we wanted. Perfect location.
Thank you for writing the review. We are glad that you enjoyed the unit. We look forward to your next visit to sunny Poipu.
A guest from Grass Valley, CA recommends this property.
I booked 103A at Poipu Shores through VRBO, having never been to Kauai. It was exactly what I had hoped it would be. We traveled with another couple and had a hard time finding a unit with 2 kings with 2 bathrooms. Most had a master and 2 twins that could be pushed together. The 2nd bedroom is not huge and has no view, but the living space makes up for that. The master has an awesome view and if you love the sound of the ocean it could not be better. The trick is to close the windows at night and the ocean lulls you to sleep. We had whales and Dolphins everyday in front of the unit. The sea turtles live in front of the pool and were so fun to watch... We really want to keep this place a secret, but since we cannot go every year, we think we should just be honest that this place is amazing. We met people there that return every year. After looking around the Poipu area we now know that Poipu Shores would have been our choice over all others!
We had 2 couples (4 total) statying in 103A. We all had a very good time. The un it was well maintained and most importantly, clean. The location was superb. The pool was a little to cool to really enjoy.
A guest from Denver, CO recommends this property.
Nice condo with a WONDERFUL view, right on the ocean! Pool was warm and clean and we loved swimming in it with the waves crashing below. Unit was a bit warm as there is no central A/C (just a small unit in the bedroom closet), and the wind howled through the gap in the back sliding door as well as the glass window slats, but other than that it was lovely.
Carol M D. from St. Clair, MI recommends this property.
The condo was perfect for our needs. It was roomy yet spacious with the view right outside our door.
Joe D. from Frederick, MD recommends this property.
Had a great time at Poipu; the rough surf crashing against the rocks was hypnotizing, the condo was laid out well and roomy, and the experience was extremely positive.
Ulla L. from Thornbury, Ontario does not recommend this property.
Kali B. from Homewood, AL recommends this property.
Beautiful place!! Perfect location. So many sea turtles !
Paula J. from Dublin, CA recommends this property.
This was my second time staying at Poipu Shores and I love the location! The complex is within walking distance of Poipu Beach (as long as you don't have a lot to carry) and Brenecke's Restaurant, which is across the street from the beach, is a great place to have a tropical drink and a bite to eat. Because the complex is in close proximity of the ocean I get to enjoy the sound of the crashing waves. Whether sitting on the lanai or swimming in the pool the view of the ocean is amazing and the turtles swimming right near the shore is a special treat. The complex is a short distance to Roy's and Keoke's Paradise, which are two of my favorite restaurants. The condo was clean and it's nice to have a washer/dryer in the unit so you don't have to pack so many clothes. Staff is always helpful and professional. I would highly recommend Poipu Shores!
Karen T. from Durango, CO recommends this property.
This was a lovely and well appointed condo. We loved the location and in addition, we are all cooks, so we truly appreciated the knives, cookware, utensils that were provided in the home. Good walking paths close by. Excellent location and well-maintained condo. We will definitely be back.
Wonderful accommodations! Best location on the island!
Michelle S. from St. THomas, ON recommends this property.
This is a great little condo in a fantastic location!!! We loved everything about it and would love to return.
carrie c. from Sherwood Park, alberta recommends this property.
Fantastic location with incredible views. Nice quiet and clean property.
Donald C. from Sherwood Park, Alberta recommends this property.
Location, location, location. You could not beat where we were located. Walk out of our patio doors to the lawn and 25 feet away was the water. Lots of whales and dolphins right in front of us. Great pool and the beaches were just a 2 minute walk away. Condo was great - had everything we needed.
The location and amenities at Poipu Shores was perfect for my husband & I. We felt like a local and enjoyed not being in a touristy, crowded hotel. We cannot wait to return.
A guest from Austin, TX recommends this property.
Poipu Shores 103A puts you right on the ocean! The cliffhanger pool is a true oceanside experience of pure joy! We hope to be able to reserve this unit for you on your next Poipu getaway!
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2019-04-23T04:16:25Z
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https://www.perfectplaces.com/vacation-rentals/215396.htm
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After my last post went viral on Christmas Eve, I heard lots of bad advice from lots of well-meaning people. The Jetsons Kitchen Renovation and Vintage Stove Appalachian Odyssey brought more attention to my little corner of the internet than it deserved when one of my favorite websites, RetroRenovation.com, picked up the post (thanks, Pam and Kate!), kicking off a wave of reposts and thousands of hits that continue to this day. My kitchen got all kinds of love from the people of the internet, and my contractor-artist got the accolades he deserved.
I should capitalize on the momentum, friends and family told me. Keep posting, get lots of followers! Put up some ads! Then, well, who knows what could happen?
Once you try to monetize a blog, to make it more than a hobby, you doom yourself to failure and turn something that’s supposed to be fun into a grind, all in one fell swoop.
And that is why I let the momentum run out. I didn’t pick up my iPad again until now, many months later. I didn’t even try to capitalize on the surge of interest. Blogging is a hobby. And I had other things to do.
This is a concept that, 20 years after the advent of blogs, continues to elude most bloggers and would-be bloggers. Personally, I thought we were all wise to this by now. But since it has become apparent that we are not, I thought this a fit topic for, well, a blog.
Blogging is, repeat after me, a hobby. Or a marketing tool for your main gig. But nine times out of ten, it is a hobby. That is all the future holds for your blog. You cannot. Cannot. Cannot. Cannot make enough money to live off your blog. Or even enough to call it moonlighting. Not the way you want to. Typically, income from blogging=zero.
What? You read all about how to monetize a blog? On another blog? Well, that blogger is probably trying to monetize her own blog by drawing enough readers who want to believe her advice. And it is not going to end well.
Let’s take my experience as a case in point.
When I went to South America in 2008, I started a travel blog, and an AdSense account. I thought the blog would defray some of my travel expenses. I really did. Before I left, a smart and witty friend told me it would not.
I encountered more excitement on my trip than I thought I would. Protests, dynamite, political intrigue. I blogged about it. It was fun. Lots of people read the blog, and not just friends and family. People from all over the world. It made money.
I never collected. Google won’t send you a check unless the figure is respectable enough to print on paper.
Luckily, beer was cheap in Bolivia. I survived without blog income (because, guess what, that’s not really a thing).
So now it’s 2014, six years later. It is not 2005. And I am not Arianna Huffington, who, for that matter, does not pay her bloggers.
Having dipped a toe in shallow water with my Jetsons kitchen renovation post, I had an opportunity to capitalize on my momentum. I could put up some ads, keep blogging on kitchen renovations, build my audience, and then, with hard work and dedication, who knows?
Some of my friends and family were more persistent. Kitchen renovations have more commercial potential than travel blogs, they tell me. Astute and unfortunate, but yes, this is true. From a business perspective, the internet loves kitchen renovations. It loves them more than the things it should love, like revelations of corruption, injustice or hypocrisy; watchdog reporting on public institutions, or a well-told narrative that sheds light on the human condition. I am as guilty as anyone else of fueling this phenomenon with my own low-browsing habits. The internet loves a laserlike focus on minutae. To be commercially successful, a blog should focus on just one thing. Not just renovations. Kitchen renovations. Not just kitchen renovations. Vintage kitchen renovations. Vintage kitchen renovations in the South. But only in blue. If your blog is the absolute authority on blue renovations of kitchens built in the 1950s south of Atlanta, if you post with clocklike regularity, if you faithfully optimize for search engines, you could make enough money to call it moonlighting.
(The Times ran a great feature on this last month: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/garden/when-blogging-becomes-a-slog.html).
Except you would be up all night feeding the search engines. So you wouldn’t actually be sleeping. Or exercising. Or seeing your friends and family. Or doing any of the home improvement projects you needed to do to feed the blog. Or writing about anything else.
You would be so, so sick of kitchen renovations. But you would have to keep writing about them.
For a very small audience. For a very small income, with no chance of earning more because you are one person limited to 24 hours in one day.
But you are a bona-fide working blogger!
And that is something I do not aspire to be.
So, thank you very much for the advice and the flattery. And yes, it was thrilling to have all the attention. But — barring a game-changing swivel of the economics of the internet in favor of “content providers” — the words I post in this space will remain just a hobby.
We had planned the most beautiful, sophisticated kitchen renovation for our 1954 Florida ranch house. Quarter-sawn walnut cabinets would replace 1970s-era faux wood; sleek black Paperstone counters would supplant gold-whorled white laminate. All that remained was to sign the contract with Jason Straw, Woodworker. A maker of fine furniture and specialist in historic home renovations, Jason would ensure our new kitchen did not look like it came from a big-box store.
Then, late one Sunday evening, Jason called.
“I’ve been thinking a lot about your kitchen,” he said.
What a rare delight! A contractor as obsessed with our kitchen as we were!
Whatever did he mean? Had he finally hit the big time? Was he moving to Hollywood to design fine wood furniture for studio moguls like we always suspected he would?
Our stove. The vintage 1950s Universal we had salvaged from our first home two years earlier, the stove we had unsuccessfully attempted to restore on our own, then U-Hauled seven hours to the experts at Antique Appliances, in the foothills of the Smoky Mountains (see sidebar below).
“You need a 1950s kitchen,” Jason said.
I gasped. I squealed. A year before, at the start of our kitchen renovation journey, I had tried, unsuccessfully, to convince my husband, Will, of the need for a retro kitchen to match our fifties ranch house. Will didn’t buy it. His arguments in favor of resale value and the ethereal nature of fifties kitsch swayed me back to sleek and contemporary, a plan that made me happy, but not ebullient. Not squealing like a small child, like I was now, frantically emailing Jason my abandoned Fifties Kitchen Pinterest board. Now I had a co-conspirator in the resurrection of my midcentury dream. How would we persuade Will? He hated retro!
It worked. We had Will at “James Bond’s kitchen”. We threw out the contemporary plans and began anew.
And that is how our groovy blue boomerang kitchen came to be, with its retro WilsonArt boomerang countertops edged in shiny aluminum, boomerang door pulls, the backsplash’s glass tile angled in a boomerang-like box weave, and custom boomerang accents on the valance.
The wood cabinets look like vintage fifties steel but hide modern features like solid maple dovetail drawers that shut with a whisper. The white WilsonArt sink matches the retro theme with a modern twist – it’s an undermount, so water does not spill forth, and crumbs slide easily from counter to trash with the sweep of a sponge. Undermount LEDs allow us to actually see the food we’re preparing, and at night they illuminate the glass subway tile backsplash like Christmas lights. Our wall oven can handle Thanksgiving, and the fridge does not require fifties-style manual defrosting (that and energy consumption are the only factors keeping us from splurging on yet another vintage appliance).
Our stove feels right at home. So would the Jetsons. So do we.
*OK, so, technically … Barbarella, Bond and the Jetsons are sixties, not fifties. But like Atomic Age design, the Jetsons evoked the look we sought: not kitsch, rather, a past society’s vision of the future.
Slightly changed layout to remove swinging door and cut opening to dining room with oak ledge, cutout edged in dark stained wood to match existing trim throughout house. Replaced casement windows above sink with single-hung vinyl. Moved fridge to back wall where kitchen table once stood. Installed wall oven and wall microwave, drawers below for bakeware and cabinets above for items used less frequently. Nearly doubled cabinet space while making kitchen appear larger and more open.
Painted flat panel wooden cabinets to mimic the style of old metal cabinets that Jason still finds in houses. Vintage look with modern convenience – extends to ceiling, solid maple dovetail drawers shut with a whisper, two two-tier lazy susans use previously dead corner space, hidden trash and recycling, adjustable shelves, spacious boxes large enough for pots, pans and baking sheets. Undermount LEDs allow us to actually see the food we’re preparing and light up the glass backsplash like Christmas lights at night. Plywood is domestic, formaldehyde-free using soy-based glues. Boomerang pulls are extremely difficult to find vintage, but Rejuvenation makes a reproduction.
Custom-cut, aluminum-edged valance over the sink and boomerang pulls echo the overall boomerang theme also found in the countertop pattern and backsplash.
Aluminum edging wraps around the vintage edition boomerang laminate. Jason also placed aluminum edging on the top of the back splash and custom cut the aluminum for the valance to play off the boomerang theme, also found on the pulls. The WilsonArt sink is under mount, a wonderful touch not typically found with laminate counters. Again, the retro look avoids the drawback of actual fifties kitchens: Because the aluminum edging does not protrude above the counter and because the sink is undermount, sweeping crumbs off the counter is made infinitely easier.
The backsplash is a glass subway tile, turned 45 degrees, laid in a box weave pattern, subtly picking up on the boomerang theme. Easy to clean, reflects the LEDs like Christmas lights at night.
Recessed can lights in ceiling, LEDs under cabinets, space-age-looking shop fan. Three Astron Mid-Century Mondern Pendants over sink. Very Jetsons.
Sheet of Marmoleum, the precursor to linoleum, made of linseed oil and jute fibers. Easy to clean; hides the paw prints of two dogs who love their muddy yard.
Stove: Vintage, restored by Antique Appliances in Clayton, Ga. See separate post on stove restoration.
See related post on how our contemporary kitchen renovation went Jetsons retro.
The kitchen renovation began years before we had even moved into our current home, when we bought our first house, a charming 1948 brick bungalow.
In the kitchen of that house, flames protruded from three of four burners on the old white stove: standing pilot lights. The 36-inch appliance looked like a larger version of the fifties-era stove I had gladly left behind in my garage apartment in West Palm Beach (I had to light that one with a match too). When the fourth burner failed to light, our Realtor got on the phone with his counterpart, who talked him through it.
Hmmm, I thought, Previous Owner did not love this faulty behemoth enough to actually take it with her.
“I’m sure we’ll love it too,” I said, and made a mental note to check prices on CraigsList. This thing was going out the door if only as a Curb Alert special.
And then, somehow, the stove won us over. Even though we had to wrap the oven door in aluminum foil when our turkey roaster wouldn’t fit on Thanksgiving. Even though a previous owner had replaced perfectly functional handles with ceramic knobs to to match the kitchen door pulls, and the slippery devils always heated to scalding, slipped from my grip and slammed the oven door shut. Even though I occasionally had to scrape charred debris from the burners in order to light them.
On our honeymoon, we got a call from a friend who we had asked to check on the house.
She had, sensibly, left the house to make the call, but had not yet called the fire department.
The thermostat had long ago stopped working, as had the range top clock and broiler. We used a detachable thermometer inside the oven to make sure it reached the correct temperature. The oven never had insulation, so the whole kitchen grew several degrees warmer when we cooked. Oh well, who wanted to eat hot food during Florida summers anyway? Gazpacho and salad dominated the menu.
We made a lot of excuses for the stove. It was just so … cool. It had character. Visitors loved it.
And so when it came time to move to a new house, the stove came with us. Mostly because we had to rent out the old house, and the idea of renters plus standing pilot lights did not mix.
This was the beginning of our investment into cool.
Preparing to move, we pushed the stove away from the wall and quickly realized that for starters, we were the first people to do this since the Eisenhower administration, and second, while the two of us moved our rental-grade oven into the house without breaking a sweat, we would need at least two more people to move this one out of the house. Scrubbing away layers of grease and clearing dust from 1950s wiring, we felt lucky to be alive. I got out my Dremel and attacked the rusty burners, to little avail. We threw out the range hood. We recouped up about $17 for the copper gas hookup at the scrap-metal yard.
And then, once we moved the stove over to the new house, we found out that the local utility would not allow us to install our beloved antique appliance. The stove — dust, grease and all — had been grandfathered in to the old house because it was installed in the 1950s. Current code would not allow such a stove to be installed without new safety features, even though we had cleaned it to a greatly enhanced level of safety.
Ironically, in business school, I had just learned about the concept of “sunk costs” but still could not walk away from this one.
By now, we had a toaster oven big enough to bake a pie, a slow cooker, an electric burner and a grill. We wouldn’t starve.
Online, I found Antique Appliances, a repair shop in Clayton, Ga. that specialized in vintage ranges and refrigerators. The owner, John Jowers, had unyielding patience with my incessant questions and half-baked DIY dreams. He talked me through the options and sold me the oven safety valve I needed. The shop installed them all the time, and after reviewing photos of my stove he was sure it would work. It was a simple job.
Of course I failed in my attempts to install it myself. Three gas contractors also refused to install it. Though they all had serviced old stoves like this, they had never before retrofitted one with safety equipment. It made them nervous.
He did acknowledge I had done a nice job cleaning off the rust with my Dremel.
So, did I do the sensible thing as he advised, and head out to Sears? Of course not. I simply dug my heels in deeper.
By now, winter had become spring. It seemed like fate that we had scheduled a family reunion in the Smoky Mountains that summer, and that our route would take us up US 441, through Clayton, Georgia, directly past Antique Appliances. The shop schedules out repair jobs months in advance. They fit us right in.
My husband, Will, would argue that “fate” did not extend to his renting a U-Haul trailer, again calling upon his friends to move the stove into said trailer, and picking up my mother at the Atlanta airport en route to the Smokies. This behavior fell under the “deranged home improvement” category.
And so we found ourselves crawling up I-75 in the right lane with a trailer hitched to our SUV, swinging off the Perimeter highway to retrieve my mother from a MARTA station, going out of our way to avoid situations in which we might need to back up our vehicle.
Having never before driven to Atlanta under the speed limit, we arrived hours later than predicted. Even though he had closed up for the day, John Jowers drove over to meet us and the U-Haul.
Worth the trip was the sight of the warehouse itself, packed from end to end with refrigerators and ovens dating from the 1920s to 1970s, in all states of repair, some painted mint, yellow, red and blue like hard candy, others bearing college mascot logos, bound for brownstones and retro diners in Baltimore, New York, Honolulu and Dubai.
John gave us a tour and told us about how his father had opened the shop to repair radios, branched out to appliances, and then found a niche specialty in vintage stoves and fridges. Clayton borders Lake Rabun, where wealthy Atlantans built summer retreats in the 1920s and where they still host a vintage wooden boat parade every Independence Day. The region is a retro tourist’s dream.
Wary of driving the windy roads of the ever-higher mountains before us in the dark, we decided to stay in Clayton overnight. We’d seen a few chain hotels on 441, but John recommended a B n B owned by a friend, the York House Inn, a two-story Victorian bordering farmland. He did more than recommend; he drove us there. It was right on his way home. As we checked into the beautifully landscaped B n B, full of antiques and serving a delicious hot breakfast, an octogenarian couple stopped in looking for supper. They had eaten a fine meal at the York House about 30 years earlier and had driven the two hours from Atlanta — without calling ahead, assuming dinner was still served nightly.
Somewhere amid this Southern hospitality, we upgraded from a basic mechanical restoration of our stove ($1,500 minus the $300 I’d already spent on the safety valve) to a $3,000-plus total rebuild. Niceness sells. Plus, we had come all this way after all … so why not?
In the ensuing weeks, John Jowers kept us apprised of every development in our stove’s restoration. When finding original handles to replace the ceramic knobs proved futile, he came up with a better solution: handles painted blue to match the clock on the range top. He painted the burner dials blue as well. Our entire kitchen renovation later played off this shade of blue. The shop documented the restoration and posted photos of the entire process to Facebook.
A few months later, a truck pulled up to our house in Florida and delivered a stove that looked like we had ordered it brand-new from Sears … in 1950.
We could hardly believe this was the old, trusty, rusted appliance we’d dropped off in Georgia that summer. This stove shone with new white enamel, slate blue accents and black cast-iron burners. On the oven window, cleared of grease, we could see the word “Permaview”. In 1950, being able to see your food cooking through a window in your stove was a new thing, worthy of a fancy marketing word. The oven had proper insulation, a working thermostat, and not one but two working lights. The interior oven light, long since burned out, now turned on. We discovered that the second push-button on the range top, which we assumed also went to the oven light, illuminated a second, rectangular light around the clock on the back of the range. It looked almost neon. The burners fired up hot blue, right away, without needing to be scraped or cajoled.
We stood in awe of our new old stove. It was undeniably cool. Its coolness outshone the inferior workmanship of the seventies-era kitchen around it. Renovation immediately became a need rather than a want. This stove needed a kitchen worthy of its coolness. We owed it to the stove. We were at the mercy of the stove.
No, we didn’t need to spend $3,000 on an appliance. Yes, we could have bought a perfectly functional stove retail for far less. Yes, we could have bought a commercial-grade Viking range for the same price. But that wasn’t the point. People who restore vintage cars could buy something up to date and reliable on a dealer’s lot. But why would they want to do that? What fun would that be? Heads would not turn on the street to admire a safe, sedate Corolla. Such a car would not reflect one’s personality like a 1940s Ford pickup or a 1970s El Camino, lovingly restored with a custom blue paint job. Their dollars won’t go toward saving an important piece of Americana, preserving good design and solid workmanship. That is why we spent our disposable income restoring a fine vintage appliance. You can justify it to yourself however you want; it’s an investment, it’s built like a tank, it will last longer, but really, the reason you’re doing it is purely cosmetic. And that’s OK. Once you admit this to yourself, you’ll enjoy the new addition to your kitchen family to its full potential. And maybe you’ll feel a little bit like James Bond every time you enter your kitchen.
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2019-04-20T10:28:38Z
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https://meghanmeyer.com/
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In this legal podcast, Jim McCauley talks about ethical issues lawyers face and how the Virginia Bar is helping to educate lawyers on how to handle them.
Because lawyers are constantly handling confidential or sensitive information, cybersecurity and the careful handling of this information are an important part of running a successful firm. In this episode of Digital Detectives, hosts Sharon Nelson and John Simek talk to Jim McCauley about some of the ethical issues lawyers face and how the Virginia Bar is helping to educate lawyers on how to handle these issues. Some of these issues include information security and common scams used to hack into confidential data.
James McCauley is the Ethics Counsel for the Virginia State Bar. He teaches professional responsibility at the T.C. Williams School of Law and served on the ABA’s Standing Committee on Legal Ethics and Professionalism from 2008-2011.
Special thanks to our sponsors, PInow and SiteLock.
Laurence Colletti: Hello listeners it’s Laurence Colletti executive producer of Legal Talk Network. I want to tell you about one of our more hilarious yet still very informative podcast called “Thinking like a Lawyer.” Twice a month hosts Elie Mystal and Joe Patrice from Above the Law, dive in what it’s like to see the world from a lawyer’s perspective, meaning, they jabber on about politics, current events, this that and the other, sometimes with the guests, and sometimes not, but if you’re looking for a filterless podcast, check it out! “Thinking like a Lawyer” on the website of legaltalknetwork.com, in iTunes or in your favorite podcast platform and now, back to the show.
Intro: Welcome to Digital Detectives, reports from the battlefront. We will discuss computer forensics, electronic discovery and information security issues and what’s really happening in the trenches, not theory, but practical information that you can use in your law practice, right here on the Legal Talk Network.
Sharon D. Nelson: Welcome to the 80th edition of Digital Detectives. We are glad to have you with us. I am Sharon Nelson, President of Sensei Enterprises.
John W. Simek: And I am John Simek, Vice President of Sensei Enterprises. Today on Digital Detectives our topic is Legal Ethics and Cybersecurity.
Sharon D. Nelson: Before we get started I would like to thank our sponsors. We would like to thank our sponsor SiteLock, the global leader in website security solutions. Learn more at sitelock.com/legal/digitaldetectives.
We would also like to thank our sponsor PInow.com, need a private investigator you can trust, visit pinow.com to learn more.
John W. Simek: We’re delighted to welcome as today’s guest our friend Jim McCauley. Jim is the Ethics Counsel for the Virginia State Bar where he has been employed for 27 years. Mr. McCauley and his staff write Ethics and UPL Advisory Opinions for the Standing Committee on Legal Ethics, investigate complaints alleging an unauthorized practice of law and provide informal advise over the telephone to members of the bar, bench and general public on lawyers and regulatory matters. Mr. McCauley teaches professional responsibility of the TC Williams School of Law in Richmond, Virginia and served on American Bar Association Standing Committee on Legal Ethics and Professionalism from 2008 to 2011. Thanks for being with us Jim.
Jim McCauley: Yeah, thank you John, it’s a pleasure.
Sharon D. Nelson: Yeah, I double the thanks and I’m going to open with a question that probably John and I can answer as well as you can but we’re going to let you do it, so what is the Virginia State Bar doing to educate lawyers on their ethical duties about information technology confidence and cybersecurity?
Jim McCauley: Oh! Sharon what the bar is doing is putting you and John on the road teaching CLE Seminars. That’s one thing that we have been doing. I pointed a couple of things. We have standing committee on the future of law practice and they have added an excellent appendix which I’m sure you and John are responsible for providing because I shouldn’t, that is called the Cybersecurity Best Practices with a list of tips to help lawyers secure their IP systems and protect client data. That final report is on the bar’s website.
We also have a special committee on Technology in the Practice of Law which is setting up CLEs, writing articles in our state bar journal called the Virginia Lawyer posting resources on our website. We have also done a lot of solo and small firm CLEs over the past two years since we amended rule 1.6 b of the Rules of Conduct to require lawyers to make reasonable efforts to secure client information from inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure and unauthorized access.
We’ve also pointed out a couple of excellent sources, one of which is, one of your own, Locked Down, which is a publication by Sharon and John and they’ve agreed to speak at our technology Tech-show, which is another program that’s sponsored by the state bar, and which we spend a lot of time with guest speakers, fantastic speakers on information security. So that’s what we’re doing and it’s an ongoing process as you know.
John W. Simek: Well, Jim has a time comfort for the VSB edition opinion that a lawyer’s e-mail communication must be encrypted especially in light of the recent updated opinion from the ABA.
Jim McCauley: Yes, the ABA has issued an opinion 477. It was issued on May 11. Interestingly today it was revised. Again, I’m looking at it trying to determine exactly what the revisions were.
It appears that they had replaced this opinion with one that was on their website on May 11, but as far as substance is concerned the ABA opinion is saying that its lawyers may use the Internet to communicate and transmit data as long as they’ve undertaken reasonable efforts to pervert inadvertent or unauthorized access.
It goes on further to say that the lawyer may be required to take special security precautions to protect against inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure when required by an agreement with the client or by law and here’s the important part or when the nature of the information requires a higher degree of security.
So it’s not a blanket rule saying you must encrypt all attorney-client communications but where the nature of the information warrants a higher degree of security then additional measures have to be taken.
The opinion does leave some flexibility in terms of what higher degrees of security may be implemented and not strictly or solely encryption, which of course is what everybody is talking about now. So I think that this is going to come before our ethics committee for sure.
And our committee its going to have to decide whether it wants to essentially rely on this opinion or expand on it further or issue an opinion dealing specifically with attorney-client communications over the Internet through the use of e-mail and warn lawyers that in certain circumstances where the risk of harm to the client is substantial the using unencrypted e-mail is not appropriate and would violate rule 1.6 d in the duty to exercise reasonable care.
Sharon D. Nelson: That logically segues into what has the Supreme Court of Virginia said in the comments to that rule, that’s important to help lawyers exercise the reasonable care to protect client data.
Jim McCauley: Well, Sharon as you know the court entered a comment 21 to rule 1.6 (2) make some concrete recommendations because ethics rules tends to be fairly abstract and theoretical in nature but this comment does give six specific suggestions as to how lawyers might adopt policies and procedures that would demonstrate the exercise of reasonable care required by the rule.
They’re looking at recommendations such as periodic staff security training and evaluation programs including precautions and procedures to secure data, policies to address departing employees and their future access to confidential firm data, their ability to download data from the former employer’s site and the return of electronically stored confidential data that the employee might have used in the course of their employment.
Procedures addressing the security measures for off-site access of third parties to stored information which would also include interaction with cloud service providers, procedures for both backup and storage of firm data and steps to securely erase or wipe electronic data from computing devices before they are transferred, sold or reused, and the use of strong passwords and other authentication measures for users when they log on their network and the security of password and authentication measures. And finally the use of hardware and software applications to prevent, detect and respond to malicious software and activity.
So I can again overemphasize the importance of backup in light of an article that I had read in the ABA Journal about Philadelphia firm that was opening up and a lawyer opened up an e-mail attachment that appeared to be from a sender she recognized but the memo was not expected.
And it launched malware into the system and they promptly contacted their outsource IT provider came in immediately, they shut down the network and wiped the drives clean but they had a backup and everything was accomplished quickly and the threat was isolated in Delaware, that’s very important that lawyers have the capability of backing up their data and test their backups from time to time.
John W. Simek: Yeah let’s amen to that. So Jim, does rule 1.6 have a safe harbor for lawyers or law firms that might get hacked?
Jim McCauley: Yes it states quite plainly John that did even though a law firm or a lawyer is subject to a cyber attack the fact out that their IT system has been compromised or over attacked doesn’t mean that they violated the rule if they have otherwise exercised reasonable care.
The comments explain that even the most sophisticated IT systems have been hacked and that lawyers can only be expected to exercise reasonable care. Reasonable care is based upon the fact that no system is bulletproof and perfect security is not attainable. What’s reasonable under the circumstances is going to be depend upon the size of the firm, the nature of the practice, the sensitivity of the data that’s used and how the lawyers communicate with their clients and just a myriad of different factors and there is no one size first all formula for reasonable care but the safe harbor is simply that if the firm or lawyer has exercised reasonable care they are not subject to discipline even if they get hacked.
John W. Simek: Great! Well before we move on to our next segment let’s take a quick commercial break.
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Sharon D. Nelson: Welcome back to Digital Detectives on the Legal Talk Network. Today our topic is Legal Ethics and Cybersecurity. Our guest is Jim McCauley, our friend who is the ethics counsel for the Virginia State Bar.
So Jim, there are so many variations of Internet scams but lawyers are certainly being targeted, How can they protect themselves when accepting an engagement by an overseas client using e-mail?
Jim McCauley: Well there is a number of different alerts that we put up on the website, the DOSS. First and foremost, if the law firm hasn’t really dealt with clients overseas the fact of receiving an e-mail solicitation from an overseas client would be extremely unusual and suspect and would raise some red flags.
For the lawyers and law firms that do work internationally and receive potential clients and engagements through e-mail the lawyers need to be careful in verifying the potential client’s identity also equally is important the adverse party’s identity, a typical scenario being that the purported client wants to have the firm to collect on a debt or obligation from a local business. They steal the identities of the companies and their officers and appear facially to be real people and real companies.
We have learned that what happens is that the lawyer excepts the engagement and quickly finds a fraudulent instrument, a cashier’s check is delivered to them, they deposit it into the trust account they get instructions right away from the purported client who is actually a cyber criminal asking them wire most of the proceeds back to an overseas account that resolves and blows a big hole in the firm’s trust account.
Lawyers need to make sure that if they receive any funds like that, that they have to wait until the check is cleared not when the fund is said to be available by their banks, they should place those funds into a separate account and not place it in their general trust account so that other client funds will not be effected and wait it out because it can sometimes take two to three weeks for these instruments to clear the banking system only decides that the instrument is a fraudulent instrument.
We’ve also put up another alert recently, a general alert to lawyers about the WannaCry cyber attack in Europe and Asia warning lawyers again that they should train their staff and their attorneys to not open e-mails from people that they don’t know and not to open attachments from e-mails that appear to be from someone that they do know but do not expecting the e-mail because that appears to be one of circumstance where they are vulnerable to launching Malware into their system.
John W. Simek: Oh! Jim do you think there is going to come a time at some point when lawyers might be disciplined for falling for one of these Internet scams?
Jim McCauley: I think so. I think that John at least some point there comes a point in time where there’s been so many of these and the pattern of the scam is one which we’ve seen time and time again and there has been a lot of care and attention at least by the Virginia State Bar to alert lawyers to these types of scams.
There was a recent disciplinary case that arose out of one of these bad check scams because the lawyer deposited the fake cashier’s check in his trust account and the bank ended up freezing the lawyer’s trust account then the lawyer could not draw from that account to pay another client’s funds and also to pay a filing fee which was necessary and as a result of not being able to file the fee they were running up against a deadline, they created a procedural default in dismissal the client’s case although if I was the lawyer I would have pony up my own money to avoid that from happening but that’s another thing, there is an ethical rule that prohibits lawyers from advancing money to clients but since this was litigation related expense, I would have come up with the dough. The lawyer was cited..
Sharon D. Nelson: I would have done the same thing, pony up the money so yeah.
Sharon D. Nelson: What is the Virginia State Bar’s position on the lawyers’ duty upon receiving an inadvertently sent file or document that appears to be a privileged communication between an adversary and her lawyer? Is it ethical for lawyers to mine for metadata when they receive electronic documents from an adversary?
Jim McCauley: Our position is based on an earlier position in Legal Ethics Opinion 1702 which reflects to an earlier ABA position that a lawyer should not use information that the lawyer recognizes as being privileged and not intended for them.
There are two circumstances that that we deal with. The first is in the circumstance involving a transactional or non-litigation situation in which the lawyer has received inadvertently information that is confidential. They’re required to notify the sender and abide by the sender’s instructions and they cannot use that information or read any further once they have discovered that it was inadvertently sent and that was privileged.
Metadata is tricky though because you can’t always tell whether the information is privileged and whether the sender intended or didn’t intend to include that metadata. As a result the state bar is in the contrary of split with some saying that it’s absolutely unethical for a lawyer to look at metadata or using special apps to go mining for metadata. And other jurisdictions’ are saying that no it’s not unethical. The duty is on the sender to scrub the metadata and that it’s not that hard to do and if they haven’t done so than that burden shouldn’t shift to the receiving attorney.
Often this comes up to have more in the context to litigation and Virginia has LEO as well as procedural rules as to the Federal rules of procedure that deal with inadvertently transmitted information including metadata. The ABA’s positioned reflected in model rule 4.4B is that the only duty a lawyer has if they look at or receive metadata or any other privileged information that was not intended for them is to notify the sender.
So basically where Virginia stands is that we followed in 1871 that if a lawyer receives metadata and finds it or receives confidential information inadvertently then they have to notify the sender and quarantine the information, preserve it until a judge rules on whether or not attorney-client privilege has been waived.
John W. Simek: Jim, tell us what must a lawyer do ethically if he or she gets hacked?
Jim McCauley: Well I think what the lawyer should do when they recognize that they’ve been hacked is immediately contact an IT professional and that’s been a response that most firms have and that’s what we tell them to do. That way they can implement the first step in determining if possible the identity, source and extent of the attack, what data has been affected and then they can decide whether or not they have to provide notice under breach notification laws or provide notice to clients that data has been compromised or destroyed or fallen into the hands of third-party.
Of course most of this should depend upon whether the data was encrypted in the first place. For the most part the breach notification requirements are in play if the data was encrypted and that speaks volumes is in favor of lawyers and law firms using folder encryption and password protected files for all their electronically stored information that is maintained on the firm’s system including when the data is backed up and the backup should be routed to an offsite server or cloud based provider.
Sharon D. Nelson: So Jim if a lawyer’s computer network does get hacked, is there an ethical duty to notify clients and do you think that the lawyers are actually following their ethical duties?
Jim McCauley: Ah! Sharon I think it’s going to depend upon whether or not the lawyer can even discover the nature of the attack, what data has been affected and whether the effected data was encrypted and if the data was not encrypted through this would also depend upon whether the effected data can be restored.
So if the lawyer can determine which client’s information has been compromised or affected and that data cannot be restored or if the lawyer reasonably believes that the information unencrypted has fallen into the hands of unauthorized parties then absolutely there is a duty to notify the client.
But the Lawyer has to do some investigation first before they can determine whether there is a duty to notify. There is no reason to get people panic when there has not been a determination that their data has been affected.
John W. Simek: Jim, can you talk briefly about the ethical considerations in using cloud computing services and can lawyers ethically relinquish control of their client’s data to a cloud service provider?
Jim McCauley: The short answer John is yes they can, provided they have exercised reasonable care in the selection of the cloud provider that they intend to use for storing client data. There is an ethics opinion that helps to explain that. There are also resources like the Legal Cloud Computing Association that has adopted standards for lawyers to use in selecting a cloud base provider.
The Bottom line and short and simple is that if the lawyers exercise reasonable care in the selection of any third party vendor whether it’s a bookkeeper, an IT key person, an auditor, anytime lawyers can trust their information to a third party. They need to exercise reasonable care to ensure that that third party will also exercise appropriate security for the information that the lawyer has entrusted to them.
Sharon D. Nelson: Oh! Jim we sure want to thank you for being with us today. I remember the first time I met you someone else told me that you had an encyclopedic knowledge of ethical rules and I think our listeners got a taste of that today. So thanks for sharing with us. It’s an interesting topic all this cybersecurity stuff and of course it’s what we follow all the time, but it’s wonderful to have somebody who is a specialist at ethics. So thanks for taking the time to be with us today.
Jim McCauley: Thank you Sharon, John for inviting me to your Podcast.
John W. Simek: That does it for this edition of digital detectives and remember you can subscribe to all the editions of this podcast at legaltalknetwork.com or in itunes. If you enjoyed this podcast please review us in itunes.
Sharon D. Nelson: And you can find out more about Sensei’s digital forensics information technology and cybersecurity services at senseient.com. Will see you next time on Digital detectives.
Outro: Thanks for listening the Digital Detectives on the Legal Talk Network, check out some of other podcasts on legaltalknetwork.com and in itunes.
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2019-04-22T20:53:15Z
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https://legaltalknetwork.com/podcasts/digital-detectives/2017/06/ethical-issues-with-confidential-data/
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Hello, everyone. My name is Jonathan Temples, but you may remember me from my early gaming days as Jonathan Smyth, the gaming artist from Genesis Software. I created graphics for title screens, animations for the Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga and Atari ST. My non-commercial work was for the Commodore VIC-20.
How did you first get started with computers and the C64 in particular?
I first got started when my granny bought me a Commodore VIC-20 one Christmas, and the thing just blew my mind. I couldn't afford to buy many games, so I picked up the programmer's guide and started writing some basic games of my own. Two years after that, I got a Commodore 64 for Christmas, and that was the start of my graphics addiction, ably assisted by Tony Crowther's sprite and background editor which my cousin David Clarke (programmer for CJ’s, Nobby, Spike, etc.) and I typed in manually from a Commodore Format magazine – all twelve pages of it (ouch!).
Tell us how your career in games started. Did you submit work samples to various games companies looking for jobs, or did jobs come to you?
My cousin always loved my graphics, but he was very mathematical in his ways and so picked up coding far quicker than I did. He was as good a coder as I was an artist, so we made the perfect team. David submitted a Gradius-type shoot-'em-up to Code Masters, and they gave him a contract to write games. As he was leaving the office, they asked him where he'd ripped the graphics from, and he replied: "I didn't, my cousin drew them", so from then on, I was employed by Code Masters on a freelance basis. From time to time, they would also ask me to tidy up or re-vamp some poor graphics in a game waiting for release. I enjoyed working on this one game, Stuntman Seymour. I was supplied with the game and had to redo all the graphics within the same sprite frames and colours. I must have impressed Code Masters, because more work soon followed.
What attracted you to the C64 as a development platform? Was it as special as we like to think it was?
In the beginning, I designed graphics on the Commodore 64 because that was all I had, though I did count myself lucky, as I didn't much like the Spectrum, BBC Micro or Amstrad as gaming platforms at the time.
What C64 games did you work on? Write a list with the titles and as much information you remember about each of them.
OK, from the start: SpellCast (a first-level cover tape game for Zzap!64 magazine); CJ’s Elephant Antics (for Code Masters); Spikey in Transylvania (for Code Masters); Phileas Fogg's Balloon Battles; CJ in the USA (for Code Masters); Bubble Dizzy (a loading screen for Code Masters); Stuntman Seymour (for Code Masters); DJ Puff's Volcanic Capers (for Code Masters); Wrestling Superstars (for Code Masters); Cue Boy (some graphics for Code Masters); 1st Division Manager (for Code Masters); Miami Chase (for Code Masters); Nobby the Aardvark (for Thalamus).
What companies did you work for, in-house and/or freelance, and what were your tasks?
I worked on a freelance basis for Code Masters, Zeppelin Games and Choice Software, and in-house for Genesis Software. My tasks always consisted of game graphics concepts, level layouts, sprite design/animation, storyboarding and front-end and back-end design.
What did a typical day in front of the computer look like?
I had it quite easy, as I would normally start about 11 a.m. and work until perhaps 5.30 p.m., then have my tea. Now and again, I would go back in the evening if I didn't have anything planned with friends.
When you were assigned to a game, how much time did you usually have to finish your work?
Games would generally take around five to six months. I would for instance get the first level – sprites, a level map, fonts for the score, etc. – ready for the coder, who would then maybe phone up and ask for another sprite enemy or something. Way back then, there was of course no Internet, no mobile phones (at all) and no Wi-Fi, so I would design the sprite, post it in a Jiffy bag, and he would see it a few days later and tell me if he liked it or not over the phone. Crazy to even think about now!
What tools/development kits/etc. did you use, and did you create any yourself to satisfy your needs?
My creative weapons of choice were the Commodore 64 mouse with a mouse painting package for creating title screens, etc. in bitmap format, and Tony Crowther's editor for all animations and backdrops. When I was working with my cousin David Clarke, he would code a map editor which used 2x2 character blocks from Tony's character editor, which made maps more memory-efficient and levels not quite so massive. He would even include a sort of smiley face, but with a sad mouth saying "Workey time Jonny", just to rub it in!
Yes, my favourite one in fact, SpellCast. It only ever got coded to Level 1. It was a cross between Barbarian and Ghosts'n Goblins, with loads of sprites and huge enemies. You can check it out here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=xI8MNdfiSx4 or here: www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4x5Pmg1XDM.
Which game are you most proud of, which was most fun to do, which became a real challenge, and which gave you headaches?
The game I'm most proud of would be CJ's Elephant Antics – looking back on it even now, it looks almost pixel-perfect. Spikey in Transylvania was a real challenge, as it was the only isometric puzzle adventure game I ever designed on the Commodore 64 and Amiga. The one that gave me the real headaches, however, was in fact SpellCast, because the main player jumped around, fought with swords, rolled and somersaulted, plus the enemies were built using 16 sprites and my map editor couldn't place them all together. I got around this by drawing them on my mouse title page programme, which my cousin David would then convert over into small bits of sprites.
I did a game called Phileas Fogg's Balloon Battles for a guy called Duncan. I'd worked with him on DJ Puff and Bubble Dizzy. And yes, I did do this game for the money. I did try to add greatness to the game, but the coder just never listened, and everything I said about playability went in one ear and out the other. It had been a bad idea from the start, and they'd brought me in to at least make it look good. I think it ended up scoring 90% for the graphics and 12% for the game, one magazine I believe giving the quote: "Graphics doth not make a game". Well, at least I did my bit!
I worked on a few games with Duncan. I think he missed one of my payments, though it's so long ago, I can't even remember now.
Moving on to Panic Dizzy: I got an offer to do a quick turnaround on a Commodore Amiga Dizzy game that seem to be doing well, to Code Masters' surprise, so a commission for the Commodore 64 version was given to me. I love pirates and boats, so this was a fun game for me to do. It was one of the easier games for me to design, animate and convert, so much so that one magazine even said it looked better than the Commodore Amiga version. The only downside was receiving the Amiga game from Code Masters and then having to play all the levels over and over again, with a sketch pad, drawing and quickly noting the animations. If only I could do that as a job now!
Of all the games I've known, Spikey in Transylvania is my one true love. David and I loved the old Commodore 64 Ultimate games like Entombed, Staff of Karnath and a cowboy-themed one whose name escapes me now [Outlaws (1985) – ed.]. Code Masters then mentioned they had never released a full-colour Dizzy game for the Commodore 64, so we gave the Commodore 64 an adventure game with all this mixed in. Everyone loved it, and it's still great if you play it today. I would love to do this one again. It has lovely elements in the detail, like the Dungeon soldier listens to Pink Floyd and the bouncer requires you to have a tie in order to get it. My cousin David crammed so much in, with full-colour screens in full bitmap, meaning 16 colours on screen for the background and large sprites. Ashley Hogg also did some amazing sound effects and a cracking soundtrack. We put so much love into this one, and I think it shows.
If you had the chance to go back to any of your past games, what would you add and/or remove?
OK, now I must tell you about my one BIG mistake. When I designed Nobby the Aardvark, we had him transport into a castle garden. Thalamus wanted a space station instead, but weren't paying for the change, so I never actually corrected this. Thus, when Nobby gets to the space station, it clearly looks like a castle garden, which now really bugs me! The Nobby game still got a Gold medal in Zzap!64, but I am a perfectionist, so that is what I would change or remove.
Were there any particular games that you would have liked to work on or converted from arcade?
Did you get much chance to play games as well as create them? Any favourites?
Oh yes, I was a big gamer. A few of my favourites were: Time Tunnel (U.S. Gold); Thrust (Firebird); Phantoms of the Asteroid (Mastertronic); Myth – History in the Making (System 3); Project Firestart (EA); Ghosts'n Goblins (Elite); Rambo – First Blood Part II (Ocean); and Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (Virgin Interactive).
Were there any games which you felt were so appalling and bad that you wished you had worked on to do a better job?
This is certainly true of 'V', as already mentioned above, and also Soldier of Light. These were two major-league games which were nonetheless released to the Commodore 64 gaming public in a very poor way. I loved 'V' the series and wish I'd had the chance to do the game. Ocean Software had secured this great licence and then released a game which was so disappointing, I remember I was almost crying one Christmas. I had waited so long, for what turned out to be a game with no lizard aliens, droids which weren't even in the series, and a game so bad it didn't even play well. They had also made it so hard to progress, presumably so you would never see the rest of the awful mess. I felt very let down, though I remember all my friends at school saying how badly it had affected them too. I wanted and would still love to be given that chance, and you still see companies with great licences doing this today, even though it's not exactly rocket science to make a game that's authentic, playable and fun. All you need is RESEARCH, MILESTONES and a LOVE for the game. Well, that's my rant over now, anyway.
Was there a particular programmer, artist and/or musician who influenced you and possibly gave inspiration to your own work, or did inspiration come from somewhere else?
I remember being heavily influenced by an artist called Bob Stevenson. He created graphics for Myth, Delta, IO and other cool games. He used crosshatching effects with pixels in weird combinations to achieve cool colours and effects. As a teenager, I remember looking up to his work a lot.
Share some memories from the old days! It could for instance be something you remember a colleague did or said, about your time in the demo scene, about crackers stealing development disks, or about going to computer shows.
Well, you may have heard this one already, but Code Masters once asked David, Ashley and myself to come over to attend the Earls Courts computer games show in London one year, this was sometime in the 1990s, and chat to some people over a few beers. Well, they opened this fridge unit, and lo and behold, it was twelve bottles wide, ten deep, and had about fifteen shelves, all full of beer. Now, us being strapping lads from Belfast, we saw an opportunity and indeed a challenge. Bad mistake! This led to what was and will always remain the mother of all headaches, which we nursed on the flight home the next day, sick as dogs! I think we also failed the challenge, having left a few beers in the fridge. LOL!
The strange thing about that particular time in the 1990s was that my cousin David Clarke, Ashley Hogg and myself never really realised how much fame had been thrust upon us in a very short space of time. What I mean here by "fame" is that big names from England like Code Masters and Thalamus wanted to work with us no-name Belfast boys. Remember, we had only made one commercial game, albeit it a chart topper which Zzap!64 had loved! Also, Belfast was of course a very different place back in the 1990s with the Troubles still raging, so sometimes we couldn't even get to our wee company in town because of a bomb scare and roads being closed. When we got to go to London for the first time in 1990, I remember thinking how lovely and colourful it all was. The shops were vibrant with colour, people were out enjoying themselves shopping, and there was such a buzz. It was a different story back home, with road blocks, soldiers on the streets and people walking around looking very nervous. Anyway, on the gaming front, companies just kept phoning David and Ashley, asking us to do their next game. One interesting story was when my cousin David was asked to write the game G-Loc R360 for the Commodore 64, I think it was for U.S. Gold, and he said: "There is no chance in **** of that working on the Commodore 64, but if you let me write a different style of game which suits the Commodore 64, then I'll do it. Well, they turned him down, and so, some other coder did G-Loc R360. It got just a 35% review rating in Zzap!64, so maybe David was right.
One interesting experience of ours with crackers/hackers was when David had just finished the code for CJ's Elephant Antics and posted it off to Code Masters (no email back then, just Jiffy bags, which meant two to three days by Royal Mail). By the start of the following week, coders we knew in Belfast already had cracked copies and demos, and we still hadn't even been paid. This made us realise that either someone had cracked the game there and then on its very first day of release, or some folk had managed to get hold of the game before it was released. This annoyed us, as it meant we made less on a game through royalties. Then as now, this damages future gaming development.
We can't ignore the fact that there were other machines apart from the C64. Share with us the software and/or hardware you created on other systems.
Well, I did code my own racing horse game once for the Commodore 64. I was a very poor coder back then, but crap or not, at least I had coded my own game! Code Masters gave me a free Commodore Amiga 1000 in order for me to work on their Amiga games: they wanted me to do some game graphics for CJ's Elephant Antics, Spikey in Transylvania, etc., but I didn't have an Amiga, so they posted one out to me. Nice! I loved using Deluxe Paint, what a program! My old VIC-20 days were also fun, but graphics and coding were just a hobby thing then, so not much to talk about really. I'm only now really getting back into graphics, after a 15-year break spent doing animations for Adobe Flash games and the like. I'm also having fun reliving my Commodore 64 days by designing and creating retro C64-type games for the iPhone and iPad. By the way, as far as designing games graphics is concerned, I'm always on the lookout for developers, and don't worry, I'm sure we can work out a budget to work with. You can check out my portfolio at www.jonathantemples.co.uk.
Most recently, I have just launched my new retro games company Infurious Republic (www.infuriousrepublic.com) with my business partner, the excellent coder Philip Orr. Our first game is very C64 in nature, and all my sprites were drawn in square-type measurements to mimic the old sprites on the Commodore 64. I'm not really into 3D games myself, so our company will only develop 2D games just like the ones we would have bought years ago from Code Masters, Mastertronic, Firebird, Ocean or U.S. Gold. Please support our game DestructANT, as we have a mind-blowing selection of games planned for this and next year, if we can make a business out of it. For more details, visit www.infuriousrepublic.com/blog.
Thanks for listening to me, and it's nice to know that people out there still love my games. A few months ago, Retro Gamer even named my CJ's Elephant Antics "Game of the Month". Apologies to those of you out there who don't have an iPhone or iPad: if the gaming scene gets through these tough times, we may well splash out on an Android coder.
Thank you for helping us preserve an important part of computer and gaming history! Do you have any last comments to leave a final impression on the audience? Feel free to send any greetings to anyone you know.
There is this one person I'd love to say 'Hi' to, but it's been so long, I can't remember his name. I was working on an Aztec Challenge-type game for a person, I think called "Bigonna", from Sweden or somewhere like that, and we kept in contact until I moved house and then things dried up. He did remakes, and he did it as a free thing so it was a bit of an Indie game kind of thing. I'd love to get in contact with him again.
Plus, of course, 'Hi' to all my fans out there. If anything, I hope I have left you with memories that you recall as fondly as I do. We were lucky to be kids at that time. Kids today just want to play the games, but we were different because we struggled to acquire games or find the money to buy them, which is precisely why it created more games designers, programmers and artists. I am and always will be into gaming, and at present, I want to bring the retro games back, so if you know of any indie coders who also want to bring the magic back, please let me know, and I'll grab my Wacom tablet and fire up Photoshop!
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2019-04-20T06:18:29Z
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http://www.c64.com/gt_display_interview.php?interview=34
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The Four Sword is a legendary magical blade that has appeared in four games of The Legend of Zelda series.(ALttP | FS | FSA | TMC) Its blade sparkles with magical power, and it has a hilt of gold, usually encrusted with a jewel that varies in color. As its name implies, when wielded by one of pure heart, it has the power to split its pedestal into four near-identical copies of themselves. Not only this, but like its spiritual counterpart in the series, the Master Sword, it possesses the power to repel evil, meaning that like the Master Sword, it cannot be touched by those of impure heart. Like its counterpart, the only person shown to have wielded it in gameplay is the hero of Hyrule, Link. Typically when it is in use by Link, it will split him into four copies of himself with differing colored tunics: green, red, blue and purple. It has often been used to seal evil entities away such as Vaati and later Ganon.
Unlike the Master Sword, the Four Sword was not originally of the world of Hyrule, nor did it originally go by that name. As revealed in The Minish Cap, the Four Sword began as a creation of a race of tiny, thumb-sized beings known as the Minish (known as the "Picori" by Hylians) and was known as the Picori Blade. Long in Hyrule's past, a war broke out across the land when an army of dark creatures descended upon it and wreaked havoc. Just as all seemed lost, a young man known as the Hero of Men rose up to defend Hyrule, and the tiny Minish descended from the sky bringing him a Sword, the Picori Blade, and a golden light, the Light Force. Using these two gifts, the hero drove back the creatures and locked them all away within the Bound Chest, sealing it with the Sword itself. Following these events, the Picori Blade was carefully enshrined by the people of Hyrule while the Light Force was magically sealed inside Hyrule's princess. For many years afterward, the blade that would one day become the Four Sword was kept in the care of the Royal Family of Hyrule. It would be brought out of Hyrule Castle once a year for the annual Picori Festival held to honor the service the Minish rendered during the war against evil.
When completing A Link to the Past & Four Swords for the Game Boy Advance, the secret Palace of the Four Sword dungeon becomes available. Here, Link must defeat more challenging versions of the bosses from A Link to the Past and recover shards of the Four Sword. Once all four shards are collected, Link must fight four Dark Links. After defeating them, the shards unite and become the Four Sword.
In its titular appearance, the Four Sword appears as a sacred blade enshrined in the Four Sword Sanctuary that seals away a great evil, the Wind Sorcerer Vaati. According to legend, when Vaati rose to power some time in the past, he carried off many beautiful maidens to his palace and terrorized the people of Hyrule until a heroic young man wielding a Sword appeared. The hero was able to defeat Vaati, seal him within the blade of the Sword, and rescue the maidens. Nobody seemed to know how this young man succeeded where countless others had failed, but the maidens spoke of how his Sword caused him to split into four copies of himself and how the four who were one worked together to subdue the Wind Sorcerer. Following these events, the blade was left enshrined deep within the forests of Hyrule, in the Four Sword Sanctuary where it served as Vaati's prison.
Four Swords begins many years after these events. Princess Zelda goes with her childhood friend, Link, for a stroll through the Four Sword Sanctuary to check the seal on Vaati, which the princess senses is weakening. When they arrive, a dark figure descends upon the scene and captures the princess. Vaati reveals that the seal of the Four Sword is broken and that he will rage once again, but not before carrying Princess Zelda off to his palace above the clouds and making her his bride. The Wind Mage knocks Link out and carries the princess away, and shortly thereafter three fairies descend upon the scene as Link comes to, revealing to him what has become of the princess and explaining the power of the Four Sword to him. Seeing that he will have need of its power, Link draws the blade from its pedestal and is shattered into four colorful copies of himself. The four Links then use the Four Sword, now also shattered into four versions of itself (each having a different colored jewel to match the Link that wields it), to work their way across Hyrule to acquire the Keys necessary to open the way to Vaati's Palace. The heroes, after much toil, succeed in this endeavor and reach the palace, where they battle Vaati and, with the Sword's power, succeed in defeating him, resealing him within its blade. They free Princess Zelda from her captivity and return the blade to its resting place in the Four Sword Sanctuary, once again holding Vaati at bay.
In its second appearance, the Four Sword is shown to still rest in the Four Sword Sanctuary for several centuries. The Sword still seals away the Wind Sorcerer Vaati after he was re-sealed within it by Link and Princess Zelda. With the passing of time, the people have come to feel a sense of peace and security. However, dark storm clouds soon blacken the skies of Hyrule and fill all who see them with fear and dread. This has caused some to fear that the seal of the Four Sword binding Vaati may once again be weakening. The specter of Vaati's return causes such disturbance that Princess Zelda sees fit to convene a meeting of the six other Shrine Maidens that guard the different regions of Hyrule and have the power to open the way to the Four Sword's resting place. Intending to inspect the Sword's seal herself, Zelda decides to take Link along with her for extra security while she checks to see if Vaati's return is really imminent.
Upon opening the portal to the Four Sword Sanctuary, the entire party of the Shrine Maidens, Zelda and Link are surprised by the emergence of Shadow Link, who kidnaps the Shrine Maidens and Zelda before luring Link through the portal to the Four Sword Sanctuary. Seeing he has no weapon to duel his dark doppelganger, Link draws the Four Sword from its pedestal, causing himself to split apart in the same manner the Sword had worked previously, causing him to split into four different colored versions of himself. Shadow Link laughs and makes a quick exit as Vaati escapes his prison once again and sends the four Links far away with a whirlwind. Upon awakening, the four meet Kaepora Gaebora, who tells them that they must master the power of the Four Sword in order to defeat Vaati and rescue Zelda and the Shrine Maidens. To do this, they must gather a total of 2,000 Force Gems in each area they visit to fully power up the Four Sword and give it the Power to Repel Evil. In this manner, the four heroes work their way across Hyrule and gradually rescue all of the maidens with the power of the Four Sword. They eventually reach the Palace of Winds and confront Vaati, ultimately destroying him for good using the blade's power. However, it turns out that the true evil behind Vaati's release and the evil plaguing Hyrule is Ganon, who has stolen a Trident possessing the great magic of an evil spirit. Confronting Ganon alongside Princess Zelda, the four heroes succeed in subduing him while the Shrine Maidens magically seal him within the blade of the Four Sword. The Sword is returned to the Four Sword Sanctuary soon after, now serving as the prison of Ganon.
The origins of the Four Sword are revealed in The Minish Cap, where it is revealed to have once been known as the Picori Blade and was used by the Hero of Men to lock away the beasts that plagued Hyrule during the War of the Bound Chest. By the start of the game, many long years have passed since the war. The annual Picori Festival is being put on while marking the hundredth year since the Minish last came to Hyrule (as the Minish Door opens only once a century). The festival's Sword-fighting tournament winner gains the honor of approaching the Bound Chest and touching the Picori Blade itself. The winner this year is a new face in Hyrule, a dark stranger named Vaati. However, the stranger reveals he is a powerful sorcerer and uses his dark magic to blast open the Bound Chest thinking the Light Force is inside, shattering the Picori Blade in the process. When the evil sorcerer turns Princess Zelda to stone, Hyrule's King Daltus sends Link (and consequently his companion, Ezlo) on a quest to restore the Picori Blade and use its power to break Vaati's curse on Princess Zelda.
To this end, Link has the blade's fragments re-forged into the White Sword by the master Minish smithy Melari and learns from the Minish that he needs the mystical Four Elements in order to transform it into a new sacred Sword. The Four Elements are the crystalline jewels infused with the powers of the major Four Elements of the world: earth, fire, water and wind. They are scattered all across Hyrule in different locations, and Link must take them to the Elemental Sanctuary located in Hyrule Castle's courtyard in order to infuse each into the blade of the re-forged Sword. Meanwhile, Vaati, still searching for the Light Force, learns that it rests in a sealed chamber within the Elemental Sanctuary, and that the sacred blade is necessary to gain access to it. The villain decides to wait for Link to restore the sacred blade and use him to gain entry to this chamber. This plan succeeds when Link successfully retrieves the final Element, the Wind Element, from the Palace of Winds and brings it to the Elemental Sanctuary, where infusing its power into the blade alongside the others fully regenerates the blade and transforms it into the Four Sword. This opens the chamber revealing the location of the Light Force, which turns out to be embodied within the body of Princess Zelda. Vaati learns this and takes Zelda to the roof of the now Dark Hyrule Castle to perform the ceremony necessary to extract the Light Force from her. Link arrives in time to stop the ceremony and is forced to confront Vaati in several deadly forms (ending with him finally transforming into his Wind Mage form). By creating four copies of himself, Link finally manages to defeat him.
The Four Sword is a double-edged blade with a spear-point at its tip and a fuller hilt, which has usually been depicted as being gold in color. The hilt is engraved with an eye-like symbol, likely a reference to its history with Vaati the Wind Mage. On the pommel of the Sword's hilt near the top, the Sword is typically depicted as having a round jewel whose color usually reflects its wielder. For example, the part of the Four Sword wielded by the green Link will have a green jewel whereas the red Link's Sword will have a red jewel. In Link's case, the Sword will have a green, red, blue and purple jewel in each of its clones for each copy of Link. When the Sword is not in use however, it appears that the jewel has a dull greenish color likely to reflect its dormancy.
The Sword is shown to not have always been of this design however. For instance, when it was known as the Picori Blade, it more closely resembled the Master Sword with its purplish-colored hilt. After it is shattered by Vaati and re-forged into the White Sword by Melari however, it begins to more resemble the shape of the Sword it would become, albeit with a green-colored hilt. It was not until the power of the Four Elements were infused into the Sword that it finally transformed into its present incarnation, with its hilt changing first from red to blue and finally to the gold color that is seen in the chronologically later games. The Four Elements, which would chronologically later become known as the four "Royal Jewels," also typically are kept near the Four Sword's resting place on a special pedestal.
Like the Master Sword, the Four Sword is blessed with many magical capabilities that have been infused into its enchanted blade. Some of these capabilities have been present in each game the Sword is featured in while others have been specific to a particular game. In total, there have been three major abilities the Sword has shown itself capable of performing, though as stated earlier not all of these have appeared in every game the Sword is featured in. Also, some of these abilities that are shown in more than one game are shown to slightly differ from game to game. Overall, the Sword has shown itself capable of repelling and sealing evil entities away, creating three separate clones of the blade's wielder, and also breaking powerful curses.
When the Sword is drawn from its pedestal, it will cause its wielder to split apart into four separate versions of themselves, each nearly identical to the original. The sole differences between the different clones is the tones of their voices (some are deeper than others) and the color of their clothing (in Link's case, his different clones along with himself are colored the four aforementioned colors). The non-canonical manga has depicted the Four Sword as causing the different colored clones to represent different sides of one's psyche as well. The four can work together as a team or they can work independently should the need arise as well.
When the four Links choose to fight in formation, they can do so in four different ways: horizontal line, vertical line, box and diamond. The horizontal line is just as it implies, with the four Links lining up in a vertical line and attacking in unison. The same principle applies for the vertical line with the exception of the four Links standing vertically instead. The box formation has the four Links stand together in a square shape and attack as though in a box. Finally, the diamond formation has the four Links assemble themselves in a diamond shape and attack from all sides simultaneously.
The Sword's ability to create clones has varied from game to game. For instance, while in Four Swords and Four Swords Adventures the Sword keeps the clones around indefinitely and in varying colors, this principle is different in The Minish Cap, where Link must power up the Four Sword and stand on special tiles to create the clones, who all look alike and only manifest themselves for a limited time before vanishing. The reason for this difference is not made clear, though it's likely just an aesthetic change for gameplay's sake. In this same game, the Four Sword also shows the ability to, when charged up, cast a magical beam of energy that can break curses, such as the curse Vaati placed upon Princess Zelda.
When Link's health is full in most games featuring the Four Sword, the Sword will emit an energy beam. However, in Four Swords Adventures, the Sword's power is based upon Force Gems, 2000 of which Link must recover in each area in order to restore the power to repel evil to the Sword's blade. Only when this is accomplished can Link destroy the Barriers in each area made with Vaati's magic and proceed to the next area. If not enough Force Gems have been found by the end of the area, the Sword will take Link back in time to redo the level and find enough of them. In Four Swords, the Sword will not emit an energy beam until Link has acquired the Master Sword in A Link to the Past.
In the Four Swords manga by Akira Himekawa, the Four Sword functions much the same way as it did in the game, where it splits Link into the four colored copies of himself as Hyrule is faced with multiple threats. The manga combines elements of Four Swords and Four Swords Adventures, with Link facing not only the threat of Vaati, but also Shadow Link and ultimately Ganon himself. The four Links battle their foes all across Hyrule and eventually reach the heavens atop the Tower of Winds, where they battle Vaati with the power of the Four Sword and with the unlikely help of Shadow Link, who has turned against the side of evil. Shadow Link smashes the Dark Mirror to help the four Links destroy Vaati, even knowing that this will kill him as well. Following this, Ganon reveals himself and battles the four Links himself. Using the blade, they succeed in subduing Ganon and return the Four Sword to the Four Sword Sanctuary in order to merge into one again before walking away hand-in-hand with Princess Zelda.
Unlike the game, the Four Sword is not originally called the Picori Blade, but rather the "Sacred Sword" in the The Minish Cap manga by Akira Himekawa. It still functions largely in the same manner it did in the game however, with Link seeking to re-forge it into a new sacred blade. The Sacred Sword eventually becomes the Four Sword, fulfilling the same role the Picori Blade did within the game. Unlike the game, Vaati eventually sees the error of his ways in the end however, accompanying Ezlo back to the Minish Realm in the end after apologizing to all whom he has wronged.
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2019-04-19T20:34:20Z
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https://zelda.gamepedia.com/Four_Sword
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Spent a lot of time with documentation today, both with web pages and “Beautiful Architecture”; I've managed to get the tables working, though no thanks to any of the tools I have.
That kept us until evening, so didn't even get a chance to look round the garden today.
The CFA are currently going round distributing information and asking for donations. That's definitely a worthy cause, and this afternoon we were discussing giving a substantial sum.
The message is incorrect, of course. It doesn't require just a PC; it also requires Microsoft, as the second line implies. It seems that our Government has decided that it's sufficient to limit the supply of vital survival information only to those people who use a specific operating system. Why? I'm thoroughly disgusted.
For me the answer is clear: formal complaints, and no donation. Instead I'll offer my services to provide a standards-compliant CD instead of one requiring proprietary software.
My DocBook adventure is pretty much over—I suppose I should really go back and fix up the references—but I'm still interested in the problems it raised. Adam Witwer of the O'Reilly tools team recommended trying oXygen (also known as <oXygen/>), which is commercial software with a 30 day trial license. Downloaded that—over 50 MB of binary!—and tried installing it.
Aaargh! The horrible pathname with spaces in it! I still don't know why people do this, but it's clear that they don't write scripts.
And here it wants to create a desktop icon. How can it do that without knowing what desktop? This machine doesn't even have a display. Not surprisingly, it failed, but I was able to start oXygen by running a shell script with the undocumented name ~/Oxygen/oxygen (watch those capitals, neither of them matching the name of the editor).
It's not until you click on the little book icon in the too-narrow left-hand pane that it opens up and shows you the rest of the contents; there's no way to even know they're there until you do; the individual pages have no link to the next.
Still, it looks like a relatively well put-together piece of “modern” software. If you like pushing mice around, deciphering unrecognizable icons and reading inappropriately sized panes, this might be for you.
Panes are an interesting thing. They've been around for a long time, of course, since the days when “windowing” environments didn't have proper window managers. They're marginally better than tabs, since they show you a little of their content all the time, but they have to be a compromise between their own size requirements and the overall size of the window. The solution is obvious: make each of them a separate window which you can move around (ideally to a different display), or even iconify or close when you don't want it, but hardly anybody seems to do that. You'd have to think that Microsoft limits you to a single window, but that's hardly likely. oXygen does use multiple windows—help is in a separate window—but it insists on keeping the help window above the main window, even if you try to raise it, and it iconifies them both together.
High time to do some more brewing. Racked my last brew and found more of the same scaly infection floating on the beer. It must be in the fermenter, since I didn't use anything from the previous brew. Filled it up with water, bleach and a bit of hydrochloric acid (which releases free chlorine). After a day of that, I hope nothing will survive.
Crushing grain is still a pain! Today, for some reason, nothing would grip in the grain mill, and I was turning for ever. Finally gave up and tried it in the chopping attachment for the mixer, which worked much better, but I'm a little afraid it could lead to another stuck sparge.
Also spent some time correlating old photos. I still prefer to learn for myself rather than to take accepted frameworks for this sort of thing, but it does mean that over the last 10 years I've had several different ways of arranging things. It's not just a matter of moving them, though that's a problem in itself: they're on the web and could have links to them, which I'd like to be able to resolve. I'm currently using symlinks, but I wonder if some heuristics in the 404 document would help.
Lots of fermentation-related activity today: bread baking, making kimchi, and preparing for another brew of beer.
This seems to be at least partially a characteristic of the Powells malt, though I don't understand why.
About the only thing that is different is that the grain comes out slightly warm, maybe 25°. How serious is that? It's been dried at higher temperatures, and then next thing that happens to it is that it is mashed at temperatures over 60°.
Precis: Fog, then a shower or two.
I wonder how long and how much computing power it will take before accurate weather forecasts are possible.
Today I was supposed to brew again, and not too early—I'm almost out of beer. But since seeing the demo at Grain and Grape last month, I can't face brewing with my primitive setup. Today was nearly ready to start when I couldn't find the sparge ring for the mash tun, and so had to postpone. Yvonne came back from horse training shortly after midday, but by that time it was too late to start: it takes about 90 minutes to mash, 45 minutes to sparge, 2 hours to bring the wort to the boil, 1 hour boil, 20 minutes aeration, for a total of at least 5 hours.
Spent the afternoon tidying up the shed while Yvonne planted some stuff in the garden. Hopefully it wasn't too early; I'm concerned that we haven't prepared the soil well enough yet.
In the evening managed to damage my sparge ring by heating up the pot without any water in it; I had forgotten that I had decanted the water to another pot. There was surprisingly little damage, but the plastic washer in the disconnect melted, and I'm concerned about whether it will still be usable, both from a functional and from a taste point of view. Something (my subconscious?) seems to be telling me to upgrade my equipment.
I've decided not to brew any more until I have better brewing equipment. Started thinking about how to achieve that, with the intention to go into town and do some shopping for what I could find in Ballarat, That took so long, however, that I decided to put it off until tomorrow.
More work in the garden, transplanting more stuff. On investigation, the “black lilies” appear to be a kind of Dracunculus vulgaris. They grow from a large tuber. Replanted a few to see how they'd deal with it; it's not clear how much sun they like.
In the afternoon investigated how to recode TV recordings (stored as an MPEG-2 transport stream) as a program stream without commercials. I had already tried once without success, and today it wasn't much easier.
Based on my recollection of that experience, decided to use mencoder. I had already written a script that built Edit Decision Lists (EDLs) from the database, but somehow I missed one of the myriad parameters—and forgot to write down what I had done, so at a certain point I was back to the beginning. It goes to show the utility of writing down the details when keeping a diary.
No help in the man pages, of course, and relatively few on Google. What I found was a suggestion to encode with the parameters -mpegopts format=dvd:tsaf. That's clearly intended for DVDs, and I was working with 720p streams, which are incompatible with DVD formats. Tried it anyway and, sure enough, the error messages went away. With the more logical -mpegopts format=meg2:tsaf, they reoccurred. I couldn't see any encoding errors in either case, so I suspect that the error message is spurious, and the suggestion is a bug workaround. Interestingly, the dvd parameter doesn't limit the resolution to DVD values.
That still didn't drop commercials. Looked at the description of the EDL, which was vague enough: three columns, meaning start time (in seconds), end time and action (skip or mute). The example shows white space as delimiters. But must the first column start at the beginning of the line? Must the space be spaces, or are tabs allowed? Who knows?
Well, I know now. The first column doesn't need to start at the beginning of the line, and I think that the white space can include tabs, though I left them out of the script once I had finished. That wasn't the problem at all, though specifying the time in seconds meant that I first had to find the frame rate before I could build the EDL, something that I had not thought of last time.
After a lot of experimentation, discovered that it was because the TS has time stamps that start at some arbitrary time in the past, not at the beginning of the recording. mencoder has a parameter -ignore-start, but it's documented to only work for avi files, but then lots of mplayer documentation suggest that the support for MPEG is even worse than is the case, so tried it anyway—and it didn't work. I was at least able to confirm that it worked if I did it twice, since the output of first recode is a program stream which starts at 0. But what a pain! It would all have been so much easier if there were an option to specify frames rather than times.
Decided that it wouldn't do any harm to keep the “commercials” in the stream, in case the heuristics for guessing the commercials were wrong. So now my recode just makes a program stream, and mplayer interprets the EDL on playing. That works, and if there is any problem, I can even skip back into the commercial: EDLs appear not to work in reverse.
# Identify an MPEG stream.
makecutlist then takes the cutlist extracted from the database and converts it into an EDL. Yes, now it's clear that the name isn't quite what is sounds like.
Finally got round to go into town today, though I didn't achieve much. First to buy some sherry—why is real Spanish sherry so weak nowadays? It's a fortified wine, after all, and things like Tio Pepe used to be 17% v/v ethanol, but now all the Spanish sherries I can find are 15%, barely stronger than normal Australian wines. A little less ethanol isn't a bad thing in itself, but they also taste so insipid. I get the distinct impression that it has been watered down.
While I was there, into a bookshop to look for a book to give as a present; it had occurred to me that a cookbook would be appropriate, and since Yvonne is French, a French cookbook seemed appropriate.
I've ranted about cookbooks for a long time, in particular units and quantities. I was pleased to note that some of the books really did specify the units clearly. But the quantities? I found recipes for Paella valenciana in two Spanish cookbooks, one of which at least noted that beans are frequently included; but both specified, for a large paella, “a pinch of saffron”. That's a far cry from the 1 g that I use, and I get the impression that neither author understood the crucial importance of the spice in the dish.
But I was looking for French, and spent some time considering what dishes to check. pot-au-feu? boœuf bourgignon? They didn't seem to have them. They did have “duck à l'orange” [sic], so I checked that. Both of the recipes included mint, which in my experience is anathema to the French; I certainly can't imagine where you would buy the kind of mint that the recipe presumably implies. Where do people get these ideas from?
So no book. I did end up buying “The foodies' guide to Melbourne” and a book on pruning shrubs and trees; together they came to considerably more than I had planned to spend on the cook book, but both fill a real need. The former, hopefully, will lead us to better food supplies.
As a result of the long search for cookbooks, was late for everything else. To Celsius in the hope of getting a cheap sprinkler solenoid valve, but they have now completely closed down. To the home brew shop to discover that carbon dioxide cylinders cost between $270 and $350 (by contrast, LPG cylinders cost $30), and to BOC, who couldn't supply me with fittings for my gas stove, and was told that they would rent me a cylinder for about $117 a year, ostensibly because they needed testing on each refill. They would not sell me a cylinder. I'm left with the feeling that they're abusing their market position.
At Midland Irrigation finally found a sprinkler solenoid valve without difficulty, and not significantly more expensive than Celsius would have asked.
Back home, set to recoding my remaining MPEG TS files, not with complete success: on one file, at a specific position, mencoder SIGSEGVd. My guess is that this is the usual mplayer breakage; the file was pretty messed up.
More garden work. It's looking more like winter now, though the cannas are still blooming, and the first daffodils are coming.
You've pushed one of my buttons once too many times. Regarding scientific names for plants the genus is capitalized, but the species is not. So your Dracunculus_Vulgaris <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculus_vulgaris> should be "Dracunculus vulgaris".
Guilty as charged, and changed.
The color scheme with the yellow background looks very nice, so I wanted to ask, if you could send me your muttrc?
# Note that "green" is remapped to "bright white"
The grub is commomly called a Bardi grub. They are the larval stage of a moth. Good for fishing bait but not much else. It eats the feeder roots of plant and often leaves dead patches in lawns. There is a spray you can get from most gardening places to get rid of them.
The plants you have as asters are very hardy drought tolerant plants. The two yellow ones are different types of Gazinias and come in all shades from red to white. You often see them on the sides of roads and suburban nature strips. The middle variety self seeds and can take over a neglected patch of ground.
It seems that Leonne didn't follow the link here. Also, I believe I'm correct in guessing that all the flowers belong to the genus Asteraceae.
Mystery 1 is a common english country garden plant whose name escapes me at the moment. A nursery man should be instantly able to name it for you.
Mystery 2 is a type of Arum Lily. Does it smell really bad like rotting meat? Lilies of that colour often do.
Again, it seems that Leonne didn't follow the link here.
Mystery 3 is Sparixia (not sure on spelling) very old fashioned hardy bulb that self seeds. very similar to Ixias (again not sure on spelling) My Grandmother had acres of them when I was a child and they never got watered and were mown off when they finished flowering.
Mystery 5 looks like a Pandora creeping vine.
I subtitled this one “creeper”, which is incorrect. This might have misled Leonne. In fact, they're rather like the Sparaxis.
Mystery 7 is a native oxalis non invasive like the yellow one. Best kept neglected. Phosphorus intolerant.
The Salvia looks like Pineapple sage. Do the leaves smell like pineapple when crushed? If so great in summer salads and cooking.
Once again, it seems that Leonne didn't follow the link here. I state there that the leaves smell like mint.
weed 1 looks like Pig weed. Australian native supposedly edible Indigenous food with medical properties.
I took these photos with the help of fluorescent light and without adjusting the white balance, so the colours are incorrect. In particular, the background should be neutral white. I thought of starting again, but it's a considerable effort, and it should be motivation to fix them with the GIMP.
Modern cameras have many advantages over those of 40 years ago, but the region of macro photography is not one of them. From my Pentax Spotmatic days I have a set of automatic extension tubes (i.e. they stop down the aperture automatically) and the bellows in the photo above, which also have a cable release connector to stop down the lens. Today extension tubes are devoid of any logic, so they're actually worse off than 40 years ago, and a quick look at eBay shows that most of the bellows on offer are of a similar ago to mine; only 8 of the 287 items were advertised to be for digital cameras, and even then I'm not convinced that they were correctly listed.
With macro photography, more than anywhere else, good focussing is crucial. The viewfinders of modern digital SLRs no longer have microprisms or split image, and they typically have a much smaller field of view than the old film SLRs, all of which makes things more difficult. I can't believe that this is an unavoidable consequence of smaller sensors.
We only ever used it once, then started using it as a repository for tools in early August last year.
We'll see how they fare. The second one is in the shade most of the time, so it's never going to be really happy.
Somehow didn't get much else done.
While watching TV in the evening, we considered how long it would take to drive from San Francisco to Pasadena. Clearly most people would immediately think of California, and that was my intention. But to make it quite clear, I specified the journey as from: san francisco, usa to: pasadena.
I've had some strange results from Google Maps, but this one takes the cake. First it took me to Seattle, then by kayak to Sydney, then across country to Adelaide, which has a suburb called Pasadena. But why Seattle? Why a kayak? How can you get across the Pacific in a kayak in the 42 days they specify?
The fire's still going! Most of the wood burnt out in the first hour yesterday midday, but some of the larger trunks were still going this morning. It continued all day, and in the evening there were still some remainders.
We've been trying to second-guess the Bureau of Meteorology for some time now, and today we decided that despite the forecast of rain, we could probably go riding. Set off, and within about 500 metres it started to rain, so back again after one of our shortest rides ever. And, of course, the few drops that came down were all for the next several hours.
More work on the sprinklers, and finally installed the longest stretch yet, 73 metres at the north of the house. Now I just have the south side to think about.
The fire's finally out! And, to my surprise, there was almost nothing left—just a couple of charred pieces about 50 g in weight. That'll change, of course; we have more radical pruning to do.
Into town today to continue my search for various odds and ends. Finally found a cookbook as a present, “Cooking &Travelling in South-West France”, by Stephanie Alexander. I had not wanted to buy a book by a non-French person, but this one had the advantage that it includes ingredients (possibly substitute) that are available in Australia, along with a list of places to buy them (sadly, we know nearly all the ones in Melbourne). Unfortunately, to judge by the map on the inside cover, she seems to have only visited the northern part of Aquitaine, and not been further in Midi-Pyrénées than a quick visit to Toulouse. Still, the recipes don't look too bad.
Then to Elgas for another attempt to find a regulator and hose for my gas stove. Regulators are no problem, of course, but the connector on the stove was “metric” and thus non-standard—in this metric country, the choices I had were all in inches. Bought a regulator and hose, and on to Enzed, where they found some adaptors pretty quickly and more cheaply than I had feared.
Back home, and it worked. At least something that went roughly according to plan. I wonder if the regulator is correct, though; the flame doesn't seem as strong as I recall it, but it's been over 11 years.
As near as I can tell, the remaining sums were two monthly fees of $88.14 and excess usage charges of $8.24, less a partial refund of the fees of $33.51, leaving a balance to pay of $54.63. They split the sum into $29.94 and $24.69 across two different dispute references, neither of which I can find anywhere in the correspondence. These people never cease to amaze me. Are they stupid, malicious or both?
Finally got round to at least starting, but there's plenty more to do.
One of the problems we had when we moved to Dereel was that we didn't really have anywhere to put the dogs. In Wantadilla we kept them in the laundry, and they had access to the outside through a cat door.
Things are different here: we have a much smaller laundry, where the dogs have been sleeping anyway, and we can't just let them outside, because the main road is right next to the house. Yvonne has been asking for a cat door anyway, meaning that we have to maintain the temporary “prison” in perpetuity, not to mention cutting a hole in the laundry door. Today I finally gave in and installed one. I'm still not happy.
As the next part of my new brewery setup, bought a couple of stockpots on eBay and paid with PayPal. I have a balance of about € 100 with them, about AUD 170, but the pots came to $250. According to the PayPal policy, which is almost impossible to find again on the web, they should have taken the balance as partial payment and debit the rest from my bank account. Instead they left my balance untouched and debited the total sum from my bank account. What a pain! Does this mean that I have to spend exactly the sum in my balance to get rid of it?
Winter is gradually coming, and with it the problems I've already mentioned with my air-conditioning system are becoming more acute. Finally decided to do something about it and called Fujitsu on the number specified, 1 800 226, 347. No reply—I just got an answering machine, so I left a message.
There was another link, of course, giving a number in Sydney (no free call), +61 2 8822 2500. Called that; it took three attempts to get connected, and with a bit of trouble they gave me the phone number of Angow and Hutt in Ballarat.
In the meantime, Brian called back responding to the first message and told me that they were Fujitsu, and they didn't do air conditioners—that was Fujitsu General, a different company. But where's the link from that page? Where's the overview? He also gave me the number 1 300 882 201, which isn't mentioned anywhere on that page, nor in the phone book.
I would have to pay $60 for him to come and look at it, not even refundable if it proved to be Fujitsu's fault.
It should be possible to move the position of the sensor elsewhere, though Fujitsu don't support this concept.
There's a DIP switch somewhere on the controller that sets a fixed offset of 4° between reverse air temperature and set temperature. It can be disabled.
He also claimed that the “Auto” position on the heating/cooling selection disabled the temperature sensor and set a fixed 20° temperature. I have difficulty believing this, but I suppose anything's possible.
We're off to Melbourne tomorrow for my uncle Max's 80th birthday, and we need to stay at a hotel. Spent some time searching the web for good prices. The party's at the Box Hill Golf Club, and the nearest places I could find on the web were in Whitehorse Road in Box Hill and the Chadstone Executive Motel in Oakleigh, both about 5 km away. Finally chose the latter, because it has a free breakfast. Tried to call them directly rather than going by Wotif, but they weren't in the phone book; accidentally called another hotel with a similar name and address, who were in the phone book but not in Wotif, and they gave me the phone number. It's surprising that any hotel would not be in the phone book, and interesting (but probably not surprising) that there are hotels not in Wotif, who must charge more money than they think it's worth. Certainly a limitation of the web.
Got a reply to my complaint about the PayPal payment telling me that I had done it wrong, and if I had wanted to use my credit card, I should have done so. Clearly my prejudice against PayPal is well founded: I never mentioned a credit card, and they completely ignored my message. Sent an appropriate response.
Up early this morning to head to Melbourne. Just out of the shower, heard the tell-tale beeping of the UPSs. On further investigation, found that a circuit breaker had tripped on the circuit that supplies all the computers—and it kept tripping. Spent a lot of time turning off individual components, without finding anything, and then turned them all back on again, even (accidentally) a 2 kW heater, and it carried on working.
Was just scratching my head about that when Yvonne came in and told me that the dam water pump had stopped working, and that she had left it off. This is the pump that I have been using to pump water from the tank into the horse trough, and which I had been meaning to use for my new brewery. Confirmed that yes, indeed, it was that pump. Damn, especially since we were due to leave for Melbourne, and Chris still needed to give the horses enough to drink. Connected up another hose to the sprinkler system, which is (currently) supplied only by the submersed pump in the bore.
That wasn't everything, unfortunately. In the office, discovered that ceeveear had gone down, and for some reason hadn't restarted mythbackend. While trying to do that, managed to hang X on eureka: it hadn't remounted the NFS file systems (probably the switch was down at the time), the .ssh directory was missing, and this strange bug with the password prompt, which causes all X-related processes to go into a sleep state, bit home. Had to restart X.
Did that, and also copied all my photos from my camera to the computer, just in case. Tried to remove the files from the camera, and the machine (boskoop, Apple) hung: for some reason it had tried to remount file systems from lagoon, which was currently down. Rebooted lagoon to umount the file systems, and finally I was done!
Also a letter from PayPal, ignoring all previous correspondence and asking for exact details. I don't know why; these people never read anything anyway. Sent it all off, with some more clarifications. I'd be astounded if anything came of it.
Despite all that, off not just on time, but a couple of minutes early. Made it to Yarraville without incident. According to the “Foodies guide to Melbourne”, not far from Grain and Grape there's a bakery called Hausfrau. With a name like that you'd expect German bread, so we went to take a look. What we found was a cafe with some bread on sale, but nothing which, as the German proverb says, ripped us from the stool.
On the Grain and Grape, where I spent far too much money on pumps, false bottoms and gas cylinders. At least I now have most of the things I need to set up my HERMS system; all I still need are some connections and a heating coil, which was out of stock.
It was still early, so on to the Queen Victoria Market, where we ended up spending more money. Then to a Korean restaurant round the corner in Victoria St, where we had quite a good lunch, then off to the Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens.
What a mess people have made of Melbourne traffic! I couldn't work out a way through the spaghetti on the South Bank, so down King St. to Flinders St., and then tried to get across the river at the station, on the corner of Swanston St. But you can only turn right there between midnight and 6 am. On east, trying to find a way to turn round, but made it all the way to the corner of Spring St and Little Collins St before I could finally find my way around. It took something like half an hour to drive 3.9 km. Interestingly, Google Maps chose exactly my intended route to get there, happily ignoring the ban on right turns into St. Kilda Rd. But then, they also think there's a restaurant at the destination.
It's been over 11 years since I was last in the Botanical Gardens, and in those days I wasn't overly interested in gardening. This time I was left a little disappointed: the place is clearly in need of more funding. In particular, the signs are insufficient. It's difficult to find your way around, and many plants are not identified.
There seems to be a fair amount of difference of opinion on Salvia microphylla. Some call it watermelon sage, others blackberry sage, and nothing I've found on the web mentions the mint-like smell of the leaves, which the sample in the Botanical Gardnes also had. But then, Salvia elegans is supposed to smell like pineapple, and I didn't smell that on the sample I saw yesterday. There's also a variety of opinion on the size of the plant, though all agree that it flowers almost continuously. There also seem to be different cultivars, one of which has red and white flowers. None of the links on the web look quite like ours.
This plant has not flowered since we moved in; last year there were no buds at all. We had thought it was a kind of magnolia, but clearly it's some kind of Camellia. We'll know more when it flowers.
This is Aloysia triphylla, or “Lemon Verbena”. Yvonne was sure from the start that this was some kind of Verbena, but I hadn't been too sure: all the Verbena photos I had seen looked very different. That's probably because this plant belongs to the relatively small genus Aloysia. The leaves do smell of lemon.
This one is everywhere in the gardens (though, like at home, not in bloom right now), but I couldn't find a name for it.
Then off to look for our motel, the Chadstone Executive Motel in Oakleigh. Printed out a map from Google maps to help us find our way: the easiest way to get there seemed to be to leave the Monash Freeway at Huntingdale Road. Set off along the Freeway looking for it, but it wasn't marked, and it wasn't until we passed Springvale Road that I realized that something had gone wrong. Left the freeway and set off back along Wellington Road. According to the map, the motel was 1.6 km after Clayton Road. By this time it was dark, and there were no visible house numbers, so crept along for some time before we finally found the motel—4.8 km from Clayton Road, and fully 3.2 km from where Google Maps said it was! I suppose it's only to be expected that Google Maps gives this distance as 4.0 km.
To be on the safe side, called the Box Hill Golf Club, who confirmed my suspicion that the other end of the map was wrong too: instead of taking us to 202 Station St, in the middle of the golf course, it took us to the end of Penrose St, off the east end of the golf course.
While researching the problem, I found much more breakage. From the previous URL, remove the to: address, and “202 Station St” moves about 200 metres west.
Next, I entered the addresses exactly as before and got almost the correct address for Station St , but still the wrong address for the motel. I also accidentally entered “Station Road” instead of “Station St”. Station Road doesn't exist round there. The result started further north on Station St, and took me closer to the correct motel address, just on the wrong side of the road, which involved a change of route.
It seems impossible to save directions in Google “My Maps”. here are the correct directions, which don't have much to do with what Google told me.
While trying to put both sets of directions on a single map, I came across still more errors. Adding the correct destination address to the original directions took me from Penrose St to Dandenong Road and back to Station St, clearly not what I wanted. So I removed the intermediate destination, which also drove the error into hiding. The “correct” error shows that the origin is 1.8 km and 4 minutes from the correct origin, and the motel is 2.8 km and 5 minutes away from the place marked on the directions (I measured 3.2). More to the point though, this implies a completely different route from the one Google Maps gave me. I've tried to superimpose them on a single map, first the wrong route from Box Hill to Oakleigh, then the correct route from Oakleigh to Box Hill, but then Google Maps gets confused about the first origin.
I've complained about Google Maps before. Clearly they're offering a good service, but they need some way to accept and incorporate feedback. Errors of this magnitude are inexcusable.
Finally off to the golf club, which we found quite easily—then discovered that there was a motel in our price class literally across the road. It was neither on the web nor obvious in the phone book (though I hadn't looked very carefully). Max had called us in the morning to tell me about the place, but I had thought it was the other place on the Maroondah highway.
The moral? The web has a long way to go before you can rely on it for daily business. Bad maps, incomplete hotel listings, lots of pain.
It's funny being back in Melbourne at a family reunion. It's been nearly 50 years since I last lived in Melbourne, and in that time I've been all over the world; now it's like coming home. It's made all the more obvious by the fact that during this time, Max and his immediate family have lived in almost exactly the same place (Hawthorn and surroundings) that my grandparents moved to in the early 1930s.
In the process they recapitulated his life and what a good bloke he was. The line I liked best was during an “assessment” of his mental capabilities. They showed a photo of his wife Margaret, saying “He loves to debate. In particular, he's been debating over and over again with this particular woman for over 60 years”.
Woken at about 2 am by a car theft alarm going off outside the window. After about 10 minutes, while I was still wondering whether I should go outside and forcibly silence it, somebody finally turned it off. One more reminder why I hate big cities.
Like all hotels in Australia, we had to vacate the room by 10 am, so down to the Prahran Market, again for the first time in 11 years, to take a look around.
First to the Essential Ingredient, where we found whole foie gras for the first time outside France—packed in plastic. I didn't see a price, which was probably just as well; just about everything else had astronomical prices, including cooking pots costing up to $500. Decided that this was the yuppie side of town, and that Essential Ingredient catered for people who have more money than understanding.
The market itself is much smaller than the Queen Victoria Market, but it did have the advantage of being open on Sunday, and the general quality of the food is better. It's a pity it's so difficult to get to.
Decided against a Yum Cha lunch and then headed off back home, getting there in plenty of time for lunch. Found that the restart of X yesterday had also taken down my satellite connection monitoring collector. I must find a better way of ensuring that it keeps running.
Also a letter from PayPal, explaining why my credit balance was not used for the last transaction: it was in the wrong currency, and PayPal doesn't automatically change currencies, at least in the opinion of “Robert”. The only problem is, he's just plain wrong. All of the previous payments to eBay since March were processed in this way. The only difference in this case was that the balance wasn't enough to pay for the entire transaction.
Upon reviewing your account, I can see that the balance on your PayPal account is in US Dollars and not in Australian Dollars that cause the system not to use the balance as you have sent payment in Australian Dollars as no Australian Dollars on your PayPal account the US Dollars is not used.
The grammar is original in more senses than one. Not only did she repeat “Robert”s nonsense, she got the currency wrong—my credit balance is in Euros. Another stiff message in reply, along with URLs and screen shots of the previous transactions. I never cease to be amazed how stupid these responses are—I don't think I have ever had a sensible reply from PayPal.
One of the insights I gained in the 1960s while keeping a diary on paper was that “a page a day” did not reflect real life. One result, even in such interesting times as the Asia trip, was that I wrote far too much about routine events. I've since accepted the fact that, depending on the day, diary entries can vary from a line a two to several pages.
Last Saturday was an example of the latter, and today I spent most of the day documenting what I did over the previous two days. What a pain Google Maps are! Also spent some time putting together a toy greenhouse that I bought at ALDI yesterday.
On 06/14/2008 I replied to the email message you sent regarding your PayPal account. As part of PayPal's commitment to excellence, I want to make sure I met your needs in my response. Would you please take a minute to answer a few questions to let me know how I did?
I have equally little faith in this customer satisfaction survey. I suspect that, like every other communication I have had with PayPal (this is the third such incident), it will disappear into a black hole.
Buyers, you can no longer receive negative or neutral Feedback from sellers. You should leave honest and accurate Feedback without the fear of receiving ngiative or neutral ratings.
That's excellent news. It stops sellers from giving negative feedback out of spite, like Cameta Camera did.
The size of the pots is interesting for a number of reasons: they're supposed to be 100 litres and 50 litres, but the measurements published on the web suggested that they're over 10% less. In fact, the volume is pretty accurate—if you include the volume of the pot itself: they've measured the volume based on the external dimensions, which seems to be standard malpractice. This gives me real volumes of 97 and 48.5 litres respectively.
The problem is, the pot only weighs 5.8 kg, including the handles which I didn't account for here. Take them away and it's reasonable to assume that I have calculated exactly double the real weight. The same applied for the other pot. But how? I can't see anything wrong in my calculations, and though my measurements of diameter and height might be out by a millimetre or two, I measured the thickness with vernier calipers, and they agree with the specifications. Put it to people with time on their hands, the ones on IRC, and they all came up with the same answer within the constraints of rounding.
So what's the answer? Hollow pot? Unlikely. Tapering thickness? It would need to taper to 0 to explain this discrepancy, clearly not the answer. Different alloy? It would have to have a density of 1.35 or so, and alloys that light are expensive. The pots weren't. I'm still puzzled.
I can't believe how incredibly incompetent these people are. Is it possible that this is an exception to the adage “never ascribe to malice that which can be adequately explained by incompetence”? More details in the PayPal page.
Probably the best long term option is to get involved with openstreetmap where you can build maps from a blank page, (especially in your area: http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-37.8167&lon=143.7667&zoom=12&layers=B00FT) It'll be a while before openstreetmap starts offering directions, but at least the map looks like it will be reasonably accurate.
Box Hill Golf Club looks ok on openstreetmap: http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lat=-37.83918&lon=145.12436&zoom=16&layers=B00FT You'd have to do your own navigating, but at least it's obvious which road to enter by... Openstreetmap doesn't have street numbers though, and it also doesn't have any information about the no right turn into StKilda Rd.
It sounds a little like a Wikipedia for maps. It would be nice for it to be successful, but I suspect the model will be self-limiting.
I've had an account with LinkedIn for some time now, mainly because people keep asking me to “link” to them. The first to invite me was Nathan Cochrane of The Age, at which point it was so inactive that I resigned and then later rejoined. It still hasn't shown any useful function, but today, after accepting another invitation, I decided to finally download a photo, the same one I put on my home page. That shows yet another case of typical web breakage.
Instead of checking what the file was, it looked at the name. That's bad enough—you can put anything in a file with any name—but it doesn't understand what JPEG means. Maybe it thinks that the people weren't that expert after all.
The “edit” window is much smaller than the photo, and there's no way to resize it. I can barely make out the outline of the top of my skull, and managed to at least get myself in the cropped area. But the result is only 80 pixels square, so it's completely unrecognizable anyway.
It's really difficult to find good foodstuffs here.
Didn't do much during the day. Did a bit of work in the garden and finished the toy greenhouse, which is covered in a clear PVC foil. I suspect it won't last long.
24 hours after my last message, still no response, possibly because there was nothing to misunderstand. Send out another one, effectively with the same demand, just formulated slightly differently. In view of the apparent inability of PayPal personnel to follow texts of more than a couple of lines, followed it up with 5 messages, each containing one paragraph of the message.
I very quickly got a reply which astounded me. It made no incorrect assumptions and seemed to have understood the issue, and it brought a plausible explanation: automatic currency conversions only work if they involve the entire sum. On this occasion my credit balance was in Euros and the bank account was in AUD. It also included a phone number to call, which I'll certainly try next time I have problems: 1800 073 263.
Winter is making itself felt, at least in mood. Still no frost, but there was a surprising amount of mist (called “fog” in Australia) which lifted only slowly, and the whole atmosphere was as dreary as Germany in November. Perversely, spent a bit of time in the garden, but not too much.
One of my latest ideas, with Chris Yeardley's support, is to do proper web hosting for people who can't afford the astronomical prices that “professional” companies such as Vividas charge. The idea is to offer a really cheap basic page (describe who you are, and present it in a form that will interest people) for peanuts, and offer value-added services.
That's not hotfrog's fault, of course (well, maybe the emblem at the bottom, which is completely illegible on my 3 MP screen). This page is free, and the information is entered by the user, incorrectly and incompletely: the street name is Beaufort Road, not Beauford, as anybody in the area would notice. But part of our service would be sanity checking.
Warren Toomey recently moved oztivo.net (not to be confused with oztivo.org, which appears to be Godaddy's attempt to cash in on the name OzTivo) to a virtual system in the USA, which runs on Linux. He's quite happy with it so far, but I'd really prefer FreeBSD. That's not chauvinism, just practicality: it's easier for me. Today sent out a message asking for FreeBSD-based hosting, and found a surprising number of offers. Now I need to find out what we need.
What do we need? For the small customers, neither bandwidth nor storage is the issue. For me, at least storage is. Discovered that I am using over 20 GB on www.lemis.com, also known as ozlabs.org, though much of that is wasted space. Still, I currently use over 11 GB for the single web site, and this proves to be in the order of magnitude that the smaller offerings provide. On the other hand, the bandwidth doesn't seem to be the issue; for $20 per month you can get 200 GB of network traffic, but only 12 GB of total storage. Am I underestimating the amount of traffic? In any case, a lot of research to do.
There's plenty of work piled up, though nothing really urgent, and somehow I didn't feel like starting anything in particular. Then Edwin Groothuis appeared on IRC and talked about a person who had accidentally had a 40 GB Microsoft image copied onto a 1 TB RAID array on a FreeBSD server. That space was gone, of course, but he wanted the rest back. There were 7 file systems on it, so most should still be intact, but of course the very first thing that gets overwritten is the BIOS partition table.
Dragged out a recovery program that I wrote in August 2002. Of course, it had suffered from bit rot—in particular, for some reason I had copied the relevant kernel header files from that version of FreeBSD, perhaps because the person for whom I wrote it didn't have them installed on his machine—and it didn't handle UFS-2.
In the file systems I observed, every fs_sblkno was set to 40, and every fs_cblkno was set to 48. The only way I could find the difference between a primary and a secondary super block was because only the primary superblock gets the name of the last mount point stored at fs_fsmnt.
So yes, it's Kirk's birthday.
By the end of the day, had some improvements. Plenty more to be done, though. The latest version is here.
We're still low on hay—thanks again, Paul Ludovici—and Yvonne set off again to pick some up. Chris Yeardley helped, and came back for dinner. More web site discussions. One thing that came out of that was that Chris has a different (but not incompatible) idea of what we want to do with the web site. She's more interested in designing complete sites for horse people.
The current matter with PayPal is really over, but today I got yet another message, noting that part of the problem had been that I didn't get a choice of how to pay for the item, and promising to forward the matter to the “technical department” for resolution. I don't think that implies that I'll hear back from them, but it's good do see some follow-through.
Spent a fair amount of time talking about disk recovery software today, more from the theoretical point of view: the person who needed the help didn't show up again. Maybe he can afford weekends.
In the past I've used TestDisk to recover partitions after deleting the partition table. It doesn't seem to have a huge amount of support for FreeBSD though, but the code might be worth a look.
Callum Gibson reported on IRC that he had to go under the house to fix an antenna cable, giving me a nudge to do the same for my network cables. How I hate it! I did get two of the three connected, but each time I had to go out to put more cable through the floor, and after the second one I couldn't face it any more. I don't know why it's so distasteful—at least in winter I have the advantage that there are no redbacks.
Finally overcame my revulsion and finished installing network cables under the house. It's not really that bad, but I really needed to force myself to do it. After that, of course, I had to terminate the cables, something I've never done before with Ethernet.
What a pain! I don't know whether it was my combination of Cat-6 cable and the Cat-5 connectors that I got from Chris, or the individual components, or just my lack of ability, but it took forever to get all the wires to go all the way into the correct slots. Crimping wasn't an issue, on the other hand. Finally decided that the easiest way was to straighten out the wires in the correct layout and then cut the ends off even—the lengths tended to be a little different after straightening out. Got the two important cables up and running, then called it a day.
It's interesting, though, to note various opinions I got on the subject of wiring. At the one end of the scale: “It doesn't matter which wire you put where, as long as they're wired 1:1 at each end”; clearly that's suboptimal, since all wires come in pairs. At the other end was the recommendation to keep the pairs twisted as far as possible, one of the reasons why I had so much trouble getting the wires into the connector. In the middle was a discussion about the exact sequence: for some reason, the recommended layout is one pair at each end of the 8 pin connector, one exactly in the middle (pins 4 and 5), and the other one taking up the remaining pins. But then there are two different layouts, T568A and T568B, which differ only by the colours of two pairs. Why? I had suspected crosstalk issues, and the Wikipedia page mentions them too, but that doesn't make sense for 100BASE-T if you only swap the two pairs that carry the signal.
That used up all the space to the beginning of partition f. Bingo! All the data was back.
Is this a bug in scan_ffs? Hard to say. I know that recover doesn't currently try to guess the partition size; my approach has been to look at the partition table offsets and work out the sizes manually. Anyway, nice to know that we got back almost all the data.
There's another photo of where we planted them, but it really needs to be enlarged significantly to show the stakes. The two stakes at the left and the one at the right are the yellow ones; the other one is a white one which we transplanted a week or two ago.
Toy or not, it was noticeably warmer inside, even though the sun hadn't been shining. We'll have to keep an eye on things when the weather gets warmer.
This was only one of five, apparently sent by the others (who remained about 50 m away) to case the joint. He wandered off when I came closer. I wonder if this presages more damage in the garden.
Spent the rest of the day finishing the rearrangement of the lounge room, which had been waiting on the underfloor cabling. I'm getting more proficient at terminating network cables now; the trick seems to be to ensure that all the wires are absolutely straight at the end, so that the slide nicely into the holes in the connector.
By evening we had got rid of most of the over-floor cables. We still have a telephone cable that I need to puzzle about, and I don't want to put the loudspeaker cables under the floor until I know exactly where they go. But things are looking a lot tidier.
Somehow spent most of the day in the office, including writing up stuff about the garden and following up on my options for web hosting. Also hung some pictures—I've set myself a soft goal of making the house look like we've completed moving in by the first anniversary. That was more frustrating than I expected—why are picture frames such a mess?
Another day with little to show. A bit of work in the garden; finally mowed the lawn. I fear our ride-on mower is not long for this world. The simplest problem is that the battery is pretty dead, but the steering also looks worn out, and various bolts are missing. I wonder what the condition of the engine is—it seems to have much less traction than when we got it.
It's been very windy, and our toy greenhouse looks like it won't hold out too well. One of the joints came apart; possibly I should tie the corners together so that that can't happen.
Also pruning a Salvia microphylla. I've read various ideas about how to prune Salvias, some of which suggest that they don't respond well, but in the end had to do it anyway to get at the grass that was growing from between the roots. To my surprise, it wasn't one salvia, but many: it seems to create underground roots. Also, even the established canes had new leaves coming out close to the base, so I pruned back to there. I strongly suspect I'll have no trouble. Pulled out a couple of the underground shoots, and planted one; I suspect it'll do fine too.
Into Ballarat today to do a lot of shopping. My electric razor has died—yes, I do have one, but it doesn't get much use, and it survived nearly 20 years. Looking for a new one was more complicated than I thought: the prices are more than I expected, and most don't even have a beard trimmer. I suppose the days of the three-day beard are over, and people are clean-shaven again.
Also to Enzed to buy components for my HERMS system, and pretty quickly found everything I needed at a price I didn't need. It wasn't until I was on my way home that doubts set in; it looks as if I'll have to replace some of the stuff with other alternatives. Why is it that this is so complicated?
One thing that I did find was a 2200 W electric heating element for the HLT, embedded in a hot water jug. This kind of elements normally costs in the order of $70 to $80; embedded in the water jug, it cost $7.80. Now I just have to find how to get it out and into the side of the HLT, another unresolved issue.
My uncle Max sent me an Email with an attachment of type video/x-ms-wmv; clearly a Microsoft format, but at least the MIME type was wrong. And I was, once again, left with this problem that I had to configure my mutt to display it.
But how? What's the name of the file. mimetypes? Went looking and found a total of 2100 files with names containing “/mimetypes”. It was in /usr/local, so much I recalled, but looking around didn't help much. Finally, as so often before, decided to ktrace the mutt process and see what it was reading. A good thing, too: why put the information in mimetypes when it would fit just as well (and with less chance of being found) in /usr/local/etc/mailcap?
The last line is completely superfluous, since video/* should also include it. But why didn't either of them work? Tried with an MP3 attachment, of Aligi Voltan playing “my” Savary jeune of 1847, and that worked fine, suggesting that the configuration info was in a different file.
I had used the wrong syntax. Most configuration files of this nature separate the fields with a colon (:); this one uses a semicolon (;).
The software completely ignored the error, so that I couldn't find out about it easily. How I hate software that does that! And it seems to be on the increase (“don't scare the user”, with the implication “confuse the hell out of him instead”).
=> Attempting to fetch from http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/emacs/.
That's a far cry from the speeds I can get here. But building took forever, over 3 hours (at least partially due to the kitchen-sink nature of Emacs, which installed about 60 other ports), and at least partially because it was the second thing to get installed. But clearly my virtual CPUs (yes, there are two of them) aren't the fastest.
While doing that, also finally copied some MPEGs from teevee to DVD. I've been meaning to burn “real” DVDs, but getting the Makefile together has been a lower priority, so for the time being I'm just burning ISO-9600 file systems. Freed up about about 40 GB of disk space, with more due tomorrow.
They'd be OK if they stayed on that side of the fence; hopefully they will.
A little work in the garden, connecting the bore pump directly to the horse trough with a 1 inch pipe. To my surprise, the flow was so strong that it stalled the pump; we'll have to avoid opening the valve fully until we have proper fittings at the end.
On with the installation on the new web server today, and things progressed pretty well. Over to Chris' place in the afternoon, where things didn't progress as well: somehow the ssh configuration on her Apple is messed up, and I need to work out why rather than just redo the configuration.
The real issue, though, is the DNS hosting. Chris is with Ausweb, who live up to the normal standard of DNS registrars. After logging in, she found a link to “Modify DNS”, which looked promising—until we discovered that Ausweb thinks that “DNS” stands for “Domain Name Server” and not “Domain Name Service”. And that's all they offer: how to add or remove a name server. No option to maintain the zone, which is currently served only by Ausweb.
It seems that DNS has been renamed to “Domain Name System”, a renaming with which I'm not the only one to disagree, as the Wikipedia talk page shows.
What's that? It happened for all lemis.com addresses, but not for others, so possibly it's something to do with GANDI. Possibly the intention is to require my authorization before declaring one of my systems as a name server for another domain, but I can't find anything relevant on GANDI's broken web site, and as long as I can add any A record I want, it doesn't help much anyway.
Jun 28 17:44:38 ozlabs named: zone narrawin.com/IN: Transfer started.
This display is preformatted and wrapped at 90 characters so that it doesn't go off the edge of the window. This is sub-optimal, but I can't find a better way to do it: if I just set the font and put in explicit line breaks, I lose the indentation. If I change the blanks to , I lose the ability to wrap. If you have ideas about how to use the screen width without losing indentation, I'd like to hear from you.
I suppose the messing around with font sizes (making them smaller) is par for the course. But there was only a single dot to represent the link, so it didn't make much difference. And, of course, I got the same empty document. No wonder it was rated 0.
Chris is used to using CPanel to maintain her web site. I didn't find it in the Ports Collection, for a good reason: it's commercial. Not only that, but it costs Real Money, well over $500 per license. So we set off looking for alternatives. So far, with the help of Callum Gibson, we've found a number of leads to follow up: there's stuff at the end of the Wikipedia article, also a discussion at http://lordmatt.co.uk/item/966/ , and there's a thing with the FreeBSD friendly name Penguinator. That'll be for Chris to examine.
Despite the name server problems, spent some time setting up virtual hosts, using names like narrawin.lemis.com and pasocentral.lemis.com. Rather than refer to my previous httpd.conf files, I read the comments and set them up accordingly. The result?
It's not overly cold (day temperatures round 8°), but the wind is biting, and this badly insulated house does nothing to make things more comfortable. An ideal day to work indoors.
Mail from Stephen Rothwell today, reporting the zone transfer errors for narrawin.com. Nothing from Ausweb, of course. Seems they sleep at weekends.
It occurred to me that Ausweb weren't involved in the DNS for pasocentral.org, so set to to play around with that. That was more pain than I had expected, certainly not helped by the slow satellite connection. After setting up the web server to point to our new server, I reloaded the name server, and nothing changed.
And it still didn't work! This seems to be a bug in named: it didn't notice the different name until I removed the zone and added it again.
As her signup letter told her, the real ftp server is at a different name. Given the insecure nature of the matter, I'm not going to reveal it in public. But what are Ausweb thinking by specifying their primary name server as ftp.narrawin.com, especially since (correctly, for once), they don't have the FTP port open?
You must run this script to configure in the first place.
You can't start webmin at all until you add the line to /etc/rc.conf.
After working that out, things worked fine. If you like web-based administration, it might even be good.
I don't see anything at our end which is causing this. Please resolve ASAP.
Your nameservers are set correctly to point to the server you are on however there is also a rogue entry pointing www.ozlabs.org. Can you please clarify why exactly you are wanting to change/add name servers to your existing domain.
So I replied and pointed to the other ticket, but it never got there because their web interface stripped off the information. Checked the ticket and found it had been closed, apparently because I looked at the empty “knowledgebase” article on Saturday. Left a comment in the ticket and received a call from Matt, who acknowledged that their knowledgebase was being updated. He also didn't understand why we wanted to add name servers; how would hosts know which one to access?
He then told me that we can't access the zone files, because this was a shared (web) server. I was unable to make it clear to him that web servers and DNS have nothing to do with each other He told me that it was too dangerous to let users update their DNS, because they could mess it up, and that I should get a DNS manager. On my asking, he explained that this is somebody else who can manage the DNS for us. I asked about ftp.narrawin.com and pointed out the obvious issues (you don't put ftp on a name server, but that's where it was pointing, and ftp service was available on a different server which isn't called ftp, but he insisted that this was correct.
Please do not double post for the same issue.
www.ozlabs.org is not a name server and as such is corrupting the zone file, please delete your incorrect input!
I don't know how he decided that these were both the same issues, since it's clear that he hadn't read the messages. And of course ozlabs.org isn't a name server—it's a host. But my subsequent discussion with Peter showed that he doesn't really understand DNS. When I told him that the name of the host was unimportant, he got up on his high horse and told me I shouldn't argue with people who had been doing this for years. When I pointed out that I had written a book chapter on this over 10 years ago, he said “OK, then read your book if you don't believe me” and hung up. Somehow it's typical that he didn't even understand what I said.
Just to be 100% sure, but also because it's the right thing to do, we changed the name of the server from www.ozlabs.org to ns.ozlabs.org (same machine), and of course we had the same problem. So, at the end of all of that: I still can't add a lemis.com name server, and we still can't transfer the zone from Ausweb. But since we don't have access to update the zone files anyway, the second issue doesn't seem to make much difference: we have to use our own zone files anyway.
It's amazing how many hosting services/ISPs are so ignorant about something so basic to the success of their business.
On the issue of security, ran nmap against one of Ausweb's web servers. The results were amazing: 1499 open ports! I've never seen that before. It took a while to realize that somebody else was to blame: BST, Boosted Satellite Transmission. It accepts all connections first and then checks whether it can really fulfil them. If not, it returns an ECONNRESET. Still, the issues I have are enough to warrant a products and services page about Ausweb.
It's just a pity that Chris has paid them for another year of disservice.
This kind of display works acceptably at resolutions up to 1024x768, but beyond that it's very difficult to read, comparable to the display of the “thumbnail”.
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2019-04-18T15:34:22Z
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http://lemis.com/grog/diary-jun2008.php
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"ECG" and "EKG" redirect here. For other uses, see ECG (disambiguation) and EKG (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with other types of electrography or with echocardiography.
Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG[a]), a recording - a graph of voltage versus time - of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the small electrical changes that are a consequence of cardiac muscle depolarization followed by repolarization during each cardiac cycle (heartbeat). Changes in the normal ECG pattern occur in numerous cardiac abnormalities, including cardiac rhythm disturbances (such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia), inadequate coronary artery blood flow (such as myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction), and electrolyte disturbances (such as hypokalemia and hyperkalemia).
In a conventional 12-lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the surface of the chest. The overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured from twelve different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period of time (usually ten seconds). In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the heart's electrical depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac cycle.
There are three main components to an ECG: the P wave, which represents the depolarization of the atria; the QRS complex, which represents the depolarization of the ventricles; and the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
During each heartbeat, a healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization that starts with pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads throughout the atrium, passes through the atrioventricular node down into the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers, spreading down and to the left throughout the ventricles. This orderly pattern of depolarization gives rise to the characteristic ECG tracing. To the trained clinician, an ECG conveys a large amount of information about the structure of the heart and the function of its electrical conduction system. Among other things, an ECG can be used to measure the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and position of the heart chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart's muscle cells or conduction system, the effects of heart drugs, and the function of implanted pacemakers.
Perioperative monitoring in which any form of anesthesia is involved (e.g. monitored anesthesia care, general anesthesia). This includes preoperative asessment, intraoperative and postoperative monitoring.
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology in which a catheter is inserted through the femoral vein and can have several electrodes along its length to record the direction of electrical activity from within the heart.
ECGs can be recorded as short intermittent tracings or continuous ECG monitoring. Continuous monitoring is used for critically ill patients, patients undergoing general anesthesia, and patients who have an infrequently occurring cardiac arrhythmia that would unlikely be seen on a conventional ten-second ECG. Continuous monitoring can be conducted by using Holter monitors, internal and external defibrillators and pacemakers, and/or biotelemetry.
Evidence does not support the use of ECGs among those without symptoms or at low risk of cardiovascular disease as an effort for prevention. This is because an ECG may falsely indicate the existence of a problem, leading to misdiagnosis, the recommendation of invasive procedures, or overtreatment. However, persons employed in certain critical occupations, such as aircraft pilots, may be required to have an ECG as part of their routine health evaluations. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy screening may also be considered in adolescents as part of a sports physical out of concern for sudden cardiac death (varies by country).
Electrocardiographs are recorded by machines that consist of a set of electrodes connected to a central unit. Early ECG machines were constructed with analog electronics where the signal drove a motor to print out the signal onto paper. Today, electrocardiographs use analog-to-digital converters to convert the electrical activity of the heart to a digital signal. Many ECG machines are now portable and commonly include a screen, keyboard, and printer on a small wheeled cart. Recent advancements in electrocardiography include developing even smaller devices for inclusion in fitness trackers and smart watches. These smaller devices often rely on only two electrodes to deliver a single lead.
Defibrillation protection: any ECG used in healthcare may be attached to a person who requires defibrillation and the ECG needs to protect itself from this source of energy.
Electrostatic discharge is similar to defibrillation discharge and requires voltage protection up to 18,000 volts.
Additionally circuitry called the right leg driver can be used to reduce common-mode interference (typically the 50 or 60 Hz mains power).
ECG voltages measured across the body are very small. This low voltage necessitates a low noise circuit and instrumentation amplifiers.
Simultaneous lead recordings: Earlier designs recorded each lead sequentially, but current models record multiple leads simultaneously.
Most modern ECG machines include automated interpretation algorithms. This analysis calculates features such as the PR interval, QT interval, corrected QT (QTc) interval, PR axis, QRS axis, rhythm and more. The results from these automated algorithms are considered "preliminary" until verified and/or modified by expert interpretation. Despite recent advances, computer misinterpretation remains a significant problem and can result in clinical mismanagement.
Proper placement of the limb electrodes. The limb electrodes can be far down on the limbs or close to the hips/shoulders as long as they are placed symmetrically.
Electrodes are the actual conductive pads attached to the body surface. Any pair of electrodes can measure the electrical potential difference between the two corresponding locations of attachment. Such a pair forms a lead. However, "leads" can also be formed between a physical electrode and a virtual electrode, known as the Wilson's central terminal, whose potential is defined as the average potential measured by three limb electrodes that are attached to the right arm, the left arm, and the left foot, respectively.
Commonly, 10 electrodes attached to the body are used to form 12 ECG leads, with each lead measuring a specific electrical potential difference (as listed in the table below).
Leads are broken down into three types: limb; augmented limb; and precordial or chest. The 12-lead ECG has a total of three limb leads and three augmented limb leads arranged like spokes of a wheel in the coronal plane (vertical), and six precordial leads or chest leads that lie on the perpendicular transverse plane (horizontal).
In medical settings, the term leads is also sometimes used to refer to the electrodes themselves, although this is technically incorrect. This misuse of terminology can be the source of confusion.
The 10 electrodes in a 12-lead ECG are listed below.
RA On the right arm, avoiding thick muscle.
LA In the same location where RA was placed, but on the left arm.
LL In the same location where RL was placed, but on the left leg.
V1 In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the right of the sternum (breastbone).
V2 In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) just to the left of the sternum.
V3 Between leads V2 and V4.
V4 In the fifth intercostal space (between ribs 5 and 6) in the mid-clavicular line.
V5 Horizontally even with V4, in the left anterior axillary line.
V6 Horizontally even with V4 and V5 in the mid-axillary line.
Two types of electrodes in common use are a flat paper-thin sticker and a self-adhesive circular pad. The former are typically used in a single ECG recording while the latter are for continuous recordings as they stick longer. Each electrode consists of an electrically conductive electrolyte gel and a silver/silver chloride conductor. The gel typically contains potassium chloride – sometimes silver chloride as well – to permit electron conduction from the skin to the wire and to the electrocardiogram.
In a 12-lead ECG, all leads except the limb leads are unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6). The measurement of a voltage requires two contacts and so, electrically, the unipolar leads are measured from the common lead (negative) and the unipolar lead (positive). This averaging for the common lead and the abstract unipolar lead concept makes for a more challenging understanding and is complicated by sloppy usage of "lead" and "electrode".
Leads I, II and III are called the limb leads. The electrodes that form these signals are located on the limbs – one on each arm and one on the left leg. The limb leads form the points of what is known as Einthoven's triangle.
Leads aVR, aVL, and aVF are the augmented limb leads. They are derived from the same three electrodes as leads I, II, and III, but they use Goldberger's central terminal as their negative pole. Goldberger's central terminal is a combination of inputs from two limb electrodes, with a different combination for each augmented lead. It is referred to immediately below as "the negative pole".
Together with leads I, II, and III, augmented limb leads aVR, aVL, and aVF form the basis of the hexaxial reference system, which is used to calculate the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.
The precordial leads lie in the transverse (horizontal) plane, perpendicular to the other six leads. The six precordial electrodes act as the positive poles for the six corresponding precordial leads: (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 and V6). Wilson's central terminal is used as the negative pole.
Additional electrodes may rarely be placed to generate other leads for specific diagnostic purposes. Right-sided precordial leads may be used to better study pathology of the right ventricle or for dextrocardia (and are denoted with an R (e.g., V5R). Posterior leads (V7 to V9) may be used to demonstrate the presence of a posterior myocardial infarction. A Lewis lead (requiring an electrode at the right sternal border in the second intercostal space) can be used to study pathological rhythms arising in the right atrium.
An esophogeal lead can be inserted to a part of the esophagus where the distance to the posterior wall of the left atrium is only approximately 5–6 mm (remaining constant in people of different age and weight). An esophageal lead avails for a more accurate differentiation between certain cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial flutter, AV nodal reentrant tachycardia and orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. It can also evaluate the risk in people with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, as well as terminate supraventricular tachycardia caused by re-entry.
An intracardiac electrogram (ICEG) is essentially an ECG with some added intracardiac leads (that is, inside the heart). The standard ECG leads (external leads) are I, II, III, aVL, V1, and V6. Two to four intracardiac leads are added via cardiac catheterization. The word "electrogram" (EGM) without further specification usually means an intracardiac electrogram.
A standard 12-lead ECG report (an electrocardiograph) shows a 2.5 second tracing of each of the twelve leads. The tracings are most commonly arranged in a grid of four columns and three rows. the first column is the limb leads (I, II, and III), the second column is the augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, and aVF), and the last two columns are the precordial leads (V1 to V6). Additionally, a rhythm strip may be included as a fourth or fifth row.
The timing across the page is continuous and not tracings of the 12 leads for the same time period. In other words, if the output were traced by needles on paper, each row would switch which leads as the paper is pulled under the needle. For example, the top row would first trace lead I, then switch to lead aVR, then switch to V1, and then switch to V4 and so none of these four tracings of the leads are from the same time period as they are traced in sequence through time.
Each of the 12 ECG leads records the electrical activity of the heart from a different angle, and therefore align with different anatomical areas of the heart. Two leads that look at neighboring anatomical areas are said to be contiguous.
In addition, any two precordial leads next to one another are considered to be contiguous. For example, though V4 is an anterior lead and V5 is a lateral lead, they are contiguous because they are next to one another.
The study of the conduction system of the heart is called cardiac electrophysiology (EP). An EP study is performed via a right-sided cardiac catheterization: a wire with an electrode at its tip is inserted into the right heart chambers from a peripheral vein, and placed in various positions in close proximity to the conduction system so that the electrical activity of that system can be recorded.
Interpretation of the ECG is fundamentally about understanding the electrical conduction system of the heart. Normal conduction starts and propagates in a predictable pattern, and deviation from this pattern can be a normal variation or be pathological. An ECG does not equate with mechanical pumping activity of the heart, for example, pulseless electrical activity produces an ECG that should pump blood but no pulses are felt (and constitutes a medical emergency and CPR should be performed). Ventricular fibrillation produces an ECG but is too dysfunctional to produce a life-sustaining cardiac output. Certain rhythms are known to have good cardiac output and some are known to have bad cardiac output. Ultimately, an echocardiogram or other anatomical imaging modality is useful in assessing the mechanical function of the heart.
Like all medical tests, what constitutes "normal" is based on population studies. The heartrate range of between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm) is considered normal since data shows this to be the usual resting heart rate.
Thus, the overall direction of depolarization and repolarization produces a vector that produces positive or negative deflection on the ECG depending on which lead it points to. For example, depolarizing from right to left would produce a positive deflection in lead I because the two vectors point in the same direction. In contrast, that same depolarization would produce minimal deflection in V1 and V2 because the vectors are perpendicular and this phenomenon is called isoelectric.
Normal rhythm produces four entities – a P wave, a QRS complex, a T wave, and a U wave – that each have a fairly unique pattern.
The P wave represents atrial depolarization.
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization.
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
The U wave represents papillary muscle repolarization.
However, the U wave is not typically seen and its absence is generally ignored. Changes in the structure of the heart and its surroundings (including blood composition) change the patterns of these four entities.
A small box is 1 mm × 1 mm and represents 0.1 mV × 0.04 seconds.
A large box is 5 mm × 5 mm and represents 0.5 mV × 0.20 seconds.
The "large" box is represented by a heavier line weight than the small boxes.
Not all aspects of an ECG rely on precise recordings or having a known scaling of amplitude or time. For example, determining if the tracing is a sinus rhythm only requires feature recognition and matching, and not measurement of amplitudes or times (i.e., the scale of the grids are irrelevant). An example to the contrary, the voltage requirements of left ventricular hypertrophy require knowing the grid scale.
In a normal heart, the heart rate is the rate in which the sinoatrial node depolarizes as it is the source of depolarization of the heart. Heart rate, like other vital signs like blood pressure and respiratory rate, change with age. In adults, a normal heart rate is between 60 and 100 bpm (normocardic) where in children it is higher. A heart rate less than normal is called bradycardia (<60 in adults) and higher than normal is tachycardia (>100 in adults). A complication of this is when the atria and ventricles are not in synchrony and the "heart rate" must be specified as atrial or ventricular (e.g., the ventricular rate in ventricular fibrillation is 300–600 bpm, whereas the atrial rate can be normal [60–100] or faster [100–150]).
In normal resting hearts, the physiologic rhythm of the heart is normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Normal sinus rhythm produces the prototypical pattern of P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. Generally, deviation from normal sinus rhythm is considered a cardiac arrhythmia. Thus, the first question in interpreting an ECG is whether or not there is a sinus rhythm. A criterion for sinus rhythm is that P waves and QRS complexes appear 1-to-1, thus implying that the P wave causes the QRS complex.
Once sinus rhythm is established, or not, the second question is the rate. For a sinus rhythm this is either the rate of P waves or QRS complexes since they are 1-to-1. If the rate is too fast then it is sinus tachycardia and if it is too slow then it is sinus bradycardia.
Determination of rate and rhythm is necessary in order to make sense of further interpretation.
The heart has several axes, but the most common by far is the axis of the QRS complex (references to "the axis" imply the QRS axis). Each axis can be computationally determined to result in a number representing degrees of deviation from zero, or it can be categorized into a few types.
The QRS axis is the general direction of the ventricular depolarization wavefront (or mean electrical vector) in the frontal plane. It is often sufficient to classify the axis as one of three types: normal, left deviated, or right deviated. Population data shows that a normal QRS axis is from −30° to 105°, with 0° being along lead I and positive being inferior and negative being superior (best understood graphically as the hexaxial reference system). Beyond +105° is right axis deviation and beyond −30° is left axis deviation (the third quadrant of −90° to −180° is very rare and is an indeterminate axis). A shortcut for determining if the QRS axis is normal is if the QRS complex is mostly positive in lead I and lead II (or lead I and aVF if +90° is the upper limit of normal).
The normal QRS axis is generally down and to the left, following the anatomical orientation of the heart within the chest. An abnormal axis suggests a change in the physical shape and orientation of the heart or a defect in its conduction system that causes the ventricles to depolarize in an abnormal way.
The extent of a normal axis can be +90° or 105° depending on the source.
All of the waves on an ECG tracing and the intervals between them have a predictable time duration, a range of acceptable amplitudes (voltages), and a typical morphology. Any deviation from the normal tracing is potentially pathological and therefore of clinical significance.
For ease of measuring the amplitudes and intervals, an ECG is printed on graph paper at a standard scale: each 1 mm (one small box on the standard ECG paper) represents 40 milliseconds of time on the x-axis, and 0.1 millivolts on the y-axis.
J-point The J-point is the point at which the QRS complex finishes and the ST segment begins. The J-point may be elevated as a normal variant. The appearance of a separate J wave or Osborn wave at the J-point is pathognomonic of hypothermia or hypercalcemia.
ST segment The ST segment connects the QRS complex and the T wave; it represents the period when the ventricles are depolarized. It is usually isoelectric, but may be depressed or elevated with myocardial infarction or ischemia. ST depression can also be caused by LVH or digoxin. ST elevation can also be caused by pericarditis, Brugada syndrome, or can be a normal variant (J-point elevation).
U wave The U wave is hypothesized to be caused by the repolarization of the interventricular septum. It normally has a low amplitude, and even more often is completely absent. If the U wave is very prominent, suspect hypokalemia, hypercalcemia or hyperthyroidism.
Ischemia or non-ST elevation myocardial infarctions (non-STEMIs) may manifest as ST depression or inversion of T waves. It may also affect the high frequency band of the QRS.
ST elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) have different characteristic ECG findings based on the amount of time elapsed since the MI first occurred. The earliest sign is hyperacute T waves, peaked T waves due to local hyperkalemia in ischemic myocardium. This then progresses over a period of minutes to elevations of the ST segment by at least 1 mm. Over a period of hours, a pathologic Q wave may appear and the T wave will invert. Over a period of days the ST elevation will resolve. Pathologic Q waves generally will remain permanently.
The coronary artery that has been occluded can be identified in an STEMI based on the location of ST elevation. The left anterior descending (LAD) artery supplies the anterior wall of the heart, and therefore causes ST elevations in anterior leads (V1 and V2). The LCx supplies the lateral aspect of the heart and therefore causes ST elevations in lateral leads (I, aVL and V6). The right coronary artery (RCA) usually supplies the inferior aspect of the heart, and therefore causes ST elevations in inferior leads (II, III and aVF).
An ECG tracing is affected by patient motion. Some rhythmic motions (such as shivering or tremors) can create the illusion of cardiac arrhythmia. Artifacts are distorted signals caused by a secondary internal or external sources, such as muscle movement or interference from an electrical device.
Improper lead placement (for example, reversing two of the limb leads) has been estimated to occur in 0.4% to 4% of all ECG recordings, and has resulted in improper diagnosis and treatment including unnecessary use of thrombolytic therapy.
Numerous diagnoses and findings can be made based upon electrocardiography, and many are discussed above. Overall, the diagnoses are made based on the patterns. For example, an "irregularly irregular" QRS complex without P waves is the hallmark of atrial fibrillation; however, other findings can be present as well, such as a bundle branch block that alters the shape of the QRS complexes. ECGs can be interpreted in isolation but should be applied – like all diagnostic tests – in the context of the patient. For example, an observation of peaked T waves is not sufficient to diagnose hyperkalemia; such a diagnosis should be verified by measuring the blood potassium level. Conversely, a discovery of hyperkalemia should be followed by an ECG for manifestations such as peaked T waves, widened QRS complexes, and loss of P waves. The following is an organized list of possible ECG-based diagnoses.
The word is derived from the Greek electro, meaning related to electrical activity; kardia, meaning heart; and graph, meaning "to write".
In 1872, Alexander Muirhead is reported to have attached wires to the wrist of a patient with fever to obtain an electronic record of their heartbeat.
In 1887, Augustus Waller invented an ECG machine consisting of a Lippmann capillary electrometer fixed to a projector. The trace from the heartbeat was projected onto a photographic plate that was itself fixed to a toy train. This allowed a heartbeat to be recorded in real time.
In 1895, Willem Einthoven assigned the letters P, Q, R, S, and T to the deflections in the theoretical waveform he created using equations which corrected the actual waveform obtained by the capillary electrometer to compensate for the imprecision of that instrument. Using letters different from A, B, C, and D (the letters used for the capillary electrometer's waveform) facilitated comparison when the uncorrected and corrected lines were drawn on the same graph. Einthoven probably chose the initial letter P to follow the example set by Descartes in geometry. When a more precise waveform was obtained using the string galvanometer, which matched the corrected capillary electrometer waveform, he continued to use the letters P, Q, R, S, and T, and these letters are still in use today. Einthoven also described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders.
In 1897, the string galvonometer was invented by the French engineer Clément Ader.
In 1901, Einthoven, working in Leiden, the Netherlands, used the string galvanometer: the first practical ECG. This device was much more sensitive than both the capillary electrometer Waller used and the string galvanometer.
In 1924, Einthoven was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his pioneering work in developing the ECG.
By 1927, General Electric had developed a portable apparatus that could produce electrocardiograms without the use of the string galvanometer. This device instead combined amplifier tubes similar to those used in a radio with an internal lamp and a moving mirror that directed the tracing of the electric pulses onto film.
In 1937, Taro Takemi invented a new portable electrocardiograph machine.
Though the basic principles of that era are still in use today, many advances in electrocardiography have been made since 1937. Instrumentation has evolved from a cumbersome laboratory apparatus to compact electronic systems that often include computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram.
^ The version with '-K-', more commonly used in American English than in British English, is an early-20th-century loanword from the German acronym EKG for Elektrokardiogramm (electrocardiogram), which reflects that German physicians were pioneers in the field at the time. Today AMA style and – under its stylistic influence – most American medical publications use ECG instead of EKG. The German term Elektrokardiogramm as well as the English equivalent, electrocardiogram, consist of the New Latin/international scientific vocabulary elements elektro- (cognate electro-) and kardi- (cognate 'cardi-'), the latter from Greek kardia (heart). The '-K-' version is more often retained under circumstances where there may be verbal confusion between ECG and EEG (electroencephalography) due to similar pronunciation.
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^ Segura-Sampedro, Juan José; Parra-López, Loreto; Sampedro-Abascal, Consuelo; Muñoz-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos (2015). "Atrial flutter EKG can be useless without the proper electrophysiological basis". International Journal of Cardiology. 179: 68–69. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.076. PMID 25464416.
^ a b Takla, George; Petre, John H.; Doyle, D John; Horibe, Mayumi; Gopakumaran, Bala (2006). "The Problem of Artifacts in Patient Monitor Data During Surgery: A Clinical and Methodological Review". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 103 (5): 1196–204. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000247964.47706.5d. PMID 17056954.
^ Kligfield, Paul; Gettes, Leonard S.; Bailey, James J.; Childers, Rory; Deal, Barbara J.; Hancock, E. William; van Herpen, Gerard; Kors, Jan A.; Macfarlane, Peter (2007-03-13). "Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part I: The electrocardiogram and its technology: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology". Circulation. 115 (10): 1306–24. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180200. PMID 17322457.
^ "Minimizing ECG Artifact" (PDF). Physio-Control. Physio-Control, Inc., Redmond WA. 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ Jafary, Fahim H (2007). "The "incidental" episode of ventricular fibrillation: A case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 1: 72. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-1-72. PMC 2000884. PMID 17760955.
^ Mangalmurti, Sandeep; Seabury, Seth A.; Chandra, Amitabh; Lakdawalla, Darius; Oetgen, William J.; Jena, Anupam B. (2014). "Medical professional liability risk among US cardiologists". American Heart Journal. 167 (5): 690–96. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.02.007. PMC 4153384. PMID 24766979.
^ Chanarin, N., Caplin, J., & Peacock, A. (1990). "Pseudo reinfarction": a consequence of electrocardiogram lead transposition following myocardial infarction. Clinical Cardiology, 13(9), 668–69.
^ de Winter, Robert (6 Nov 2008). "A New ECG Sign of Proximal LAD Occlusion". NEJM. 359 (19): 2071–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc0804737. PMID 18987380.
^ Waller AD (1887). "A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart's beat". J Physiol. 8 (5): 229–34. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1887.sp000257. PMC 1485094. PMID 16991463.
^ a b c Hurst JW (3 November 1998). "Naming of the Waves in the ECG, With a Brief Account of Their Genesis". Circulation. 98 (18): 1937–42. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.98.18.1937. PMID 9799216.
^ Interwoven W (1901). "Un nouveau galvanometre". Arch Neerl Sc Ex Nat. 6: 625.
^ Rivera-Ruiz M, Cajavilca C, Varon J (29 September 1927). "Einthoven's String Galvanometer: The First Electrocardiograph". Texas Heart Institute Journal / from the Texas Heart Institute of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital. 35 (2): 174–78. PMC 2435435. PMID 18612490.
^ Cooper JK (1986). "Electrocardiography 100 years ago. Origins, pioneers, and contributors". N Engl J Med. 315 (7): 461–64. doi:10.1056/NEJM198608143150721. PMID 3526152.
^ "Dr. Taro Takemi". Takemi Program in International Health. 2012-08-27. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
^ Mark, Jonathan B. (1998). Atlas of cardiovascular monitoring. New York: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-08891-9.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ECG.
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2019-04-20T10:55:13Z
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiogram
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Are you new or old to racing?
You need a best RC Car to drive.
I have found top 10 best Remote Control Cars that you can buy. Its all depends on your budget, and some RC cars are costly while some are cheap.
Here you can go to the list if you want to see basic otherwise you can read buyer’s guide.
Here you can find the list of the best RC cars.
If you are an adult or a kid, you have to do something about driving RC car. When it comes to price most of the people want to buy the cheap RC car.
All the electric RC cars are available in the market. Some of them consist of a remote with a camera while some don’t have a camera with the remote.
These RC cars available for sale, I have added Amazon links for each product, you can buy RC cars from Amazon through the given links.
Some RC cars are fast which can be used as racing while some cars don’t have fast speed. You can choose any remote control car according to your demand.
Here I have explained the top RC cars that you can buy from the Amazon. Now I am going to tell about each item or product on by one. If you need to know the necessary things you can read our reviews on all the products.
Keep in your mind that we don’t sell any product, we just help you to choose the suitable product for you and save your money.
Exceed RC Electric Driftstar is an overall best RC car on our list.
It is also best for entertainment, and you can control it with a remote as it is considered as a full controllable RC car.
Exceed RC Electric DriftStar is best for the kids. It is available in many colors (green, red, blue & more).
A four-wheel drive system is included in this Remote Control car. On the other hand, we find the best and excellent front camber and toe-in setup.
The motor attached to this RC Car is known as RC 540 motor, and the motor is very powerful as we have a requirement. You can also go it with a long drive shaft.
Its high-performance front differentials increase its value and demand in the market.
According to our testing process, we found that Exceed RC Drift Star is overall best. So, it is a best RC Car that we can use.
On the other hand, there is an excellent exceed RC electric drift start model that is released with its new generation of 1/10 scale. For those who want both indoor and outdoor drifting, this model of RC car is best.
A powerful programmable 45amp brushless ESC and brushless motor are combined in this RC car, that’s why according to our team its a best RC car we found in the market. On the other hand, the four-wheel-drive system is also available in it.
Exceed RC Drift Star can be turned easily and quickly. These are some great features in it by which user can use it efficiently.
Its powerful motor increases its value. I will not waste your time you can go next without further ado.
Exceed RC Drift Star has many features with the advanced level of technology. It has a powerful motor known as RC 540 motor. Its high-performance front differentials are genuinely impressive for its users.
Its four-wheel drive system is thriving as if we compare with other RC Cars. Complete ball bearings are available for a smooth and an efficient drive.
A quick response RC car, users can get the response quickly & easily. The best feature is that you can go to it for a long drive or run time. You can easily control it with 2.4Ghz transmitter and receiver.
It comes with great rear/front camber and toe-in setup. The reliable and consistent power for high-performance drift driving comes from KV 3300 Brushless motor.
GMAXT S913 RC Truck is the runner-up best overall car on our list.
This RC car is well designed and very stylish. This is the runner-up best overall, it can become best overall in the future, but it needs some more features to come in the first number.
I don’t want to waste your time if you’re going to buy the RC car you can buy from Amazon (Links are given in the table added on headings).
Some of the best features in this RC car are that without any problem you can drive or control this brilliant car in the wet mud, grass, sand, and swampland.
When it comes to off-road cars we need to add this one to the list. In other words, I can say it the off-road-friendly RC car.
S913 has a high quality and high-power motor, and it can go as fast as you can run it, the maximum speed that we noticed is 38km/h.
A best RC car that you can drive off-road without any difficulty. Traxxas RC trucks and cars have a 2.4Ghz radio system. That’s why Traxxas has more value and demand if we compare to other.
On the other hand, its design is user-friendly, has a high transmitter and receiver that helps it to go fast.
The good thing is that S913 has waterproof features. If we review terrain patterns this truck can go fast on sand land, grass, flip and strong climbing and be turning.
With the latest technology, you can control this RC truck perfectly and easily.
The specifications of S913 are not brilliant but we can say OK, the radio system is working successfully and will take about 150-180 minutes to charge which is too long. Its play time is only 10-12 minutes, most users are not satisfied with its play time.
You can control it at the distance of 328ft/100m, which is short. Forward / Backward, Left / Right and crawling, these are some functions included in it.
The weight of the item is 3.9 pounds and the dimensions are 12.2 x 6.2 x 10.4 inches and the only 1 lithium ion battery is required for this.
Here now you can check its pros and cons.
Finally going to surprise you with the best off-road RC car. On the third number, Kingpow 2WD RC car comes with some great features.
An awesome off-road RC car that has a strong motor and many other features are also included in it. Shockproof system and 2.4Ghz radio system is available in it.
This RC car is suitable for different types of the places like grass, sand etc. Its battery is rechargeable and considered as a high power battery.
I am going to explain its features and review it.
According to our testing process, I can say that it is the best off-road RC car on the market.
As it has a strong motor that allows high speed and strong power. The maximum speed of this RC car is 25km/h.
Its 4 wheels independent suspension system is designed beautifully and increases its demand in the market.
A 2.4Ghz radio system is also included in it, the car can be forward, backward, turn left and turn right and can do drift.
The control system of this car is almost OK, you can control this RC car at the distance of 80 meters.
Now here I am going to explain its features or specifications.
I reviewed it in the above section, now here I am going to show its features that you can read now.
A best RC Car that is suitable for many roads, you can drive this car on grass, sand, gravel. On the other hand, it can climb 45 degrees slope easily without any issue.
700MAh battery is attached to it, the average battery charging time is 45 minutes and you can go about 10-15 minutes with its drive time.
The weight of this item is about 2.7 pounds.
This RC car comes from the Holy Stone and known as Holy Stone 2962A Lamborghini Veneno. The best RC car for kids, 6 years old or up children can use this.
Holy Stones released this RC car with the best features for kids. It has a cool style that attracts its users. Best surprise or gift for kids but there is one problem that not so good on carpet, but good on the road.
Its unique controller performs the best function, and the lumbar door button increases its value. Its battery is rechargeable that’s a good service for its users.
Lamborghini Veneno comes from Holy Stone. According to our testing process, the best RC car for kids. The best for 6 years or up children.
Some of its cool features are awesome like forwarding, Back, Left, Right etc. The light system, Absorber, and operating lever are also best for its users.
The gravity control system is strong that’s why most of the customers like this RC car.
Finally, I recommend you to buy this car for the kids.
I have also explained its features.
When it comes to its features, most of the customers are satisfied. The best gift for kids, you can gift this RC car to your son or grandson.
Its design is very stylish that increases its demand in the market. There are a lot of advanced features in it.
The speed of this car is best as it can go with the high-speed 20mph. There are two rechargeable batteries (3x’AA’ battery transmitter sold separately). The no. 1 Hobby RC car that you can buy.
The cons and pros have added below.
The cheap RC Truck on our list, Top Race RC Monster Truck comes with the best price and also the great features included in this RC truck.
If you have a low budget, you can buy this one from the market. It’s the best budget RC truck on the market.
You can buy this RC truck with just $30 or less, I have added a link, you can buy from Amazon through my link.
According to our testing process, Top Race RC Monster Truck is best on a low budget. It does not only available on a low budget but also has great features that attract its users.
When it comes to off-road trucks, we need to add this one to the list because it is also best for off-road.
The best RC car for kids that provide fun. One of the great features is that it is waterproofed and suitable for a drive in any type of terrain.
On the other hand, you can also make this car climb and crash according to your demand.
There are a lot of features of this RC truck. Its 4 wheel drive system is very strong as compared to others. You can drive it on grass, gravel, mud and on stones, everywhere you want because of its anti-skid tires.
Its featuring RC powerful motor allows you to drive it at a long distance. The off-road feature of this truck is awesome, as it can go at off-road.
The RC (Remote Control) rock crawler comes with 7 AA strong battery. And the transmitter 2.4Ghz also included in its features.
Traxxas Slash 2WD is a best and high-performance truck, which you can use as an off-road truck. On the other hand, you can also use it for racing purposes.
The seven-cell powerful battery also included in it, you can also attach more batteries to increase its timing.
Its tires are also designed beautifully, overall has a good design. Now let’s read our reviews and its features below.
According to our test process, Traxxas Slash 2WD is best for high budget, off-road and racing.
80% of customers are satisfied with this item, I hope it will be best for you if you will use it in racing.
Some people are not satisfied with its battery, you can attach one more high-power battery with it.
You need to also buy an AC Charger to use it in a better way. So, we recommend this for a high budget because most of the features are working better.
Its features are awesome and best according to the price.
A lot of features are included in this RC truck, that’s why its price is very high.
The components (used in this product) are very high-quality, the 2.4Ghz radio system is also best.
The best feature (according to our process) is that this truck is waterproofed. And the motor is almost good, but not excellent.
A DC charger is also included in it, but some customers are not satisfied with DC charger. A waterproof receiver box is also available with it.
Rustler XL-5 also comes from Traxxas (The company founded in 1986 in the USA, the headquarters are located in McKinney, Texas, USA). Rustler is the second best Rc Truck from Traxxas.
The Rustler is one of the best truck for the hobby. The first version of this RC truck was released over 20 years ago, and now it has a lot of versions.
We can also customize it and repair because there are several repairing and customizing options. We can easily repair and customize it.
According to our test process, Traxxas Slash 2WD is best for the hobby, high speed and racing.
Over 90% of customers are satisfied with this RC truck because its features and specs are working 100%.
You can enjoy it a long time as the other people are doing. Beginners can also use this because it’s easy to use. On the other hand, the performance is brilliant and handling is also good.
A best RC truck has always best features as we found in Traxxas Rustler. The speed can reach the maximum level up to 35mph and the waterproof feature is also included in it.
A 2.1GHz radio system is available in it, and you can use it anywhere as in water, mud, and snow. Traxxas has included 8.4V battery and a fast charger DC in it.
You can also control its speed with XL-5 Electronic, a pinion gear specially built in Traxxas Rustler XL-5.
Its high current connectors allow the battery to get the energy to a limit to work fine and perfect.
Redcat provides the best RC car that we can use for the racing purpose. The best for those, who want to find the stylish, and a good designed car. We can’t leave this RC car because of its style and racing features.
All the parts of this car have been attached carefully and have good style. That’s why its demand and value is very high in the market.
A lot of features we found in this RC car, it can give us the best output. The main features are explained below and we also reviewed it.
In our testing process, most of the customers are satisfied with this RC model. 117 people reviewed it on Amazon, 57% and fully satisfied while 12% are not satisfied.
Racing is the best feature for us, best for those who are looking for an RC racing car.
Some features are missing, but it can satisfy its users with just a few features like high speed, best for racing etc. We noticed its speed maximum of 35 to 40 mph.
On the other hand, it can run just for 35 to 40 minutes. So we recommend this for racing purpose.
There are no many features in this RC car, but the available features are awesome like high speed, and racing.
An electric brushless RC-540 motor is included in it. The transmission forward and reverse feature increases its demand and value.
A 2.4GHz radio system is also available here, charger and a battery also included in it.
If you will buy it on Amazon from our given link, you will get full battery information in detail and full documentation.
Holy Stone has released an awesome RC car for toddlers. You know there is a great fun for adults but not for toddlers, that’s why we found the best car for a toddler.
A lot of features are missing in this car like waterproof, off-road and many more but best for 18 months and up kids, children.
The best RC model for beginners with just a few features. So we can say it the best gift for toddlers.
According to our test process, the best RC car for toddlers. We highly recommend this RC car for children.
The best for those who are looking for a car for their kids. Only some features have included, not advanced features available.
1,026 customers reviewed this on Amazon, 76% of customers are fully satisfied while 5% are not satisfied with this RC car.
The weight of this item is 1.1 pound that is good. So, we recommend this car for toddlers.
As I said that there are no several features in this car but some features are available that increases its demand and value.
Radio music is available here and Honking sounds are also included in the features. We can’t forget Flashing Headlights.
The forward and reverse left options are awesome for kids. So let’s bring fun for your family and give a gift to your beloved child.
I hope you all the guys know the Ferrari car, here Ferrari car comes in the shape of a toy.
Ferrari is the official license model in the market, and you can see that the open doors of this car that increases its design and demand in the market.
Very stylish car and best for kids, You can read our review of it below and also its features.
We recommend this for kids because of a low budget. Ferrari is one of the most famous car in the world and now it comes in the form of a toy.
393 customers reviewed this car on Amazon, 66% of customers are fully satisfied while 14% of customers are not satisfied.
There are 4.0 out of 5 stars, it means Ferrari is the best product and you can buy this from Amazon via our given links.
Ferrari has not a lot of features, there are only a few features in Ferrari because it is specially built for kids.
Plastic is used in this car and officially licensed 50100 car. Radio control feature is available, you can control it with a remote.
It can forward, reverse, stop, left and right with a remote. Open doors increase its demand and value.
Before buying any RC car you should read the buyer’s guide to buy the best and professional RC car. There are a lot of things you need to know before finding an RC car for your beloved.
Here I have explained the best RC cars that you can buy from the market. I have given links to all the products, you can buy from these links on Amazon. I am going to explain about the best RC cars.
You need to understand that before finding or choosing an RC car, there is a great difference between a hobby car and a toy type car. So be careful in the case of choosing a Remote Control car.
In explanation, there are many things you need to think about before choosing or buying a car. Racing, hobby, toy are the main categories in remote control cars. Let me explain the categories of RC cars.
Drift: Drift cars are those which slip on the road and these car are best only for the road, it so difficult to drive these cars off-road.
Street: Streetcars are almost similar to the drift cars. These are those remote control cars that we can drive in the street.
Buggy: Buggy are those cars which can be used as racing cars and their shape is very different from other normal cars.
Trucks: In the RC cars we can also add RC trucks to the list because these are similar to RC cars and very famous.
Truggy: Truggy are similar to buggy, the difference is that truggy is for off-road and buggy is for on-road.
Here I have described three best RC cars for kids. The following three remote control cars you can buy for kids.
There are many best RC cars under 100 dollars, on the list, I have added some best RC cars under $100.
According to our list, the some best RC car brands are Exceed, GMaxt, Kingpow and Holy Stone. You can buy an RC car or truck from any of these brands because these are all trusted.
If you are looking for the best RC car for the money, you can go with Kingpow 2WD RC Truck. It depends on your money, if you have a high budget you can buy expensive one otherwise go with cheap.
If you need best RC cars under 200 dollars, you can go with Traxxas Rustler. The best choice for you to get the best remote control car under $200.
The best choice for you to get best RC car under 50 dollar is Top Race RC Monster Truck. It will be best under $50.
If you need the best RC car transmitter, first you need to understand your purpose behind this. For example, if you need a transmitter for racing, a hobby it will be different from others transmitters.
Holy Stone RC cartoon race car will be best RC car for 5 years old. This car is mainly built for toddlers, so it will a good choice to buy this one for a small child.
Traxxas SLASH is best for those who are looking for the best RC cars under 300 dollars. You can buy it on Amazon through our given link.
I have given all the Amazon links to each product in this post. If you want to buy any product from Amazon just visit our specific link to purchase.
We have created a special infographic for the top 10 RC cars. Here below you can see the list of best Remote Control cars.
Share this infographic with your friends and beloved to help his/her in choosing the best RC car.
This website is associated with Amazon Affiliate Program if you will buy any RC car or truck from our given links I will get a small commission from Amazon.
Sharing is Caring! I hope you liked my post, please share now it with your friends through Social Sharing buttons (Added on our website) or via the link. Please stay active on our website if you want to get more tech updates.
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2019-04-23T10:39:52Z
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https://techdrinking.com/best-rc-cars/
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Blog | Meals, Mass and Mystics | Cooking with a Catholic Twist!
Cooking with a Catholic Twist!
A little off my normal topics and I have been woefully absent on this site in quite some time, but here is a little something this busy mama has been working on.
Here it is! My kids Summer Passport! Summer is always a tricky time for routines, chores, and overall family happiness. I am trying this out this year to see if maybe it will help us all stay on track and survive the summer as a mostly happy family!
Summer blessings to all my fellow crazy mamas and daddies out there!
On Friday, April 7th, 180 women from across the Diocese of Green Bay gathered to share faith, food and fellowship as we reflected on the lives and witnesses of the women on Jesus’ journey to the Cross. It was a lovely evening and many of the women have asked for the recipes from the evening. The PDF is available here.
Years ago, I lived in Southern California when a restaurant called “The Cheesecake Factory” was on the rise. Don’t get me wrong, I have a love of all things cheesecake, but the meal that kept bringing me back was their Southern Fried Chicken Salad. They have long removed it from their menu (I won’t tell you how long so as to protect my delicate ego), but I’ve recreated the recipe for use in my own home. While I love all things decadent about this salad, it is easily adapted to a healthier version. This is a great recipe for the middle of summer when fresh market produce abounds.
The last time I ate this salad in the restaurant was on a trip back when I was in college. At that time, a very holy woman gave me some great advice. She said, “When you are in school, I pay. When you start working, we split the bill. When I retire, you pick up the tab.” It was a beautiful and graceful statement of community and generosity.
Mix all ingredients but chicken, romaine, nuts and dressing. Pour mixture over top of shredded lettuce. Top with chicken and pecans, then dressing.
Mix all ingredients together and let sit for 1 hour before serving.
This is a nostalgia post. This time of year always brings me back to my days in Southern California because fresh fruit is ALWAYS in season there and it’s ONLY in season here in Wisconsin during the luscious summer months. Peaches – glorious, beautiful, fresh peaches that fall away from their pits. Is there anything like them?
Peaches are my romantic food. I’m not sure where it started, but there is something so simple and sweet about a sliced peach. I can eat them halved, grilled, pureed, baked, doesn’t matter. However, my favorite way to eat fresh peaches is in my mother’s fresh peach pie. Sweet, nectar-y peaches drenched in a peach gelatin balanced by a silky, slightly tart sour cream topping.
At some point in my youthful, fancy-free days of high school, I started eating scrambled eggs and cheese with a slice of peach pie for breakfast. I would sit out on the back patio in the sunshine, surrounded by the intoxicating smell of my mom’s rose bushes and eat my breakfast. There was something so complementary and so simple about this combination. It became the breakfast I hoped my future spouse would eat with me and I dreamed of adding a mimosa! It seemed like an easy breakfast in bed. I only had one serious relationship before my husband, but I was sure to share this “dream” with any potential love interests.
The funny thing is, my husband has never eaten this meal with me! He would, I suppose, but he hasn’t. I’ve never served scrambled eggs and peach pie to him. I’m not even sure I’ve ever shared the specifics of that dream with him. I didn’t have to.
That is what happens when we are given real love. That is what happens when you marry the person God intends for you, at whatever stage of life you find yourself. Real life becomes your fairy tale and God gives you dreams that are so much bigger than your childhood romanticism.
I’ll never lose my dream of peach pie and scrambled eggs. It will always be pleasing to my stomach and delighting to my heart. But I will live my real-life fairy tale to the fullest, grateful for every second I get to spend co-creating my marriage and my life with my wonderful husband and my God.
I have been praying hard lately. I mean, prayer is always a part of my life, but I feel like my prayer time the last week has really distracted me from my daily work. I’m not sure I’m very comfortable with that, but considering I’m always feeling guilty that daily life is distracting me from God, I’ve decided to give into the “temptation” to pray too much.
I’ll tell you, it’s been powerful.
I haven’t slept in three nights. Well, maybe about three hours a night, but compared to my normal eight, that’s worth considering. In those dark hours, I have felt God calling me into prayer – a gentle but compelling ache for peace.
My prayers have been about brokenness – mine, others’, and the brokenness we witness on the cross. God, in his yet to be understood wisdom, gave me the gift of empathy. As such, my heart aches and bursts with those around me. Not just for them, but with them, all the time. It’s exhausting!
Lord, I so desperately want to heal all the brokenness I witness around me!
But I can’t. Damn it all, I can’t! I can’t fix the world. I can only love the world and try to lead it to the One who can fix all the brokenness.
God loved us into creation, perfect in His image.
Then Jesus, our Savior, takes all the brokenness our free-will creates, past, present and future – the sin, the hurt, the blame, the guilt, the regrets – and holds them to the Cross. He bears them on his shoulders in his own sinLESSness!
Like Jesus’ side or the shroud in the temple, this is the moment in our brokenness when we mere humans feel torn open. It’s painful. We learn that sin and heartbreak can make our hearts physically ache, sometimes all the way down to our fingertips and toes.
Yet, even as Jesus breathes his last, his loving, battered arms are outstretched to embrace us: to gather our broken hearts to him, to draw together the ragged edges of our wounds, to comfort us in our sorrow, our loss, our fear, and our confusion. Not only that, but his arms are open for those we’ve wounded and those have wounded us that we might all gather at his feet and cry for our broken world.
Jesus exits the tomb, brought back to life through the only Love that can heal brokenness. In the tomb where there was only darkness behind the stone, there is now light. Where there was death, there is now life. And for each of us, where there was brokenness, our wounds now bear the healing love of God.
And if we have any doubts left that God isn’t finished yet, the disciples gather in the upper room 40 days after Jesus’ resurrection. They have talked with him, touched his wounds, broken bread with him and still they are anxious, self-conscious, fearful. Sound familiar? We go to Mass, receive Jesus’ very body and blood, and hear his promises every Sunday and still, we are stressed, worried, and self-conscious.
I don’t have a unique food connection for this post. I suppose I could give you some recipe with a graham cracker crust or a lesson on the nourishing power of a seed, broken open, but this is so much more. This is the Spirit’s culmination of a week’s worth of prayer and sacrifice, which I couldn’t have planned if I tried.
I’ve included below a few links to resources on brokenness and healing that I have found helpful.
A letter written by a young woman to herself when she was experiencing the most painful broken heart of her life. It reminds us that even when we can’t speak, eat, sleep or pray, we can simply cling to Jesus. You have to sign up for her emails, but it’s well worth it and she doesn’t send many.
This song, sung by Chelsea Moon, is a reflective reminder that Jesus’ wounds already paid our ransom and healed our brokenness. ALL of it.
Last but not least, go forth with confidence that God will make you brave!
Age brings perspective. Sounds simple, doesn't it? The more time you have to look at, the more insight there is to glean.
And yet, we find ourselves discounting our age. We find ourselves discounting our appearances. We find ourselves looking for youth. I'll admit it – even though I've earned my tiger stripes and my laugh lines, I still try to find ways to disguise them. I was just telling a friend about how much I love sunny days because sunglasses are the best accessory for a busy mom – hides a myriad of sins and sleepless nights as well as making even the messiest hair look simply “beach-tousled! While I'm not ready to give up my favorite shades yet, it made me stop to think, who am I hiding from?
Certainly not my husband – he has seen it all and if I'm trying to attract his eyes and heart I'll actually put on makeup and a pretty smile.
Certainly not God – if we believe we can hide from God, we need only turn back to scripture. God knows all of the good, the bad and the ugly without us even having to admit it.
Certainly not other women – I mean, yes, I like to run the race and feel put together amongst my fellow moms and wives, but if I'm fair I know we've all been there. The temptation to act like we haven't been there or we have it all under control is there, but we aren't actually hiding it from anyone who has been in the trenches before.
Perhaps I'm hiding from myself.
How does tea fit into this little life lesson? Well, it's like this. A cup of tea is a place to find myself.
I was an avid coffee drinker. I adore coffee. I spent the last 15 years of my life surviving by its magical bean powers. The only way I don't drink coffee is black. Just the smell of coffee would boost my mood – still does.
I started weaning off of coffee during my pregnancies and while I was nursing. Weaning as in one cup a day. After my third was born I faced some serious issues with post-partum depression. As I though it was mostly life-circumstances and fatigue, we started by making life changes including cutting back on caffeine. Then I started getting migraines. Two in the span of as many weeks. The only change we could pinpoint was a new brand of organic coffee. Suffice it to say, that stopped my habit fast. I had a choice to make: go out and buy a new variety of coffee to get my fix or pull myself away from the crutch. I chose the latter.
By now, if you've read my posts, you know that I don't write them to challenge anyone's way of life. I do so to share a witness of how God has challenged me in hopes that it inspires others to seek the Spirit more fully in their own lives. The process of giving up coffee has moved my spirit in so many ways and I want to share them.
1. I share and teach on the importance of being free. God gave us free-will, but we are only free when we make choices that truly free us. Any choice can enslave us if we don't direct it towards God. For me, coffee kept me from having to face my morning demons and allowed me to ignore the messages my body was sending me to make changes that made me less exhausted. Giving coffee up made me more myself. It let me hear God more clearly.
2. In beating back my coffee addiction, I learned that I'm a lot stronger than I think I am. And when I'm not feeling strong, I need to fill myself with more God, not more caffeine.
3. I developed a tea habit. Now, some may say that I just replaced one habit with another, but for me, tea is a much healthier habit. First, not all my tea is caffeinated. And tea, by it's nature, is a much slower, more reflective process. I have to take time to brew and prepare my tea and in that time I have chosen to take time to reflect on myself. Who am I in that moment? Where is God present to me in that moment? Where have I forgotten God's immense providence? My cup of tea is where I find myself and center Jesus more fully in my heart.
A few years back a friend introduced me to Harrod's No. 42 Earl Grey from the famous department store in London. It has since become my tea staple as I haven't found an Earl Grey that compares. I have put my own spin on it with the following recipe. It is known to many as a London Fog Latte.
A generous splash of your favorite milk (dairy and I don't get along on account of my asthma so I stick with coconut milk!) If you have the ability to steam your milk for a bit of froth, it's even more decadent.
You can always pour this over ice or consider this recipe for a blended version!
And a bonus image: my sweet girl all dolled up for her first tea party! Pearls and curls…can't possibly love her more.
So long since I've posted here…what a shame! I've been busy in the kitchen, busy on the event circuit and oh so busy with family life! Stay tuned though because I have a whole line-up of wonderful posts coming!
Today I want to share with you a story about the power of poutine. Poutine is a Quebecquoise peasant food. Essentially it is potatoes and fresh cheese curds smothered with gravy. It is the perfect food for a hungry farmer (or a late night drinker) and it's been adopted by many pubs and restaurants around the world. Kevin and I first had poutine on our honeymoon in Quebec province. We were tucked away in the Laurentide mountains and stumbled upon a sports bar after a visit to the relics of St. Anne de Beaupre – what a treat that our first experience was an authentic one!
Today's poutine story however, started with one of many business trips Kevin took to Madison, WIsconsin. We learned very early in our marriage that if we were committed to being open to married and family life, we would have to get creative with our travel plans. I often accompany Kevin on his business trips in order to make best use of our time and resources and Madison is a common place for him to travel as a staff member in the University of Wisconsin system. On this particular trip, I did not accompany him because our kids were in school and I had other commitments to attend.
When we travel I am a bit of a rut-runner. I find something I like and I stick to it. So, when Kevin travels without me he like to “spelunk” as he calls it, or wander a bit more – he is much more adventurous than this introvert. On this particular trip he was gone for more than four days and had a great deal of time to explore. On one of his stops he discovered the Vladimir Poutine. Who can't resist such an awesome name? Immediately, he decided that he had to plan a trip when I could try it. Amazing, no?
That brings us to this weekend. My hubby coordinated a whirlwind overnight trip for him and me while he presented at a conference. We spent Sunday night in an old-fashioned walking date that ended, drum roll please…at HopCat for Vladimir Poutine!
Beer battered and broiled fries, topped with stout-braised onions, applewood-smoked bacon, scallions, cheese curds, potato and cheese pierogies, and smothered with sour cream stroganoff gravy. It will be a plate I will dream of. Complement that dish with a lovely blood orange kombucha ale with Citra hops from Ipsilanti, Mivhigan and my life was complete.
Friends, it doesn't take much. This simple dish drew me back to younger years, simpler years, when my hubby and I only had eyes and thoughts for each other. It wasn't fancy or expensive. It wasn't extra work. It was the thought and appreciation of the other. It was a pure willing of the good of another – it was agapic – love like only God can love.
That was the power of a simple plate of peasant poutine.
I promised the lovely women at my most recent event that would post the recipe for my rice pudding. I triple this recipe to make a large batch of rice pudding, but a single batch can be made in a small crockpot. No eggs, no condensed milk, just good, creamy loveliness for all members of the family any time of day.
Put the milk and cream in a small slow cooker with the sweetener, orange peel, cinnamon stick, and pinch of salt. Cook on low for 2-4 hours. Stir occasionally, increase frequency of stirring as the cooking time increases. Turn off the heat before the mixture gets thick as it will thicken as it cools.
Remove the cinnamon sticks and star anise from the rice and stir in the butter.
The rice pudding or arroz con leche can be served warm or cold. Garnish with ground cinnamon, berries, dulce de leche, chocolate shavings, etc.
Wondering about the next “Meals, Mass and Mystics” event and when you can purchase a signed copy of the cookbook? Excited to learn more about the Spanish mystics and have some lovely tapas? Here are the upcoming dates!
And don’t forget the 5th Annual Girlfriends in God event on December 12, 2015 “Joy in the Journey”!
For any of these great events, contact Maria Garcia (920) 272-8276 or [email protected] to register!
I dedicate this post to St. Gianna Beretta Molla, wife, mother, and doctor. St. Gianna is a modern-day saint, familiar with the challenges of modern life and she was a champion of the unborn to the point of sacrificing her own life. She once said, “Look at the mothers who truly love their children: how many sacrifices they make for them. They are ready for everything, even to give their own blood so that their babies grow up good, healthy and strong”.
St. Gianna was a mother of 4. There is no doubt in my mind that this woman knew the challenges of raising children and providing a happy, healthy home. That being said, she loved her children and honored their lives. She died one week after her fourth child was born because she refused to abort her child in order to be fully treated for uterine tumors. She agreed to surgery, but surgery wasn’t going to be enough to save her life. However, it was enough to protect the life of her unborn child.
How do we honor our children in daily life? Do we look at our beautiful gifts and see them as an opportunity to grow God’s kingdom? Do we see in them the potential for greater love, greater wisdom, and greater joy than what we ourselves experience?
I know that I miss this ever-present potential on a regular basis. It tends to get overlooked amidst the daily grind. However, one of the wonderful things about cooking and eating are their unifying power. Cooking and eating together bring us face to face with one another and gives us a common language to speak – flavors, colors, textures, likes, dislikes. These are keys to seeing the beauty and depth of our children’s souls.
There are a few easy ways to include your children in your everyday cooking endeavors safely and with minimal extra work or mess.
If you prepare a weekly menu, ask them to suggest a meal or dish.
Invite them to smell ingredients and dishes as they are being prepared.
Invite them to mix bowls of ingredients after you’ve already gotten the mixture going.
Invite them to taste individual ingredients – perhaps even consider letting them taste and make choices between two good options for ingredients like vegetables or herbs.
Ask for their help with finishing touches like herbs, cheese, and other garnishes.
Invite your child to pray the Our Father with you while washing your hands.
My daughter’s favorite thing to do in the kitchen is when I give her small ball of dough – cookie, bread, or pasta – that she can play with. I lose one serving and gain a very happy kid!
Jesus left us a meal because we remember the sights, smells, and tastes of food and we associate lessons and memories with them. As St. Gianna said, “Our body is a cenacle, a monstrance: through its crystal the world should see God”.
Even in the busy moments, let your children in. Keep your temple, your mind and your body, healthy so that they may see God through you.
The best foods, like the best people, have a little bit of spice!
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2019-04-19T22:30:29Z
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https://mealsandmystics.com/about/
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1. What is the difference between knowing Jesus and knowing about Jesus?
2. How do the distinctions between those two show themselves in practical, everyday Christian experience?
Comments are open. Thanks for your input.
A lot of people know about Jesus. They may have studied “religion” in college or in books. They can tell you almost everything that is wrong with “religion”, about the horrible things done in God’s name, and have a dozen reasons why they are “above” going to church. The knowledge of Jesus does not impact their lives at all except to make them smug and proud of their “knowledge”.
A few people know Jesus and it shows in their daily lives. They act in love, they pursue holiness (to be set apart from the bad influences of our culture), they touch the untouchable, love the unloveable, and give grace to everyone they meet. These people follow so close to Jesus that you can almost smell the dust of Gallilee as they walk by.
So to answer your questions, those who know Jesus have that knowledge impact their lives at all times. Those that know of Jesus see little impact.
We who know Jesus are commanded to love God with all of our hearts and love each other as ourselves. If we do those two things, we should become the most popular kids in school because everyone will know that if they come and sit down next to us they will receive a full measure of love and an overwhelming portion of grace.
I don’t know about you, but I want the people that follow those commands around me all the time because it is there I am going to find what our world is looking for.
Knowing Jesus is having personal interaction with him. To have conversation with and experience give and take with him. To walk with him as the disciples did in personal fellowship.
Knowing about him is to be versed in, and believing information about him (e.g. the virgin birth, sinless life, vicarious atonement, resurrection from the dead, his commands to witness and to love each other, etc.).
Knowing Jesus makes one more mystical and experiential in his or her faith. One who knows Jesus will report direct personal guidance and be less academic and mechanistic in his or her approach to the Bible and Christ. Knowing about Jesus, in the absence knowing him, will produce someone much more religiously oriented– more into duty, rites, rituals and doctrine, but doesn’t preclude heartfelt worship of him. Either modality may produce a person who helps the poor, seeks justice, is dedicated to church, or even moves in the miraculous. Which approach is better or more intended by Christ? I think Matthew 7:21-23 comes down on the side of the former.
To use an analogy from the every day life of my generation, and I know you’re not big on the social networks, but it’s the difference between knowing someone, and looking at their Facebook profile. Many people have a lot of “friends” and think they “know” a lot of people simply because they know information about them. They look at their pictures, they read their updates, they see who they’re talking to – they are Facebook stalkers. Many people approach Jesus and scripture like a Facebook profile – they’re interested to see what’s going on, and they even like talking about it and are “amazed at the teaching” – but when it comes to really communing with God and doing life with him – that territory is off limits. They want to know Jesus from a distance, where it’s safe, they know what’s going on, and are in control. They want to avoid the nitty gritty where everything is brought into the light and is on the table, intimacy happens, life change is demanded, and ultimately where real relationships and life are found.
Imagine a marriage where all you had was information about your wife, and no interaction/conversation/experiences with her. It’d just be weird!
The difference is revelation vs. theory, I know that when I began to get revelation knowledge my life changed and is continually changing from faith to faith and glory to glory. I react differently today and my heart is filled with compassion that I never had before. It is something that is difficult to share unless you have actually met the Living Word, Jesus. I like your explanation as it applies to marriage. For me to know my wife it takes effort to spend time getting to know her, it also takes trust on both of our sides to open up and not be afraid of rejection. I know that Jesus loves me even when I fall short and I know that he will not reject me so I am not afraid to get real with him for I know that he already knows all my heart even more than I know myself. So I can be completely honest with Him. For instance He has healed me of addiction to drugs. I know that until I completely trusted Him I was unable to change my life, and I know that it was his power that has transformed this “junky” into a new man. Praise you Lord for you have done for me what I was unable to do for myself until I truly began to “know” you and the power of your resurection.
Truly the Power of the “Gospel” is Good News to this soul.
I think the question itself is revealing.
At the core level the difference between knowing Jesus and knowing about Jesus is no different than the difference between knowing Dan Edelen and knowing about Dan Edelen.
Knowing someone implies a relationship. Knowing about them does not. The reason I think the question bugs me is because Christianity is all about the relationship with Jesus, not how much you know about Him.
You could put it this way.
To know about a person would be to read their biography in on a book or watch a documentary about them on TV. You might even correspond with them once or twice by mail, but even if you exchange pictures, they would probably not recognize you on the street or have much to say to you in person.
To really know a person is to spend time with them on a regular basis learning their likes and dislikes, the way they handle themselves in different situations, their verbal and nonverbal communication, and so on. You listen and respond to them, but they also listen to you and interact with things in your life. You can recognize their voice on the phone, pick them out in a crowd, mimic some of their habits, and so forth. Sometimes, due to spending so much time with the other person, you start to adopt their accent, their slang words, their hand motions, their favorite foods and drinks as ours, and the like. Some people may even start to say that you look and act like siblings. They are welcomed in your house even when it is a wreck and no matter if you are dressed in your grubbies because they can see past these nonessentials and still accept you as a friend.
Really knowing Jesus is like building a “best” friendship or adopting a new family member. The more time we spend interacting with Him the more He is reflected as an intricate part of our life. We invite Him to share in our daily activities. We start to consult Him before making decisions. We choose not to do anything that would offend or shame Him, so as not to damage that important close bond we’ve developed. We admire Him and look to Him as an example of how to live. And because we have walked alongside Him in true friendship and fellowship, we can with authenticity say that we know Him and know how he would act in most any given situation.
People who have only read the biography of Jesus may think they know Him, but it’s not that much different from reading the biography of George Washington. These people are those at the end of time who Jesus will reject because they knew Him not. They only correspond with Him in time of crisis — when they have no other place to turn. They can’t recognize His voice in a quiet room let alone a crowded one. They can only guess from what they’ve read in the bio how He might react in today’s culture.
It is only when we get past seeing Jesus as an historical or celebrity figure and invite Him into our life as a best friend that we can truly know who He is and reflect that in our life. But it takes effort to build such a strong relationship.
I was sitting in a Carl’s Jr. chewing on some deliciously unhealthy fries some years back when I overhead a conversation going on quietly next to me. An older man was sitting across the table from a younger man and was describing his life since he’s come to know God: How good it’s been, how he savors and appreciates and loves his family more, how ultimately satisfying and peaceful his life has become–and he didn’t fail to acknowledge that his life as a Christian remained an imperfect, but still joyful work. The young man was listening and describing his own “unreligious” upringing, how he and his sister had not been raised in the church or to be spiritual and I marveled how very much like the younger I once was and like the older man I’ve become. Knowing Christ is being transformed in the 2 Cor. 5:17-18 sense of becoming a truly new creation. I am my own best evidence of that: Of internally being radically transformed in terms of how I think, what I believe is right and wrong, what I accept into my mind and my life and the life of my children, my wife, and my household. Knowing Christ and being transparent toward Him makes those things and the content of how we choose to live – the grace we extend to our family, our friends, our business associates and co-workers – immeasurably important. Other than that – knowing about Christ – well, almost everyone knows about Christ. 80-85% of Americans claim to be Christians yet it’s clear very few actually know Christ. If that were even remotely true our cultural and social landscape would look very, very different than it does today.
“He made known his ways unto Moses, his acts unto the children of Israel” (Psalm 103:7 KJV).
I know a lot about the acts of Jesus. I do not know so much about His ways. For example, my legally blind friend needed staples and paper clips this morning. I have a surplus from what I bought years ago. I showed up at college, interrupted her professor at the beginning of class, gave her the goods with a nudge on her arm, left, and walked into my own class late.
1. I gave out of my abundance (Mark 12:42-44).
2. I was rude towards the professor, even though I sheepishly entered and apologetically exited the class, because I did not want to waste time waiting for another opportunity after class (1 Cor. 13:4-5).
3. I disobeyed the explicit ground rules of the college and my own professor by showing up late (Romans 13:1-5).
4. I complained, to myself, at least, about having to do this when I had so much else I had to do this morning, after having gotten only about four hours of sleep the night before (Philippians 2:14).
5. I am telling you about my act of charity (Matthew 6:1-2).
At best, I feel like the man whose friend knocked at his door, asking for three loaves of bread in the middle of the night (Luke 11:5-8). At worst, I feel like I went to this little trouble for my friend, yet I will get no reward in heaven for it, when I could have a reward in heaven, on top of being born again, if I really knew the ways of Jesus, if I really knew Jesus!, and walked in them and with Him.
Some Christians would be impressed that I can apply so much Scripture to this seemingly trivial situation. The Pharisees also had an impressive knowledge of Scripture. Some would brush aside my concerns as overanalysis, “their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another” (Romans 2:15 KJV), never mind that an excuse is neither license nor forgiveness with our God.
I could point out more ways in which I violated Scripture, by what I understand, with all of the implications attendant thereto, along with all ways in which I have learned that I should pursue reconciliation in this instance, if reconciliation is required – and that itself speaks but volumes of my ignorance! – but this should suffice for this thread.
So we see that it’s possible to know about Jesus but still not ‘own, embrace, and receive him as the true Messiah and Saviour of the world’, which is to say to truly know him.
This is because the knowing about Jesus from the inspired Word of God is a human endeavour. God has determined the boundaries and accorded us the capacity to learn about his Son for ourselves.
“But what about you? he asked. “Who do you say I am?
Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, a the Son of the living God.
Here, Peter came to know Jesus in the deepest and truest sense, only when God the Father opened his heart to this deeper truth. Now Peter not only knew about Jesus (he had that capacity from his study of the Scriptures and personal observance of Christ’s teachings and ministry). He also knew him through a personal faith which can only operate in a divinely-regenerated heart (which, by definition, we have no capacity whatever to achieve for ourselves–it is a gift of God).
There is different levels of knowing even Peter didn’t know Jesus in the revelation of knowing Him until it was revealed by our Father. For many years I thought I knew Jesus but I am beginning to see that my understanding is clouded. As I continue in this relationship with Jesus I am starting to see how little I really know him. The intimacy has begun and I long to spend my time with Him in moments, because when He overwhelms me with His Love I break down and can’t handle to much at a time. Maybe it is fear of complete death to self that causes me to back off when I am truly touching Him or He is touching me.
Knowing Jesus vs Knowing about Him is like knowing any other person. I know about a lot of people. There is a surface knowledge gained from others that is easily manipulated by anyone who comes along with another tidbit of gossip about that person.
Knowing someone, however, allows me the pleasure of sorting fact from fiction, gossip from reality. If I know someone, I have a glimpse of the inner workings of their soul: Why they believe as they do, why they act as they do. It’s knowledge that I have gained from that person, either from their telling me, or through my own observation.
Degrees of intimacy are nothing, though, next to the reason for that closeness. Why do I seek to know someone? What drives me to leave behind mere acquaintance and delve deeper? Because becoming intimate with someone requires that I give up something of myself as well.
Leave behind the pithy scriptural references and treat Jesus as the flesh and blood man that He is, and then question if you know Him, or just know about Him. I’m still working on it.
I remember that during the last presidential election campaign my mother-in-law, who lives down stairs in her own space, came running up stairs exclaiming that she’d just gotten a phone call from President Bush. Well, it turned out to be one of those recorded phone calls soliciting her vote.
I then began to wonder what would happen if Eva had called the White House to thank the President for his call. She wouldn’t get through because she really didn’t know the President. But, on the other hand, if Bubba from Texas had called to speak to his ol’ buddy George, he’d probably get through.
As another commenter said, it’s spending time together that fosters familiarity. It’s all about the “abiding that Jesus talks about in John 15 and other places too.
One more thing †“ Herod knew about Jesus, as did Pilot. They both were fascinated with this strange man or prophet or whatever. But if they had really known Him, things would have been a little different.
Perhaps an even more important question would be this: what does it mean to be known by Jesus? Been thinking a bit about Matthew 7:21-23 recently.
What practical difference does it make?
it’s the difference between knowing you you have a ‘free pass’ to heaven and enjoying His fellowship on the journey now.
it’s the difference between wanting to get your theology right and wanting to worship Him more than anything else.
it’s the difference between condemning others for our theological differences (Calvinist vs Arminian anyone?) and being glad we know the same saviour.
it’s the difference between trying to construct an explanation for our pain and crying in His arms.
it’s the difference between a philosophy and a life ..
‘ I ‘ can respect Him, or even make a room for Him in my heart, which I dress up nicely.
However, everyday ‘I ‘ live in the other secular rooms; just like the first heathen – but ‘I ‘ can jusitfy my ways, by pointing to my Sacred Room.
……and Abraham believed God and it was credited to him as righteousness…..
I’m always amazed at how often people don’t get that there is no “in” in that statement and what a difference that makes……..
To know Christ is to follow Christ- intent is the issue, I think.
or am I am I just a believer in Christ?
To know about Christ- this is merely believing in him.
I believe we can have many beliefs, even contradictory beliefs, at the same time- but you can only follow one thing at a time. Therein lies the difference- to forsake all and follow him, vs merely believing in what he said, or who he claimed to be.
but now I got solution.
may help me, Im a born again wish to work for the Lord.
One does not know without knowing about, but the latter is a subset of the former. And knowing Christ is not “knowing” in the mental way we normally think of it.
There is much I don’t “know about” my mother. But what I do “know about” her (from actual life experiences, and her recollections as well as those of others) helps me get a good grip of who she is and what she’s about, and it is the latter ‘knowledge’ that matters to me. It’s not really a ‘knowing’ in the same way I’d know a math equation, but a ‘trusting’ even where I don’t know, and even when I don’t have contact with her. It’s a different way to ‘add it up’.
I trust Jesus with my life, even though I have neither met nor seen Him, nor heard His actual voice or felt His physical touch. The Spirit speaks through Scripture about Him, and what the Spirit speaks is intimate, about a real person who makes it possible to relate with God and the Kingdom instead of being far away because of my sin and foolishness.
knowing Jesus is in my heart.
knowing about jesus, i have read about Jesus in a book.
It saddens me greatly to see Americans in the 21st century obsessing over God and Jesus and unable to comprehend where they fit in to the overall scheme of things with regard to religion and in particular Christianity. I was raised a Roman Catholic in Ireland (who wasn’t for the most part) and I am so thankful that I managed to wrestle myself free from the blinkered and narrow view of the world that I see in the above comments, the incessant guilt over every little decision made on a daily basis. There is no god, I realised this on my own and through using my human brain, we all think there is one because our parents told us, and their parents told them and so forth. Be free!
Galatians 4:8Formerly,when we did not know God we were slaves to those who by nature are not gods.
Galatians 5:7-8 You were running a good race.Who cut in on you and kept you from obeying the truth.That kind of pursuation does not come from the one who calls you.
John 15:7If you remain in me and my words remain in you,ask whatever you wish,and it will be given you.
This is totally baffling for an atheist such as myself. If you really “know” someone, you talk to them and they talk to you. In short, you communicate with that person. But when I ask Christians what Jesus actually says to them, they can never give me an answer. Do they hear a voice? Or see him appear before them? No. Does Jesus warn you of bad things that are about to happen? No. Or good things? No. Does he say interesting things? No. So this “knowing Jesus” is one-way traffic. Makes me think it’s all wishful thinking and their “friend” is not only invisible but also non-existent.
I would hope that Christians hear Jesus. Voice, “tap on the shoulder,” warnings, directions, guidance—it should all be there. If Christians don’t encounter Jesus and hear Him in any or all of those ways, then something is wrong.
A quick example from my own life. I was reading the newspaper at home around lunchtime, when the Lord told me to get up and go to the end of my driveway. Seemed like an odd request, but I obeyed. Right at that moment I arrived at the end of my driveway, a young mother with a baby had her car die just a few feet away from me. She had run out of gas. As the place the car died is blind and dangerous, she was in a precarious spot. I quickly helped her move the car out of the way of the worst section. In addition, I had recently filled the gas container I store in my garage, so it was full. She confessed to me that she had prayed to God when she realized the car was running out of gas. That was about the same time the Lord told me to go to the end of the driveway. I was able to fill up her car, pray for her, and help her on her way. Oh, and we had barely gotten her car out of the way when another car came zooming by (it’s 55 mph there), and it probably would have hit her full speed if we had not moved her car.
That’s the normal Christian life, John. At least it should be. Some people have a tendency to dismiss those kinds of communications, which is why they never experience them. Our rationalistic culture does that to people. Jesus encountered it too. When people took Him for granted and dismissed Him, He could do few miracles in their town, remarking on their astonishing lack of faith.
I hope that helps answer your question. Thanks for stopping by. Blessings.
For me knowing Jesus includes knowing about Him as He is revealed in His written Word. Then I need to apply what I know about Jesus in my actual personal walk with Him. Prayer is talking with God. It is taking personal time with Him and He with me! Jesus said: “Look! I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears My voice and opens the door, I will come in and eat with him and he with Me.” When we eat with a friend, we talk and we listen. We share with each other! This is what Jesus wants with you- a personal relationship- a personal walk with the Living God! We indeed learn about God and His Son Jesus in His written Word- the Bible, but we also need to walk with the “Living Word” Jesus. It has been said that you become like those you hang out with. If we hang out with the Lord on a daily basis, He will rub off on us- and we will become more like Him in our character. Romans 8:28-29 says something like: “God makes all things work together for the good to those who love God Who are called according to HIS PURPOSE” Then the verse continues to say that God’s purpose is to conform us to the image of His Son. By walking with God and not only reading about Him but applying what we learn about Him in our real daily walk with Him, we will get to know Him personally and become more like Him ourselves. The Bible continues to share that Jesus is the express image of His Father; so to become like Jesus is to be remade in the image of God as was intended in the beginning. As we become more like God, we do really know Him in a personal way. Psalm 63:3 reads: “Thy loving-kindness is better than life.” What I have experienced is that sometimes life in itself can be a bit disappointing, but the fact that in the midst of life’s disappointments I find the sweet fellowship with the Lord, makes what might be bitter into something that is sweet!
I shouldn’t reply to my own statements. But I also want to share that Jesus said: “And this is eternal life, that they may know You the only true God and Jesus Christ Whom You sent.” (John 17:3) Here we are told that eternal life is not only knowing about God but actually knowing Him for ourselves. As you can see I do consider it to be extremely important to know God’s written Word. I know that there are people who are in communication with spirits that pretend to be spirit guides for our benefit, but actually they are demonic spirits that deceive, that are things of the occult. The Bible warns us to beware of “doctrines of demons” and that Satan “transforms himself into an angel of light” to deceive. The only way to enter into a personal relationship with God is through the cross of Jesus Christ. This is first base, bending at the cross and asking for forgiveness for your sins. We all are sinners. But God “so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son…” The motivation for God giving us His Son was that “God so loved the world”; the word “so” adds emphasis to how much God loves us. But Jesus is a gentleman; He stands at the door and knocks: but it is up to us individually to open the door. The door handle is on the inside. So, if you want to know “the only true God, and Jesus Christ Whom [He] sent”, You need to invite Jesus in for yourself. Again Jesus said: “I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except by Me. (John 14:6) I know it sounds exclusive the Jesus is the only way; However anyone can enter if He enters by the gate. Jesus is that gate!
I have found Jesus to be closer to me when I was weak and new to my faith. I have followed Jesus for 38 years, but when I was 19 I became severely ill, suffered from severe depression and was tempted to take my life. At this time when I was all but eternally lost in hell, I became aware of a Presence and a lot of coincidences happening in my life. I finally came to God, not because someone talked me into being a believer, but because I was aware that it was God Himself Who was drawing me. Jesus said: “No one can come to me unless the Father draws him.” (John 6:44) I became aware that God was drawing me and I came! In Isaiah 57:15-18 God says that He dwells in the high and holy place and also with him who is of a contrite and humble spirit.” Somewhere in the Psalms God says that He draws near to the broken hearted and saves the crushed in spirit. So for me I got to know the Lord more personally than have most Christians simply because I was so broken hearted and crushed. I remember after some time I moved out into my own apartment and worked as a driver. I would take the bus home. One day as I got off the bus and was walking up to my apartment, I was a bit short on money and I asked the Lord to put 50 dollars in my mail box. When I opened up my mail box someone had put an envelope with 50 dollars in my mail box! Now a days I find myself sending 50 dollars to people I think are in need, and I don’t often have such obvious experiences of the Lord’s presence in my life. He usually works through providence but not always so out in the open and obvious. Back then I was just getting out on my own after being ill with depression and I was isolated. Here the Lord was simply encouraging me that He is with me and will never abandon me, because I needed it at that time, and I don’t mind at all if He does things like that more often. Later I had a dream to move to the mountains and I got up and lived in some remote areas of the mountains in California and supported myself mostly with service contracts with the Forest Service. I learned that Smokey the Bear is a real bear! People were pretty tough and treacherous up there. However, the Lord was working in my life to build character and conform me to the image of His Son, and He has always given me what I need. Five days ago I watched my Dad take his last breath. That is a hard thing I think for anyone to see. It’s times like this that I am so grateful for the faith I have in the living God and His Son Jesus Christ, and that I am indwelt by the Holy Spirit. In Christ I am “the salt of the earth” “the light of the world” “a child of God”. I have “a future and a hope…” But in myself I am a hopelessly lost sinner without a prayer. That’s what knowing Jesus has done in my own life, and He can do even greater things in yours!
The Lord knows what we need and he is in the business of ‘keeping us’ for himself. Life takes some turns that we don’t anticipate. I’m sorry that your dad is gone. My own parents died close together just after year 2000. I was with them when they both went.
You said in one of your comments here ‘It is taking personal time with Him and He with me!’ This statement ministered to me. When we spend this time with Him, he spends this same amount of time ‘with us’. That’s a marvelous thing to think about. Why do believers often use all or most of this time to petition for things they want? Doesn’t make sense to me. Pray to be in the presence of God. Wonderful!
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2019-04-21T02:15:28Z
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http://ceruleansanctum.com/2008/10/knowing-jesus-vs-knowing-about-jesus-a-question-for-readers.html
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Congrats to the University of Pittsburgh and Strength and Conditioning Coach Tim Beltz for winning the 2010 2K Sports Classic this past weekend at Madison Square Garden over the University of Texas 68-66.
Watch Tim discuss how he assesses and prepares his basketball team each year for the rigors of Big East play and how his strength programming has this team in the national spot light again.
Watch Tim's full presentation along with presentations from basketball's best strength coaches including Keith D'Amelio from the University of Stanford, Mike Curtis from the University of Virginia, Amanda Kimball from the University of Connecticut and many more by purchasing the 2010 BSMPG Basketball Conference Video.
BSMPG is proud to announce that Ray Eady, Basketball Strength and Conditioning Coach at the University of Wisconsin will join Brandon Ziegler and Brian McCormick at the BSMPG Basketball Specific Conference featuring Dr. Shirley Sahrmann as a keynote speaker next June 3rd and 4th, 2011.
Ray Eady is currently the strength and conditioning coach for the women’s basketball program at the University of Wisconsin. He has been the strength and conditioning coach for the Wisconsin basketball program since 2008. Previously, he was the head strength and conditioning coach for men’s and women’s basketball at the University of Akron in Akron, Ohio (2004 - 2008) and Northeastern University in Boston, MA (2003 - 2004).
Originally from Springfield, Massachusetts, Eady holds a Masters degree in Exercise Physiology from the University of Akron and is a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (NSCA – CSCS), a Performance Enhancement Specialist (NASM – PES), and a Club Coach with the United States Weightlifting Association. He is also a member of the Black Coaches Association (BCA).
A friend of mine and I were discussing the roles and responsibilities of athletic trainers the other day when he brought up a story about his time in graduate school. He recounted the days where a fellow staff member’s (a full-time Certified Athletic Trainer with a Master’s Degree no less) only job during the fall semester was to drive from practice to practice filling up water coolers and bottles.
No patient care. No injury evaluation. No Assessment. No Prevention Strategies.
I shared a very different story with him about water service.
I remember a few summers ago when I traveled with our Men’s Basketball Team to Canada to play the defending Canadian national champions (six National Championships in the last seven years) - University of Carleton. It was our first day on campus and we were preparing to practice when I noticed our hosts didn’t put out any water on the sideline for our team (Carleton was practicing down court and finishing up their practice time). I approached their athletic therapist asking if I could obtain a cooler of water and some cups for practice – a standard practice I would assume across both Canadian and American Colleges.
Just as the words dripped from my mouth I looked a bit closer at the Carleton area and saw about 20 various bottles ranging from gallon sized water containers to reused Gatorade bottles lining their bench. Each and every player had brought their own water to practice. From that moment forward my view on water changed forever.
That was the day I stopped catering.
I’m not saying water isn’t important. On the contrary. In fact, I think it’s so important that I encourage each and every student-athlete to carry a water bottle with them at all times. You can’t expect to just hydrate during practice can you? And if you can carry a water bottle with you all day – because that’s how important it is, then you can also bring it to practice can’t you?
I was actually scolded by a fellow athletic trainer when I brought up the idea of athletes bringing their own water to practice.
What extraordinary patient care are you not delivering because you are so busy delivering and catering water?
If the defending national champions in Canada can bring their own water to practice I think our student-athletes can fill up a bottle and bring some H2O to practice too.
It only takes one time that you forget and you’ll never leave that bottle at home again.
BSMPG is proud to announce that Brian McCormick, Founder of Youth Basketball Coaching Association and Performance Director, Train for Hoops will join Brandon Ziegler at the BSMPG Basketball Specific Conference featuring Dr. Shirley Sahrmann as a keynote speaker next June 3rd and 4th, 2011.
McCormick is a basketball coach, trainer and author. He coached the Visby Ladies in the Swedish Damligan (women's pro league) and UCD Marian in Ireland's Men's SuperLeague. He also has coached youth, AAU, and high school teams and assisted at the junior college and college levels in California. As a coach and clinician, he has traveled to Canada, China, Greece, Macedonia, Morocco, South Africa and Trinidad & Tobago to direct camps or speak at clinics.
McCormick is a certified strength coach through National Strength & Conditioning Association (CSCS), National Academy of Sports Medicine (PES) and USA Weightlifting (SPC).
As the Performance Director for Train for Hoops, McCormick wrote a year-round periodized general strength training and off-season skill development program for youth and high school players and maintains a blog that covers all areas of player development.
After publishing Cross Over: The New Model of Youth Basketball Development in 2006, he founded the Youth Basketball Coaching Association to create a certification and coach education curriculum for volunteer youth basketball coaches.
McCormick also transformed another of his nine books, Developing Basketball Intelligence, into a developmental league, Playmakers Basketball Development League, which operates in more than six states in 2010.
McCormick lives in Irvine where he works as a personal train at the U.C. Irvine Recreation Center, trains local high school basketball players and writes the free weekly Hard2Guard Player Development Newsletters. To subscribe, email [email protected] or follow Brian on twitter @brianmccormick.
The initial part of investing is tough.
Whether its withdrawing a thousand dollars from your checking account to be placed in a high interest bond you can’t touch for 4 years, or the time you spend filling out your salary withholdings for your 401K retirement plan. Putting “money in the bank” is tough.
It’s a whole lot easier to buy that extra pair of shoes you don’t need, or dine out at the restaurant down the street (again) instead of making dinner at home.
The same can be said at work.
Whether it’s investing time in a project to unify the language and exercise descriptions between the sports med and the strength staff, working with student-athlete welfare to design, manage and implement a comprehensive sports nutrition strategy or designing and tracking an injury assessment and prevention protocol for all athletes. Putting “money in the bank” is tough.
What makes investing so difficult is that the investor, rarely ever sees a tangible return on investment within any “reasonable” amount of time. That’s what makes investing in mutual funds so successful though. If you invest in them, they almost always pay off long term. The same can be said for your investments at work; your return on investment is rarely within site, even though you know it will pay off eventually.
Will you ever see the lack of arteriosclerosis that your nutrition plan and cooking classes had on your athletes? What about the injury you may or may not have prevented from your screening and intervention strategies?
The answer is you probably won’t. Your athletes and patients are only yours for four years. And like any good mutual fund, these investments take time to mature. But just because you can't see the end result next week doesn't mean you stop investing.
The only return you’ll see now is a smile and a thank you. But just like mutual funds, the investments you make at work today will always pay off in the future just as long as you keep putting money in the bank.
Check out Brian McCormick’s interview with Ray Eady, Strength and Conditioning Coach from University of Wisconsin. His interview can also be found on Brian’s Newsletter, “Hard2Guard Player Development Newsletter” a must read for all those that follow the game of basketball. Ray talks about training and evaluating the basketball athlete along with special considerations for the female athlete.
This week, I have an interview with Ray Eady, the strength and conditioning coach for the women’s basketball program at the University of Wisconsin. Previously, he was the head strength and conditioning coach for men’s and women’s basketball at the University of Akron and Northeastern University. Eady holds a Masters degree in Exercise Physiology form the University of Akron and is a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (NSCA – CSCS) and a Performance Enhancement Specialist (NASM – PES).
BM: What assessments or evaluations do you use with your players in the pre-season?
In addition to the screens, we will do the hop and stop test and the leap and stop test to assess a player’s ability to produce, absorb, and stop force on one leg.
We will also do some performance evaluations to measure leg power and strength. To measure power, we will do a series of vertical jump test.
We perform these jumps on a just-jump mat while the athletes are holding a dowel on the back of their shoulders (as if they were going to do a back squat). The goal is to eliminate the action of the arms to really determine leg power. I like performing these tests because they can help you determine if certain players need more strength work or more speed/elastic work.
For conditioning, we will do the standard 300 yard shuttle test which is a great test to measure anaerobic capacity. This year, I will test the players in the 150 yard shuttle because the energy system demands are bit different (anaerobic power).
Lastly, we will do body composition assessments to determine body fat and lean muscle tissue. I want our players to be at an optimal body weight for increased performance and to reduce the chances of injury.
I must say the most overrated test when evaluating basketball players has to be the bench press test. So many coaches put a premium on the results. I am not saying basketball players don’t need upper body pushing strength but the relevance it has on basketball performance is minimal. When the bench press can prevent a female player from tearing her ACL then I will put more emphasis on the test.
Let’s make it clear, performance evaluations will never truly tell you if a player will have some success on the court. It merely predicts future performance. All the strength and power in the world won't make you a successful athlete unless you're able to apply it in sport-specific contexts and integrate it with finer motor qualities.
I don’t try to re-invent the wheel when it comes to testing. I want to make my evaluations meaningful for my athletes and to make it applicable for what they will most likely be doing on the court.
BM: Do you have any good/different drills that you use with women’s players to teach proper landing and cutting techniques to prevent ACL injuries?
Eady: First, I don’t think we can ever prevent ACL injuries in female basketball players. We all know that female players are two to eight times more likely to sustain an ACL tear when compared to males. Anatomical and physiological characteristic such as pelvis width (Q-angle), femoral notch, poor glute and hamstring recruitment, and joint and ligament laxity during the menstrual cycle puts the female player at risk. However, we can reduce the rate of occurrences by having female players participate in a well designed and progressive strength training program that focuses on improving maximal strength development. The stronger females can become, the less likely they will get injured.
Second, strength is the foundation for improving movement efficiency, central nervous system efficiency, nervous system efficiency, neuromuscular control, balance, coordination, stability, deceleration, and reaction. All of these attributes are needed to reduce the rate of ACL injuries. With these non-contact injuries, poor lower body eccentric strength is usually at the root of the problem.
Also, many jump programs tend to emphasize landing with correct technique but don’t address the ability to get into a safe landing position. If a player lacks the ankle, hip and T-spine mobility (and once again, strength) to get into a safe landing position with just her body weight, how are they ever going to do it when the forces are higher? If you are going to address landing and cutting mechanics it is important that mobility and strength (most specifically isometric and eccentric strength) are addressed concurrently. The ability to decelerate, absorb and stop the forces a player creates on the court is the key.
With that being said, I am a fan of doing some yielding isometric (activation) work prior to our jump/landing drills. Yielding isometrics is great for re-enforcing how to control, absorb, and stop force production (which occurs when landing from a jump or changing directions). Studies have shown that a person can recruit 5% more motor-units/muscle fibers during a maximal isometric muscle action than during a maximal eccentric or maximal concentric action. This is great since we need our muscles to activate and fire eccentrically to decelerate force. Of course, isometric work is not dynamic in nature but it’s also great for teaching, assessing and correcting body positioning. After our isometric work we will follow up with some dynamic work.
Each position is held for approximately 10 seconds. Following the isometric holds, we will perform maximum effort squat jumps with sticks (sticking the landing and holding for 5 seconds without any movement). We do this set-up for the majority of our jump training/landing drills.
BM: Since girls/women tend to have poor hamstring strength compared to quad strength, what type of exercises (emphasis) do you do to correct imbalance or strengthen the weakness?
Eady: Of course, with most female basketball players, you will notice some lumbo-pelvis-hip postural distortion. This includes shortened and tight quads and hip flexors and lengthened and weak hamstrings and glutes. Therefore, our workouts always include some remedial and prehab work to correct these lower body imbalances. This will include soft tissue work, hip flexibility, glute activation, core stability and hip mobility.
Some coaches are opposed to isolation work for specific musculatures but I think they have their role in training, especially when doing remedial work. With that being said, we will do a variety of isolation work for the posterior hip (glute max), lateral hip (glue medius), and the anterior hip (psoas).
Within our strength training session, we will include more ground base posterior chain/hip extension exercises to re-enforce our remedial work. On the days we squat, we will include more unilateral post-chain work. On the days we do single leg work (i.e. split squats, lunge variations), we will do more bilateral post-chain work. My favorite exercise for posterior chain development and strength is actually the box squat. There has been some debate about the squat especially for athletes that participate in movement based team sports. However, I believe it’s a great exercise to strengthen the glutes and hamstrings and improve overall strength. Of course, I would only prescribe this exercise if a player is capable and able to perform it proficiently. Another favorite exercise is the one-leg squat to a bench or box. This is a great exercise to improve unilateral eccentric leg strength.
BM: Now that the season is over, how do you structure or periodize the players’ off-season? Do you use different training blocks emphasizing different things?
1. The number of returning players. Will we be a veteran or a rebuilding team?
2. What type of playing style will we execute offensively and defensively?
3. Are we a team that needs toughness? More team unity?
4. Are we skilled at all five positions? How many players do we have at each position?
5. How will certain players be utilized offensively and defensively?
6. Do some players need additional work (i.e. weight loss, weight gain, speed, etc.)?
Once these factors are identified, I can develop and implement a plan to meet our competitive needs.
I divide the training year into blocks (off-season I, off-season II, pre-season I, pre-season II, and in-season). Each block focusing on a specific physical quality. For example, off-season I is typically dedicated to teaching and re-educating the players on how to perform certain “technical” lifts, as well as improving posture, balance, coordination, movement, core stability, and GPP (work capacity). These are the physical qualities that are needed to successfully complete summer workouts.
Our main goal for off-season II is to improve sub-maximal and maximal strength which is extremely important. Strength is one of the catalysts for enhancing athleticism.
1. On-court activity is usually reduced during the summer. Players can give more energy and mind share to weight room activities.
During pre-season I our goal is to prepare for the start of official practice. The physical qualities that are highly emphasized are basketball specific movement/endurance, power, and strength. Our training tends to be more specialized to the demands of the sport.
The goal for pre-season II is to prepare for the beginning portion of our non-conference game schedule. At this point in time, on-court activity has increased dramatically. Weight training frequency and volume will decrease but when we train the focus is to maintain strength gains achieved during the off-season and pre-season I. We tend to do more therapeutic work during these sessions to facilitate the recovery process as well.
Finally, the goal for the in-season is to keep the players healthy and competitive. Like most strength coaches, I understand the importance of in-season strength training but I also understand that practice takes priority. You can’t put too much physical and mental stress on your players that they are unable to perform efficiently on the court. Eventually, you will have overtrained players and not so happy coaches.
Last chance to register at a discount for the conference!!
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2019-04-24T22:16:55Z
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http://www.bsmpg.com/blog/topic/female-strength-training
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Elissa worked in lower Manhattan on September 11, 2001. A lifelong New Yorker, she describes what it was like evacuating the city and how she eventually made it back home to Brooklyn later that evening. She also discusses how the attack affected the city and the people around her. She continues to work in lower Manhattan.
RH: Where are you from originally?
RH: Have you lived in New York most of your life?
RH: Do you remember when they were building the World Trade Center?
ED: Vaguely. Not too much. My dad actually used to have an office in the World Trade Center a bazillion years ago.
RH: Were you there very much before September 11th?
ED: No. Not much. A few times for meetings but not very much.
RH: Do you remember anything about the towers themselves while you were there?
ED: Just the way they looked. I do remember when they had the incident in the garage when the van blew up in the garage. I remember watching it on TV and how upsetting it was. I think there was a class of kindergarteners there that day. But just passing it and seeing it on the city line of New York.
RH: On the day of September 11th where were you working?
ED: I was working at 161 William Street. It was a little bit outside of South Street Seaport.
RH: When you woke up that morning, what was your morning like?
ED: You know, I think like so many people you noted what a clear, beautiful day it was. It was also my dad’s birthday, actually. But what a clear, beautiful day it was. Gee. What a shame. We have go to work. I went to the office and probably got to the office around eight thirty or so. My office was similar to this where I had windows along the side [motions around the office that we are sitting in] and the World Trade Center is probably was where the expressway is [points to the expressway about one hundred feet outside the window]. Maybe a little further. Want me to tell you what happened?
I went back to my office – my office was between the two of theirs – and I’m looking at stuff just saying it’s weird and I was getting ready to do stuff and I get a phone call and it’s someone that worked for me. He was on his way down from Westchester and he says to me, “I’m calling you because they made us get off the trains. They said a plane hit the World Trade Center.” So I got up and went by my office window to look at the towers and I said, “yes. That’s what they told me. I think I see smoke,” and as I’m looking at the towers talking to him, the second tower exploded. I didn’t see a plane hit it but I did see all of this. I said to him, “oh my God! Matt! There’s flames. Something’s happened now.” He said to me, “get the hell away from the window. Why are you by the window?” [laughs] So I close the window.
We all gathered in the office, those of us that were there. That was about a quarter to nine and there were still people that hadn’t yet come in. My boss was like, “OK. Let’s gather everybody and figure out what we’re going to do.” What ultimately happened is we had one person, the Director of Employment, who was on her way to work and she came in and she was very pale and crying. She said, “I saw people flying out the windows of the World Trade Center.” She said, “I saw bodies flying.” She was so in shock. And then we started putting on the radio and we started hearing everything that was going on so we decided everybody needs to evacuate the building. We were only on the fourth floor but let’s evacuate the building and everybody should meet at the Starbucks which maybe was a block away by Park Row.
Honest to God, what was horrifying is that you were walking down the street, there were tons of people, and all of sudden you heard what sounded like planes. It was like BOOM! It was very, very loud. I turned around and there were just masses of people like a stampede running towards us. I just grabbed her and pulled her between two parked cars and let them pass us by. Then we started walking when that was over, when everybody passed by, and went to the Manhattan Bridge. We walked across the bridge. By the time we got onto Brooklyn, we hailed a cab which was interesting because it was a Middle Eastern driver. That was really interesting. We were just covered in ash. It was just horrible.
And then we couldn’t go back to our offices because we weren’t that far from the site and the smell was disgusting down there. There was ash all over everything so we went temporarily to Hudson Street, to the offices on Hudson Street and stayed. And then periodically when they would allow vehicles we would maybe, once a week, go back down to our old office to take records out and stuff for about a month. All the phone lines were blown out. Everything was just a mess. And when we finally, about a month or so later, went back to our offices, we used to go to another client by – what the heck was the name of it? It was NYANA. It was not too far from here. We used to walk and when we had to walk to that client we had to pass the site. You just saw tons of wreckage. You saw the trucks pulling out pieces of the building. The stench was horrible. It was really awful. And it just went on and on. It never stopped.
People were just totally blown apart by the whole thing. They were really blown apart. So it was strange.
RH: As you were walking over the Manhattan Bridge, what was the atmosphere like? How did everybody feel?
RH: While you were walking across the bridge, did you look at Manhattan at all? Were you able to see?
ED: I really didn’t. I just focused on what was ahead of me. It was hard to see because there was just so much dust in the air. You couldn’t see that clearly so it was a little difficult.
RH: When were you able to communicate with your family?
ED: Not until, actually, I got home. I don’t recall communicating. It was interesting because my daughter was in grammar school. I do not agree with what they did. They called all the children into the auditorium and they put a TV on and let them watch which I thought was horrifying. Some of these kids subsequently did lose family in the towers.
My daughter went to a very small private school and they then called the family contact which was my mother and said, “if you want, you can come pick up the kids.” Of course my mother went and I remember when I got home, I went upstairs to my apartment – my mom was downstairs with my daughter – and my daughter heard I was home and she ran upstairs. I was in the bathroom trying to clean the ash off and she was banging on the door and she just started sobbing. She said, “I was so scared.” I felt so bad and I was like, “well, how did you know?” and she told me they put the TV on. I was like, “you’ve got to be kidding me.” They should have been shielding the kids from this and just said, “go home and let your parents explain this to you.” So I was really horrified.
It was very difficult. From what I understand there was no cell service. It was really difficult to get in touch with anybody. I remember my brother and sister-in-law worked in Midtown and then, later on in the day, as soon as you could communicate, people started looking for people. You know, where are you? Did you get out of the city? That kind of thing. I probably tried but I don’t think I really got through to anyone. So a lot of people were frantic waiting.
RH: In the week that followed, what happened?
ED: I was totally freaked out about the whole thing. I remember that the people that I worked for had offices throughout New York in three hundred and fifty different locations. They had an office on Jay Street in downtown Brooklyn. The first day after we were all just kind of out of it and then they started making phone calls saying, “you need to report to work and you can report to a different office.” They wanted me to go to Jay Street. They also had an office on Kings Highway in Brooklyn which was literally walking distance from my house and that’s where I wanted to go but they said, “no. You go to Jay Street.” And I was totally freaked. I did not want to get on a train. I was totally freaked and I said, “no.” I took a couple of days and worked as best I could from home and I just, honest to God, did not want to get back on a train. I did not even care. I was like, “I am not getting on a train. I don’t know what’s going on in the city. They still don’t know what’s going on. They still haven’t sorted all this out.” Eventually I did and I took a car service a little bit and then I went back onto the trains but I was a wreck.
What happened is that, with the trains, taking them was ridiculous. They were constantly rerouting them. You would be on a train and especially, God forbid you were stopped in a tunnel, everybody kind of freaked and looked at each other. Things that normally happened at the MTA that you never think about as a New Yorker, everything freaked you out. If I was getting on a train and I saw somebody that looked weird, I would not get on the train. I hate to say it but there were a lot of people that at that time I saw with Muslim headdresses and I would not get on the train because you don’t know.
And then people started talking. Especially when the weather got colder and people were wearing coats, a lot of people were saying, “you don’t know if someone is wearing a bomb under something.” So I was very freaked out about taking public transportation more than anything else. I didn’t want to be trapped in the subway system. The train that I took went into the Fulton Street station and that’s when there was like nine different lines going in there and the news kept saying if they’re looking, they’re looking to get as many people as possible at these big stations so that totally freaked me out.
RH: In the year that followed, did they eventually open the Manhattan office again?
ED: They opened the Manhattan office. I think it was a month or six weeks. They did. It was horrible down there. The lines were still not great but they did open it up and bring us back.
RH: How has New York changed since September 11th?
ED: You know, I think initially people got a wakeup call realizing you’re not omnipotent and things happen and things can happen here. I think people got very vigilant and very freaky. I think some people got a little bit over the top freaky. Other people started really paying attention to what was going on and if you see something, you’re more cautious. I think that lasted for a couple of years. In all honesty, I think we’re right back to where we were thinking that nothing is really going to happen again, that we can do anything we want in New York, and I think we didn’t sustain the lesson unfortunately and I don’t think we do, ever, about anything.
RH: Have you been to the memorial site and, if so, what do you think about it?
ED: I have not been to the memorial site. I watched the ceremonies but I have not been to the memorial site. Luckily I didn’t know anyone personally that was lost. I know a lot of people who did but myself personally, it didn’t touch that close to home. But I didn’t go there.
I remember talking to somebody and they kept saying to me, “you keep focusing on,” when I was freaking out, “you keep focusing on what happened and will it happen again and stuff.” And I remember for the first couple of years on September 11th I did not want to go to work because I was afraid they would do something on the anniversary. I always tried to take off that day. So for a few years I kind of was a little weird about it but then I was just like, “this is ridiculous. I have to go.” I remember this person saying to me, “what you never focused on is the people that did survive in the towers.” Right after you hear all the horrible stories and then you heard from people, “I had a cousin that was coming out of the train station and they see bodies.” You just heard this horror and it really continued to freak you out and I think that the media really played on that a lot too – not that it wasn’t horrible in and of itself. So I think that, unfortunately, we’re right back to where we were.
RH: Did it affect your daughter over the long term?
ED: Yes. It definitely did. Before that, I had worked in Brooklyn most of her life. I had just started that job in Manhattan, actually. I started the job in, I think, January I started there so she was having an adjustment issue with me being far from home because I had always worked fifteen minutes from the house and I used to go to school every day. So she was kind of in an adjustment.
But she wasn’t fearful. She used to hop trains with her friends much to my despair. [RH laughs] She had flown a few times on trips with me so she wasn’t fearful. After 9/11 she would not get on a plane again for years. She would not. She would absolutely not. Anywhere she wanted to go, if you had to fly it was a no-no. She stopped taking subways. She has not taken public transportation since 9/11. My daughter drives everywhere. It doesn’t matter where it is, she will not step onto a train. She’ll say, “it’s because people bother me, bla bla bla.” But I think 9/11 has a lot to do with it. And she did. She was very, very anxious and very insecure. She didn’t want to go into malls for a while. Unfortunately that didn’t last. So she definitely had a bit of a reaction to the whole thing.
RH: What was the reaction of your fellow New Yorkers?
I have a cousin who I am very, very close to who was in Canada when it happened and he couldn’t get a flight. He was stuck there. He was arguing and screaming to get on the first plane out and when I talked to him I was like, “I would probably stay in Canada for a month or I’d drive down!” I would never get back on a plane. He was like, “listen, what’s gonna happen is gonna happen. What are you gonna do?” He just got on a plane as soon as he could and I was like, “oh my God!” So I had a lot of people in my family who were like that. When you’re born my grandmother used to say that they write your name on the tablet. They write your death date and nothing changes that. I did see a lot of people that were very nervous about strangers and suspicious and uncomfortable in crowded situations as well. I think it did traumatize a lot of people.
RH: You talked a little bit about Giuliani. How do you feel about the response of the city government? How was their response?
ED: I think they were phenomenal. Aside from the total horror of this ever happening again, I think we would be in deep water without somebody. Giuliani is a megalomaniac and you could say a lot of things about him but I think that in a situation like this, that is what you need. You need somebody who is a power hungry crazy person to maintain that because two things stood out the most. Aside from the initial horror of what happened, two other things that always stood out and still stand out to me the most is, one, when I turned around and saw all of those people heading towards us in the mist. There was so much dust and you looked up into the sky and you couldn’t tell if that sound was a plane. What it really was was the stomping of all of the people running. That was very scary because I really felt like we were going to get stampeded.
So there was that and I was totally struck by a place like New York City, in such a horrible period and everybody freaked, how orderly and controlled the evacuation was. There were cops everywhere. In the streets there were barricades and I was like, “how the hell did he get all this together so fast?” I think he did a phenomenal, phenomenal job getting people safely out of the city, especially from the stampede. So many more people could have been so much more hurt just trying to evacuate the city. So say what you will about him, that always stood out in my mind and I think the government really responded phenomenally.
I do know that there were a lot of first responders that I know through people and what they’ve done and I know one or two personally and I think it’s been phenomenal the way they’ve responded. They just went nonstop, day and night, to the site and just kept going and going trying to help and I think it’s incredible what they did.
RH: Now that we are fourteen years out, in the grand scheme how has it affected your life?
ED: I think I probably was like everyone else thinking you live in the United States and you live in New York and, not that you’re omnipotent, but the United States protects you. No one touches the United States. I think I had a little bit of that arrogance which I don’t have now. I think in all honesty it makes me a little more fearful than I have been. I think it’s like anybody else. You hear about horrible things happening but it doesn’t happen to me and then it does. So I am cautious when I take transportation still. I won’t freak out. If I see a Middle Easterner I’m not going to run but, you know, I kind of still look around and I think that overall it has made me more aware and a little bit more fearful than I ever was.
ED: Not that I can think of. I mean, to me, parts of it are so surreal. I think that was it too when it was happening. It was just so surreal. It was like, “is this really happening?” I do remember right after when we had the blackout. We were in the city. Again, I was at the same office and my daughter was in with a couple of school friends and they were going to South Street Seaport. I was in my office and they had gone to leave to take the A Train actually and we had the blackout. I was horrified because everybody in the office thought it was another attack immediately because your cell phones went down. Everything went down so everybody thought that was it.
ED: There was such a feeling of death because it was all over. You saw the wreckage. It was all over the media and you’re right. There were pictures everywhere. The news, the buildings in Manhattan, the poles. Everywhere you looked. Everything around you was just so sad and bleak and it was a constant reminder of this horror. There was no escaping it. There really wasn’t. And then you started talking to people and everybody you knew, knew somebody that was lost. Even if you personally didn’t, everyone you knew. Even my daughter in school, several children lost aunts or uncles. My cousin lived with – what’s the name of that firm that lost all those people, the law firm? It’s blocking my brain.
RH: Oh! There were a few. Not Deloitte and Touche. One of them. We’ll have to look it up.
ED: The one in New Jersey, the one that had tons of people. She lived in the neighborhood and she kept saying, “my neighbors are dead. They’re dead. They’re gone.” Her husband’s an attorney but he was working in New Jersey. Oh! Fitzgerald Cantor.
ED: Everybody knew somebody. Everybody had a story and everything was so bleak. And in all honesty, I felt like the United States was so weak and I was angry. I’ll tell you why I was angry too. It was because I felt that it happened because we were arrogant. We allowed it to happen because we were so lax with everything. Someone was telling me, this person who was a first responder has a brother who is a Marshall and has been. I think, maybe the two of them are Marshalls now.
ED: Federal Marshalls. They may be Air Marshalls now. As a matter of fact, I saw on his facebook one of them got a medal for something. So he was saying that the first time, with the car bomb in the garage and when they caught the person who did it, his brother was one of the people that was taking him to the federal prison or wherever they were taking him. He said to the people around him and the Marshalls and the FBI, he said, “we’ll be back. We’re not done.” Everybody thought, “ha ha! We’re the USA. We foiled you. Pat yourself on the back.” And then when it all happened, I was angry because this country is so arrogant and thinks that nothing can touch it and it allowed this to happen and nobody checks anything.
Then you started hearing stories about this and that and who was suspicious and who was on a no-fly list and who was flying and I just thought, “wow. Our arrogance has just gotten all these people slaughtered.” I was really ticked off about it. But there was no escaping it. There was just no escaping it for a while. It was almost smothering. And it’s hard to deal with children. What do you tell children?
RH: The one thing I did notice that was interesting is that, for the first month or so, everybody treated everybody a little bit nicer.
RH: Sort of, for lack of a better word, the assholeness of New York just kind of lifted and everybody was just more cordial and much warmer. And also a little more sensitive because once everybody started to realize that a lot of different people had lost people in this, everybody was a little more understanding.
ED: Well you know what it is? It’s like anything else where people unite against a common enemy. I think that’s true. You’re right. People were nicer and more considerate. I think people realized the fragility of life because now it hit you here. And when you see all these countries and things on the news before that in the world you say, “oh my God. Thank God we’re in the United States.” Well you know what? Look at what just happened.
And as bad as the war is, and I think it is – there was a time several years ago when I was talking to this guy and we were saying something about bombing Afghanistan, and I said, “is there anything left to bomb in Afghanistan? You can’t be serious. We’re still bombing things?” I think it’s gone on, it’s beyond ridiculous. The war did what all wars do which is go too far but I have to say that, when we started, a lot of us including me were vindicated. We were like, “you don’t do that. You can’t come here and do this. As much as you didn’t want see people sacrificed – Americans sacrifice their life and go there – you almost said you have no choice but to respond to something like this. You can’t ever say somebody comes in and attacks the United States and goes, “oh. OK. We’ll try to forgive you,” or something.
So in the beginning it was like, “yes. Good. That’s it. This has to stop.” But then anything else it’s like [sighs]. I remember when they said about the innocent people but it’s like, “what about the innocent people that were slaughtered here?” It is a war and this started and this is a culture that is born on hatred and you have to consider that. But it just cost too many lives and I think it gets caught up, like any other war, in the politics of the war. Cooler heads do not prevail unfortunately. But people were nicer to each other for a while, for sure.
RH: I remember the first, I didn’t really realize it but I woke up one day and it might have even been February or March of the next year and I was thinking about September 11th. I was like, “every day for the last six months, the first thing I thought about when I woke up was September 11th.” Do you know what I mean?
And then I used to get upset because there were long lines when they were checking bags and stuff and people were complaining and I was like, “are you kidding me? I’d rather wait on line for an hour than get blown up in a subway.” This is ridiculous. And then it became the American came back – the spoiled American who has to be in a rush and do what they want. That became very annoying to me. But yeah, I think that everybody kind of held their breath when they watched the news because we were all just waiting for the next big thing. And people that knew people, because you talked so much about it, I talked with people that were involved with police or security or things like that, they would say, “you have no idea how many things have been uncovered and stopped. If you ever knew you would never get on another subway train.” Because there’s a lot of stuff going on. Again, you’ve got to be alert. The Red Alert, the this alert. So it was all a lot of anxiety. There was constant anxiety.
For a while there when I first moved to Staten Island, which I think was 2007, and I started taking the ferry. And every once in a while you still do see it. You’ll see the National Guard and the Coast Guard and they’re walking around but you see them walking in combat gear and machine guns. I used to always say to myself, “oh God. Do we have another threat?” Because you don’t normally see them like that or they bring the bomb-sniffing dogs in the terminal and it’s like, “oh God.” That used to make me a little nervous. If they put a bomb in the ferry, what are you going to do? Because then you get crazy. I didn’t want to take a bridge. You start to get to the point where you can’t live like that. I think there was just, for years, tons of anxiety around it and people did. You woke up and thought about it each morning. You really did. And then the memorials every year. It’s just so sad, you know? I always think about the kids that were born afterwards that never had their parent and never knew their parent. It’s really horrible but people are still going about their business and there’s really nothing else you can do.
RH: That is a nice note to leave it on.
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2019-04-20T14:24:41Z
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http://www.gwotoralhistory.com/elissa-disanti/
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Margaret Kobia, PhD is the Chairperson of the Public Service Commission (PSC) of Kenya. She is also an Associate Professor of Management. Prof. Kobia holds a PhD in Human Resource Education from University of Illinois, MED from Kenyatta University and B.ED. from University of Nairobi. Prof. Kobia has taught Management, Entrepreneurship and Research Methods at university level. Her research interests include Public Sector Reforms and Performance Management Training. Prof. Kobia is the editor of the African Journal of Public Administration and Management. Her Head of State Commendations and Awards include: Order of Grand Warrior (OGW), First Class Order of Chief of the Burning Spear (CBS) and Commonwealth Gordon Draper Award 2010. Before joining the Public Service Commission, she was the Director General, Kenya School of Government (2006-2013). Prof. Kobia also sits on several Public Sector Management Boards.
Public service transformation, also referred to as New Public Management (NPM), can be generally defined as a transformation of government services towards more market-based and private sector models of management (Hood 1991; Berg 2006). The main goal of the public service transformation is to transfer private sector management practices and the introduction of market forces to the establishment of democratic principles within the state machinery in its broadest sense (Hughes, 1998:2). It is hoped that countries that undergo public transformation improve their service delivery mechanisms to be efficient and effective as they pursue the ideal of a better future for the nation state. Kettl (1997; 2005) contends that most countries underscore the NPM principles in their public transformation agenda. Countries, however, differ in the modality of implementation of public service transformation and the process has varied from country to country. While most of the efforts have been on enhancing capacity through establishing new policy documents, the ultimate process has been the review of country constitutions so as to create new frameworks for the operation of the public service. In this paper, we focus on this new trend; legislative reform through constitutional review as a tool for transformation in the public service.
The constitution is the supreme law in a country that guides how sovereign power is utilized for the greater common good of the people. As such, the constitution establishes the form of governance a country wishes to apply. Of importance is that the constitution provides for how power over public affairs will be accessed and applied in decision making, implementation and review. A key actor in the application of sovereign power as expressed in the provision of public goods and services is the institution of public service. Its performance has a direct impact on the livelihoods of the people. In fact, the public service is always a reflection of the government of the day. It is for this reason that countries across the world have made considerable efforts and investments to improve the workings of their public services.
The constitution provides the parameters within which the public service will operate and in particular establishes the core principles to be applied in all operations of government. Constitution reviews, in a number of countries over the past three decades, have thus focused on creating these new frameworks. This is especially where there has been need to ensure that public service operates in a way that respects and upholds the rights of all persons and also focuses on marginalized and minorities that have hitherto not benefited from the full access of public goods and services. This has been necessitated by the rights-based approach to public service and the growing demand for equality by all persons.
For over 46 years since independence, Kenya pursued a highly centralized governance system that saw power consolidated in the executive arm of the government. The Constitution of Kenya (CoK) was promulgated on 27th August 2010 with the aim of eradicating the ills that had been associated with a centralised government. Centralized power in Kenya had led to the capture of the state by a few political elites. The move to decentralization in the Constitution thus aimed to re-introduce democratization of public service delivery through greater public involvement. This became a major driving force for the establishment of a devolved system of government in Kenya. The devolution of power and authority was meant to facilitate the decentralization of the service provision frontier to within close proximity to the citizens and create channels of greater accountability in the utilization of public resources. Simultaneously, devolution also aimed at locating the decision making process nearer to the point of service delivery. The Public Service Transformation Agenda in Kenya’s Constitution.
To establish the public service transformation agenda as a core aspect of constitutional review, it is imperative to briefly review the provisions of the Constitution of Kenya as promulgated in 2010. The Constitution places the sovereign power on the people of Kenya who delegate the same to government at the national and county levels (Art.1). This power is to be applied in a way that ensures that persons in all parts of the Republic have equal access to public goods and services. Every actor within the government is required to uphold certain national values and principles of governance (Art. 10). These are “(a) patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people; human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized; good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability; and (d) sustainable development” (Republic of Kenya, 2010).
The Bill of Rights in Chapter 4 of the constitution outlines the rights of citizens and mandates the government to ensure those rights are actualized. The bill of rights provides in the broadest yet specific detail what the public goods and services are. It is “an integral part of Kenya’s democratic state and is the framework for social, economic and cultural policies”. The state and every state organ have “a fundamental duty to observe, respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights and fundamental freedoms in the Bill of Rights” (Art. 21.1). Having given mandate to the state, the courts, on the other hand, are given the responsibility to enforce the bill of rights. The bill of rights, particularly in Articles 26-57, provides the specific rights and fundamental freedoms. This then creates the deliverables expected from government and hence the public service.
It is on this pedestal that the rest of the constitution provides how the state shall deliver its services. Chapter five provides for how to manage the key resource of land and environment. Chapter six provides for leadership and integrity in the management of the state. Chapter seven provides for representation of the people while chapter eight creates the legislature. These two chapters, seven and eight, provide for the voice of the people to be incorporated in all decisions of the state. Chapter Nine provides for the executive which is the institution with the mandate to implement public policies. Specifically, it is under this arm of government that the public service operates. Chapter ten provides for the Judiciary, which is given the power to arbitrate where disputes arise as well as interpreting the law. Chapter eleven creates institutions of devolved government. It outlines the objects, principles and structure of the county governments. Chapter twelve provides for public finance management as a core facilitator of public service.
Chapter thirteen is specifically on public service. It is worth noting that the public service is placed after all other frameworks have been established. This ensures that their deliverables are clear and their operating framework established. It is in this chapter where the public service transformation agenda is articulated. This Chapter sets the principles of the public service (Art. 232); establishes the Public Service Commission (Art. 233- 234); provides for county public service (Art. 235); protection of public officers (Art. 236); and establishment of the Teachers Service Commission (Art. 237). While these provisions may appear obvious, they are a critical tenet of public service transformation. To start with, while building on the provision of national values and principles of governance (Art. 10), the Constitution provides for the values and principles of Public Service. These create the higher ground that public servants are required to walk in carrying out the functions of their offices. The values and principles shown in Box 1 apply to state organs at National and County Levels and create a most fundamental shift in operations of the public service in Kenya.
The implementation of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 has meant that greater focus is placed on the public service in its broadest sense including the police service. The next sections focus on the successes from what has been done towards the implementation of the Constitution and the implications for public service.
Soon after the Constitution was promulgated, several pieces of legislation were passed in the National Assembly to give effect the legal framework for devolution. Key among these were legislations such as the County Governments Act 2012, the Commission on Revenue Allocation Act 2011, the Intergovernmental Relations Act 2012 and the Transition to Devolved Government Act 2012.
Public Service Commission: Unlike in the past where the Public Service Commission (PSC) was based on an Act of Parliament, it is now established firmly in the Constitution with its mandates and composition clearly stated. This ensures that it can operate independently and hence objectivity in its work.
County Public Service Boards: The County Public Service Boards have a mandate similar to that of the Public Service Commission, but are limited to the respective Counties. To achieve the objects of devolution, the Counties, through their Boards, must adopt strategic human resource initiatives. One of the objects of devolution is to promote the democratic and accountable exercise of power.
accordance with the values and principles of public service set out in Articles 10 and 159 of the Constitution.
Public Appointments Act: This is an Act of Parliament meant to provide for procedures for parliamentary approval of constitutional and statutory. The Act offers the criteria for vetting of nominees for appointment into public office and standardizes the vetting procedure. Vetting of senior public officials in the public service is a totally new idea introduced by the new Constitution and has divided opinion in the public domain (Ndemo, 2014).
The 2010 Constitution has redesigned Kenya’s governance structures radically with clearguidelines especially on the cabinet and its size through Article 152 (1) (d). Previously, the determination of the size of the cabinet and who is appointed to it were the prerogative of the president who could appoint any number of cabinet ministers. Under the previously constitution, cabinet members had to be either an elected or nominated MP, thus allowing the president perks and powers of patronage, and seriously eroded the principle of checks and balances between the organs of government. Under the previous coalition government in Kenya, for example, almost half the members of the legislative arm were part of the executive, either as ministers or assistant ministers and this bloated cabinet was better known for its wastefulness, turf wars and duplication of roles and responsibilities than for service delivery. This has now changed under the 2010 Constitution. Firstly, the title of cabinet members has been changed from that of “minister” to cabinet secretary, while the positions of assistant ministers have been abolished entirely. Secondly, under Article 152 (3), no sitting member of the legislature will be allowed to serve as a cabinet secretary, to ensure that parliament’s oversight role over the executive is not compromised. Thirdly, the size of the cabinet has been restricted to between 14 and 22 persons with a requirement that the president’s cabinet nominees be subjected to parliamentary approval. In addition, parliamentary oversight over the executive has been enhanced by granting MPs the authority to demand the dismissal of a non-performing cabinet secretary. Through these actions, the 2010 Constitution envisioned service delivery and efficiency in a leaner government, which has had direct consequences on government structures (Waiguru, 2013).
The implementation process of the 2010 constitution is facing numerous challenges with issues emerging almost on a daily basis. However, most of the challenges Kenya is facing cannot not be deemed as totally unexpected particularly since Kenya’s devolution agenda has been rapid and has been termed as “big bang” devolution.
The new government of Kenya elected in March 2013 committed itself to rapid transfer of devolved functions to the counties. This position, marked by an allocation of funding to counties, signalled a hastened pace of devolution compared to the earlier envisaged phased transfer of functions over a three-year period which was contingent on whether countieswere deemed to have the necessary capacity to take charge of a function.
One great challenge has been the relationship between theNational and County governments. Despite the national government transferring all functions to the county governments, there continues to be antagonism between the national and county governments with the county governments accusing the national government of frustrating county governments. Without an effective focal point, coordination between the three arms of government has been another challenge.
Owing to longstanding governance structures and public service practices propped by the previous Constitution, many individuals, both in government and amongst the citizenry, continue to hold a conservative mind-set towards reform. Some administrative regulations are still undergoing review and their existence consigns the respective implementers to an old order of doing things. It is anticipated that an objective and intensive capacity development for public officers on the Constitution will help infuse the right attitude towards the reforms.
The public service in Kenya has been characterized by institutionalised corruption, low productivity inefficiency, lack of transparency and accountability. A culture of low accountability especially in the misappropriation of public funds has been endemic in Kenya’s public service. Unfortunately, early signs from the County governments show that this culture has now been decentralized.
Certain political utterances and actions have presented challenges to the implementation process.It may be presented in the form of disrespect for, or lack of recognition of constitutional institutions, such as Courts or independent Commissions. This probably arises from focus by politicians on short-term political gains rather than ignorance of the law.
Another challenge has been the new counties and especially on management of devolved resources in raising revenue and use of allocated resources. County governments are legally mandated to provide services and the questions now arising are on the cost of providing these services. For example, Kitonga (2014) points out that the wage bill debate has conveniently been linked with the Constitution in a way to suggest that the ‘cost burden’ associated with county governments is the source of Kenya’s economic problems without giving the full implementation of devolution an opportunity. Similarly, Gaitho (2014) contends that the nature and packaging of the wage bill debate might pose a big challenge to the implementation of the Constitution and especially on devolution, which can be considered the centrepiece of the [new] constitution.
A majority of Kenyans display insufficient knowledge of the Constitution. Provisions of the Constitution of Kenya are not well understood and Kenyans are yet to internalize the Constitution. These calls for targeted civic education to ensure that public officers, the private sector and other non-state actors and individuals are well educated on the Constitution and their respective roles in uphold its supremacy.
The success of devolution in Kenya today can also be deemed to have provoked new legal challenges. Kenya has seen increased participation from citizen in matters of policymaking and governance. However, in as much as Kenyans have become participatory in the processes, a steady rise in litigation by civil societies against government has seen some slowdown in their service to the public owing to pending court cases.
The Constitution was meant to herald a re-orientation and restructuring of the Kenyan state and society and offer a departure on how things work especially in the public service. This is especially what devolution was all about; to promote social and economic development and better service delivery throughout Kenya. A clear positive shift has occurred in the public service as a direct consequence of the Constitution but more can be done and there are challenges to be overcome as yet which is what the country’s leadership and the people should strive toward.
Phased Devolution: Perhaps the biggest lesson of all and especially for other African countries that are devolving is to have a time phase devolutionprogram that lays phased out decentralizing framework for services. This would ensure that decentralized units prepare themselves adequately by developing the necessary institutions and legal framework that would support decentralized services.
Staff Competency and Motivation: Another key issue that continues to plague decentralized units is the lack of competent motivatedstaff. Despite massive capacity building efforts by the Kenya School of Government and other institutions, counties are plagued with staff that cannot effectively roll out the devolution agenda. A coordinated capacity building effort is crucial for the success of devolution.
Intergovernmental Engagement: Continuous dialogue between national and county government is critical and harmonization of operations between the threelevels of government is crucial.
Vision and Framework for Public Service: There is need for Kenya to develop and adopt a long-term vision to anchor the reforms in public service. This will provide Kenya the opportunity to plan and prioritize the activities for the transformation agenda. Subsequently, there is also need for top-level political leadership to provide political and social capital goodwill in the devolution process.
Capacity Building: Capacity building in the broader sense of human and institutional capacity for the key drivers of devolution is pertinent. County staff have to be capacitated adequately in matters of devolution.
Citizen Engagement: Citizen engagement and participation is also critical to enable citizens to own the transformation agenda. Peoples’ needs must be responded to and the public must be encouraged toparticipate in policy making.
After one year of devolution, Kenya has indeed achieved many successes within its first year, but the journey to transformation is still in the process. From the first year, it can be noted that great successes such as new regulatory frameworks are clearly evident. However, rapid transfer of functions and allocations of resources are not the hallmark descriptors of transformed public service delivery. In fact, none of these critical milestones can guarantee transformation of the public service. This leads to questions on what Kenya need to do as she embarks on the second year of devolution and whether there any innovations, new technologies or best practices that the country can learn from to ensure the constitutional implementation process realizes its public service transformation agenda.
South Africa underwent Constitution review in 1996 to undo the many ills of the apartheid policy, which openly entrenched discrimination in public service delivery. Government programs perpetuated a strict racial hierarchy with the greatest allocations going to the White minority (Rakate, 2006). After the dissolution of the apartheid government South Africa had to revise its public service delivery legal framework. The first of these steps was through the “White Paper of 1995 on the Transformation of the Public Service”. This was meant to serve as a guide for in the introduction and Implementation of new policies and legislation aimed at transforming the South African Public Service and advised the Constitution of 1996 which provided for a new public service delivery mechanism. The Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) states that the Public Administration must be governed by the democratic values and principles enshrined in the constitution. These values include human dignity, the achievement of equality, the advancement of human rights and freedom and non-racialism. Section 1 of the South African Constitution further stipulates that the most important public service principles that inform the public service are: service must be provided impartially, fairly equitably and without bias, people’s needs must be responded to and the public must be encouraged to participate in policy making. Transparency must be fostered by providing the public with timely accessible and accurate information and that Public Administration must be development oriented (South Africa Department of Public Service and Administration, 2007).
Like in Kenya’s case, the Constitution of South Africa laid out a public service transformation agenda. The 1996 constitution was later followed by the White Paper of 1997 on Transforming Public Service Delivery, “Batho Pele”, which provided a policy framework and guidelines within which the public service was expected to operate (Rakate, 2006). The Batho Pele involved creating a framework for public service delivery that would ensure that citizens are treated like customers, enabled citizens to hold public servants accountable for service delivered, shift from bureaucratic systems, processes and attitudes towards more market oriented systems that improve efficiency in productivity to establish a public service that is responsive to the needs of citizens. The Batho Pele laid out the following principles of consultation, service standards, access, information, openness and transparency, redress and value for money and all NPM principles (Rakate, 2006; South Africa Department of Public Service and Administration, 2007).
Though the dynamics that led to the review of both Constitutions are different, the constitution review has been used as a tool to improve service delivery and to encompass all citizens in a fair and efficient manner1. For both countries, there is an aim of establishing a new “public servant” ideology. South Africa’s public service has been hailed as a success story for Africa over the past decade and is deemed as a classic example of how NPM principles can be utilized to improve public service delivery (Economic Commission for Africa, 2010; Cameroon, 2009). Looking at South Africa’s case, we suggest an NMP framework that will help define the role of the public servant in Kenya.
The 2010 constitution is anchored on the view that efficient and effective public service delivery is not a privilege in a democratic environment. In this aspect the constitution un-doubtfully contains principles and elements that will have both direct and indirect impacts on public sector performance, reform, and transformation. These principles laid out in the constitution are also consistent with the NPM principles of Productivity; Marketization; Service orientation; Decentralization; Policy and Accountability (Kettl 2005). Countries such as South Africa that have adopted NPM principles have shown that NPM ideas increase efficiency and effectiveness through marketization of public services. To this end, this paper proposes a framework for efficient and effective public service in Kenya and further proposes that new role of the public servant; to ensure efficient and effective public service delivery in devolved government (See Diagram 1).
The new role for the Kenyan Public servant in the new dispensation of government can be basically defined as efficient, effective responsive public service. To ensure this is possible all public service will have to be in response to the needs of Kenyans through policy processes that have involved participatory processes with the citizens. The framework that follows lays out six principles that will ensure success to the new role of Kenya’s public servant.
Productivity in public service has been tied closely to instituting performance measures that not only assess the bureaucrats but serve as a basis for motivation. Performance management has been embraced within the Kenyan public service and if counties are to succeed, they have to institute performance measurement strategies. Performance management strategies include results-based management (RBM) and balance scorecard. All these performance management approaches aim at attaining operational effectiveness in productivity, speed and quality. This demands that County public service boards develop a modern performance appraisal system that will shape their service and work activities for the achievement of pre-determined that are both cost-effective and responsive to customer needs.
Marketization or privatization refers to the idea that government can use market-style incentives to root out the pathologies of government bureaucracy through privatization or through public private partnerships for service delivery (Kettle, 2005). Privatization includes joint ventures between government agencies/ministries and private entities; Sale of some government services or functions, such as water supply or telecommunications, to the private sector; management contracts for the private sector to manage specific government functions or services such as postal services. Privatization can contribute to better service delivery since private companies adopt market based management styles thus reduced government bureaucracy.
The Kenya Public Service will need to re-orient itself to whereby Kenyans are treated as valued customers rather than as charges. Putting people first signifies making government officials “less remote and more responsive” and also “less bureaucratic and more entrepreneurial”, or results- oriented (Caillods, 2000). Kenya has instituted the Huduma Centres similar to the Thusong Centers of South Africa. To ensure that all citizens are receiving responsive service delivery, it is imperative that Huduma Centres are established within all the counties at the ward level.
The primary objectives of decentralization therefore include, but are not limited to, overcoming the indifference of government bureaucrats to satisfying the needs of the public; improving the responsiveness of governments to public concerns; and increasing the quality of services provided. Devolution in Kenya is a mechanism that should enable Kenyans to participate in the process of governance, as well as a framework for allowing the community’s interests to be represented in government decision-making structures. This calls for a public servant who is responsive to this reality of inclusion of citizens.
Both the county and national governments must instil pro-active measures to develop enabling policy frameworks to promote new systems and administrative structures that will promote public service delivery in Kenya. It is essential that Kenya develops a policy framework to guide the implementation of devolution such as the Batho Pele framework that South Africa instituted in 1997 a year after their constitution review.
In Chapter 6 of the 2010 constitution on “Leadership and Integrity”, it sets out a framework of leadership and integrity as it pertains to officers of the State. Building up a civil service with integrity means building a culture of probity and honesty which will not only ensure the clean and efficient operations of the government but also forms the basis for maintaining public trust and support to the government. The county governments are placed in a good position to start with a good culture of honesty. This should be achieved through the reinforcement of the core public values.
Accountability in government is further instilled through performance management systems. Performance management increases accountability because clear and explicit managerial targets, combined with managerial autonomy and incentives to perform, make it easier to establish the basis for managerial accountability and to achieve outputs (Hill & Gillespie, 1996). South Africa, for example, entrenched performance management with great success. It is hailed to have improved public service accountability because of explicit performance targets.
Even though NPM principles do not mention capacity building as one of the core characteristics, capacity building will be crucial for the success of this model. It is for this reason that we underscore capacity building as a key factor in the proposed framework. In fact, it is upon the bedrock of capacity building that the above model can be realized. Indeed, for efficient and effective public service to occur the public service will have to be capacitated with well- qualified staff. Capacity building, as we know it traditionally, will have to go beyond the traditional classroom scenario. Counties need assistance with real-time issues and it is time capacity building measures integrated other modalities such as mentoring and on the job training. It is thus necessary for counties to undertake a training needs assessment to determine the existing performance gaps in terms of the skills requirements and through the Kenya school of Government and other Government training institutions address train civil servants to cope with the increased job demands and improve operational flexibility by extending the range of skills through multi- skilling.
High performance and quality service is the ultimate aim of the public service. Countries like South Africa are living testimonies that public service can be transformed to efficient and effective systems. This however, cannot be achieved without a conscious policy and program to instil appropriate attitudes and ethical standards. The new role of the Public service should focus on the responsibility of the public servant to serve and empower citizens using market- based methods that improve efficiency. The role of the public servant has to be reviewed to one that builds a new image which will command trust and respect.
It is important to consolidate the gains made so far in the first year of Kenya’s devolution while focusing on integrating a new model that focuses on modern NPM practices as outlined in this paper. The role of a public servant as mentioned in this paper is in sharp contrast to the familiar way of doing business in Kenya’s public offices. However, these NPM have been successfully practiced in other African countries with much success. There is no doubt that with proper capacity building, the role of the Kenyan public servant can become clear to individual public officers and thus bring lasting change within Kenya’s public service. It is therefore crucial that as Kenya moves to the second year of devolution, there should be a deliberate effort to ensure that all public service employees understand the public service reform agenda for the success of public service delivery in the new government dispensation.
1 Kenya’s constitution review was in response to the 2007/2008 post-election violence. In the case of South Africa, the constitution was reviewed to undo years of colonial apartheid rule.
Berg, A. M. (2006). Transforming public services – transforming the public servant? International Journal of Public Sector Management, 19 (6), 556-568.
Cameron, R. 2009. New public management reforms in the South African public service: 1999–2009. Journal of Public Administration. 44(4.1): 910–942.
Gaitho, M. (2014, March 17). Kenyans, be vigilant that wage bill debate is not excuse to reverse gains. Daily Nation, P7.
Hill, M., & Gillespie, K. (1996) ‘Social Control of Civil Service Systems’, in Bekke, Perry and Toonen (eds), Civil Service Systems in a Comparative Perspective. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hughes, O. (2008). What is, or was, New Public Management? Paper presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the International Research Society of Public Management, Brisbane, 27th March, 2008.
Kettl, D. (1997). The global revolution in public management: Driving themes, missing links. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 16(3), 446–462.
Kettl, D. F. (2005). The Global Management Revolution: A Report on the Transformation of Governance. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Kitonga, N. (2014, March 16). Bite the bullet, Nzamba Kitonga team tells President Uhuru Kenyatta on cash crunch. Sunday Standard, P 24.
Rakate F. N. (2006). Transformation In The South African Public Service: The Case of Service Delivery in the Department of Health (Unpublished Dissertation). University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Republic of Kenya (2010). Constitution of Kenya 2010. Nairobi: Government Printer.
South Africa Department of Public Service and Administration (2007). Improving the Performance of the Public Service: Lessons of the Transformation Process. Pretoria: SADPSA.
Waiguru, A. (2013, May 22). Devolution and Planning Cabinet Secretary Anne Waiguru says restructuring was imminent; The Standard, p. 16.
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2019-04-24T18:02:45Z
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https://www.capam.org/knowledge/articles/2015/public_service_transformation_through_constitution_review.html
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Edith Wharton is known as a novelist but she was also a wonderful hostess, whose guests (including Henry James) remember her as “kindness and hospitality incarnate.” Kate Bolick has turned Wharton’s life-long attempt to master “the complex art of civilized living” into an entertaining guide, “The Guesthouse of Mirth,” just in time for those last few summer parties. Pair with Roxana Robinson’s reflections on Wharton’s life and works, including the original The House of Mirth.
Last week, on one of the first springlike days in New York, Jonathan Dee met with me in the recesses of Edgar’s cafe, located off the honorarily named Edgar Allan Poe Street on the Upper West Side, where Poe resided when he completed “The Raven.” We talked at length about The Privileges, as well as withholding judgment while writing, his move away from classic American morality tales regarding money, originality, and lessons learned from his time at The Paris Review.
The Millions: The Privileges begins with the marriage of Cynthia and Adam Morey, who are 22-year-old college graduates from middle class families. They’re the ideal couple who meet sophomore year and who, we assume, are engaged to be married by their senior year in college. After college, they move to New York and get married. Cynthia and Adam share a common ambition–a desire to accumulate wealth–and also an unshakeable love. What compelled you to write a novel about these characters who seemingly have everything by American standards–ambition, love, beauty, and increasing wealth as times goes on?
Jonathan Dee: At the point the book opens, they have no wealth at all. I don’t think of it as a book about rich people, really, because, to me, who Adam is makes him money. Money doesn’t make Adam who he is. In college you probably knew one or more than one of these charmed couples–people who really just seemed socially, and charismatically, and in terms of how they looked, to have it all. But not only that. The ambition that they really share at that point is to leave their own families behind, to leave their own pasts behind, and that’s an impulse that never abandons them through the twenty years of the book.
They are in a hurry in a lot of ways. They are in a hurry to succeed, but at least as important to me is that they are in a hurry to start again. They think of themselves as year zero in their own lives. As the book goes forward, they become interested to the point of sentimentality in the idea of what comes after them, but they never lose their lack of interest in what came before them and how that made them who they are.
TM: The book is concerned with the reinvention of self. Cynthia and Adam move to New York in order to forge a better future for themselves. The Privileges is also a very American tale, in the sense that they’re thinking of how to recreate themselves, how to fulfill their desires, and how to provide for their children. And also in the sense that there’s an endless reservoir of hope for a prosperous future. The pursuit of happiness is something that they pursue at all costs–it’s almost hypertrophic by the end of the novel. Are the Moreys the embodiment of the American Dream? And also, where does the American Dream fall short?
JD: When I was writing it, I wanted to be extra-careful, and this was based in part on my own reading of my earlier books. It can be a kind of trap to fall into–if you conceive of the characters as symbolic of anything, I think that has a real deadening effect. Any time I caught myself thinking of Adam and Cynthia as symbolic of anything other than Adam and Cynthia, I would mentally slap myself in the face. I really wanted that to build strictly from the inside out. So it’s true that I do think of them as having some peculiarly American characteristics, among them the attitude toward the past that I mentioned. It’s not so much that they lose their sense of hope about the future, and it’s not true, either, that they feel entitled. It’s just simply that they have a great deal of faith in themselves.
They have an enormous faith in themselves, their love for each other strengthens that faith, and in fact, they’re not wrong. The events bear that out, maybe not in the way that they would have originally imagined, but their life bears out their belief in their own sense of destiny. It’s tricky for me to start talking about them as being particularly American because the more I go in that direction, the further I get from the direction I wanted to go, which is to make these two people as credibly idiosyncratic as I possibly could.
TM: I wanted to ask you about the complexity of the characters. If the characters were entirely symbolic, it would be difficult to have empathy for them, as it would if the narrative didn’t get inside their heads.
I was reading your Harper’s essay, “Ready-Made Rebellion” about the empty tropes of contemporary fiction, and you quote Milan Kundera, who says that the novel “is a realm where moral judgment is suspended.” You go further to say that an author does this by complicating morality and providing multiple judgments and multiple viewpoints within the novel. I think you succeed doing that in The Privileges. The characters are complex, like in the way Adam justifies his insider trading in order to provide for his family and to make Cynthia happy. In terms of The Privileges, the moral judgment is suspended to the point that at the end the Moreys are still thriving. We, as readers, know what comes afterward, in economic terms. I don’t know if you intended that, but we also see their recklessness with the pursuit of wealth and desires. But we don’t see any negative consequences of their actions. Why is that? Do you think the novel speaks for itself? Or do you see it as more of a family drama?
JD: There’s a few questions in there. First of all, yeah, I was very conscious of the facts as Kundera says, it’s the writer’s job to frustrate or subvert any reader’s natural inclination to judge. That certainly is in play when you’re writing about characters like this. Ninety-nine percent of people, and probably a higher percentage of readers, have it in, in general, for characters like this, and feel when they read about people like this, “Oh, I know how I feel about them, I know what they’re like.” So, I was very much interested in making them hard to pass judgment on, at least until the book was shut, and possibly past that.
As far as their not getting punished, I can’t say I knew that from the very beginning. When I was in the making-notes-on-napkins stage of the novel, there were certainly ideas I had about Adam being brought low in different ways. But I realized pretty quickly that novels are not fables, and to make the story of Adam and Cynthia into that kind of morality play where people would be satisfied by seeing them brought low–I just feel like I can be as judgmental as anyone else in real life, but the idea of inventing fictional figures in order to then demonstrate my own superiority to them and to share that sense of superiority with the reader, and to take pleasure in watching them be punished for their arrogance, for their greed, for their fill in the blank, it just seems like a really empty exercise. So then the question became, OK, if the story of how these people move through the world is not about that, then what’s it about? I became interested in the same question that essentially Adam and Cynthia become interested in, which is, How will we have changed the world by moving through it?
They don’t have a great spiritual life. Adam’s own philosophy, if you can call it that, is very much founded on, this is the only life and you have to maximize it–you’re not going to pass this way again. So they become very interested in the kind of legacy they leave, and I became very interested in it, too, but in a different way. The legacy they leave behind is hopefully borne out through the portraits of their children rather than through the kind of plot mechanics that would result in Adam going to jail and Cynthia having her money taken away. Does that makes sense?
TM: It definitely makes sense. In some ways I read the novel as more of a family drama, about a privileged family.
TM: They encounter the same issues that other people do, but they have a larger playing field because of their money. Also, when I think of money and class in the American novel, like in The Great Gatsby or The House of Mirth, money traditionally holds out something–it represents an empty desire or in some way causes the characters’ downfall. I thought it was an interesting choice to move away from that.
JD: To say that the desires that are sparked by wealth turn out to be empty–there’s a whole set of presumptions behind that, obviously, that are not presumptions these characters would share, so what’s the point? I mean, they do live very much in another realm, certainly another moral realm. What’s the point of dragging them forcefully onto your turf so that you can then punish them according to those terms, you know?
One book that I had in mind, as odd as it might seem, when I was writing this was The Postman Always Rings Twice. Have you read that?
JD: It’s a magnificent book, an underrated book, underrated by the fact that it had a famous movie made from it. But, very much a novel about two people who are epically in love and that love generates its own morality. It generates its own spirituality, and makes them into outlaws, but in a way that you never lose your sense of recognition about where it’s all coming from. You never lose your sense of the rigidity of that system even though that system diverges more and more from the rest of the world. That’s a first-person book, so in that respect it’s easier to create the sense of being more or less imprisoned within the moral system of the characters. That’s a book I really admired.
TM: That’s interesting—creating a morality system within your own realm, within your own love—because that’s very much something that Adam and Cynthia do. In a sense that’s all they have. They’ve cut their ties to the past, and in doing so they’ve lost their sense of heritage and tradition. Even their wedding ceremony is a hodgepodge of readings. Their daughter April is distressed to learn that her name has no significance within the family and that her parents’ knowledge of their ancestry is really unspecific. They don’t revisit the same vacation spots until Adam has business reasons to do so, and so it seems that a sense of novelty is very important to them, as is recreating themselves. Their gains are more tangible than their losses, and so I’m wondering, is anything lost in this? What do they lose?
JD: That’s a good question. Adam is very obsessed with his physical condition, which is explicitly a way of being obsessed with time and of doing battle with time. And even though you don’t really see him lose that battle, you pretty much know that after the book is over that battle will be lost for him, just like it is with everybody else. Cynthia is conscious of that, too. One of the things that characterize both of them very early for me is the idea that they were never where they wanted to be, in terms of time. When they were young they were in a hurry to get older, and as they become older they would try whatever trickery they could employ to either look or to actually feel younger.
The losses are small, and I wouldn’t want to overstate them because that seems to me like gaming your own system in a way–to try to balance out their gains with losses–because that’s not how they live. Cynthia’s relationship with her daughter–that’s a loss. At the point where the novel ends that’s pretty much shot, and to me it’s shot as an outgrowth of wanting to be her daughter’s peer when she was younger.
TM: I’m wondering, has the economic climate altered reception of the book?
JD: Oh, for sure. Actually, before I answer that I just remembered I didn’t answer something that you said earlier about the timing of the book, in terms of what happens after the last scene, in terms of current events. It’s really the opposite for me. I had the opportunity to write anything like that into the book that I wanted to and I really did just the opposite. I took as many explicit time markers as I could out of it. Inevitably, some are still in there, there are cell phones and whatnot. But my feeling is that there were guys like Adam a hundred years ago, there will be guys like Adam a hundred years from now–it’s not really tied to current events. He is a recurring phenomenon, a kind of eternal American phenomenon. He’s not a product of his times in any way. I just answered the question you didn’t ask. What was the question you asked again?
TM: About the reception of the book. I find it’s difficult not to read the current circumstances into the book.
JD: It cuts both ways. On the one hand, there’s certainly a lot of reader interest and a lot of critical interest in characters from that world–an interest that wouldn’t have been there maybe two or three years ago. But on the other hand, like I was saying before, what’s at the bottom of that interest is a desire to see these people brought low, a desire to see them explicitly punished. When that doesn’t happen, people find that frustrating. There’s a lot of reception I’ve seen that’s along the order of, “While it is brave of Dee not to tar and feather these characters and have them publicly hanged, one wonders, if he’s not going to do that, why write about them at all?” I get that, but like I said, it was too easy to spend years doing.
TM: Changing the ending would change the perspective. Instead of the novel being a portrait of this family, the focus would become the moral component brought into it.
JD: It would be more like a portrait of the audience.
TM: I was wondering why you chose to use a close third person narrator who moves between characters, instead of sticking with one character, or just Cynthia and Adam. April and Jonas come into it more as the novel progresses.
JD: I really enjoyed doing that opening chapter of the book, in which, as you say, sometimes the perspectives change mid-paragraph. But I didn’t think that could possibly be sustained for the whole book. There were certainly drafts of the book that had other sections from other perspectives that weren’t the family’s and I ended up getting rid of them because I liked the idea of the book being built on these four pillars. There’s one scene in the book that violates that rule, but otherwise it’s just the four corners of the castle, and they’re looking out at the world, always with their backs to each other. I thought that seemed like an appropriate model for the book.
It goes back to the question of how to forestall a judgment. It’s definitely a closer third person than I’ve ever done before because you can’t for an instant let that kind of critical gap open between yourself and the character, the sense that the character is doing something that you wouldn’t approve of, or that you wouldn’t do. There has to be no seam there at all, because once that air of keeping them at arm’s length or passing judgment on them sneaks in, it’s very toxic. So, yeah, I tried to, even though it was third person, to do it from the inside out. I could’ve done four different first-persons, but that’s very messy. There are all kinds of reasons I don’t like that.
TM: On a broader scale, your novels often deal with American enterprise–here it’s Adam working at a private equities firm. Palladio and The Liberty Campaign both deal with advertising. Your approach is realist and character-driven in novels that consider larger issues in society, business, status, and culture. In a sense it almost seems like a throwback to a more traditional American novel, and I mean this in a good way. There was a reviewer of the Liberty Campaign who at the time said if any under-40 writer could write the Great American Novel, it would be you. I’m wondering, in that sense, who do you see as your literary forebears? And what do you think of contemporary fiction–which is a very broad question, but answer it as you see fit.
JD: If there’s something traditional, or of a throwback nature, that’s in spite of myself. It doesn’t have to do with what I particularly value in literature, it just seems to be what I can do. When ideas come to me, they seem to be founded on certain types of work, and I don’t know why that is. I sort of wish it weren’t always that way, but it kind of is always that way. So, who my actual forebears are is probably more for other people to say than for me. But who I wish they were, I could say. Like Dos Passos. I have to admit, I lifted much of the end of my last book, Palladio, straight from Dos Passos. The more I go back to those books, the more I find myself emulating them.
In terms of the speed of the narrative, it was very important in this book, in a character sense, that there not be any flashbacks. I wanted to cover a lot of time but for the book to be as short as possible. It’s still not as short as I wanted it to be but I did the best I could. And the way I solved that was to have big time gaps between chapters but no flashbacks to explain what happened in the gap. Each unit has to stand for what happened in the time in between. If you look at the U.S.A. trilogy, it’s all like that. I think Alfred Kazin called it “machine prose for a machine age.” I really like some DeLillo, not other DeLillo. Often, and I won’t name any names, but often I find when I am reviewed, I’m complimented by being compared to certain writers who I actually don’t like. And I don’t know why that is, but it’s really true.
JD: Yeah. As far as what I like in contemporary literature, I think the same thing, really. I tend, especially as I get older and I write more, the things that I’m drawn to are the things I could never do. I read Denis Johnson or I read Deborah Eisenberg or people who just have a particular type of gift or seem to be descending into something I could never descend into. That’s the stuff I’m really drawn to. Roberto Bolaño, like everybody else in the world. Donald Barthelme. I could go on. But the point is, I used to be drawn to people I thought I was like and now I’m drawn to people that I really know I’m very unlike.
TM: You were an editor at The Paris Review for many years in the 1980s. How was this a formative experience for you as a reader and as a writer?
JD: It was formative in a lot of ways. When I started working there I was 22 and I liked reading, but like most 22-year-olds, I was just a huge vista of ignorance. I would work there during the day and I would take home an armload of either the magazines or the Writers at Work volumes and read all the interviews. I really read them all, even though at that point many of them were with writers I had never heard of. That was hugely formative for me–I would really recommend that for anybody, not only because you find things in there that inspire you but because it gets across that there’s no one right way to do it. You see how varied are the forms of craziness that people bring to making a successful career out of fiction writing.
People would often say, “You spend your day reading other people’s short stories, that must be really useful to you.” And it is to a point. You can’t learn from that endlessly but you can learn a few things about what not to do. And more than what not to do, you learn what’s original and what’s not. If you have a particular idea for a story or how to begin a story or how to end a story and you think, especially at age 22, That’s really good stuff, and then you read it literally 250 times when other people do it and send it in the mail to you, it starts to get across the premium you should be putting on originality, that it’s not just about craft. My old college writing teacher John Hersey once said, on our last day in class actually, he said to us, “Just remember the world doesn’t need any new writers.” Which at first seemed like an offputting thing to say, but his point was it’s not enough simply to be good at it, even though very few people are good at it. You have to bring something to it that it has not seen or heard before. Reading 200 short stories a week will bring that idea home to you for sure. It’s not enough to write well. You have to write originally.
TM: Reading the slush pile is then a lesson in what not to do as much as it is what you can do.
JD: I guess that’s it, that’s what limits it in terms of the lessons you can learn from it. It’s really, the lessons are all about what not to do.
TM: I know that feeling from having read submissions at Tin House, too. I mean there were the cancer stories and there were the stories about babies. Sometimes they were successful, but it was what made those stories successful that was really important, what was original.
JD: It’s not enough to prove you can write just as good a cancer story as anybody else. That’s not going to get you anywhere.
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2019-04-25T16:46:17Z
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https://themillions.com/books-reviews/the-house-of-mirth-modern-library-classics-0375753753
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How Online Advertising Works: Whither the Click in Europe?
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“When I came up with the idea … most publishers Main forms of targeting available: weren’t open to network models because they were looking for a quick [high-sell] importance of including African-Americans in their online marketing Geotargeting (down to metro level) exit.com has relationships with a growing network.com vs. addressing very specific subsegments of the higher success scores. ext. multicultural space. 2008 . The company is the first and largest dedicated advertising network 1 billion ads served monthly across focused on reaching various multicultural audiences via the Internet and other standard display units. an industry veteran who was part of multicultural space. Wilder adds. the company is constantly tapped to add well. Daypart Internet.com is a 100% CPM-based company can handle 100% of your sales inquiries for a very Relationships: AdGroups. on the same playing field. of desired targeting and timing. It’s a testament to the growing importance of this market. all podcasts within sites directly targeting dedicated to reaching many subsegments of the African-American market. In addition to quickly jumping on a Personalized consulting: Large and small publishers enjoy CONTACT bandwagon topic where the expertise of running a network relationships and strategic consulting about their brand and AdGroups. some of the earliest movements to establish standardized metrics for advertisers to evaluate Web site traffic as an employee at RelevantKnowledge. urban Latino audiences can find special utility in our services.” technologies from most of the leading African-American audience. AdGroups. “is that you have a special units (large to small). Your clients enjoy around-the-clock creating vertical ad networks. Keyword American consumers.com’s unique At the company’s launch. In addition to the “no-brainer/must use” position that AdGroups has established rich media vendors in the space as Wilder says. most commonly the level American reach.COM ADGROUPS. other similar networks? We’re dedicated: The term dedicated is an important factor that Longevity: With more than a decade of direct experience in the CAMPAIGN publishers seeking a network partner need to take into account. AdGroups. Wilder says of the pre-bubble-burst days of the early commercialized communication strategies.” Mr.” Mr. info@adgroups. The company views this as a key area of growth for the next several years as the OTHER SERVICES Today. mainly to help their sales portfolios.” Mr. at the same time.com has established to other vendors that directly vie for the same audience. itself as a formidable player in the The company was founded by Roary Wilder.adgroups.” Mr. Americans exist within every general-market segment. cares about your brand. AdGroups. online NETWORK REACH Established in 1998. We’re also midsize campaign on its own.S. dozens “The only key difference with utilizing our network [versus a general-market site AdGroups accepts IAB standard ad of quality sites were being launched.com is a very early entrant into the vertical ad At more than 300 Web sites and nearly network space. consulting division for small and emerging businesses looking to target PUBLISHERS African-Americans. 1 are usually created for one of two reasons: “to help a publisher’s additional fees (if at all). publisher was already in your space can be a dangerous proposition. Agencies were hungry for alternatives since most opportunity to tailor your campaign’s imagery and messaging to garner even certified as being able to run outlets at the time were polarized. director of publisher relations for AdGroups. AdGroups. Data African-American or urban Latino from comScore Media Metrix place the company as a top-tier outlet in comparison audiences. Breadth: Because of its size.com. AdGroups. AD UNITS of advertising earmarked for African-Americans online. but none had the critical mass to carry even a for a general-market campaign]. PRICING We also offer direct-rep services to select publishers where our AdGroups. We AdGroups. AdGroups. The company boasts a list of more than 300 active publishers. publisher-initiated networks development that other companies wouldn’t yield without 888-722-1147.” says Reginald Mars. many ad-supported publishers tried their hands at advantage over rivals offering similar services. 10 years later with ever-growing budgets and evolving strategies. Pricing depends on a number generous preferred commission rate.com] ADGROUPS.com holds a significant first-mover MANAGEMENT In 2007. mobile and emerging media. Why use AdGroups.com probably isn’t as strong as it could be. number of key agencies whose clients are interested in African.com made its debut with a small number of publishers (only “African-Americans represent the most rapidly evolving segment in the United Single site/custom channel three Web sites).com is a vertical advertising Unmatched coverage for network focused exclusively on reaching African-American and urban Latino reaching African-Americans audiences in the U.” he says. AdGroups. An Content for options in a medium with very limited opportunities to reach African- important tenet that broad-base advertisers need to keep in mind is that African. of variables. there were only a few publishers garnering a large share site portfolio can help to add reach (and marquee performance) to most campaigns.com is a dedicated network where all publishers exist offer a CPM-based ad network and traffic-building link exchange. which eventually TARGETING merged with Media Metrix.com is able to focus on support from a dedicated team that “Working with a publisher-initiated ad network where the nearly every subsegment of the African-American market. “As agencies discovered us … they fell in love. Publishers whose sites focus on reaching African-American or lack of reach or lack of content—usually both. but entered the space at a time when marketers were yearning States in terms of both affluence and segmentation. Wilder says.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. “All of our earliest supporting agencies are still utilizing our services with many multicultural marketers.com provides sales services to more than 300 Web sites and consumer profile of African-Americans continues to evolve and a broader base of The company has a well-established works with marketers from nearly every major advertising segment that realize the marketers realizes the growing importance of this group to their bottom lines.” reach to media plans where ethnicity is not a core target of a campaign’s strategy.com 16 April 14.COM AUDIENCE AdGroups.
There are 22 major Jay Sears content categories (such as autos. Allowing advertisers to select specific keywords ensures that their ads will appear ADSDAQ Exchange’s premium inventory keywords (e. 1 IN REACH ACROSS 19 CONTENT CATEGORIES** ADVERTISERS & PUBLISHERS 800-419-8945 **comScore. Advertisers can choose specific target content (e. the exchange expanded to prices. our ability to target ads at the page level. Expedia Inc.com ADSDAQ by ContextWeb Autos ADSDAQ by ContextWeb Travel more than 400 brand advertisers each John Ruvolo month.com Autos Advertising.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD EXCHANGE [www. according to comScore.uk expectations. business. including in-banner video context on pages of content the reader cares about. What exactly is contextual advertising? Contextual advertising refers to an ad placed on a Web page adjacent to related Web Keyword targeting PRICING content.S. FastClick. inventory 44-020-3178-6470 that is underperforming their and former exec VP of MTV Networks.g. as of February 2008.com 18 April 14.contextweb. jruvolo@contextweb. This new product is • Ira Carlin: Former chairman-international Exchange and helps advertisers reach the currently in closed beta with six major of Interpublic’s MAGNA Global Worldwide Spencer Lee exchange’s audiences of U. February 2008 is priced on a CPM. ContextWeb Inc. ContextWeb’s ADSDAQ categories. Advertisers control their ad placement on a page-by-page basis.g. audience. Most networks sell inventory to an advertiser and give a percentage of that include the U. receives this analysis. Advertising. Once a buyer or analyst for AOL Web properties. The ADSDAQ Exchange works with all This gives advertisers the opportunity to get premium positions for their ads. Country Manager campaign and offer to sell any inventory former senior VP of AOL Time Warner The ADSDAQ Exchange sells U. exactly where they want them and not where they don’t. Kelley Blue Book. Atlas OAS. that is available from sites on the ADSDAQ rcaveille@adsdaq. The ADSDAQ Exchange allows control more than 50% reach of the U. Central & Midwestern Regions ADSDAQ EXCHANGE IS NO.000 high-quality Web sites of Trading Desk General Motors Travel Ad Network all sizes and subjects. The ADSDAQ Exchange real-time contextual technology puts ads into Page-level targeting media ad units.K.com Exchange expanded operations to the U.com Orbitz.K. advertising agencies. distribution and ad revenue 917-408-6354 In March 2008. IMPORTANT RECENT DEVELOPMENTS DoubleClick’s DART.* content versus anywhere on a Web site (site-specific). and former chairman of Universal McCann. The ADSDAQ Exchange enables publishers to set the prices they want by revenue to the publisher. A self-service advertiser ADSDAQ Exchange Agency Trading Desk Board and advisers to ContextWeb • Robin Cooper: VP-advertising and solution will be available in 2008. within a brand-safe environment.K. which allows advertisers with the quality of a site-specific buy and the reach of a network. country manager.K. Google and others. behavioral.com eBay Motors U. text and rich sizes. and site-specific buys to break down buys • Mike Kelly: Former president of AOL Senior VP-Sales & Publisher into content categories and associate Media Networks. producing much higher Advertising that runs on the ADSDAQ Exchange runs on specific pages of ads from Point Roll.com rdaniel@contextweb. food and Senior VP-Strategic Products & drink. all geo-targeting and dayparting them to show their ads exactly where they want.S. Ad agencies of all sizes. we allow ADSDAQ Exchange publishers to control their own pricing. finance ContextWeb Inc.com and money. including ContextWeb Inc. 917-408-6300 Uniques (000) Uniques (000) jsears@contextweb. including Accipiter. demographic. run campaigns 917-408-6305 Advertising. Pilot Group. Toyota) or categories of content (e. ContextWeb Inc. business development of auto publisher engine that powers the company’s media of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia.K. directing premium inventory into the exchange while sending unsold inventory to the ADSDAQ Exchange is in the business of “facilitating” the deal.g. each of the top 10 marketing Director-Sales. The ADSDAQ Exchange is made up of ADSDAQ Exchange Agency more than 5.com] ADSDAQ EXCHANGE ADSDAQ EXCHANGE AUDIENCE Where both publishers and What makes the ADSDAQ Exchange different from a network? ADSDAQ Ad Exchange has more than 93 million U. Providing placement and pricing control to both publishers and advertisers allows Why is the ADSDAQ Exchange a brand-safe environment? AD UNITS the ADSDAQ Exchange to be a truly open exchange for buyers and sellers of all Standard IAB graphical. CPC or CPA basis to provide the maximum flexibility to What makes ADSDAQ different from other ad exchanges? ADSDAQ exchange members. responsible for the ADSDAQ Exchange opens to U. advertisers Development campaign performance with those marketing. This gives advertisers and agencies MANAGEMENT confidence that their ads will appear in brand-safe environments. a digital agency can use the former chief sales officer at Yahoo! and • Scot McLernon: President of the CONTACT ADSDAQ Exchange Agency Trading Desk founding member and exec VP of Upstream Group and former head of Robert Daniel across media buys on portals. Exchange’s U..K.co. February 2008 AUTOMOTIVE TRAVEL The ADSDAQ Exchange does business with slee@contextweb. ContextWeb Inc.. While networks are in the business of “doing” the deal. Eyeblaster and advertising effectiveness. In control on both sides. There are two key differences: • First.. other ad networks or exchanges. sales for CBS Digital. Key Measures. TARGETING The real-time contextual technology that powers the ADSDAQ Exchange provides Contextual.S. sports) and more than 386 Business Development 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 subcategories. which ensures that the Eyewonder advertiser's messages will appear in a relevant and desirable environment. 2008 . Edmunds. Advertisers control their bid prices and sellers control their asking March 2008. ad networks DoubleClick.com Travel on the exchange.K. Using the same real-time contextual • Wenda Harris Millard: President. health and medicine. major ad management platforms. inventory that is working for a given • Marshall Cohen: Member. the agency can—with network and affiliated Time Warner and hired Ross Caveille to be the ADSDAQ Ross Caveille the push of a button—buy more of the digital brands. auto) on a Web page. as well as advertisers and agencies. auto reviews). media. in the particular context CAMPAIGN desired by the advertiser or agency. visitors. visitors and advertisers have complete The ADSDAQ Exchange is made up of thousands of top-quality Web sites of all sizes. U. Eastern Region organizations in the world. Director-Sales. at the price they want to pay. • Second. *OTX Research.
. PAGE LEVEL TARGETING Get more effective results1 with ads that appear with content you want. Inc. CONTROL The ADSDAQ Ad Exchange allows advertisers and publishers to name their own price for premium inventory. CONTEXTUAL. Call Robert Daniel (SVP of Sales) at 646-421-6716 or email rdaniel@contextweb. BRAND SAFE Your ad appears exactly where you want it and not where you don’t.com Visit www.contextweb. PRACTICE SAFE BRANDING. 1 OTX RESEARCH FEB 08 © 2008 ContextWeb.com for more information.
CONTACT Moreover. Campaign set-up Our goal is to maximize a Web publisher’s revenue Campaign management opportunities. concise and timely answers. and in London. Source: comScore Media Metrix February 2008 20 April 14. the buying Remarketing power of active online consumers. Reporting Reconciliation/billing We have two large networks. provides you with tools to easily manage your processes and systems are accurate and business. The Burst Moms Network meets our strict standards. The smart choice for Network targeting: online media Geographic Demographic When you place ads online. fully customizable. Burst has a dedicated sales force in nearly every major David Cooperstein advertising market in the U. Direct Connect is for marketers with large budgets that want to utilize Baby Boomers Network (45–64) when optimized by Burst’s AdConductor ad management technology. create custom reports. All Burst sites are regularly subject to a 26-step audit process to ensure they continue to QUALITY meet our strict quality standards. With two networks—Burst Network and Burst Sites hand-picked by you Direct—we’re sure to have a solution that fits your advertising needs. and we maintain rigorous acceptance standards for both.S. as well as vertical with the least media waste. purchased inventory. Moreover. you found them. you will know exactly which sites your message Burst Network offers more than 400 That translates into your advertising message reaching the most valuable audience will appear on. service teams in the industry. Sites with demonstrated success in your industry Burst Network: The smart choice for brand advertisers Audience targeting: Why sacrifice quality for quantity when it comes to your online advertising Behavioral targeting budget? Burst Network combines focused audience composition. At Burst Network. Burst has always provided full transparency. providing high CPMs on brand advertising CHANNELS (AVERAGE = 100) Proposal building/forecasting campaigns and filling inventory with performance campaigns. whether you are a brand advertiser Content hoping to make a great impression or a direct marketer seeking online visitors most High-indexing channel likely to act on your offer.com ] BURST MEDIA BURST MEDIA TARGETING Burst Network offers virtually unlimited targeting solutions. all sites within the Burst Network are Direct team of experts takes on your goal and works to find the right audience at Early Adopters Network (technophiles) periodically audited to ensure a quality ad network. not just the most people. Many ad networks tout how many online users they reach. Early Adopters or Baby Boomers. BPA demographics and run default campaigns on your site. Vertical Burst Network sets quality standards advertisers can rely on. set maintained in accordance with generally exclusions. it’s CHANNELS who we reach that’s important. A quality ad network means the right time to react to your offer. Reach the right people. end-to-end ad PUBLISHERS BURST MEDIA AUDIENCES management solution that frees your staff to focus on selling. Worldwide. Whether So whether you seek to deliver a brand message or reach across the Web to find a AND AD SERVING you buy broad reach or one of our hand-crafted brand networks such as Moms. advertisers’ tools such as dynamic pricing and action-based optimization across strategically Family Travelers Network campaigns appear at precisely the correct frequency to maximize ROI. refining With Burst Network. 2008 . Direct Green Network Reach will optimize campaigns based on Burst’s 12 years of experience. precision targeting and the highest-quality Web Sequential targeting sites to deliver advertising in an engaging. For smaller budgets and less complex campaigns. This comprehensive systems audit assures advertisers and Web Our state-of-the-art publisher interface. You can review campaigns for price and creative. Our sales force is Chief Marketing Officer constantly in front of major marketers and advertising agencies 781-852-5460 presenting the value of specialty content Web sites and why they dcooperstein@burstmedia. Burst is the ad network to work for eight consecutive years by BPA with. We don’t allow just audience networks include: any site to join—only one out of every 10 sites that apply to the Burst Network If performance is your game. Burst Network content channels consistently AND NETWORKS deliver a higher-than-average composition on many in-demand audience segments. Burst is the smart choice. not operations.burstmedia. clutter-free environment. the Burst Publisher publishers that Burst Media’s data Account Center. willing customer. Burst AdConductor is an integrated. content channels. apprising advertisers AD MANAGEMENT of every placement with site-level reporting—before and after they buy. audience networks that allow advertisers Burst Direct: The smart choice for performance marketers to reach their target audience. delivering clear. If you have a clutter-free site Burst Media has been systems certified with focused specialty content. Time of day/day of week Running a campaign with Burst Media ensures you that your advertising message Site targeting: is going to the right place at the right time. you want to make sure your media investment pays off. Burst Direct does this through two levels of Family Builders Network (25-44) our advertisers enjoy high visibility in a clutter-free environment. review your site’s accepted auditing standards. Additionally. This Burst works with the best small and midsize Web publishers in COMPOSITION INDEX OF SELECTED BURST MEDIA CONTENT in-house technology solution includes: the business.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. you’ll reach your target audience—and know exactly how our optimization engine to ensure that we reach your goal.com are the ideal vehicles to deliver an advertising message. service. Burst Direct is the smart choice to make. certification also means Burst AdConductor is an IAB Measurement Burst works for publishers and provides one of the best customer Audited ad serving system.
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Casale Media boasts five unique technology research and development industry. ad delivery management and campaign optimization TRUSTe-approved online media network. finance. 5] Experience: With more than 30 years of experience in the communications Geography In addition to industry-leading technology. agencies and publishers to achieve their growth objectives consumers between the ages of 18 and through a more strategic and creative application of online media inventory. leaderboards and pop-unders.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. its ad placement and targeting strategies Maximize earnings by incorporating default ads. 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CONTACT advertising works .com 24 April 14.S. destination activity. This allows brands to implement the utmost accurate targeting executions. 727-579-5291 jeremie. Statistically significant difference Jeremie W. drug and world. Demographic profiles: High-income creating a unique brand experience for the consumer while simultaneously families.. readership greater than 80%.catalinamarketing. households with children increasing loyalty among current buyers. as these more commonly purchased items unfortunately have lower Web site mass merchandiser stores. and improvements to digital media targeting both online and offline. with more than 25 years of behavior-based targeting expertise. OPPORTUNITIES the marketer. First in behavioral targeting Targeting online effectively can be difficult. Introduce new products Deliver customized recipes SUPERIOR TARGETING..7%) and had a positive return on Catalina Targeted Advertising is the only solution that can provide brands with the COMMUNICATION investment ($1. grocery. cutting Major CPG brands have experienced great success driving ideal targets to their Another multicategory marketer faced the challenge of driving incremental dollar Web sites. products (behavioral targeting based on actual purchase behavior). The program traffic trends. Commonly practiced search-marketing techniques and Web-surf consumer transactions each week via tracking for big-ticket items do not hold parallel patterns in the CPG advertising more than 22. Roberts between test and control and 90% Director of Marketing confidence level.16). Product usage: Differentiate loyal consumers from competitive One actual Catalina Targeted Advertising case study involved a major CPG consumers. the average response rate of traditional loyalty programs. households based on actual purchase behavior. and which is wasted. Consumer packaged goods companies NETWORK REACH are currently challenged to drive the right traffic to their digital medium—often Access to more than 250 million with little success. through the media clutter to reach sales for specific brands during a holiday period. including unique PIN codes and points delivered based on specific product. enabling brands to different levels of behavior: uncover the consumer truth and deliver the most relevant and compelling targeted Category usage: Identify heavy users media.com] CATALINA TARGETED CATALINA TARGETED AD NETWORK ADVERTISING AUDIENCE Catalina Targeted Advertising has the ability to target 80 million U. PROVEN RESULTS Educate on product attributes Provide nutritional information Many brands have major Product volume lift across several brands Promote causal marketing efforts separation between their media target and the actual State product point of difference target (actual buyers) EXPERIENCE Catalina Marketing is recognized as an innovator in behavioral marketing. With mass marketing/messaging effectiveness obviously declining.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE IN-STORE AD NETWORK [www. Catalina Catalina Targeted Advertising uses its sophisticated consumer-purchase database— Targeted Advertising enables brands to with access to more than 80 million households—to pinpoint specific shoppers’ employ different marketing strategies for actual buying behaviors (rather than passive search activity). RESULTS On average. READERSHIP purchase quantities.000 U. This unparalleled targeting capability allows for significant enhancements or new category entrants. This proved that targeting hand-delivered communications boast the right consumer with the right message drives the right response. So the TARGETING question arises: How can a CPG brand effectively market online without actual. The brand used the extensive reach of the Psychographic profiles: Health- Catalina Marketing Network to deliver targeted. directional messaging to drive conscious consumers Web traffic among loyal consumers (behavioral targeting based on actual purchase levels). brands using Catalina Targeted Advertising: Raised awareness by 16 percentage points Improved recall by 24 percentage points Drove volume lift as high as 35% Catalina takes the guessing out of reaching the *Results represent weighted average right target. 2008 . delivered a significant increase in dollar sales (10. The marketer used Catalina to consumers at the moment of truth— deliver real-time recipes to consumers who purchased a combination of specific Behavioral marketing in the CPG world is more complex than just following Web right at the point of sale. rather than passive search activity. The results were astounding: The program drove three times Catalina Targeted Advertising’s custom. so you can tell which half of your performance across all tested executions. Hard-line facts are needed to make hard-line targeting decisions. proving to be extremely beneficial and an exciting execution for actionable insight based on actual buying behavior to effectively reach ideal targets.roberts@catalinamarketing. manufacturer that was challenged with driving quality traffic to its Web site.S. Using one of the largest online decision bottom-line purchase behavior data? support databases in the world. brands need to target consumers based on true purchase behavior.
cbsouternet. the leading television production and syndication companies distribute outstanding digital media networks. entertaining. a leading flexible. relevance and ROI of your TV buy.000 pharmacies. demographic medical and dental waiting rooms. Our customized digital video networks reach targeted.lifeclinic. offering eliminates clutter and can be integrated with other promotions and media in the Brand integration into programming measurable sales impact and Nielsen-verified results.000-plus Travel: “CBS Eye on America. CBS are in the mind-set of making purchase decisions Outernet reaches 1. Under the partnership SHOPPERS WATCH AND ENJOY DIGITAL VIDEO NETWORKS CONTACT Tom Green 90% 88 86 Senior VP-Advertising Sales 85 84 81 203-255-7845 80 80% tgreen@cbsouternet. We leverage the power of professional television—including CBS’ well-known talent and Extend the reach.500 agreement.8 times per week CBS talent on overhead screens on American Airlines. customized video content that is designed for specific environments. CBS Outernet executes and delivers CUSTOMIZATION are as they go about their daily lives. 09/24/07–03/16/08.6 million *http://www.3 million passengers each month. industry- Excellent content is what wins attention in the out-of-home digital video space. 28-day total store traffic (duplicated) is 72.5% female.aspx More targeted 38% of unduplicated viewership reach is 12 million* Easier Average 28-day viewing frequency is 2. We also create custom programming for retailers and advertisers. centrally managed digital facilities allow for the ultimate in messaging flexibility. the world’s leading 55% male and 45% female in the 18–49 age demographic. *Source: Nielsen Media Research NTI Total Day based on Persons 2+ gross impressions. CONTENT informative digital video content and advertising that is relevant to wherever they Using state-of-the art digital technology. pharmacies. More customized stores.. 2008 . the largest out-of-home media company in Young entertainment enthusiasts North America with a major international presence (CBS Outdoor). programming and advertising sales.000 flights/4. future product I intended to buy 26 April 14. airplanes. environment. CBS Outernet’s CBS Outernet’s digital video content enhances the consumer experience. What’s more. creative development and capabilities and expertise of the most-watched broadcast network in the U. restaurants and malls.S. what they are thinking when they are there and what OUR NETWORKS DIGITALLY DELIVERED Faster Grocery: CBS Outernet’s grocery network is installed in 1. The audience is PLATFORM Pharmacy: Working together with Lifeclinic. CBS Outernet’s offerings encompass full retail-network services: store design.” monthly programming hosted by Visits retailers an average of 1. reaching a monthly viewership of about 80 million. This reaches TECHNOLOGY 30. we create and Families with children Television Network). and offer Household decision-makers (CBS Paramount Network Television and CBS Television Distribution). Wellness seekers premium cable channel (Showtime). entertaining.com] CBS OUTERNET NETWORK HIGHLIGHTS REACH The leading provider kinds of in-store programs could influence their purchasing decisions.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE DIGITAL VIDEO NETWORK [www. ages 18–49. professional “one-stop shopping” for advertisers. Leveraging the power and resources of CBS Corp.* (CBS advertising sales. as well as leaders in interactive media (CBS Interactive and CBS Mobile). geography. Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf. sometimes partnering with other content providers. Daypart Geography Chain Approach to content Demographic We take a consumercentric approach to content development. targeted and informative programming and advertising that gets their attention and influences Align your message with how consumers live their lives. Our Ads tailored to venue.com/company. Store design *Nielsen Media Research Jack in the Box and Tully’s. network management. automated vital signs monitoring Fully scaled. an interactive 28-day total gross impressions is 27. people in highly targeted consumer environments such as grocery stores. location. CBS Outernet benefits from the professional content AUDIENCE hardware and software installation. the combined CBS Outernet Creative development and Ripple network reaches more than 100 million viewers every Network management Audience Profile: Hardware and software installation month. CBS Outernet reaches on-the-go consumers with engaging. CBS Outernet is CBS Outdoor (digital): for real-time network monitoring introducing digitally connected “health stations” to selected Mall of America: content on 25 locations within the nation’s Network performance of 99% pharmacies nationwide.. Leading-edge proprietary software supplier* of free-standing. audience is 67.8 million to shoppers who network of screens located in community gathering places. focusing on how Proximity to point of purchase people shop each location. daypart. Advanced reporting (proof of play) health-related information and advertising. of out-of-home digital powerful brands—to engage customers with timely. 32. video networks their actions. CBS Outernet will manage digital video largest retail and entertainment complex compliance screens in and around the pharmacy area that will educate The CBS Outdoor Rail Network: reaching Atlanta’s MARTA Interactive with mobile devices shoppers about Lifeclinic’s health stations and provide relevant commuter trains. Adults 18–49 Advertising sales Women 25–54 Average household income: $50. two-way communications equipment in more than 25. content and advertising. content and advertising that target consumers through CBS Outernet’s in-store platforms reach Stations). Together. and leading national and local assets in radio and television (CBS Radio and CBS TV is the best way to deliver advertising messages. As part of CBS Corp. TARGETING consumers with pivotal messages close to the point of purchase. Customized programming platforms extend and optimize brand messages on the store level.500 locations across the nation in high-traffic NETWORK SERVICES Ad recall is double that of traditional broadcast television specialty retail locations such as Borders. Qualifications available upon request.com 66 70% 53 60% 50% Like the information Messages are Easy way to learn Signs are Would influence Would make Would influence my Would influence me on the signs informative about new products entertaining my decision to buy me think more decision to buy the to buy the product the product in the positively toward the product today instead of a product Source: Profitable Channels analysis of the media and OOH digital advertising industries.5% male. CBS Outernet will provide network services.3 times Ripple: Through its partnership with Ripple.
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Visvim. 1 streetwear shopping site. gear more than 12 page views per unique and sports from the perspective of a true insider. engage your targeted consumer online. sneaker culture. That means we can exclusive content and insider access to daily trends.com. videos. Our editorial covers style. Vans. in print. Asics and Reebok drives an Bastardly. a • Median age 29 Rocksmith and more. delivers the cutting edge in art. animation. Complex Media Network is a distributed Complex. cars. The latest news on brands such as Nike. bringing exclusive video content featuring Mos Def. Angelina. playing games. We reach an audience of visitor. Kanye from an insider who knows and hangs with the greats—and the rabid fans placement and actionability. exclusive interviews and blogs from the crossroads where the street meets marketing solutions in front of this most targeted audience and they listen— art. Osiris. fashion. 1 sneaker site. the world’s No. features PlanetXbox360 is the definitive site for Xbox360 fans. skyscraper. music. It’s the ultimate lifestyle and buyer’s won’t reach this audience anywhere else. message. Targeted ad network and NETWORK REACH distributed media platform Complex Media Network delivers more for stylish young men than 3.and content-driven • Attended/graduated college 77% special programs. the most effective and most efficient campaigns. Mischa. allowing We offer targeting by audience segment. Complex Media Network partner sites are carefully selected and curated to TARGETING maintain the perfect balance of innovative content and editorial integrity. Shop-and-earn your way generation interactive video.com] COMPLEX MEDIA COMPLEX MEDIA NETWORK NETWORK AUDIENCE Complex Media Network delivers the most elusive. keywords and key values. We invite you to join the conversation. 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VP-Ad Sales 917-262-3135 advertise@complex. at retail EckoTV. retail. Adidas. 50. Get the latest news on brands such as Supreme. content by site and the stylish young man.com Tom Peckenham VP-Network Operations 917-262-. products and lifestyle updates. the insider video channel. video and sports. variety of technology. is out front and • Median income $60. Harajuku. video • Age 21-plus 93% through the latest clothes from LRG. DJ Green Lantern and Russell Simmons. Complex spots trends and then shows our readers where representative for all member sites. celebrities.com. Selma and Vanessa. games. features the latest photos of hot actresses. Kaws AD UNITS because they already trust us. streetwear and graphic art. as well as next- He is: brands and exclusive merchandise at the best prices. browser type and operating system.com.
Italy. though they deserve it. After that. CPC. change. In fact. from the most high-profile sites (our premium network) market-driven yield-management platform. In addition to implementing all traditional • Premium network pricing models (CPM. we fill from the first redistribute some of that power to those to those best-kept secrets that quietly deliver the highest ROIs. CPX understands that its ability to service clients will ultimately be judged Web site monetization strategy • Straight run of network (RON) by its ability to internalize and deliver on a client’s specific goals. improvement or reform.com] CPX INTERACTIVE CPX INTERACTIVE NETWORK STATISTICS 24 billion-plus monthly impressions 195 billion-plus unique users A progressive online 2.com 30 April 14. CPM. valuable inventory on the Internet and commits itself to one-on- one account management. ad impression to the last—all at the highest possible payout who. the open exchange model. we'll bring the brand and you bring the uniques.0 emersion and long-tail branding.0 immersion of our 100% inventory-fill philosophy. be achieved–and often redefined–by leveraging the ever-unfolding truths of the Long-tail branding Internet. Utilizing a division of the company. CPX Interactive continues to push the envelope of The ad network serves more than 24 billion global impressions to over 195 CPM. 2008 . 2008-09 will see offices opened in Argentina. CPX Conversion-focused creative Interactive believes that client relationships are about more than simply serving development Advertiser offerings include: ads. may not be The CPX publisher team is proactive in its search for the most driven by real-time market competition. that continuously reflects the most what it means to be an ad network. all and Turkey. We know that power to significantly affect the flow of targeted traffic on the Internet is a great responsibility. DYNAMIC PRICING This describes CPX perfectly. Advertisers leverage the network to receive optimized global reach at dynamically efficient pricing. Ultimately. positioned well to exercise it. While traditional online ad networks are all about distribution.4 billion-plus monthly conversions ad network and global 60-plus countries marketing company ADVERTISER OFFERINGS CPX Interactive is redefining the ad network landscape.000 optimized creatives 100% guaranteed CONTACT Our unparalleled reach and optimization allow us to monetize Market-driven revenue generation David Shay 100% of our publishers’ inventory with no volume limits and no Performance-based site ad serving VP-Marketing defaults. By layering ROI-driven Run-of-network campaigns strategies on top of its own global distribution model.” CPX Interactive delivers value to both advertisers and publishers. we can also offer membership in Caliber 1 is a first-of-its-kind music and our premium publisher network. helping every publisher achieve CPX premium network maximum yield management. Selected publishers are divided into targeted reach and cutting-edge marketing know is that CPX’s unparalleled reach and optimization allow us channels and receive greater ad-serving control as well as higher strategies. as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are. division (CPXample).cpxinteractive. while publishers realize the benefit CPX enjoys a unique position in its understanding of how marketing success can Web 2. reach and efficiency of a progressive online Marketing company (strategy) STRATEGIC SERVICES marketing powerhouse. The premium network was Premium rates for your best inventory entertainment division within a major created to offer our major brand clients a way to connect with online ad network. CPX strategic services range from Specific audiences are reached through combinations of performance and conversion-oriented creative development to more campaign-specific strategies. online audience. Leveraging CPX While most publishers know CPX Interactive as the Internet’s most only the highest profile—and highest converting—inventory on Interactive’s access to unparalleled online efficient monetizer of long-tail inventory. SETTING A CPXAMPLE behavioral targeting strategies. entertainment industry reaches today’s right. million unique users across more than 6. Advertisers can select channels populated by the highest profile sites within Interactive offers campaigns on a dynamic dynamic pricing and 100% inventory monetization to our development of a their respective categories. what they may not the Internet. China. dedicated music and entertainment division (Caliber 1 Media). development The goal is scalable reach at lowest possible cost. a philanthropic Dynamic CPM is a variable pricing model. CALIBER 1 MEDIA To those publishers that qualify. This means that they do not have to build multiple tiers Premium publisher network 516-693-1771 dshay@cpxinteractive. PUBLISHERS CPXample is a catch-all philanthropic The CPX Interactive network provides access to more than 6. created to Web sites. CPX From our early embrace of the social media space. Spain placement basis. the CPX network is a nexus of quality advertisers and publishers. to meet the demands of its ever-growing stable of achievable ROI on a per-site and per- Online ad network (distribution) global clients. leveraging the collective strength. PUBLISHER OFFERINGS What makes CPX different? 100% inventory fill The best answer may lie in how we describe ourselves: a progressive online ad Premium network network and global marketing company. CPA). the company offers clients Targeted RON campaigns more than just the promise of a successful campaign—we actually possess the Premium network means to deliver a successful campaign.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. we can either default to a network of your choice or… Publisher benefits include: More than 20.000 publisher Web sites in over 60 efficient CPMs needed to reach maximum countries every month. Online product integration CPX Interactive creates interactive online campaigns that are designed to build • Targeted RON brand awareness and deliver on ROI goals. such as Web 2.000 of advertising networks into their fulfillment strategies. Caliber 1 is redefining how the to pay you premium rates for their very best traffic as well. industry-leading conversion-oriented campaign creative and Global (reach) never exceeding a designated maximum multiple advertiser offerings.com defines progressive as “…favoring or advocating progress. That’s CPM payouts. Let’s break that down: Domain monetization Social network application monetization Progressive Dictionary.
DRIVEpm’s unique their message is reaching the appropriate audience. Selector offers remessaging.” CONTACT Jack Myers Survey of Advertising Executives. in the shopping cart but abandoned the process. For example. We offer two key programs: Men age 18–34 based on your specific target audience.000 or more* IAB standard units. Daypart/day of week media only from the top 250 Web publishers.carras@drivepm. CATEGORIES 1Jack Myers Survey of Advertising Executives. audience based on targeting needs.1 That’s why so many of decide to try DRIVEpm and throughout their entire campaign. opt-out list provided) *Outperforming Ad. comScore “DRIVEpm is ranked in the Monthly Uniques: 105. The for its advanced technology and full-service campaign strategies. By specializing in only the top sites. December 2007. of industry experts maximizes results. creating mass campaign awareness Additional Options DRIVEpm is taking the digital advertising network to a whole new level. who have historically shown the highest propensity to respond—or audiences who Gender DRIVEpm’s world-class team. At home/at work DRIVEpm advertising team has been recognized as the best in the business when it roles and focus revolve around its advertisers’ goals. or even brand loyalists.com 32 April 14. 468x60 demographic targeting and ISP targeting. 180x150. auction. Spent $5. These groups can include key consumers—those profiled Geographic their brand. “blind” network buy (site based CPM or genre targeting on a CPM basis.000–$7. From the moment advertisers comes to understanding and fulfilling our advertisers’ goals. expert service Purchaser behavior Loyalty marketing Microsoft’s DRIVEpm is a premier advertising network that provides advertisers and DRIVEpm provides more targeting options to help advertisers and brands ensure that agencies with better results from online media campaigns. We provide while ensuring brand safety. the DRIVEpm team the world’s top agencies and marketers already use DRIVEpm to reach their audience. including 120x600. Only DRIVEpm offers a blended approach for success. who have actively placed items SIC code campaign performance. Client site visits House/rental e-mail list premium media. and new opportunities that help maximize online have browsed the site but not committed to purchase. effectively eliminating DRIVEpm indexes higher than the competition in reaching and 728x90 media waste. 2007 Automotive Business and Finance Education Entertainment Food Health and Fitness Movies Music News Real Estate Sports Technology Teens Travel Women PRODUCT OVERVIEW AUDIENCE OVERVIEW Television DRIVEpm offers advanced options to address your reach goals as DRIVEpm rates the highest for reaching*: well as your goals to target specific key audiences at different Persons age 18–34 Plus you can create custom categories stages of the sales cycle.499 online High-quality. 300x250.990.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www.com] DRIVEPM AD NETWORK DRIVEPM TARGETING OPTIONS Behavioral and remessaging: Advanced technology. people with a household income of $100.drivepm. Women age 18–34 Selector is a completely customizable program that allows Indexes higher than the competition in reaching people with a AD UNITS advertisers to profile their audiences and reach only that household income of $100. 2007 Liberty Carras VP-Sales 415-869-3822 liberty. data. segmented targeting Demographic: combination of premium media and advanced technology enables advertisers to gain allows advertisers and publishers to direct specific campaigns or portions of campaigns PRIZMne clusters an advantage from greater audience insight. Selector is bought on a CPM basis.S. Buy at a cost metric of your choosing—CPA. low-risk approach to buying Spent $200–$499 online MEDIA media. our Broad/narrowband experienced media team can maintain a close relationship with each publisher in the Advertisers and brands turn to DRIVEpm not only for its reach and efficiency but also Domain network and ensure that our inventory is just right for our advertising clients.000 or more*: Spent $50–$99 online Performance offers a high-reach. Metrix) and is ranked first for ‘keeps promises’ and overall value.7% Only top 250 Web publishers (Media top five across four categories.com. Blue Lithium and ValueClick Source: U.000 SITES Reach: 57. 2008 . better targeting and complete control over to many disparate groups. DRIVEpm’s actions. 160x600. DRIVEpm clients continuously benefit from Microsoft’s expertise.
PREMIUM MEDIA.ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. Ready to learn more? Contact us at info@DRIVEpm. EXPERT SERVICE.com . Th ad The d network t k that th t makes k a better b tt impression. iimpression i We understand the importance of protecting your brand. DRIVEpm gives advertisers unprecedented control over where and how their messages are delivered.
The first of its kind. iMeem. with 1 billion CONTACT Bebo. Now the Social spaces offer robust opportunities to target. 35-plus 12. AdFrames. PRICING based. The Eggnetwork enables brands to One-stop rich media network tell engaging stories with video and rich media to consumers they need where In-house creative services team those consumers live and play online. Metacafe and Kongregate. With the Full-page expanding rich media trailblazing Ticker. The Ticker enabled hundreds of leading brands such as Fox. VideoEgg demographic and affinity targeting options. Coca-Cola. to become part of the Eggnetwork. JibJab. Verizon and Procter & Gamble to interact with a global audience via online video. a Flash overlay and takeover experience. iMeem. the Eggnetwork unlocked the value of literally hundreds of banners millions of video streams for the first time. New observations about TARGETING advertising in social media led to the Eggnetwork’s next innovation: AdFrames. clicks. etc. Engagement is defined as when a user rolls over the (views. accountability video sites. 2008 . widgets Vast targeted reach across leading and rich media for social. Flixster. *Data based on Nielsen NetRatings. the brand response network. Kongregate. Demographic Geographic New environments. the Eggnetwork post-roll developed the Ticker ad unit. gaming and Innovation.tv. The Eggnetwork also inserts brands into top video. developing a singular with an online rich media experience at no risk. Psychographic social applications. all generally described as social environments.S. media brand experience.videoegg.4% campaigns on the Eggnetwork. packages rich media brand content and serves it up to interested audiences in REPORTING AdFrames helps make social spaces work for advertisers by delivering brand virtually any environment on the Eggnetwork. Metacafe and Scrabulous. rich media network. new solutions Targeting to deliver the right engagements Affinity Online video was the first environment and first challenge for VideoEgg. Ford.6% Hewlett-Packard (as well as more than 250 others) have all run 18–24 36. user engages with the ad unit. meebo. Blip. video consumption. EAP is quick and easy to integrate. Once approved. Scrabulous and Warbook inside social platforms such as Facebook.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www.) ad unit and an overlay expands to fill the browser window with a full-page rich Ability to traffic third-party pixels The network consists of such leading social applications as Flixster.com • More than 1 billion page views Fast and easy integration The Eggnetwork is comprised of publishers delivering a variety Geographic network breakdown of online experiences such as casual games. Profile data. the Eggnetwork CPE (cost per engagement) Making social spaces work for advertisers offers a cost-per-engagement model. The advertiser pays only when a Measure all aspects of your campaign engagements. AGE BREAKDOWN Join them at videoegg. these opportunities to deliver the right audience to its advertisers. To bring video and page content are rolled together to offer advertisers powerful brands and their stories into these challenging online environments. Brands such as Jeep. iLike. online video and • 32% U. to tell your brand story. Realizing that online video was a unique medium In-video ads: overlays.tv. gaming and music sites such as Eggnetwork can let your brand content reach 50 million people. Flash widgets. that provides brand marketers VideoEgg has focused on social spaces since day one.com/adplatform. Publishers on the Eggnetwork include Bebo. pre. developed AdFrames. AdFrames expertise: capturing audience attention for brands in chaotic social environments. Innovation or accountability? Yes. iLike. JibJab. Michael Hess VP-Sales PUBLISHERS WHO IS ON THE EGGNETWORK 917-207-5183 Unlock social value • More than 50 million uniques mhess@videoegg. video and gaming environments brand advertisers VideoEgg’s Eggnetwork is a rich media ad network that aggregates targeted CREATIVE SERVICES audiences across social. Buzznet. Nike and 31. fully accountable to advertisers.1% Supported by an international sales force (eight major markets in four countries). the • 34% Other publisher integrates the Eggnetwork AdPlatform (or EAP) to serve a number of ad formats designed to fit into virtually any Gender Breakdown social experience. CPM In addition to a standard CPM offering for online advertisers. and VideoEgg takes advantage of Content Eggnetwork offers rich media solutions across an array of environments: sites. February 2008 34 April 14. Flash widgets and casual games (as well as video). • 17% Canada Publishers that meet certain minimum criteria can apply online • 16% U. Blip.com] THE EGGNETWORK THE EGGNETWORK THE NETWORK Rich media in social.9% 13–17 Quality brand advertising 19. Most engaging ad experience Demonstrated innovation The Eggnetwork got its start in 2006 by redefining how brands could integrate AD UNITS advertising into online video. the Eggnetwork prides itself on exclusively running quality ads from quality brands that users know and 25–34 trust. impressions every month. gaming and video sites. not just brand impressions. Disney. AdFrames is an engagement. NBC Universal.and and that today’s audience wouldn’t tolerate 30 seconds of preroll. Buzznet.K. please. enabling • Male 58% publishers to start monetizing their engaged audiences in less • Female 42% than an afternoon.
Flexible payment terms Payment options—request one of three payment options from CONTACT Our team of professional network managers understands how to your network manager Michael Sprouse target ads to the right publishers to ensure the best campaign Payments made via direct deposit or check Chief Marketing Officer results.com payouts. including overlay. Meanwhile. advertisers can then leverage our vast online network to Epic Advertising’s industry-leading. Publishers maximize their Web site services advertisers’ end-to-end search marketing needs. each of management division. creative optimization. competitive advertisements for our publishers.com Traffic generators Human Resources: Search Content networks Unparalleled offer search functionality careers@epicadvertising. advantage for partners in the area of marketing integrity. creative reports and more. Additionally.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. Internet.sprouse@epicadvertising. who can be approximately 75% of the addressable confident that Epic Advertising will profitably leverage the industry’s fastest. Bazaar helps advertisers Geographic revenue by promoting offers from our vast network of quality advertisers. and in-stream video advertising. Epic Advertising’s other division. international. manages our marketplace of online publishers eager Competitive payouts Dedicated network managers unrivaled knowledge in search. which have all entrusted OTHER SERVICES Azoogle also offers Facebook application monetization. Bazaar Advertising. pre-. which contains a growing agency-of-record business that limited to: which represents marketing innovation. to generate revenue by promoting products and advertisers Custom-designed creative Superior tracking technology performance-based marketing and media wishing to acquire new customers. assurance department that upholds the highest standards for traffic and lead Self-service advertising platform to-understand Ad Wizard supplies advertisers with a way to promote their business quality. as the unmatched leader in data protection. To ensure publishers are getting the highest revenue yield. which enables automated keyword discovery. our streamlined search marketing solution means Finally.and midroll. With guaranteed high [email protected] including eCPC. Graphical reports Alerts Public Relations: Recommended offers News pr@epicadvertising. ads from the best advertisers and a team of dedicated network managers that provides fanatical customer service and support. eCPM and conversion rate calculations. AD UNITS quality customers. improved.epicadvertising. 2008 . performance-based ad network reach the qualified customers they’re looking for. easy. Our drive large volumes of highly qualified customers through proprietary Web-search Demographic advertisers connect to an online marketplace of publishers through search traffic.com Web Social networks Search for offers in the following ways: E-mail Portal sites Name Traffic type Phone: 212-308-8509 Text ID Category Fax: 888-666-3120 36 April 14. passing an enormous benefit onto our clients. We sit in the sweet spot of the industry.com] EPIC ADVERTISING EPIC ADVERTISING AUDIENCE Epic Advertising targets a b-to-b Conquering online community of advertisers of all sizes and performance marketing publishers looking to monetize their marketing efforts and site inventory. Advertisers that want Bazaar to manage all their SEM needs Dayparting eager to generate revenue by promoting their products and services. sales@epicadvertising. The result is a are encouraged to talk to us about agency-of-record services to see what we have progressive. TARGETING division. efficient bidding and Behavioral Web sites and e-mail. and in all verticals INDUSTRY STAT: ONLINE ADVERTISING REVENUE GROWTH (BY PERCENT) 50% PRICING Performance CPA. expert in-house media Epic Advertising with their brand names and online business growth. we recognized long ago that quality is far more important to Search agency of record for post. Advertising. This optimization process enables us to generate a high volume of high. While other advertising networks operate at or below industry standards. they’re done creating ads. Publishers: highly qualified advertisers with no hassle. fraud prevention. Epic Advertising market intelligence and a vast Internet reach of approximately 75% of the has a vast Internet reach extending to addressable Internet. To that end. publishers can select which offers to promote and get Customized publisher home page paid each time they convert a customer. We are with our advertisers each step of the way—and when Epic Advertising sets the standard for marketing best practices. midsize and local advertisers. combines a highly scalable reach for our advertisers and top. Epic Advertising offers a distinct competitive customers. With a network consisting of tens of ethically and measurably. Solutions for advertisers of all sizes in a few simple steps. This is all done Epic Advertising’s performance-based ad network division. michael. Our fast. We offer real-time custom reporting as well as the basics you expect. Publisher benefits through innovative technology and AzoogleAds. connecting NETWORK REACH advertisers to highly targeted online consumers—efficiently. self-optimizing marketplace where campaigns are continuously done for partners and how we have beaten our competition. At Epic Award-winning creative services team buying and planning. with global thousands of publishers. Filter your All qualified publishers can get access to exclusive offers from traffic and conversions by traffic type. technology. CPC. but not Azoogle’s network contains tens of thousands of highly qualified publishers. pCPM (patent pending) 40% CPM 30% Hybrid % Revenue 20% CAMPAIGN MANAGEMENT 10% The Epic Advertising team delivers the Year most comprehensive and cost-effective 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 strategic online marketing campaigns for PUBLISHER advertisers and publishers of all sizes and across all industries. we are able advertisers than quantity. As the nucleus of the company. CPM.com we are always developing and testing new creative and landing Industry-leading reporting Advertisers: pages to ensure the best possible conversion rates. We have the best converting Payments buying. since 2000 Epic Advertising is a leading online performance marketing company. we’ve invested significantly in an integrity advertisers to offer a self-service solution to small. AzoogleAds manages this marketplace of online publishers. AzoogleAds. through our Epic Ad Center product. moving dynamics to their benefit. cost-effectively. This is evidenced by our impressive list of past and current advertisers and partners. is our search engine targeting options including. Epic Advertising offers a variety of tier. privacy and All IAB-approved ad units advertisers get wide-scale deployment and the most efficient means of acquiring online marketing standards.
93% composition 212-366-8987 50% nricci@forbes. FAN engages a high-profile The Forbes Audience Network offers the best opportunity to reach the affluent the following targeting capabilities: consumer in four different luxury and influential editorial environments: business. 1 business news and financial news site on the Web.net Branded sites and affiliates in our network include: Forbes. RealClearPolitics Business decision-maker Professional/managerial News.842 General Manager. marketplace influence and high-profile audience. exclusive content and efficiency. luxury lifestyles and politics. technology. investing. However.com 41. skyscraper. highly targeted reach and customized programs Geographic investing. many sites in those more than 25 million unique users with networks likely do not have the contextual environment. 2008 . 40% Core topics include business. Investopedia includes the most comprehensive investing dictionary on the Web as well as articles and tutorials. The Forbes Audience Network is a comprehensive collection of critical mass.com as having “exceptional quality or greater value than others of its kind. test drives.60% composition The No. efficient marketing solutions. ForbesAutos 30% Reviews. your success is your ad placements. Premium is defined by dictionary. there is no uncertainty about advertising partners. with Forbes’ trusted concentrated reach to deliver scalable. 2007 Net/MRI Media Fusion+Product 38 April 14. TARGETING FAN delivers scalable. The Forbes Audience Network can offer unique audience. 51. advice.com] FORBES AUDIENCE FORBES AUDIENCE NETWORK The Forbes Audience Network aggregates Forbes-owned media properties and affiliates to create an audience of affluent business professionals catering to our users’ interests and passions centered around business. plus the political issues of the day. 20% ForbesTraveler The luxury travel authority. stock markets. half-page and rich media PRICING Rates are based on net cost-per-thousand impressions. And with the aggregation of our online properties Since our network is more than 25 million strong. you know efficient marketing solutions to our where your money is going.forbes. Impressions are defined as the display of the ad unit on a page requested by a visitor within the Forbes Audience Network. political opinion and commentary.” Forbes Audience Network provides advertisers with NETWORK REACH a true premium community of upscale and affluent users. from inspiration to reservation. and reputable brands. advertisers benefit from both the positive Average household income: $135. that guarantee your success. including leaderboard. PUBLISHERS WHO USES OUR AD NETWORK? CONTACT Along with the scale and content to help you accomplish all your Average age: 42 Nicholas Ricci media objectives. decision guides. targetability and response rates that help marketers achieve goals. news. personal finance and luxury lifestyle. Sales brand halo of our network of quality sites and our reach to more Male/Female: 73/27 Forbes Business and Finance than 25 million users with a firm commitment to the Forbes Network brand. 10% Investopedia Your source for investing education. and affiliates that forms the Forbes Audience Network (FAN).AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. business market with both large. targetability and guaranteed. photo galleries. pictures and pricing on luxury cars. luxury A true premium community lifestyles and politics. The Forbes Audience Network represents While most ad networks boast of their premium sites. concentrated reach to key global targets among all Forbes properties and affiliates. With a combination of synergistic editorial. Behavioral Daytime Income AD UNITS IAB standard units. large rectangle. user demographics or synergistic editorial.
50% Eyewonder. 133 pages for the general market).000. Hispanics averaging a household income of $60. channel listing. Families with children 61% The online Hispanic market. 26 percent). pop-unders. 24. 40 percent of those not online1.6% Non-Hispanic otherwise interacting with a rich media ad. 10% white 9. sharing $60. they are less likely to be online than South Americans. Point Roll and Unicast among the many options HispanoClick employs to serve ad 40% Non-Hispanic messages. 18. spring 2007 Shopping (53.4 percent). and are part of a group that is growing daily. Flexibility of payment Demographic Free support services We can help you profit from the work you put into your site and SOLUTIONS the traffic it gathers. March 2007 Sports vs. Automotive of Mexicans online. chatting and fashion. Eyeblaster. playing a game or Hispanics 12. channels or Education Cubans. offering a variety of We will represent your site and promote it to the online Serve all campaigns with one tag (you don’t need an marketing programs.000-plus 40% differently among places of origin. Flash.com *eMarketer Hispanic Americans Online 11/2007 40 April 14. is well educated. Internet and technology Equally important is how online Hispanics engage with the Internet. Higher household income averages are also characteristic of this online group. While Mexicans make up 64 percent of all Hispanics in the HispanoClick provides a variety of segmentation options and rich media solutions. Hispanic unique users on more than 800 Spanish-language premier sites.3%) Rich media has the added benefit of allowing user interaction. HispanoClick can adapt and adjust to clients’ needs and Health and women formulate the right combination of target segmentation. ad unit. Nearly one out 20% of every five impressions results in a user pulling down a menu.1% display advertising by a minimum of five 30% Non-Hispanic to one in terms of click-through rates. News Hispanics outpace their general-market counterparts when listening to music 1Simmons.” “Online 18–49 66% know that the Hispanic population.9 percent). 100 percent fill rate.S. the Internet is a vital source of communication for this group.3 percent) Travel and buying products or services (12. one-stop shop for online media solutions. With With its offerings of best-of-breed Spanish-language advertisers.8 million strong2. Household income: Online Hispanics are more educated. Hispanic market. 2008 . Business U. earn a higher household income. campaigns as well as ad translations rectangles. split $75. What most don’t know is that those demographics consume more pages online as well (150 vs.S.2 Other areas of strength are videos. November 2007 3Pew/Internet: Latinos Online. photos and reading or posting blogs. Rich media technology Streaming video INTERNET ACTIVITIES AMONG HISPANICS AND NON-HISPANICS In-banner video 60% AD UNITS HispanoClick offers virtually every major Hispanics 53. Delivering almost 10 million monthly Entertainment they earn more than offline Hispanics. Online reach and pricing to make any campaign a success.7 percent 2eMarketer Hispanic Americans Online.9% CONTACT Margie Bonomo 305-476-2974x204 0% Listening to music* Conducting financial activities* Researching products or services* Buying products or services* margie@batanga. white 37. Java.com] HISPANOCLICK HISPANOCLICK AUDIENCE Gender: Male 52% Leading the online Hispanic market solution Female 48% Age: By now most of us know the basic demographics of the Hispanic market.7% Rich media outperforms other forms of Hispanics 32.4% Hispanics 34. TARGETING Segmentation by: Country State of residence Top 10 high-density Hispanic markets PUBLISHERS Channel We work with brand advertisers.6 percent vs. With more than half participating in instant messaging.” 21and older 74% do not necessarily translate when looking at the online U. Puerto Ricans and Advertisers receive customized proposals that leverage the best sites.1% ad-serving and rich media technology. HispanoClick is a CHANNEL LISTINGS 44 percent of online U.. Another difference is the lower incidence U. 9.0% Non-Hispanic white 24.S. We can provide advertising community. html.S. floating banners and design. has more than Hispanics spend more time online than their non-Hispanic counterparts and 18–34 35% $900 billion in buying power. at more than 44 million. researching products or services (32. skyscrapers.000-plus 52% college vs. Hispanic. with 74 percent having completed some The increased popularity and appeal of social networking is no less significant to online Hispanics. all of whom enjoy a higher online penetration than Mexicans. We will sell your ad inventory—at a individual tag per campaign) millions of inventory impressions monthly. conducting financial activities (34. leaderboards.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. Brilliant Digital. with daily statistics for your online All creative types: banners.3 premium run-of-network. No fees HispanoClick can adapt and adjust to No volume contracts its clients’ needs. with AdInterax.hispanoclick.1 percent vs. white 26.1 percent vs. We According to the MRM Worldwide study “The Online U.S. 37.
The IDG greater universe of technology buyers. lead Many publishers have deep expertise on a topic and very large and loyal audiences. networking. Unlike a remnant ad network.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www.” IAB ad units 728x90 Laptops/ —RICH MILLER. Then IDG monitors the content daily to ensure Small and medium business the best quality advertising environment. the most rewarding relationships. Mobile/wireless/telecommunications IDG offers advertisers scale and innovation solutions across their network Networking Marketers can take advantage of IDG’s reputation and credibility built through Open source (Linux/Unix) more than 40 years of tech publishing. Advertisers can now extend their reach to sites and and the ability to run more creative Internet audiences they may otherwise miss through a single trusted media partner. mobile. Engagement matters for marketers and publishers Contextually relevant ad placement. With this partnership. marketers and publishers have the answer. dayparting and geographic targeting.com] IDG TECHNETWORK AT A GLANCE AUDIENCE Technology marketers that must reach targeted prospects across enterprise For advertisers and “The IDG TechNetwork provides and consumer categories technology publishers us with a strong platform of highly Independent publishers that need to grow revenue while focusing on writing to serve their loyal audiences Marketers and publishers face two common dilemmas: where to place content or advertisements and what will be of most interest to readers? With the IDG targeted sites to effectively support TechNetwork.” Security technology categories and full transparency as to which sites are represented in a Software media buy. solid understanding of the buying process to implement effective. 2008 . storage. complements IDG media brands to give marketers an even generation and custom marketing but lack a way to generate the true revenue potential of their brands. The right content with the appropriate advertising leads to publishers storage. It has evolved to Enterprise applications The IDG TechNetwork represents high-quality technology publishers to well-known Executive management technology marketers that trust IDG to place advertisements in appropriate sites. small-medium businesses. offers advertisers access to quality sites and advertising programs such as road More traffic is good for both advertisers and publishers. open source.idgtechnetwork.com Hardware Open Source (Linux/Unix) 42 April 14. desktops/laptops. IDG’s editorial teams review each site for quality content before —KATHLEEN RAMIREZ. EXEC VP-CORPORATE MEDIA DIRECTOR. DATA CENTER KNOWLEDGE Workstations 300x250 Boards/ Desktops/ 160x600 Chips/ Networking Memory Custom marketing solutions Storage CONTACT Kevin Normandeau Security Virtualization Web VP-Sales & Business Development Services/ 508-628-4758 SOA kevin_normandeau@idg. the IDG TechNetwork optimization and effective Web site design gained from 15 years of experience. IDG also helps its member publishers grow traffic at their Consumer electronics sites via distribution of their content on contextually relevant IDG media brands Hardware Lead-generation and custom marketing solutions give advertisers marketing and partner sites. marketing programs. publishers receive a share of the revenue and gain valuable member benefits to IT management help them grow their businesses. SERVICES blocks. CONTENT CHANNELS client initiatives. It is combined with a Sales representation and audience audiences. cool gadgets and personal technology. matching advertisers with appropriate advertiser-audience engagement through first-class content. IDG TechNetwork features highly targeted of sites. In addition. FAHLGREN ADVERTISING Storage it is accepted into the network. ADVERTISING PROGRAMS The IDG TechNetwork Lead generation “Being a member of the Road blocks and sponsorships of one or more sites Enterprise Apps IDG TechNetwork helps me Dayparting Software Geographic targeting increase my revenues while Retargeting Games/ Gaming CE/ Expandable banners Peripherals/ Services I spend more time tracking Video ads and video sponsorships Newsletter sponsorships Internet the trends and news events Widget distribution Info Mngmnt Small/ that are shaping the data Medium Business AD UNITS Mobile/ Wireless/ Telecom center sector. The IDG TechNetwork encourages campaigns across technology sites TechNetwork becomes their sales force. More than an ad network The IDG TechNetwork. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF. The network is organized by technology categories such as security. Plus. In give us access to better reporting Hardware return. with more than 100 enterprise and consumer sites at its comprehensive reporting. integrated development programs for technology hardware. launch in March 2008. IDG shares its knowledge of search engine Laptops/desktops/workstations campaigns that can scale. sponsorships of one or more sites.
Road blocks and sponsorships of Video ads and video sponsorships a site or across a category of sites Newsletter sponsorships Widget distribution Lead generation programs Day parting Integrated custom marketing Geo targeting solutions designed to educate or Retargeting engage the loyal audiences of Expandable banners multiple sites www.com .idgtechnetwork.
determine the optimal approach to execute. state-of-the-art 40. coupled with the fact the U. ’0 y’ y’ y’ We provide the best available rates and .9 million unique visitors in January 2008. e-mail blasts. Chicago. Unique Visitors 18+ 10% OTHER SERVICES Newspaper Rollup 66. Adults 18+ 30% 30. We provide clients with one order and one bill for multiple site campaigns NEWSPAPER WEB SITES OUT-DELIVER NEWS PORTALS to simplify client operations. influential and and postroll. Established in 1994.S. Newspaper National Network will strategize with advertisers to Millward Brown) NNN’s research ensures delivery of smart. execute and monitor multimarket 66.000 43. engaged with advertising within the trusted newspaper environment.2 billion page views (Nielsen Online: newspaper campaigns for national advertisers with a potential reach of January 2008) approximately 66. CNN and MSNBC.000 Source: 31% reporting to our clients’ specifications. sponsorships. Expert targeting capabilities to meet NNN is the expert ad network for newspaper media campaigns on any newspaper your every need Web site in the U. January 2008) effective solution across all types of newspaper media. Online newspapers print and online.nnnlp. 2008 . 4. Jan Jan Jan Jan Jul Jul Jul 20% terms. including vertical targeting. NNN units.880 newspaper media advertising 65. • The NNN ad network audience is the No.1 million Behavioral. studies. San Francisco and Los Angeles. corner peelbacks.S. as well as integration with newspaper print campaigns where newspaper Web site users. sliding • Since January 2005. with access to every newspaper online in The breadth and depth of our newspaper industry backing.000 PRICING 5 ’06 7 8 05 06 07 . AD UNITS IAB standard units. multimarket 3. to ensure that placement and 55. billboards almost 66.com 35. mass-reach sales and 66. sells and places premium. rich media Users turn to online newspaper editorial for comprehensive and reliable local content.7 million ROO/ROI research Source: Nielsen Online: January 2008: * All Newspaper Web sites Net Web Site: 2007 Web Site Influencer Study conducted by Millward Brown Customized solutions Free-standing inserts Full integration across newspapers as a medium CONTACT Ian Owen-Ward VP-Digital Development 212-856-6337 iowen-ward@nnnlp. MEDIA RESEARCH specific placements. ’0 . small or niche. We will customize plans and present solutions to of the top 25 markets.000 47% U. January 2008) to suit client specifications.000 45. video pre- The ad network delivers a high-quality audience that is affluent.000 INFLUENCERS Plan. nationwide. Among others available are deliver the efficiency of national reach with the power of local engagement. Newspaper National Network is a private partnership representing virtually all of the TARGETING newspapers in the U.4 million ethnic and college AOL News 23. We provide advertisers and their agencies with the most comprehensive and cost. (comScore. non. conduct proprietary client effectiveness delivering news portals including Yahoo News.000 campaigns in any newspaper in the 60.000 50% marketing goals are met.—large. 44 April 14.000 Nielsen Online - including post-campaign analysis.6 million Web nonusers Web users Newspaper print: Includes dailies.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www.com 35.9 million uniques monthly. the digital newspaper audience is up almost 55% to delivers the ideal environment for advertisers to reach attentive consumers. The ultimate in customization.S. AUDIENCE Newspaper National Network is the primary.com] NEWSPAPER NETWORK HIGHLIGHTS NATIONAL NETWORK Newspaper National Network is the premium consultative newspaper advertising network in digital and print for national advertisers. NNN leverages the power of local audiences to make newspapers national for advertisers.4% +52% We work closely with all third-party Up 5 50.9 million Communications planning Yahoo News–U. 1 digital news source.330 analytic vendors and provide 40% comprehensive. out. 300x250 rectangle.S. NNN packages. (2007 Web site Influencer Study conducted by AND PLANNING desired. research and ground-breaking industry (comScore. ’0 . make NNN unique.S. geographic and 0% Newspaper Newspaper demographic targeting CNN. MSNBC. Newspaper National Network clients have access to all newspaper Web sites— Newspaper National Network connects national advertisers to newspaper audiences in 160x600 skyscraper anything from a focused buy to a national multimarket campaign. (Nielsen Online: 2008) Newspaper National Network provides marketers with home page and content- • Newspaper Web site users are 52% more likely to be influencers vs. 35. We put our clients first. CAMPAIGN UNIQUE USERS JANUARY 2005 — JANUARY 2008 (000) NEWSPAPER WEB SITE USERS ARE 52% MORE LIKELY TO BE MANAGEMENT 70. including 728x90 Thousands of newspaper Web sites to choose from leaderboard. geo • Newspaper Web sites are the most-visited destination in local markets in 22 effective and efficient campaign strategies targeting or demo targeting.9 million monthly unique visitors marketing arm for the newspaper industry for national advertisers in print and 18 and older (Nielsen Online: January 2008) digital newspapers.com NNN has offices in New York. We also meet advertiser needs. roadblocks. 36. that NNN is 100% dedicated to the newspaper medium.
300x250. destination-based and regional content AOL’s premium content Daypart Publishers can now join AOL’s network of more than 95 premier brands. increased audience Package (UAP) compliant (728x90. The recent addition of Bebo.com home page and the Winamp Media Player. Engadget. TMZ. men video. eliminating significant overhead.* index of videos grew to more than 100 million.. promotion throughout the network. search. Truveo has also launched • AOL Latino is a leading bilingual portal for U. Queries per usage day. Asylum.* of the most engaged audiences on the more than 500. while Truveo’s • Black Voices is one of the premier sites for the African-American community. AOL teamed with HP to include localized versions of solutions.* across the Truveo search network increased twentyfold in 2007.aolmedianetworks.com. AOL’s network of Web properties is among the top three in the U. Hispanics. Affiliation also allows publishers to reduce both fixed and variable costs. PopEater.com premium content sites. drawing an average of 109 million unique visitors each month. AOL offers the following AOL is your single source for comprehensive monetization: solutions: Multichannel solutions • Video • Display. adults 35-plus. the AOL also leads the industry in consumer engagement. the AOL. Italy. is the No. Joining a vertical AOL channel (e. AOL has relaunched all its major programming channels— As part of its aggressive international growth plans. Product extensions • Cross-promotion AOL’s premium content at a glance: Contact information: • Content integration 105: Number of consumer brands in the network Laura Lasiter • Products and platforms for your site 109 million: Unique visitors per month VP-Sales 678-731-6177 AOL is now a part of Platform-A. • Audience insights and analytics • Search AOL Money & Finance. Joystiq. India. Sports and Living—and launched several new Austria. developed in partnership with Warner Bros. AOL Desktop.S. Spain. Black • Text Value-add services • Mobile Voices. AOL has audience spends nearly twice as long on our pages as on Yahoo. all of the variable costs associated with ad serving and hosting. young adults 18–34. In addition. • Rosters/data match launched breakthrough products such as BlueString. U. AOL brands consistently rank at the top of their opportunities across its sites categories.com portal and other AOL services as the default setting on HP Demographic computers shipped in the U. By joining an AOL channel. sponsorships Geographic PUBLISHERS • Data targeting. and myAOL. environments and a full suite of advertising solutions.S. 1 messaging service in the U. 35–64. to hundreds of premium and performance-based advertisers. *comScore Media Metrix. Moviefone. contextual relevance in premium including men 18-plus. DIY Life. and likely even remove. 46 April 14. most important. February 2008 social media network. The AOL Network • Cluster solutions AOL. AOL’s premium content is Universal Ad potential for new content and products. Belgium. AOL Safety and Security. average minutes per Contextual and share their pictures and movies. seniors 55-plus.. averaging more than 30 minutes Truveo now reach more than 50 million unique visitors per month. Among these: NETWORK REACH AOL’s premium content reaches 109 • MapQuest is the most popular provider of online maps and directions million unique visitors on average per in the U. • Age/gender/household income In addition. Poland. Sweden and comprehensive suite of targeting sites. rich media and mobile. AOL Television. Telepictures Productions. Top channels include AIM.* localized versions in 16 countries. MapQuest. Health) Ad units brings increased site traffic.S. which lets users easily store AOL consistently leads in average minutes per usage day. the Netherlands. Truveo. Money & Finance. including targeting. Taking advantage of Platform-A’s ad-serving capability enables a publisher to reduce.S. 2008 . News. AOL News. AOL has launched portals in AOL’s premium content offers a including News. Sites powered by • TMZ. Numbers shown are averages. continues to expand its reach with month. and Advertising. women 18-plus. increased brand visibility. a top global • Via content networks and home pages.* AOL’s leading video search engine. MSN or Google. Hispanics and African- With premier brands—many of them category leaders—AOL attracts some of the Americans. according to comScore Media Metrix. will drive AOL’s level of user engagement even further. 160x600 and 150x600). AOL Body. Web. AOL Music. AOL effectively replaces the ad operations team and sales force. 1 domestic entertainment news site. AOL’s premium content has some • AIM is the No. TARGETING CAPABILITIES In the past year. video.S. Joining AOL’s premium content lets you focus on what you do best: building great content and products for your audience.000 new videos uploaded to the Web each day.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. including: Switched. TACODA’s and Quigo’s industry-leading 30: Minutes for each visitor per usage day targeting capabilities. More recently. including Asylum.com’s massive online advertising network. Autoblog. • Ad serving • Performance AOL Email and AOL Living. audience only. mobile.g. publishers 13: Minutes for each visitor per visit benefit from Platform-A’s extensive sales expertise and gain access Source: comScore Media Metrix 2008. Stylelist and Switzerland. including AOL • Audience affinity Mail. and more than two dozen countries worldwide. largest and most engaged audiences online.com] PLATFORM-A: AOL AOL AUDIENCE AOL reaches more than 60% of every major demographic audience segment. AOL has upgraded its industry-leading product suite. Additionally. which lets them customize their page and average minutes per visit. which brings together AOL’s 152: Page views for each visitor per month [email protected]. women 25-plus with children. AOL Parental Control tools. Sports. engagement and. AOL’s content offers marketers instant scale. search and contextual listings • Rich media WHO USES OUR AD NETWORK • Cross-platform integration • Integration and sponsorship • Latest targeting techniques Each month. Green Daily.
M oviefon IM the indus try in consume e x pe r ie n c es like A r engagement with premier MapQuest. Stay all day if you .com. Z and AOL. We lead . G o nuts.Want to go de . TM w an t . ep wit s t hey love h your aud site ience? Then spend some time on the AOL e.
Auto Intenders and Gadget AOL’s premium content sites and Advertising. AOL’s leading advertising organization.com technology or health care and command significant spending power.. reviewed three times per Demo overlays help define and test segments week for offensive content Daypart Retargeting PROFILES OF SEVERAL POPULAR AUDIENCE SEGMENTS AD UNITS Auto Enthusiasts We accept standard IAB rectangle Car hobbyists who read about the latest models.244.000–$99. New York Times Co. TACODA helps audience segments. Since 2001. tailor your content to your audience and drive marketing strategy Business Decision-makers CONTACT Full control of ad selection Individuals who take an active interest in business news and 646-674-2700 Audience reseller opportunities strategy. as well as third-party ad servers Demo Comp Index such as Atlas and DART.999 110 We help our clients maximize returns with analytics in hand.000–$99.999 122 mid.000-plus 132 Source: comScore Media Metrix. NETWORK REACH TACODA runs one of the world’s most advanced behavioral targeting advertising The TACODA network reaches more than networks. with proprietary technologies that help uncover the online habits of 140 million people online and continues your best customers and target like-minded people across the Web. They follow financial markets for industries such as sales@tacoda. look for car parts (300x250).com.993. Coca-Cola Co.com.com] PLATFORM-A: TACODA TACODA AUDIENCE We help marketers find their customers TACODA is the industry leader in behavioral solutions and audience insight. the company has provided advanced behavioral targeting solutions and analytics to audience composition analysis leading brand marketers and publishers including AT&T. 2008 . Audience intelligence that helps you boost sales. media partners and gardening projects include AOL. Unique Users 11. or have a keen interest in vintage or high- skyscraper (160x600) ad units. GlaxoSmithKline. and to grow monthly.906 Demo Comp Index Age 45–54 120 Children No 108 Household income $100. As online with a number of discrete part of Platform-A. we help publishers and e-commerce companies precampaign-planning tools that show increase the value of their inventory and learn about the online Trendy Homemakers reach against spending levels. HGTV. Roebuck & Co. Geo • Smartest audience segments: The only network that uses comScore data to • Clean network: A transparent list of premium sites. remodeling to each publisher’s specific needs. TACODA makes it easier than ever before for marketers to harness the full power of digital media to solve their marketing problems. With the power of TACODA’s advanced behavioral targeting and Household income $75.596. Together with Homemakers. NBC Universal.. We provide a suite of products tailored Women who take charge of their homes’ decorating.tacoda. and Unique Users 9. and our network advertising initiative gives consumers the segments Here’s how we do it: ability to opt out of our network. Bank of America. We work Higher rates for unsold inventory Age 25–34 136 with all major ad servers and provide full More relevant ads for visitors throughout the site Household income $75.984 PointRoll. • Consumer privacy protection: We never use sensitive information to target Behavioral: standard and custom advertising. reach and frequency. Time Inc.and post-campaign reporting.com. General Motors Corp..AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. Kelley CAMPAIGN Blue Book.com. Fox.213 MANAGEMENT USAToday. campaign TARGETING Procter & Gamble Co. • Planning tools: Assist with media allocation.and post-campaign reporting: Helps you understand the success of your Cadbury Schweppes. including Eyeblaster. FoodNetwork. Gender Male 120 PUBLISHERS Age 35–44 128 PRICING All campaigns are priced on a CPM basis. activities of their visitors. Klipmart and Unique Users 1. Major U. the largest online advertising Geeks. A dedicated representative works to Demo Comp Index ensure desired marketing objectives are Publishers’ benefits: Gender Female 112 met throughout the campaign. And we performance automobiles work with most rich media providers. such as Trendy connect people and advertisers with whom and what they want. leaderboard (728x90) and and accessories. and Sears.S. December 2007 48 April 14. • Pre. eBay. network.
your online properties. operating as separate entities.com’s Widgnet advertising solutions: With CONTACT ADVERTISING.260. As part of Platform-A. 2008 .com makes it easier than ever for marketers dedicated account management teams are focused on driving results by targeting Search: SEO and SEM to harness the full power of digital media to solve their marketing problems.advertising. rich media and video PUBLISHERS Advertising. including: organization. We have maintained this industry-leading position for 46 We believe that the next digital era is upon us and that we can own it by serving consecutive months.COM NETWORK REACH ADVERTISING.COM Advertising.com has emerged as the world’s largest display advertising network— Advertising. based on comScore demographic profiles.com can deliver results. awareness. we complement direct automatically allocated across our sales and advertising efforts by helping you: network based on the highest expected Manage your online ad serving return for the advertiser and publisher.com offers marketers a variety but we’re not stopping there. your ads appear inside applications users choose Mike Peralta and use every day. generate TECHNOLOGY across display. Advertising. can utilize our MADX technology to help create. AOL’s advertising of ways to engage audiences. psychographics. • Our ad-serving platforms enable you to manage your TARGETING CAPABILITIES AD-SERVING direct advertising campaigns effectively and efficiently Whether you are looking to drive traffic to your site. Our award-winning and Mobile targeting capabilities.com has the capability to deliver integrated online Display brand-building solutions. video and mobile channels. We consider ourselves our expected performance.com’s Monetize your unsold inventory loyalty.548. provides the greatest Browser targeting: Target IP addresses based on browser manage your inventory for you. affiliate Performance and search.com reaches 90% of the online audience—more than any other online property. Video Rich media Together with AOL’s premium content sites and TACODA’s industry-leading our LeadBack suite of behavioral targeting solutions. advanced learns and refines ad placement across technologies and endless supply of top advertisers enable you to our network based on observed and make the most of your inventory. Advertising.COM KEY STATISTICS Widgnet.000 Advertising Sales Daypart targeting Percent reach of total U. monetize and maximize Our AdLearn technology continually publishers’ inventory. advertisers and real-time optimization inventory network to Web sites that index high against any target Video: Our Lightningcast video ad- guarantee your display. lifestyle or any other comScore metric. showcase and sell your Psychographic targeting: Target based on specific mobile ad space. OPTIMIZATION provide all the tools needed to manage. language. Mobile: You can choose to have us impression once at your site.S.com Average pages viewed per month 77. view • Our ability to efficiently drive your target audience to industry categories by targeting IP addresses matching performance and check earnings. makes it easy to manage your ad-serving • Our cross-channel solutions. and monetize the consumer specific SIC (Standard Industry Classification) codes. increase purchase intent or develop customer Display: ADTECH. Advertising. Senior VP-North American Total unique visitors 166. serving platform operates with all Channel targeting: Serve ads to specific. display ad-serving platform. including our award-winning AdLearn optimization platform and *comScore Media Metrix IAB standard units. arsenal of top-notch Demographic targeting: Target campaigns across our activities.709. Ads are publishers’ advertising service partner.* We reach across the entire Web using the most advanced what consumers want—relevant content and advertising—across the entire Web.000 ZIP Code targeting [email protected]% Platform-A Average daily visitors 72. Our real-time Maximize your return on marketing reporting and payment interface allow SIC code targeting: Target consumers within desired job and you to control your campaigns.com reaches nine out of 10 online consumers. mobile. including springboards. Our flexible programs.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. AD UNITS technologies. or you return for your marketing efforts. SOLUTIONS Advertising.000 Geographic targeting comScore Media Metrix February 2008 50 April 14.com] PLATFORM-A: ADVERTISING. including display. sites within our content channels. with scale across multiple networks. online consumers 88. Advertising. such as time spent on the Internet. premium content major media players and offers never goes unsold. video. dynamic ad serving. video and mobile inventory audience.com and ADTECH. Advertising. Affiliate Advertising.
AOL’s advertising organization. or you ad placement across our network based can utilize our MADX technology to help create.694.A. behavioral and performance Daypart Value-add services Behavioral Platform-A combines four industry-leading advertising platforms— • Audience insights and analytics Vertical the legacy AOL Network (premium CPM/reservation-based • Ad serving advertising). Platform-A [email protected]: Number of Platform-A domestic and international Web sites Mobile: You can choose to have us manage your inventory for you.5%: Reach of total US online consumers media players and offers dynamic ad serving. complete the integration of our • Age/gender/household income engagement. Source: comScore Media Metrix 2008 ad space. • Contextual. objectives. allows you to Performance PLATFORM-A CORE STATISTICS: easily manage your ad-serving activities. understand their demographic. mobile.* Demographic Platform-A connects marketers to their audiences with a high level of AOL will continue to build the Platform-A brand. Ad Sales. We also optimize advertising based on the behavioral interests that resonate with an advertiser’s key audience. Leveraging conversion data—anything from newsletter sign-ups to event registrations and online purchases—will increase brand performance and drive more response with less waste. view performance and advertisers that measure success with a check earnings. Our sophisticated reporting allows us to discover the behavioral profile of the consumers who are most receptive to your message.000: Average daily visitors payment interface allows you to control your campaigns. unsold inventory and deliver the highest value for each and every Video impression. Affiliate 166. that relevance is the antidote to fragmentation. reaching more consumers than anybody else.com Monetization extensions AD UNITS (targeting with scale) and Quigo (contextually-targeted sponsored • Opportunity to sell Platform-A network inventory Platform-A offers marketers a variety of links)—into a single solution. but we believe consumers. Text Platform-A offers publishers a single yet flexible source for you can trust Platform-A to meet your needs. showcase and sell your mobile on observed and expected performance. With our experienced and scaled global sales staff. • Cross-platform integration • Data targeting.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK PLATFORM-A: PLATFORM-A AUDIENCE PLATFORM-A Audience insights guide all Platform-A solutions.com’s display ad-serving platform. behavioral relevance and rich display. Platform-A offers a comprehensive suite Platform-A already has the Web’s best monetization engine. Rich media monetizing assets. In audiences. industry-leading you craft and place your brand’s message. back-end metric. Web’s best advertising technologies. ultimately. NETWORK REACH Platform-A reaches nine out of 10 online Today’s media environment is more fragmented than ever before.000: Total unique visitors Video: Our Lightningcast video ad-serving platform operates with all major OPTIMIZATION 90. Platform-A’s simple solution eliminates the pain and Platform-A is the only network that can take on 100% of your Display inefficiencies of managing several ad networks. Our best-of-breed sales force and category.com 52 April 14. TACODA (behavioral targeting). including: By integrating unparalleled reach. recent acquisitions and expand Platform-A internationally. Ads are automatically allocated across our network based on the highest expected return for the advertiser and publisher. targeting capabilities and the largest online advertising network into a unified solution for building brands that perform online.763. 2008 . Advertising. CONTACT Mike Peralta SVP N. including: short. psychographic and behavioral characteristics and. tools and social networks makes us uniquely positioned to deliver what consumers TARGETING and advertisers want. decide how Platform-A integrates a vast array of premium content sites. video. efficiency and ease.5: Average pages viewed per day technology continually learns and refines 20. destination-based leading advertising tools enable us to deliver unparalleled value • The latest targeting techniques and regional content to our network partners. Platform-A’s vast network of sites. including: Integrated and sponsorship Mobile Search WHO USES OUR AD NETWORK AD SERVING TECHNOLOGY SEO and SEM Display: Adtech. • Audience affinity *comScore Media Metrix 2008 • Cluster solutions • Rosters/data match PUBLISHERS Contextual • Via content networks and Platform-A Publisher Network Multichannel solutions sponsorships Platform-A delivers on the promise of increased yield and • Display. when they want it. search and contextual listings Geographic publisher value. Our real-time reporting and Platform-A offers several solutions for 74. This Platform-A. Advertising. This integrated approach enables us • Products and platforms for your site ways to engage with their target to sell inventory across the four platforms and maximize yield. powered by the of targeting technologies. makes it easier than ever for information helps you find target marketers to harness the full power of digital media to meet their marketing audiences. Our performance 67.
please Technology 40 Travel Finance The result: more scale and value for advertisers. makers 4% Credit card Exceptional flexibility and service applicants IAB standard ad units. mortgage 7% shoppers 15% The Revenue Science platform helps publishers deliver relevant audiences to advertisers. MARKETPLACE to help increase your campaign AUDIENCE SCALE performance.5 19 18. PUBLISHERS WHO REVENUE SCIENCE REACHES Custom segments are available to help achieve your campaign goals. Retirement 8% Revenue Science then makes its behavioral data available to planners 4% skyscraper. with Auto loan Career REVENUE one of the first behavioral targeting solutions on the market. Auto For more information. Utilizing existing or custom e-mail leads—all from using Revenue Science.2 contact us at: for publishers. 21.6 www. You can foster product engagement while gaining • Powerful Boolean logic insight into your perfect target audience. it can be nearly impossible for marketers to users enable us to accurately assess choose the one that is right for them. Access to the network billions of qualitative behaviors a day and a reach of more than 120 million unique With a plethora of online ad networks.8 them to provide behaviorally targeted inventory to other sites as 60 48. That’s why Revenue Science. wide sky. 5. The Small Demographic Home behavioral engine tracks user behaviors across a publisher site business owners accountants Geographic 9% and/or other sites in the Revenue Science Targeting Marketplace. Gannett. 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Perhaps that’s why companies such as AOL. premium publishers and Let Revenue Science help you discover ad networks—enabling marketers to use the Revenue Science Targeting Marketplace your ideal audience with ultimate to execute a single buy to reach a qualified audience anywhere on the Web.9 888-308-3444 Health Financial Times.com 0 54 April 14. Shopping The first-of-its-kind Revenue Science Targeting Marketplace connects people to Technology • Proven performance engaging advertising with the most advanced behavioral and targeting capabilities Travel Revenue Science boasts the industry’s longest track record of delivering effective available.revenuescience. 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Revenue Science has relationships with most major portals.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. 2008 . publishers. With some networks.com] REVENUE SCIENCE REVENUE SCIENCE Revenue Science technology tracks.000 responses with daily warehouses to effectively reach your specific actions such as filling out a loan calculator. for a total ROI of 125% based on target audience. Entertainment Leveraging years of analytics experience from working with the world’s top • A high-end auto franchise received a 54% increase in site visits. created the Revenue Science Targeting Marketplace— into targetable audience segments. publishers can choose to extend their your target audience. customer value. seekers 1% seekers SCIENCE 19% Site retargeting. every time.9 us. inventory to a marketplace of thousands of publishers. Revenue Science is a clear industry leader. enabling them to create high-quality. audience segments that maximize the value of their inventory. We offer more than 75 logic to find and segment multilayered behaviors to reach the right audience. stores The Revenue Science and aggregates anonymous behavior marketplace: beyond data gleaned from user behaviors across our targeting marketplace. search retargeting. Campaign analysis reports Premium partners and ultimate control (in millions) 80 Shopping will help you better understand and reach Entertainment With Revenue Science. Lifestyle 120 Your 100% satisfaction is important to Dedicated media services managers answer questions or help 103. users might read multiple articles and take • A national retailer generated more than 40. a 73% increase Financial services publishers since 1999. The Revenue Science marketplace ensures that each and every audience is qualified objective is. All behavioral targeting and network technologies are not Stock traders 9% created equal. at the right time. more revenue 30. market-driven segments in areas such as: • A telecommunications company reduced its cost-per-action by nearly 25% Auto • Marketplace advantage while generating an increase in program adoption. Lifestyle segments.revenuescience. For example. The efficiency while increasing your reach and advantages of the Revenue Science marketplace go far beyond convenience. 25% Daypart providing access to billions of behaviors and more than 120 Business Internet speed decision- million unique users in a single day. and the marketers that choose Revenue Science benefit from advanced behavioral targeting for a wide variety of clients.
But they’re a different business than an ad exchange. we love getting the question.rightmedia. In some cases. Contact us to learn more about advanced applications of the exchange. all-encompassing ad management The Right Media Exchange (RMX) set the course for digital advertising’s exchange sector in 2005. publishers and ad networks Direct relationships with more than 145 members More than 30. and the efficiency and Exchange platform. PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Sellers. agencies. Right Media has made the concept of a fair. largest exchange marketplace for advertisers. They bring unique value to the community and aggregate supply and demand to help their constituents trade. An intermediary between advertisers and publishers Fosters the largest open community of buyers and sellers (advertisers. The exchange gives them everything they need to do it—the platform.000 buyers and sellers. Solely a vehicle for nonpremium advertising agencies. we’ll even An ad network that buys and sells media Powers your entire ad business manage it for you. adoption of ad exchanges. are you armed to navigate the chaos of a fragmented ad market and drive better WHAT IT IS… … AND WHAT IT ISN’T ROI? Professional Services can be your partner in managing your ad business The technology platform that effectively. FREE AD SERVER Mid/long-tail publisher looking for a free ad server and a way to manage ad networks easily for maximum profitability? Try Direct Media Exchange (DMX). trading more than 5 billion impressions daily Consolidation of all relationships Professional services Control Experts to help you manage your business Brand/user protection from harmful ad/site content Innovative practices Standardized. profitability that result for all participants.com Now let’s be clear. common platform to build on Replacement for or supplement to another ad server Community RMX—the first. guidance and link to the rest of the market to expand the scope of their business and drive new revenue. Still. advertiser/agency or network looking for an enterprise-level. tools.com] RIGHT MEDIA EXCHANGE RIGHT MEDIA SOLUTIONS EXCHANGE PLATFORM The platform for digital advertising Larger publisher.rightmedia. publishers. do you have the market-driven tools and insights to capture advertiser budgets and maximize yield? Buyers. all buyers and sellers need to think of new ways to grow their businesses. Ad networks are a critical part of exchanges and our industry. 2008 . and not what you thought at all.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD EXCHANGE [www. from both solution? Get on the Right Media participation and development standpoints. networks) A plug-and-play solution Protects your brand and users CONTACT Empowers you to manage and innovate your business Visit us at www. 56 April 14. open marketplace. Since then. has been enthusiastic. fundamental in our industry. “What exactly is the Right Media Exchange?” because it may be more than you think. detailed creative classification Consulting services Channel conflict controls Outsourcing services Business partner controls Reporting controls A VEHICLE FOR EVOLUTION With the market as fragmented as it is today. THE FUNDAMENTALS Foundation Premium and nonpremium ad serving Automated ROI/campaign/inventory management Cost per whatever (CPW)—any and all pricing models Powerful targeting and reporting Open.
fair marketplace for all buyers and sellers of digital advertising in 2005.rightmedia. to integrating into your existing infrastructure Community: 145+ members.000+ buyers and sellers. to auto-optimization. The Right Media Exchange platform: Foundation of your entire ad business. It’s a fundamental part of the Right Media Exchange. But it’s not the only part. from ad serving. 30. 5+ billion daily transactions Controls to protect your business. . When is an ad exchange more than an ad exchange? When it’s the Right Media Exchange.com to find out more about joining the Right Media Exchange. and drive more value out of every impression you buy or sell. Visit us at www. We created the first open. from Media Guard’s defenses against harmful ads to business partner controls Professional Services to help you manage your exchange business and innovate Take a holistic approach to running your ad business. to every kind of pricing.
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Post-Buy detailing dollars per buyer. comprised of standards. rich media than 300 of the Fortune 500 companies.K. not for optimal geographic relevance. consumers Network provides anonymous consumer information reaching more than 95% of all monthly user. Flash. 888-376-0030 online campaign on consumers’ Internet www.and post-campaign audience intelligence reports for brand Ad Effectiveness CONTACT Illustrates the impact of an advertiser’s advertisers. gender and household income. Interested publishers may inquire by contacting U. consumers monthly service categories.and post-campaign reporting Preferred Partner Since 1999.300 product and online consumers. These categories may be customized and provide advertisers with technologies to connect advertisers with their target audiences online. Specific Media has worked with hundreds of top-tier valuable brands with sites that meet the highest content quality Post-Buy online properties and created its Premium Network. The combined 25 million consumers in Germany the ability to target very specific or very broad audiences.S. purchase behaviors. OFFICES 18 million consumers in France monthly. frequency. SPECIFIC MEDIA Premium Network is reserved for consumer-branded publishers. residing in the New York area. France Germany SPECIFIC MEDIA’S CUSTOMIZED AUDIENCE INTELLIGENCE REPORTS Through its deep anonymous consumer complete picture of who was reached and PRIVACY STATEMENT data and key partnerships with industry. Anonymous consumer data business. packaged goods and financial industries. search keywords. 2008 . how effectively they were reached.K. impact of an advertiser’s online campaign. rating the likelihood of a purchase among more than 3. Specific Media offers its Premium Network of consumer-branded sites and a AD UNITS comprehensive suite of targeting capabilities enabling advertisers to target specific All standard formats are accepted: audiences online with scale and accuracy.300 categories. included in Specific Media’s data. advertisers.com] SPECIFIC MEDIA SPECIFIC MEDIA TARGETING TECHNOLOGIES Demographic The global network Behavioral for brand advertisers Contextual Geographic Specific Media is a global technology and online media company founded in 1999. including demographic reach. This anonymous data is formulated with the company’s targeting 26 million U.com Preferred Partner activity by measuring lift in key areas. reach highly specific audiences online. size of its Premium Network and Data Network enables Specific Media to identify monthly and accurately target a larger number of consumers than other networks. No personally identifiable information is leading consumer measurement services. dollars per Provides post-campaign analysis offering a transaction and competitive share. The company currently works with more Display.S. engagement. search and competitive share. Specific Media provides an array of GRPs and frequency distributions.com. The Premium Network ensures that advertisers associate their publishers@specificmedia. brand deep insight into target audiences. The Retargeting company is a top advertising network throughout North America and Western Europe. Offline and Online Sales Impact More than 140 million U. participation in Specific Media's 25 million consumers in Germany monthly. 58 April 14. among others. This key competitive distinction enables highly accurate targeting by 85 million Web pages categories such as age.
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We brand and direct response marketers.com] 24/7 REAL MEDIA NETWORK HIGHLIGHTS AUDIENCE 24/7 Real Media offers the paramount targeting solution to deliver the right 24/7 Real Media helps advertisers. is celebrating more than 10 years of Daypart targeting lifestyle. creative.500 quality Web sites. generate revenue and satisfy advertisers. and Flash-based Juice wanted to drive visitors to its stores over the course of a two week campaign Increased revenue with a “BOGO” (buy one.247realmedia. based. including rich media.com 60 April 14. publishers and partners. ad sizes Deliver all digital formats across all Excellent service digital platforms (mobile. 24/7 provides the highest in quality assurance standards as well as skilled and experienced personnel. in-roll video. that enable us to deliver valuable research. 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Content channels Our technology platform Open AdStream is award-winning and market-leading. advertiser. we work with you to determine where your customers are in the lifecycle and then strategically apply the most effective targeting techniques for your needs. and optimize for best results. real estate. we can target and retarget your customers with greater Demographic targeting efficiency by analyzing customers’ true marketing profiles. We focus on innovation. Mindset Media buys to reach and convert the particular customers who are truly interested in their Geo-demographic targeting offerings. cutting-edge targeting options. advertisers. Media Management approach. Web. to purchase and loyalty through time. juices and snacks. supply analysis daily reporting and provide customer service and tech support. a WPP Group company. No matter who you With more than 1. excellent service and Branded sites you to target your customer based on psychographics or personality traits. we can segment and target your customers so that they deliver the we reach approximately 150 million most value to you and give you the highest return on audience. Geographic targeting Claritas. Our network is NETWORK REACH powered by our award-winning Open AdStream technology. CONTACT Quality assurance THE RESULTS Lee Sparaga 24/7 has rigorous QA standards and operates in accordance VP-Sales Coupon download goal achieved about halfway through the campaign with laws and industry best practices. producing true results for advertisers and agencies. State-of-the-art reporting and data Affiliate relations: We create taxonomy and ad tags. awareness. we have We ground our approach in the customer lifecycle framework. • Ability to exclude campaigns from appearing on your site Formats: in-page banners and page loads Powerful technology algorithms Operational efficiency Reach and frequency control • No additional costs/fees of any kind Post-click tracking • Ability to outsource ad sales and operations Analytics • Superior technology platform AD-SERVING Robust reporting and analysis TECHNOLOGY • Easy to use user interface Proprietary award-winning Open • Flexible. Benefits of joining 24/7's network include: Guided by digital advertising agency Xylem CCi’s media agent. industry leadership. get one free) beverage offer. including behaviors and 24/7 Real Media. the Behavioral targeting • Geo-demographic targeting: By partnering with consumer research expert most powerful in the industry. 24/7 Real Media Goal achieved at approximately 50% of the allocated budget 212-231-7182 Retargeted ads yielded the highest response level lee. TARGETING Beyond standard content and behavioral targeting. management Ad operations: We book campaigns. AdStream ad management technology revenue.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. Using our Lifecycle local and b-to-b. Jamba streaming video. Among our content channels. We work with all major rich • Highest revenue for each ad impression delivered media vendors. both audience for every advertiser.
premium is the word of the day. Undertone’s dedicated professionals collaborate with you to The Undertone difference is simple: Our accountability to our media partners and Preroll video develop the most effective strategy to meet your objectives. and we know approach. Each account receives a exactly what you are looking for. thus ensuring a good experience for Reach grew 119% in the past year CONTACT INFO your site visitors while maintaining a clean site aesthetic. But what is We take the time to listen to your goals and objectives. 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At Undertone we know that to truly call our network premium it has to campaigns that help you exceed them.224 own account executive through have been part of the network since the beginning. Source: comScore Media Metrix % Change Media Trend. Quality: We commit that the quality of the advertisers and February 2007 February 2008 ads to which your audience will be exposed are in line with % Reach your brand and the premium content you publish. Undertone works with eight of the top 10 national advertisers 8 5 3 2005 2006 2007 Number of top 10 national advertisers working with Undertone Source: Ad Age’s 100 Leading National Advertisers.undertone. such as geographic. 2008 . call our headquarters at assured that we will deliver: 16. The members of your team are always available to you and have The Undertone team of media buyers and account coordinators intimate knowledge of and take closely monitors delivery and performance levels to make sure responsibility for the successful execution we monetize every impression served. Our expert staff works with you every publishers based on the quality of their be about more than just the quality of the sites within our network. your brand is protected and well-represented.S. Our exclusive focus on February 2007 February 2008 of your campaign. Since that time. agencies and media companies.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. Conversely. We offer a full suite of innovative products to deliver the results AD UNITS Leverage the experience of a leader you need. video and/or our high-impact solutions. we have of the most effective ad solutions for add precise targeting. 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Our team will work with you to attain the right combination of ad Undertone Networks was founded in 2002 to cater to the world’s largest and most Undertone offers a comprehensive suite units—including rich media. operations. seen in the best placements to engage consumers. high-quality advertisers allows us to serve only the best ads Total unique visitors (000) through your site’s rotation. In-banner video Rich media High impact PUBLISHERS DATA PROFILE As a publisher. Published: June 2007 62 April 14. behavioral and advanced retargeting to helped thousands of clients achieve their online marketing goals and in doing so have reaching and engaging consumers: reach and engage your audience. You need a partner that will not only bring significant SERVICE Unique visitors grew by 131% in the past year financial value but whose work-flow process aligns with your At Undertone we know that providing 65. our clients. 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Advertise on the Web’s top-tier properties Undertone Networks strategically chooses our inventory from the Web’s top-tier Accountability to our clients and publishers publishers and then “prebuys” that inventory so our clients’ ads are ensured At Undertone. reliable and effective. quality and trust. premium must step of the way.205 business needs.undertone. from its and our ability to meet them are why many of our publishers 28. we have been working hand in premium service means taking a team hand with top-tier publishers since our inception. We When it comes to ad networks. content and audience and “prebuy” our describe everything we do.
ACE supports the delivery of ads from multiple revenue from day one.S.AD NETWORK & EXCHANGE GUIDE SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION OF ADVERTISING AGE AD NETWORK [www. advertisers can now experiment and determine the ideal ad creative “We’re currently running a campaign TickerBoy and AdTakes.0 Custom content distribution and 12. With a Ad sales: Join the YuMe ad network and start generating capabilities include: single integration.5 13. unit based on a campaign’s goals and its ideally matched content genre.6 YUME AUDIENCE — YuMe provides real-time campaign U.and postroll PUBLISHERS Interactive overlays TickerBoy by PointRoll Ad Management System + Ad Sales + Video Publisher Network Real-time ad campaign targeting. YuMe reaches more than 46 million unique visitors per month. advertisers will always know where and is simple: to connect brands with consumers via video advertising and to improve when their ad appears. As the optimization Bugs and watermarks first video monetization solution created and optimized for Interactive ad product innovation and support AdTakes broadband video. TV—whether streamed or downloaded. SUCCESS STORIES interactive overlays and bugs. 2008 .com 64 April 14. redOrbit. To address this Health Technology Technology How-to How-to/Home Teen Teen marketing challenge. Microsoft Content Video monetization capabilities include: Media Center. Auto Movies/TV Movies/TV ensuring a brand-safe advertising experience. Akin to traditional media buying. December 2007 stevenc@yume. Huggins. monitor and control measurement and optimization. ACE (Adaptive Campaign Engine) technology allows publishers to track. viral video ads. mid. and it has far exceeded my expectations. contextual relevance. YuMe’s sales team. including: Unique users 50 46.9 Impressions delivered Frequency Uniques (millions) 40 Percent watched Time spent Click-through rate 30 Share of voice 21. Channel Publishers taking advantage of YuMe’s ad management system include NBC Direct. YuMe’s innovative ad management system has In-text video Monetization across all digital devices—PC. Targeting their inventory to the best money-making opportunity. MONTHLY UNIQUE VISITORS1 reporting.¹ YuMe Animation Mobile Mobile provides advertisers with audience scale and access to premium video content.com] YUME VIDEO AD NETWORK YUME AD NETWORK NETWORK REACH Number of video sites: 400-plus The largest online video Number of monthly streams: advertising network 150 million-plus Number of monthly unique visitors: YuMe is the largest dedicated online video advertising network and leading ad 46 million¹ management system for publishers built exclusively for the new world of Web video. JoeCartoon. then monitor and optimize performance to ensure maximum Unmatched reporting. blip. third-party Turnkey integration Geographic ad networks and third party syndication feeds – enabling a 100% Daypart inventory fill-rate and increasing effective CPMs. mobile. Beauty & Fashion Music Music Business News News YuMe makes video perform for advertisers Entertainment Social SocialMedia Media With the proliferation of online video.1 syndication. Viral ads provided hundreds of publishers with the ability to insert the TV—whether streamed or downloaded right ad into the right video content at the right time.yume. with YuMe.T. Voxant and PureVideo. YuMe’s suite of interactive ad products include in-stream video ads (pre-. consumers are dictating how and when they Gaming Sports Sports consume video content. classify and track content to ensure brand safety. 10 CONTACT 0 Steven Comfort YouTube. measure and optimize online video advertising in real time through Lifestyle Kids Lifestyle categorized channels of content across Internet-enabled platforms. making unprecedented ability to identify. screens—PC.tv. Mondo Media. regardless of device or platform. making it difficult to reach desired audiences.9 20 OTHER SERVICES 16. branded video players. Expert Village. And customizations based on the viewer’s geography.” the ad more relevant to the target audience. optimal campaign performance.5 20. campaign targeting and TARGETING & monetization of video inventory. Jaman. Mobile. UNMATCHED ANALYTICS & REPORTING 60 56. YuMe video ads can be the relevancy of video advertising for every viewer.and postroll). our mission Because YuMe is a transparent ad network. controlled syndication and consistent delivery across all —K.com Network AOL Video MySpace TV MSN Video VP-Sales Network (Network) 650-591-9400 x236 ¹comScore Media Metrix. Somagirls. the customer service is fabulous. YuMe offers a suite of ad creative types and enables advertisers KidsImprovement Travel Travel to target. PointRoll’s With YuMe. daypart and demographics. With more than 150 million video streams per month and 400-plus Web CHANNELS sites.com YuMe Video Yahoo Video Real. optimization OPTIMIZATION Syndication of video assets: YuMe’s proprietary tracking YuMe provides real-time targeting.TV. mid. AD UNITS Pre-. Organic Inc. It turned out to be one of Our unique AdTakes video ad unit allows for real-time text and logo creative YuMe’s leading ad management system provides publishers and advertisers the the top performers on the campaign. ensuring YuMe’s ACE helps publishers match each video ad impression in the distribution and monetization of video content. Demographic sources – a publisher’s sales team. Device type Dynamic ad delivery MediaZone. bought by content channel and audience demographic rather than solely by site. measurement and Branded player YuMe brings order to the current chaos in online video. At YuMe.
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It’s taken a little while to get my head around being back in the UK. And to be honest part of me still isn’t back. Having got used to summer for six and a half weeks it’s a bit of a shock to emerge from Heathrow at 4.30 in the morning to -4 deg C. We’ll return to Australia soon enough, or at least the blog will, but in an effort to haul my sorry self back to reality let’s take a break for the End of Month View.
It’s become something of a New Year tradition chez rusty duck to embark on a new project and then share its progress as time goes on. And this year is no exception. But first, a recap.
This is where we were at the end of January last year.
Under control (ish): Terraces and Precipitous Bank, bar tinkering and weeding (green).
Work in progress: The Upper Bank. You’ll notice I’ve also snuck in the strip behind the outhouses which we cleared last year to accommodate the rhododendrons evicted from the bottom of the lawn (yellow).
Next to do: The area bordered by the 84 steps (red).
Mike has helpfully pointed out that the map is no longer accurate.
For one thing the fruit cage is no more, demolished in one of last autumn’s violent storms thus saving us a job. It wasn’t the most robust structure to begin with, nor the prettiest. I thought I’d have a go at growing the fruit without the net cage. We’ll see how that goes. The blackbird is waiting patiently too.
And then of course the map still has a tall hedge to the right side of the lawn, not the neat low hedge that has now taken its place. It will do for now. No doubt some rainy afternoon I shall have to get the Tippex out.
And so, back to the matter in hand. Allow me to present this year’s challenge.
At the bottom end of the 84 steps, close to the house, it is very steep. Surely not I hear you say. We see this area every day from the kitchen window and it’s a constant thorn in my side. But there’s a reason I’ve been putting it off.
Shown at this angle we can perhaps see just how steep it is.
It’s basically an extension of the vertical cliff face left hundreds of years ago when the hillside was excavated to build the house. Ferns have spread freely, as have the ubiquitous brambles, but nothing else does very well there. Even the conifer, far right, is barely surviving. That will be one of the first things to come out.
The camellia will stay but be reduced in size once it has finished flowering.
Standing to the left side of the camellia we look straight up the steps.
And from the right angle in the middle of the steps looking back down.
Uphill from here is woodland. And this is where the next phase of the garden development gets exciting for me and makes this year’s challenge a rather different kettle of fish. All of the areas tackled thus far have been in full sun. No longer will I be able to bung in a load of cosmos to fill up the gaps. No, now I have to start thinking properly about shade loving plants.
Linking to Helen at The Patient Gardener for the End of Month View.
Click through to see what other gardeners are up to this month. Or why not join in? Helen would love to see you.
I do love following your projects good luck, is the bedroom complete?
It isn’t completely finished but we have just moved back in. Beats sleeping in the dining room! I’ll do an update, just as soon as there’s enough light indoors for photographs. It’s so gloomy at the moment. Thanks Ann.
What a fantastic challenge your garden is. Looking forward to following your progress – take care on those slopes.
I know. I’m remembering last year when I lost most of Spring to a sprained ankle.
Hi Jessica, looks like this year you picked an even more challenging challenge than last year! I think, though, that shade gardening can be very interesting and rewarding. I remember seeing one of the most beautiful shade gardens when I was in Germany two years ago. It is all about what you make out of it.
I certainly wish you good luck with this one and I am looking forward to following your progress.
They do seem to get harder every year! But I am looking forward to learning about shade. And as the garden is probably 75% shade it will be critical from now on. Lots of research needed during the rest of the winter.
That sounds an excellent plan. Low maintenance is definitely the key. I just hope you don’t have the same variety of woodland munchers as I do.. keeping them at bay will be the greatest challenge I reckon.
You’ll definitely keep fit with all those steps. Is the area permanent shade all year round.
It’s deciduous woodland, probably the sunniest at the moment as it ever will be. So the border up the steps will essentially be a Spring border. The difficulty will be keeping interest going once the canopy has closed in. We had some of the trees removed/trimmed back a year or so ago so this will help.
What a challenge and you are so well organised, I think I need to take a leaf out of your book and sketch out plans instead of keeping everything inside my head. We have huge plans for a very large wide herbaceous border this year that is only about 40% full of plants, the rest is bare earth and ugly. The problem is it has always been in semi shade thanks to a huge row of hazel and cob trees. This week we have commenced the huge job of radically cutting them back, reducing their height by about 9′ each, so that a) they might produce some nuts and b) far more importantly to give light to the border beyond. Oh what fun it is to plan in the garden now that spring is nearly here. Love your blog, it inspires me to keep working hard on my garden!
It is an exciting time of year. So much promise of things to come. It certainly does get you into planning mode. Your trees are looking great, I hope they respond with plenty of nuts!
Good to have a project albeit a challenging one. I have a relatively small area in shade and whilst I have focussed on Spring bulbs it lacks interest at this time of year. So more hellebores at ground level would be my advice as a start.
Definitely hellebores. One of the (few) advantages of a slope is being able to plant them in such a way that it’s possible to look up into the blooms.
Challenging spaces can be turned into the most beautiful gardens. Looking forward to watching your progress. Seems like a great place to grow something like Iris confusa. It would be beautiful cascading down that slope.
I hadn’t come across Iris confusa before so looked it up. It does sound perfect for the conditions here. Only 4 UK suppliers, thankfully two mail order. I’m very tempted to try it, thanks for the tip!
I think ropes, crampons and a safety net are the order for the day, do take care! I have to admit that our shady borders are now my favourites, when moving here I knew nothing about gardening in the shade, but Beth Chatto’s book, The Woodland Garden” set me on the right track – have fun!
I have that book. I bought it when we moved here but that was a while ago now. I think a re-read might be in order these dark winter nights.
You don’t shy away from challenges, do you?! I shan’t complain any further about my own slope – your 84-step space is far steeper.
I often wonder if we’d still have bought the house if I’d known then how hard it was all going to be. Now we’re here though, the only way is up!
I am amazed by the moss on your trees. I had to think for a minute about what could be behind the snowdrops…a tree! It will be interesting to see what surprises you have with this year’s project. I’m always encouraged by your tenacity and hope a bit might rub off on me.
Yes, the snowdrops are growing on one of the trees alongside the steps. I’m wondering if those trees would be a good location for some ‘special’ snowdrops as they’re at eye level. And perhaps the nibbling things wouldn’t find them so easily. The moss is amazing. Most of it stays all summer too which just goes to show how damp it is down here.
You really do like a challenge Jessica.
It’s more that they are foisted upon me. Really I’d like to be feet up on the sofa with a good book. Well, some of the time.
One of the most exciting times for gardeners with the bulbs pooping up and a project under way. Shade is a challenge that can be satisfied. Good luck. Think of all the plants out there and you have the space to embrace them.
It’s good to think out of the box once in a while and there are so many gorgeous woodland plants. It will be a fun project I reckon.
Well I certainly wish you luck – but it’s always good to have a challenge. I shall enjoy following your progress.
Thanks Sue. Just need the weather to pick up. It’s dire at the moment isn’t it. I want to be out there getting started but no chance.
I’m amazed to see how many things are blooming now (I assume these are current photos?). You have quite a challenge ahead of you but I know you will do well with it. You both work so hard and are so good at this stuff.
Yep, all current and all within the area around the steps in the photos. It’s certainly a challenge this year. Thank you for your confidence!
LUCK!!! I think crampons, a full safety harness and hard helmet and extra health insurance would be a better idea! It’s not precipitous, it’s darn near vertical! Seriously, you are going to have to be might;y careful, and pace yourself with this challenge. And, I agree, – how’s the house? Living in a country where there’s barely a hundred year old house, I love seeing your wonderful renovations/restorations.
I’m very mindful that I lost six weeks of last Spring to a sprained ankle so I will be careful. This challenge will need every week that I can give it.
I’ll do an update on the house soon. We’ve moved back into the bedroom. It’s not completely finished but near enough. Bit chaotic at the mo trying to get everything sorted out (and everything to fit!) but gradually we’re seeing rooms emerging as they should be once again.
Gulp! Well you certainly don’t make life easy for yourself Jessica! As other comments have said shade need not be a problem – embrace it; Beth Chatto’s book would certainly be my recommendation as a guide. I used to follow Caroline’s shade garden blog, she always had lots of excellent ideas. But I don’t envy you the slope. Mine is ‘flat’ by comparison. Do be very careful, I really don’t want to be reading about your experiences in hospital. Good luck.
I have tested that slope for feasibility and reckon I can reach mostly to the top from a slightly flatter area lower down. Leaning down from the top is not an option. I tried that.. briefly! This may be an area where the creation of a maintenance path is a necessity.
Well, you were back in time for the beginning of your bulbs coming through, that is always a thrill at the end of winter. I like you planning list, and I’m going to make one for us, it is a great idea! Don’t know if anything is ”under control” here, at the end of summer!
The ‘under control’ has a very big ‘ish’ alongside it. Gardens always look at their most miserable in winter but it wasn’t a great sight to come back to. The bulbs emerging now are helping. A bit.
It’s the view from the kitchen window that would be heart in mouth time for me. But you’ve probably already booked a crash course in abseiling. At least make sure you’re tied to a sturdy tree before descending! Now that you’ve announced your latest project, Jessica, the blogging world will be watching with bated breath! Fingers crossed for you.
I’m thinking lots of geraniums and other low maintenance ground cover. This is going to be as much of a once only job as I can make it.
Those steps! I flinched when I saw the photo because they reminded me of the steep steps which took us up the back garden of our house in the UK into the woods beyond. Felt like I was taking my life in my hands every time I went up and down them! Looking forward to seeing your new project!
PS. Any more koala photos. Just asking!
The steps in themselves are not so bad but the borders around them are. They are slippery for one thing, often wet and composed mostly of clay. But I do need to tackle it. The steps are the main route out of the house and it would be good to look at something other than a tangle of weeds!
I might have a ‘few’ koala photos left..
What an exciting challenge. I’d recommend Graham Rice’s Planting the Dry Shade Garden, great for ultra low maintenance ground cover suggestions. Have you come across Long Acre Plants (specialist for shade lovers) in Somerset? Best of luck, can’t wait to see what ingenious solutions you come up!
Two great suggestions, thank you Kate. I’ll put Graham Rice on the Amaz*n list. Long Acre plants I’ve heard of. I think I must have bought from them at Rosemoor sales or wherever. The website is packed full of goodies, I think I will be perusing it often.
An exciting project to come home to. Shade gardens are great fun. But that slope is challenging, rather you than me. I look forward to reading about your progress.
I do need something to get me back into gear. This should do it..
Jessica, you always describe every step of your projects with such vivid detail and such joie de vivre (even, or especially, when things are going not quite to plan). I am sure this will be no exception, and look forward to being with you in spirit each step of the way.
I can see plenty of banana skins on the road ahead. I will do my best and thank you for your support!
It will be interesting to follow your progress with this area, I think shade gardening is a real challenge so I shall be ready to learn lots from your experiences.
Thanks Jo. I’ve dabbled with it before but am far from being an expert. It will be fun to learn.
I have a shady bed in the front garden that is pretty ugly so I’ll be watching for some inspiration!
It’ll be a bit of trial and error to begin with, but we shall see. I’ve got to make shade work because there is a lot of it!
Can’t wait to hear what shade loving plants you choose, and your updates. Good luck!
There’s plenty of research still to be done. Need to do it before the gardening season starts in earnest.
Sadly so. But still, Spring and Summer to look forward to.
I have brought a few pounds back from Australia that I didn’t have before so a bit of exercise and toning is important.
Ah … challenges … just what gardeners thrive on, so I believe! I look forward to following your progress this season. Just the thought of all your steps makes me crave a lie down! We are telling ourselves that this year will be a ‘consolidation’ one with no new major projects. I’ll see how long that one lasts before one of us comes up with an idea which involves back-breaking labour!
I’ll give it a month. Such is the nature of gardening. It keeps us fit though, no?
I’m not surprised that you are still coming down to earth after catching up with your holiday posts. Kangaroo Island sounds and looks out of this world. Your 2017 project is certainly going to keep you occupied Jessica. I’m sure that you will soon make the acquaintance of some desirable shady characters. Another book that might be inspirational is Keith Wiley’s book ‘ Designing And Planting A Woodland Garden’. He is a fellow Devonian gardener so his observations will probably be particularly pertinent.
Yes, I’ve been to The Garden House. It’s one of my favourite gardens down here. His book will most definitely be on the first list I order. It’s great fun isn’t it, researching for a new project.
Thanks Cherie. I can’t wait to get started again but it is really wet at the moment. Have to pick my spots or I risk doing more harm than good.
You don’t rest on your laurels, do you?! 😉 I’m looking forward to watching your shade adventure…!
I’m trying to conceive of a camellia growing on a slope. It’s simply too dry here for that to be possible. Also the sketch of your property is lovely!
Going to be a significant safety challenge as your steep slope is very steep indeed. Perhaps last spring’s ankle will induce the caution to keep you safe on this even steeper slope. I’ve got one nearly that steep but far smaller. It’s planted with Agaves. Hellebores would be lovely–enjoy your project!
Hellebores are top of the list to go on that bank. Anything that cheers me up at this time of year has to be worth the expense. I wish not quite so much expense in their case. The ankle injury definitely induces caution. I really can’t afford for that to happen again this year.
Hi Rusty Duck, nice to ‘meet’ you. I’ll be back to explore soon!
Welcome and thanks! Nice to meet you too, especially a fellow Devonian.
With a big box on the back for my tools. Imagine, I could send it back down the slope for coffee to be deposited within it at the appropriate times.
That does look like a lovely grass. And when in bloom it would show up well from a distance too. Sarcococca is another good choice. I’ve yet to experiment with bulbs in the woodland. There are snowdrops and daffodils already there but I’m wondering if I’ll have the same problems with mice as in the rest of the garden.
That’s quite some chunk of garden you have there, Jess! Or small wilderness 🙂 I admire your determination and it’s great to see those burgeoning signs of Spring. We have a few hellebores out, and Mick says he found a shy snowdrop today 🙂 Definitely onwards and upwards!
Small wilderness describes it perfectly. Most of it is woodland, left to its own devices for the most part. I was lucky enough to inherit great carpets of snowdrops. I shall be relocating some of them into this new space. The mice et al tend to leave the common ones alone. I wish the same could be said for the expensive named varieties that I buy!
Lovely to see spring coming awake in your gardens.
Isn’t it just. Spring can’t come soon enough for me.
Wow! I am afraid I leave the very steep bits of our site. I try to persuade myself it is for wildlife but really I have just bottled it!
Oh no, I missed it! iPlayer here I come. Thanks for the tip off Cathy.
And best to wait and see what the outcome might be. I’ve never tried planting vertically before. It’ll probably fail miserably!
You so seem to have your work cut out for yourself on this one, but after all the other projects this should be an easy one! That steep drop (slope sounds too gentle a name) will be quite the ‘inspiration’ and I agree the hellebores would be perfect there!
If I can get the hellebores to establish I think they will be. I’ve got some growing successfully on the face of the Precipitous Bank which is almost (but not quite) as steep. So we’ll see. Thanks Frank.
Looking forward to following your projects Jessica, good luck!
Thanks, think I’m going to need it!
How thrilling, another nearly vertical garden challenge. I look forward to seeing how your latest project progresses. Please be careful!
I will be careful. This one is almost true vertical gardening. A whole new set of skills to learn.
Whoooo you are back. Now just have to work out how to put you back on my bloglist.
I think this is probably the worst bit. That means it gets better from here on!
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2019-04-23T09:02:36Z
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https://www.rustyduck.net/2017/02/02/onwards-and-upwards/
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(EDITORS NOTE: . When Israel came into existence in 1948 it had to create an administrative and judicial system for a population that would be quickly swollen by people arriving with virtually nothing. Those responsible for its design came from an Ashkenazi (East European) background, strong democratic ideals and a desire to create an electoral system that could not lead to dictatorship or another Hitler gaining power.
They applied proportional representation viewing the country as a single constituency. Elected members are chosen from a closed-list put forward by each party The more votes given to a party the more seats they receive. This is called ‘The D’Hondt Method’. Thus votes are for a party and not a candidate. The Knesset (parliament) has 120 seats.
These were the first elections held in Israel, and as such they demanded special preparations. On 5 November 1948 the Provisional State Council decided that the Constituent Assembly would consist of 120 members. On 8 November 1948 a population census was held which was later used in part for the preparations of the voters guide (the census was essential due to the rise of new immigrants and many Arab inhabitants of the British Mandate became refugees after the war). For the purpose of the census the entire country was under curfew for seven hours, from five in the afternoon and until midnight. Another issue was the form the Electoral System should take. Suggestions were made of different Electoral Systems. Eventually it was decided to maintain the relative electoral system which existed in the elections for the Assembly of Representatives of the Jewish community in British controlled Palestine. The Constituent Assembly elected would determine the future electoral system in Israel.
A thousand polling stations were prepared across the country. According to census, the number of eligible voters consisted of half a million people.
The second government of Israel was formed during the first Knesset. David Ben-Gurion made an attempt to form a minority government consisting of Mapai and Sephardim and Oriental Communities on 17 October, but it was not approved by the Knesset. Two days later President Chaim Weizmann asked Progressive Party leader Pinchas Rosen to form a government, but it was Ben-Gurion who finally managed to do so on 1 November 1950. The coalition partners were the same as in the first government: Mapai, the United Religious Front, the Progressive Party, the Sephardim and Oriental Communities and the Democratic List of Nazareth.
How does the election system work, who is allowed to vote, and how is the next prime minister chosen: Everything you wanted to know about the Israeli electoral system but were afraid to ask.
Between the spins, the political mergers, and the many candidates vying for a spot in the next Knesset – Israel’s legislature – it’s easy to get lost in the details.
The Israeli electoral system is far from simple or intuitive; its structure will dictate how the elections will play out and shape the identity of the next government.
To guide you through the political forest that is the 2015 March election, Ynet has put together a simple – but thorough – explainer.
Unlike the US, Israelis vote for parties but do not directly determine which politician will head the next government. Instead, voters cast a ballot for one party, and the faction with the most votes gets a chance to form the next ruling coalitions.
Essentially, the elections for the government are actually a vote for who will sit in the 20th Knesset – a 120-person body of MKs.
The Israeli system differs in one other central way – the entire country functions as a single district. Unlike the British parliament, on which Israel's founding fathers modeled the nascant state's legislature, all 120 seats in the Knesset are elected through a national process – much like a US senator must campaign across his state.
Each party puts forward a list of candidates, and the number of seats that each party receives in the Knesset is proportional to the number of votes received: A party that won 15 percent of the general vote will hold 15 percent of the seats in the Knesset seats.
The candidates of any given list are elected to the Knesset based on the order in which they appear – the higher up the list, the greater the candidate's chance of recieving a Knesset seat.
The result is a multi-party system considered to be highly representative – as each citizen has a wide array of parties to choose from, some with only nuanced ideological differences between them. However, this tends to result in highly unstable governments comprising a large number of relatively small parties.
The excess votes for each party – ballots which do not translate into a whole Knesset seat – are "donated" by smaller parties to their larger allies as part of what is called a "surplus-vote agreement."
For example, in the last elections, all excess votes for Bayit Yehudi were given to the Likud and a similar deal between the two will exist during the upcoming election as well. This method is known around the world as the Hagenbach-Bischoff method (in Israel the Bader-Ofer method) and is an attempt to strengthen political blocs at the expense of smaller parties.
Thus, when a voter casts his ballot, it is important for him to be aware of the surplus deal the party has signed – as their vote might end up contributing to a different party's success.
At times, surplus deals can lead to conflicting political arrangements.
For example, during the last election, the left-wing Labor signed such a deal with the centrist Yesh Atid in the hopes of strengthening what they thought would be a center-left coalition. However, Yesh Atid's surplus votes ended up helping Netanyahu form his coalition without Labor after the prime minister reached a deal with Yesh Atid chairman Lapid – thus leaving Labor in the opposition.
The minimum number of Knesset seats a party can hold is 4 seats – or 3.25 percent of the general vote. The threshold was put in place to prevent one or two-person parties and to encourage people to vote for larger parties or blocs. In previous elections, the threshold was 2 Knesset seats.
A direct result of this new threshold is the Joint Arab list – a unified bloc of the three Israeli Arab political parties – each of which had averaged 3-4 Knesset seats in past elections and were thus on the cut-off point. To prevent a massive loss in Arab political representation, the three parties banded together.
Although the move forced all three to swallow their political differences, it is expected to enhance their relative power.
Ironically, the new threshold might backfire on its sponsor: Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman, whose Yisrael Beytenu spearheaded the Governance Law that saw the threshold rise to four seats is now polling at five seats, a massive decline since their heyday as a party of influence.
The left-wing Meretz – a fixture in Israeli politics – is also hovering around the five-seat mark after the results of the Labor primaries stole their thunder.
Yachad-HaAm Itanu – a Shas offshoot party led by its former chairman Eli Yishai – is currently polling at only four seats, a close call considering the poll’s margin of error.
After the votes are tallied and the Knesset seats are distributed – the political game of coalition-forming begins.
Putting together a ruling coalition in Israel is a delicate game of numbers and political wheeling-and-dealing between parties, who must cobble together a majority of 61 Knesset to form the government.
.The heads of the different parties are invited to meet the president and each recommends one person to form the next government. The person with the most recommendations – or the best odds of gaining a majority in the Knesset – is given a mandate by the president to negotiate with the different parties to form a coalition. If they succeed, they become the next prime minister.
The politician hoping to sit at the helm of the new government has 40 days to negotiate with the different parties to join his or her coalition – in return for their support, parties are offered ministerial positions, policy decisions and even a veto right. However, one party’s demands can often cross another potential partner’s red line.
For example, when the last government was negotiated, religious Zionist leader Naftali Bennett secured the right to vote outside coalition lines in all issues relating to religion and state, thus clearing the way for the Yesh Atid – a secular party – to join the coalition and promote its own agenda.
Should the allotted 40 days pass without a majority reached, the president repeats the process – sometimes extending the mandate to the same person or giving it to someone else. If 100 days pass without a coalition being formed, new elections are called and the entire process begins anew.
For example, in the 2009 election, Tzipi Livni’s Hatnua gained the most votes and was thus selected to lead the coalition building process. However, after two attempts, Livni failed to reach the needed majority after negotiations with Shas went sour.
The responsibility to form the government then fell on Netanyahu, though the Likud had won 27 Knesset seats as opposed to Livni’s 28.
Parties, lists, and political blocs can run together.
For example, the "Zionist Camp" is running on a joint ticket though it is comprised of left-wing Labor and centrist Hatnua. The parties can chose to remain together after the election – as was the case when Likud merged with Yisrael Beytenu during the current government – or disband into different factions – as the United Arab list is expected to do after the vote.
Any citizen over the age of 18 can vote and participate in the elections, including those with criminal records. However, the voting itself takes place only in Israel, preventing expats and world Jewry from participating.
Diplomats, soldiers and sailors are the exception to this rule and are allowed to vote with absentee ballots.
Although rare, some parties are barred from running. The party lists are confirmed by the Israeli Central Elections Committee, comprised of MKs and a Supreme Court judge. The committee has banned four parties from running in Israel’s history; though all but one ban has been rescinded.
According to the state, a list which acts directly or indirectly against the existence of the State of Israel as the state of the Jewish people or against its democratic nature; a list which incites racism; a list which supports the armed struggle of an enemy state or a terrorist organization against the State of Israel cannot participate in the elections.
Yet the latest opinion polls suggest that a parliamentary election on March 17th may leave the Knesset as fractured as ever. Eleven parties are likely to gain seats. Even a grand coalition of the rivals Likud and Zionist Union, the two largest factions, would be unable to secure a majority. How did Israeli politics become so tangled?
Parties have splintered, merged and changed names since the birth of the Jewish state. The fragmentation has become more acute in recent decades. Take Labour. A socialist-inspired party formed of various mergers of Labour Zionist movements, it was the main force behind the creation of the state under David Ben-Gurion and dominated the early decades of its politics. But it is in the throes of a long decline. Its great rival, Likud, traces its origins to the territorial maximalists led by Zeev Jabotinsky, known as revisionists. They dominated the Herut and later the Gahal parties even as they gained allies. Under Menachem Begin Likud ended the Labour hegemony in 1977 but it, too, is now a much-reduced force.
Israeli political parties often revolve around charismatic figures. Ben-Gurion was a serial splitter. He fell out with Mapai in 1965 and led a breakaway party called Rafi. When it reconciled with the renamed Labour party in 1968, he led another splinter faction called the National List which, after his retirement in 1970, soon joined and then merged with Likud. Apart from Labour and Likud, there are seven other broad groupings. To the left of Labour lie the Zionist leftists (more willing to compromise on land), the communists (who emphasise equality among Arabs and Jews) and a spectrum of smaller Arab parties (nationalists and Islamists). To the right of Likud sits a varied and constantly changing mix of groups, often demanding harsher treatement of Arabs, be they Israeli citizens or Palestinians in the occupied territories.
Israeli politics has long nurtured centrist movements (currently, Yesh Atid and Kulanu), which tend to capitalise on resentment of the big parties and focus on social change: cleaner government, for instance, or a reduction in the influence of religious parties. Indeed, the religious parties are the traditional kingmakers. Their main concern has been to maintain the dominance of orthodox Judaism in personal law (in marriage and divorce, for example), and to secure state funds for religious schools and institutions. But the religious parties are themselves split between the ultra-orthodox sects that in the past resisted Zionism and more modern nationalists (like the National Religious Party) who regard the state as a reflection of God’s will. Shas is a religious party appealing to Mizrahi Jews, who came mostly from Muslim countries. One obvious explanation for the awful fragmentation of Israeli politics is the ideological, religious and ethnic diversity of a country made up of Jews from many corners of the world.
This is aggravated by the electoral system. From the outset Israel adopted a pure form of proportional representation. Over time the threshold for entry to the Knesset has been raised; parties must now win at least four seats. Israel experimented with the direct election of the prime minister in 1996 but soon abandoned the reform. By allowing citizens to split the ticket—ie, to cast votes for two separate parties—the measure made the factiousness of the political system even worse. Neither has ideological turmoil over the territories occupied in 1967 made matters easier. The National Religious Party was once a reliable Labour partner. After 1967 it embraced the religious settlement movement that encouraged Jews to live in the occupied territories, especially the West Bank, as a divinely-ordained duty. In 1976 it broke ranks with Labour, and joined the first Likud-led government in 1977.
Yet the greatest cause of cleavage and counter-cleavage is disillusionment with the failed peacemaking process with Palestinians and the violence that has accompanied it. Israel has moved to the right as it has lost faith in Labour's message: that a negotiated land-for-peace agreement with Palestinians can bring a lasting end to conflict.
That said, some rightists have moved leftward, embracing the idea that Israel cannot forever hold on to a growing and restive Palestinian population. The Likud prime minister, Ariel Sharon, withdrew unilaterally from Gaza in 2005. He left his Likud party and led a centrist breakaway faction called Kadima. After suffering a stroke, he was succeeded by Ehud Olmert, who won the 2006 election, reducing Likud to a rump party with just 12 seats. But Kadima itself lost its way and disbanded. Its former leader, Tzipi Livni, scion of a revisionist family, formed her own centrist party: HaTnua, which has now merged with Labour to form Zionist Union. Increasingly, then, Israeli politics has become a game of minnows. The next coalition will be a challenge to form and probably too unstable to linger long. Soon, no doubt, there will be another election, and another shake of the kaleidoscope.
Now that the role of the people is over, the election will be decided by one man: President Reuven Rivlin.
Jerusalem - With all due respect to the millions of people who gave up time on their vacation day to cast ballots, it was clear from the start that the election would be decided by one man: President Reuven Rivlin.
When the polling stations closed at 10 p.m. Tuesday, so did the irrelevant part of the election when the people had their say. Now the important part of the election begins.
Polls in The Jerusalem Post and elsewhere have found that the people of Israel do not want a national unity government. In past elections they did, but this was the “it’s us or them” election, in which everyone pushed for their own team.
Perhaps now that the election is over, the people will change their minds and favor unity again. But it does not matter, because the role of the people in the election is over.
It’s now Rivlin’s turn to take over, and Rivlin wants a unity government. It’s his job to bring about the strongest and most stable government, and he thinks that is a coalition of Likud and the Zionist Union together.
The leaders of Likud and the Zionist Union, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and opposition leader Isaac Herzog, will push Rivlin to give them a chance without the other. But Rivlin will push back for unity.
His associates say he won’t force a unity government, but he will encourage one. Anyone with a Jewish mother knows that sometimes it’s hard to tell the difference between the two.
So a unity government is the most likely coalition. It would include the Likud’s 27-28 seats, Zionist Union’s 27, Kulanu’s 9-10, Shas’s 7, and United Torah Judaism’s 6-7 for a total of 76-78 mandates.
If Netanyahu gets his way and receives the right to form a right-wing government, it would include the Likud’s seats 27-28, Bayit Yehudi’s 8-9, Kulanu’s 9-10, Shas’s 7, United Torah Judaism’s 6-7, and Yisrael Beytenu’s 5 for a total of 62-66 mandates.
If Herzog gets the right to form a government, it’s more complicated. The haredi (ultra-Orthodox) parties say they won’t sit in a coalition with Yesh Atid, the Joint (Arab) List says it won’t join any coalition, and Yisrael Beytenu leader Avigdor Liberman says he won’t join a coalition with Meretz even if he is offered the title of president of the United States.
The best Herzog could do is take his 27, Kulanu’s 10, Shas’s 7, UTJ’s 6, and Meretz’s 5. That’s only 55 mandates.
That brings us back to a unity government.
President Rivlin, the choice is yours. This election will be decided by one vote.
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2019-04-19T00:45:37Z
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http://www.jewishwikipedia.info/elections.html
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Social media is notorious for bringing unnecessary noise into our lives. Meaningless, worthless static that heightens the amount of buzzing in our heads and makes baby Santa cry. Don't you wish you could just focus on the good stuff?
1. @insertusername Thanks for following me!
Gratitude is nice, but generic tweets to every person who follows you is spam.
Lots of people have their Pandora or GetGlue accounts hooked up to Twitter, but no one needs the play by play on every song you're listening to. Skip it.
If you want to promote your blog via tweet, remember to give us a clue as to the subject. The fact that you've written and published something isn't breaking news.
Aside from the fact that buying Twitter followers is downright sleazy, if you're going to tell us we can do something, why don't you do it first, eh?
5. Please like my Facebook page (also "subscribe to my YouTube channel", "follow my blog", etc.).
And the million dollar question is...why? Give people a reason. How will it benefit them?
Let's leave the food tweets to those with food blogs. Knowing that you just ate pumpkin pie is noise in its purest form.
Having your Daily Mile activities feed into your Twitter stream is unnecessary. You're telling us about your daily exercise routine why?
Just like the music tweet above, telling your followers that you're viewing "Hawaii Five-0" does nothing to enrich our lives.
9. The _______ Daily is out!
Paper.li tweets don't help you make money, get more clients, or enrich the lives of your followers. It's time to say buh-bye.
You'll notice that a great deal of these tweets are a result of giving other platforms access to your Twitter account. Automation is rarely a good idea. Giving sites permission to tweet one's activities is generally the default setting because it provides exposure for the site; however it's not of benefit to the user or their followers.
What tweets are you sick of seeing? What do you think adds to the noise?
Also, I prefer to send such tweets on days other than Friday when the stream is already so crowded.
Had to laugh at some of these as I've uttered more than a few four-letter words when reading some of these, myself.
In the interest of full disclosure: I've got a paper.li account. While it does post automatically for me, I've set it up to carefully select choice tidbits of interest to my audience. Tweeting a paper.li publication without putting a shout out to at least 3 of the contributors IS kinda lame (similar to your #3). But I do read issues on occasion published by others and find them interesting. Do they bring in new clients? Not as of yet. But I am connecting more with some of the contributors.
Oh, I concur. The generic #FF tweets need to stop. They offer no value. Do it right or don't do it at all.
Glad you've found a way to get some value out of Paper.li. When it first launched, I was a fan (as you can see from my old blog post on it). But then, the spammy daily tweets came. And everyone was auto tweeting their links.
If you've found a way to make those tweets of value to you, more power to you, Tea!
I'm ashamed to say that I am guilty of 4 of these, usually as built-in shares from said platforms and one autofeed. I *do* try to add some sort of conversation-starting comment from pandora and getglue though!
I agree with Tea on the paper.li publications. I also check out the ones that include my posts and I often click to read other people's articles. If they don't tweet to me about it, I wouldn't know.
I was wondering whether they help raise the creator's Klout score.
And no, I haven't produced one.
Hey Annette! If you can add "something" personal to make the generic template more valuable, that certainly takes the stink off the tweet (so to speak).
Your Daily Mile observation is interesting. Perhaps what's noise on Twitter can be a conversation starter on another platform that's more geared toward longer back and forth.
Thanks for coming clean, Annette ;-) Always nice to see you!
If someone puts me in their paper.li tweet, I admit that I usually look to see what tweet got picked up. Curiosity usually gets the better of me. But, if I'm not mentioned I never look.
I don't see how a Paper.li would raise the sender's Klout score. However, if you get mentioned in a lot of other people's Paper.li tweets, it does increase your mentions (which may impact your score).
I just find it funny because I was wanting to share from Google Music -- mainly to get feedback on other artists I might be missing out on or find other like-minded people. Last.fm has not been useful in that way to me.
I appreciate your goal and get what you're trying to do. I guess I would just go about that in a different way.
Agreed! I think a lot of these are overused/abused and have really taken the social out of it. I get some of them in theory, but they just don't add that social element in practice. But, to each their own, I guess!
Hey Brittany! Good point. Anytime you replace a human with automation it does take the social out of social media!
Hey Karen! Thanks for weighing in!
I'm with you about folks trying to persuade others to change their long held beliefs. There's a time and place for it, and Twitter isn't it (in my humble opinion).
I heart this post! Fantastic and spot on. Wouldn't it be cool to have a magical filter to block it all out??
I agree by and large with what you said. I resist Klout's urging to send Klout badge tweets (now I've given up on looking at Klout altogether after I found ALL of the users they track have declining scores-- no one is "winning" in the eyes of Klout?).
And, I won't send a note in the clear to new followers. What I will do is DM them and send them a link to show them their profile according to a Twitter analytics thing I built up, Twiller.
Good addition, Mike! Yes! Yes! Yes! Automated badge tweets!!!!!
Great list, Amber. I always suspected Paper.li was a waste of time and now it's confirmed. Personally, I'm getting tired of reading Foursquared updates on Twitter.
Hi Shelley! Good one! Yeah, I've never been a fan of Foursquare check-ins. I've seen too many streams that are nothing but those tweets. Those folks should have their Twitter accounts revoke!
I have read articles that advise that one should first think about what one's social media presence is meant to achieve, and then stay focused to that. I could link your post to that thought.
Your article makes one wonder if one is guilty of contributing to the social noise, instead of fulfilling some purpose that people may find interesting.
Per se, I would not advocate against any one kind of tweet. If sharing good music links is the purpose of your account, by all means do so, and those who love your kind of music will follow you. Would that make sense?
Sure, it all goes to goals. That makes sense.
If you're part of the music industry, your musical tastes would be relevant. If you're in fitness, your exercise routine may be of interest, as well. However, I would still advise to actually write your tweets rather than automate them. Be real. Add context and personalization. A templated auto tweet is never the way to move the needle IMHO.
I've begun to dread Fridays because of the #FF hashtag. If you want someone to be followed, at least provide some info about them! But the number one type of tweet I despise and wish could be banned are the ones that tell people where you are at that moment. Foursquare tweets, I guess. This is ego massaging at its worst. And then there's the tweet that lets the world know you're signing off and going to bed. And the food tweets. Ugh. Fortunately, I'm using Twimbow now which allows me to filter out annoying tweets.
Here's one; "Good morning, Tweeps!" and "Good night, Tweeps!" Reallly don't need a check in from someone as to when they wake up and go to bed. Ugh!
I'd add one: for Pete's sake, stop posting your Foursquare updates. Noise at its worst. Even if it means something to you that you're the mayor of Nobody's-Ever-Heard-of-It Café, the rest of the world can live without knowing it.
Love it. Also your horoscope! I don't care! And as far as Liking you on Facebook in order to win something, I hate that too!
Always find it annoying the check ins from mundane places. Who really cares and does Starbucks on the corner of You're stupid send you a check for promoting them?
Brilliant post Amber. I do #1-not a generic, automated response, but I do send everyone a personal TY if they follow me. Is that OK?
I get it. I even agree with you. But I LIKE my followers and I want them to know I appreciate them following me. Lately, I'm trying to include a statement about something they've done/said/posted, but I have followers that I choose not to follow. I still want them to know I appreciate them.
Also, I like being thanked and mentioned. It may sound crazy and it isn't my only means of pats on the back, but I appreciate people saying thank you to me, even in Twitter.
Retweeting every tweet they're tagged in is annoying... for example -- Justin Bieber. You can just hit "reply" and not take over all your followers feeds.
it's not hard to tell who really "gets" social media and who doesn't - i guess at least for those of us that already do.
Hey Eryc! Thanks for stopping by!
Ha ha! The irony is not lost on me! Touche!
I think that's the first time the "m" word has ever been left in a comment!
I hear ya! Yes! Good additions to the list! Thanks, Yoyoman16!
Don't get me wrong. I'm all for thanking people for when they do nice things. It's just templated verbiage is so incredibly insincere to me. If you want to connect with someone, I think it's better to make it personal in some way. Heck, I thank people all the time.
However, there are plenty of Twitter accounts who have nothing but @____ thank you for following me! That's all they have for dozens of tweets and they think that's engagement. It's not; it's spam.
#What #do #you #mean #Lisa?
Personal is always better than automated templates, in my opinion.
Yep! Good one. Too many Foursquare updates out there, for sure.
Hey Jean! I completely agree. Great ones to add to the list.
Hi Wendy! Thanks for adding to the list.
Good point. Lots of free advertising come with those check-ins. Unless a business is ponying up for a discount or something, it's just gravy for them.
As for courtesy made efficient, I guess I'm more old fashioned. The best courtesy comes from effort--not automation.
#that's #exactly #it. #soannoying. #Icantevenreadit #whataretheydoing?
Interesting observation. Many of those tweets do seem to be "me" focused, don't they?
I am a very busy chap and dont have time to personally acknowledge each new follower - I manage 4 twitter (business divisions) accounts and have over 12k followers. An automated tweet is efficient and in offensive. Its not lazy. It is efficient. Quantity (with relevancy) is quality when it comes to twitter followers. The bigger the net the more fish you'll catch. Trust me.
My pet peeve is "I am at [insert restaurant here] enjoying [insert food item here] - so good!" - Especially when these tweets come from PR peeps.... I mean how transparent can you be by plugging a client? Let's stay creative in our publicity people!
I actually like those paper.li tweets (though I don't have one anymore, I don't think). And I like the food posts--and my followers seem to, also lol. But some great points here.
If I Follow somebody, and get an auto-return tweet that doesn't simply say "Thanks!" but says, "Thank you & BUY MY BOOK" or "Thank you & go check out my website" I UNfollow.
I don't particularly feel loved or appreciated when I'm thanked by somebody's machine/auto-reply, any more than when I get a postcard birthday card from my car dealership.
If somebody follows me, and I don't already Follow them, and they look interesting, I will follow them. If they post something I like, I'll retweet it. I don't thank people for following, IMO that's implied.
This is a SPOT ON list! I noticed myself nodding along the entire way through the post.
One point about the "Thanks for following me" tweet - which many people commenting below seem to get warm fuzzies from: Most of the time it's automated, which is impersonal and spammy.
IF you are going to thank someone for following, make it personal. Comment about their blog or their bio or profile pic, or anything that indicates a person was behind the tweet and not an autobot.
As for the Paper.li tweets, I don't mind those because a) I'll often click-through and read ones with interesting topics, and b) my own posts or tweets often show up in the #branding #marketing or #smallbiz issues, which allows me to track the various ways my content is being dispersed.
Yup definately a few pet peeves here, and I have unfollowed people with too many tweets like these!
Great post! It should be entered in a bank of info called "Before you even think of tweeting, read this now!"
I agree with all of the above, except the paper.li. I find some of the best content there that I may not have found otherwise. I usually only look at those that I'm featured in, which is a bit self-serving, but they are meant to recognize those that follow us.
My paper.li is a weekly -- Everyday is indeed too much. I feature my Birds Of A Feather tribe members. It is one way for us to stay connected and keep up with what each other is up to, as everyone is so busy, and Triberr has been sometimes overwhelming as of late. My tribe mates seem to really like it.
Below people are commenting on #FF (Follow Friday). I've come to dread Fridays as the gesture does not seem to mean much anymore, and the streams are so crowded. As Janet Callaway mentions, I tend to recognize people on other days.
Hey Tina! Ah, yes! The combined Foursquare slash #NomNom tweet! A double trouble offense!
I'm not against thank yous, per se. It's just that I see too many folks that have nothing BUT thank yous: 20, 30, and more. Like they think that is engagement and never tweet anything but individual thank yous to every single person.
Hey Nikolas, I'm with you on the personalization. So, so true! I don't like anything that feels like automation or a template.
Keri, thanks for the great examples of how to make Paper.li useful. I'm not against the platform, in theory. I just hate the daily templated automation of it. You provide a wonderful overview of how it can be used more effectively. Thanks for that.
Good post. I agree with all of these with the exception of Paper.li. I can show you a way to use Paper.li to actually generate business and get paid.
In most cases, I would also be anti templated daily tweet. But Paper.li is the exception for me.
I too am against auto / template tweets except for the 1 send to each new follower. I've written it in advance thats all!! And how on earth can this be spam? The act of folowing opens up the channel for 2 way communication. If people unfolow me thats cool because it leaves space for people who get it. Twitter isnt about personally engaging with every follower everyday either - thats what email is for.
I like the first 8 of your 9, but I disagree re the paper.li. I find that my paper.li increases my range and also helps me review what my followers are sharing in an easy to consume format. Twitter presence and web presence in general are a function of multiple factors. Paper.li tweets help newer followers find the best of my twitter stream.
You rail against most of this stuff, but I find that much of these things help flesh out who a person is and how they live their life. Sure I don't care how far another follower runs in a day, but I can't say others wouldn't be interested. Twitter is noise, plain and simple. It's just a matter of how much noise a person generates versus how much worthwhile content they generate. I used to have the expectation that people deliver quality all the time, but I realize that sharing different things with people has value, even if it is junk to some people. I've had someone tweet what they're listening to and had it change the whole complexion of my day. Maybe hearing that song was just the pick me up I needed to get me through a boring afternoon. When you have lots of followers, you have no idea who you might connect with when you tweet stuff like that. Having the expectation that everyone should cut down on the noise is foolish. People just need to be mindful of how much noise they create. I know my tweets aren't going to please everyone all of the time, but if I can bring value and enough reason to keep following, that's good enough for me.
Though I will agree paper.li is stupid. The only time I might read it is when I'm mentioned in that edition, but even then barely ever.
way to start any relationship or two-way dialogue.
Don't know about you, but that's spammy to me.
Yes, these tweets sure do tell who a person is. However, this is Twitter and not Facebook. Do 5,000 strangers care about your jogging routine? Probably not. But your mama and roommate on Facebook probably do.
Most of the examples above help give Twitter a bad name and make folks think it has no value. If you think it's foolish to expect folks to be less "me" focused and more community focused, that's certainly your call. It's just not how I find value in the platform.
Hey Edward, glad to see some of you are getting value out of the Paper.li stuff. I'm not against the platform, just hate the daily, templated, auto tweets.
I think the thing you forget is that Twitter isn't all business, nor is it Facebook. Personally Twitter is my online base and I don't really care about Facebook even though I do have an account.
And the reality is, if you have 5000 followers and they're all strangers you're probably doing something wrong. I have 1200 followers and a large segment of those people I know personally and have forged real relationships with. So they do care what I might eat. I know this because if I do post a picture, the picture service will tell me that sometimes hundreds of people have viewed that picture. This fact has been proven over and over to me.
I can understand the desire to cut these down if you're a business trying to cut through the cruft, but the reality is these are your customers and this is how they choose to go about using Twitter, a platform with no hard and fast rules.
Ironically, I've made some great connections by saying good morning. To me, it's not about reminding people what time it is. It's about being polite and personable and giving others a ridiculously easy reason to reply back to me. I find far too many tweets/blog posts to be more "inside joke" than an opening for conversation and discussion.
Really like this comment. I try to reply to new followers because I see it as an opening to creating a future relationship. I look at their tweets and bio and see what we have in common.
When I post what music I'm listening to, I do so with the intent to see what my audience (readers) are listening to. And I've found some great songs this way. I think it makes me more approachable and music is a fairly universal topic.
I try to have a goal in mind for each tweet, otherwise it seems pointless. Rather than share what I'm eating, I want to know what my readers are eating. I actually got a great Thanksgiving recipe from one of them the other day based on a tweet.
I agree Edward. The worth of the paper depends on the worth of the stuff flowing into the paper...which is dependent on what the paper's owner decides to put in it. Our paper the BVS Books Daily Roundup stays very focused on writing and reading posts. It basically pulls together all the things I've posted, plus the best of stuff a few others that I've CAREFULLY selected have posted.
Some of the papers represent a quick and easy way to get the content. I agree that there are others that are not nearly as focused (or are not nearly as focused on what is of interest to me). These other papers may well be of more interest to some people than my paper is. Many of us follow people who have both some similar and some dissimilar interests. What's of interest is in the eye of the beholder.
For me too. :-) I try hard to make sure that there is something of value in the paper each day...so when the auto tweet goes out it is a reminder to my followers that there is good stuff to go look at.
I didn't say that 5,000 was all your connections. It was an example to illustrate that not everyone in our stream is someone we interact with and know well.
I, too, have many people whom I've forged great relationships with on Twitter. However, I try not to bog them down with nonsense such as the cake I'm eating or how many jumping jacks I just did. As you say, no hard and fast rules. However, automated or templated tweets provide no value to me in the least. If you dig them, that's great.
Hi Selena, if the blogs you are reading are using too many inside jokes, that's a real shame. As you say, that certainly curbs discussion.
Hey BVS Books, you bring up a great distinction. Sounds as though you're putting time and thought into your paper. That always makes a difference.
When people rely too much on the automation and just have the bots take over, that's when things start to go south.
This is just another blog post telling writers/bloggers/readers or whatever what *not* to say on twitter/facebook, just like the thousands of others crashing through the blogosphere these last few months. I think all of these "what not to tweet/facebook" posts only really serve two purposes.
The first is basically advertising what the blog owner dislikes reading on their twitter/facebook, at which point I unfollow them immediately, if they're on my media. I'm obviously annoying them so I might as well sever the connection.
And the second is basic regurgitation of the same information (with varying degrees of snark, depending on the blogger) with the goal of garnering comments and/or padding out the posts count.
All this kind of post basically says is: don't post anything about your life. At all. Keep the personal personal and only post what I (the blogger) wants to read.
"If you love moths as much as I do, follow my lepidopterist friend Bob at (screenname)! #FollowFriday"
However, the practice has degenerated into meaningless walls of screennames I'm not given any reason to care about.
Sorry to hear that is what you took away from this, Natalie. At no point did I say not to tweet anything about your real life. This is essentially a post saying that automated, templated tweets provide no value--only static.
I completely agree, Rob. Your example is spot on and a wonderful example of why hand-written personal tweets yield better results than automated, templated ones!
I'm guilty of doing a couple of those you list. In fact, I just looked through my tweets of the past couple of weeks and they're mostly paper.li, but in my defense, I've also been offline for the past couple of weeks. My Daily is drawn from a list of my absolute favorite resources or people, so it works for me as a consumer.
I like knowing what other people are reading, listening to, or watching on TV or what movie they're seeing, so I don't think twice about sharing what movie I'm watching or where I'm at. I add a comment or a quick review to most of my GetGlue or Foursquare check-ins. I think that's the key.
To be honest i did not keep in mind these things and often tweet some rubbish and silly tweets, but now after read your post i can better understand that what should i tweet and what not.
Yes you are right these kinds of tweets can create hurdle to promote your business as well as your personal reputation. Before some months i also use these kinds of tweets then i stopped when i read about twitter promotion strategy.
Good point. If you want to be strategic about your Twitter presence, it's smart to be mindful about the kinds of tweets that you send.
Automation is a two way street. There are no shortage of "filters" to help us organize and dissect our streams, and it's still our choice to weigh the cost of continuing conversation with someone, and walk away when we wish.
I take pleasure in the fact that Twitter is a lot like democracy in the sense that people are free to choose what they will talk about or not. It's good to be considerate of one's audience and have somewhat of a communications strategy, but I agree with some of the other comments as far as sharing occasional posts of a personal nature: Many of us enjoy hearing about the likes and dislikes people have. Every post need not be some diatribe that profoundly changes my life to be interesting to me. What I really like about Twitter is that it allows me to know more about the whole person. I enjoy knowing what you want me to know about you.
You bring up a good point: the audience. All of our audiences are unique. The network I've worked to build may be different than yours. Therefore, the tolerance level may vary.
For me, automation is a big turn off. I try to practice what I preach, so if I don't like it from others, I don't do it in my stream. However, if your network sends these kinds of tweets and you do, too, I can see how it may not be as big an issue.
I like paper.li because it's just one a day and sometimes it's interesting. All the others I agree with you.
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https://www.wordsdonewrite.org/2011/11/9-tweets-you-need-to-stop-sending.html
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Re-live your favorite vacation experience next time you’re uncertain what to upload on Instagram and also share a series of snaps of your most motivating place to check out. It’s a wonderful means to re-use material you currently have (and a great reason to revisit your vacation breaks!).
What about preparing a trip to the coastline– there’s always something about the sea that makes individuals delighted! (Ocean photos are renown for being prominent for involvement!).
Also called ‘The Bag-Spill’, a neatly (or unpleasant if that’s your design!) prepared sight of what’s in your bag offers fantastic insight right into your character, your must-haves and also your life in basic.
To prompt your creativity, we’re assuming: your job bag, gym bag, purse, clutch, artist bag, makeup bag or perhaps what’s in your new purchasing bag!
Self-care is a location many individuals recognize they need to focus on even more– and also when they see others making time on their own they’ll feel encouraged to follow your example.
Tell your audience exactly how you set your objective for the day– you’ll either inspire them or if you’re work-o-holics like us, possibly provide understanding into what you are preparing to alter.
Morning meal foods aren’t simply tasty to eat, they’re additionally tasty to take a look at, especially if you take a picture of it like a professional!
Wonderful designing, structure, and also lighting is the vital to this shot, and if you can procure your hands in the framework too, we’ve discovered they get even more engagement– the power of human link!
Taking a photo from a bird’s eye sight is a professional tip, so obtain all set to climb up on that chair safely, of program!!
Try a photograph of your workdesk with a positive subtitle could aid your followers hate Mondays a little less.
When we require to go complete office/business trendy, we head directly to Instagram as well as look for #chicoutfits.
If your office outfit game is strong, do Instagram a little support– position, and also blog post!
Are you consuming over a new item of electronic camera devices, your most recent Pottery Barn home decoration purchase or you’ve racked up 3 pairs of Bonds socks for less than $3? Woo! Share what item is getting you so thrilled.
Design an alcoholic drink (or consume alcohol!) and offer it an enjoyable name that suits your individuality (or your brand’s character!).
Alcoholic drinks are an enjoyable method to speak concerning completion of the week– nevertheless, they’re usually taken in dark illumination with hot tones (a little orange-y) that don’t perform as well as we ‘d hope. Always inspect your lighting when taking indoor shots.
( Psst, not the best suitable for your Instagram feed? What regarding a boomerang revealing the end of week celebrations. Added points if it’s on brand!).
Our best for when we’re uncertain what to upload on Instagram– blooming yes! Blossoms are known to refurbish any kind of feed, get a posy, hold it versus a background as well as get snapping.
See if you can locate you’re ‘on brand name’ blossoms! Have fun with nail color, arm, and also hand accessories and also break via your obstacle with a bit of creativity.
Spread the word regarding apps, brand-new software application or new tools that you’ve found practical, or enjoyable!
Found something that’s valuable and also think even more people could take advantage of finding out about it? Don’t maintain it a key, share it with your audience! The developers of the item might even get in touch to use you something to say many thanks– hint tip.
Display somebody that you appreciate, post a photo of their work and also define why they light you up from the within!
Speak about how they motivate you, as well as why you’re so inspired as well as respect them. Although you could not have actually met in individual, this is a fantastic means to acknowledge a person’s straight impact in your life.
Great for developing solid relationships or getting in front of brand-new people.
( You might require to offer on your own a Pinterest curfew for this set otherwise you can keep scrolling all day!).
Inspiring quotes are a wonderful method to show what you’re working towards, but exactly how around producing your very own?
Draw out the pens and also paper, or leap onto Photoshop (or your favored app!) and also develop your own visuals to share.
Do you oversleep up until 11 AM? Do you rise early for a jog at 6? Or do you get up at 7 however remain in bed analysis or capturing up with your preferred Netflix series while consuming alcohol coffee? Give your followers a glimpse of how your Sunday early mornings are every once in a while.
Have you got a task gurgling away behind-the-scenes, however not prepared to do a ‘complete expose’ right now?
This could be handwriting your order of business or utilizing a number of your materials, or perhaps a map with a few locations circled around if you’re intending a new journey!
Maybe anything and created as an enjoyable means to strike up a discussion (as well as lift your interaction price).
There’s absolutely nothing far better than scrolling via Instagram to locate a bit of afternoon pleasure, in the kind of a breeze giveaway.
If you’re really feeling a little level, absolutely nothing will lift your state of mind much faster than by making somebody else’s day and offering something away.
Gather the devices or products you like to utilize daily as well as lay them all out to create your own flatlay.
It matters not whether it’s a fat feline or an adorable little pooch, pictures of pet dogs on Instagram will brighten anybody’s day.
Occasionally active feed = busy mind, as well as no space to believe of what to upload on Instagram!
Take a photo of something level (however still in your shade scheme), whether it’s a distinctive wall surface, a scene from within your favored coffee shop or the water at the coastline or in a pool.
You’ve seen them all over Instagram, several of your preferred people are standing (or jumping!) before vivid walls.
Grab a buddy for a coffee as well as go out to explore– when you obtain busy breaking you’ll locate you’ll leave with several even more shots to expand over the months when you obtain stuck once more!
Self-guided understanding online is a multi-million dollar market– everyone is finding out concerning something.
Is there anything that has interested you lately? Make it loved one to the individuals you’re intending to continue connections with!
Whether it’s ‘THE BEST BOOK EVER!’ or the one you’ve simply placed down, talk about your key takeaways and also give your audience something to consider, plus solve the concern of what to upload on Instagram!
Hot tip! If you’re going to group this shot with a cup of tea, we’ve learned that ‘milklike teas’ do better than darker drinks like black coffees and also black teas! How Interesting!
Share something that’s tough you right now or a struggle you’ve encountered just recently. You never understand that may be going via something similar, and also connecting and also being truthful will certainly help you foster more powerful connections with your community.
Warm Beverages are life. It keeps the mind working with prolonged work hours and it gives comfort on a cool day. We’re certain your followers feel similarly also.
Believe it’s a little dull? These charming coffee patterns from Amazon are an excellent means to infuse character (and also an enjoyable ‘me-time’ moment to include a little delight to your day!
Productivity is an enormous talking point, with countless books, podcasts, and performance apps– everybody is wanting to focus on just how they can properly utilize their time. Time is just one of the hardest things to improve at utilizing.
Post concerning just how you manage your time, or strategies that you’re experimenting with.
Message about why you’re enthusiastic regarding what you do, the large WHY behind what drives you to improve each day and your enthusiasms for your Instagram feed. Place that bent on the world, as well as we’ll all fall for you.
Have any of these concepts embarked on the page at you to get started instantly?
Inform us listed below which one you’re dealing with as well as we’ll help hold you liable! We can not wait to see your grand prepare for what to publish on Instagram.
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2019-04-26T07:43:26Z
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https://www.sheriannherboys.com/cara-membuat-instagram-auto-follow-instagram-content-ideas/
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Vous vous trouvez actuellement sur le site Costa Rica (Español) d'Armstrong Flooring. Si vous désirez connaître la disponibilité des produits et obtenir des renseignements en fonction de votre emplacement, il serait préférable que vous consultiez notre site Canada.
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2019-04-25T12:01:33Z
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https://www.armstrongflooring.com/commercial/es-cr/products/ima/wall-bases/item/V6716.html
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Today we have a guest post by Jonathan Bluestein; a lengthy excerpt from his book, Research of Martial Arts.
Like many of you who practice the Internal arts, I grew tired of magical explanations for how they work, and reading countless books and articles that fail to do them justice. For this very reason, I have written a book titled Research of Martial Arts (www.researchofmartialarts.com). I have spent 5 years working on this project, which has since become an international best-seller, to deliver avid lovers of the arts a real piece of knowledge, which will enrich them and will also be fun to read. Given the immense popularity of the book, I have chosen to release the sample chapter below, spanning no less than 14 pages (or 8500 words), so it would serve to demonstrate what this book is about. The chapter at hand concerns the subject of Yi, or ‘Intention’, which I believe is found at the heart of what the Internal arts are and how they are practiced.
Do keep in mind that this chapter begins on page 71 of the book (of 418), and is preceded by quite a lot of information. It merely serves to explain one component (albeit major) out of many that exist in the practice of the Internal arts. It is also provided to readers in the context of comparing ‘External’ and ‘Internal’ methods of training.
Please forgive me and kind blog owner Mr. Matz for the occasional awkward text and image alignments. The conversion of this chapter from an orderly book format to a blog article has proved challenging.
There is a point between thinking of doing something, and actually doing it. Say a heavy object is falling down from above me, and I want to catch it. My mind has already decided to do so. Right before I catch that object, my body is aligned in the best way it knows to catch the falling object. I unconsciously use my Intention to fill out that empty shell that is my body, to support it in catching the falling object. Was I to stand there with my hands up in the air without anything falling, the feeling would be different. Yet, when I have the Intention of doing a physical action (in this case - catching something that is about to fall on my head), I am much more likely to succeed in doing it, and my body reacts in a different manner. Such is the concept of Intention, or Yi [which is also sometimes referred to as the "mind-muscle link (connection)" (15, 98) by Western martial artists and bodybuilders, who also use the same concept, albeit in a different manner(177)].
The Internalist wishes that eventually, whenever doing any martial movements, either in training or fighting, his body would have the automatic intention to support his or her structure for the desired action. The Intention creates the correct initial firing of nerves, muscle-sensory organs, muscle fibers, tendons and fasciae**; it keeps our body slightly alert to the possibility that a certain action (like catching a falling object) is about to occur. Yi is thus used to create a constant "ready" state of mind and body when in a physical confrontation (similarly to the mental concept of Zanshin in Japanese traditional martial arts). Yet among Internalists, this physical "readiness" is gentle, sometimes unseen altogether, and is characterized by alert relaxation rather than overt expectancy. It is like the Venus Fly Trap calmly awaiting a fly, rather than a tennis player anxiously waiting for the other player to serve the ball; more in the lines of a semi-meditated violinist keeping his gentle touch on his instrument, waiting for the conductor's slightest move, than an agitated policeman getting ready to jump protestors.
A. Standing in Zhan Zhuang (Pole Postures): The practice of Zhan Zhuang hides vast internal sophistication within a simple-looking external shape(80). Because of this, it is often not practiced enough, or neglected altogether, even by Internalists. These are ‘static-looking’ postures held for long durations of time - from a few minutes and up to two hours. These postures are sometimes ‘generic’, in the sense that they have connections to many other movements in the system, and often do not specifically mimic the shape of a single move or application. The shape of the posture has to be functional for the martial art one is training in. Had someone wished to practice a Zhan Zhuang posture suitable for the sport of American Football, for example, he might have held a stance that would look similar to pushing an imaginary opponent in mid-running, say during a tackle. Internalists use postures that are related to the structure and movements they tend to utilize in combat. This connection between Zhan Zhuang and combat applicability is not always obvious to the naked eye of the common observer, yet is nonetheless existent among serious Internalists.
In the picture: My teacher Nitzan, demonstrating a basic Zhan Zhuang posture, nowadays common in many Internally-oriented schools, called Hun Yuan ("Smooth Roundness"浑圆). It is a non-combative posture, which can be used to generally develop one's Internally-oriented structure and Yi (that may in themselves be used in fighting), or for health-maintenance.
When first beginning to practice Zhan Zhuang, the practitioner learns how to loosen his muscles through the pain of standing still, and using ‘core muscles’ and the fasciae to support his structure instead, with minimal tension (I will discuss the fasciae and what they are in great detail as this chapter progresses). Over the course of the first few months, one may tremble and shake, as the muscles over-react to the pressure of holding a fixed stance for a long time. This will cease once basic overall physical relaxation has been established. Later, it might feel like there is some numbness in the limbs, and/or like a faint energy flow, sometimes warm and/or tingling(156), p.19.
Those are just the senses messing with the brain, nothing more, yet they indicate the buildup of better Intention and loosening of the muscles, which allows for better blood flow. At this stage, the practice is still almost purely static (no posture is truly static(101), and the body trembles and moves on a small scale all the time, even if you remain in place and no longer feel like you are shaking). One will traditionally persist in this 'static' stage until he or she had reached a point when they can stand very comfortably for many minutes on end (the number of minutes invested in practice will depend on the training goals of the practitioner). Another important distinction between this stage and the ones that shall follow it is that in this stage, one strives to use the least amount of muscular action necessary to maintain oneself statically in place; which in turn means that at this stage, Zhan Zhuang are still not a "whole-body exercise".
After that stage is clear, through expert guidance, one will start using imageries of external actions to pump intention into his structure(95, 96) – the point at which the "Yi kicks in". This is not mere guided imagery or motor-imagery*, but a solid kinesthetic experience. It strives to become more "tangible" than just using imagination as an aiding tool, as done in Ideokinesis. The Intention can be felt, because it creates a slight tension in the sensors-receptors which sit within our muscles, tendons and fasciae**, signaling the muscle is ready to act in the movement vectors focused on. In the beginning, one will only try to "feel" the imageries, but not "manipulate" them. Afterwards, the practitioner will learn how to very gently contract muscles in varied vectors, as if he or she were supporting an outside force coming from many directions, or forces pushing on their limbs from the inside. This greatly increases muscular awareness. It works upon and improves one's ability to utilize muscular stretch-reflexes*** with the entire body at once(156), p.103, and prevent antagonist muscles from interfering with each-other's actions. Unlike with large-scale utilizations of the stretch-reflex in exercises such as rope-jumping and bench-pressing, the muscular contractions exercised with Zhan Zhuang are very small, and one seeks to make them smaller over time95, eventually virtually invisible to the naked eye. Over the course of months and years, more and more imageries are added and refined, until the whole body responds and supports itself like one single-charged spring-like unit (on this "springiness" I shall dwell heavily later down this chapter, when discussing the concept of "Tensegrity"). At this stage and throughout those that follow, the practice appears to be static, but is highly dynamic and full of movement on the inside. It is like with a skilled circus performer balancing while standing on a rope – at times, he doesn't seem to be moving much, if at all, but a lot is going on within his body as he intuitively uses Yi to maintain the balance (I borrowed this analogy from Caylor Adkins(87)).
The imagries used to train the Yi are most commonly, as explained, of forces pushing, pulling, tearing, converging, expanding, condensing, etc. on various parts of the body, from all sorts of angles.
Other imagries might be of performing actual movements while remaining in place, as in Ideokinesis. Both methods are used to train the structure in conjunction with the Yi. As the Yi provides a stimulus for the muscle-receptors** to act upon with minute dynamic stretching within the body, one wishes to have the body react as it were trying to initiate an appropriate response, with all the parts interconnected. The imagery of the fingers trying to push outwards would also affect the heels. The pushing inwards of the elbow will affect the knee; etc. This is the logic by which one uses the Yi to train the whole-body unity of the Internalists' structure, as applied to Zhan Zhuang and other methods that shall be discussed further into this chapter. When training the Yi, no one part of the body is working solo.
While the muscular contractions now make Zhan Zhuang into a whole-body exercise, the purpose is not training the muscles to become bigger, stronger or more endurance-tolerant, but building a unified structure, which is both relaxed and alert. Therefore, right from the beginning stages, excessive tension is discouraged and gotten rid of. The difference from earlier stages is that the practice now becomes active, after previously having been mostly passive, and involves the use of Yi and more of the body's muscles and nervous system's functions.
The training of Yi can reach higher levels. As control over one's muscles becomes still more refined, various types of imageries can be used to enhance the level of relaxation one's structure is capable of.
Wherein in the first stage, relaxation was acquired passively, later on in one's training, the Yi could be used to take this aspect a step further, via active manipulation of the will. Other forms of Yi usage are related to advanced manipulations of the body from within, affecting tissues and joints in ways uncommon to ordinary people. The tendons, too, are exercised in special ways, by using the Yi to stretch them at key points, while maintaining relative muscular relaxation.
Within some lineages, in yet more advanced levels of Zhan Zhuang practice, combined methods of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) and self-hypnosis are used to refine the mindset of the practitioner for combat situations, sharpening one's audacity and mental preparedness for physical conflict. Alternatively, some would meditate while training their Zhan Zhuang. Such techniques probably did not originate from martial arts, but were incorporated into them from religious and philosophical traditions, such as those of Buddhism, Daoism and Hinduism.
Following these stages, and parallel to the refinement of the above mentioned bodily-skills, the practice contains the potential to transcend the flesh, and become almost completely mental. This goes beyond what most people achieve in their training. Most people don't even know how to train the Yi. The latter individuals, as well as those who do train the Yi consciously, are chiefly focused on training physical aspect of their bodies – changing the way their muscular and nervous systems work.
By physical training, one could gradually alter the way the mind works. This higher level of Yi training I write of has the nature of trying to directly work on the mind (as in regular meditation), while training physical aspects in parallel. It could be likened to the mental effort of trying to meditate while slowly riding a bicycle on mountainous terrain. One would have to have become exceptionally accustomed to his practice on the bicycle to be able to meditate with pronounced success while riding them and also working on the improvement of his or her riding skills. That is why I consider these techniques to be higher level skills (compared to other training methods utilizing Zhan Zhuang).
The highest level of training one's Yi in the Internally-oriented arts, has been referred to in the Xing Yi Quan classics as: "A fist without a fist, intention without intention – within the absence of Intention, lays the true Intention". My teacher Nitzan explained to me in the past that there might be several interpretations for that sentence.
The first interpretation is that one should be capable of issuing a technique without any intention on his behalf, as a response to an external stimulus. Then, when the technique is delivered without any intention or conscious thought, this could be deemed the "true Intention".
The second take on it, is that this sentence describes a state in which the practitioner can release power at any angle, without even changing the external shape or position of his or her body. Without movement, there is no desire or need, no expectation or wish of self-gain by the Ego; only a modest feeling of satisfaction and personal fulfillment.
A third way of thinking of that sentence is that it illustrates the state in which the practitioner's movements are completely "taken over" and "led" by the Yi, and he or she feel as their body simply "moves on its own", without any conscious effort on their part.
Not all types of Zhan Zhuang are directly related to combat applicability. Some, while still having a connection to martial training, may specifically emphasize mental-physical relaxation or health promotion. One example is, of course, the Hun Yuan posture as seen in the picture I have included before. Combative Zhan Zhuang may also be practiced with these goals (of attaining better health and relaxation) in mind. When trained in this relaxation/health oriented fashion, the Yi might not be as intense, and stances will be held in higher positions, to ease the load on one's legs. There are even Zhan Zhuang that border in their function, between Yi training tools and advanced methods of stretching (Wuji Zhuang and Zi Wu Zhuang are good examples for such stances from the Xing Yi Quan I was taught). Nonetheless, all Zhan Zhuang, regardless of function, are used to train the Yi and instill correct structural alignment.
In the pictures: Drawings made by my teacher Nitzan, in order to try and further explain the concept of Yi. The one on the left illustrates a person who does not commonly use the Yi – that is, most people around the world. For such a person, awareness of his own Yi is very limited. The person on the right is an Internalist adept, practicing the Hun Yuan variation of Zhan Zhuang. This person uses the Yi to engage and be aware of his whole body. The middle figure is the same Internalist adept shown on the right, after finishing his Zhan Zhuang practice. He places is palm above the Dan Tian area, and focuses his intention into that area, feeling the heat, energy and flow generated while he was practicing earlier being diverted right into his Dan Tian. Of the Dan Tian and its qualities I shall explain later.
Another way to look at the matter would be through shifu Mark Small’s interpretation. He defined(193), p.40 ‘Nei Gong’ (Zhan Zhuang included) simply as “Qi Gong intended for martial purposes”.
The Internalists' martial Zhan Zhuang's are not the same as the static stances held by Externalists. The latter are used to build muscle stamina and stability in holding a specific stance, and the former for other purposes as described above and further down this chapter. Also, while in Zhan Zhuang, one aims to loosen the muscles and use a minimum of muscle tension as key for progress in them and in one's art in general. There aren't many Externalists who abide by this thinking. Late master Feng Zhiqiang, of Xin Yi Hun Yuan Taiji Quan, had spoken about it from his perspective in simple terms(57):"…I learnt and practiced Standing Post exercises of Shaolin schools. The main difference between them and the methods of Neijia schools is that Neijia emphasizes relaxation to greater degree. For this I think there is certain reason in dividing martial arts into External and Internal Families…". Master Lu Shengli remarked(67) that: "In most martial arts, the goal is to increase power.In Taiji Quan you should constantly be asking yourself how to reduce your force and still win".
Furthermore, observing External stance-holding practices reveal that they primarily use the few specific muscles that support their structure. Squatting in a low stance with the hands held in air, for example, would normally primarily engage the Quadriceps (leg-muscles) and Anterior Deltoids (shoulder-muscles). Many other muscles will work as well to contribute and stabilize the stance, but these two muscle groups will be explicitly much more dominant (and also the first to fatigue). The Internalists' Zhan Zhuang, on the other hand, are a whole-body exercise (this will be addressed thoroughly later on in this chapter). Once intention is added to the initial static practice, the entire body begins to fluctuate and vibrate in accordance to rapid-consecutive changes in tiny muscular movements. What people think of as static is actually very much alive and vibrant in the Internalists' case. On the small movement-scale that is associated with Zhan Zhuang, the movements are also incredibly fast. These movements are often contained within the range of less than 1cm from one point to another, and are to be measured in milliseconds. One might call it "Internal Plyometrics" (borrowing a term coined by Steve Morris in one of his articles(84), which he used for a similar training concept).
There exists some criticism as to the nature of the tiny movements trained with Zhan Zhuang. People who dislike this practice have argued that a fight cannot be won by standing in one place, let alone moving in such a minimalistic fashion. This is based on misunderstanding of the role Zhan Zhuang play in the training regime of Internalists. They serve to develop proper whole-body unity, relaxation, and sensitivity – attributes of the Internalists' structure. They do not (physically) simulate a fighting scenario, but constitute the structure that will be used in fighting. They do contribute to another skill which is directly related to combat - the capacity to efficiently initiate a swift attack from a (near) static state.
A common weakness among marital artists is that they "telegraph" their movements. It is very hard to initiate a powerful attack from a static-state without showing it beforehand. Mentally, one feels he needs to "get ready", and exposes his intentions. Physically, one usually needs to gain momentum with some large movement(174) p.40, to create the power-generation potential. The type of movements trained "within" Zhan Zhuang are inherently adapted to solve this problem. They mimic the first milliseconds of movement when one initiates an attack or defense, and specifically focus on them. While not being actual "techniques", they create the structural body-mechanics which support them. One can then flow into a new movement without signaling the other party that he or she are about to do so.
The practice of Zhan Zhuang predates modern martial arts, and was polished over and over for thousands of years in China, before reaching its current sophistication. One of the earliest records of it was probably in the Yellow Emperor's Book of Internal Medicine(36): "I've heard that in ancient times, the wise lived by the Dao. They supported the Heaven and Earth, had a grasp of the principles of Yin and Yang, breathed the essence of the air, stood still and gazed upon their spirit, and their muscles were united as one." Ellis Amdur argues35 that the principles laid by Zhan Zhuang occur naturally, and are discovered in non-martial-arts environments and scenarios as well: "…Consider an Inuit hunter, required to stand motionless beside a seal-hole for hours, because the slightest movement would scare the seal away. He will learn to stand with efficient relaxation, ready to move instantly despite hours of immobility in the cold air…".
It is unclear when exactly Zhan Zhuang were adopted as an integral part of martial arts training. Holding martial postures statically for minutes on end was probably common even in ancient times, but this cannot be claimed of the more sophisticated Zhan Zhuang practices I have written of. Xing Yi Quan is the art most notable for its use of Zhan Zhuang (together with Yi Quan, its historical off-shoot, created by Wang Xiangzhai). The use of Zhan Zhuang in Xing Yi only dates back as far as the middle 19th century, to the time of its founder, Li Luoneng. Other arts like Bagua Zhang and Taiji Quan have adopted this practice even later in history. Bagua, as a martial art, can only be traced back to the time of its supposed founder, Dong Haichuan, who lived roughly in parallel to Li Luoneng, the founder of modern Xing Yi Quan. The use of Zhan Zhuang in Bagua could probably only be traced back to Dong's students, as we can only vaguely tell how Dong practiced the art himself, because each of his students came up with a different version of Bagua, based on his own skillset and understanding. With regard to Taiji Quan, implementation of Zhan Zhuang was made much later.
Reference for Zhan Zhuang cannot be found in any classical Taiji Quan texts, or seen in training pictures or video footage or masters from most of the 20th century. Together with Zhao Bao village Taiji Quan, Chen style Taiji is considered the most ancient of Taiji styles, and most other Taiji styles today claim to have historically originated from it. Chen style was developed in Chen village in Henan province, China. In the interview I conducted with master Chen Zhonghua (found in Part III of this book), who is a Chen style teacher, master Chen has suggested that Zhan Zhuang practice had only reached Chen village in the 1980s.
Other arts were further influenced by the practice of Zhan Zhuang as found in Xing Yi and Bagua, and adopted similar methods in the late 20th century to early 21th century. The Hun Yuan posture and its variants have especially become very common in various martial arts – probably because they are relatively the easiest Zhan Zhuang methods to practice, and the most suitable for those interested in practicing for health preservation. As for other arts that include some form of Zhan Zhuang training and postures which are uniquely their own (like Baji Quan and Jingang Bashi) – I did not manage to find where their methods had originated from.
B. Trying to "feel" or "test" the power/resistance (called Mō Jלn 摸劲 or Shi Li 試力 in Mandarin Chinese): Referred to as Zhan Zhuang in motion (行桩 Xing Zhuang – ‘Moving Standing’); doing general motions related to the movements in the style over and over again, slowly, and trying to use intention to feel the resistance that might be applied by an adversary, so the body can learn how to support itself against that kind of resistance. This type of practice had probably existed within martial arts long before Zhan Zhuang were adopted.
In the picture: Liu He Ba Fa practitioner Yun Yinsen demonstrates moving while feeling resistance.
As explained before, the motions done for power feeling and Zhan Zhuang postures might not have direct martial applications. They are primarily used to develop gong fu. Another byproduct of doing them is heightened sensitivity to touch (Ting Jin in Mandarin Chinese – "Listening Power"), with the Yi learning to adjust automatically to varying pressures. This poses an advantage for the Internalist, as it allows one to develop his/her sensitivity to touch to a great extent without relying on a live partner to work with. This is not to suggest that one shouldn't train with other people – on the contrary. Human touch is very important so one can literally grasp the correct feel he will afterwards train by himself using his Yi, and remain in-touch with the reality of a living, opposing opponent.
Many do not have the privilege of having another person to train with on a regular basis, or are limited to training with others during lessons, at best. Correct use of Yi can compensate for this handicap, and may even prove to be superior in the sense that it can be practiced extremely slowly (to refine one's skill), unlike when people cross hands, in which case slow is rarely the way they go about doing things (as ego responds faster than logic).
Shi Li could be compared to the practice of "shadow boxing" in Western Boxing, in the sense that both are used to "feel the opponent" without any actual opponent present. Not all Internalists would use Shi Li in the same manner as Shadow Boxing. Shi Li could be performed either with repetition of the same movement over and over, or randomly floating from one form of Shi Li movement to another. Many Internalists argue that trying to imagine an opponent is counter-productive as it sets fixed response patterns, while using the Yi without imagining an opponent gives one a more general "feel", which is not fixated on certain movements or techniques. An Externalist might not have any trouble with giving-in to "fixated response patterns"; on the contrary – sometimes, this is what is meant to be achieved in his training. Externalists who engage in sports competition often train for a match against a specific opponent, and augment their training to help them develop the techniques and strategies suitable to defeat that particular opponent. Therefore, such fighters have an interest in setting fixated response patterns that will take advantage of their adversary's weaknesses. These are carried over to shaow-boxing practice, including active imagination of struggling with that opponent.
This is in sharp contrast to someone who is training for either self-defense or non-sportive combat. In these situations, violence occurs without preparation, and so it is more important to "be ready for everything", and not become as fixated as a competitive fighting athlete.
Another strong difference that I had already mentioned is that Shi Li, like Zhan Zhuang, is primarily used to develop the structure, the Yi, and the movement principles. While Shadow Boxing too is helpful in developing the Externalist's structure, it is not its goal of that training method. This is also reflected in how these two methods are practiced – with Shi Li usually practiced at a slow pace to gain foundations, and Shadow Boxing mostly at high speeds, to simulate real combat.
The order of training among many Internalists is as follows: At first, the correct feeling of Yi is taught by practicing Zhan Zhuang (Though many teachers have been known to skip this stage in their curriculum, or only teach it to students at later stages. Some simply do not teach Zhan Zhuang at all).
The practitioner becomes increasingly aware of advanced physical alignments, using the Yi to manipulate one's structure from the inside. Later, Shi Li practice helps one develop it further(80, 97), and maintain the right feeling and body alignment while moving. These methods are then reinforced by learning how to correctly engage in physical contact – not necessarily in the way of fighting-applications, but by learning correct movement principles. At last, the skill naturally expresses itself within the entire spectrum of movements available within the art. This trait is unique to the Internalists. Because of this, Zhan Zhuang and Shi Li are what I have termed earlier in the book as Structure Essentials: the core training methods of the arts which utilize them, which are the most important.
It is sometimes said among Internalists that Zhan Zhuang are used to "develop the power", and Shi Li to learn to "move the power". In this sense, the "power" is the overwhelming nature of the Yi, which encompasses the entire body. The aim of the Internalist is to reach a state wherein every movement practiced contains Yi automatically, even without thinking about it(55, 56) – a return to a subconscious state of mind, wherein the Yi is omnipresent. Like I have written before, this allows for the development of zero reaction time to touch. There are no more gaps between thought and action – things already happen as you think of them, or even before conscious thought have settled. This mirrors Taiji Quan's classic writings: "If the opponent does not move, then I do not move. At the opponent's slightest move, I move first". It is a part of what Caylor Adkins has reffered87 to as "having the critical edge in combat".
As the Yi is ready to "fire" in any direction, one's movement is never too committed. A punch thrown already has the "intention" of re-directing itself into a sideways blow, and a kick can instantly turn into a stomp. No movement is bound entirely for one ultimate path. Non Internally-oriented arts sometimes make use of the opposite strategy. A Muay Thai round-house kick, for example, often causes the entire bodyweight of the kicker to move into the strike uncontrollably, to cause maximal damage to the opponent. When such a strike misses, the fighter is forced to make a 360 degree turn because of the momentum he himself created. This is never put to practice among Internalists. A Muay Thai fighter, being a sportsman, is not concerned with the opponent attacking him from the back as he turns, in a non-sportive manner. The Internally-oriented arts were originally developed by people who were not sportsmen, and were therefore concerned with urban or battlefield combat, in which losing control over a movement for a fraction of a second or turning your back to the opponent could cost one his or her life.
In principle, any movement can be practiced very slowly and with a lot of Yi and be used as Shi Li training; However, Internalists tend to focus on the general movement patterns that are most relevant for developing the style's distinct body-method. In Taiji Quan and Liu He Ba Fa, the long practice forms (which are usually, though not always, practiced at slow speeds) are used as Shi Li training(2, 28, 55), while in Bagua, this is emphasized when walking the circle(1) or performing linear forms. A few Taiji Quan lineages (such as master Wu Tunan's lineage) combine the practices of Shi Li and Zhan Zhuang – one executes the long training form, and stops in every posture for a short period of time, holding that posture as Zhan Zhuang. Chen Taiji Quan lineages in particular feature a type of Shi Li exercise called "Silk-Reeling", which will be discussed later in this chapter. The terms "Mō Jלn" and "Shi Li" actually come from schools of Xing Yi and Da Cheng Quan (respectively). In these schools, Shi Li is a separate practice, which is specifically designed to develop correct Yi.
One might ask: how is it that some Internally-oriented schools refrain from training Zhan Zhuang, yet still maintain the "Internally-oriented" classification, and succeed in developing "Internal Skills"? The answer lies in the nature of Shi Li training. As suggested before, Shi Li is actually "Zhan Zhuang done with large motions". In that sense, Shi Li training can compensate for lack of Zhan Zhuang for the most part. Zhan Zhuang are basically a shortcut for achieving some of the skills developed with Shi Li. They have the potential to save a practitioner years of hard work of refining his/her skills, but one could still manage to advance these skills without them.
Unlike other forms of "energy work" pushed by new-age charlatans, Yi is therefore a biological by-product of the sensors in one's muscles, and can be physically felt within a few months under the tutoring of a good teacher, and sometimes even sooner considering one is talented, and his practice is diligent and sincere. The awareness to Yi and control of it are to be gradually and naturally understood through practice under proper guidance. The advent of this remarkable training method should be the feeling of warmth in one's limbs which eventually, month-by-month, reaches the extremities – the tips of the fingers. After a concrete feeling of heat is established in the extremities, and Yi can be automatically ‘activated’, it gradually travels back into one's center of mass, until the whole body feels heated. This warm, calm, comforting sensation stems from first loosening up the muscles and joints, allowing better for blood flow, and then consciously learning to govern this blood flow by stimulating the muscle-sensors, as the practitioner is trying to feel resistance pushing on him from varied directions, and using other advanced methods of moving his internal workings. A phenomenon that should be observed by all Internalists is a change in their palm's colour (in practice). A pale person for example, would see a change from white to dark red or dark purple, as a result of blood buildup in practice when control over one's Yi gradually becomes stronger (colour changes depend on one's natural skin colour, and so different individuals will experience different color transformations). The above mentioned phenomenon are more commonly noticed during the winter, when the cold weather contrasts our body's naturally-generated heat. Considering one is well-dressed during wintertime, good internal practice will result in the body keeping very warm, even without moving quickly or with large motions. The use of Yi can also heat the body without a substantial increase in one's heart rate.
Besides the feeling of "warmth", other types of physical sensations that stem from training the Yi will vary between different individuals. I personally feel as there are magnets connected to many parts of my body, with the resistance between these "invisible magnets" leading my movements to a greater extent and precision as my skill progresses. Bagua master Ma Chuanxu has described58 the process in this manner: "Once Neigong develops, it is like electricity in hands...The Intent becomes important. Intent drives Qi and Qi drives Strength (Yi Dai Qi, Qi Dai Li)...". When "turning on" the Intention with the whole body after being "intentionless" and relaxed, it might feel like the body is a large, thick gardening hose being filled quickly with water. The attempt at multi-directional sensory experience with the Yi is often compared to "swimming in the air", for the Internalist materializes sensations that are akin to performing his movements while inside a swimming pool.
I hypothesize that the differences in how people describe their sensations of Yi have to do with the preconceptions practitioners put into their practice. I feel "magnets" because I liked to play with magnets as a child, and have strong kinesthetical memory of them. Another person, who may have not been exposed to magnets like I did, might actually feel something very close to what I am feeling, but will choose an entirely different way of describing it. For this reason, my teacher Nitzan and other teachers have always been cautious not to tell their students what they were "ought to feel". Another important reason for this same decision is that sensations should only be the outcome of training the Yi, not the aim. "Chasing" after the physical sensations that the Yi creates may cause one to feel good, but will not manifest the correct structure for the art.
As a higher level of skill develops, the Yi may seemingly take over the physical body from time to time, especially in solo practice. The motions physically feel like they are being done by themselves – as there is an invisible force pulling on the body in the correct way. The body feels like a leaf carried by nimble warm winds, which seem to direct it in very specific vectors and angles. It is important to emphasize that "the sensation of no-effort in action is present not at no-work but at correctly co-ordinated work" (140); meaning that it is not by limping relaxation that effortlessness is achieved, but by correct and alert usage of the Yi, that one has grown accustomed to. Mentally, it seems that the consciousness becomes a mere sideways observer, while simultaneously being very much aware and alert to everything that is happening. A sort of naturally self-imposed semi-trance state. This phenomenon has been described by a few Taiji exponents whose books and articles I have read, but I have also felt it myself in practice to a lesser extent. I believe that mentally (yet not physically), this state is identical to what an veteran car driver experiences when he drives long distances in familiar roads. The driving of the vehicle is shifted into an "auto-pilot" mode, and the thinking brain can either focus on other things (like beautiful girls on road-signs) or just float mindlessly (this I have also felt through experience in driving, so I can make the comparison). Because attention is then freed from constant monitoring of one's movement, most of it can be directed elsewhere – say more towards what the opponent is doing.
A testimony to the physical manifestation of the Yi can be strongly felt by any Internalist who has succeeded in initiating its use (this should, as explained, occur early on in one's training). Once incorporated into practice, it changes the way the body reacts to training. It draws the energy out of you in a strange way. I have had experience practicing many Externally-oriented methods: those of Weight Training, Gymnastics, Western Boxing, Okinawan Karate and Pigua Zhang. What all of these have in common is that after strenuous practice, you are tired in the sense that your muscles are fatigued, and your body has less strength. After a prolonged training session with Internal Methods, however, the feeling is different. Regardless of the apparent physical difficulty, it is your mind, not your muscles, which gets to you. In those days when training was particularly smooth and deep, one could end a training session in an Internally-oriented art not because of muscular fatigue, but because he feels the burden of the mind "weighing in" on him. It feels like he has been reading for several hours, and now his mind yearns for some rest. The great mental effort by the brain to maintain the physical and mental omnipresence of the Yi, in both the mind and muscles, can prove challenging during the first few years, when this process is still forced, rather than natural. It is quite literally a mental workout no less than a physical one.
This is the result of what scientists have long called "Deliberate Practice" (179) – a kind of practice which is full of attention and introspection, unlike simply 'going through the motions' mindlessly. The importance of Deliberate Practice cannot be underestimated, as it has been scientifically proven to be a key factor in the development of long-term high-end skill levels (in any sort of practice, not just martial arts).
In his book(28), Chen Taiji master Jan Silberstorff makes a joke upon his own experiences, telling the reader how he participated and won 20 Taiji form competitions, where he went on to put a show of magnificent flowing movements, which were actually lacking true depth and skill. While master Jan admittedly now realizes he did not know what he was doing at the time, since he had won, he figures the judges did not know much either. It was only later, under the guidance of his teacher, Master Chen Xiaowang, that he filled his "empty forms" with "content". This so called "content" being the use of real Intention, and the specialized body-mechanics of the Internalists, that will be discussed later in this chapter.
Taiji Master Dr. Yang Jwing-Ming also uttered(52) his disappointment of the common scenario of people failing to grasp the deeper notions of Internal practices, such as training the Yi: "…They (people who've practiced for many years) don't understand the deep aspect of the martial arts. All those things that they see are the forms. Like for example, take taijiquan. The taijiquan they see so far is forms. What is the essence behind the forms? What is the internal side of taiji? Very few people know…". Taiji master Chen Zhonghua have similarly remarked(80): "Most people practice with limited capabilities of self-observation. Their training may result in development of muscles, ligaments and other types of normal power. Yet these activities for stretching the joints, with merely mechanical movement and rotations, will not give the learner any feedback which would be useful for development of skills of Taiji quan. Such practice will not cultivate the unique requirements for Gong (skill) in Taiji practice".
The concept of Intention is often misunderstood in the west because of a cultural-lingual barrier. When western martial arts teachers talk about "having the correct intentions behind your technique", what they usually mean is one should commit themselves mentally to applying their techniques to the maximum, without fear of consequences at that particular moment. The Chinese, however, make a distinction between one "intention" to another. A person with the mental intention described earlier would be considered to have Sha Qi (杀气 , Killing Qi) – a fierce mental intention to kill or hurt – to go right through the opponent. This is different from the concept of Yi, which constitutes the physical nervous-muscular manifestation of what the mind thinks, rather than just what you psychologically aspire to do.
One might be surprised as to how far this misunderstanding can go. I have personally witnessed western Xing Yi Quan teachers, and read material written by such teachers, who have fallen victim to this fallacy. When translating the "Yi" in "Xing Yi" to English, they appropriately called it "Intention". Unfortunately, since they did not receive complete training, they perceived this "intention" to be the so called "mental commitment to fighting", while the original name of the art meant something else entirely. Spreading this mistake far and wide, I fear that it had become the predominant interpretation of Yi in the West.
Another misunderstanding has to do with the confusion of many teachers who can feel and teach the use of Yi, but mistakenly refer to it as Qi (Chi / Ki). Even within the theory of traditional Chinese Medicine, these two are not the same. The Yi is not Qi(95), and Qi is not what one should try to manipulate directly with Internal Methods. Failing to understand this can be hazardous. I know that certain teachers order their students to use imagery like in Yi training, to try and guide Qi through the body's meridians. Without getting into a physiological explanation of what this may cause and how, you ought to know that this sort of practice can be dangerous to one's health. One should not try to consciously manipulate normal processes and functions within the body without extensive knowledge of medical theories. The methods contained in the Internally-oriented arts are usually meant to bring about health-benefits as a side-effect of correct practice, and not to initiate profound changes in the body by directly changing the way it works (unlike other, more esoteric practices from the Orient).
Such methods for bodily-control and change, when they do exists in the curriculum of an Internally-oriented art, are only taught to a selected few who possess the knowledge of how to reverse and correct possible bad outcomes resulting from their practice.
People also often have a hard time understanding the difference between Intent (Yi) and Structure (Xing). This confusion may be especially evident following my explanation of Zhan Zhuang and Shi Li, which are methods that were said to develop these two attributes together. My teacher Nitzan once explained the difference in a way I personally found to be satisfying. He said: "You may think of Yi (Intent) as something related to the field of Physiology (as it is the thought-process as manifested in the internal minute-workings of our body), while the Xing (Structure) has more to do with bio-mechanics" (as developing the Structure is, like Biomechanics, "the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics"(73), to produce martial or health related results).
Yi should be, in my opinion, the first measure for putting an ‘Internal’ martial arts teacher to the test. A person who defines himself as such should be aware of the term, or at the least be able to feel it and understand how it impacts his or her training. Yi is the cornerstone of all theory in the Internally-oriented arts. Without it, one cannot call his practice "Internal", as he or she will not possess a truly "internal" structure, and be lacking of a key element required for training such a structure.
In the picture: A good cup of coffee. Isn't it just an empty useless vessel without the coffee? The philosophy behind these methods of training isn't new – it was already contained within the main canon of the Daoist philosophy – the Dao De Jing 42, which dates back to the 6th century BC: "The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness that their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends…".
* Guided-imagery and motor-imagery are in themselves valid methods which are commonly used in sports and rehabilitative medicine, and also by various martial artists when not actively training. They are, however, not the same as using the Yi. While using the thought to imagine physical actions can greatly influence the brain, and even create actual learning and improve one's skills to a degree, it remains in the realm of the mind, and doesn't dross over much into the rest of body – at least not to the same extent that training the Yi does.
** These sensors and receptors are (133, 148): The Golgi tendon organs, which respond to muscular contractions, the Pacini endings, which measure pressure changes and vibrations and provide proprioceptive feedback, the Ruffini endings, that inform the central nervous system of shear forces in soft tissues, and the Interstitial nerve-endings, that can report on all of these, and pain as well (also see142 for similar references).
It has been suggested in research (149) that the Golgi tendon organs are extremely sensitive to muscular contractions, which in turn cause them to trigger muscular relaxation. The Pacini receptors in the fascia are, as explained, important for our responsiveness and sense of Proprioception. I hypothesize, following those conclusions, that we can assume that part of the mechanism of for employing small and rapid muscular contractions in the practice of Zhan Zhuang, is for training these receptors to become more sensitive to pressures, and in turn increase sensitivity to the opponent. The order of action by which this mechanism might be applied in real life can be understood via the following examples: The opponent pushes against my limb >>> I begin to stiffen, but because my tendon-organs are sensitive, they enable me to relax the muscles without the onset of significant muscular contraction >>> This in turn enables me to be more flowing and responsive, instead of being stiff and becoming stuck in place.
*** Yu Yongnian have written (156, p.69) the following: "By maintaining the muscle at a specific length, by usage of an isometric exercise, the muscles will develop a fast twitch response. This means, first, that the nerves and muscles develop the memory to accelerate instantly to the contraction point of the isometric exercise, and secondly, the fast twitch muscle-fibers are conditioned to maximize the speed of the muscle-contraction". In other words – he argued, among other things, that the postures held with Zhan Zhuang practice teach the body how to accelerate itself very quickly into these posture when needed, through the process of the muscles becoming adapt at contracting at specific angles. This logic, in my opinion, can also be applied to the static postures held by Externalists.
The numbers within brackets () are in the book super-script references for the lengthy bibliography.
Sure, a 'new' thing. So new it's in the name of Xin Yi Liu He Quan, Xing Yi Quan, Yi Quan, etc. Actually, usage of the term in the practice of martial arts goes back at least several hundred years (not just in these three arts), and in Daoist methods - possibly thousands of years.
Why is it not explained in books? Exactly because it's the most important component. I have explained this in the article and the rest of my book. It is not that Yi is the only thing that makes 'Internal mechanics' work. Far from it. Countless others things elements operate simultaneously, and they are all explained in the book. However, without knowing the correct usage of Yi for each movement and practice, they will be no development of proper bodily structure as sought after in a given art.
By that guy, you know... Sun Lutang :D Indeed, Yi is not that important... It's just the second character in the title of the book.
That is making my point, by the way. This is what people do not understand. The art is called 'The First of Form (Xing) and Intention (Yi) exactly because Xing and Yi are its core component, inseparable from each other. Both beg equal care and emphasis. However, many do not understand Yi and how it is trained, which is partly the reason I have written the chapter about it in my book that is the article above.
Historically, the creation of Yi Quan (Da Cheng Quan) by Wang Xiangzhai was partly a reaction of his to what he thought was people's misunderstanding of the training of Yi, and his disappointment that his Xing Yi students focused too much on the Xing. He considered the training of Yi to be the 'higher level' of practice, and therefore based its entire art on Yi training methods.
“1. Above and below coordinate with each other. Hands and feet look after each other. Inside and outside are as one.
“2. Neither reaching nor separating, neither coming away nor crashing in, neither under-involved nor over-involved.
- "...I saw mountains as mountains, and rivers as rivers. When I arrived at a more intimate knowledge, I came to the point where I saw that mountains are not mountains, and rivers are not rivers. But now that I have got its very substance I am at rest. For it's just that I see mountains once again as mountains, and rivers once again as rivers".
- A man that comes into the world with the mind of a baby, becomes an adult, then exists with a mature mind that regains the essence of a newborn.
Indeed, master Sun's friend recognizes that Sun's observation is found in Buddhism, and comments on his third point by saying: "Being without boxing and without intention – this is the ‘non-identity’ of the Buddhists".
- Yi is nothing new.
- The training of Yi is essential for the practice of the Internally-oriented martial arts.
- Yi is sometimes called other names when taught, the name is not exclusive and neither are the method of training it.
- Those who have not been taught how to train their Yi (as explained in the article) tend to dismiss this concept because they are not familiar with it.
- In my teachings and those I have received in both Xing Yi Quan and Jook Lum Southern Mantis, without the training of Yi the art would be useless. This statement I have found true in the teachings of all highly regarded martial artists I have come across, among them teachers Chen Zhonghua, Yang Hai, Strider Clark, James Cama (RIP) and Neil Ripsky whom I have interviewed for my book. They all spoke of it (in their interviews, too), and from some of them I have received such teachings personally.
This subect is drowning in people who 'know the truth'. But don't. Unfortunately, this article is one of them, and not even close to real insight. No concept in Chinese has one meaning, philisophical concepts even less so. It's in the nature of the philosophy that the same concept has multiple levels of meaning, all of which are dependent on where an individual is at in their understanding. This in itself represents one of the complex and multi-faceted meanings of 'internal': i.e. that, as Wang Xiang Zhai said, you proceed via intuition. Intuitive exploration of wushu means that what we think of as 'styles' are just empty shells - they have no meaning without coming alive via interaction with a living being, whose level is dependent upon an iteraction between self, body, physical training and an intuitive understanding of the principles of wushu. Everything else is superficial. 'Internal' method means that you already know wushu - it's a feature of human beings because it's natural. You can't learn it - you can only unnfold it, through multiple means. Most of what is written in this artice is just another meaningless set of trivia that doesn't even come close to understanding the intuitive method. This is why almost everyone who calls themselves an internal stylist is hopeless as a martial artist, and so has to rely on hubris and fraud.
But of course, everyone will say such about their own trivial interpretations... the only difference is that everyone already knows that what I've written here is true - everything else is just a negotiation of the ego, that wanted all the BS much much more than it wanted real knowledge of wushu. Which is why they all ended up as useless larpers. The real meaning was always the simplest idea, with the most profound implications. Obviously. Good luck with your best seller.
Thank you for writing and sharing this. I appreciate your research, study, and analysis.
From my own experience, I recognize how difficult it is to describe this type of practice (and phenomenon). I plan to purchase your book when I return to the USA and have a chance to read it.
Thanks for visiting! Don’t be a stranger.
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2019-04-26T12:35:54Z
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http://cookdingskitchen.blogspot.com/2015/08/internal-martial-arts-explained.html?showComment=1439523116448
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It has been a tiring but lovely 2 weeks for us. Each year, in the autumn, we run 2 booths at the Shakespeare Festival which keeps us very busy. We bump into a lot of people that we have known through the years and we get to know others who live in the locale and touch base with them. It is two weekends in a row, from Friday to Sunday, 5pm – 11pm.
Each fall the festival transforms a wood affectionately known as Sir William’s Hollow into an outdoor Shakespearean Amphitheater and Festival. Located in St. Marys, Kansas the festival was established in 2010 and has grown into a successful annual event. Last year’s performances saw over 6,000 theater enthusiasts attend over two weekends.
The Festival flew in Dr. Joseph Pearce who is an expert on Shakespeare and a renowned literary scholar! We have purchased and listened to some of his downloads so we were excited that he was coming to talk at the Festival! It was great!
Next year, he will come again and will expound on the Shakespearean Play, Merchant of Venice, which will be the feature play of 2018!
Our daughter-in-law, Sarah looking over the lovely Kanzashi Ribbon flowers!
Get out of our booth!
Father Kodet came and played his concertina more than once during the two weekends of the Festival.
Angelo had his own game booth this year. It was quite a responsibility. He did very well with it…it was a hit with the kids!
Angelo, the Elk drew attention to Angelo’s booth!
Angelo’s “Rock the Realm” Booth!
Good friends waiting in line to play Angelo’s game.
Rosie made it to some of the Festival.
We had a campfire by our booth, too. It was a nice hangout..
Getting ready for the play….
Lots of pumpkins for sale!
Patrick plays the flute, the bagpipes and much more!
The play, in the woods, at night!
The last Saturday of the Festival (Sept. 16th) proved to be a very sad day for many. Daniel McDonald, 18 years old, was the lead singer and guitarist of the “Boys from the Shed” band and was heading to play at the Flint Hills Shakespeare Festival when he got into an accident that took his life. He came from a family of 12 children. Please keep him and his loved ones in your prayers.
Happy Second Day of Christmas!!!!
We had a Film Festival on Saturday afternoon of the Traditional Family Weekend.
One of the films was by our good friend Erni Garcia (Erniversal Studios).
The video features the beautiful voices of Erni Garcia and Hillarie George. Our married couples are also in it….Mike and Jeanette Gallant and Devin and Theresa Byrne.
This post shared with the blog Like Mother, Like Daughter.
Coming Right Up!! Traditional Family Weekend – June 19 – 21, 2015!
For those who are planning to come, we are looking forward to having you!!
So…If you would like to donate, or know of anyone that might be interested, the link is on this post.
Christmas with a Christmas Dance!!!
Intermission will be entertainment by Anthony Delallo and Jacinta Murphy with Our Lady of Knock Irish Dancers!
The evening will be semi-formal (church-going attire) or formal (evening gowns, tuxedos) so pull out your party things and come and celebrate with us!!
Women: No see-through, low-cut or cropped tops. No sleeveless. Skirts and dresses below the knees. No pants. If you are planning on taking part in the Traditional Western Swing, please wear longer skirts.
Donations will be taken during the evening and will be greatly appreciated.
Catholic Culture for Catholic Families….Would You like to Donate?
About twice a year, we have a function that includes family, friends and new acquaintances. These functions are family-oriented with good wholesome entertainment, recreation and often includes conferences from priests or other good speakers. We have had conferences on courtship, Dressing with Dignity (thanks, Colleen Hammond!), family life, etc.
There are often a whole weekend of activities that bring people from several states in the midwest and from both coasts.
As you can imagine, these functions need funding and we work very hard with bake sales to have some initial money to start each function off. Then we ask for donations at the weekend itself.
Sometimes it can be touch and go as far as covering costs.
I remember one particular Function we had a Family Square Dance, conferences, an Irish Concert, rosaries, confession, a Family Movie, volleyball, games and music scattered throughout the weekend.
We were very grateful…AND relieved!!
We are planning a Traditional Family Weekend June 20 – 22 which will include a dance, a Talent Show, conferences, volleyball, etc.
We feel that these Functions provide a refreshing regrouping of like-minded Catholics. New acquaintances are made, families visit, the youth meet other youth….even some budding relationships have occurred that ended in good marriages from these events!! They also provide a place where the youth can learn to interact with other youth in a chaperoned, cultured manner. People go back to their homes knowing they are not alone against an indifferent world.
So….if any of you would like to donate to this worthy cause….of bringing like-minded Catholics together, of providing traditional family fun and spiritual nourishment to the young and old….families in general….then we have provided a way for you to donate. And if you would like to take part in one of these I will keep you posted through this site.
We hung the crucifix in the hall and prayed the rosary before it each day.
Colleen Hammond – Great Speaker!
Old Dust Band sang in between activities!
This was taken today (Thursday). We’re getting ready for a big bake sale on Sat.!
She gets to make something out of the leftovers!
Just hanging around enjoying the weather and the company!
Thursday is the Assumption…Let’s Make it Special!
The Assumption is this Thursday and I am so glad I read this!! It’s been a few years since I read it and I appreciated the inspiration!! You can bet that we will be making the Assumption extra special this year!
This is a long article but it is every bit worth the read!
Make the Assumption unique this year, too! It is building memories that the kids will never forget!
“A tea!” That was Peter. He’s for teas. It was Peter who thought up having the Mad Tea Party that time.
And a tea seemed like a good idea this time, what with an afternoon procession and a blessing and flowers and mint and things.
This promised to be very interesting since there are only two Hobson girls (their mother and Ginny) and the rest are boys.
At least, at the time that was how matters stood. There are now three Hobson girls. Anne Marie has been added.
Then we decided that we should have something special for our procession during which we would give the Blessing of Herbs and Flowers (in the new ritual it is called simply the Blessing of Herbs).
The blessing is traditionally given on August 15, perhaps because of the legend that the Apostles found flowers in the tomb where they had laid our Lady; or perhaps because the Church wanted to Christianize the pagan custom of gathering herbs for medicines at this time of year.
At any rate, the legend about the flowers in her tomb and St. Thomas doubting is sufficiently popular to merit a telling, just so that everyone will get it straight that it is a legend. It goes like this (with many variations).
Our Lady fell asleep at last after the years of living with St. John and waiting for Heaven, and all the Apostles were gathered about her bed. Except St. Thomas. He was off in India preaching the Gospel and couldn’t get back on time, although an angel is supposed to have told him to hurry.
The other apostles carried her body to the tomb and laid it there, and sometime afterward they discovered that it was gone. They naturally concluded that it had been taken to Heaven (as indeed it had).
Then St. Thomas came home; and when they went out to meet him and to explain, he would not believe. He would not believe, the legend says, until he had seen for himself. So they took him to see where they had laid our Lady’s body and in its place were flowers.
Looking up, St. Thomas saw her going up to Heaven; and to convince him at last, an angel brought the girdle she had fastened about her robe and dropped it to Thomas.
What is true is that our Lady fell asleep. The word death is not used for our Lady, because death is the consequence of Original Sin and a punishment for sin, and our Lady was without the slightest taint of sin.
She would not, need not, have died, but merely waited for her divine Son to will that it was her time for Heaven, and then yield up her soul. We would have accomplished it this way instead of through death if God’s original plan had been permitted to unfold.
But instead of God’s original plan, we had Adam’s Original Sin, and that is how death came in its stead.
Mary was assumed into Heaven. At the end of Masses and after Benediction, when we say the Divine Praises, we add in praise of our Lady: “Blessed be her glorious Assumption,” which is what we celebrate today.
Now back to our procession. With recollections of the magnificent banners and wall-hangings of our Grailville friends, a banner seemed in order – but one that we could design and execute in a reasonable time.
One day, for a special project, we shall work out a more elaborate hanging, with wools and velvets, sateens, yarns, chain stitch, feather stitch, bands and borders; but this day we had little or no time to spare.
So it was off to the linen trunk in the storeroom to see what treasures we could find. We found a small linen guest towel of bachelor’s-button blue, embroidered with cross-stitch roses, simple and nice. It made us think of the Mystical Rose.
And we found a white linen cloth, heavy as a butcher’s apron but fine as fine and bleached white with many washings and sunnings. Added to these were a length of white rickrack and a half-skein of white yarn, and our materials were complete.
We sewed a decorative M of the rickrack over the roses on the blue linen towel. We cut an oblong of the white linen large enough to double-hem the edges and leave a border of about one and a half inches of white around the blue.
We mounted the blue towel on the white linen, sewing it across the top only. We divided the white yarn into three hanks, braided it into a rope and tacked it across the top of the banner with equal lengths to hang loose down either side.
Next, John went up to the woods and cut a new shoot of oak about an inch in diameter and skinned the bark off. He sawed a two-foot length for our cross-piece, and we bound the banner to this, with white yarn at four places across the top.
Another length of oak about three feet long was the standard and we bound our cross-piece to it. There was our banner! It took about an hour, with children and Granny helping, before we had it finished and the threads and shreds swept up off the dining-room floor.
Then Stephen remembered something and ran into the study. Confetti! For over a year, we had saved a package of confetti, waiting for a feast of suitable magnitude before using it.
Feast days had come and gone, of magnificent magnitude, but we forever forgot the confetti. This was the day for it! Then we sat down, more or less, to await the arrival of our guests in their organdies.
As none of the Newland sprouts knows an organdy from a hole in the wall, there was wild anticipation.
At last they drove up, but in picture hats and blue espadrilles, in honor of our Lady.
Also bearing with them a peach chiffon pie they had made to honor her and indulge all present, with a crown of sliced peaches decorating it.
The Hobsons thanked him graciously. After general clamor for a few minutes, customary as families assemble for any great event, we had a short discussion of our Lady’s Dormition and Assumption with a clear explanation of the legend about the flowers at her tomb.
Then we started out in this order: Stephen with banner. Mrs. Hobson with pewter mug of holy water and aspergill. Mother with Ritual. Ginny with confetti. A quick shift of aspergill to Peter as Mrs. Hobson picks up John Archer, who is afraid of goose and goats. Various additional children.
Arranged at last, we started with the flowerbed by the house where there is tansy, thyme, marigold, and an unidentified herb that will be a mystery until our herb lady comes back and identifies it.
The blessing begins beautifully with Psalm 64,123 which has wonderful passages in it for children. As we had just recovered from the fringes of a hurricane which, in turn, had put an end to our drought, these lines had special and eloquent meaning.
They shout and sing for joy. Alas, our procession seems to be one part reading and blessing, and one part shouting and singing for joy.
No loss: their joy is in the Lord, and if they are too little to stand still very long, psalms or no, let them shout and sing for joy.
This is the making of many memories and impressions, a mixture of blessings and sun and sky and happiness and family and home and our Lady Mother Mary; this is one of the joys of being a Catholic.
Leader: The Lord will be gracious.
All: And our land bring forth its fruit.
Leader: Thou waterest the mountains from the clouds.
All: The earth is replenished from Thy rains.
Leader: Giving grass for cattle.
All: And plants for the service of man.
Leader: Thou bringest forth wheat from the earth.
All: And wine to cheer man’s heart.
Leader: He sends His command and heals their suffering.
Leader: 0 Lord, hear my prayer.
Let us pray. Almighty, everlasting God, by Thy word alone Thou hast made Heaven, earth, sea, all things visible and invisible, and hast adorned the earth with plants and trees for the use of men and animals.
Thou appointest each species to bring forth fruit in its kind, not only to serve as food for living creatures, but also as medicine to sick bodies.
With mind and word, we earnestly appeal to Thine ineffable goodness to bless these various herbs and fruits, and add to their natural powers the grace of Thy new blessing. May they ward off disease and adversity from men and beasts who use them in Thy name.
Through our Lord, Jesus Christ, Thy Son, who liveth and reigneth with Thee in unity of the Holy Spirit, God, forever and ever. Amen.
We proceeded down to the vegetable garden and sprinkled the dill, and thence off to the brook, where the wild mint flourishes, singing “Mary, We Greet Thee” all the way (that is the Salve Regina in English).
Down along the brook is a magic place, with mint thick and tangled and wild grape and small willows and a hidden bed of forget-me-not.
We sprinkled that, and the flame flower far inside a thicket by a private stream of its own. Then we went further down to the place for sitting on banks and dangling feet. And here, with a story while tasting mint and other wild leaves that were not quite so delicious, everyone took off shoes and went wading, and the smallest ones sat down in the water in their clothes.
Then at last we threw the confetti. It was a glorious sight floating on the brook, sun dappling the water, sounds of children, sounds of water, smell of mint, everyone laughing and splashing, all for the honor and glory of our Lady.
Then back home, to the pie with the Mary-crown on it and the spiced tea with orange and clove (because Holy Scripture says that Mary is like sweet spices and aromatic balm”‘):a lovely end to a day that had started with the whole family at Mass and Holy Communion.
The fathers had pie saved for them in the refrigerator. Processions like this are a particularly motherish kind of thing. These things that take fussing and patience and holding hands while walking with very little people with incredible slowness are things mothers were especially well made for.
Lucky for mothers who have sunny afternoons to teach such beautiful truths and to make such beautiful memories as these of “her glorious Assumption”!
But suppose you live in the city, and there is no brook and no pasture, no wild mint or forget-me-not, or goose or garden or herbs to be blessed – what then?
Still, I would not give in. Somehow I would find a way to make a family celebration and a happy memory of the Assumption.
For some people, a trip to the nearby botanical gardens would be a lovely event for the afternoon. There are many more herbs there than in backyard gardens, and often there are also true Mary-gardens.
You could take along the Ritual, or the words to the blessing copied out of it, and a little bottle of holy water; and when you were alone together for a while, read the blessing over some small patch of fragrance somewhere out of the way where you disturb no one.
Or if there were no way to go anywhere, I would make it a celebration around the evening meal in the city apartment.
I would buy a pot of flowers, or a few cut flowers from a pushcart, and go to the grocer’s for some herbs. Celery, chives, parsley, endive, lettuce, and chicory are some of the common salad herbs we use all the time, without thinking of them as herbs.
Mint for iced tea is another herb we use; so I’d find some of that. Then, when all the other dishes were ready, before mixing the salad or putting the mint in the tea, I’d have my family gather together around these lovely things and have the father or the oldest grown-up read the Blessing of Herbs, right in my own city apartment; or in my own room over my tray, if I lived all alone.
For dessert there would be spiced peaches or pears, and I would use cinnamon to spice them because Scripture says that our Lady is like the smell of sweet cinnamon.
The juice drained off any canned or stewed fruit, brought to a boil and then left to simmer a while with a little extra sugar and a stick of cinnamon, quickly prepares spiced fruit.
Do it the day before, then let it get nice and cold in the refrigerator. I would bring out a book from the library with reproductions in it of the early Christian masters – Italian, French, Flemish – and explain to my family the meanings of the fruits they used as symbols and have my children search for them in pictures. Libraries, encyclopedias, and bookshops will help you find information on symbols.
To decorate a city apartment for the feast, a banner such as described can be used without the standard; or a group of the fruits may be arranged in a bowl, or cut out in simple patterns from bright fabrics or old felts, sewed in a garland around a decorative M on heavy unbleached muslin or linen, or arranged in a group surmounted by an M and used as a center decoration on the table or a hanging on the wall behind it.
Children may make such a banner of colored construction paper and paste, cutting the fruits from paper, silhouette-fashion, and mounting them.
These symbolize only a few of the glorious virtues with which God adorned His Mother. Perhaps it is the most obvious thing in this feast that evades us most successfully.
We are so accustomed to understanding its meaning that we fail to understand it with impact: we will see her womanly, motherly, virginal, presence in Heaven.
This is the great triumph. A creature, child of Adam and Eve, flesh and blood like ourselves, not divine, has so dignified our race by her obedience that we are now adopted sons of God and heirs of Heaven.
And we will see her. Children always put it so well.
Only someone who lives with children and knows their language would understand.
That is why “not one crumb was left” has such eloquent meaning.
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2019-04-19T10:37:38Z
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https://finerfem.wordpress.com/category/events/
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HomeCOMMENTARYDon’t Renegotiate NAFTA, Get US Out!
Don’t Renegotiate NAFTA: Get US Out!
While running for the oval office, President Trump noted to crowds how destructive NAFTA was to individuals, businesses, and states. Now he says he may keep NAFTA.
On New Year’s Day in 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) came into being. Despite the enthusiastic backing of then-President Clinton, congressional Democrats, and a large majority of Beltway Republicans, the massive new trade deal and international bloc that it created were controversial everywhere but inside the Beltway.
As discerning observers almost a quarter-century ago pointed out, although NAFTA was being sold to the American public as a “free trade” deal, it was in fact anything but. Its beguiling name notwithstanding, NAFTA was and remains a “managed trade” deal, an instrument of international socialism setting up a vast new array of international bureaucracies to manage the flow of goods across the borders of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Included in the deal from the very get-go, for example, was a sweeping set of environmental objectives and rules in a little-noticed side agreement, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, whose enforcement arm is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, headquartered in Montreal, whose mission is to receive and adjudicate notices of alleged environmental violations by any of the three North American countries.
During its 23-year lifespan, NAFTA has brought about radical changes in the economies of the three North American countries, of which the most conspicuous has been the proliferation of maquiladoras, Mexico-based assembly plants, mostly built by American companies moving assets south of the border, where wages are cheaper and government regulations less burdensome. NAFTA has thus been an enormous economic boon for Mexico, a poor country run by an irredeemably corrupt government — which now has the manufacturing base of a major industrial power. The United States, on the other hand, has experienced a massive exodus of jobs and capital as hundreds of American businesses have moved assets south of the border.
NAFTA has failed to deliver on the airy-fairy promises of its creators, at least from the point of view of its most important sponsors, American taxpayers. And despite its dismal track record, the organization is in no imminent danger of collapse now that President Trump has decided, after months of anti-NAFTA campaign bluster, to renegotiate rather than withdraw from the organization. Trump’s top priority, as with most of his foreign policy priorities, is to get a better deal for the United States. But extracting better trade terms from our two North American neighbors has virtually nothing to do with the long-term objectives of NAFTA. Not only is NAFTA not a free-trade agreement, its underlying purpose is not trade at all. Like the former European Common Market — which was transformed into the European Community and finally into the modern European Union, a full-fledged continental government — NAFTA was designed with much more ambitious aims in mind than making the world safer for imported avocados and Canadian softwood. And President Trump, by deciding to stick with and further legitimize NAFTA, has — wittingly or unwittingly — greatly improved the prospects for NAFTA to someday be transformed into a North American Union.
Candidate Trump portrayed himself as the NAFTAnator, a new type of president with ordinary Americans as his top priority, who would not hesitate to withdraw from “one of the worst deals our country has ever made,” as he called NAFTA on May 9, 2016. On the hustings in August in North Carolina, Trump told an enthusiastic crowd, “I see the carnage that NAFTA has caused, I see the carnage. It’s been horrible. I see upstate New York, I see North Carolina, but I see every state. You look at New England. New England got really whacked. New England got hit.” A core element in Trump’s stump speech, NAFTA was a calamity he routinely blamed on President Bill Clinton — and by extension, his rival, “Crooked Hillary.” Indeed, President Clinton signed NAFTA into law, but it was his predecessor, patrician Republican George H.W. Bush (pictured), who negotiated and signed the agreement on the international stage. Also on board with NAFTA was most of the Republican congressional delegation in 1993-1994, including future GOP Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.
In a word, NAFTA was never a Big Government boondoggle imposed on an unwilling but valiantly resistant GOP minority by venal Democrats; it was and remains a product of bipartisan consensus, at least among the elites in control of both parties. For Trump to attempt to rally GOP leadership against an organization they were complicit in creating was a nonstarter.
I decided rather than terminating NAFTA, which would be a pretty big, you know, shock to the system, we will renegotiate. Now … if I’m unable to make a fair deal for the United States, meaning a fair deal for our workers and our companies, I will terminate NAFTA. But we’re going to give renegotiation a good, strong shot.
Whether President Trump truly believes renegotiating NAFTA could possibly benefit Americans is not for us to speculate. This author finds it difficult to believe, however, that President Trump can possibly be unaware of what internationalist elites have foisted on Europeans in the name of free trade; the entire European unification scheme has unfolded in the course of Trump’s lifetime, and is worth recalling here as a cautionary tale.
In 1951, when Donald Trump was five years old, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up by six Western European countries under the Treaty of Paris. Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, France, and Luxembourg created the very first modern supranational organization — an apparently innocuous, narrowly focused trade bloc that began the process that has led to the political integration of much of Europe under the modern European Union. Note well: The European Union has abandoned any pretense of being a “free trade” union; its sponsors now openly tout it as a regional government, and have long since moved on from questions of economic and monetary union to total political and legal union — in other words, a modern-day pan-European empire such as Rome or Napoleonic France, but assembled largely with the consent of its subject peoples rather than by naked military conquest.
even over, French financier and pioneering internationalist Jean Monnet (pictured), the “father of Europe,” was already working to lay the foundation for a postwar order that contemplated the eventual economic and political unification of Europe. Born into a well-to-do French family of cognac manufacturers, Monnet as a young man was one of the founders of the now-defunct League of Nations, and was appointed the organization’s first deputy secretary-general. However, he soon grew impatient with that organization’s stifling bureaucracy, and returned to the family business and to international finance, where he learned the art of currency stabilization in the new post-gold standard world. A real-life “international man of mystery,” Monnet spent time in Poland, Romania, and China in the interwar years helping to stabilize economies and, in the case of China, even reorganized that country’s railroad system. By the time of the outbreak of World War II, Monnet had become as much an Englishman as a Frenchman, and was instrumental in helping those two governments forge an alliance against the Axis.
There will be no peace in Europe, if the states are reconstituted on the basis of national sovereignty…. The countries of Europe are too small to guarantee their peoples the necessary prosperity and social development. The European states must constitute themselves into a federation.
Thus the new European Coal and Steel Community from the outset was openly intended to be the first of a series of steps leading to the unification of Europe under a single political authority. Jean Monnet was appointed the first president of the ECSC’s High Authority in 1953, where he immediately began laboring for something larger. In 1955, he founded the Action Committee for the United States of Europe.
nations of the ECSC but actively sought to add more, with the transparent objective of eventually including all of Western Europe. Alongside the ECSC and the EEC, a third organization, the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), operated in concert to draw in other European nations to the budding unification project. In 1967, these three communities were unified under the Merger Treaty.
The project of European unification has not gone forward without opposition. As early as the 1950s, many in Europe objected to the severe compromises of national sovereignty that were being proposed. Such objections, often voiced by powerful nationalist interests such as trade unions, managed to delay the designs of Monnet and his ideological successors, but in the long run, have not stopped European unification from coming about.
integration accelerated. In 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) was created, and the euro, the currency of united Europe, was launched the following year to worldwide plaudits. In 2009, the old European communities, including the EC, were officially dissolved within the EU via the Treaty of Lisbon. Despite the ongoing sovereign debt crisis in Europe, the union shows no signs of falling apart. The goal all along, after all, has been political unification, not shared economic prosperity, and the gradual leveling of Europe’s once-sovereign economies is of little concern to the internationalist ideologues responsible for cobbling together the world’s first international government-by-consent.
Today’s Europe is, if not yet a fully integrated superstate, certainly no longer a collection of sovereign nations. The European Union now controls European finances via the ECB and the euro; has completely open borders, facilitating not only the flow of goods and services but also illegal immigrants and malefactors such as Islamic terrorists across former international borders; issues a broad range of regulations, including environmental and commercial statutes; has an active European parliament whose legislation is binding on member countries (albeit one whose job is mainly to rubber-stamp already-authorized rules and regulations issued by EU bureaucrats); and is working diligently to establish European taxes, a single European police force, military, and the like. What was 30 years ago considered the province of wild-eyed speculation and dystopian conspiracy theory has become 21st-century reality for hundreds of millions of Europeans who now owe their allegiance not to their respective motherlands but to a continent-wide government.
But what possible purpose could there be in cobbling together a European Union? To facilitate the creation of a single global government, a project near and dear to the hearts of international socialists for more than two centuries. Creating a workable world government by persuading nearly 200 separate sovereign countries to give up their sovereignty is obviously impractical — unless the nations of the world could first be persuaded to form regional political unions with countries with whom they already share history, culture, legal traditions, and the like. Several such regional unions could then be merged into a single global estate with comparative ease.
The process of continent-wide unification began in North America with the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1989. At the time, few voices were raised in opposition to this apparently innocuous agreement between two very close allies with an enormous flow of goods across one of the world’s longest borders. But artfully included in the text of the treaty were provisions to “lay the foundation for further bilateral and multilateral cooperation to expand and enhance the benefits of the agreement.” A single word, “multilateral,” betrayed the longer-term aims of the treaty: Other countries were eventually to be brought into this “free trade” zone, in a rhetorical sleight of hand reminiscent of the manner in which the original EEC was used to draw other European countries into the Common Market in addition to the six founding nations.
Mexico. The so-called North American Free Trade Agreement took only two years to negotiate, and was signed in 1992 by American President George H. W. Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and Mexican President Carlos Salinas (pictured). Already by October 1992, The John Birch Society was opposing NAFTA on the basis that it would “create a regional government-in-waiting.” However, Congress went on to approve the “trade agreement” late in 1993. It was signed by President Bill Clinton later in 1993 and went into effect in 1994.
Of course, North America does not end with Mexico, and a few years after NAFTA went into effect, negotiations began to create a separate United States-Central American “free trade zone,” which would include Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, as well as the United States. After much negotiation, the Central American Free Trade Area (CAFTA) was ratified by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2005, and went into effect in 2006. Subsequently, the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic has joined CAFTA.
In fact, during the last few decades “free trade” has broken out all across the Americas. In 1991, Mercosur, a customs union and “free trade zone” encompassing much of South America, was founded. Mercosur today includes the nations of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela (which was recently suspended due to political and economic turmoil in that country). Meanwhile, the Andean nations of Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru belong to the Andean Community, a “free trade bloc” transparently inspired by and named after the European Community. These two trading blocs are now subordinate to the Union of South American Nations (USAN, or UNASUR in Spanish), a European Union-like political union that encompasses all 12 South American countries. UNASUR came into being only six years ago, but has already made considerable progress toward continent-wide integration. UNASUR boasts a parliament, a bank (the Bank of the South), and a wide range of councils dealing with matters as diverse as health, defense, energy, education, and culture. In other words, UNASUR is following the European playbook exactly, and is at roughly the same phase of implementation as the European Union was 30 years ago.
Even the English-speaking Caribbean nations (including Belize, technically part of Central America) have a “Caribbean Community” (CARICOM) that began as a Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA) back in the 1960s.
With the examples of Europe and South America to instruct us, there can be no possible doubt that a North American Union, along the lines of the European Union and UNASUR (as well as other embryonic regional governments overseas, such as the African Union), is planned, the strenuous denials of internationalists notwithstanding. There has been one ambitious attempt at wider unification already – the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), which was launched in 1994, scant months after NAFTA went into effect. The FTAA contemplated unifying North, Central, South, and Caribbean America into a single “free trade zone,” with the usual provisions for further integration down the road. After 11 years of negotiations, however, the FTAA foundered and fell apart in 2005. Although 26 of the 34 countries that attended the last FTAA summit, held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, in November 2005, pledged to meet again in 2006, that next summit never happened. Not coincidentally, The John Birch Society had kicked off a vigorous campaign to stop the FTAA by warning its members in May 2000 that the FTAA would be “a step toward transforming NAFTA into a full-scale hemispheric version of the European Union.” By 2005, the JBS had succeeded in shutting down the internationalists’ dream of establishing a bicontinental government bloc in the Western hemisphere.
As for the quest for a North American Union (NAU) per se, the feverish desire of many internationalists to transform NAFTA into a true North American political union á la EU is well documented. Former Mexican President Vicente Fox, for example, agitated openly about the need for using NAFTA to springboard North America into deeper integration, a so-called NAFTA Plus plan that contemplated, among other things, a completely open U.S.-Mexico border. In a candid 2001 interview, Fox held forth with an American interviewer on the need for “convergence of our two economies, convergence on the basic and fundamental variables of the economy, convergence on rates of interest, convergence on income of people, convergence on salaries.” While lamenting that this might take time, he went on to express hope for future policies that would “erase that border, open up that border for [the] free flow of products, merchandises, [and] capital as well as people,” and noted that Mexico stood to benefit from such an arrangement in much the same way as erstwhile weak economies such as those of Ireland and Spain had benefited from membership in the European Union.
The late Robert Pastor (pictured with Carter), a Latin American expert and member of President Jimmy Carter’s National Security Council staff — and also of the flagrantly globalist Council on Foreign Relations — made a late-life career out of agitating for what he coyly termed a “North American Community.” Pastor insisted that this was not the same as a “North American Union,” nor was in any way inspired by the European Union. Yet his ideas, and those of other “North Americanists,” argue otherwise. Major long-term agenda items include a North American currency union, featuring a currency to be known (not surprisingly) as the “amero”; a North American customs union, such as was implemented in the early stages of the European Community; and various schemes for the harmonization of wages, labor standards, environmental laws, and border security, among many other things.
An incremental and pragmatic package of tasks for a new North American Initiative (NAI) will likely gain the most support among Canadian policymakers. Our research leads us to conclude that such a package should tackle both “security” and “prosperity” goals. This fits the recommendations of Canadian economists who have assessed the options for continental integration. While in principle many of them support more ambitious integration goals, like a customs union/single market and/or single currency, most believe the incremental approach is most appropriate at this time, and all agree that it helps pave the way to these goals if and when North Americans choose to pursue them.
The cable discusses in considerable detail the need for such measures as a common currency and customs union, and notes that these, and other recommendations, are strongly supported by Canadian policy elites. The entire concern of the document is with how American and Canadian elites can align their policy goals; that no mention whatever is made of any concerns American and Canadian citizens might have at their countries’ being corralled into this “North American Initiative” is indicative of how completely irrelevant such concerns are to the unelected policy elites who are the true nexus of modern American political power.
Despite all of the momentum behind the internationalists’ NAU project, The John Birch Society managed to inflict a major setback on the construction of the NAU by defeating the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) initiative. In March of 2005, President George W. Bush and the leaders of Canada and Mexico announced the formation of the Security and Prosperity Partnership, a trilateral cooperative effort with the hidden goal of transforming NAFTA into the NAU. A couple months later, the Council on Foreign Relations published Building a North American Community, a blueprint for transforming NAFTA into the NAU via the SPP.
Don’t Renegotiate NAFTA — Get US Out!
On April 27 President Trump announced he had decided to renegotiate NAFTA rather than withdraw…. Negotiations could begin as early as August 16 and could be complete by the end of 2017. What happened?… Although we do not have inside knowledge of the details of why Trump changed his mind, it is pretty easy to understand the generalities of the sudden change of heart…. Donald Trump had run smack-dab into one of the internationalist establishment’s most important steppingstones toward world government, the North American Union (NAU). The NAFTA agreement represents the foundation of the eventual North American Union, a supranational governmental entity that would be comprised of the three formerly sovereign nations…. The NAU is modeled after the internationalist establishment’s highly successful, although hugely deceptive, project to establish the European Union via so-called free trade agreements. Since many of Trump’s advisors are members in good standing of the internationalist establishment, no wonder they advised him very powerfully to forget about withdrawing from NAFTA and instead work on renegotiating the agreement. In fact, they already had been planning to update NAFTA.
Now that we’ve withdrawn from the TPP, renegotiating NAFTA is exactly what they want as a next step toward regional government, aka the North American Union (NAU), on the way toward world government under the United Nations.
President Trump, it would appear, has some appreciation for NAFTA’s deleterious economic effects. But — despite his pledges to put America first — he has shown little interest, so far, in the far greater threat to American independence entailed by our continued membership in the organization. Let us hope that better-informed and -intentioned ordinary Americans will eventually get America out of NAFTA altogether and stop the North American Union.
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2019-04-21T00:30:46Z
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http://www.thelibertybeacon.com/dont-renegotiate-nafta-get-us-out/
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Archie Stone, a U.S. Air Force veteran who served in Vietnam, sits in his counselor's office at the San Jose Veterans Affairs PTSD clinic in early April. Photo by Veronica Weber/Palo Alto Online.
U.S. Army veteran Robert Solis was raised in a small, troublesome town rife with substance abuse. He had issues with anger, anxiety, isolation, self-control and depression before he entered the military, he said.
Six years in the war zone of southeast Iraq only boosted his anger.
Returning home, he reacted the way he was trained to do in combat. He was hyper-vigilant, aggressive and on edge.
"In a combat zone, all you know how to be is aggressive," he said.
Solis, now 31, often felt his anxiety levels rising at home and pushed his children away as a result, he said. It was only during a court-appointed program for substance abuse two years ago that he learned he had post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD.
Though PTSD is most often thought to be associated with military veterans, anyone can develop the disorder after experiencing a trauma in which the person has witnessed a horrible event, feared for his or her life, or felt extreme helplessness.
Everyday events suddenly unleash unpleasant and frightening feelings, as though the trauma is happening all over again.
Approximately 30 percent of Vietnam War veterans have developed PTSD. Those numbers are expected to rise for Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans, given their multiple tours of duty and the incidence of traumatic brain injury that many now survive, said Joan Smith, a therapist with the VA Palo Alto's PTSD outpatient clinic.
But veterans are finding relief and healing through innovative programs to treat PTSD through the VA system. To gain mastery over their debilitating symptoms, they are training dogs, participating on cycling teams and learning to manage their reactions while driving. Other new treatments include teleconferencing with psychiatrists and mobile-phone applications to help control symptoms. Those recovering from PTSD are also engaging in cognitive behavior therapy and practicing a technique called "prolonged exposure," in which a person becomes desensitized to the trauma by repeatedly remembering aspects of the event.
Solis has been participating in the PAWS for Purple Hearts service-dog training program, which teaches veterans patience and how to feel emotions again.
He and U.S. Air Force veteran Anthony Uzzi are training Ethan and Eldridge, two large and placid golden retrievers, at the VA Palo Alto Menlo Park campus's 41-bed Trauma Recovery facility.
Like Solis, Uzzi is dealing with self-control issues related to PTSD.
Last Thursday, Uzzi was in a VA lounge, trying to get Eldridge to flick on a light switch with his nose. The dog has learned to pick up objects from the floor and to pull open doors with a loop of rope on the handle. He can even open a refrigerator door.
But Eldridge was struggling with the light-switch idea. He got close to a training board with an attached switch -- and licked it.
"Light! Light!" Uzzi encouraged the big dog, raising his voice in an excited, friendly manner. Eldridge continued to lick. Prompted by treats, Eldridge finally touched the switch with his nose.
"Good boy!" Uzzi said, giving the dog a treat and vigorously rubbing his neck and head.
Just 60 days ago, that type of disappointment might have frustrated Uzzi, 32, who said he has anger and violence problems. But working with Eldridge has taught him much about patience and the value of positive reinforcement, he said.
Working with Eldridge is improving Uzzi's relationship with his two children, ages 5 and 8. The dogs are good emotional barometers, he said.
"They let you know right away if you are being too harsh on them. It's the way they look at you. Or they back off," he said.
Solis, likewise, is learning to relate to his children because of the training work.
Working with Ethan, who isn't always willing to cooperate on command and makes progress incrementally, has taught him patience, Solis said.
He recalled a recent visit home for his 1-year-old's birthday party. During it, he used cognitive-therapy techniques and lessons learned from Ethan to handle the chaos.
"The kids were all jumping up on me. There was no breathing space. I felt like the anxiety was kicking in," he said.
But he realized that Ethan does that too, jumping up when he's happy to see his trainer. Solis did some deep breathing, and it was all right, he said.
The dogs help the veterans to get away from black-and-white thinking, said Sandra Carson, who teaches the vets to train the dogs. If the dog doesn't do something the trainer wants it to do, the vet might think, "The dog doesn't like me," she said. Instead, she gets the vets to think about what they can modify in themselves to get the dog to listen. It might be the sound of their voice or the way they give a command. The same skill works when vets must handle their children, she said.
Melissa Puckett, recreational therapist and PTSD supervisor in the men's and women's trauma-recovery program, said many vets deal with emotional numbness as part of PTSD. The dogs help them to receive touch and spontaneous affection and to express love -- "things they thought they would never have again," she said.
"When the dog does something, and it's not about the treats anymore, it's gratifying and confidence building," she said.
The training program started four years ago, and so far, 13 dogs have been trained. Five of the animals have been placed with disabled vets. Not all dogs graduate; some have too strong of a hunting instinct and are too apt to chase things, Carson said.
Three dogs, including Ethan and Eldridge, are currently in the program. The third dog, Elaine, will be placed in the women's trauma-recovery facility, she said.
Uzzi and Solis will only have the dogs for about 90 days, and then they will turn Ethan and Eldridge over to other vets to continue the training. That's also part of the therapy, Puckett and Carson said.
Loss is something that veterans know well. Many have lost buddies in combat and seen scores of people die.
"Giving up the dog helps process what it means to say goodbye," Puckett said.
Uzzi plans to get involved in service-dog training when he returns home to Santa Cruz, he said. His goal is giving a dog to a disabled vet.
He also wants to improve his relationship with his children. Uzzi said he came back from Iraq an angry man, and it wrecked his home life. He was only diagnosed with PTSD in January.
"It's a lifestyle that we've lived, and we've brought it here. It was a way that we had to live. We were always angry. It's what kept us going," he said. "I got out of the service, and it really hit me."
But the dog-training is changing him.
"My kids are hearing me sound happy and say, 'I love you.' For the past five to six years, they haven't gotten that from me," he said.
For veterans whose job it was to drive vehicles through war zones, returning home is one thing; returning to the roads is another.
These are the vets Marc Samuels works with. Samuels, an occupational therapist and certified driver rehabilitation specialist at the VA Palo Alto, works to help PTSD sufferers get back in the driver's seat.
The VA Palo Alto is at the forefront of innovative driver-therapy and research programs.
One of Samuels' patients was a diesel-truck driver traveling with a convoy to the front lines in Iraq. Every day he anticipated he would be killed by an improvised explosive device, or IED, Samuels' patient told him.
He carried that hyper-vigilance back home. Benign encounters triggered feelings that made driving frightening: A person would unexpectedly come out from behind a corner or a car would get too close.
A person with PTSD might run a stop sign to get away or suddenly pull over by the side of the freeway to cope with the feelings of panic, Samuels said.
"It's all about avoidance. You revert back to combat-driving training. You do all of these things without thinking: You don't stop; you drive in the middle of the road," he said.
Samuels said there are many misconceptions about PTSD.
"People are concerned the veteran driver will go nutso and run somebody down," he said. But "these drivers tend to be significantly defensive drivers. The issue is them stopping in the road" -- not threatening others.
Many are self-regulating on such a level that they are not driving anymore, he said.
When that happens, the veteran can't drive his or her kids to school, get to work or sometimes even attend therapy sessions, he said.
The first thing Samuels addresses with patients is how to identify their most potent triggers; then he works with patients to acclimate and to find ways "to ground you in the here and now," he said.
"You experienced a significant life-threat trauma. Yes, it happened and it sucked, but you're not there now" is the message he said he tries to impart to patients.
The process can begin in a simulator designed to set off the patient's triggers. The patient can eventually graduate to getting behind the wheel.
Patients are given two types of treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps them to recognize their triggers, the emotions created and how to circumvent those feelings. Prolonged-exposure therapy repeatedly introduces veterans to their emotional triggers and helps them to work through feelings and to gain the perspective that they are no longer in danger.
In the VA Palo Alto's research program, two sets of monitors measure heart rates of veteran drivers with PTSD. As they drive a vehicle, cameras focused on their eyes record and measure the diameter of pupils, and monitors indicate if they are tapping on the brakes.
Often on the course, a driver will become overwhelmed with emotions, Samuels said. When the veteran exits the car, the psychologist works with him or her, offering interventions or specific protocols to help the patient manage anxiety.
Incrementally, the veteran learns to control the knee-jerk response. PTSD isn't cured, but it is mastered, Samuels said.
Therapy has made a huge difference in Archie Stone's life.
For nearly 40 years the former Air Force Airman Second Class kept a secret. Stone, 58, was just 17 years old and only two weeks out of high school when he was raped in a boot -camp shower room on U.S. soil.
The assaults went on for a month, but he never told anyone, he said. To quell the emotional pain, he became addicted to alcohol.
Five years ago, a life-threatening liver transplant brought the trauma back to the surface, heightened by the psychoactive drugs he took as transplant therapy, he said.
"It made me feel like I was 17 again. It brought me back to that time again. I was majorly paranoid," he said.
So Stone took part in a 12-week cognitive-therapy program that helped him identify triggers in everyday life that set off his anxiety. By analyzing how his feelings arise, he has been able to separate false belief -- "I am in danger" -- from reality. He has also learned how to interrupt the escalating feelings by using skills such as deep breathing and conjuring up a pleasant memory or place.
He also took part in group therapy for other military sexual trauma victims. Such programs did not exist when Stone first came to the VA in the early 1980s. VA Palo Alto's program was innovative, he said.
"It helped me to realize that I wasn't alone in this experience, and I wasn't a freak of nature. It helped me to understand these are things that happen to people; these are things that happen in the course of life," he said.
Paula Weatherby, a licensed clinical social worker on the PTSD clinical team, works with Stone.
"These programs have opened the VA to areas that had been neglected," she said. Asking if a veteran was exposed to military sexual trauma is now a standard question, she said.
Stone is also benefiting from the VA's Telemental Health program, which allows veterans who live long distances away to receive consistent treatment via the Internet, like Skype, increasing the chances that the vet will stay in the program. Stone, who lives in the Santa Cruz Mountains, said he would not be able to make it to all of his visits if he couldn't meet remotely. The program has a high retention rate. Therapist Smith said none of her Telemental Health patients have dropped out.
Stone is now embarking on the most perilous part of his healing journey, prolonged-exposure therapy.
With the triggers that set off his anxiety identified, Weatherby is having him focus on aspects of his trauma, instead of becoming overwhelmed by the whole experience. Stone imagines himself in various situations where he is exposed to the things that trigger his feelings. Weatherby tapes the sessions.
Over and over, he might imagine himself walking into a public restroom or a gym locker room, bringing up the unpleasant feelings, which he can discuss with his therapist. He also goes directly into situations that trigger his feelings. In between sessions, he listens to the tape multiple times.
Through prolonged exposure, the memories have begun to lose their power, he said.
"It makes something not quite as invasive. You know what the memory is. The more detail that comes out of your mind, little things -- smells, lighting -- suddenly jump out at you. Some were lost to you in the overall experience. You can get lost in the overall story," he said.
Facing the things he was ignoring, the therapy is helping Stone to return to places he previously avoided.
"I would never want to shower in a health club," he recalled. But "now I can go into public restrooms. I don't always have to sit with my back against the wall."
The treatments have moved him away from substance abuse and alcohol, which he used to take his memories and wipe them out of consciousness, he said.
Stone said the trauma "will never, ever, really go away," but he is thankful for the progress he's making.
"I'm blessed. I'm living on bonus time. (PTSD) is very disquieting and very disruptive. The therapy has inspired me to try to reach for something. It matters to my quality of life. I'll be able to function more in normal society. Without this, I would be a bit more of a hermit. I was viewing the world as a dangerous place," he said.
Is it really PTSD or electrosensitivity?
From the veterans standpoint it makes no difference what the cause was, the fact is that, in their service to our country, they have been seriously harmed and we, a grateful nation, are obligated to care for them.
PTSd, along with the signature injury of the Iraq war, traumatic brain injury, are devastating and we owe it to our vets to give them the best available care. Echo the props to the local VA and the VA in general for their innovative care.
> Symptoms of PTSD -- such as anxiety, feeling "on edge,"
> National Center for PTSD reports.
It is sometimes difficult to understand just how big a problem this “disorder” (PTSD) , or how “disruptive” it might be to former members of the military who are now making their way in the civilian world. The injuries that soldiers sustained during WWI and WWII were often not treated very effectively by the medical people, resulting in higher death rates, and higher numbers of significant injuries that resulted in amputations, which were life-changing for those who sustained such injuries. Post-service psychological problems did not seem to get much attention in the media of the time. For WWI veterans—other issues, like being denied their “bonus” by a duplicitous Congress was far more compelling that what people might have called “shell shock” at the time.
Most of the men who served during WWII returned to civilian life, found productive jobs, and created a prosperous America for their families. Most did not dwell on the war, and it was often hard to get them to talk about their experiences—at least until much later in their lives. Of course, the number of US soldiers in combat was not very large, compared to the number actually in service (16M men/women under arms during WWII).
To the extent that the soldiers of that war suffered from PTSD is not known, since it did not seem to be identified as a post-service problem. No doubt there are any number of cases of men who took to drinking, or failed to transition successfully into society during that time frame. But by-and-large, they seemed to go to war, and return, successfully.
So it’s a little difficult to fully appreciate just how “real” PTSD might be, or how to actually “cure” it. The military has never been all that good about “transitioning” people from active service to civilian life. One day you are in the military, and the next day, you’re on a bus, or train, on the way home—a civilian. There is generally a period of overlap for medical care, via the Veteran’s Administration Hospitals, but this care has historically been intended to deal with actual medical problems that might not have been detected prior to ETS (End Term of Service). Psychological problems are always harder to deal with—particularly if the symptom is “feeling edgy”.
Even if you were not in combat, returning to civilian life can be difficult. The language people use in the military is different than the language people use in civilian life. The humor is different. Basic values are different. The military is about survival of “our side”, and the destruction of “their side”. Even in peace time, people get hurt in the military very frequently, because the activities of the military are inherently dangerous. It’s very difficult to explain what you did when you were in service, very often. Many times, your activities were classified, and you don’t have the freedom to related your story to your new peers. And far too often, people in civilian life just don’t care. All in all, the returning GI can feel more isolated, than not. This feeling generally passes, within a few months, but it can be a little “destabilizing” for the first few weeks after exiting the military.
The claim that upwards of 20% of Americans will develop PTSD seems specious, and hard to prove. One can only wonder how much PTSD there is in the countries where we have been involved—German, Russian, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. If we Americans suffer PTSD at the 20% level, these other countries must be at the 100% level.
Here’s hoping that the VA is able to help these people. However, it is difficult to understand from the media reports just how large a problem PTSD is, and what, if anything, the military should be doing to better condition soldiers before their being deployed to active combat zones.
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2019-04-25T06:36:06Z
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https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2012/05/04/healing-the-wounds-within
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Chennamma(1778 - 1829) was born in a Kakati,almost 56 years earlier than Rani Laxmi Bai, in a small village north of Belgaum in Karnataka. She was married to Raja Mallasurja. With this marriage she had only one son who died in 1824. She adopted Shivalingappa and made him heir to the throne. The British East India Company did not accept this and ordered expulsion of Shivalingappa with the help of their policy Doctrine of lapse.The Rani defied the order. A great battle ensued. The Rani fought the British with great courage and skill. She could not, however, hold out for long. She was taken captive and lodged in Bailhongal Fort where she died on 21-02-1829.
Chennamma was the first lady who fought against british for their unwanted interference and tax collection(Kappa).Chennamma was a legendary queen who fought the British army from her base in the small kingdom of Kittur in the Belgaum district of Karnataka State, India. She was ably aided in her struggle by her Lieutenant Sangolli Rayanna.
"Abbakka rode the horse stately and worked deep into the night dispensing justice. She is the last known person to have Agnivana (fire arrow)."
Rani Abbakka, though a Queen of a little known small princely state, Ullal, was magnetic woman of indomitable courage and patriotism. While Rani Jhansi has become a symbol of courage, Abbakka, nearly 300 years her predecessor, has been largely forgotten by history. Her furious wars with Portuguese are not well recorded. But whatever is available speaks of a luminous personality of awesome valour and bravery.
Sources, such as archival records, travelogues of several Portuguese travelers and historical analysis confirm that there were three Abbakkas: mother and two daughters, who fought against the Portuguese Army between 1530 and 1599.
Though it is the second daughter who was the most courageous, the folklore treats all three Abbakkas as one great Queen and a brilliant personality Abbakka Mahadevi or Rani Abbakka. In this article also she is being treated as a single character - Abbakka Rani.
Ullal fort, the capital of Abbakka's kingdom, is located just a few kilometers away from the city of Mangalore, on the shores of the Arabian Sea. It is a historical as well as a pilgrim spot because of the beautiful Shiva Temple built by the Queen and a unique natural rock, called the Rudra Rock. The rock appears to change colours every second, as the sweater splashes on it.
The Portuguese had made several attempts to capture Ullal, strategically placed. But Abbakka had repulsed each of their attack with sheer courage and ingenuity. The queen's story is retold from generation to generation through folk songs and yakshagana, the popular folk theatre, In bootaradhana, (which literally means appeasing the possessed, a local ritual dance) the personal in trance narrates the great deeds of Abbakka Mahadevi. Abbakka, dark and good looking, always dressed in simple clothes like a common village woman. She rode the horse stately and worked deep into the night dispensing justice.
According to the folklore, Abbakka is the last known person to have the Agnivana (fire-arrow) in her fight against the Portuguese. Though Abbakka was a Jain by faith her administration was well represented by Hindus and Muslims. Her army too consisted of people from all sects and caste including Moggaveeras, a fisher folk community. The first attack by the Portuguese in south Kanara coast was in 1525, when they destroyed the Mangalore port. Rani Abbakka was alerted by the incident and started preparing herself to protect her kingdom. In 1555, the Portuguese sent Admiral Don Alvaro da Silvereira against the Queen of Ullal Abbakka Devi Chowta who had refused to pay them the tribute. She fought with courage and intelligence and pushed them back.
In 1558 the Portuguese Army perpetrated another wanton cruelty on Mangalore, putting to death a number of men and women, both young and old, plundering a temple, burning ships and finally setting the city itself on fire.
Again, in 1567, the Portuguese army attacked Ullal, showering death and destruction. The great Queen Abbakka Devi Chowta (Bucadevi I) resisted it.
The same year one general Joao Peixoto was sent by the Portuguese Viceroy Antony Norohna with a fleet of soldiers. He captured the city of Ullal and also entered the royal court. However the Queen escaped and took asylum in a mosque. The same night, she counter-attacked the Portuguese army, with a help of 200 of her soldiers and killed General Peixoto and 70 Portuguese soldiers.
The invaders were forced to flee to their ships in disgrace. The Portuguese soldiers who remained in Ullal were dead drunk, in over confidence and were dancing. Taking advantage of this opportunity, about 500 Muslim supporters of Abbakka Rani attacked the Portuguese and killed Admiral Mascarenhas along with the help six thousand Muslim soldiers in 1568, and the foreign army had to leave the Mangalore fort.
In 1569, the Portuguese Army not only regained the Mangalore Fort but also captured Kundapur (Basrur). Abbakka Rani was a source of threat to the Portuguese. They won the confidence of Abbakka's estranged husband, kind of Bangher and started attacking Ulla. Abbakka Rani fought vigorously.
She formed an alliance in 1570 with Bijapur Sultan Ahmed Nagar and the Zanmorine of Calicut, who where also opposing the Portuguese. Kutty Pokar Markar, a general of the Zamorine fought on behalf of Abbakka and destroyed the Portuguese fort at Mangalore but while returning he was killed by the Portuguese.
Abbakka lost the war as her husband assisted the Portuguese by revealing to them her strategies of warfare, which he was familiar with. She was arrested and jailed. However, the warrior that she was, she was, she revolted in the prison and died as a soldier - fighting.
Though Abbakka has been admired and worshipped in the local folk forms, it is very recently there there have been efforts to honour her memory.
Onake Obavva was a woman who fought the forces of Hyder Ali single handedly with a masse (Onake) in the small kingdom of Chitradurga in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka State, India. She was the wife of a guard of the watch tower in the rocky fort of Chitradurga.
During the reign of Madakari Nayaka, the city of Chitradurga was besieged by the troops of Hyder Ali. A chance sighting of a woman entering the Chitradurga fort through a crack hole in the rocks led to a clever plan by Hyder Ali to send his soldiers through the crack hole. The defence guard on duty of the port near that crack hole had just gone home as usual asking his wife to guard till he is back from his lunch. The wife of that guard, Obavva while in her temporary seat, noticed the soldiers emerging out of this crack, Obavva was not perturbed. As she was carrying with her, the Onake (a wooden long club meant for pounding paddy grains) she killed and quietly moved the dead, so that hundreds of them entered and fell, without raising any suspicion. The guard, Obavva's husband, upon his return from his lunch was shocked to see Obavva standing with a blood stained Onake and hundreds of dead bodies of the enemy fleet around her. Though her sincere brave attempt saved the fort this time, Madakari could not resist the attack of 1779 by Hyder Ali. The fort of Chitradurga was lost to Hyder Ali once for all.
Keladi Chennamma (17th century) was a queen of Keladi Nayaka dynasty who fought the Mughal Army of Aurangzeb from her base in the kingdom of Keladi in the Shimoga district of Karnataka State, India. She gave shelter to the son of Shivaji Maharaj infuriating the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the battle that ensued she successfully defended her territory from the siege. Her rule lasted for 25 years and Keladi kingdom was probably the last to lose autonomy to Mysore rulers and subsequently to British.
Aurangzeb had conquered many kingdoms in North India and had turned his eyes towards the South. His thirst for expansion was not yet quenched and his vast, powerful army attacked this small state. The excuse had been that the Queen had given shelter to the son of Maharaja Shivaji.
But Chennamma was not afraid. Nor did she feel sorry. She did not ask for pardon. She faced the attack like a heroic woman. When the enemies themselves withdrew their attack and begged for a treaty, she was quite generous.
She had the complexion of a pearl, with bright eyes and a broad forehead. A long nose and curly hair adorned a face of royal dignity. The beautiful Queen was full of good qualities too. And she had the ability to kill her enemies in the battles, like Durga (the goddess of power). Beauty, valour, piety and generosity all blended in this great Queen.
Other woman who have given insurmountable service to Kannada art, literature, religion, culture and political administration.
Belawadi Mallamma known as the brave warrior queen of Belawadi, was from Bailhongal, Belgaum District, North Karnataka, Karnataka, India. Belvadi Mallamma was the first woman who formed a women's army to fight against the British and the Marathas in 17th century.
She was the daughter of Sode king Madhulinga Nayaka. Belawadi Mallamma fought with the Maratha king Shivaji Maharaj while defending her husband's kingdom. Her kingdom was very secure and undefeatable. In the battle Shivaji Maharaj's soldier cut the leg of horse on which she was riding and she fell. When she rose and began fighting Shivaji's troops rushed and arrested her. They took her to Shivaji. He praised her and said "I made a mistake Ma..! Kindly forgive me..,I don't want your kingdom", then released her.
She fought enemy troops on horseback, wearing a saree in veeragacche (soldier's tuck - a tight tucking of the front pleats in the back).
Scholar Shesho Srinivas Muthalik recorded the life in the palace of Madhulinga Nayaka in 1704-5 A.D. in the Marathi language.
1178-? Regent Queen Naikidevi of Chalukyas. When Mohammed Ghori attacked the Chalukyas, the king was only an infant. his mother Naikidevi became the regent and led her troops to war and defeated Ghori.
Around 1200 Urodati Vennele Settikavve of Satenahalli. She was also security officer, and stopped loot and rampage in her territory in Karnataka by punishing the ruffians and supporting the ethos of traders. She also arranged seminars on religion (dharma-prasanga).
1580-90 Rani Chand Bibi of Bijappur, also known as Chand Khatun or Chand Sultana, was an woman warrior. She acted as the Regent of Bijapur (1580–90) and Regent of Ahmednagar (1596–99). Chand Bibi is best known for defending Ahmednagar against the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar.
Until 1608 Queen of the Jam Chiefs. Her family, the Jam Chiefs of Gersoppa, was established in power in 1409 by the Vijayanagar kings, but subsequently became practically independent and established its capital in Nagarbastikere. The chieftaincy was several times held by women, and on the death of the last Queen it collapsed, having been attacked by the chief of Bednur. Among the Portuguese the North Kanara district of Bombay was celebrated for its pepper, and they called its Queen Regina da pimenta (Queen of pepper).
Queen Naganika, wife of king Satakarni of Satavahana dynasty, is perhaps the earliest person in history of India whose name has been associated with the king on the coins. The inscription at Nanaghat in western India records the donation made by the Satavahanaking Sri Satakarni and his queen Naganika at the celebration of different sacrifices (30B.C.). The donations were in coins (Karsapanas). The Satavahanas had trade relationwith the Roman Empire. The Roman empire supplied the base metals for the native currency. The periplus mentions the importation of silver. One inscription from Junnar records the guild of barriers. This is the unique evidence from Junnar. It was likely that king Satakarni melted down the Roman silver coins at Junnar and coined his Karsapanas. Silver coins of Satakarni-I and Naganika from Junnar have proved that they were issued on the occasion of Asvamedha sacrifice.
The Satavahana kings generally used the name of their mothers as their initials. Kochiputra Satakarni, Kosikiputra Satakarni, Gotamiputra Satakarni, Vasisthiputra Satakarni, pulimei. These are some of the names of Satavahana kings that we find both in inscriptions and coins. ‘Kochi’, Kosiki, ‘Gotami’, ‘Vasisthi’ these king mothers were certainly the crowned queens of the dynasty. This evidence provides sufficient strength to the fact that the queens played pivotal role in the administration of the state.
655AD Governor Princess Vijaya Bhattarika of a Province ,She was governor under King Vikramaditya I of Chalukya (655-681).
1093-? Regent Dowager Maharani Mayamalla Devi. After the death of her husband, Karna, she was regent for son, Siddaha Raja Jayasimmha (1094-1143).
1809-11 Rani Regnant Devammaji of Kodagu. She was deposed.
1868-81 Regent .Soubhagyavati Maharani Sri. Regent for adopted son, H.H. Maharaja Sri Sir Chamarajendra Wodeyar X Bahadur, Maharaja of Mysore (1863-94).
1019 Administrator Queen Lakshmadevi of Dronapura , Karnataka.
Loka-Mahadevi, the principal queen of the Chalukya Emperor Vikramaditya II of Badami, built the temple of Lokeshwara (Virupaksha Temple), at Pattadakal in Bijapur. In recognition of the skill displayed in its construction, she exempted thee entire class of builders of that district from payment of taxes. Ananda K Coomaraswamy calls this temple "One of the noblest structures of India". She also conferred on the muscians and dancers (Gandharvas) a number of priveleges. On of these, by name Achala seems to have founded a new school of Dancing.
In the Kannada Country, the home of the chalukyan style of Architecture, among the early temple-builders and Philanthrophists, mention may be made of to Kunkuma Mahadevi, the younger sister of the Chalukya Vijayaditya (696-733AD). She constructed a large jaina temple (Jina-Bhuvana) at Purigere (Modern Lakshmeshwar, Dharward), which became famous. Being patron of learned Brahmins, she instructed her brother to donate a villlage a Brahmana. She also performed the ceremony of Hiranya-garba, which involved in her case such costly presents as elephants and chariots. From one of the inscriptions we learn that she was the wife of the brave and generous Alupa King ChitraVahana, who ruled over Banavasi and extended the Chalukya Power.
In the list of Famous heroines and administrators the name of Akkadevi (1010-1064AD) stands very high. She was ruler of Chalukya domains of Banavasi, Kisukadu and Masavadi for nearly half a century. This great administrator was the daughter of Darshavarman and Bhagaladevi and was the sister of Vikramaditya V and Jaysimha II, both Chalukya Emperors of Kalyana. She is described in the inscriptions as fierce in battle and as having subjugagted large number of enemies. She laid siege of Gokage, to quell some local Insurrection. She was described as marvel of virtuous qualities and as answering in her promises. The seat of her government was Vikramapura (Arashibidi, Bijapur). She was married to Kadamba Chieftain Mayura Varman, who ruled Banavasi in 1037AD. They had a sond called Toyimadeva, who ruled the Banavasi region as feudatory of the Chalukyan emperor Someshwara I in 1064AD. her name is associated with the foundation of a number of temples. She also evinced interest in promoting education among elites. An Inscription of 1021AD say that she made a gift of large plots of land to feed and clothe five hundred students and provide them with free quarters. THe fact that she reigned not only in conjugation with her husband, but also independently is an indication that shwe was a personage of considerable reputation and importance in her time and no less than three successive Chalukyan emperors had confidence in her administrative ablily. In fact the royal women of the kannada country had distinguished themselves in intellectual as well a other pursuits from early times.
One of the most renowned queens who had joint authority with the king to rule over a big territory was an able princess of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, This was Shila Mahadevi, wife of the Rastrakuta king Dhruva. History tells us that Rastrakutas were very powerful and their empire was large. It extended Himalayas in north and Kanyakumari in south one time. The extension to north was due to Dhruva. He also defeated Pallavas and Ganga in south. The very fact that such a powerful ruler should hold authority conjointly with his queen is an indication of Shilla mahadevi high place in the administarion of the country. She was a the daughter of another mighty monarch called Vittarasa (Vishnu vardhana IV fof Eastern Chalukya) who had titles Sarvalokashraya. Epigraphical evidence indicated she was very generous with Brahmans. She was also empowered to give very large gifts without consent of her husband. Two brahmans to whom she made the gift of a village are mentioned as great religious students , one of them being well versed in the four vedas.
The order containing the great is addressed to provincial governors and a succession to other officers. The concluding part of the record reveals that the document was made according to the orders not of the king Dhruva ,but shila Mahadevi, who is described as Parameshwari and Parama-bhattarika, which indicates her paramountancy. All this shows that she must have exercised considerable authority over the the whole of the Rastrakuta Dominions.
Under the influence of Ramanuja, Hoysala King Bittiga changed his Jaina faith for Vaishnavism and assumed the name Vishnvardhana. His queen Shantala, however remained Jaina. Her father was a Shaiva and her mother a Jaina. A lovely womann of remarkable intelligence and strong will, she was an expert in music, dancing and other fine arts. In 1123AD. She built a temple with tank and garden for Shanti jina at Shravana Belgola, the holiest place of Jains in south and endowed a village to meet the cost of daily worship and feeding of ascetics. Her faith did not stand in the way of her clsoe association with her husband in his charities. Vishnuvardhana temples in Belur are among the finest specimens of Hoysala art and iamge of keshava and her set setup is a master piece. Equally remarkable is another image of Vishnu that Shantala got consecrated. Shanti grama, a village which the king gave her, she set apart for learned Brahmins. She died in 1131AD at Shivaganga, and her sorrowing mother performed Sallekhana (Suicide by Starving) at Shravana Belgola.
Around 1042-around 1068 Governor Queen Mailaladevi, the Province of Banavasi . Mailaladevi, a senior queen of Somesvara I of Karnataka, she ruled the important province of Banavasi, comprising twelve thousand villages.
Around 1042-ca. 68 Governor Queen Ketala, the Province of Pomnavad. She was another wife of King Somesvara I of Karnataka.
1076-? Administrator Queen Ketaladevi of Shiraguppe, Kolanoor and other cities Married to king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka.
1076-? Administrator Queen Lakshmi of Dronapura. Also married to king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka.
1076-? Administrator Queen Piriyaketaladevi. Another wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, she ruled three villages.
From 1076 Governor Queen Srimadevi of Samkarige. Another wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, she ruled three villages.
From 1076 Governor Queen Pamdambika of Tadikonda. Another wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, she ruled three villages.
1094 Administrator Queen Mailala Mahadevi of the Town of Kannavalli. She was the wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, and built a temple for the god Malleshwara. An inscription in Durga temple, Dharwad belongs to the period of Vikramaditya VI of Chalukya dynasty, and it mentions the date 1117 A. D. The consort of this ruler, Mylaladevi, was a distinguished scholar, a very incarnation of Goddess Saraswati. She had the reputation of being a popular queen. Dharwad was part of Kundur Five Hundred district. At that time it was under the administrative control of Peragade Bhanudeva.
Around 1100 Administrator Revakabbarasi of Posavuru. She ruled during the period of Medieval Karnataka, and was married to general Vavanarasa.
Around 1000 Administrator Mahadevi of Maruvolal. She was in charge of Marol in the Bijapur District of Karnataka. She was the daughter of Irivabedanga Satyasraya (Emperor in 997-1008).
Around 1100 Chief Administrator Jakkiabb of a Nagarakhanda Division. In Karnataka the administration of larger units, e.g., nadu (a division comprising several villages), other than villages and towns was also assigned to women, if they were found competent. Sattarasa Nagarjuna was the chief administrator of a division (nalgavunda). He headed Nagarakhanda, consisting of seventy villages and was responsible for revenue, irrigation and the general administration of this division. When he died prematurely, the king found in his widow, Jakkiabbe, an able administrator and appointed her in his place. She supervised the work of several headmen (perggade) under her and put through several deals, recovered dues and distributed grants. While dedicating herself to administration, her health failed. She was succeeded by daughter.
11.... Chieftainess Nagasanamma in Karnataka .She was widow of a feudal chief and inherited the chieftainship. she is described as Mahasamantha showing that she ruled as a feudal lord in her own right.
Ca. 1199-ca. 1247 Governor Queen Bhagubai of three Large Regions. She was the in charge of three large regions in Karnataka, including modern Bijapur district and earned admiration of her king and overlord Singhana II.
Until 1275 Co-Ruler of Ballamahadevi, the Barahkanyapura Province 1275-92 Regent. The province was situated in Barkur in the South Kanara District of Karnataka. She assisted her husband, Vira Pandyadeva, in administering his province from Barahkanyapura. After his sudden death she was regent for their minor son, Nagadevarasa. She is mentioned as mistress of the Western Sea.
1335-1348 Administrator Queen Chikai Tai of Tulunad. She ruled the region on behalf of her husband, the Hoysala king Vira Ballala III, and seems to have continued her role even after her husband's death.
Around 1200 Army Commander Queen Umadevi. She led two campaigns against recalcitrant vassals during the reign of her husband, king Viraballala II of Hoysala (1173-1220).
After 681 Politically Influential Queen Vijaybhattarike. A well-known poet, she is mentioned as reigning for a time in the absence of her husband King Chandraditya who was the brother of Vikramaditya I (655-681).
According to the ancient sources she won a number of battles, and thereby earned the sobriquet 'rana-bhairavi' or battle-goddess.
In the Last quarter of the tenth century AD, when the Chalukyan Emperor Taila II was ruling, there lived a lady who was destined to become famous as Danachintamini Attimade. She was born in a family of learned men. Her father Mallapayya , a general, was a great scholar, a reputed astrologer, an excellant teacher of archery and a patron of learning. She and her sister Gundambbe were married to Nagadeva, Commander in chief of the Chalukyan Army and son of Dhallapa, the Prime Minister. In one of his masters campaign Nagadeva was killed and his second wife performed Sati. Attimabbe was persuded not follow her sisters example, because her sond Annigadeva was still very young. She was a dvout follower of Jainism and was responsible for its spread during that period of decline. For this purpose she got prepared a thousand manuscript copies of the Shantinatha Purana, a jaina Religious work written by a court poet called Ranna. Her generous help enabled the poet to write an important book on Jainism entitled Ajita purana. She was kept in hight esteem by the citizens of Chalukyan Empire and even by Emperor Taila himself. A number of miracles were attributed to her. That her title of Danachintamani (Unstinting Donor) was well merited, is devident from the fact that she gave awary thousand and five hundred golden images of Jina set with Precious stones. From two inscriptions of 1007AD found at Lakkundi (Near Gadag), we learn that she was responsible for the construction of a number of jaina Basts (Temples), for maintenance of one which she gave away a village named Suruki.
Jayadevathayi Ligade and many others have enriched Karnataka's heritage.
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2019-04-25T00:06:03Z
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http://storyofkannada.blogspot.com/2007/06/legendary-kannada-queens-in-history.html
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Notice en anglais, français, allemand (29 pages).
INCREDIBLE SHRINKING SPHERE PLAYERS GUIDE OBJECTIVE The planet Sangfalmadore is the Sphere Corps' battle training arena, also called the DEATH RUN. Colonel-in-Chief Matt Ridley, a frustrated desk bound officer of the Corps Elite, decided to test his skills behind the controls of a FIGHTER SPHERE and attempted to complete the DEATH RUN. Ridley couldn't handle it! His FIGHTER SPHERE has been disabled by ASSASSIN SPHERES and he's now stranded somewhere within the RUN. Your task aboard a FIGHTER SPHERE is to find a route through the traps and assassins of DEATH RUN and locate Ridley. This will enable an automatic Shuttle Sphere rescue. Sounds easy, but can YOU handle it? LOADING ISS 1. Set-up your Computer System as detailed in the instruction booklets that accompany your Computer, and connect to your TV or monitor. Ensure that any cartridges or peripherals (such as disk drives, cassette players, printers, etc.) are disconnected from your computer. Failure to do so may cause loading difficulties. (If your computer has a built in disk or cassette drive you will not be able to disconnect the built-in item, but ensure that any other peripherals are disconnected). 2. If you are using a COMMODORE 64 or COMMODORE 128 with the CASSETTE ISS ... a) Connect your data cassette to your Commodore 64 or 128, and switch your TV/monitor can Computer ON. (Commodore 128 owners should now select 64 mode by typing GO64 and pressing RETURN, then Y and pressing RETURN). b Insert your ISS cassette into the data cassette, ensuring that SIDE A faces upwards. Ensure the cassette is fully rewound. c) Hold down the SHIFT and RUN/STOP keys on the Computer together. Then press the PLAY key on the datacassette. 3. If you are using a COMMODORE 64 or COMMODORE 128 with the DISKETTE. a) Connect your disk drive to your Commodore 64 or 128, and switch your TV/monitor, Computer and Disk Drive ON. (Commodore 128 owners should now select 64 mode by typing GO64 and pressing RETURN, then Y and pressing RETURN). b) Insert the ISS diskette into the disk drive, side 1 up. c) Type LOAD "*" 8,1, and press RETURN. 4. If your are using an AMSTRAD CP464, 664 or 6128 with the CASSETTE ISS... a) Switch your TV/monitor and computer ON. b) If your computer has a built-in disk drive you should now connect a compatible cassette player to your computer, and then type: TAPE and press RETURN. This sets your computer ready to load from cassette. c) Insert your ISS cassette into the cassette player, ensuring that SIDE A faces upwards. Ensure the cassette is fully rewound. d) Press CTRL and the small ENTER key then press PLAY key on the cassette recorder. 5. If you are using an AMSTRAD CPC 464, CPC 664, CPC 6128 with the DISKETTE ISS ... a) Switch your TV/monitor and Computer ON. b) If your computer has a built-in cassette player you should switch your computer OFF and connect a compatible disk drive to your computer. Now switch the disk drive and computer ON and type: DISC and press RETURN. This sets your computer ready to load from diskette. c) Insert the ISS diskette into the disk drive, side 1 up. d) Type RUN "DISC" then press the ENTER key. 6. If you are using a SINCLAIR ZX SPECTRUM, SPECTRUM +, SPECTRUM 128, SPECTRUM +2 or SPECTRUM +3 with the CASSETTE ISS.... a) Connect your cassette player to your Spectrum computer in the usual manner. (If your computer features a built-in cassette player this is already done). b) If you wish to use a joystick, insert the necessary interface now. If your computer has a built-in joystick port then connect a suitable joystick now. (See Control Notes for details of compatible joysticks). c) Switch your TV/monitor, cassette player and computer ON. (If you are using a 128K computer, select 48K mode). d) Insert the ISS cassette into the cassette player, ensuring that SIDE A faces upwards. Ensure the cassette is fully rewound. e) Type LOAD "" then press the ENTER key. 7. If you are using an ATAR ST computer with the DISKETTE ISS ... a) Connect your disk drive to your Computer (if your computer features a built-in disk drive you will not need to do this). b) Insert the ISS diskette "A" into disk drive A, label side up. c) Switch your TV/monitor, Computer and disk drive ON. d) When prompted by the Computer insert DISKETTE "B" into disk drive A, label side up. 8. If you are using a COMMODORE AMIGA computer with the DISKETTE ISS ... a) Insert the ISS diskette into disk drive A, label side up. b) Switch your TV/monitor and computer ON. JOYSTICK AND KEYBOARD CONTROL NOTES ... 1) Commodore 64 owners may use any compatible joystick, plugged into port 2. 2) Amstrad CPC owners may use any compatible joystick plugged into the port. Equivalent control is also available from the keyboard keys. 3) Spectrum owners may use Kempston, Interface 2, cursor compatible joysticks (Sinclair joystick). Equivalent control is also available from the keyboard keys. 4) Atari ST users may use any compatible joystick plugged into port 1. 5) Commodore Amiga users may use any compatible joystick plugged into port 1. LOADING DIFFICULTIES We are always seeking to improve the quality of our product range, and have developed high standards of quality control to bring you this product. Therefore, in the event that you experience any difficulties whilst loading, it is unlikely to be a fault with the product itself. We suggest that you switch OFF your computer and repeat the loading instructions carefully, checking that you are using the correct set of instructions for your computer and software. If you still have problems, consult the User handbook that accompanied your computer or consult your software dealer for advice. In the case of continued difficulty, and have checked all of your hardware for possible faults, may we suggest that you contact your Customer Advice Department in writing for assistance. Activision Customer Advice (ISS) Blake House Manor Farm Estate Manor Farm Road Reading Berkshire Your letter should clearly state the following: - your name and address - a daytime telephone number (if available) - the name of the product you are having difficulty with - whether it is on cassette or diskette - the computer system you are using and any peripherals, joysticks, etc. you use with the software in question where and when you bought the product a detailed description of the difficulty you are having. CONTROLS COMMODORE 64 The game uses either joystick or keyboard for fighter sphere control, the joystick plugs into port 2 (rear port) the direction of the joystick movement can be selected as normal North or Isometric North according to preference. (See below). KEYBOARD PAUSE RUN/STOP (Move joystick or hit keys to restart) QUIT RUN/STOP when press "Q" F1/F7 Change Joystick Directional Control (Arrow on title screen shows Joystick NORTH) As an alternative to the Joystick the following keys may be used: FIRE RETURN (Also used for placing ammo dumps) NORTH ; SOUTH / WEST X EAST C The SPACE BAR is used to EXIT from the PLACE AMMO DUMPS screen. SPECTRUM/AMSTRAD CPC The game uses either joystick or keyboard for fighter sphere control, the joystick on the Spectrum can be either Sinclair 1 or Kempston. (See below). KEYBOARD On Title Screen press SPACE BAR to START. Joystick Selected with "J" = SINCLAIR (Spectrum Only) "K" = KEMPSTON (Spectrum Only) PAUSE P QUIT Q (When the game is already paused) FIRE ENTER/RETURN NORTH K SOUTH M WEST Z EAST X SPACE BAR used to go through the plates for ammo dump placement and the "S" Key is used to start the game. ATARI ST AND AMIGA JOYSTICK AND TV OR COLOUR MONITOR REQUIRED. The game uses JOYSTICK ONLY for fighter sphere control, the joystick plugs into port 2. The direction of the joystick movement can be selected as normal North or Isometric North according to preference. This option is only given on first loading of the game. KEYBOARD PAUSE F10 (Toggle pause on Atari ST) UNPAUSE F9 (Amiga only) QUIT Escape Key SPACE BAR Exit Ammo Dump Placement Screen HOW TO PLAY - NO FRILLS! For those who don't like reading long instructions before playing! PLACING AMMUNITION DUMPS At the beginning of the game, or on reaching a new level, the player has the option of placing ammo dumps almost anywhere within the current level. There are four PLATE maps to each level, you can install up to 4 ammunition dumps on EMPTY tiles throughout the level. 1. Move Joystick UP/DOWN to CHOOSE PLATE and press FIRE or use the keyboard as mentioned. 2. A cursor appears over the mini map for that PLATE. Move cursor to required position over an unoccupied tile and press FIRE to place AMMO DUMPS. The letter "A" will appear on the map if you have chosen an allowable tile. (Amiga and ST has the option of deleting a dump by pressing fire over a placed dump). 3. Place cursor on any SIDE EDGE of the PLATE MAP and press FIRE to return to the CHOOSE PLATE option. 4. PRESS SPACE to EXIT into DEATH RUN at any time. You can now attempt to play ISS. GOOD LUCK, without reading the rest of the instructions you'll need it! HOW TO PLAY BETTER THE TRAINING ARENA The PLATES within the training arena are in tiers, four deep. The plates consist of numerous TECTRONIC TILES, these effect you FIGHTER SPHERE control. Fighter sphere also effect tiles, most tiles have their own timer, once a fighter sphere passes over one, a countdown begins before the tile changes into deadly FIGHTER SPHERE VAPOURISER! So don't hang around and remember the deeper the level the faster the TIMERS! There are a few exceptions, one is Wall-Supporting Tiles these don't change, so on some PLATES 'hugging' the walls could be your only chance of survival. FIGHTER SPHERE The INCREDIBLE SHRINKING SPHERE or fighter sphere, armed with a 70mm Cannon is able, with the help of tiles, to alter its Molecular Structure. Fighter Sphere MASS, VOLUME and VELOCITY is affected by contact with the various TECTONIC TILES. Sphere velocity is also affected by the sphere's Mass, the heavier you are the slower your acceleration. The ability to negotiate the hazards of DEATH RUN depend upon skilled control of this weapon. Watch out for the sphere's momentum, learn how to 'contain' the inertia! TECTONIC TILE EFFECTS On the title screen move Joystick (not fire), or touch direction key to start a demo summary of the tectonic tiles. (Due to memory restrictions this option is not available on the Spectrum or Amstrad). TITLE NAME TECTONIC EFFECT ISMO ASSASSIN GENERATORS Avoid them, they manufacture Assassin Spheres - Deadly! SPEED TRAPS Alter Sphere speed, not always wanted! DECREASE MASS Decrease Sphere's Mass or weight. A LIGHTER sphere is able to traverse damaged tiles and prevent ramp collapse - increases sphere's manoeuvrability! INCREASE MASS Increase Sphere's Mass or weight. If HEAVY avoid damaged tiles - high mass and speed needed for opening MOVING WALLS - sphere less responsibe! INCREASE VOLUME Increase sphere's size or volume. Sphere navigation more difficult through narrow channels. DECREASE VOLUME Decrease sphere's size or volume. Easier to navigate narrow channels, sometimes essential! MASS, VOLUME OR INERTIA This is a CHANCE, anything may change! Risky but can be worth it ito short-cut the RUN. CHAOTIC BOUNCE Sphere repelled at speed! SHIELDS Provides short-term photon protection, from the Assassin Spheres, essential if you want to survive! Sphere glows and hums when shield is a active. The shield's humming sound changes just before it dissipates! Remember where shield icons are placed and keep topping up! REVOLVER If caught your sphere will start to spin at increasing speed. Once top speed is reach your score will reduce! PRESS FIRE to be released. AMMUNITION SUPPLY DUMPS Once the route through a plate is learnt use less or NO DUMPS for increased bonus! Dumps have infinite supplies of ammo! A higher bonus is awarded for placement on deeper plates - Plate four deepest. REWARD Easy score increase toward extra lives! Don't be too greedy, remember the TIMER! PENALTY An easy way to loose score! BLACK HOLES These provide access to deeper plates within a level. They have no TIMERS. WHITE HOLES These provide access UP through the plates in a level. No TIMERS. EXIT This is the exit to the next LEVEL. If a life is lost you will return to the start of the current level. BINARY REBOUND BOOSTER Rebound at full speed in opposite entry direction. On deeper levels this tile is needed to gain enough speed to open MOVING WALLS! Generally this tile is trouble! PRISON If you pass too close you will be caught and the sphere will be immobilised for a time. This could mean death! DAMAGED TILE If you are too heavy damaged tiles will collapse changing into Fighter Sphere Vapourisers. Deadly! RAMP On deeper levels the only route to a level EXIT is via the RAMPS. These allow the sphere to JUMP the walls. The ramps need to be approached at speed and the sphere must not be too HEAVY if the RAMP isn't to collapse! SHORT-CUT These are the MOVING WALLS. These sections of the walls can be pushed open if at high speed and mass. Using these walls could be your only way to complete a level! CONTROL PANEL The control panel on the bottom of the screen shows the sphere's SPEED, AMMUNITION and MASS or weight in addition to your SCORE. Speed is shown on the left hand side of the screen, weight on the right. The bigger the sphere is in the control panel the heavier you are! The sphere's VOLUME is shown by your FIGHTER SPHERE changing size on the screen. Score Bonus points are awarded for ammo dumps placed on deeper plates, the less ammo dumps you use also increases the bonus. Points are awarded for the destruction of assassin or the DEATH SNAKE on the deeper levels. Completion of a level gives big bonuses, on GAME COMPLETION there is the option of playing on with a new scenario and your present score is retained, however, you may find things a little more fraught on this new mission! New sphere are given every 50,000 points upto a maximum of 7 spheres can be held in reserve. Credits Incredible Shrinking Sphere was designed and created by Fours Fiels. Credit is given to the key people involved in the project on the credits screen, many more 'behind the scenes' people also helped and I thank them all. Special thanks must go to ALL at Software Studios for their help and enthusiasm with this project and to Activision generally whose support made the development and distribution of this game possible! I hope you enjoy playing Incredible Shrinking Sphere as much as we enjoyed creating it! Stefan Ufnowski --------------------------- INCREDIBLE SHRINKING SPHERE --------------------------- C O M P E T I T I O N Win a Tomy Omnibot 2000 voice-controlled robot! Use your free "write on wipe off" planisphere along with your skill and judgement and you could be the lucky winner of a Tomy Omnibot 2000 voice controlled robot or one of twenty five runners up to receive a limited edition Incredible Shrinking Sphere poster! The grids overleaf represent the four plates of level seven.Simply fill in the quickest route through each of these plates, remembering to include walls and holes etc. Then complete the tie breaker in no more than twenty words, fill in your name and address and return this official entry form to:- Customer Relations, Activision (UK) Ltd., Blake House, Manor Farm Road, Reading RG2 0JN. (To arrive no later than Saturday 25th February 1989). Complete the following in no more than 20 words:- I would like to see the following features included in Incredible Shrinking Sphere ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... ............................................................... WIN A TOMY VOICE CONTROLLED ROBOT! Name .......................................................... Address ....................................................... ............................................................... RULES 1. All winners in the competition will be deemed to have read and agreed to abide by the rules of which the entry instructions and prize details form part. 2. The first 26 correct entries opened after the closing date of Saturday 25th February 1989 will be deemed winners. 3. The organisers of the competition reserve the right to alter dates, times and structure to ensure the smooth running and completion of the competition. 4. No cash alternatives will be offered. 5. Only one entry per person allowed. 6. The competition is open to residents of the EEC only. 7. No correspondence will be entered into. 8. Employees and their relatives of participating companies in the promotion are not eligible to enter.
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2019-04-19T03:18:44Z
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http://www.cpc-power.com/index.php?page=detail&onglet=notices&num=1182
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So recently I’ve been interested in meeting my critics where they are and checking out some of the material they find so convincing.
Now, in taking on Chip’s apologies, I want to make it clear that I’m criticizing the mateiral at hand and his analysis and not him personally. I have always found Chip to be a very sincere and good-hearted guy, and his family very kind and winsome. I ask you to please not construe any of my criticisms as a disparagement on his character, and instead to just focus on the ideas, even if my delivery is sometimes less than skillful.
This really is the key to the whole smash. After all, if you remove the bodily Resurrection of Christ, you destroy the the entire theological core of Christianity. If Christ doesn’t die and rise again, sins are not forgiven, death is not defeated, the Holy Spirit isn’t sent, and so on. Many Christians even get focused on other aspects of the faith and view them as do or die doctrines. Creationism is one of those. Chip is going to argue in favor of Special Creation later anyway, but the fact of the matter is that if Jesus actually died and was resurrected three days later, what does it matter how everyone got here. He still did it, right?
Throughout Chip kind of blows through the standard apologetic assertions without much corroboration. It’s actually a bit frustrating, because, being restricted by the medium (the Sunday Sermon, carefully timed) he will tend to say a sentence or two as though a thing were simply true and accepted, then move onto the next, expecting the listener to accept it. And the dedicated Christian will do just that, assuming that Chip wouldn’t say it if it wasn’t rock solid truth. So where he offers a sentence or two, I’ll often offer a paragraph or five. That will make this a rilly long post, so I may need to break it up into a longer series of shorter articles. Regardless, it’s worth trying to break it down a little further in order to shed some brighter, more accurate light on what he says.
Chip begins by asserting the reliability of the biblical documents and thereby asserting first that Christ simply existed before moving onto the Resurrection. This is critical to his case because much of the “proof” he offers is simply a series of biblical citiations. So if the bible is shown to be less than reliable recording of historical events, his storyline suffers significantly.
It is sort of interesting that he groups Homer, Plato, and Socrates into one sentence. Regarding Plato and Socrates we have little doubt about what they wrote, and their ideas are still foundational to modern philosophy. Yet scholars today argue about whether the situational aspects of the writings, the events surrounding the ideas, actually happened the way they were written, or whether they were stylized to strengthen the illustration.
More importantly, the ideas conveyed and in use in the practice of Philosophy do not remotely ride on the situational backdrop upon which they were communicated. The philosophical ideas are still in use because they are useful and proven philsophical tools.
Moreover, nobody even begins to assert that the supernatural events in Homer’s writings are historical events. They are recognized by their supernatural nature alone to be mythological – perhaps at one point believed, but today recognized for what they are. There are real places in Homer’s writings, and likely many real people. But the sirens were not real. The Cyclops was not real.
Starting from Chip’s point of comparison, if we were to therefore afford the biblical documents the reasonable consideration that he seems to think is shown to Homer we would confirm the historically reliable aspects of the bible and reject the fantastic and supernatural aspects of the story, just as we do with Homer. After all, while there is archaelogical evidence to suggest that there was a long seige of the city of Troy, nobody ever asserts that Thetis actually speaks to Zeus, that Zeus sends a dream to Agememnon, that Aphrodite rescues Paris, that Hera seduces Zeus in order to free Poseidon to help the Greeks, or that Hermes leads Priam into Achilles’ camp to rescue the body of Hector. Yet Chip implies that we should accept the New Testament account, with all it’s supernatural elements, without dividing mythology from its historical backdrop.
The issue at hand is sort of a bait and switch. The assertion is that the documents we read today are pretty much what was written 2,000 years ago. That may be true. However, the implication that Chip would like us to derive is that this accuracy of transmission thereby confers historical accuracy upon the content. But as we see in Chip’s comparison with Homer, this does not logically follow. Accuracy of transmission does not mean accuracy of content.
This also glosses over the fact that the “bible” didn’t exist in 125 CE. In fact, the first we know of a suggested canon comes from a gnostic heretic named Marcion, probably somewhere around 140-150 CE. The books that make up what we now know of as the New Testament were but scattered copies of letters shared between churches. And they were shared along with many other letters that eventually would be rejected by the Council of Constantinople centuries later. The first time a list of books we would recognize as the New Testament was proposed was in the early fourth century CE by Eusebius. The canon itself was not decided until 382 CE, and that after a bitter dispute between the camps of Arius and Athanasius, who asserted two very different versions of who Jesus was.
Chip, and most apologists, would have us believe that the church at its core was a cohesive organization with a recognizable central scripture to guide them and a very consistent story to tell. But the reality is that there were many versions of the story (along with many, many other spiritual traditions that have since gone by the wayside) and it wasn’t until 350 years after the supposed events that a committee, after decades of infighting, chose one version (Jesus is God) over the other (Jesus is a created being separate from God) and in the end only chose the 27 books that supported their version. Granted, this is a serious simplification of what amounted to a very convoluted 60+ year process, but it’s important to recognize that the quantity/quality argument has no bearing on the truth of the included scriptures. We have reliable copies of many of the excluded texts as well. What level trust should we grant them?
To take it a step further, we are at least as reasonably sure that the Quran has been accurately preserved from its original writing to now. Muhammed purportedly spoke the prophecies that make up the Quran between 609 and 632 CE. According to Muslim scholars, the Quran was assembled in its current form ~650CE by a committee of Muslim leaders after Muhammed’s death. The earliest manuscript fragments are dated before 671, only 20 years after it was written down, and less than 40 years after the events. Are we then to take that as proof that their content is true and historically accurate? You can’t have it both ways.
Chip’s next assertion is contemporary Jewish and Roman historians also wrote about Jesus, so he must have existed. He mentions Josephus, Pliny, and Tacitus with literally zero citation. Of course, remember his audience, and remember that they nearly universally rely on the bible as their primary authority and view it as “God-breathed,” so rattling on about some non-Christian historian is less authoritative than expounding God’s Word. But of course, the devil is in the details, so to speak.
A quick look at his three “contemporary historians” will paint a very different picture.
About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who wrought surprising feats and as a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was the Messiah. When Pilate, upon hearing him accused by men of the highest standing amongst us, had condemned him to be crucified, those who had in the first place come to love him did not give up their affection for him. On the third day he appeared to them restored to life, for the prophets of God had prophesied these and countless other marvellous things about him. And the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has still to this day not disappeared.
At first glance, that’s impressive. Considering how reliable we know Josephus’ work to be, a passage such as this would pretty much cement the existence of Jesus Christ, if nothing else.
However (and you knew that was coming) it turns out this passage is, at least in part, a thoroughly debunked interpolation – a passage not written by Josephus, but a later forger who apparently sought to provide some sort of proof that didn’t otherwise exist. Truth is, even most of the most devout, conservative Christian scholars agree that this passage is at the very least partially forged, and that part being the obvious messianic and divine claims of the passage.
Even the early church leader Origen specifically said that Josephus did not acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah, so would hardly have written the glowing claims above.
Josephus was a Pharasaic Jew and would not have spoken in such glowing terms regarding what would essentially be a blasphemer.
The linguistic patterns in the passage do not match the rest of Josephus’ writings, indicating a different, later author.
Keep in mind, too, that Josephus was born in 37 CE, after Jesus is said to have died/resurrected/ascended and was writing decades after the events as well. Anything he did include, if indeed he included anything, would not have been first hand.
The Pliny the Younger reference is even more suspect. Communicating with the emperor Trajan around 110 CE, Pliny references the cult of Christians and mentions some of their practices, apparently complaining that they do not honor the gods of Rome. He makes zero mention of Jesus or any aspect of his having been a real person at all. Everyone knows there were Christians in the Roman empire in 110CE, nearly 80 years after Jesus’s alleged resurrection, so this is not proof of anything other than the fact there were Christians.
Tacitus here is only relating what he has been told from unknown sources about Christians and their beliefs. The fact that he refers to Pilate in error as a procurator rather than his correct rank of prefect also indicates that he was not referring to actual Roman records of the time but rather repeating what he had heard from unofficial sources about the tenets of the Christian cult. More evidence that he was not using Roman records as his source is that he refers to Jesus as Christos, a religious title which would not have been recorded in the Roman records of his death. To put a point on it, the passage is not even about Jesus (and that name isn’t even used, only the religious title) but rather about the behavior of the follows of the Christian religion. He was not trying to establish any sort of fact about Jesus, but relating facts about the followers, their actions, and the ramifications.
Chip’s third assertion is that there is a myriad of archaeological evidence for the existence of Jesus. Unfortunately he gives us exactly zero actual examples to cross-check. He tosses out comments about a census, coin inscriptions, mentions of things Jesus said, but he offers no way to check out what he really means. He just says there’s more and more every day.
At least with the census comment there’s really only one possibility, which would be the census of Quirinius. This is usually touted as proof that the biblical account of a census that drove Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem is true. However, this creates more problems than it solves when you delve into the actual history. According to the Gospel of Luke, the census took place during the reign of Herod the Great, and was ordered by the Governor of the region, Quirinius. The problem with that is we know from Roman records that the census of Quirinius took place in 6CE. We also know that Herod died in 4BCE, 10 years before the census even took place. And of course, within all records of the census, there is nothing to actually identify anyone even remotely connected to Jesus. If anything, the passage points to the historical unreliability of the gospel accounts.
If I find anymore specifics on his scant references, I’ll update this post and add them in.
All that said, it is very possible that there was an itinerant Rabbi known as Yeshua, and that he gained a following that eventually evolved into the Christian Church. That may even be the more likely explanation, rather than the strict mythicism of the likes of Richard Carrier. But that is a far cry from Jesus as God. As we’ll see in the next installments, which begin to rely almost wholly and even circularly on biblical accounts, none of this will lead reasonably to a resurrected savior.
i don’t see resurrection as central to anything. paul offers it unethically, making jesus a means to an end, not an end into itself. each gospel writer puts emphasis on different things and mark has nothing to say about resurrection at all.
personally, i believe about resurrection much like i do john henry powering through the mountain, hammer pounding. this is legendary language and so closely tied to jewish midrash that it can only been seen as a narrative element which converts a more important point after all, at least as i see it.
in the jewish tradition and continually repeated in the NT, jesus is the “mercy seat”, expiation for the whole of humanity. that requires death but not resurrection, and rationally, jesus death doesn’t even need to be seen as necessary to his message; just this idea that (hebrews, romans, john) that jesus is the high priest, the mediator (memra/logos), who has undone what adam has done.
not sure i can. they are quotes from schillebeeckx from “jesus: an experiment in christology”, then nt wright’s “son of god” where he summarize schillebeeckx.
this is from my work, including the pertenant quotes you can google if you’d like. needless to say, i’ve become a huge fan of schillebeeckx’ work.
I understand where you’re coming from. I’d answer by saying you’re probably outside the target audience. Believe me when I say that among Evangelical Fundamentalists (generally Biblical Literalists) it is ALL about the Resurrection. No Resurrection, no Salvation. I think the brand of Christianity you refer to is more in line with the more open-minded, liberal sort who see these things as more symbolic teaching aspects rather than functional, transactional realities.
As with the errors pointed out by the author your remarks are subjective, and poorly rendered. Resurrection reduces to the willingness to simply believe without rational process. Christianity is an accrued canonical practice that interprets randomly generated sources to support a conclusion.
Thanks for the comment, Tom 🙂 Welcome.
is that directed to me, tom?
Yes, clearly. I thought I posted it to the reply field for your post.
ok. well, how am i mistaken and where do you arrive at the idea christianity, though developmental, is at all random?
I was referring to its use of sources of dubious provenance that originated over spans of hundreds of years in no particular order to support the conclusions elemental to its theology. The textual basis of Christian theology has actually been static since the councils. If influences of animism, Buddhism, etc. are introduced I don’t know that is development or simply blandishment of compatible memes. I believe I described your effort as “poorly rendered,” not “mistaken.” Distinction without a difference, perhaps. I was referring to your inability to spell, type, and form standard prose expression. How we write reflects the quality and reliability of our thought. You suffer badly in that respect. Implicit in my remark is the thesis that it is pointless to argue theology, all traditions support preconceptions. Subjectivity is for the naval gazing of the individual distracted by it.
i think you’ve used your allowance on two dollar words.
textual basis? that has nothing to do with anything i said, and that’s where you should have spent your money.
other than throwing out bland insults, i don’t think you’ve actually taken any of my comments and actually said anything objective about them. in that case, what’s to talk about. i get the feeling though, what you’d like to talk about is you.
keep swinging for the fences, fella.
I don’t know what you would call the letters that became the accepted gospels if not textual foundations. Correcting your horrendous writing is a constructive gesture. Don’t get your feelings hurt. Do you really think that “bland” is the word to use to describe something that you have found a bit too spicy for your taste.
again, a canon of text has nothing to do with what christianity is; which is a vast set of developmental ideas that obviously don’t source themselves merely in texts.
my feelings aren’t hurt. i feel for your inability to estimate your own self worth however.
I have said that theology is not worth discussing with believers and why I know that. In finality: As long as the tenets of the faith are proved by texts accepted as authority, you are mistaken in your stream of consciousness denial of what “It” is, Which is ok with me because it is your stream of consciousness and you are welcome to it. It isn’t of value to me, however, and I will not respond further.
this is not a stream of consciousness or off the cuff. nothing i’ve said is disputed in theology and when saying “as long as the tenants of the faith are proved by texts accepted as authority” you only show you have an evangelical past. scripture isn’t authoritative. interpretations can be, and the sanction of interpretation is through the church.
it now all fits neatly together and i understand clearly. evangelicals, even apostate, are generally self absorbed ultracredipedarians.
the only shared belief in all christian communities is that christ atones; but no one knows how. variation and nuance are tradition and culture. you are exemplary of a true scotsman.
and no, bland describes your attempts at insult. that you would equate it with spicy merely indicates the gulf between reality and your self over estimation.
all remarks are subjective, all ideas. objectivity is not the opposite of subjectivity. i have not said anything in error. it’s simply a matter of fact that paul saw resurrection as important, mark, baptism, matthew and luke, birth, john, pre incarnation.
resurrection doesn’t reduce. something dead comes alive. now if you take that literally, go ahead. the same goes if you’re seeing metaphor. neither view excludes itself from reason.
Yep. I’d go with that. There are, as you say, liberal scholars who think otherwise, but both the Gospels and the letters of Paul suggest that this is what the earliest Christians believed. Tom Wright has made the point that, if they believed otherwise, they’d have said so. There was plenty of language available back then to describe dreams, visions, spirits etc. If that’s what they thought they had seen, they’d have used it. They didn’t.
I think that is pretty much accepted by most historians – as is his death at the hands of the Romans. In that sense, the historicity of Jesus *is* pretty watertight. But that’s not at all the same thing as saying that everything written in the Gospels is historically accurate.
Well, I guess it depends what one means by watertight, but the vast majority of ancient historians, Christian and non-Christian, don’t dispute either his existence or the means of his death. It’s the rest they argue about!
that’s misleading to a large extent. first, there never have been a large amount of historians who are even interested in the historicity of jesus, outside of those with a religious venting. there’s no doubt few historians doubt a man named jesus existed, but this isn’t a matter of proofs and evidence, for if it were, no historian would assert the existence of that same man. each merely says, as a practical matter, jesus is as likely to have existed as socrates or most other persons of antiquity, all having very little evidence any of them existed at all. so, the existence of jesus is as historically watertight as practical inference can be.
what ought to matter is why, for instance, it doesn’t matter whether or not socrates existed because either way, his message and ideas persist and they, in themselves, matter simply because they do. as for most christians, if jesus didn’t exist, and perhaps die in a certain way et. al., then they, including paul, think it’s all crap.
The mythicist movement is small but growing, yet it may never be the mainstream thought. I tend to lean toward a real Yeshua bar Yosip who may have lived as an itinerant preacher, whose teachings ran contrary to the Pharisaical powers of the day and may have led to his demise by crucifixion – but again, they may not have. For most of these aspects we have only the unreliable biblical documents to rely on, and it isn’t always obvious where fact ends and myth begins.
And again, we have as much evidence that Muhammed lived too. That doesn’t make his religious story any more believable.
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2019-04-20T14:32:34Z
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https://winlb.wordpress.com/2016/08/19/why-i-dont-believe-the-resurrection-part-i/
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The Chinese media has been discussed either as a challenge to the authoritarian regime or as an instrument to consolidate state power in the recent debates concerning the impact of the Internet and the expansion of social media on China’s authoritarian rule. Both views have adopted the framework that was developed out of the liberal model of media in the West. In the liberal model, the news media should go through full-flown commercialization to achieve autonomy and independence from the state. The independence of the news media from the state is the precondition for the news media’s role as watchdog of the state and check on the government. However, the liberal model does not fit the actual historical experiences of the news media in China. Throughout the 20th century, state control of the media expanded in the context of state-building, war, and revolution. The Chinese media did not go through full-flown commercialization to the extent that the media would achieve complete independence from the state. Rather, in the context of state expansion, the media and the state became interdependent rather than antagonistic. In the state-dominated environment, the media did not necessarily seek independence from the state. Nevertheless, even without independence, the media can still play a significant political role within the limits and boundaries set by the state. This has important implications for understanding the resilience of the contemporary Chinese government.
The development of the Internet and the recent emergence of new social media in China has reignited the debates on the political implications of the digital age in China, and more broadly on the role of the media in China’s authoritarian regime. Contrasting images of the Chinese media, namely, of online activism and Internet censorship, served to trigger even more fierce debates. On the one hand, lively and vibrant public discussions on public affairs appearing on blogs and microblogs seem to have become powerful enough to generate public opinion pressure on the government. On the other hand, China’s authoritarian government still imposes strict censorship on the Internet and social media through the Great Firewall and censors. Intriguingly, while the mobilizing power of social media and the Internet played a significant role in the Arab Spring, the role of the Social Network Services (SNS) in the Chinese Jasmine Revolution remained limited. Nevertheless, with the expansion of social media, the Internet is becoming an important public space for political contention in China.
How can we understand the contrasting images of the Internet and social media in China? There are diverging views on the political implications of the expansion of the Internet and social media in China. Optimists argue that their expansion may have a liberalizing effect on Chinese politics. They see the Internet as a new venue in which to express individual opinions with less interference from the state and as a new means to promote political transparency and accountability. In other words, they see the Internet as empowering the citizens and civil society and having the potential to increase freedom and facilitate democracy. Thus, according to this argument, the Internet will contribute to the erosion of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)’s ideological and political control and its political legitimacy.1 Scholars with more skeptical views would argue that the Chinese state’s continuing Internet censorship and skillful use of the Internet will allow it to consolidate power despite the change.2 Thus, the Chinese media can be viewed either as a challenge to the authoritarian regime or as an instrument to consolidate state power.
Notably, both views have adopted the framework that was developed out of the liberal model of the media in the West. This framework insists on the normative ideal of the media as a neutral independent watchdog and perceives the liberal model as the most “modern.”3 In the liberal model, the news media should go through full-flown commercialization to achieve autonomy and independence from the state. Finally, the independence of the news media from the state is the precondition for the news media’s role as a watchdog of the state and as a check on the government. Based on the liberal model of the media, scholars such as Habermas came up with the concept of the “public sphere.” Habermas argued that the bourgeois public sphere emerged in 17th- and 18th-century France as a realm for the free discussion of public affairs that was autonomous from the state, located in institutions such as the press, salons, and coffee houses. If the public sphere were to play a critical role, institutions of the public sphere such as the media should also maintain independence from the state.4 Further, the framework assumes that the relationship between the state and the media is antagonistic. In this narrative, the media continually resists and seeks independence from the state in order to play its role as a watchdog of the government.
For a long time, based on this framework, scholars of the Chinese media searched for a historical period in which the media had maintained independence from the state, without much success.5 The problem is that the Chinese media has never gone through full-flown commercialization to the extent that it has achieved complete independence from the state. Further, based on this framework, skeptics often assume that the Chinese media cannot play its role as a check on the government due to its lack of independence and autonomy from the state. Optimistic scholars predict that the Chinese media will achieve independence someday in the future if it goes through advanced commercialization. Thus, none of these views fully explain the contrasting images of the Chinese media.
The history of the Chinese media shows that the liberal model does not fit the actual experiences of China. The historical trajectory of media development in the context of the tumultuous dynamics of politics in modern China can provide a new perspective that goes beyond the liberal model to understand the relations between the Chinese state and the media and the media’s role in Chinese politics and society.
Before the arrival of the Western press, the Peking Gazettes (Jingbao) constituted an important source of news in China. The Peking Gazettes reprinted edicts and memorials, which were approved by the government, and rarely published commentaries. The paper was published mainly for provincial officials to acquaint them with political events taking place outside their jurisdiction, but it was also circulated among the general public. The Peking Gazettes were often published by private publishers for profit.6 Because the Peking Gazettes were the only source of news on government affairs, the Qing court was in a favorable position to monopolize control of and to construct the news on government affairs. Popular news sheets, which published sensational news, were available but were issued irregularly.7 China also had its traditional concept of public opinion, yulun, which refers to elite opinion within the bureaucracy that was critical of government policies, rather than popular opinion. The concept of “pure discussion” (qingyi) was a righteous elite opinion that opposed corrupt government practices, which could be considered equivalent to the concept of the “watchdog” of the government.8 However, “pure discussion” was rarely published in the Peking Gazettes.
It was only after China’s defeat in the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 that newspapers became much more politicized and radicalized. The sense of fear in the face of national crisis generated greater demand for news and political discussion.11 Between 1895 and 1905, 198 newspapers and magazines were established.12 In particular, the rise of the political press became a distinctive feature of this period. The political press differed from the commercial press in that they were affiliated with and subsidized by particular political factions, did not seek to make a profit, and were used as propaganda tools to promote certain political ideas. In contrast, commercial newspapers and magazines were published mostly for profit. The flourishing of the political press has to do with the rise of reformists and revolutionaries in the Chinese political landscape. The Qing court, reformists, and revolutionaries all recognized the importance of the press in modern politics. Reformist papers included Qiangxuebao (1896), Shiwubao (1896), and Xiangbao.13 Liang Qichao, a reformer, was at the forefront of establishing the new journalism. By the period 1903–1904, the revolutionaries were actively using pamphlets, journals, and newspapers to promote anti-Manchu sentiments. In the beginning, revolutionary papers were published in Japan, or in Hong Kong, but they soon appeared in Shanghai and were quickly distributed nationwide, facilitating the radicalization of political discourse. Reformists and revolutionaries debated with each other through the press, while the Qing government also attempted to unify the Chinese press scene under governmental patronage by establishing governmental papers, or guanbao. These governmental papers, such as Beiyang guanbao and Hubei guanbao, established by Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong, competed with other commercial papers for readership in the market. The government provided these papers with political patronage as well as financial subsidies.14 With the emergence of the political press, the Qing court had to compete with the reformist and revolutionary press in constructing public opinion and news of its policies. The Qing court, the reformers, and the revolutionaries all competed to appeal to the public and to claim the judgment of “public opinion” on their behalf.15 This competition was unprecedented in the history of the Qing dynasty. The political press had much smaller circulation numbers than the commercial newspapers, but the multiplicity of voices of the competing political groups mediated through the political press transformed the public realm and the mode of political communication, and gradually had the effect of undermining the authority of the Qing court.
In the 1910s and 1920s, the commercialization of newspapers was accelerated in the context of the economic boom that occurred during World War I. Commercial newspapers gradually became mainstream newspapers and displaced the political press, which began to decline after the 1911 Revolution. The decline of foreign competition during World War I provided Chinese entrepreneurs with the opportunity to expand their businesses. Between 1912 and 1920, Chinese industry achieved an annual growth rate of 13.9%. National industries, such as cotton mills, flour mills, cigarette factories, and modern Chinese banks, flourished at the time.18 This economic boom also provided the newspaper industry with the opportunity to increase revenues from both circulation and advertisements. Xinwenbao’s daily circulation number, which in 1912 was around 20,000, increased to 140,000 by 1926.19 Shenbao’s daily circulation in 1912 was 7,000, increasing to around 140,000 in 1926.20 Revenues from advertisements increased during this time as well, alongside the development of China’s national industries. By the mid-1930s, more than 70 percent of the revenue of Shenbao and Xinwenbao was from advertisements.21 During this time, commercial newspapers such as Shenbao became financially much more secure by accumulating capital through successful investments. For example, Shi Liangcai, who took over Shenbao in 1912 along with a few other Chinese, managed to accumulate capital by successfully investing in the dispensary and banking industries.
The adoption of advanced printing technology also facilitated commercialization. For example, Shenbao purchased an American rotary press in 1918 and was able to print 10,000 copies of a twelve-sheet paper per hour. By 1928, Shenbao’s new American rotary press could publish 36,000 copies of a four-sheet paper per hour.22 Further, newspapers also enjoyed the privilege of low rates for telegrams, which was approved by the state in the Republican period.
The weakening of the central government during the warlord period (1916–1927) also facilitated the development of commercial newspapers. Although the Beiyang government (1912–1928) enforced a strict press law, commercial newspapers mostly published in the concessions in the treaty ports, such as Shanghai and Tianjin, and enjoyed relative autonomy from state control during this period, and thus began to dominate the newspaper market. Nevertheless, the decentralized political system did not guarantee a stable environment for national circulation.
Despite accelerated commercialization, the circulation numbers show that the newspaper industry was not fully commercialized in comparison with those of Japan and Britain at the time. In Japan, circulation of the leading newspapers, the Osaka Asahi Shinbun and the Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, reached more than one million by 1927.23 The Northcliffe Daily Mirror sold 1.2 million copies a day by 1914 in Britain, while the Mail’s circulation reached 1.85 million by 1930.24 Thus, Shenbao’s circulation of 140,000 in 1926 was not comparable to that of the equivalent commercial newspapers in Japan or the United Kingdom.
By 1927, commercial newspapers were faced with a dramatic political change, namely the rise of the authoritarian party-state, the Nationalist government (1927–1949). The Nationalist government as a party-state strove to establish one-party rule dominated by the Nationalist Party. The Nationalist government was able to establish Chinese courts in the concession areas in Shanghai in 1930 and 1931 after the abolition of the Mixed Court in 1927, and thus the Chinese press in these areas no longer enjoyed legal autonomy from the Chinese authorities.25 The Nationalist government enforced strict press laws and censorship as a part of state-building. In addition, Nationalist government officials made efforts to gain direct control over the commercial newspapers by buying shares in them and even by establishing new newspapers. Further, the Nationalist government established a party organ, the Minbao. However, these party newspapers were not competitive with the commercial newspapers in terms of circulation numbers and political influence in the 1930s.
The national crisis posed by the Manchurian Incident in 1931 and the Shanghai Incident in 1932 triggered an outright confrontation between the Nationalist government and commercial newspapers. In particular, major Shanghai newspapers owned and managed by the Shanghai capitalists and financiers became politicized in opposition to the Nationalist government’s appeasement policy toward Japan. Shanghai elites mobilized public support for the resistance policy, and Shi Liangcai, a proprietor of Shenbao, played a pivotal role. When Shenbao published editorials criticizing the appeasement policy in 1932, the Nationalist government imposed a postal ban to prevent newspaper offices form using the postal service to distribute newspapers nationwide. Further, the Nationalist government established a centralized censorship system to enforce strict censorship more effectively in the midst of the confrontation and national crisis.28 This tension culminated in the assassination of Shi Liangcai, allegedly ordered by Chiang Kai-shek.
Even after the war ended, the state continued to exert direct control over the major newspapers. When the Nationalist government returned to Nanjing in 1945, it was easily able to confiscate the major newspapers, such as Shenbao and Xinwenbao, on the grounds that these newspapers had collaborated with the Japanese and the Wang Jingwei regime. Further, the Nationalist Party established its own party organs, while also allowing the publication of non-partisan newspapers such as Wenhuibao. Consequently, the expansion of state power influenced by the institutional changes that occurred during wartime was accelerated in the postwar period. One can see the continuing augmentation of state power over time in the context of state-building and war in the early 20th century.
Secondly, the media was a critical tool to implement the mass line, the central part of Mao Zedong Thought or Maoism, which emphasizes mass mobilization in the socialist revolution. In order to implement the mass line, party cadres need to learn from the masses, reflect this learning in policymaking, and then educate the masses about party policies. The catchphrase “from the masses to the masses” was often used. With the high illiteracy rate in China, the CCP even organized newspaper reading groups for the illiterate population. The newspapers should not only enlighten the masses, but also channel the voices of the masses to the party for policymaking.
Intriguingly, the CCP emphasized the media as a means to supervise the government and the party, and promoted the publication of “criticism and self-criticism” in the newspapers. Citizens were encouraged to express their criticisms of party officials through newspapers. This was probably a gesture by the CCP to implement “democracy” within the party and the government. During the New Anti-Three Campaign in 1953, Mao declared in the People’s Daily that “people who are suppressing criticism, are the enemy of the party.”35 The problem was that most of the media under the control of the party committee at the local level was reluctant to criticize the party. This idea, in the reform period, was re-emphasized by promoting the concept of “public opinion supervision,” in which the media is supposed to play a supervisory role over the party and the government. In this context, the CCP, both in the Mao and post-Mao eras, allowed public exposure of the abuse of power by the local officials through the media.
Finally, the CCP also promoted “press freedom” based on the constitution, and stipulated that press freedom could be enjoyed only by the people, not by the enemy of the people, which is different from press freedom in the liberal sense. Thus, if someone is defined as an enemy of the people, then this person is deprived of press freedom.
In the post-Mao period, the CCP undertook media reform without completely liberalizing the media in the context of economic reform. The media reform can be also understood as part of the political reform. Unlike Eastern Europe, China carried out economic reform without political liberalization. Nevertheless, Deng Xiaoping and the CCP leaders learned their lesson from the Mao period and carried out limited political reform. The focus of the CCP policy in the post-Mao period shifted from the class struggle to economic reform. First of all, the CCP facilitated the commercialization of the media. Until the beginning of the economic reform in 1978, the media in China was completely subsidized by the state. The Chinese government adopted a policy of gradually cutting subsidies and encouraging commercialized financing. Some newspapers lost all subsidies in the early 1980s. Production materials such as newsprint and ink, which had been allocated by the government, were gradually left to the invisible hand of the market. Advertisements, which were not allowed in the Mao era, were readopted so that the media could rely on them for financing. Consequently, although the media were still owned by the state, their economic base shifted from complete reliance on state subsidies to increasing dependence on commercial revenue from advertising, sponsorship, and business operations in other areas. Further, commercialized media sought to cater to the interests and tastes of their readership. Secondly, the Chinese government also carried out the decentralization of media ownership and management. During the Mao period, the CCP controlled the media directly from the center. The central government transferred ownership and management rights to the lower level of government, so the media structure in the post-Mao period is now much more decentralized than in the Mao period.
The government continued to enforce strict censorship and media control, and still emphasized the “party principle,” although the media was no longer viewed as a tool of class struggle. The CCP’s power to hire and fire party leaders in charge of the media industry and top managers constitutes an important mechanism of media control. The Central Propaganda Department plays an important role in monitoring media personnel and controlling the content of TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, and film.36 The CCP is now tightening its control over the Internet through the Great Firewall, keyword filtering, Internet monitors, and Internet police. Nevertheless, the purpose of the censorship program is not necessarily to suppress criticism of the state or the Communist Party. A recent study by Gary King on media censorship in contemporary China demonstrates how Chinese online censorship is not necessarily geared toward silencing criticism of the government, but rather is more focused on censoring content that could instigate collective action.37 Thus, the purpose of the censorship program is to reduce the probability of collective action by severing social ties whenever any collective movements are expected to occur.38 In fact, some actual cases of online activism demonstrate that even when the media is tightly controlled by the state, the media or the Internet can publicize criticism of local officials and pressure the state to respond to public opinion. Overall, we can see that while the state continues to enforce effective control over the media, the Internet, and social media, despite these limits they also play an important role as watchdog of local government, if not of the central government. There is a set boundary within which the media is allowed to function, and this boundary has been broadened in the post-Mao period compared with the Mao period.
Throughout the 20th century, state power over the media expanded in the context of the state-building, war, and revolution. Over time, the state became the dominant actor in the field of media. We can see that the Chinese media did not go through full-flown commercialization to the extent that it achieved complete independence from the state. Rather, in the context of state expansion the media and the state became interdependent, and not necessarily antagonistic. In the state-dominated environment, the media did not necessarily seek independence from the state and did not have a strong incentive to resist the state’s power. The media’s strategy was different from that in the West. Media sources sought to connect with the state in order to gain access to financial resources or to obtain interviews with government officials. This is quite different from the Western historical experience. Even when the media published critical voices, it tended to expand the boundaries by establishing connections with government officials. Thus, without independence, the media could still play a critical role within the limits and boundaries set by the state. Notably, within those boundaries, the media could criticize local government and local officials, but not central leaders or central government, which constitutes significant continuities with the late Qing to the post-Mao period.
What is the implication of the history of the media in China for understanding China’s Internet?
How does the Internet play the role of watchdog without independence from the state? When assessing the impact of the Internet on politics, we should not assume that the Internet in China, as a media institution, is constantly struggling to gain independence from the state and resisting state interference. Microblog companies thrive by forging close relations with the state and cooperating with the state in censorship. The Internet and social media still play the role of watchdog without autonomy from the state, even if it is limited. Thus it is not useful to discuss whether this phenomenon will lead to political liberalization or regime consolidation. It will be more fruitful to examine the actual role of the Internet in specific circumstances in China.
Western scholarly interest in the Chinese media emerged in the context of the Cold War. Under the influence of the Cold War perception of China as totalitarian state, scholars in the West viewed the Chinese media as effective in persuading or even “brainwashing” the Chinese public.39 From the mid-1960s, however, scholars began to recognize the limited effect of the media in Communist China.40 Because the view of the Chinese media as a tightly controlled instrument of political indoctrination and mass mobilization still prevails, the media’s role as a watchdog or check against the state has often been overlooked.
The Tian’anmen Incident and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 reignited the scholarly debates on the Chinese media and more broadly on civil society and the public sphere in the 1990s. The study of the media focused on searching for a historical period in which the media maintained independence from the state. Other scholars concluded that the predominance of state power had not allowed for the emergence of a public sphere and civil society in Chinese history.41 These scholarly debates still adopted the liberal model of media in examining the Chinese media, and often overlooked the political role of the media as a watchdog.
The Shanghai Municipal Archives (SMA) houses archives of various Shanghai newspaper offices, including Shenbao and Xinwenbao in the Republican period, and archives of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) newspaper offices, including Jiefang ribao and Wenhuibao. Further, the SMA holds the documents of various party and government institutions that were in charge of controlling the media in both the Republic period and the PRC. Nanjing Number Two archives also holds documents of the GMD Propaganda Department and other institutions that were in charge of controlling the media. Academia Historica (Guoshiguan) in Taiwan also houses the documents of the Nationalist Party on its media policy. Further, the various newspapers of the Republic period and the PRC are available on microfilm, online databases, CD-ROM or in print in numerous libraries in China as well as the university libraries in Hong Kong, the United States and around the world. Shenbao, Xinwenbao, Wenhuibao, and various other newspapers from both the Republican period and the PRC are available on microfilm at the Harvard-Yenching Library.
Published sources in collected volumes of the government documents on media policy both in the Republican period and the PRC are available as follows. (1) Republican period (1911–1949): Zhongguo di’er lishi dang’anguan, Zhonghua minguoshi dang’an ziliao huibian. Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1994. (Series 3 (Wenhua), Series 5. Vol. 1 (Wenhua), Series 5. Vol. 3 (Wenhua)); (2) CCP (1921–1949) and the PRC (1949–1956): Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan xinwen yanjiusuo, Zhongguo gongchandang xinwen gongzuo wenjian huibian. Vol. 1–3. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe. 1980.
Many universities around the world subscribe to the Shenbao online database and the People’s Daily (renmin ribao) online database.
(1.) Guobin Yang, The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011); Ashley Esary and Xiao Qiang, “Political Expression in the Chinese Blogosphere,” Asian Survey 48, no. 5 (September/October 2008): 752–772; and Yangqi Tong and Shaohua Lei, “War of Position and Microblogging in China,” Journal of Contemporary China 22, no. 80 (March 2013): 292–311.
(2.) James Leibold, “Blogging Alone: China, the Internet, and the Democratic illusion?” The Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 4 (November 2011): 1023–1041.
(3.) Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini, Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 13, 76.
(4.) Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989).
(5.) L. Sophia Wang, “The Independence Press and Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of the Dagong Bao in Republican China,” Pacific Affairs 67, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 216–241; there is a well-known debate on China’s public sphere. See William T. Rowe, “The Public Sphere in Modern China,” Modern China 16, no. 3 (July 1990); William T. Rowe, Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796–1895 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989); and Frederick Wakeman, “The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate,” Modern China 19, no. 2 (1993): 108–138.
(6.) Barbara Mittler, A Newspaper for China? Power, Identity, and Change in Shanghai’s News Media, 1872–1912 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004), 173–242; and W. K. Cheng, “Contending Publicity: The State and the Press in Late Qing China,” Asian Thought and Society 23, no. 69 (September–December 1998): 173–179.
(7.) Leo Ou-fan Lee and Andrew Nathan, “The Beginnings of Mass Culture: Journalism and Fiction in the Late Ch’ing and Beyond,” in Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, eds. David Johson, Andrew Nathan, Evelyn Rawski, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 360–398, 362.
(8.) Joan Judge, “Public Opinion and the New Politics in Contestation in the Late Qing, 1904–1911,” Modern China 20, no. 1 (January 1994): 64–91; and Mary Backus Rankin, “‘Public Opinion’ and Political Power: Qingyi in Late Nineteenth Century China,” The Journal of Asian Studies 41, no. 3 (May 1982): 453–484.
(9.) William Alford, “Of Arsenic and Old Laws: Looking Anew at Criminal Justice in Late Imperial China,” California Law Review 72 (1984): 1180–1256.
(10.) Mittler, A Newspaper for China?, 361–421.
(11.) Leo and Nathan, “The Beginnings of Mass Culture,” 363–364.
(12.) Natascha Vittinghoff, “Unity vs. Uniformity: Liang Qichao and the Invention of a ‘New Journalism’ for China,” Late Imperial China 23, no. 1 (June 2002), 104.
(13.) Vittinghoff, “Unity vs. Uniformity,” 96–99.
(14.) Vittinghoff, “Unity vs. Uniformity,” 99–104.
(15.) Keith Baker, “Public Opinion as Political Invention,” in Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Keith Baker (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 167–199, 172.
(16.) Li Hsiao-t’i, “Making a Name and a Culture for the Masses in Modern China,” Position (Spring 2001): 33–34.
(17.) Li Hsiao-t’i, “Making a Name and a Culture for the Masses in Modern China,” 36.
(18.) Marie-Claire Bergere, The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911–1937, trans. Janet Lloyd (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 70–83.
(19.) Hu Daojing, “xinwenbao sishinianshi,” Baoxue zazhi 1, no. 2 (1948).
(20.) Hu Daojing, Xinwenshi shang de xin shidai, Shijie shuji, 1946 (Reprint in Hu Daojing wenji: Shanghai lishi yanjiu, Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2011), 541.
(21.) Xu Zhucheng, Jiuwen zayi (Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyu chubanshe, 2000), 179.
(22.) Shebaoguan, Shenbao gaikuang (Shanghai: Shenbao, 1935).
(23.) Louise Young, Japan’s Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998): 60–61.
(24.) Graham Murdock and Peter Golding, “The Structure, Ownership and Control of the Press, 1914–1976,” in Newspaper History from the 17th Century to the Present Day, ed. George Boyce, James Curran, and Pauline Wingate (London: SAGE, 1978), 130–131, 130–148.
(25.) Sei Jeong Chin, “The Politics of the Shanghai Courts: The State, Local Elites, and Social Networks in Nationalist China, 1927–1937,” Journal of Modern Chinese History 11, no. 1 (2017): 29–49.
(26.) H. G. W. Woodhead ed., The China Year Book (Shanghai: The North China Daily News & Herald, 1934), 658–659.
(27.) Shanghai shi nianjian, 1936, T60.
(28.) Sei Jeong Chin, “Politics of Trials, the News Media, and Social Networks in Nationalist China: The New Life Weekly Case, 1935,” in At the Crossroads of Empires: Middlemen, Social Networks, and State-building in Republican Shanghai, eds. Nara Dillon and Jean Oi, 131–152 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008).
(29.) Chin, “Politics of Trials, the News Media, and Social Networks in Nationalist China,” 131–152.
(30.) Sei Jeong Chin, “The Historical Origins of the Nationalization of the Newspaper Industry in Modern China: A Case Study of the Shanghai Newspaper Industry, 1937–1953,” China Review 13, no. 2 (Fall 2013): 1–34.
(32.) Zhang Jishun, “Thought Reform and Press Nationalization in Shanghai: The Wenhui Newspaper in the Early 1950s,” Twentieth-Century China 35, no. 2 (April 2010): 52–80.
(33.) Zhao Yuzhi, Media, Market, and Democracy in China (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 19.
(34.) Zhao Yuzhi, Media, Market, and Democracy in China, 19.
(35.) People’s Daily, January 23, 1953.
(36.) Ashley Esarey, “Speak No Evil: Mass Media Control in Contemporary China,” a Freedom House Special Report (February 2006), 1–11.
(37.) Gary King, Jennifer Pan, and Margaret Roberts, “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression,” American Political Science Review 107, no. 2 (May 2013): 326–343.
(39.) Franklin Houn, To Change a Nation: Propaganda and Indoctrination in Communist China (East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1961); and Frederick Yu, Mass Persuasion in Communist China (London: Pall Mall Press, 1964).
(40.) Matthew Johnson, “Beneath the Propaganda State: Official and Unofficial Cultural Landscapes in Shanghai, 1949–1965,” in Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China’s Era of High Socialism, ed. Jeremy Brown and Matthew Johnson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 199–229.
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It is very important for you to know the difference between the uphill and the downhill ski. In skiing, we always put the major part of our weight on the downhill ski. The uphill and downhill ski interchange, depending on what side you are skiing on; they always change after each turn you make. We describe the skis as uphill and downhill because it is easy for you to remember. If you stand still on a slightly inclined slope 90 degrees to the fall line, the one closer to the summit of the mountain is your uphill ski, and the one closer to the valley below is your downhill ski.
By moving around the middle position, we always adapt ourselves to the outside conditions. In order to stay in the dynamic balance, we have to move around the middle position. This happens by bending and extending our ankles, knees and hips. Moving around the middle position should be done just in small movements; the core should stay steady and the arms and legs should be used to compensate disorders of the balance.
Moving around the middle position is done by using with our ski joints (ankles, knees and hips). If we move slightly forward, the initiation of the turn gets easier, if we move slightly backward, the steering gets easier. If we move backward to make the steering easier, we have to put our arms and hands forward at the same time to compensate the backward position.
By using the term middle position, we mean it as a position where you are able to move at any time in any direction. Ankles, knees and hips are slightly bent, the arms are wide in front of our body and the whole soles of our feet are weighted.
In the course of a turn, we have different phases. We subdivide the movement when completing a turn into 3 phases, all of which perform different tasks.
At the beginning, in making slow turns the phases differ from each other and are very clearly recognizable. The faster we go, the more the phases will blend into each other and the so-called phase „merge“ occurs.
We describe 2 different types of weighting and unweighting. We need these movements in order to make it easier to turn our skis and to start a turn. They both do the same, in making the movement, our body gets lighter, which takes weight off the skis and makes it easier to turn. It is a vertical movement in which we extend or bend our ankles, knees and hips, which works in connection with the speed and the counter-pressure of the terrain. We differentiate between 2 different styles of unweighting.
- Up-unweighting: We start in a low position. We make a vertical upward movement from our ankles, knees and hips; in doing this movement, we put weight on the skis. In the moment we stop the vertical movement at the highest point, the up-unweighting occurs, and the body gets lighter in combination with the speed and the counter-pressure of the terrain. We use this style of unweighting mostly with slow turns.
- Down-unweighting: Here we start in a high position. By going deep quickly the down-unweighting occurs, because by bending our ankles, knees and hips from a high position, we take weight off the skis while we go down and our body becomes lighter. As soon as we stop the downward movement, we get back the full pressure on our skis. We use this style of unweighting in fast turns as well as in moguls and off piste skiing.
The difference between up- and down-unweighting is that with up-unweighting, the unweighting occurs when we stop the vertical movement, and with down-unweighting, the unweighting occurs while we are doing the vertical movement. When we stop the vertical movement downwards, we get again the full pressure on our skis.
As skiers, we differentiate beween 4 axes if you look at the skier from the front: the ankle, knee, hip and shoulder axes. They should all be parallel to each other. When skiing, the ankles, knees and hips take over for the most part, because they are closest to the skis and have the biggest influence. The hip is very important in stabilizing the body (body tension) and maintaing balance. The axes should be parallel to each other, but on really fast turns with a high body angle, for anatomical reasons, this will not be possible to maintain. Just the ankle and knee axes can stay parallel at all times. There will be a difference in the hip axis, because we have to move the hip more and more towards the mountain in order to withstand the occurring external forces on fast turns.
In skiing, it is very important to build up body tension around the core of your body, that includes your stomach (abs), hip and lower back. The sign of a good skier is someone who is able to build up the body tension needed to maintain balance and to withstand the external forces while at the same time being relaxed in the legs in order to perform the unweighting needed or to compensate for irregularities on the slope.
Beginners will have next to no movement in their legs and will try to make all the necessary movement with their upper bodies. This is wrong because in skiing, we try not to move the upper body too much and rather to make all the necessary movements with our legs (ankles, knees and hips).
The less our upper body moves the better it is.
We talk about dynamic balance because skiers are moving all the time. They change their position all the time but still have to stay in balance. Therefore, we think about an imaginary area underneath skiers in which they can move without loosing their balance. If we stand still on a flat terrain, this imaginary area is very small. But if we go fast around a turn and if we move our body towards the inside of the turn, in order to withstand the external forces, this imaginary area gets bigger, and we are still able to maintain the dynamic balance.
A combination of body tension and being able to move at any time in any direction as described in the lesson „middle position“ is the precondition for being able to maintain dynamic balance.
The engine we use for skiing is the gravitational force that accelerates the skier in combination with his/her body mass. Also, centrifugal force plays a very important part in skiing. The degree of force depends on the speed and the radius of the turn. The higher the speed and the smaller the radius, the greater the centrifugal force. Counteracting the centrifugal force is the centripetal force that we don’t feel when we are skiing. From the interaction of gravitational force and centrifugal force, the so-called „resulting force“ arises. This is the force that acts directly on the skier.
The faster you go and the smaller the radius is, the more edging angle and body angle you need in order to be able to withstand the external forces. You could not make a fast turn without moving your body towards the inside of the turn, otherwise you would be catapulted away from the turn.
Skiers with a bigger body mass accelerate faster because of the greater gravitational force.
The goal is to get used to the snow and the equipment, and to work on our balance. We will practice all the following exercises in a completely flat area. It is important not to lift the skis when we move in the snow. Always try to push your skis on the ground without lifting them. We hold the poles wide in front of our body for better balance.
The exercises shown in the video have to be practiced until you have no more problems holding your balance with both skis in a flat area. It is very important to train your body tension around the core of your body to ensure proper learning successfully through the following steps.
The goal to glide the first time. The skis should be parallel and your hips wide apart. Ankles, knees and hips are slightly bent. (middle position). We hold our poles wide in front of our body to ensure the best balance, as shown in the video. For the following exercises, use a slightly inclined slope with a long run out or with a counter slope, to ensure safety.
Here it is very important that we develop a feeling for the so-called „middle position“ (full pressure of weight born on the whole soles of our feet), that means we don’t have more weight on the heels or the toes. All our weight is centered in the middle above our skis.
The goal is to be able to control the speed, to brake and to stop eventually.
Start schussing in a middle position.
Push the skis simultaneously and equally into a wedge position and slide on both inner edges.
The upper body is forward and arms are parallel out in front (this helps to keep balance). A down motion facilitates the pushing into the wedge position.
To brake or stop – edge more!
When in the wedge position, you should have the same weight on both skis and your body has to be in a centered position between your skis.
The goal in this lesson is to make first turns on the snow. For this choose a gently inclined slope.
In the fall line, shift the weight outside, and steer the turn by edging and turning the heels.
For a better control, stay in the wedge position throughout the whole turn.
Congratulations, you just made your first turn!
Going up by lifts can make the skiing day more comfortable.
The goal is, to learn the so-called ALPINE BASIC POSITION and to stabilize the position. The Alpine Basic Postition helps to have a better control and to increase the safety. Excercise by traversing the slope from on side to the other one in parallel position.
The alpine basic position is the base of modern skiing and is very important. It should also be practiced in the future when you will have become more advanced. The alpine basic position is essential for every subsequent lesson and will follow you for the rest of your skiing career.
The goal in this lesson is to release the edge grip and to be able to control the ski while sliding. This is very important to control the speed.
With the sliding technique, it is also possible to overcome steep parts of a slope for beginners. You should practice this lesson until you are really comfortable sliding down flat to medium steep slopes.
Plough steering is the prestage to parallel skiing. You still turn in the wedge position in order to control the speed better, but during the turns we already become parallel.
Starting out of a traverse in the Alpine Basic Position.
Simultaneously move up-forward and stem out the uphill ski into a neutral position.
In the fall line the weight shifts to the outside ski and matches the inside ski and get right back to ABP.
Complete the turn while “steering” your skies parallel. The matching of the inside ski depends on the situation, terrain, speed and rhythm. This will lead to “Snowplouh steering”.
Choosing the right speed and terrain is important for a good developement.
The goal is to ski parallel and to change edges, to turn and to steer simultaneously without using a wedge (snowplow).
Parallel skiing simplifies skiing and gives more possibilities on the mountain. It's the most economical of all techniques we already learned.
We use the pole plant to increase our balance and to better our timing. First time we use the poleplant is in parallel skiing long turns and later in short turns.
Short turns are often a big challange for the guests, because the ballance and coordination is much more difficult than in long turns. Parallel short turns are the beginning and the basic for the developement of short turns. The goal is to ski rhytmical and controlled short turns.
With Parallel Long Turns dynamic the sportive skiing starts. Good physically conditions and basic technical skills are necessary to learn this technique.
The goal is to be able to do long, sporty turns, to increase the angle of the skis in the snow and maybe even to cut in the end of the turn.
• Start schussing - increase speed • Through an up motion initiate the new turn and achieve a neutral position with flat skis • Indicate setting the pole, switch edges • Actively turn the skis with your feet • Build up pressure by edging the skis • Shift the centre of mass slowly towards the inside of the turn. • Build up the Alpine Basic Position and complete the turn.
The goal is to make short, carving turns in a dynamic, rhythmical and athletic way, close to the fall line. Here we use the rebound of the skis to initiate the next turn.
Speed, body tension, and flex from the skis create a rebound effect helping to unweight while changing the edges.
Build up pressure with a down-motion and push lower legs forward inward using the edges.
Plant the pole, switch edges. Pole planting helps to make turns and keeping rhythm.
Reduce the vertical movement of the body.The speed and the elasticity of the skis give us a rebound and help us to ease weight at the end and initiate the turns. The occurring strong steering pressure requires a great deal of body tension and a centered position above the ski in order to maintain balance.
The base here is to keep a steady upper body and move your legs left and right underneath your upper body as well as to keep good body tension around your core in order to stay in balance. If you ski this turn correctly, you have reached a very high level of skiing, and we get close to the highest levels.
Here our goal is to cut the full turn on our edges. This turn is also the preparation for racing, particularly for the giant slalom. The major challange here is to play with the external forces and to find the right combination between skid and carve. Not even the best skier in the world is able to cut every turn on every terrain, that’s why it is important to be able to combine skid and carve techniques. It is our goal to keep the cutting quantity of the turn as high as possible. We ski along the side cut of our skis with the legs in a bit more open position. We initiate the turn with a forward-inward tilting of our whole body. We set the pole in passing when we change the edges. We build up pressure actively by stretching the new downhill leg into the turn before we reach the fall line. Because of the occurring external forces, we need more angle of the whole body towards the inside of the turn. The new downhill ski takes over the major part of steering and we weigh on the uphill ski a little bit. We determine the radius of the turn with the angle of the skis in the snow, the side cut of the skis and the moving of the body backward or forward over the lengthwise axes of the skis (backward = bigger radius, forward = smaller radius).
When you learn carving, it is important not to move on too fast at the beginning because the occurring external forces can easy overstrain you. Practice first on a flat terrain and try to steer more and more out of the fall line. If that works well, go to steeper terrain. Please be aware of other skiers especially in this lesson, because the speed we ski at is very high.
With this exercise the middle position above the ski and how to get the right body tension will be trained wich is very important from the start of the skiing carreer. Beginners usually tend to lean back, but also advanced skiers can use this exercise if they tend to lean back. Both hands are placed on the knees (you can also hold on to your trousers) and left there at all times. Through this action the upper body moves forward and the leaning back stops. The up- forward movement to iniciate the turn should still be made correctly.
With this exercise the alpine basic position is trained in the beginners field without talking about it (unconcious guiding). Also at the beginning of the skiing carreer it is very important to get more pressure on to the downhill ski and be able to make turns easy without using to much power. Both hands are placed on the outside of the downhill knee. The hip now moves automatically towards the inside of the turn (towards the mountain) and the first alpine basic position apears. In the middle of the turn near the fall line the hands change on to the new downhill knee as showen in the video.
With this exercise we train the alpine basic position as well as building up pressure on the downhill ski. Especially when first learning to ski, it is important to instill the right movements. The hands are held out to left and right beside the body like the wings of an airplane. The upper body bends towards the outside (down the hill) of the turn till the arms are parallel to the slope. In the middle of the turn close to the fall line the upper body bends towards the new downhill side as showen in the video. The up- forward movement to initiate the turn still has to be done correctly.
This exercise helps you to stabilese your upper body. It is very important in skiing that the upperbody moves as lilttle as possible. Especially big arm movement that result in movment of the upper body. With this exercise we work to reduce this. In short turns bodytension in the core is very important. This ecercise can be used with slightly advances skiers and it will be uses up to the highest levels in skiing.
This exercise is used to reach two goals. First to reach the right bodyposition in a turn and second to help you to get the right rythm for your turns. The hip is pushed towards the inside of the turn with the downhill hand and the uphill hand is placed on top of you head. The hands change at the moment where the edges change on to the new side. It is essential to do this exercise correctly, because otherwise a wrong position will be trained. This exercise can also be used for coordination training.
This exercise is used to stop any kind of rotation in the upper body (rotation or counterrotation). At the rotation the upper body rotates towards the inside of the turn, at the counterrotation the upper body rotates towards the outside of the turn (towards the valley). Both is bad for skiing. The upper body always faces the valley whilst doing short turns and the legs move rythmically left and right underniath the static upper body. Boths poles are held high in front of the body and form a window as showen in the video. We focus on an fixed point in the distance within our window (tree, liftpole.....) wich will be placed in the middle of the window. Short turns are made in the fall line towards the fixed point. It is important that the choosen obstacle does not leave the window. This exercise can just be used in short turns.
This exercise is uses if the general position of the skiier is to upright (ancles, knees and hips are not bent enough) or if the bodyweight is to much forward (results most of the time in a siccor position of the skis). The poles are placed on the back of your knees. To reach this the ski joints have to be bent more and the body weight has to be moved a little bit backwards. This exercise can also be used in long turns.
This exercise is used to train the feeling for the right rythm wich is especially improtant in short turns. The radius and distance of the turns should always be the same especially at the beginning. The chance of quicker learning success is bigger if the rythm is always the same. The skier claps his hands alternatly (one clap for every turn). The rythm of the turn is defined by the clapping. that means the skier claps always in the same rythm and the legs move in the rythm of the clapping. This is also a very good coordination exercise.
With this exercise the right body position (alpine basic position) is trained. The so called body angulation is very important for being able to transform the arising inside- and outside forces into pressure on to our downhill ski. The downhill hand pushes the hip towards the inside of the turn. The uphill hand is high and in front of the body to avoid upper body rotation towards the inside of the turn. We change the hands when we change edges close to the fall line.
The goal of this exercise is to get a statice upper body and arms. This is very import and as to much movement in the upper body and arms results in a bad alpine basic position. The poles are held on the inside of your hands in front of your body at shoulder hight as showen in the video. The poles need to be parallel to the shoulders as well as roughly parallel to slope. To make this exercise more difficult the poles can also be balanced on your back of your hands or your index fingure.
To make the so called swallow (bird) will help you to get the right fore- sideward movement and to improve the alpine basic position. The poles are held like a hammer. The downhill pole draws a line in the snow as far away from the body as possible on the downhill side. The uphill pole is held high in front of the body to avoid upper body rotation towards the inside of the turn. The poles chane when the edges are changed near the fall line.
With this exercise the shoulder position above the skis is trained. There should be no evidence of rotation of the upper body eather (twisting towards the inside of the turn) as well as no counter rotation (upperbody twisting towarads the valley). The shoulders are parallel above the skis, the uphill shoulder is slightly in front of the downhill shoulder. The downhill pole is placed on the downhill shoulder as shown in the video. The uphill pole is high in front of the body to avoid upper body rotation towards the inside of the turn. Poles are changed when the edges are changed near the fall line.
In this exercise the poles are held parallel to the skis as showen in the video. This exercise is used to avoid any form of upper body rotation. The uphill pole is slightly in front of the downhill pole. The upper body needs to be as static as possible.
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2019-04-23T22:30:50Z
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https://www.learnhow2ski.com/en/lections/?difficulty=1
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An organic toner is a fantastic addition to any skin care routine. Everyone from renowned dermatologists to Korean K-Pop stars are touting the transformative benefits of adding a toner to your daily skin care arsenal. Toners are essentially liquid moisturizers that are applied after cleansing and before you apply your normal skin care routine (like serums, moisturizers, and treatments). They contain tons of beneficial ingredients like antioxidants, humectants, exfoliants, and anti-inflammatory agents which penetrate the skin where they add hydration while removing dead skin cells and excess oil. They are also great at clearing clogged pores and making large pores appear smaller as a result. By creating a smooth, clean, and hydrated surface, natural toners actually increase your skin’s ability to accept the beneficial properties of your other skin care products. Additionally, toners can help to balance out oil production by restoring your skin’s pH after cleansing. Typically, your skin is fairly acidic and boasts a pH of about 5-6. Cleansers tend to be alkaline and can alter your skin’s pH. This causes your skin to overproduce oil in order to regain its original pH. By using a toner immediately after cleansing, you can instantly bring your skin back to a happy pH range.
Now, you may have heard some bad things about the toners of the past, but toners have come a long way from those days. Previously, mainstream toners contained a ton of alcohol. Alcohol was once touted for its astringent properties. An astringent is anything that causes the skin to tighten and contract by removing natural oils. For this reason, strong astringent toners were popular amongst those with very oily skin. While alcohols were great at removing oil, they were also quite damaging on the skin. The alcohols would dry out the skin and erode the skin’s surface—making it harder for your skin to retain moisture in the long term. Today, many of the best organic and natural toners do not contain harmful alcohols. Harmful alcohols include SD alcohol, denatured alcohol, benzyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohols. If you find a toner with these ingredients, then it’s best to stay away. However, not every alcohol is necessarily bad for your skin. Fatty alcohols like cetyl-, stearyl-, behenyl-, and cetearyl alcohols are derived from vegetables, are non-drying, and have emollient properties which are beneficial for the skin. Additionally, some organic alcohols in small quantities (like organic vodka or brandy) can help to brighten the skin and fight acne without causing damage.
When it comes to choosing the best natural toner for your skin type, there are definitely a lot of choices. Oily skin types will want to look for a toner with natural + gentle astringents like rose water, witch hazel, mint, apple cider vinegar, and green tea. These ingredients will help to remove and control oil production without drying out the skin. Those with acne or clogged pores will benefit from an organic toner with natural salicylic acid (like willow bark), antibacterial ingredients (like tea tree oil and rose oil), and natural astringents like witch hazel. Dry and mature skin types will want a natural toner which adds a ton of moisture with ingredients like hyaluronic acid, honey, aloe, vegetable glycerin, and algae. Lastly, those with sensitive skin or redness will want to look for calming botanical ingredients like aloe, chamomile, cucumber, and rose water. A truly great organic toner will contain a nice combination of all of these ingredients and be gentle enough for all skin types. Want expert help finding the best natural toner for your skin type? Then, check out The Ox Box! Each quarter, we’ll put together a box filled with premium organic skin care products hand-selected for your specific skin type and skin conditions.
In summary, a great organic toner should 1) contain high quality natural + organic ingredients 2) not contain any harmful alcohols or excessively drying ingredients 3) add a ton of moisture with beneficial ingredients 4) prep the skin by removing excess oil, dirt, and dead skin cells 5) of course, never contain harsh chemicals or preservatives (such as denatured alcohols, parabens, irritants, phthalates, formaldehydes, ethoxylated ingredients, polysorbates, phenoxyethanol, petrochemicals, triclosan, TEA/DEA, synthetic fragrances and colors).
To help you on your search for the perfect toner, we put together this list of the best 28 organic and all-natural toners that we could find. We painstakingly researched each product, its ingredients, and its effectiveness to ensure that only the highest quality products made the list. Additionally, all ingredients were checked against the Environmental Working Group’s Skin-Deep database for safety. You can sort this list by skin type, price, and whether the product contains any alcohol (even the good alcohols). Enjoy!
Crafted from unique ingredients like vitamin C (brightening + anti-aging), organic seaweed (hydrating), resveratrol (antioxidants for anti-aging), and pomegranate extract (another antioxidant rich ingredient), this is ideal for mature and dry skin types looking for an antioxidant and hydration boost. Can be used as a toner, makeup setter, or as a refreshing mist throughout the day (keep refrigerated for a cooling mist during the summer).
A great organic toner for sensitive skin types! This product is made with just organic aloe vera juice (soothing), aspen bark (a gentle + natural preservative which also softens skin), and neroli essential oil (anti-inflammatory and antibacterial). These ingredients are also great for acne prone skin. It has a light, sweet, refreshing smell that can definitely perk you up. It adds a nice amount of moisture while also absorbing easily into the skin.
True Botanicals has created an amazing toner for acne-prone and congested skin. It offers the perfect balance of oil-fighting ingredients and hydrating ingredients like green tea, white tea, apple cider vinegar, black willow bark, sandalwood water, milk thistle, aloe, and lavender. Your skin will be left clean, clear, and shockingly soft. This is a great toner for those with sensitive blemish-prone skin who can't use harsh astringents.
A true must try organic toner for those with oily and acne-prone skin. If you want to control oil without drying out your skin, then look no further than this toner. It is formulated with 100% organic and natural ingredients like rose hydrosol + neroli hydrosol (mild astringents for oil balancing), rose essential oil (acne fighting and softening), as well as organic white rose. It also has a light floral scent that isn't overpowering.
Designed for those with perioral dermatitis, this organic toner offers a soothing and moisturizing treatment for irritated skin. It is made with 81.3% certified organic ingredients like aloe, calendula, and white tea. Other ingredients include hyaluronic acid (moisturizing) and niacinamide (vitamin B3) to help your skin retain moisture. Great for dry and acne prone skin. The gel has a slightly sticky consistency which fades quickly after application.
There is a very good reason why this organic toner is almost always sold out---it really works! The combination of potent natural astringents and acne-fighting ingredients like witch hazel, tea tree oil + water, neem, burdock, rosemary, and willow bark do a fantastic job at clearing and preventing breakouts. It also boasts anti-inflammatory + soothing organic algae and turmeric to reduce redness. 100% natural, non-drying, and non-irritating.
S.W. Basics is an organic brand known for their simple, yet effective organic skin care products---and this organic toner is no exception. This toner contains 100% organic ingredients like raw apple cider vinegar, witch hazel, and clary sage + sandalwood essential oils. This combination is great for oily and combination skin types. The apple cider vinegar + witch hazel balances pH and naturally controls oil without drying the skin.
A solid organic toner--especially for those with sensitive skin. It is made from 97% organic ingredients like aloe (anti-inflammatory), witch hazel (natural astringent), vegetable glycerin (moisturizing), edelweiss (anti-aging), and green tea (antioxidant). The only non-organic ingredient is natural CoQ10. The non-drying formula doesn't strip your skin of natural oils. It leaves the skin feeling soft and primed to absorb other products.
If you don't fall in love with the smell of this organic toner, then you're sure to love the results. Formulated for dry and mature skin types, this toner does a fantastic job at clarifying, brightening, and softening dull complexions. Essential oil of frankincense and sandalwood work to rejuvenate the skin while tried and true aloe soothes. It also contains a hint of black pepper essential oil to fight acne-causing bacteria. Good for men and women.
If you're looking for an affordable organic toner, then look no further than this USDA certified organic toner from Acure Organics. It contains 100% organic ingredients like witch hazel, rose water, chamomile, rooibos leaf, calendula, and vegetable glycerin. These ingredients make this a safe bet for all skin types, but it is especially great for oily + sensitive skin. It does a great job of removing excess dirt and balancing the skin's pH.
This is a great toner for dry skin types who need every bit of moisture they can get out of their skin care routines. The combination of coconut water (moisture), aloe (soothing), rose (antioxidants), and witch hazel (natural astringent) create a calming and hydrating experience. Hibiscus flower not only gives this natural toner a beautiful pink color, it also provides a mild exfoliating effect (ideal for very dry skin types). Very mild aroma.
Dr. Alkaitis' organic toner is made with almost 100% organically grown, ethically wildcrafted, and all-natural ingredients. It is a lovely formula made with aloe, witch hazel, grape alcohol (non-drying and great for oily/acne-prone skin), yerba mate, rosemary, mint, lavender, and so many other beneficial herbs. It adds a surprising amount of hydration for a toner and leaves skin feeling soft, toned, and glowing. An A+ formula from an A+ brand.
This is real collagen-boosting powerhouse organic toner for mature skin types. It combines neroli oil, coconut milk, and coconut water for intense hydration while green apple stem cells and natural retinol go to work to lift, tighten, and add elasticity. This clean formula also includes carrot extract, vitamin C, CoQ10, and alpha lipoic acid. Even better, the results are quite noticeable after just a few uses. Also great for dry skin types.
A 100% natural and organic toner made by the always gorgeous French Girl Organics. Yummy ingredients like rose, witch hazel, orange blossom, and lemon verbena work to restore the pH of the skin while calming inflammation and adding a hint of moisture. A great pre-makeup toner and a lovely "on the go" mist during the day. Just pop this baby in the fridge for a cool and refreshing treat during the hot summer months.
Simply one of our favorite organic toners for dry skin on this list. This toner has a light gel-like consistency which gently coats the skin and then sinks down deeply where hydrating ingredients like sea kelp, algae, hyaluronic acid, and organic glycerin work to quench thirsty skin. Skin is left noticeably soft + supple. A little goes a long way, but you'll be tempted to smother your skin in this stuff. USDA certified organic and 100% natural.
SanRe continues to be one of our favorite organic brands. Everything they make is super pure and quite effective. This Rosy Fresh organic toner is made with simple ingredients that will leave your face noticeably refreshed. With the exception of rose hydrosol, this formula contains 100% organic ingredients like aloe, rose oil, green tea, calendula, chamomile, tea tree oil and arnica. Great for all skin types and especially great for acne prone skin.
Alteya Organics is the industry leader in harvesting and distilling organic Bulgarian roses. In fact, they are the premier rose oil supplier of many luxury skin care brands. It is no surprise that this USDA certified organic rose water toner from Alteya is one of the best on the market. It contains nothing but 100% certified organic distilled rose flower water. The smell is beautiful and unique to the Bulgarian rose. Great for those with acne.
This organic toner has a unique formula and approach for dealing with oily skin. Instead of stripping and breaking down the skin's natural oils, this toner gently balances the skin's oil production while adding necessary hydration. It's made with 99% organic plants (radish root ferment is the only non-organic ingredient). It is ideal for those with oily skin as well as those with inflamed skin like acne, rosacea, or dermatitis.
A simple formula made from wild plum juice and salicylic acid. While the salicylic acid smooths the skin's surface by removing dead skin cells and excess oil, the wild plum juice works on soothing + brightening irritated skin. The combination is great for those with a dull complexion and dry skin (salicylic acid acts as an exfoliant) and those with oily skin (salicylic acid unclogs pores). Really leaves skin feeling clean + refreshed.
A simple 100% organic toner made from two ingredients: French artisan distilled certified organic rose distillate and a dash of rose quartz crystals for good vibes. It has a beautiful floral scent that isn't overpowering. Pure rose toners are fantastic at adding moisture, fighting bacteria, and balancing the skin's natural pH. While this is a lovely toner, it also makes a great refreshing all over body mist to be used throughout the day.
An affordable organic toner if you are looking for absolute purity with a reliable USDA certified organic seal. It's made with dependable toning ingredients like aloe, witch hazel, apple cider vinegar, and green tea. It does contain organic vodka (not denatured), but the formula was not drying. It also contains a few oils like olive oil, orange oil, geranium oil, and rosehip oil so it may not be the best choice for oily skin or clogged pores.
A great toner for both men and women. For men, this toner works great as an after-shave because it helps to reduce inflammation and keep razor bumps at bay (doesn't burn). It's called a 4-in-1 toner because it works to cleanse, exfoliate, soothe, and hydrate skin. Made with 100% natural and 53% organic ingredients like aloe, green tea, willow bark (natural exfoliant), and sodium hyaluronate (fights fine lines and wrinkles with a boost of moisture).
Certified by Ecocert and made with 99.99% natural ingredients and 97% organic ingredients, this honey + lavender toner is both pure and effective. Lavender and aloe vera work together to soothe and balance the skin while honey acts as a natural humectant (draws moisture into the skin). The smell is really light and refreshing--like a subtle lavender. A good toner for those with dehydrated skin or those with redness.
A simple yet potent organic toner made with classic ingredients like rose water, aloe, witch hazel, and essential oils of rose, rose geranium and lavender. Not only does this formula smell great, it's also able to treat both oily and dry skin. How? The rose and rose geranium combo work in tandem as humectants and oil balancers. These potent flowers are balanced with the addition of familiar staples like aloe (soothing) and witch hazel (astringent).
A great organic toner for those with uneven skin tones, hyperpigmentation, or dull complexions. Contains just three ingredients: stone crop juice water, and salicylic acid. The key ingredient, stone crop juice is known to lighten skin and reduce the appearance of dark spots and blemishes. Use caution when purchasing this product from Amazon as the product we received was poor quality and may have been a fake (we linked to another store).
A blast of hydration in a bottle. This yummy organic toner is made with Cocovit's signature pure, raw, and organic coconut water and coconut oil. Additional ingredients include witch hazel, aloe, honeysuckle flower, and dead sea salt. It's the perfect little mist to carry around daily or to take on those dehydrating plane trips. The product has very light consistency and smell, so it's easy to get carried away and mist all over the face and body.
Crafted especially for those with acne prone skin and frequent breakouts. Willow bark, the key ingredient, is rich in salicylic acid which clears pores and removes dead skin cells. It also contains peppermint oil to remove any access oil without causing drying. If dryness does occur, it's got a healthy dose of aloe and vegetable glycerin to replenish moisture. While none of the ingredients are organic, they are all 100% natural.
I’ve a combination skin type, does this mean I’ve to spend twice as much i.e. spend for both oily and dry?
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2019-04-20T18:28:54Z
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https://www.skincareox.com/28-best-organic-natural-toners-for-every-skin-type/
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2019-04-23T08:36:32Z
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...holding ~7" long strips of "tape" containing 100 pieces each of 0402-SMD resistors and capacitors, and remembering I have to place them by hand... and I still have not made/bought a solder paste stencil for the prototype boards that arrive in the next week or two.
...having two boxes of 170 pieces each of 2.4" square ~1/4W CIS solar panels sitting under my bed for >2 years, and still not having any good project ideas.
...having all the stepper motors, driver boards, extruder barrel and nozzle for a reprap for upwards of three years, and still nothing assembled and printing.
...having been a member of the forums for over a year and a half, and still not yet built a bot for MechWarfare.
...opening the package for two 800+ lumen LED's (here (http://search.digikey.com/us/en/products/XMLAWT-00-0000-000LT50E3/XMLAWT-00-0000-000LT50E3CT-ND/2615397) and here (http://search.digikey.com/us/en/products/XMLAWT-00-0000-0000T6053/XMLAWT-00-0000-0000T6053CT-ND/2451238)) and finding that the aluminum substrate PCB's bought to mount them on do not match (PCB product page gave external dimensions of board, but not the footprint).
I'm pretty sure I'm going to start a little design/idea contest thread soon to get some of those solar panels to better homes. I'm going to make a few RF-enabled, solar-powered soil moisture sensors to stick around the flower beds because I'm lazy and occasionally forgetful. I might also make a few small solar bots, but I can't think of much else and it seems like a waste for them to just sit there.
Another future regret? I bought a myKeepon on clearance over the weekend and I'm not sure why. I spent about a half-hour today to break out the power connector and I2C bus connector through the battery compartment (barrel connector on the back is some really small variant I couldn't match to a power supply at 12VDC). I shall call him "woobie" (destroyer of worlds?).
I suppose the good news is that MCPCBs are relatively cheap. Or if you're attaching them to a copper heatsink and don't have any real space/alignment concerns, you can attach it to the heatsink with a fat piece of wire running along the length of the thermal pad. May require use of both regular and low melting point solder though.
Since I only ordered one of each of those LED's simply to see how bright they really were (and maybe stick one in a maglite), I think I'm just going to go with a small-ish FR4 board with a bunch of vias surrounding the thermal pad to connect the top and bottom thermal planes. Then bolt that to a chunk of aluminum plate with some leftover arctic silver between the plate and the bare thermal plane on the bottom of the board. Should work well enough since I don't currently have any power supplies that can hit the 3A max of the LED's.
Sounds possible. If you want slightly better thermal conduction (and can get vias that small), place the vias directly underneath the thermal pad then fill them with solder. If you want a stack of ideas on maglite mods and haven't already seen it, CandlePowerForums is a great place to go for that kind of stuff.
Well, my pathetic attempt to make a cheap stencil by hand failed quite miserably, and the later attempt to add solder paste and 0402-SMD parts to the boards sitting on the stove ruined one set (too much solder paste melted off the dental picks from the heat rising off the board and it would not come off easily with solder wick). At least now I know that I can wrangle 0402 parts by hand. I am also still in a state of mild shock from the fact that I did not give myself any new scars (have burned myself with a soldering iron and grabbed hot objects on several prior occasions).
Guess I'll just bite the bullet already and buy a stencil from pololu.
In my initial board layout I had added as many vias as I could underneath the thermal pad, but then thought about the potential for breakage and possibly too much solder wicking into the vias (lowering the part more than expected and/or balling on the opposite side). Given how much difficulty I had separating the two boards I connected with mouse bites (0.6mm drill hits spaced 1.25mm on center) and a small tab, I no longer worry about breakage. And I can always uses solder wick or some other means to remove excess solder, so I probably will follow your advice.
Didn't even need the extra flux for the solder paste to behave like that. The problem was that a large blob of solder paste melted (liquified the binder but not the solder itself) off the pick I was using to apply the paste and spread the solder around. That blob just would not behave correctly, so after ~5 minutes of trying to get some 0402 resistors in place and remove the excess solder, I just gave up on it (also had trouble removing some stray solder from the holes for a connector). At that point, I was more than a bit frustrated as I had just ripped three pads off of another board trying to remove the excess solder with some solder wick (solder would not remelt and I tried to force it). Also there was the smell of something other than flux/solder and I didn't really want to find out what.
"Perhaps your only purpose in life is to serve as a warning to others"
Well, my pathetic attempt to make a cheap stencil by hand failed quite miserably, and the later attempt to add solder paste and 0402-SMD parts to the boards sitting on the stove ruined one set (too much solder paste melted off the dental picks from the heat rising off the board and it would not come off easily with solder wick).
I'm sorry if I'm reading this completely wrong, but it sounds like you were trying to put the paste on while the board was on the stove? If so, I generally apply the paste and parts before subjecting the whole thing to any heat.
If you do, you could put some solder in the vias first to fill them in and eliminate voids or balling, then reflow the LEDs on top of that. Just make sure that whatever the board's sitting on won't stick to the solder (don't ask...).
* The thickness of the copper layer means solder can gather in the valleys between the pads. Recommend a good wash in ethanol afterward soldering to dissolve flux and remove all the excess solder balls. Running a needle or similar between each pad prior to placing the components can't hurt either.
* You need good paste. The stuff we use has a shelf life of 6 months, after around 8 months it's still useable for hand soldering, but other procedures can go funny.
* Different pastes have different ball sizes. This will limit the pad size you can successfully use this technique on.
Most of the pads were covered with at least some solder paste, but there was a lot where it should not have been (where components should have been) and cleaning between the pads would pull up most if not all of the paste (it would rather stick to the metal picks than the pads, which is where a decent stencil was really needed). So, I applied it to as many pads as I could, stuck it on a piece of 1/16" thick aluminum plate with one side coated in kapton tape and put that on one of the heating elements (electric stove with built in fan). I waited for surface tension to clean most of it up and started placing some parts before adding a bit more solder paste for the few remaining bare pads (which melted a few inches off the board and would not behave thereafter).
I had a feeling I would have to fill the vias before adding the LED, thank you for the confirmation. The layer of kapton tape on aluminum plate has worked pretty well in preventing accidental solder joints during reflow. Some of the excess solder that I managed to pull off the board with a pick simply balled on it. No damage after sitting there for a while, and just a little char/residue from what I would guess was the flux or binder of the paste (came off with a bit of soap and water).
* The thickness of the copper layer means solder can gather in the valleys between the pads.
Which is where soldermask/solder-resist can be quite useful if it is available as an option for the board design and during board manufacture. For some reason the board house messed a little bit with the soldermask of my boards this time around (did not tent the screw holes on the top side or any of the thermal portions of the transistor and LED pads, but they did tent the thermal portion of the vreg, the bottom of the screw holes and avr-isp header).
I fail pretty badly on that count. Lead-free (http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?x=0&y=0&lang=en&site=us&KeyWords=SMD291SNL10-ND) manufactured in 12/2010 and stored in its syringe in a ziplock bag in a cardboard box on the floor of my bedroom since 5/2011. Applied pretty well with some portions of the hand cut stencil, but the stencil sucked something awful.
Yeah, I've found soldermasks to be an iffy business. A small warning though, I've seen places where the pitch of some IC leads means there simply wasn't enough space to deposit a mask (certain small and/or leadless IC packages come to mind). Here's part of a board I've had to hand solder before, an FTDI232RL chip (or half of one) sits on those pads.
But I digress, that's not a problem for you though.
I can't speak for that particular variety of solder paste, but for ours we've found that storing it in the fridge really helps with prolonging its life.
Indeed. There are a number of MEMS rotational rate sensors, accelerometers, and compass ICs available only in leadless packages that permit no soldermask anywhere within a few mils of the exterior of the IC or a proper solder joint will not be created during reflow. If I had been even dumber than usual and attempted to use the MLF-32 package instead of the TQFP-32 for the ATmega88/168/328 on the board, I would have had to be very wary since the default soldermask exclusion area for each pad exceeded the distance between the pads.
I just realised I forgot to ask, what exactly are you making? Since you're using 0402s and a TQFP package I presume it's pretty small, so now I'm curious.
The horseshoe shaped board is a possible replacement for the HUV robotics Foot Pressure Sensor board for the Robotis Bioloid foot plate. I used 0402 just because I kinda like the challenge, since it could just as well have been 0603 or slightly larger. The holes on the arms and sides are for reverse mount LED's (eye candy) that I decided against buying because they were a bit expensive and I was not sure the board would even work. If I get it working at all, the next version will have only four with each connected to an 8-bit PWM pin so that each LED will reflect the current loading of the sensor in each corner of the foot. I also need to move the arms about 1~2 mm towards the center to better align with the polyester leads and solder tabs/pins of the 0.1" round FSR's. I should also move the top pads for the FSR's about 2~4 mm towards the front of the board, or go with a through hole connector on the bottom for all the FSR's. If I stick with soldering them flush to surface pads, it might be a good idea to make it three boards that mate together to improve ease of assembling the foot. As is, the length of the board makes it a bit difficult to attach the front FSR's to the bottom of the board (but not impossible).
The top board was added just because I was already paying for the largest rectangle of the FPS board, so it seemed like a waste to not put something in that big area in the middle of the arms. It is a 6 LED board that will hopefully work better than the predecessor without an avr-isp header (yes, I did place it under the ATmega, but it is meant to be accessed from the other side). If it does work, it may also be useful in providing consistent illumination for the HaViMo2's in the lab so that they do not need to be re-calibrated any time the lighting changes (the 4 M2 screw holes are on the 16mm square common to Bioloid frames).
The face (Toy Soldier smile) and quote (Gaius Valerius Catullus - Catullus 101) are because I only learned about Doctor Steel's 'retirement' a little while ago (several months after the fact).
Those look very nice, I'll be interested to see how the pressure sensor board works in particular. Neat idea to provide visual feedback with the LEDs as well, if you don't mind I might use the concept in my own robot.
"ave atque vale" - "hail and fairwell" to his dead brother. Was thinking of "diruit aedificat mutat quadrata rotundus" or "nostalgia is necrophilia" (two of my all-time favorite quotes - I've got an ever growing text file filled with them), but neither really seemed to fit the board's purpose.
Pretty sure I destroyed another set of boards today with another attempt at a hand-cut stencil. While more successful than the last attempt (except I may have killed a couple LEDs and vregs instead of just cheap passives), if I cannot get every single pad individually (read: flawlessly) solder pasted and every component placed beforehand then I should not get anywhere near a heat source. Also confirmed that while the kapton does not decompose at the temperature I have been using, the adhesive definitely does and it is not produce a pleasant aroma.
This just pegged, how are you hand cutting a stencil for 0402s? Sounds painful to me. Maybe a good microscope and a finer needle would work better for them?
Tried 9mil photopaper yesterday thinking it would be easily reused (way too thick and tears a lot), and then the thinnest paper I had on hand today (better but still tore a lot). Printed the cream layer and tried to cut carefully with a utility knife (an Xacto knife would be better). I am pretty badly near-sighted so I can go a while staring at small objects close-up before I go cross-eyed. The problem is that I am using a blade and not a fricken' laser to cut the stencil, so if the pads are too close and I am not careful enough then it tears. If I still had some printable transparency sheets, I would have used them from the start (more likely to be reusable and less likely to tear or contaminate the paste with fibers).
I did better today with a thinner layer of paste and better cleaning of the excess between pads where the paper tore, but still failed pretty badly. When trying to fix the single bad resistor and clean some of the excess solder off the TQFP pads, something started stinking and I noticed the LED's were pretty badly discolored. Pulled the poorly placed ATmega and the metaphorical plug (then spent a few hours priming the dining room before the fumes finally made me want to spew).
Ouch... If it wasn't for the fact that I'm in Australia I'd offer to make you a stencil (laser cut 50 um thick steel foil) and send a few fine gauge syringe needles as well. The latter might raise some interesting questions at customs though.
Given the size of 0402 pads, maybe a better way would be to just punch a round hole in the stencil (~0.5-0.7 mm dia)? Since the solder will spread out anyway when you heat it all up the shape doesn't have to be perfect.
Considering I've only got one set of the soon to be revised boards left, it would be a major waste anyway. My syringe of solder paste did come with a large bore needle, but the viscosity of the paste is a bit high to force out at room temp with much control. I haven't attempted to use it with the needle since 04/2011, and even then I had a lot of trouble getting it to stick well to the pads (0603, SOT-23-3, SOT-89, and TQFP-32) without using the picks and a lot of patience.
Wish I had thought of that. I guess it is worth a try tomorrow. Definitely ordering a laser cut stencil with the next version of the board to avoid all this mess. Then all I would have to worry about is my manual dexterity (lack thereof).
I've found a similar situation with the viscosity of the paste. I mainly used the needle like a spatula to scoop the paste and put it on the pads. Can't say I've tried dental picks but I suspect it'd be similar to when I tried sewing needles and so on, the paste just slipped off and there just wasn't enough control.
So, I've made a little bit of progress over the last week in overcoming ~25 years of 'meh'. Besides finishing a few renovation projects and buying enough 1/4" MDF to make the frame for the router/printer (still need to cut it), I built a small frame out of 1/16" aluminum angle to mount 15 of those little solar panels. They are all stuck in place with silicone and sealed around their edges to make what I hope to be a water-resistant protective top-cover/weather-shield and power supply for a rather small outdoor rover. However, it was while I was putting the panels into the silicone that a certain something finally sank in (might have been the fumes): putting 15 solar panels at ~3.6VDC each in series gives ~54VDC (going to use a switching reg to bring it down to 5V and maybe a 12V line as well).
So... crazy stupid/awesome idea: 300 panels at ~3.6VDC for what could potentially be a ~1080VDC (~70mA) power supply. Of course, I'm not sure for what I would actually use such a creature if it even worked. Tesla coils are most impressive in the dark, so that idea's out. Maybe I could finally get around to making that coil gun I've been wanting... but then I'd need more capacitors, some really beefy transistors/solenoid-relays, and quite a bit of plate aluminum (got a kinda strange design in mind).
Hmm... I figure that since the main issue with solar power is how much sunlight you're getting, any project should be able to work over a large voltage range. A solar powered coil gun would be interesting to see, but the question of recharge times might make it more practical to just power it from some batteries or mains with an appropriate boost circuit.
One thing I've been contemplating around my place is some solar cells wired up to some LEDs that are indoors. Efficiency to convert sunlight to electricity then back to light will be terrible, but for areas in the house that just don't get any sun it could be surprisingly useful. Variations could include using the solar cells to recharge a battery instead, a switch to change between solar/battery/mains as so required. Not the most impressive application, but a more practical one. Would also be a use for those XM-Ls you have.
If I were to buy some 0.5[V] 2+[A] cells (or maybe try solar thermal with a couple TEC's), that would result in a panel producing a useful amount of power at a usable voltage and current for household stuff.
Three-hundred 3.6[V] 1/4[W] panels in ~1[m^2] should yield about 75[W] at most (even here in it's-not-the-heat-it's-the-humidity, scorched-earth, redneck, paddle-faster-than-the-banjos, super-duper-bible-land - ಠ_ಠ (http://youtu.be/GYL28a0LM_A)). Not a terribly useful power output or voltage, except for one or two panels in series for low power wireless sensors or low power rechargeable path lights (pretty sure that was the manufacturer's intended use), or lots of panels in series for novelty projects. Even the 3x5 panel that I built is not well suited to its intended purpose of powering a rover due to the low power and high voltage (though the epoxy coating allows me to use the panels as semi-structural components instead of needing to build a polycarbonate case to protect them).
Maybe I'm a bit out of touch regarding solar cells, but I was under the impression that they could be put in parallel to increase the current? Given that you're pretty much only talking about putting them in serial I'm wondering if I'm missing something.
Indeed, but they are also a power sink when not in sunlight. A rectifier diode is typically added in series to prevent this reverse current flow/drain, but at the voltage-current combination of these little panels I would have to buy quite a few diodes and take a pretty big hit in lost power to keep the voltage reasonable. A 16S array for 57.6[V]/~70[mA] switched down at ~93% efficiency to 12[V]/~310[mA] (~3.7[W]) versus a 4S4P array for (14.4-Vdiode)[V]/~280[mA], where Vdiode can typically range from 0.3~1.5[V] depending on the diode (3.9~3.6[W]). Of course, looking at the math now, it does not seem to be that bad of a loss at even 12[V] or higher if I use the right diodes.
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2019-04-23T04:57:02Z
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http://forums.trossenrobotics.com/archive/index.php/t-5444.html?s=32a9b8987cbb9b60e83ceda856d91e27
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Douglas MacArthur is regarded as a great commander because he got some very important things right, most famously the Inchon landing. He also got some things wrong, such as his push to the Yalu River.
His catchy statement, “there is no substitute for victory,” was also wrong, though not so wrong as the armchair strategists who quote it out of context. In fact, “victory” is often an illusion, a will-o’-the-wisp that can lead nations and armies deeper into the bog of history until they disappear.
Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan had the foresight to avoid the bog, to halt inconclusive military operations in Korea and Lebanon before they consumed America’s strength. Such men are rare, and even more rarely honored for their actions.
Slightly amended, however, MacArthur’s statement applies to most politicians – presidents like Lyndon Johnson or Richard Nixon. Both were men whose fear of political defeat made retreat from unsound policy pronouncements on Vietnam impossible even when they no longer made sense. They hoped commanders in the field would compensate with combat forces to turn hope into reality. Johnson and Nixon discovered the hard way that “no defeat on my watch” is not a strategy or the basis for one.
Macgregor’s seminal work, Breaking the Phalanx: A New Design for Landpower in the 21st Century (Praeger, 1997) was the first book by an Active Duty military author since Brigadier General William Mitchell, U.S. Army Air Corps, to challenge the status quo and set forth detailed proposals for the radical reform and reorganization of U.S. Army ground forces. His follow-on work, Transformation under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights( Praeger, 2003) expands on the concepts and ideas for reform and includes a foreword by a former British four-star general, Sir Rupert Smith.
Macgregor’s newest book: Warrior’s Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting; will be due out the Fall of 2009. In it Macgregor explains how the failure to finish the battle with the Republican Guard in 1991 led to Iraq’s second major confrontation with the United States in 2003 resulting in two hollow military “victories” and the tragic blood-letting that continues today in Iraq.
For a links to his presentations and a detailed bio see here.
Previous Post More examples of Americans waking up – should we rejoice?
McGregor dispels the myth of the reforming military man. After a quick rundown of the current situation his solution is always the same – maneuver warfare, in whatever flavor is being sold this week. He only looks like a reformer because all his peers are stuck even further back.
So of course he doesn’t think Afghanistan is winnable. But it’s not because of some deep understanding of these insurgencies it’s because basically because he wants the military to return to the Powell doctrine of “we don’t do insurgencies” at all. Then he can get back to playing with panzers and the enemies will naturally be “forced” to play fair.
Fabius Maximus replies: He doesn not say any of those things in this article. Please provide a citation or two to support your theory.
Excellent post. But I would be (pleasantly) surprised if President Obama thinks the same way that Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan did when it came to international conflicts and wars.
Fabius Maximus replies: I agree. Ancient philosophers taught that “anything is possible.” If asked, however, they would have explained that “Obama emulating Eisenhower and Reagan” would be the exception to this rule.
Oblat, Seems you are able to slightly detail the capability gaps that exixts with US fighting insurgents in ungoverned territories..targets and intel…while with the IRISH INSURENGENCY the “black and tans” were harbingers of conflict and way aheads…the 800# guerilla[pun inteneded] is the 500 year old opiate-trade to the [original] Colonists in the ungoverned areas combined with US becoming a governing force. Our “whole’ of government could exhaust itself trying to solve all the problems we currently can articulate. What about the problems we do not anticipate setting back our most recent ante? The article seems of a less often heard realist, I am sure many sounded a similar trumpet prior and during our ‘small wars ventures’ in the former Spanish colonies of last century (specifically PI and Caribbean and Mexico territories).
MacGregor gets it right, but dances around the main issue. To wit, America failed to create a democracy in Iraq because it smashed the state and left nothing to replace it; and it has failed to create a democracy in Afghanistan because (as FM has pointed out) Afghanistan is not a nation except in name — it’s a patchwork of geographically isolated fiefdoms run by warlords. Karzai is nothing but the mayor of Kabul and his word means nothing once you get into the next valley over.
MacGregor raises an intriguing point with his fleeting mention of the clash twixt modernity and antiquity. A first world representative democracy finds itself faced with tribal fiefdoms still locked in the 14th century, politically and socially. Yet we seem to expect to turn their populations into something like Des Moines Iowa circa 1962 by force of arms. Has the White House been watching too much Star Trek: The Next Generation?
And in neither Iraq nor Afghanistan could be our basic objective ever be achieved even if we had defined one clearly, because of the lack of a state in which to create a democracy and the lack of any unified population whose hearts and minds we could win (what wins the hearts & minds of Sunnis generally involves slaughtering Shiites in Iraq, and vice versa; what wins the hearts & minds of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan typically gives nightmares to Karzai & company, vice versa).
This is true, but I think the two men’s standing had something to do with their ability to make those decisions.
Eisenhower was a bigger than life fellow who was credited with the Allies’ victory in Europe. He had the military standing to halt Korea without being denounced by his foes as an appeaser.
Reagan, although he did not have the military credentials of Ike, was the popular leader of the Republicans who had led them from the wilderness to the White House. Reagan could afford to halt Lebanon and not be skewered by his fellow Republicans. Democrats at that time were still strongly associated with the anti-war crowd and would not have wanted a US war in Lebanon so they did not have problems with him withdrawing.
Obama’s problem is that he is a Democrat and the Republicans will attack him as being weak on foreign policy if he exits. His fellow Democrats realize this. They are still trying to shake their image as the party that is weak on security, hence Obama running as the pro Afghan War candidate last year. Candidate Obama in a way has boxed President Obama into the Afghan War.
So long as we don’t have to draft people to serve, staying in Afghanistan is probably easier for Obama than leaving. Ironically a war monger, republican President McCain would have had an easier time shutting down Afghanistan, not that I would have expected him to do so.
>He doesn not say any of those things in this article. Please provide a citation or two to support your theory.
Indeed but he’s been around for a while now. If you read the Other articles by MacGregor and pay particular attention to the problems he outlines and the solutions he suggests you will see what I mean.
For a start I think a smaller, more joint, flexible, more networked, force structure is all very nice but it’s not the solution to any of the big problems the US military is facing.
McGregor is trying to drag the military into the 3rd generation at a time when reality has already moved on.
There was a clear-cut exit strategy in either Iraq nor Afghanistan: establish friendly governments supported by the majority of the people because they would be better.
Indeed if you apply the Powell doctrine to the ‘perceived’ conditions in 1961 the Us should have entered Vietnam as well. It even fails the test that created it.
Basically if you look at the Powell doctrine it is a recipe for avoiding insurgencies. That’s way I call it the “we don’t do insurgencies” doctrine.
The problem is that the Us never thinks it is going to get into a insurgency it is always a surprise. That is why Us culture is so important – it is distorting Us ability to perceive the real situation to the extent that smart and competent leaders are making one strategic blunder after another.
The real question is why the Us can never see the insurgency coming. And why outside warnings of it are dismissed.
Fabius Maximus replies: Thank you for posting this. It is too complex to adequately discuss in comments. Here are a few brief notes.
Destroying al Qaeda was an objective following 9/11. But why was deposing Saddam an “objective”? Stated as an objective, it not only had near-zero domestic support but was clearly in violation of the UN Charter. It was a means to objectives that were clear — but based on lies. Saddam as ally of al Qaeda and builder of WMDs. I don’t see what point you are attempting to make here.
But not the occupations. The force requirements to do so were well known in advance, and disregarded. The requirements for a successful occupation of Afghanistan are still ignored.
You are not stating the P Doctrine accurately: “clear and attainable objective.” Ours are delusional. We are foreign infidel occupiers, seeking to establish client states. For example, our unsuccessful attempts to force Iraq’s adoption of oil law allowing foreign exploitation their primary resource, and tilting majority Shiite Iraq against its Shiite neighbor Iran. The history of the post-WWII era shows foreign colonies (ever dressed up as neocolonial) are difficult to obtain and hold.
That seems to be a good thing, since there have been almost no cases of foreigners successfully defeating insurgencies. Usually advocates ignore the vast number of failures, citing only the grey area successes. Ireland, with the UK hardly a foreign power. Malaysia, with the UK already pulling out and a strong local government in place. Keyna, an almost unarmed insurgency defeated, with the colonial power forced out afterwards).
>Obama’s problem is that he is a Democrat and the Republicans will attack him as being weak on foreign policy if he exits. His fellow Democrats realize this. They are still trying to shake their image as the party that is weak on security, hence Obama running as the pro Afghan War candidate last year.
What is initially puzzling is that he is scared of puling out of a war that most Americans are sick of. So he fears a backlash even though most people want him to do it.
Fabius Maximus replies: As Sherlock Holmes might have said: it is illogical as you stated it. So you must have stated it incorrectly.
(1) He fears pulling out of a war supported by the majority of our ruling elites. The public’s opinion is far less important.
(2) If things go badly in Iraq and Af-Pak, these elites will use their command of the media and political leaders to propagate the “we lost these nations” lie, and destroy Obama’s political capital — and the careers of those in his Administration and allied with him.
No, it is not puzzling. For more about this see Are we fools? Yes, if we repeat the “who lost China” madness. (8 October 2009).
Jonathan, I agree with your statement, but this brings to the fore the main issue, that of political leaders raising partisan concerns above the national interest. Obama, like Johnson, is concerned with the loss of face that would acrue to him if he “loses” Afghanistan, and the possible loss of political power if he is perceived as weak, indecisive or ineffective in international affairs. If Obama is in fact more concerned with these things than making the hard choices necessary in the Af-Pak theater of war, then he deserves all the abuse being heaped upon him, and then some.
Harry Truman, a man who knew something about tough, unpopular decisions, had the famous sign on his desk “The Buck Stops Here.” In symbol and in fact, the sign showed that “Give ‘Em Hell Harry” would be making the calls, and then living with the consequences – good or bad – at that time and in history. If one is unwilling to make tough decisions with incomplete information, sometimes against the advice of your top people and/or public oponion, then one ought not to seek the Presidency. Re-election will take care of itself on the basis of whether his policies succeed or fail, now is the time for leadership and not holding your finger in the wind.
Obama is fond of quoting Lincoln, but so far seems to possess none of Lincoln’s willingness to do the necessary but unpopular thing when it is called for. The bet here is that Obama kicks the can down the road til the 2010 midterms, when he will have someone – perhaps new GOP members of Congress? – with whom to share his adventures in the Hindu Kush. Meanwhile, our troops are dying, for the want of genuine leadership and moral courage. Politics, it was once said, stopped at the water’s edge. Those days are apparently long gone. Pathetic.
Fabius Maximus replies: I strongly agree! Nicely written.
Mr. Carter was elected to redeem the country, not to govern it. The press, as well as a majority of the electorate, chose to believe that Mr. Carter’s spiritualization of the issues conferred the highest possible benefit upon the Republic.
Yes. Instead of drafting people, we have to pay them. But we are running low on cash.
I can see you would want thousands of brave fit young soldiers firing from the hip if you wanted to take towns A and B , then advance in a thick khaki line and take C and D , etc , seeping over the country like the tide coming in , leaving enough men anchored in the sea behind you to keep the seaweed submerged .. If this was the case in Afgh , surely we would be debating where , on the map , the Front should now be.
But if the attack is not a conquest of the whole country , but a seeding of it , what use are thousands of eager teenagers ? Surely what you need would be a handful of wise men , learned in the culture and religion , speaking the languages , observing the taboos ,and bearing appropriate gifts .
The claim “Iraq and Afghanistan wars had clearly definable objectives: destroying al Qeada [sic] and the Taliban and deposing Saddam” is absurd and provably false.
In 2002, the alleged objective of the Iraq invasion was to capture Saddam’s alleged WMDs (“…we cannot wait for the final evidence — the conclusive proof — to arrive in the form of a mushroom cloud,” 6 October, 2002.) In 2003, when WMDs proved nonexistent, the alleged objective of the Iraq invasion changed to deposing Saddam Hussein. In late 2003, when Saddam proved elusive and capable of continuing a covert resistance against the occupying U.S. forces, the alleged objective of the Iraq invasion changed yet again to capturing Saddam Hussein. After Hussein was captured and the insurgency got worse, the alleged objective of the Iraq invasion became bringing peace to Iraq. In 2006 when everybody was still killing everybody else in Iraq and sectarian violence had reached catastrophic levels, the objective of the Iraq invasion changed yet again to creating a functioning democracy in the center of the middle east (even if torn by internal strife).
Soon the alleged objective of the Iraq invasion will change again, and then again, and then yet again. Around and around we go, and what the real objective of the Iraq quagmire is, nobody knows. It’s delusive, hallucinatory and demented, and the result of the incoherence about what our actual objective of the Iraq invasion really is of course is a predictably incoherent and chaotic non-strategy by the U.S. military. How can you accomplish a clear and coherent military objective when you never had one?
Your claim that “Both Iraq nor Afghanistan wars used overwhelming force to achieve that objective” is ridiculous and provably false. The British invaded Baghdad in 1916 with 70,000 British Imperial Army troops. At that time, Iraq had a population 2.6 million. In 2003, Iraq had a population of 24 million. The British used overwhelming force in 1916. Scaling up, we find that America would require a force of 24/2.6*(70,000) or 646,000 troops to duplicate the British effort. America used less than 1/5 that number, clearly and provably not overwhelming force. Since Donald Rumsfeld admitted this fact in 2004, it is inarguable. The population of Afghanistan is larger than that of Iraq, so logically we would require far more than 646,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan (assuming we’re stupid enough to think we can accomplish what neither Alexander the Great nor Czarist Russia nor the British Empire at its zenith could manage, namely, the conquest and pacification of Afghanistan, “the graveyard of empires” for 2000 years), whereas we currently have 1/10 that number deployed.
The kinds of ludicrous and provably false claims posted by Oblat waste everyone’s time. Nonsensical assertions like “The problem is that the U.S. never thinks it is going to get into a insurgency it is always a surprise” fail to pass the straight-face test. Any child who studied high school history and passed with a C knows that the British ran into a quagmire when they invaded and conquered Iraq in 1916, even down to the exact same place names — the British found themselves forced to bombard and reduce to rubble Fallujah. Sound familiar? Likewise, the French disaster in Vietnam culminating in the military hecatomb at Dien Bien Phu provided ample evidence that any American involvement in Vietnam would surely lead down the same path. Unless we are expected to believe that the people running America are less competent and knowledgeable than high school children, the assertion “nobody could have known” about insurgencies in Iraq, Vietnam, etc. proves so outlandish that it seems better suited for a Monty Python skit than for a serious claim about geopolitcs.
Oblat and anyone else who doubts the wisdom and durability of the Powell Doctrine would do well to read this article about the British army in Iraq in 1917. The world is not an impenetrable mystery and human affairs are not entirely unique never-before-seen one-of-a-kind singularities. History tends to repeat itself and anyone who can read a book recognized exactly what America was getting in for in 2003 — which, incidentally, is precisely why Bush 41 and Colin Powell refused to invade Baghdad in 1991. The problem today is not the alleged unpredictability of human affair nor the supposedly impenetrable fog of war; it’s crappy leadership in government and gross incompetence in the U.S. army. In America in 1991, we had expert political leadership (Bush 41 was actually quite a good president) and excellent military leadership. That leadership starts in recognizing what America should not do. Bush and Powell recognized that America ought not to invade Baghdad in 1991 because it would turn into a quagmire; their successors did not recognize these basic and obvious facts, with results we have witnessed over the last 6 years.
Instead of ridiculing and arguing with the decisions of these wise leaders of the past, as Oblat and others persist in doing, we would do better to study them to see what we can learn from their successful policies.
FM: Due to the complexity and subtly of this comment, I have inserted replies into it.
The Powell doctrine isn’t concerned with international law and the military doesn’t think there is anything bad about propaganda to maintain public support. And in the case of Afghanistan and Vietnam very few actual known lies were needed.
*** FM: I don’t understand the point of the first, as relates to what I said. The Vietnam and Afghanistan War was based on lies: the artificial nature of the S.V. nation and the near-zero legitimacy. The Tonkin Gulf incident. The stream of false reports by the military. were based on lies. Ditto for the Afghanistan War, starting with the role of the Afghan bases in 9-11 (minimal), and going on from there.
There wasn’t going to be an occupation there were going to be Iraqis throwing flowers and a grateful afghan nation freed from Taliban slavery.
*** FM: And your point is?
The Powell doctrine doesn’t say anything about making sure your objectives aren’t delusional. It doesn’t say there should be international consensus or any other mechanism to check that your perceptions are correct.
yea except that it doesn’t work. It is impractical in several ways but given that it was tailor made to avoid another Vietnam then the most damning thing is that given what the US leadership perceived to be the situation before entering Iraq, Afghanistan and even Vietnam it would have recommended the wars.
*** FM: That’s an odd interpretation, as most analysts say that the Powell Doctrine was written to proscribe another Vietnam — and it ignores my reasons why Afghanistan vioates at least 5 of the PW’s 8 requirements.
Under Bush things even went one step further – Bush basically did what the Powell doctrine demanded he handed the wars policy over to the military and gave them whatever they wanted, and it still failed.
*** FM: The Powell Doctrine specifies the conditions under which we should initiate wars, not not methodology by which we wage them.
The deeper significance of the Powell doctrine is that it is an excellent indicator of US military culture. A culture that is in deep denial about Vietnam and as a result is spectacularly ineffective.
nonsense that was just propaganda. Wolfowitz admitted it openly.
There isn’t anything in the Powell doctrine about not lying to the US people, in fact domestic propaganda efforts are even recommended by the military as a way to maintain the public support that the Powell doctrine says is mandatory.
>Your claim that “Both Iraq nor Afghanistan wars used overwhelming force to achieve that objective” is ridiculous and provably false. Really the invasions were a cakewalk, but that wasn’t enough force?
>The British invaded Baghdad in 1916 with 70,000 British Imperial Army troops.
This is a very bizarre calculation. Since when does the US military base it’s calculations on failed British expeditions a century ago?
>the assertion “nobody could have known” about insurgencies in Iraq, Vietnam, etc. proves so outlandish that it seems better suited for a Monty Python skit than for a serious claim about geopolitcs.
Maybe you should go back and read what I have posted a lot more carefully. I’m saying the exact opposite of what you think I am saying.
If the real objective was a punitive expedition, then surely they have already done enough. Hehe.
Our policy wonks, especially those who serve the war enthusiasts, rich in their diversity of wonkish military, tribal/ethnic, and historical opinion, are well prepared to parry many conventional thrusts from Obama as/if he tries to justify withdrawal. The one area of wonkish weakness I can see is Geography. Obama should announce he is pulling out of Afghanistan, for the simple reason that the “Lay of the land” is wrong for us to achieve our objectives. He should enlist the service of a few renowned Geographers to pontificate on how the Russian invasion was primarily un-done by the insanely rugged terrain. Others could point out how Kabul is not really a conventional “Capital City” in any sense that we understand the term. Our historical blind spot in understanding the importance of Geography as an input to decision making could serve Obama well as “the other side” scrambles to find even one Geography wonk to refute him. Hopefully, by the time they regroup, it will be too late, and we will be out for Geography reasons.
If terrorists attack us at home, should we not defend ourselves, AT HOME?
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2019-04-24T02:15:12Z
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https://fabiusmaximus.com/2009/10/10/macgregor-2/
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National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0-646-09648-6.
In October, 1982 I met Jack Little and his wife Shirley while spending time in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Black Hills are considered the sacred heart of the Sioux Nation. Jack Little worked as a guide-lecturer at the Indian Museum at Crazy Horse Mountain. Crazy Horse Mountain is a carving in progress of Oglala Sioux War Chief Crazy Horse. The life of Crazy Horse is symbolic of the Sioux Nation’s fight for freedom and equality. In his capacity as guide/lecturer Jack spoke to a great many people about the Sioux way of life. He was eloquent, direct, informative and, as you read his story, you will realise his message is prophetic. Over a number of years as our friendship developed Jack agreed to record his life story with the help of his wife Shirley. His story is the personal side, the unconsidered information not included in the history books.
At the year’s end of 1890 the United States government announced that an Indian frontier no longer existed. From the arrival of Columbus on the eastern seaboard in 1492 until this announcement in 1890 approximately six million Native Americans died. Death resulted from diseases such as cholera and smallpox, massacres by civilians and soldiers, relocation from ancestral homelands to remote, isolated and desolate areas of the North American continent and the dissemination of their culture.
For more than three decades from one of the earliest incidents in 1854, through to the victory over Custer’s Seventh Cavalry at the Little Bighorn in 1876 and finally defeat at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890 the Sioux Nation of the Great Plains region resisted the intrusion of the white man into their lands and way of life. In the years between 1877 to 1890 Sioux leaders that opposed the white man’s ways were systematically murdered, American Horse (1876), Lame Deer (1877), Crazy Horse (1877), Spotted Tail (1881), Sitting Bull (1890) and Big Foot (1890).
The nomadic Sioux were forced to settle on reservations, the buffalo herds were slaughtered to near extinction and families divided by law, loyalties and foreign religions. The Sioux, as with other Native American tribes, were forced to become unwilling wards of the State, in effect, prisoners of a foreign power. A resourceful and self-sufficient people were reduced to a position of dependence on an uncompassionate master.
The massacre of two hundred and ninety-eight Minniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in late December, 1890 essentially broke the sacred hoop of the Sioux. Two-thirds of the Sioux killed were women and children, their bodies were found strewn and scattered over an area of more than a mile from the site of the initial engagement.
At the beginning of 1890 an estimated one hundred thousand Native Americans survived on the North American continent there were thirty-thousand Sioux. Still not content with the destruction fostered by the white man’s greed the United States government actively pursued the systematic genocide of those remaining Native Americans by outlawing sacred ceremonies, language and the division and separation of the family unit which forms the basis of Sioux culture. On Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota one hundred and thirty-six church groups were established with land grants. Their target was a mere ten thousand Sioux. One church for every seventy-three Sioux!
In the eight decades from 1890 to 1970 as the United States of America grew in world stature and white Americans led an “ideal” life the Native American population was conveniently forgotten, left to struggle with a lifestyle not of its own choosing. Poverty and alcoholism became the silent killers. In 1924 Native Americans were granted the right to vote, in 1939 the freedom of religious choice and in 1946 the first Native American claims commission was set up. However, schools which actively encouraged the separation of children from their families and discouraged the use of native languages continued operating until the late 1980?s.
The 1960?s and early 1970?s saw a rise in political awareness and activism across “white, black and red” America. White Americans experienced the indifference of their government and began to question the values cultivated by their institutions and the media. The emergence of the American Indian Movement in the 1970?s marked the arrival of Native America back into American consciousness and a move by Native Americans toward traditional values and identity.
The occupation of the Wounded Knee Massacre site in 1973 for seventy-one days which protested United States government policy on the reservations marked the rise of solidarity between Native Americans. In the years following the Wounded Knee occupation the Sioux have continued to work toward re-establishing their identity and traditional values. The re-emergence of traditional values and consequently self worth have contributed toward healing the wounds of their ancestors and are their hope for the future in the continued struggle for self determination and acceptance as Native Americans.
In November, 1985 Jack Little died in Rapid City, South Dakota. He was returned to Mother Earth in his Lakota birthplace at Spring Creek on the Rosebud Reservation. The release of “Lakota Spirit” is a tribute to the memory of Jack Little and the indomitable spirit of the Sioux Nation.
Andrew Hogarth, November 23, 1992.
@ Copyright 1984, Jack and Shirley Little. First published Sydney, Australia 1984 by Andrew Hogarth. First reprint 1986. Second reprint 1992. All rights reserved. Art design: Andrew Hogarth. Map graphics: Andrew Hogarth Front cover and contents illustrations: Paul W. Farley. Photographs: Andrew Hogarth (unless otherwise credited). Historical photographs courtesy of the National Archives, Washington, DC. This booklet is sold subject to the condition that it is not to be reproduced either in whole or in part, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form without prior permission of the authors and publisher. Reprint by Permission of Shirley Brown Thunder 1992.
I was born on April 18 1920 at Spring Creek on the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota. I am probably one of the few Lakotal left who were actually born in a tepee. My parents were building a log cabin and were still living in their tepee when I was born. I am the oldest of five children. four boys and a girl. Today I have two brothers among the living. To say to which of the seven branches of the Sioux I belong is very difficult. There are two reservations very close together, Pine Ridge and Rosebud.
When my people were forced onto the reservations bands and even families were split. Those people on the Pine Ridge Reservation refer to themselves as Oglalas, and those on the Rosebud Reservation refer to themselves as Brules. I have many close relatives on the Pine Ridge Reservation so I really don’t know whether I am Oglala or Brule. I do know that my mother came from Chief Rain-In-The Face’s band, which was near Wanbli on the Pine Ridge Reservation. I cannot help but think that families were deliberately split to demoralise the people. Family and relatives were and are the most important consideration to my people and to split them apart would be the most effective way to demoralise them.
Today I call myself “Lakota.” I do not call myself “Sioux” or “Indian” except for clarifying purposes when I am talking to non-Indians. “Sioux” is a French word which has nothing to do with me, and the word “Indian” belongs to another nation of people. “Lakota” is what I am, and the translation of the word is simply “The People.” It is only a word that distinguishes the two-legged people from the four-legged and the winged people who live here with us, and yet if I tell a man from any tribe in this country that I am Lakota, he knows where I am from.
On the day I was born a man called Crazy Cat walked through the snowstorm to our tepee to give me my baby name, and until I was taken to the missionary school I was known as “Hohu.,,2 A person’s name was very important to my people. One’s name was thought to have a certain power, and each and every individual had his or her own name. When a child was born, he or she was given a baby name, usually by some older and respected member of the clan. Later in life, usually the early teen-age years, the person acquired his or her real name.
In the case of a boy, his name most often came to him in a dream or a vision. A medicine man helped him understand his dream or vision, and from that interpretation his name was determined. As my people were a part of nature, and considered every living thing in nature as relatives, the dreams or visions they had were most often about animals, birds, the sky, the earth, anything that was found in our natural environment. Consequently, real names of the men were often names like Black Elk or Little Elk, Two Bears or Quick Bear, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Pretty Eagle, Little Wolf, Touch-The-Cloud, Red Cloud, Rain-In- The-Face and White Whirlwind.
Young girls sometimes had dreams or visions, but more often their names were derived from some personality trait, or something unusual they had done. Their names were such as Mountain Wolf Woman, Gentle Bird, Bird Woman, Elk Woman, Yellow Feather, Good Woman and Morning Star. A woman kept her name for life. She did not have the name of a parent when she was a child, and she did not take the name of her husband when she was married. Like the men, she was an individual with her own name.
About eight miles from where my parents lived, there lived an old man named Mahalhpaya. Although he was my granddad’s brother, in the Lakota way, I always called him Grandfather. Grandfather had lost a leg in the Wounded Knee Massacre when he was a young man, and so he had a peg leg. Although Grandfather died when I was nine years old, he has always been an influence in my life. As a small boy, I learned many things from him. Today I regret that I did not understand the importance of what he was teaching me. If I had understood then that he was giving me guidelines to live by; that he knew what I was facing in the white man’s culture, and was trying to prepare me for that, I would have listened more carefully. I do remember many of the things he told me, and it seems as I get older, more of his words come back to me.
Mahalhpaya started taking me into the sweat lodge when I was four years old, and I learned the meaning and importance of the sweat lodge, the oldest of the Lakota ceremonies. I learned to sing the songs and say the prayers. Later, I shall explain more about the sweat lodge, but for now, it is sufficient to know it was a means of the Lakota purifying himself physically, mentally and spiritually. I remember my very early childhood as a time of freedom and contentment. I had my relatives, those who loved and cared for me; I lived a free and happy life, and I spoke Lakota, which was the only language I knew existed. My paternal grandfather had a large amount of land and had many cattle and horses, and we had great times at his home. Many relatives would come and camp for maybe a week or more. Grandfather would butcher a couple of cows and there would be much to eat and much happiness. I never knew what happened to my grandfather’s land. At that time it was a part of the reservation. But, today that land is owned and farmed by white men, and is no longer a part of the reservation, so I am told.
One of my relatives, the wife of my grandfather’s brother, was also a survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre. In the Lakota way, she was known as “Grandmother” to me. Grandmother was a young girl when she was at Wounded Knee and was a member of Big Foot’s band. She and her mother were trying to get away from the killing, and her mother was leading a horse. The soldiers killed her mother and the horse, but somehow the bullets missed her, and in the con- fusion she managed to hide herself between the bodies of her mother and the horse. She stayed there the rest of that day and all night, and sometime the next afternoon, some of my people found her as they were searching the prairie for survivors. Grandmother and Mahalhpaya did not speak often of their experiences, but I am sure that just knowing what had happened to them must have had some influence on my feelings even then.
There were other things that I accepted as not unusual when I was a child. It was not until I grew older that I began to question why these things were as they were. I can remember being taken to a Sun Dance when I was quite small. I did not question why we had to go to the Sun Dance in secret, and I was not to talk about it afterwards. I did not question why we had to go a way back in the hills for this Sun Dance, and why certain people placed themselves where they could see for several miles and tell who was approaching. It was not until I was older that I realised that, according to the United States Government, holding this Sun Dance was illegal. My people were not to practise their religion. Although the Government said this was because our religion was savage and uncivilised, the real reason was to break the spirit and unity of my people. The Sun Dance was our most important ceremony as it brought my people together once a year for spiritual renewal and unity. Somehow, some of our old medicine men managed to keep many of the old beliefs alive. This law prohibiting my people from practising their religion was in effect from 1883 until the late 1920s.
When I was six years old, after coming out of the sweat lodge one evening, Grandfather Mahalhpaya told me I was going to go to school. I had no idea what he was talking about, but I did know he thought I was facing something that was going to require a great deal of spiritual strength and fortitude. I was taken to the St. Francis Mission about six miles from where I lived. It was run by the Catholic Church and is still standing and in operation today. I arrived confused and scared and not having any idea what to expect. I had to live in a dormitory with other boys. We were not allowed to live at home because it was thought our parents would not be a good influence on us. I did not know one word of English; in fact, I had hardly ever heard it spoken, and yet we were not allowed to speak a word of our own language.
The punishment for breaking this rule was being hit, going without meals, or being literally locked up in a dark closet. I do not know who set up the rules but the Sisters carried them out. Only English could be spoken and it was three years before I could make any sense out of what was being said to me, and even when I could understand what the Sisters were saying to me, much of it didn’t make sense. Those years of struggling with the English language and an alien religion earned me many punishments which, as time went on, brought on my anger and resentments. I began to look at the white man and his religion as an enemy, or at the very least, something very bad that had to be endured.
When I arrived at the mission, I was given the name of John Baptiste Little. It was many months before I even realised that that was what I was to be called from then on. It was a great insult to me! “Cig’ala” was my father’s name, which translates to mean “Little.” They had not only given me my father’s name, but they had put some other words with it that really had no meaning. Immediately, my individuality was threatened. I interpreted this as a personal threat to the person, I was and the person I would become. They were not going to let me be myself, they were going to make me into what they wanted. Because of the pressure on my people to become “civilised.” and my years of being confined in school, I never had the opportunity to earn my own name. And so, I have gone through 64 years of my life with my father’s name, two names that have no meaning, and my baby name, but never have I had a real name with power which meant anything.
Summer vacations are the only happy times I can remember during those early school years. I could go home and forget that white man’s world for at least a few months. I could forget their rules and regulations, the complexities of their language, and their angry God that they tried to thrust on me. I could be Lakota and be free and happy. When I came home from school for the summer, my dad would bring in the horses. We were just young boys, but my father would tell us to pick out our horse for the summer. These horses had been on the range all winter and some of them had never been ridden. It was, nevertheless, up to each of us not only to catch the horse, but to gentle it, and break it to ride. Since I was the oldest, my younger brothers usually persuaded me to break their horses for them. I took many a hard spill from those horses, but I was never seriously hurt.
The horses were our transportation for the summer. There were miles of reservation land with no fences and we could go anywhere we wanted. If we were hungry, we simply stopped at some one’s house and ate, or if it was growing dark and we were too far from home, we simply stopped at someone’s house and slept. We were welcome anywhere with my people, and were never looked at with suspicion and distrust, as we had learned to expect at school. If there was a horse race going on somewhere, I always took my horse, but other times I preferred to run wherever I was going if it was not more than a few miles. And, I know of at least one time that my brother and I outran some of the other boys on horses! There was a white man who lived on the reservation and he had some cattle.
A number of us boys had found some of them behind a hill, and we proceeded to have a rodeo. We were having great fun riding those cows and half-grown calves, until a rancher came over the hill with a shotgun in his hand. The other boys scrambled for their horses, but Gus, my brother, and I didn’t have time for horses. Going as fast as our feet would carry us, we passed those boys on horses and even got cross the creek, which was a boundary line, before they did. And, not only that – Gus and I had on shoes that we were to wear to school that fall, and although Gus didn’t even stop at the creek, but ran right straight through it, shoes and all, I stopped and took mine off before crossing the creek. Afterwards, we all sat up on a hill a good safe distance away, and felt brave enough to throw rocks and yell insults at the rancher, who was a good half mile away.
We did have a few friendly white neighbours on the reservation. We played with their children, and they roamed all over the reservation just as we did. Their parents lived basically the same as ours and there was no animosity between us that I can remember. Although we spoke different languages, it did not seem to be a barrier. Our families shared with them what we had, and they did the same, and we all learned from each other. What made this possible at that time was a mutual respect for each other. All of that has changed now, though. The white society demands respect by virtue of the colour of their skin, and gives no respect in return, by virtue of the colour of our skin.
Those early days were happy days, but I can see now what the white man’s education was doing not only to me but to the rest of my people. Being told over and over again that your people were wrong and were a bad influence on you, and that your parents’ religion was sinful, eventually took its toll. A little shame crept in because your parents could not speak English well, because your grandfather only knew two words in English: “Yes” and “No,” and because he laughed heartily every time he used one of those two words because they sounded so ridiculous to him. “The Old Ways,” we were told, were not good, and we must learn to read and write English, learn to dress nicely, learn the white man’s courtesies: how to eat properly, speak properly, and act properly. And, most of all, we were to learn to worship their Christian God, not in a way that was natural to us, but as we were told. They spoke of all the good rewards that would be ours if we did all these things. If we turned out backs on our parents and elders and listened to “them,” we would really be somebody. Hurting memories and scars for life were picked up during those years of turmoil.
One of the last conversations I had with Grandfather Mahalhpaya was when I was about nine years old, shortly before Grandfather died. I hated the school and the kind of life they were forcing upon me, but Grandfather told me, “Hohu, go to that white man’s school and learn everything he has to teach you. Learn it all well, even better than him. Then go out in that white man’s world and try, try very hard. But, when the time comes that you find you cannot be a white man, come back home and be Lakota.” I have never forgotten his words. It is as if he said them to me yesterday. So, I went to the white man’s school and the only good thing that came of it as far as I can see, is that I learned I was an exceptional athlete. I learned to play basketball and I was good. In high school we beat the other schools around us, including the white man’s, so many times that they didn’t want to play us any more.
After we got out of high school, four other Lakota boys and myself formed a team. We were named the “Sioux Travellers,” and travel we did! Since none of the teams around wanted to play us, we went on the road. For about six years, we played teams across the United States, all the way to the East Coast. Occasionally we were beaten, but much more often we won. We played against independent teams and college alumni teams, and won so many times that we knew we were good. We played a running game and the white boys couldn’t keep up with us.
We learned that on the ball floor, we were in better shape than they were, and that the Lakota could beat the white man at his own game. We could run a whole game and not be tired. We had to play this way and this well because we had no substitutes. I believe that running is a natural ability of the Lakota. I remember one of my grandfathers running everywhere he went. He never walked from one building to another, he always trotted. When he went to Saint Francis or Rosebud, he ran. He died when he was over seventy years old, and that very morning, he had run three miles to town. He had a heart attack while in town and some people were bringing him home in a car and he died on the way.
Travelling every ball season with the Sioux Travellers was exciting, and I thoroughly enjoyed it. We had earned the grudging respect of the white people, we were being paid to play ball, and I thought I had the world by the tail! I had it made! Although our schedule was exhausting, sometimes requiring us to leave after a game and travel all night and the next day to play another game, we were young, we were Lakota, and we could take it! We drove through any kind of weather, snow storms included; we saw cities large and small, we saw this country from one end to the other, and always there was the excitement of the next game ahead of us, Life on the reservation seemed very remote and far away.
Off seasons were spent working at various jobs. But, some time each summer, I was drawn back to the reservation: besides my family being there, it was still home. When my people were first forced onto the reservation, it was like a prison to them. But, even a prison can become home after a couple of generations. It was all familiar to me. I did not have constantly to be on guard against saying or doing something of which the white people did not approve. I was Lakota, and I thought differently and felt differently than the people I was trying to be like, and I had to be very careful. At that time though, the success on the basketball floor made up for it.
During those six years, I learned the value of money. Or, I should say, I learned the power of it and what it could buy. I have never learned to regard money as does the white man. I do not think in terms of money being a remedy for tomorrow’s problems, like a bottle of pills hoarded in case one gets sick in the future. As a Lakota, I do not worry about tomorrow. I will take care of it when it gets here. I still find it difficult to think of bills that must be paid next week or next month. If I have money today, I am inclined to give it to someone who needs it or spend it, and let tomorrow take care of itself. This is the Lakota way. We regard each new day as a gift from Wakan Tanka. Is it right to use that wonderful gift in being worried and depressed about what is going to happen tomorrow? No, I will enjoy that day the best way I can, and if spending the money I have brings others or myself enjoyment, I will do it.
Before I went on the road to play ball, money meant nothing to me. I had no use for money. When we began to receive our portion of the gate receipts from each game we played, it didn’t impress me. I stuffed the bills into my pocket and really didn’t even know how much money I had. Eventually, though, my pockets were full, and it became a bother to me. I asked our manager what I should do with the stuff. He suggested that I send it home to my mother if I wasn’t going to spend it. I didn’t have anything to spend it on, so each week I sent the money to my mother. Even she had very little to spend it on and so she just kept it. Eventually though, I learned what that money could buy. It could buy things that I wanted. You notice, I did not say, things that I needed. There is a great difference between needs and wants. Needs are important, wants are not. For that reason, I say I have never really learned the value of money. Occasionally it takes care of needs, but more often it takes care of wants, and so it is not that important.
During this time, I knew I was going to be drafted by the army. Although my brother, Gus, went into the army, I refused. The words of Black Hawk, an old chief, come to mind when I speak of this. He said, “The path to glory is rough and many gloomy hours obscure it. May the Great Spirit shed light on yours – and that you may never experience the humility that the power of the American Government has reduced me to, is the wish of him, who, in his native forests, was once as proud and bold as yourself.” Many of my people did fight in World War II. Many of them were killed, many came back crippled for life, some just came back, and some even became heroes. Those who did come back, came back to oppression in their own land that was as great as any they were fighting in another land. My decision did not in any way lessen my pride in those who did go. They were doing what they felt was right, and I did what I thought was right. I could not comprehend fighting for what was once ours, to protect what was no longer ours.
It is a known fact that the United States Government has always been the first to break every treaty ever agreed upon between them and my people. Nearly every treaty made forbade the Indian to ever take up arms against a white man again. The exact words of one treaty signed in 1869 between Indians and whites is worded: “They will never again kill white men nor attempt to do them harm.” We did not have the right to fight alongside the white man. If I had chosen to take up arms against the United States Government, the treaties would have been valid, but since it was in favour of the United States Government, they were willing to forget the treaties. I refused to do it as a matter of principle. I did, however, go into the Merchant Service and serve in that capacity during World War II.
Each and every member of the clan or tribe did what was necessary for survival and it was not considered work, but was just a part of his or her life style. What they did for their own or the tribe’s survival was the natural thing to do, and they certainly did not understand the concept of being paid to do some- thing for someone else. Even today, Lakota people do not consider what they do for themselves as work, whether it be farming, ranching, housework, taking care of children, or whatever. But, if they do it for someone else and are paid for it, it is work. It is a concept we have learned from the white man and it goes against our natural feelings to be paid to do something, even though it is necessary for survival today.
I learned many things in the next few years. I learned to be a lumberjack, a performer in a Wild West show, a farmer, an ice-handler, a construction worker, a horse trainer, and I worked in a saw mill. One of the main things I learned, though, is that rarely was an Indian hired on a permanent basis. Indian people were hired for temporary labour and that was all. It mattered not where they had come from or where they went afterwards. When the job was done, the white man was through with you. I also learned that because I was an Indian, I was not supposed to know as much as the other people with whom I worked. It didn’t matter how well I knew how to do something; someone always told me how to do it. Having to cope with this attitude was very hard. From the time I started to school (except during my ball playing days) I had been told that Indians did not do things right. Only the white man could do anything right.
Today, I see young people on the reservation who I know have degrees in certain professions. Many of them are not working at those professions because they would have to enter the white society to do so. They have gone through college and learned the profession as well as anyone else, and yet there is always a white man telling them they are doing things wrong. Indian people are not aggressive, and they have a very strict inborn code of courtesy. It is not polite to argue with someone or to tell someone else they are wrong. It is better to agree with them at the time, and let them find out for themselves they are wrong, if in fact they are. To my people, it is rude for someone to tell you you are wrong. It is as if they are saying to you, “You are not very smart, and you will never get this right, or even realise you are doing it wrong. Therefore, I must tell you that you are wrong, and I must show you how to do it the right way.” So, many times the Indian goes home, back to the reservation, and tries to forget the rudeness and aggressiveness he has encountered.
I did not go back to the reservation to stay, although even today, I have to go back every so often to find peace of mind. There, I can sit with my people in silence and feel no uneasiness, or I can talk with them in Lakota and know I am being understood perfectly. I can eat fry bread and wojape and know that I am not attracting curious attention. I am called “Grandfather” or “Uncle” by all the young people, and it is perfectly natural. Most people see only the poverty on the reservations and this is because they look only at things in terms of material wealth. They do not see the love for the children, the loyalty of large families or the peacefulness of belonging that is there. At one time that same peacefulness could be found anywhere in this country. Now, it can only be found on the reservations where we are among our own.
Each time I left the reservation more determined to find a place for me in that white man’s world. At one time, when the government was trying to get people to leave the reservations and take jobs in cities and suburban areas, they were offering money for Indian people to go to college or a trade school. I took advantage of that, and went to college in Salt Lake City, Utah, for a couple of years. Later, I took more courses at the University of Nebraska. My brothers and I tried to go into business for ourselves, but our request for a loan was turned down. It would be hotly denied by the “city fathers” of that small town, that we were turned down because we were Indian, but they knew the truth, and so did we, even though it was unspoken.
No matter what I tried, there was always that same barrier. I was a grown man, but I was not trusted to do anything right, always told what to do and what not to do, and I almost said, treated like a child. But, I must amend that to be treated like a white man’s child. Indian people do not treat their children that way. I was not willing to stop being an Indian and become a white man. In fact, I was very much afraid to be like the white people. They seemed to have no roots anywhere, most of them didn’t know what nationality they were, or where their people came from, and what’s more, they didn’t care. Most white people seem like lost souls to me, who must continuously talk, be on the go, and get everything they can, in order to know that they exist. They live their lives in a frenzy of motion, and do not stop long enough to even know themselves. The thought of being such a person frightened me, and I felt sorry for them. But, putting philosophy aside, there was still the matter of survival.
During these years, I began to drink, and as time went on, I drank more and more. Alcohol is the death of my people. The alcohol is the tangible thing that causes death. The intangible things are despair, hurt, bewilderment, fear, and the inability to cope with the white society, and loneliness when away from the reservation. All of these things are felt by my people practically from the day they are born, and many of them become alcoholics by the time they are 30. Anyone who drinks knows that with alcohol, a person can forget, even if just for a little while. In the first place, most of my people never had the opportunity to learn how to drink. It was given to our ancestors for one purpose: to get them drunk. It was bootlegged to the first reservation people. When an Indian bought a bottle from a bootlegger, he drank it all immediately so he wouldn’t get caught with it, and this resulted in him getting very drunk. My people would have been quite surprised to learn that some people actually could and did drink only a mixed drink or two, and no more. A man couldn’t get drunk on that and they had learned that getting drunk was the only purpose of drinking. It wasn’t until 1953 that an Indian could walk into a bar and buy a drink.
I spent many years with the bottle. I built a complete life style around my drinking. I bummed and rode freight trains all over the country, and rarely stayed III anyone place long. In fact, I was usually not welcome in anyone place long. I was a hurt and angry drunk Indian, and although I never got into any serious trouble, I did shoot off my mouth a lot, the result of which was having first hand knowledge of most of the county jails all over the country. You see, when I was drunk, I forgot to be careful about doing something of which the white man didn’t approve. I worked spot jobs when I needed money, or when I decided it was time to sober up for a while. At a farm or two, I knew I could get seasonal work for the sure each year, and so I usually managed to end up there in the spring. Until the last year or so of my drinking, I never drank while on a job.
So, with this in mind, I checked into the first detox unit I came to, which happened to be in a town in western Nebraska. I only wanted to get the alcohol out of my system and then go home. But, the next morning, a woman walked in the door who changed my plans somewhat. She worked as a counsellor at the detox unit. All those years, I had looked for a certain woman. I knew what she looked like because I had seen her many times in my thoughts. Yes, there had been many women in my life, but none of them were the one I was looking for. I had almost given up on ever finding her when she walked in the door. To make a long story short, she is now my wife, Shirley. Today, when people ask how we met and she tells them, I always tell them she doesn’t know what she is talking about. I met her many, many years ago in my thoughts and dreams. I knew exactly what she was like and what she looked like. It just took me a long time to find her, but I knew her long before I found her.
My wife is not Indian, she is a white woman. Yes, she grew up and lived in the white culture for many years, but inside she is more Lakota than a lot of Lakotas I know. She and I broke a lot of the white man’s unspoken rules when we got married, but we have always known that it was meant to be. There are just some things you don’t question. It is all a part of the Great Mystery. I don’t know why I carried her image for so many years, and I don’t know why when we met, we both knew almost at once that we were supposed to be together.
There is no way to explain these things. The Lakota word for the Great Spirit, or God, is Wakan Tanka. “Wakan Tanka” literally translates to “big, immense, or all-encompassing,” “mystery, or anything I cannot explain.” This is why we say strong unexplained feelings are “wakan,” or a part of the Great Mystery, Great Spirit, or God, if you prefer.
The idea that “wakan” means “holy” comes from the fact that anything my people didn’t understand was treated with great respect and awe. It did not pay to be flippant about anything you did not understand. We decided that since we both knew so much about alcoholism, learned from the school of experience, and taking courses at various Junior Colleges and Universities, we would go to the University of South Dakota in Vermillion and get a degree in alcohol counselling. In the spring of 1981 we were married on the Rosebud Reservation in Lakota tradition with a medicine man conducting the ceremony. Since marriage ceremonies performed by our medicine men are not considered legal, about a week later we went to a judge for the white man’s ceremony. To us, our wedding anniversary is on April 18, the day we were married by Lakota tradition.
Although we have not yet gone to live permanently on the reservation, in many ways, I have “come home.” Our marriage ceremony was the beginning. I started to recall the teachings of my grandfather. I realised that what he said was not so much in the manner of teaching, but more like a guideline. The answers to living a good and happy life do not come as much from the teachings of other men as from what Wakan Tanka has provided for us to learn from. The answers are all there in the animals, the insects, the trees and plants, rocks, water, wind, rain, snow, sunshine, the seasons, the sky and the earth. My grandfather gave me the guidelines for finding those answers, and I finally began to use them. During those years of trying to live like the white man, I was searching for answers and an identity that was not there. I had not taken the time to find the answers the Lakota way, and being Lakota, the white man’s answers just were not good enough. My identity was not in their ways.
After a year at the University of South Dakota, we came to Crazy Horse Mountain near Custer, South Dakota to work for the summer. We both loved the Black Hills and enjoyed the Ziolkowski family and what Korczak was doing, and the “work” we were doing so much, that we are still here. Remember when I said that “work” was a part of the life style with my people? That is the way my wife and I look upon our “work” here at Crazy Horse. To be sure, we are paid for it, because as I said, this is necessary for survival today, but beyond that, we have made “being on the mountain” a part of our life style. We do not go to “work”, we “go to the mountain.” It is a part of our contribution to the survival of my people. In the winter, during the off-season, I am at the entrance gate selling tickets. But, in the summer, I am in the Museum of the North American Indian, and I am right at home. I feel good in there because I am surrounded by the things of my people. My heart is in what I am doing, and no one tells me how to do it. My title is guide-lecturer, but to me, I am just talking to people, telling them about my people, and expressing my opinions about what I have learned through experiences in my life. Some of it is controversial, to be sure, because many of the people I talk to are locked into what I call “the white man’s square,” and I am looking at things through the circle of life of the Lakota.
If one takes careful note, it will be realised that Wakan Tanka has put nothing on this earth that is square. All natural things are round or curved, including humans. My people learned great truths from this. Our homes were round, our camps were set up in the round, we sat in a circle during council meetings, and danced our prayers and ceremonies in a circle; everything we did or made was round. We even viewed the life and death of all things in the round, hence, “the circle of life.” All life comes from the elements of this universe, and all life will eventually return to those elements. I am not just speaking of visible elements, I am also speaking of the spiritual.
My wife refers to this concept as “life force.” To me, it is simply Wakan Tanka. Man is born with the spirit of life in him, he lives through the four ages; infancy, youth, maturity and old age, and then he dies, and the spirit of life and the elements that make up his body go from him, back into the life force. The spirit of life creates new life to repeat the circle. It is never ending. All living things go through this cycle over and over again.
It appears to me that if the white man ever knew about this circle of life, he has forgotten it. When he first came to our land, he brought his “square” with him. Speaking in the white man’s words, to us this was “sacrilegious.” He was not paying attention to the teachings of Wakan Tanka. Everything he did was square. His houses were square, his doors and windows were square, his furniture was square, he arranged his villages with a “town square,” and he fenced the land in squares. This all seemed very strange to our ancestors, but it was later realised that even the books the white man learned from were square. He found his answers for living in a square book, and not through the teachings of Wakan Tanka.
From the day he is born, his life is in a square, each phase of his life is in neat little boxes within that square. His culture dictates that by the time he is a certain age, he must leave the box of infancy and enter the box of youth. He is an infant only so long as his culture tells him he is, and by the same token, he is a youth only so long as his culture allows. The good things of those youthful years must be left behind when he enters the box of maturity. His culture even tells him when he must enter the box of old age, and become no longer useful. He has no choice over these matters.
The decisions are made for him. His square Bible tells him that when he dies his spirit will go to heaven or to hell, depending upon whether he followed the rules of his culture in moving through the boxes of his life. To be sure, the chemicals of his body will go back to Mother Earth, but they are even stingy with that. A man is buried in a steel box to deny Mother Earth the use of his chemicals as long as possible. His spirit or life force does not stay here to help bring forth new life, and even the tangible elements of his life are selfishly boxed up: it is all take and no give!
It is for that reason that I tell people we know the white people will not be here for ever. When they die, their spirit goes to heaven or hell. It does not stay here. The Lakota spirit or life force stays here to help with new life, and so some day there will be no more white people here. It may take many centuries for it to happen, but it wil happen. A people cannot survive by only taking and not giving. Eventually, there is nothing left to take. We have a different concept of time than the white society. To them, 500 or even 1000 years is a long time, but to the Lakota, it is nothing. In fact, time has very little meaning to us. It has been very difficult for us to conform to the white culture’s rules on time. To eat, sleep, work, play and worship at a certain time is hard for us to understand. It makes more sense to eat when we are hungry, sleep when we get sleepy, work when it is necessary, play when we can, and meditate or pray any time our emotions tell us.
The white man’s concept of time fits very nicely into his square but it doesn’t fit at all in our circle. I do notice, though, that when the white man’s “time” is all gone, he fights it with his last breath. Indian people do not fear death. We know that, even after we die, our spirits will still be here and be a part of this beautiful land and its people. We are as eternal as all of nature. No wonder the white man is afraid to die. His spirit must leave here and go to a “better place,” or a worse one. But, they also tell me that this land is a “better place” since they have come here, and if that is an example of what they are talking about, I want no part of it. I would be scared, too.
I doubt very much if the Lakota will ever forgive being forced into the position of being a minority in our own land. The white society can force its education, its religion and its ways on us all they want to, but we will always be Lakota, and think and act Lakota. Our very creation is in this land and the lessons learned by our ancient ancestors of how to live peacefully with this land have been born into us. If a man has any Indian blood at all, he has some thoughts and feelings that are alien to the white man’s world but natural to this land.
I am sure that this concept of my philosophy will seem strange and even threatening to many white people, but keeping in mind the Lakota harmony with the land we were put upon, I believe it can be understood. When all people were originally placed on the face of this earth, they were put in a particular environment. Everything needed for their survival was provided for them by the Great Spirit. Each race of people had their own place. This is the way it was intended. But, when people forgot where they belonged and started going into other people’s lands, they found the environment hostile because they did not belong there. They had to fight not only the people, but the land in order to survive.
The white man has fought this land and its people since the day he arrived here. We understand that they must fight for survival continuously every day of their lives, because they are in a land hostile to them. This land was not made for them, it was made for us to belong to and not the white people. We lived in harmony with not only the land but everything around us for centuries. Everything was a relative and as a relative was treated with love and respect. This was not a fearful and hostile place to us because we belonged here. It was only after the white man came that this became a fearful and hostile place. Regardless of the white man’s religious teachings, we have always known that our misfortunes were as a result of their doings, and not a punishment from their angry God.
To this day, the white society is still changing things around to suit themselves, and they have all but destroyed this once beautiful land. They are still fighting the land openly, and its people, not so openly, but fighting them nevertheless. You see, they must keep firm control over the land and its people, for if they don’t, they think they will not survive. They are like a house plant that must be constantly tended or it will die. I always use the example of a tomato plant. It is not native to this land and if you put it in the earth among the trees and all the native grasses that grow here, and leave it alone for a couple of weeks, it will perish. When you come back, it will be dead, because it does not belong here. The only way it will survive is if you cut down the grasses around it, bring water to it and tend it daily. The white man is like that tomato plant. All things around him that are natural must be destroyed if he is to survive. My people have very different thoughts and beliefs about Wakan Tanka, the Great Spirit, or God. Yes, I use the three words interchangeably, depending upon to whom I am speaking, because, basically, I believe they are all one and the same. The Mysterious Power greater than man is the same in all of the universe. It is man who makes the distinction, not Wakan Tanka. The different words, thoughts, beliefs, practices and means of worship are all created by man, not God.
I have always felt that when people call their belief a “religion”, they have adapted that faith to the way they want to believe. Indian people are not like that. Our so called “religion” is, and always has been a way of life to us. We adapted ourselves to what we observed around us in nature. It was all very real, placed here by Wakan Tanka, and there was no thought of adapting it to what we wanted to believe. We totally adapted ourselves to what was here.
We know there is a Great Power and there are many things we do not understand. We see this Great Power in every living thing, and so, for that reason, every living thing is sacred to us. And, this may sound strange, but the life of the white man is sacred to us. We respect that life force or spirit that is in him, but we do not respect, and we cannot condone the things he does. His acts are not of the Great Spirit, they are of man and have been created by man. Even the Bible was created by man and so is no more perfect than anything else man creates. Only those things created by the Great Spirit are perfect.
Because we saw the Great Spirit in everything in nature, including ourselves, we had a very close relationship with the Great Spirit. We do not think of the Great Spirit in terms of a man form or in a specific place. We do not place the Great Spirit on some throne up in the sky. The Great Spirit is everywhere, so when we die and our spirit joins the Great Spirit, where does our spirit go? It must stay here to help the Great Spirit. When I say that every living thing has life, it also means things that many people do not consider as having life. It means the winds, the elements of weather, stones and mountains, water, fire, the sun and earth. All of these things are sacred and so are considered our friends and relatives.
Nothing in our natural environment was considered alien. We were all relatives. Some of these relatives had powers that were harmful to us, and we understood that that was why we had a brain and thinking powers. Man is the most helpless of all creatures on this earth, and without his brain, he would not have survived. But, that does not mean that our thinking powers made us any better than the other creatures. Our brain is a gift from Wakan Tanka and is to be regarded with great respect and humbleness. It was not to be used for the wanton destruction of Mother Earth and the creatures Wakan Tanka put here. Because we had this gift, it was meant to be shared and used as a means of protecting these other relatives, and not destroying them.
Even obtaining our food and other means of survival was done with respect. A prayer was offered to the spirit of the animal, tree, or fruit-bearing shrub that we utilised for our survival. “Forgive me for my need,” was a part of the prayer, and again, I ask you to notice that we said “need.” It would have been very disrespectful to take something we only wanted. When something was taken in need, some portion was always returned in being grateful to the spirit. Today, some form of this can be seen at the more traditional gatherings of my people. Before food is eaten, a portion of every kind of food there is put on a plate and taken outside and given back to the Great Spirit. This is done with prayer in humbleness and gratefulness for the creatures and plants who gave their life for the food.
Most of our prayers are offered through the sacred pipe. The smoke from the pipe carries our words or thoughts everywhere so we always know they reach Wakan Tanka. The Lakota tell of Ptesanwin, White Buffalo Woman, who gave the gift of the sacred pipe: Two men were hunting, when, in the distance they saw something white and shining coming toward them. They first thought it was a white buffalo calf, but as it approached, they saw it change into a beautiful young girl, dressed in white buckskin. She was carrying a beautifully decorated pipe. Because one of the men was filled with desire for the woman, his flesh withered away and his bones fell in a heap on the prairie. The other man, his mind filled with awe and respect for her, was given the pipe with instructions for its use and care. There are several differing versions of this, but all are basically the same and accepted as true.
Altogether there were seven ceremonies in which the pipe definitely was to be used: Keeping of the Spirit, The Rite of Purification, Crying for a Vision, The Sun Dance, The Making of Relatives, Preparing for Womanhood, and The Throwing of the Ball.9 The old Lakota did not smoke in a casual manner, purely for pleasure or diversion. Smoking was not an individual indulgence, but one to be shared with Wakan Tanka and with other men. A man who went alone to fast, pray and seek a vision carried a pipe with him so he could share with the spirits around him. This was done by a young man seeking his first vision, by an adult at any time of trial or need, or by an old man seeking spiritual assistance when he was preparing to die. The pipe is not only sacred, it is also very personal to us, and pipe-carriers always have their pipes with them wherever they go.
The sweat lodge (The Rite of Purification) is a means of purifying not only our bodies, but our minds as well. The lodge is a small structure made of bent willows with heavy tarp over it. At one time, buffalo hides were used to cover the structure. After the people have crawled into the sweat lodge, very hot rocks are placed in a pit in the centre, and during the ceremony, water is poured on them, releasing steam much like the white man’s sauna. For us, this is a time of spiritual examination of ourselves. By means of meditation and prayer, we emerge from the sweat lodge, spiritually and physically a new and refreshed person. We purify ourselves in this manner before any important undertaking or ceremony, sometimes doing this on a regular basis. Purification for dancing in the Sun Dance can take several months or a year, before a person feels worthy enough to participate.
The Sun Dance is our most important ceremony. It is usually held the latter part of the summer. It is a time when the people come together for not only individual spiritual needs, but also for a collective supplication for pity and guidance for all the people. Much has been written and said about the Sun Dance of my people, and much of it is about the piercing of the flesh or flesh giving. Because this is a part of the Sun Dance that writers choose to take out of context to sensationalise, people have the idea that the piercing and flesh giving is the main part of the Sun Dance. This is far from the truth. Yes, it is a part of it, but the collective prayers of the people, not only the dancers, but the people watching as well, have more to do with the real meaning of the Sun Dance than does the piercing.
The Indian considers his body the only thing he owns and, consequently, offers his flesh as his most precious gift to Wakan Tanka. The piercing and flesh giving is an individual commitment, pledged by individuals for their own particular reason. Most people dance in the Sun Dance for “the survival of the people.” In the true meaning of the Sun Dance, it is a sharing of yourself for the good of the people. Although the method and structure of the Sun Dance is somewhat different from the way of our ancestors, the people still come together and camp, living in tepees, tents and campers for the four days. It helps to bond my people together in a common purpose, and is also a time of spiritual renewal and hope.
It has also been said that we worship the sun at this time, which is not true. The words we use for this event literally translate to mean, “Dancing, gazing at the sun,” which brings forth a very different meaning than do the words “Sun Dance.” It is a happy time for my people. Sharing, loving, and being grateful, not only with our human relatives, but with all our relatives in nature, helps to bring us back to reality of who we are and what our purpose is on this earth. If done properly, it is done away from the eyes of the curious white man.
We attempt to feel the things our ancestors felt and to renew our spiritual strength in the same manner they did. This then, is the basic structure of our “religion.” But, as stated before, to us it is not a religion. It is simply our way of life. We do not understand the concept of using one’s “religion” to impress, force, belittle, hurt, kill, and to use only when one is in dire need or danger. Our “religion” is the way we live our lives, and it has very little to do with the white man’s concept of religion. Among my people, each person is an individual. There are some guidelines we follow, to be sure, but each person finds his own method of living this life and what he believes in. He finds this not only through the experience of success and failures, but also through quiet thought, meditation and contemplation, and not by reading books so he can adopt another man’s truths.
Each man finds his own truth and he does not attempt to force it onto others, whether it be in everyday living or in spiritual thought and practice. A child is not told, “No, you cannot touch the stove because it is hot.” He touches the stove and finds out for himself that it is hot. That is one of his own truths. By the same token a man is not told, “You are wrong in what you are doing,” or ” the way you believe.” He will eventually find out if, he is wrong, and that is one of his truths. And what is a truth for one man may not be for another. This is an inherent freedom we have, and it is probably the only freedom we have that the white man cannot take away from us. He has certainly tried hard enough, but of all of the so-called minorities in this country, we are the only ones who have clung to our native traditions and life style, and refused to be like the white man. We have never acknowledged the white culture as being superior to our own. In fact, we feel it is a very inferior culture. My people are many times regarded as being not as intelligent or quick to learn as other races. The truth is, we are more intelligent because we have been quick to see through the white society’s so-called civilisation, how shallow much of it is and how very little it has to do with reality and truth.
A matronly white woman told me one day that her parents had come from Germany, and because they came to America, they gave up their German ways and became real flag waving Americans. She didn’t understand why the Indian people did not give up their ways and be “American.” She became quite uncomfortable when I pointed out to her that my people didn’t “come from” any other country. We were here, and those people who come here and think they have adopted the ways of this land are lying to themselves. All they have done is taken on a conglomeration of the ways of many lands that have been twisted, intermingled and mixed up until they are unrecognisable. The name “American” has been applied to this mixture, but it is not the ways of this land.
During my life I have been called many things: Radical, racist, prejudiced, stupid Indian, smart alack Indian; but rarely have I been called anything that would afford me the dignity of being a man with any sense. Through all this, I have come to realise that I was not put on this earth to become like the white man. I was born Lakota, in my own native land, and with a history and a heritage that goes back as far as any white man can claim. Many of my people have endured the same kind of life I have; some of them have fared better than I and some of them worse. Many of them have died trying to be a white man. I recall an old Lakota woman I know. She too, was taken to a missionary school as a young girl. She learned and she learned well everything they had to teach her.
For over 50 years she faithfully went to the Catholic Church and faithfully performed all the duties of a devout Catholic. One day, she quit going to the Catholic Church and started going to the reservation and taking part in the Lakota ceremonies and way of life. When asked about it, she said, “I was born Lakota, and now I am nearing my death, and I will die Lakota.” I am sure that many white people had patted themselves on the back when they saw her year after year in the Catholic Church. But, what had they really accomplished, except to force her to spend nearly all her life searching for something: peace, identity, somewhere she could be comfortable? It was only after she quit searching in the white man’s world and came home, that she found what she was searching for. She is Lakota. She always has been and she always will be, even after death.
Searching for an identity in the white society is a hard road for a Lakota who wants to remain a Lakota. We have one choice, if we want to “make it.” We must be like the white man. We have survived this long because most of my people have chosen to remember that they are indeed Lakota and so belong here. Our identity is in who we are and not in what the white society wants us to be. Some of us try to walk in two worlds and this is the most difficult. Many times, my thoughts and actions as a Lakota earn looks of scorn and derision in the white society. Through this long life, I have come finally to feel a great pity for the white man. I have more right to be here than they. Unconsciously, their feelings of guilt and not belonging are destroying them, and they are fighting back in the form of imposing their will over all of this land and its people.
In talking with people in the museum at Crazy Horse, I find many white people who are aware of this fact, and are searching for a way to reverse it. It is too late to undo the chaos the white society has caused in this land. I tell these people that the only way they will find peace and identity here is to search in the few places left that are as Wakan Tanka intended them. They will not find peace or identity in the white society any more than I did. Many of the white man’s children are beginning to see what their forefathers have done here and what is still being done. They are frightened, angry, hurt and disgusted, just as the Indian has been since the day the white man arrived. If the white children want self-identity in this land, they must find it in the ways of this land.
I am grateful and proud that I am Lakota, and if I had been able to see through the shallowness of the white man’s teachings, there never would have been a search for anything in their society. My identity is in being Lakota, and in the teachings of my ancestors, and the ways of this land. I am a part of this land. The assumption that this land can be owned is made only by the white man in his greed. Indian people have always felt that the land cannot be owned. We are not the only peoples on this land and when it is sold, the rights of the four legged and winged people, the rivers, trees and even the mountains are taken away. We don’t have the right to do that. The land is our Mother. We belong to the land, it does not belong to us.
People have asked me about the future nuclear destruction of life on this earth, and what I think of it. It will happen: of this I have no doubt. At one time it could have been avoided if the people of the world had realised how far from reality they were getting, and had come back to the ways of the Great Spirit. But, it is too late now. I think of it in the way of civilisation fighting its way to the top of a hill. Instead of heartlessly destroying every obstacle in the I way, the white man could have hesitated, stopped or turned back. Instead, they made it to the top, and now they are on their way down to their own destruction. There is no way to stop them or turn them back, because they are rapidly rolling downhill, and cannot stop at obstacles even if they try.
Yes, the white man will destroy life on this earth. He has been intent on doing that since he started up the hill of progress. The sad thing is that he is going to take all the other people and forms of life with him. But, in this country, we have a small, dog-like animal, called a coyote. Just as the white man has tried to do with the Indian, they have tried to exterminate the coyote. We have been brothers with the coyote for centuries and his ways are very much a part of our life style. White men have written many articles about the coyote, and why he is so hard to exterminate. One even went so far as to say that he believed it was impossible. He said that when the last man was gone from this earth, there would still be a coyote out on a lonely hill howling for his brothers. My only consolation in this is, wherever you find a coyote, you are going to find an Indian!!!
Jack Little, 23rd, November, 1984.
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2019-04-19T08:31:27Z
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https://andrewhogarth.net/books/lakota-spirit-1992/
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2019-04-26T01:54:36Z
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http://myrightskeeper.com/sign-up.php
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1 Universidad Nacional del Sur, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, San Juan 670 (8000), Bahía Blanca, Argentina. *Corresponding author ([email protected]).
Received: 14 April 2008. Accepted: 16 June 2008.
Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) is a primary insect pest of stored grain. The development of resistance resulted in the application of synthetic insecticides. In recent years many plant essential oils have provided potential alternatives to currently used insect control agents. The Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus molle L. var. areira (L.) DC.) (Anacardiaceae) has different biological properties such as insecticidal activity. In this study, repellent, fumigant activity, nutritional indices, and feeding deterrent action were evaluated on S. oryzae adults. Filter paper impregnation was used to test fumigant toxicity, whereas treated whole wheat was used to evaluate repellent activity and a flour disk bioassay was done to evaluate feeding deterrent action and nutritional index alteration. Leaf essential oils showed repellent effects at both concentrations (0.04 and 0.4% w/w), while fruit essential oils lacked repellent activity. Both plant oils altered nutritional indices. Fruit essential oils had a strong feeding deterrent action (62%) while leaves had a slight effect (40.6%). With respect to fumigant activity, neither of the essential oils was found to be toxic.
Key words: Schinus molle, Sitophilus oryzae, repellency, fumigant toxicity, nutritional indices, feeding deterrence.
El gorgojo del arroz (Sitophilus oryzae. L.) es un insecto-plaga de infestación primaria de granos. El uso de insecticidas sintéticos ha desarrollado fenómenos de resistencia. En los últimos años los aceites esenciales se presentan como una alternativa en el control de insectos-plaga. El aguaribay (Schinus molle L. var. areira (L.) DC.) (Anacardiaceae) es una planta con diferentes propiedades biológicas entre las que se destacan el uso como insecticida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad fumigante, repelente, los índices nutricionales y la actividad antialimentaria de los aceites esenciales de hojas y frutos de S. molle var. areira en adultos de S. oryzae. Para la actividad fumigante se utilizó la técnica de impregnación de papeles de filtro; para la actividad repelente impregnación de trigo entero; y para los índices nutricionales y la actividad antialimentaria impregnación de discos de harina de trigo. El aceite esencial de hojas mostró efectos repelentes a ambas concentraciones (0,04 y 0,4% p/v), mientras que el de frutos no produjo repelencia. Ambos aceites alteraron la fisiología nutricional de S. oryzae. El aceite de frutos produjo un efecto antialimentario fuerte (62%) y el de hojas leve (40,6%). No se observó actividad fumigante.
Palabras clave: Schinus molle, Sitophilus oryzae, repelencia, toxicidad fumigante, índices nutricionales, efecto antialimentario.
Harvest grains are basic human food products (Padín et al., 2002). The presence of pests constitutes a serious on-going problem in stocking grains and its derived industry (Pérez Mendoza et al., 2004).
Worldwide, between 5 and 15% of the total weight of cereals, oil plants, and legumes are lost after harvesting (Anonymous, 1989), and between 5 and 10% of these losses are due to the presence of pests (Hill, 1990). In Argentina, the losses caused by insects and/or mites are estimated between 7 and 10% of total production (Viale, 1995). The legislation of this country establishes the rejection of any merchandise with a single insect and/or live mite in any commercialization stage (Resolution Nº 1975/94, Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca).
The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) is one of the pests of primary infestation of stored grains, widely spread worldwide, and very destructive. Because of its high incidence, synthetic insecticides have been used to control it.
Resistance and toxicity problems of the synthetic insecticides have resulted in the necessity of finding more effective and healthier alternatives. Thus, essential oils are the most tested products presently (Papachristos and Stamopoulus, 2002; Umoetok and Gerard, 2003; Zhang et al., 2004; Tapondjou et al., 2005; Ferrero et al., 2006; Sánchez Chopa et al., 2006, Stefanazzi et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006). Different biological activities of plant derivatives have been demonstrated for the control of stored grain pests (Golob et al., 1999; Rajendran and Sriranjini, 2008).
The Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus molle L. var. areira (L.) DC.) is associated with agricultural crops in boundaries, windbreaks, riverbank protection, and watershed conservation. In popular medicine, it is use for its astringent, diuretic, antispasmodic properties among others. In pest control, it is used as a fumigant, repellent, and ovicide (Ruffínengo et al., 2005; Ferrero et al., 2006).
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fumigant, repellent and/or attractant, feeding deterrent activity, and the alterations in the nutritional physiology produced by the essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle var. areira on 3- to 4-day-old S. oryzae adults.
The insects came from a susceptible colony maintained in the Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola de la Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires (UBA). They were bred in glass containers, 8 cm in diameter, 13 cm high, sealed with fine netting, maintained at 28 ± 1 ºC, 60-70% HR, a 12:12 photoperiod, and using whole wheat grains as food.
The vegetal organs (leaves and mature fruits) of the pepper tree were collected during the summer period in Bahía Blanca city, Buenos Aires, Argentina (38°41' S; 62°17' W). A specimen was deposited in the Herbarium of the Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia de la Universidad Nacional del Sur (BBB) and identified as number CV 10444. The essential oils were isolated using fresh vegetal material by accelerated distillation of water vapor using a Clevenger-type device during 3 to 4 h, and were analyzed with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS HP5972A) in a HP5 (30 m x 0.25 mm) column with a temperature program of 50 ºC during 2 min, a 5 ºC min-1 ramp, and a final temperature of 200 ºC during 15 min. The composition of the oils from both vegetal organs can be observed in Table 1. Oil yield was 0.22% and 0.42% (w/v) for leaves and fruits, respectively. The yield was calculated using fresh vegetal material.
Table 1. Essential oil constituents from leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira.
Repellent activity of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle var. areira on S. oryzae adults. Anexperimental field made of a central box connected by cylinders to four boxes symmetrically distributed around the first was used. Two boxes received 2 g of whole wheat treated with 2 mL of hexanic oil solutions at 0.04 and 0.4% (w/v), and 2 g rations impregnated with 2 mL of hexane were put in the remaining boxes as controls. In the central box, 40 unsexed 3 to 4 days old adults were released. After 24 h, the preference index (PI) was calculated using the Equation .
where PI: -1.00 to -0.10 indicates repellent plant, PI: -0.10 to +0.10 neutral plant, and PI: +0.10 to +1.00 attractant plant. Furthermore, the repellency percentage was calculated based on the number of insects found in the control at the end of 24 h (Procopio et al., 2003). Three replicates were carried out.
Nutritional indices and antifeeding activity of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle on S. oryzae adults. To evaluate the antifeeding activity and the alteration in the nutritional physiology in adults, 1.6 cm diameter disks of wheat flour were prepared (Huang et al., 2002). Aliquots of 200 µL from a flour suspension in water (10 g in 50 mL) were put on plastic dishes to form the disks and were left all night to dry in a chamber at 25 ºC temperature and 60 to 70% relative humidity (Dalvo, model MCI/2 V.c.a 220, Argentina). The disks were weighed registering values between 70 to 78 mg. Hexanic solutions of the oils were prepared at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg disk-1. Two disks of wheat flour were impregnated with 5 µL of these solutions, weighed, and put in separated containers. A control group with hexane treated disks was prepared. Ten 3- to 4-days-old adult insects previously weighed on a scale (FX/FY series FX400, Frankfurt, Germany) were put into each container. After maintaining them during 72 h in controlled conditions, the weight of the disks, mortality, and weight of insects alive were registered. Six replicates were carried out. Each assay was repeated independently at least three times. The nutritional indices were calculated: Relative growth rate (RGR) = (A-B)/(B x day), where A = weight of insects alive on the third day/number of insects alive on the third day; B = original weight of insects/total number of insects; relative consumption rate (RCR) which indicates the consumption of the insects related to their initial weight and the duration of the assay RCR = D/(B x day), where D = biomass ingested (mg)/number of insects alive on the third day; efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) (%) that indicates the quantity of food used for weight gain in the insects, ECI = (RGR/RCR) x 100. To obtain the antifeeding effect (AE), EA (%) = [(C-T)/C] x 100 was calculated where C = consumption of control disks (mg) and T = consumption of treated disks (mg) (Farrar et al., 1989).
Fumigant activity of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle var. areira on S. oryzae adults. Filter papers, 7 cm in diameter, were impregnated with 1 mL of hexanic solutions of the essential oils from leaves and fruits at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg L-1. Hexane was used as a control. The solvent was left to evaporate during 5 min. The treated filter paper was put at the bottom of a 350 mL glass jar. Ten insects were put in each small glass tube of 5 cm high and 3 cm in diameter, with whole wheat and both open ends, covered with a fine netting to avoid them to scape. Each vial was suspended with a metal thread in the geometrical center of the jar which was hermetically sealed with a cover. The assay was carried out at controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions (28 ± 1 ºC, 60-70% RH), and a 12:12 photoperiod. Three replicates were done. Each experiment was repeated independently at least three times. The percentage of mortality was evaluated after 72 h and expressed in mg L-1 of air.
The data were analyzed by simple ANOVA test, completely randomized design prior normalization with (√ x + 1)1/2, using the replicates corresponding to each assay, and the means were separated using the minimum significant differences test with Microsoft Excel(MST, p ≤ 0.05) (Zar, 1999).
R epellent activity of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle var. areira on S. oryzae adults. The repellent and/or attractant effects produced by the essential oils of S. molle on S. oryzae adults can be observed in Table 2.
Table 2. Repellent activity of essential oil from leaves and fruits of the Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus molle var. areira) on adults rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae).
It can be inferred from the analysis of Table 2 that the oil from leaves at both concentrations produced a repellent effect. However, the oil from fruits at the highest concentration produced an attractant effect whereas the lowest did not show any.
Nutritional indices and antifeeding activity. In Tables 3 and 4, the results corresponding to the effects produced by both oils in relation to the nutritional indices and the antifeeding activity on S. oryzae adults are shown.
Table 3. Nutritional indices and feeding deterrent activity of essential oil from fruits of Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus molle var. areira) on adults rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae).
Table 4. Nutritional indices and feeding deterrent activity of essential oil from leaves of Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus molle var. areira) on adults rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae).
The oil from fruits modified the nutritional indices. RGR decreased in all the concentrations and highly significant differences were observed (p ≤ 0.01) (F: 11.34, df: 20). Differences in RCR between the concentrations 0.5, 2, and 4 mg disk-1 were observed with respect to the control (p ≤ 0.01) (F: 6.2987, df: 20). ECI was only affected (at the highest) concentration (p ≤ 0.01) (F: 6.6128, df: 20). A 54% mortality rate was observed at 4 mg disk-1 concentration. AE (P = 0.1) (F: 2.2587, df: 16) of the oil from fruits of S. molle was slight at lower concentrations whereas it was high in the maximum concentration. Values greater than 51% were considered to be high.
The oil from leaves modified the nutritional indices, but contrary to what occurred with the oil from fruits, AE was slight (p = 0.07) (F: 2.733, df: 16). Furthermore, high significant differences were found (p ≤ 0.01) (F: 4.3679, df: 20) in RGR at concentrations 1, 2, and 4 mg disk-1 respect to the control. RCR decreased at maximum concentration respect to the control, and dropped off significantly at minimum concentration (p ≤ 0.05) (F: 3.1604, df: 20). The same situation was observed with ECI (p ≤ 0.05) (F: 3.3773, df: 20). A high mortality percentage was obtained with the essential oils from leaves at the highest concentration.
Fumigant activity of the essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle var. areira on 3- to 4-days-old S. oryzae adults.No fumigant toxicity was observed at the evaluated concentrations.
In this study, the essential oil of the leaves showed a repellent effect in both concentrations with repellency rates of 65 and 71.5% in the 0.04 and 0.4% concentrations, respectively. Using essential oil from the leaves of Artemisia princeps Pamp. (Asteraceae), Liu et al. (2006) observed a good repellent activity on S. oryzae. On the other hand, Amelot et al. (2003) demonstrated that oils of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) leaves did not produce a repellent effect on this insect. The oil from fruits of S. molle var. areira resulted attractant only at the highest concentration. The observed differences in the effects produced by the essential oils could be due to the presence of different secondary metabolites in both vegetal organs (Murray et al., 2005).
The AE of the oil from leaves of S. molle was slight, whereas with fruits it was high. Valera et al. (2003) found that the essential oil of Coleus amboinicus Loureiro (Lamiaceae) was not able to induce any response in the feeding behavior of S. oryzae at high doses (1.25%), there was not mortality during the 60 h of bioassay exposition.
Oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle modified the nutritional physiology of S. oryzae, altering RGR, RCR, and ECI. The oil from fruits, at maximum dose (4 mg disk-1) produced high mortality which could be due to an inhibition in the feeding behavior (behavioral effect) based on the decrease of the RCR and the high antifeeding effect. The oil from leaves at maximum concentration also produced high mortality as a consequence of a possible postingestion toxicity due to the slight AE and the decrease in ECI. Liu and Ho (1999) observed modifications in RGR, but neither in the consumption rate, nor in ECI with Evodia rutaecarpa (Rutaceae) in another Sitophilus species. The essential oil of Tagetes ternifolia (Asteraceae) also produced postingestion toxicity in other pest of stored grains Tribolium castaneum (Stefanazzi et al., 2006).
The essential oils from leaves and fruits of S. molle did not produce fumigant activity on S. oryzae adults. The lack of this activity could be due to the fact that the entrance of these compounds is through the cuticle, to the need of higher concentrations to reach the mortality, or more exposition time. A similar situation was observed by Pascual Villalobos et al. (2004) using essential oils from leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae). Authors such as Negahban et al. (2007), Negahban and Moharramipour (2007) demonstrated fumigant activity with essential oils of Artemisia (Asteraceae) and Eucalyptus (Mirtacea) species on S. oryzae. In Sitophilus granarius, oils of Salvia hydrangea DC., former Benth (Lamiaceae) produced toxicity (Kotan et al., 2008).
This study demonstrated that the essential oil from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira produced repellency on S. oryzae, while the fruit resulted attractant at 0.4%, and neutral at a concentration of 0.04%. Both oils altered nutritional physiology, showed antifeeding activity, and did not exhibit fumigant activity.
For all these reasons, we can infer that the essential oils of leaves and fruits of Schinus molle var. areira could be considered as a natural alternative in the control of S. oryzae.
Our thanks to the Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología (SECyT) de la Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (PGI: 24/B109), to the Agencia de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANCYT-PICTO-BID 1728/ OC-AR-PICT Nº 925) for the subsidies granted, to the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) for its scholar Verónica Soledad Benzi.
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2019-04-25T14:52:27Z
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https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-58392009000200004
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Primarily based upon in depth evaluations of the function of Tag in viral infection, expected professional viral responses involve blocking antiviral Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries responses, such as apoptosis. See table S1 and Fig. five demonstrate up regulation of TRICK2A, IAP3, HSIAH2, IRRP DAP1 and TRAIL3, which may well inhibit apoptosis directly or act as decoy molecules, binding to and inactivating effectors of apoptosis. Quite a few pro apop totic caspases were also up regulated, in conflict using the anti apoptotic expression adjustments. Tag blocks apop tosis by binding and inactivating p53. The Sp1 transcrip tion aspect was up regulated one. 9 fold, and it is actually regarded that Tag recruits Sp1 as a way to initiate transcription of itself along with other Tag connected mRNAs, possibly by utilization of its DNAJ like molecular chaperone activity.
Secondly, blocking happens through interference with PKR, which blocks the transcription and selleckbio translation of viral mRNAs and pro teins and it is professional apoptotic. We observed proof of two fold up regulated PKR. Thirdly, Tag blocks the action of MxA and MxAB, which also block viral mRNA transcription and protein translation. MxA and MxAB were up regulated by 8. 3 and 4. 6 fold, respec tively, representing a response to your presence of SV40 or its parts. The results of Tag are summarized in Fig. 5. Result of IFN g On Cells Mainly because the actions of IFN g are central to the innate immune response, and often occur just after viral challenge, adjustments in IFN g inducible genes were regarded to become substantial to SV40 exposure, but given that both cell lines were SV40 exposed, this in depth response was puz zling.
The IFN g inducible or connected genes with altered expression are listed within the initial part of Table S1, Added File 1. IFP 9 27, IFI 56, IFI 78, one 8D one 8U protein, 11. five kDa protein, PKR, and IFN a b receptor a subunit were up regulated, between many others. Down regu lated genes integrated the IFN g receptor, which may have been either a response to increased selleck catalog receptor binding, the absence of ligand, or perhaps a SV40 related thwarting of cellular mechanisms. Due to the fact no improve in secreted IFN g was measured, the 2nd or third prospects are additional possible. One particular from the acknowledged results of IFN g is surely an increase during the expression of MHC Class I proteins, and right here various class I MHC genes were up regulated.
The enhance on this class of proteins is sizeable due to the fact cytotoxic T lymphocytes understand peptide antigens inside the context of class I MHC molecules, and CTL mediated immunity is very important inside the defense against both can cers and viral infections. Signal Transduction Typically, throughout transformation cell signalling gets altered. Aspects of MAPK, Ras, Sonic Hedgehog and Jak Stat signaling were affected, a few of which had been explained by recognized responses to viruses. The Jak Stat response to interferons demonstrates gene expression changes observed in agreement together with the literature. Jak Stat activa tion happens using the ATP phosphorylation of Stat 1, fol lowed by its translocation on the nucleus, exactly where it might dimerize with SP1 and initiate the transcription of NCAM1, or type a trimer with p48 and Stat two and initiate the transcription of IFN inducible genes.
The down reg ulation from the IL 6 precursor might signify a damaging suggestions loop for Jak Stat pathway de activation. Extracellular Matrix Reorganization For the reason that the ECM is normally degraded during cancerous cell invasion, these adjustments may have been related to three MC exposure. All ECM gene expression adjustments had been decreases. The alterations inside this group included collagens, cytokeratins, integ rins and glucocorticoid receptors which could be linked to the induction of metastasis. Various matrix metallo proteinases and N gal, that are linked with tumor invasiveness, were up regulated.
Immunofluorescence examination showed the cytoplasmic distribution accumulation of Kaiso in K562 cell line. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries A halo of expression may be plainly observed around the nucleus, involving the entire cytoplasm. For clarifying irrespective of whether the subcellular distribution of Kaiso in K562 cells correlates with BCR ABL action, connecting Kaiso directly to CML, we performed inhibition of BCR ABL by imatinib after 16 h of therapy. The immuno fluorescence labeling of kaiso showed its presence predom inantly from the cytoplasm of K562 cells administered with imatinib. In K562 cells treated with imatinib, B tubulin was also mostly from the cytoplasm. Kaiso labeling was not observed during the K562 cells incubated with non immune serum.
To confirm the cytoplasmic localization of Kaiso in CML BP, we analyzed cytoplasmic selleck chem Regorafenib expression of Kaiso protein by western blot analysis, evaluating expression in cytoplasmic and nuclear protein extracts in K562 cell line and imatinib resistant K562 cell line. Major cytoplasmic expression of Kaiso was only observed in K562 cell line whereas in imatinib resistant K562 cell line was plainly down regulated. We also confirmed the weak expression of Kaiso in imatinib resistant K562 cell line by immunofluorescence. Also by western blot, we confirmed that treatment with ima tinib and siRNAp120ctn, did not disturb the expression of Kaiso. two. RNAi knock down of kaiso in K562 cells improves survival and proliferation. Provided that Kaiso is overexpressed within the cytoplasm of K562 cells, this examine set out to examine how reduction of Kaiso and their spouse p120ctn impacted gene expression and cell proliferation of CML BP.
To inactivate Kaiso and p120ctn we employed siRNA targeting each and every gene as described inside the components and approaches. We created a transfection protocol that led to over 96% from the K562 cells taking up the siRNA. Upcoming, the effective ness of the knockdown was assessed making use of QRT PCR and Western blotting. QRT PCR evaluation showed that Kaiso mRNA ranges had been decreased by 80% and Western www.selleckchem.com/products/MG132.html blot examination showed that Kaiso protein levels have been undetectable in K562 cells trans fected by siRNA Kaiso, when in contrast to scrambled knock down cells. This outcome was confirmed by immunofluorescence in K562 cells transfected by siRNA Kaiso, displaying the undetectable ex pression of Kaiso. Working with siRNA p120ctn a reduction of 70% in p120ctn was achieved when compared to scrambled knockdown cells by QRT PCR examination.
To verify these outcomes, we analyzed the expression of two identified Kaiso target genes, Wnt11 and B catenin, utilizing QRT PCR. Wnt11 and canonical Wnt B catenin signaling pathway are modulated by Kaiso. K562 cells were both transfected with siRNA scrambled that won’t target any human gene or transfected with siRNA to Kaiso or p120ctn both alone or in mixture. Knockdown of Kaiso led to significant increases by 13% in B catenin gene expression. Nonetheless, the p120ctn knock down alone showed a decrease by 65% in B catenin levels when the Kaiso p120ctn double knock down line did not substantially impact B catenin amounts in vitro when in contrast to scrambled knock down cells.
Knock down either Kaiso or p120ctn alone or in mixture led to sig nificant reduction of Wnt11 when compared to scrambled knock down cells. As is famous that Kaiso interacts with TCF LEF1, and the Wnt11 pro moter, has regulatory websites for binding TCF protein, these benefits suggest the inhibitory position of TCF LEF1 B catenin over the expression of Wnt11. In K562 cells trans fected by siRNA p120ctn, Kaiso could be responsible for Wnt11 repression. Considering the fact that Kaiso is thought of a methylation dependent op portunistic oncogene, it had been conceivable to take a look at the biological role of Kaiso around the cells development in vitro, the professional liferation of K562 cells was evaluated by a WST one assay. To knock down both Kaiso or p120ctn alone or in combin ation, we employed siRNA.
There was also greater signal noticed inside the thalamic region likewise as inside of the inner capsule bilaterally. 4 months postsurgery, CT with the brain showed there was a prominent periventricular location of decreased attenuation. Postoperative modifications had been seen while in the left Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries posterior parietal region. There was a fluid assortment mentioned. There have been focal places of encephalomalacia in the appropriate and left cerebellum. There was ex vacuo dilatation from the posterior horn of your left lateral ventricle. The prominence of your ventricles and sulci was constant with cortical atrophy. The patient passed away shortly thereafter. Cultured CD133 expressing cells behaved as cancer cells A relatively morphologically homogeneous tissue was obtained following the differential purification process, from which single cells have been obtained con taining 0.
2% CD133 positive cells. The re recent ZD1839 tumor showed increased CD133 expression compared to the main tumor through the exact same patient. Single cells had been grown into neurospheres beneath stem cell culture approach. The handle was nor mal NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, grown in parallel, which ceased dividing whereas CD133 optimistic cells continued to proliferate beneath the otherwise restrictive conditions of soft agar. While the CD133 beneficial cells formed colonies in soft agar with related efficiencies, the sizes of your colonies varied broadly, sug gesting they had been heterogeneous. There was minor colony formation with NIH3T3 cells. The CD133 good neurospheres adhered to fibronectin in serum containing medium and spread out and extended neurite like processes.
These cells expressed specific differentiation markers, like GFAP and B Tubulin PD173955? III. The cells favored specified adhesion molecules. They grew from speedy to slow Matrigel Laminin Collagen IV Fibronectin. Cells grew quicker with Matrigel than with any other single adhesion molecule presumably since Matrigel resembles the complicated extracellular surroundings found in many tissues that has numerous species of adhe sion molecules and development aspects also as other parts. Matrigel has been used to maintain the pluripotent, undifferentiated state and promote stem cell development and dif ferentiation on dilution. It’s been shown that tissue elasticity regulates stem cell morphology and their lineage specification.
On plastic Petri dishes, the CD133 cells spread out in cul ture, even so, these dishes give only an artificial natural environment. To address this issue, we made use of an ex vivo organotypic brain slice culture program that enables the CD133 constructive cells to grow in cell clumps during the brain mimicking natural environment whilst nor mal neural stem cells spread out to get single cells and underwent extended processes. The CD133 favourable cells, consequently, behaved as they did in soft agar as described over and as they did just after in vivo transplantation as described beneath. Diverse marker expression The CD133 cells had been assayed for expression of effectively established genetic biomarkers for neural stem cells and differentiated neural cells using RT PCR beneath different annealing temperatures. Medium degree expression of stem cell markers incorporated Nestin, Notch 4, Cav one, Nucleostemin, EFNB2, EFNB3, and HIF1.
Low degree expression of Musashi, DACH1, Notch 1, Notch 3, Cav two, EFNB1, and EFNB3 was also seen. The large level expression genes con sisted of CD133, Ki67, MMP13, Sox2 and Notch2. We observed that proteoglycans had been expressed while in the cells cultured in serum containing medium. Very low level expression biomarkers from your cells in serum containing medium consisted of Mucin 18 and Cathepsin B. Medium to higher degree expression genes incorporated c Myc, neural unique endolase, Mucin 24, TIMP1, and Cathepsin L. Tumor suppressors and oncogenes had been also identified to be current in these tumor cells.
Soon after centrifugation, the cell pellet was resus pended in 500 ul of PBS and transferred Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries to a tube con taining four. five ml of cold 70% ethanol and stored at twenty C for any minimum of two hrs. Cells had been centrifuged and then washed twice in BSA T PBS. Following the sec ond wash, the cell pellet was resuspended in BSA T PBS containing mouse anti gamma H2A. X key antibody at one,100 and incubated overnight at four C. Cells have been then washed once in BSA T PBS and resuspended in BSA T PBS containing anti mouse Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody at 1,400 and incubated at area temperature in the dark for one hr. Cells had been washed once in BSA T PBS and resuspended in PBS containing 50 ug ml propidium iodide and 5 ug ml RNAse A. Cells had been analyzed on the Coulter Epics XL movement cytometer as well as resulting information was assessed working with ModFit software program.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Cells have been fixed in 1% formaldehyde for twenty min at area temperature. figure 2 Fixation was stopped by quenching with 2. 5 mM glycine resolution to a final concentration of 200 mM for 5 min. Cells had been then washed twice with ice cold PBS and harvested in 1 ml cold PBS by centrifugation for 5 min at five,000 rpm. The pellet was resuspended in 90 ul lysis buffer supplemented with 1X Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, 1 mM one,4 dithio DL threitol, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The lysates have been sonicated working with a Sonicator 3000 to shear DNA to an typical size of 300 to 1000 base pairs and after that cleared of debris by centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 15 min. Input controls had been eliminated from each and every sample and stored at 20 C.
The sonicated lysates were diluted 10 fold with dilu tion buffer, supplemented with 1X Protease Inhibitor Cocktail, 1 mM DTT and 1 mM PMSF, and immunoprecipitated by overnight rota tion at four C with rabbit anti acetyl H4 selleckchem Ruxolitinib key antibody. Negative controls had been incubated during the absence of key antibody. Immune complexes were collected by 2 hr rotation at 4 C with the addi tion of forty ul of protein A agarose salmon sperm DNA 50% slurry to the two beneficial samples and damaging controls. The beads were pelleted gently by centrifugation for 1 min at three,000 rpm at 4 C and washed with 1 ml in the following buffers by rotation for 10 min at 4 C, Buffer A as soon as, Buffer B the moment, Buffer C the moment and TE washing buffer twice. All antibody complexes had been eluted with 400 ul freshly ready elution buffer by rotating at area temperature for 30 min.
Cross backlinks were reversed by overnight incubation with a hundred ug proteinase K at 65 C. DNA was purified using a QiaQuick PCR Purification Kit in accordance to the producers instruc tions. Quantitative PCR was performed employing a Roche LightCycler Version three for 40 cycles of amplification. The binding of acetyl H4 for the BRCA1 proximal promoter area was established working with the following primer pair, forward items had been resolved on one. 6% agarose gels. Effects Expression of BRCA1 in a panel of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines Three breast cancer cell lines and 3 OC cell lines have been selected for evaluation as a consequence of their varying degree of sensitivity to cisplatin treatment method.
Constant with other reports, T 47D and A2780cp demonstrated cisplatin resistance, whereas MCF7, HCC1937, A2780s, and OVCAR 4 displayed a selection of sensitivity to cisplatin therapy. The basal level of BRCA1 protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. MCF7 displayed probably the most considerable amount of BRCA1 protein expression from the breast cancer cell lines and was assigned a value of one. 0. As expected, HCC1937 cells, which harbor the germ line BRCA1 frame shift mutation 5382insC, leading to a premature quit codon and also a truncated non functional protein, didn’t dis perform detectable BRCA1 protein. A2780s cells expressed the highest degree of BRCA1 protein from the OC cell lines, but only somewhat over their cisplatin resistant counter component, A2780cp.
A so called healthful user effect is shown in pharmacoepidemiological research, indicating that preventive measures have a tendency to be utilised by population segments by using a broad spectrum of more healthy behaviours. Using the continually Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries proven so cial gradient in CVD in many Western countries, our discover ings are prone to be applicable in other settings applying an opportunistic screening system. Quite a few studies have demonstrated a socioeconomic gradient in screening up take, indicating both fiscal and psychosocial barriers in socially deprived groups. Psychosocial barriers to CVD screening may contain detrimental perceptions about screening tests, risk perceptions as well as social anxiety connected with speaking about unhealthy lifestyles with all the GP of larger SEP.
Our findings might also reflect that higher CVD threat in lower SEP initially hand is attacked by encouraging individual life-style modifications. In line with other research our examine signifies that the higher risk system may possibly widen the socioeconomic gradient in CVD owing for the inequitable uptake. How ever, any widening of your CVD incidence gradient depends 17-DMAG about the end result of treatment and not simply on initiation of treatment. Here two other problems are import ant, Differential adherence to treatment and differential outcome of therapy. In truth, long-term adherence to sta tin remedy is disappointing and is prone to de pend on SEP, indication and professional adverse effects. When the threat of daily life threatening adverse results is reduced, several degrees of muscle side effects are not uncommon, ranging from muscle weak ness to rhabdomyolysis.
If both incidence and dur ation of treatment are lowest between less advantaged groups the social gradient in prevalence and final result of therapy is prone to be even steeper compared to the gradient found as to initiation of therapy. On the other hand, being selleck chemicals Ivacaftor exposed to numerous danger elements acting in concert, socially disadvantaged groups may well be extra vulnerable to substantial LDL amounts than the far better off. Therefore, the final result or helpful impact of lifelong pre ventive statin treatment may perhaps be better in less advantaged groups presented adherence to therapy. Unanswered inquiries and long term study Several incentives are actually proposed to enhance ad herence, requiring generally GPs to get much more actively involved. In the forthcoming study about the identical na tionwide Danish data we discover prospective socioeco nomic distinctions in adherence to statin therapy in asymptomatic persons.
The incidence of preventive statin therapy on this research was observed to peak around the age of 65, and also to decrease steeply hereafter. This pattern may perhaps reflect the widespread use of the risk score charts, covering the age variety of 40 65, potentially representing a problem of age ism. The getting that statin incidence is considerably greater in asymptomatic ladies than males whilst MI incidence is increased in males could both reflect a consequence of an opportunistic preventive screening technique and an overestimation of CVD threat in Danish girls, corresponding for the finding in a Norwegian study. The two matters will call for even further research. In contrasts towards the opportunistic screening system ap plied in Denmark, a universal screening programme to avoid CVD is actually being implemented in the United kingdom. Here, all asymptomatic persons aged forty 74 are invited for threat scoring and potential preventive statin treatment.
Supplies and procedures Cell line K562 and LAMA 84 cell line have been maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, a hundred U ml penicillin, a hundred mg mL streptomycin at 37 C in 5% CO2. K562, estab lished from a CML patient in blast crisis, was made use of like a BCR ABL positive cell line. Imatinib resistant K562 cell line was obtained by in vitro passaging of Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries K562 in progressively raising doses of imatinib. LAMA 84 is really a human leucocytic cell line with basophilic characteristic. Bone marrow samples All samples were obtained from sufferers admitted to or registered on the Instituto Nacional de Cancer, following the guidelines of your community Eth ics Committee as well as Helsinki declaration. Diagnoses and follow up have been dependant on hematologic, cytogenetic and molecular assays.
Drug remedy K562 cell line had been exposed to different doses of Imatinib dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide. DMSO treated cells had been used as car controls. Viability determination The viability of cells was measured using a four one,3 benzene disulphonate assay. Somewhere around DZNeP buy two 105cells mL. Cells have been plated into 96 well micro plates for 24 h. After 24 h, 10 uL WST 1 was additional to each and every nicely, and plates had been incubated at 37 C for an extra two h. Plates had been study on the microplate reader at 450 nm with a reference wavelength at 630 nm. RNAi knockdown and transfection All RNA oligonucleotides described within this study had been synthesized and purified using highperformance liquid chromatography at Integrated DNA Technologies, and also the duplex sequences can be found on request.
RNAi knockdown and transfections had been performed following the manufacturers protocols of the TriFECTa Dicer Substrate RNAi kit and the CodeBreaker siRNA Transfection Reagent. K562 cells were split in 24 very well plates to 60% confluency in RPMI media one day just before transfection. The TriFECTa kit includes control sequences for RNAi experiments selleck chemical which include things like a fluorescent labeled transfection control duplex and a scrambled universal negative management RNA duplex which is absent in human, mouse, and rat genomes. Fluores cence microscopy and FACS monitored the transfection ef ficiency according to the makers recommendations. Only experiments in which transfection efficiencies were 90% had been evaluated. RNA levels were measured 36 h following transfection, and protein ranges were measured 80 h later.
All duplexes made use of have been evaluated at 25, 10, one, and 0. one nM. All transfections were minimally carried out in triplicate, and the information have been averaged. Knockdown of Kaiso and P120ctn was performed, and RNA, protein extraction, QRT PCR, Western blot, and FACS analysis were done as described above. Genuine time PCR QRT PCR Examination Quantitation of Kaiso, P120ctn, Wnt11, B catenin, SCF, c MYB, c EBP, Gata 2, PU one RNA tran scripts was carried out by authentic time PCR. Two micrograms of complete RNA from K562 cell line or transfected K562 cell line, have been reverse transcribed with Superscript III Reverse transcriptaseVR. cDNAs have been mixed with SYBR Green PCR Master MixVR and particular primers. Authentic time PCR was carried out in an ABI Prism 7000 thermocycler, with 50 cycles of 15 s at 95 C and two m at 68 C.
Expression levels have been estimated in triplicate with distinct and management primers. For each sample, the relative quantities of tran scripts of your target gene as well as inner manage had been esti mated from a normal curve. Final results had been expressed in arbitrary units as the ratio of the target gene transcript in ternal transcript. Western blot analysis Protein lysates have been prepared as previously reported. Protein concentrations were determined from the Bradford approach.
After once again, extra direct proof is still desired. Conclusions In summary, the above data demonstrated that SAHA possesses its anti pancreatic cancer capability by inducing cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis too as suppressing tumor in vitro Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cell migration and VM. Akt inhibition could possibly be linked with SAHAs inhibitory efficiency. Therefore SAHA might be a prospective anti VM candidate for anti pancreatic cancer treatment. Background Melanoma, a sort of cancer caused as a result of uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes in epidermis of skin, is probably the most frequent cancers in fair skinned populations. In accordance to not too long ago published statistics based on information from U.s. of America, it is actually the fifth most common cancer in guys and seventh most typical can cer in girls.
Melanoma is recognized for its quick progression, metastasis, and bad prognosis, and it is re sponsible for in excess of 80% of deaths from skin cancer. Early diagnosis will allow for surgical excision of your tumors and also the sufferers could be managed with a relapse free interval of as much as 10 years. But, somewhere around 1 in 35 individuals develop metastatic Ivacaftor buy tumors, and metastatic melanoma has a incredibly bad prognosis with an overall sur vival among eight to 18 months. Only 15% of sufferers with metastatic melanoma survive for five many years. There is constrained progress within the treatment of melanoma, metastatic melanoma is notorious for its re sistance to typical radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Until eventually lately, dacarbazine, a DNA alkylating agent, was the only FDA accepted drug available for your remedy of melanoma.
In 2011, vemurafenib, a particular inhibi tor of BrafV600E, and ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody towards cytotoxic selleck chemicals Abiraterone T lymphocyte linked antigen 4, are already accepted to the treatment method of mel anoma. On the other hand, the achievement of their use is constrained by effectiveness only in a restricted population, probable advancement of lethal resistance with vemurafenib treat ment, and only a small improve in median survival time within the case of ipilimumab. Our lab previously reported a significant association between greater Braf expression and melanoma progression, and an inverse relationship amongst Braf expression and patient prognosis. Looking at the significance of Braf inhibitors in melanoma treatment method, a number of studies have attempted to decipher the mechanisms for resistance and suggested both mitogen activated protein kinase dependent and independent pathways as motives for vemurafenib resistance.
Many approaches to overcome the resistance, including a com bination therapy of Braf and MEK1 two inhibitors, have been proposed and are in different phases of clinical stud ies. However, there are no results to the efficiency in the blend therapies in clinical settings plus the search for alternate and extra drugs for the deal with ment of melanoma is ongoing. We analyzed the expression of p300, a well studied histone acetyl transferase, in melanoma pa tient samples and discovered that loss of p300 expression while in the nucleus was correlated with condition progression and worse survival in melanoma sufferers.
Moreover, we also observed that nuclear p300 expression was an inde pendent prognostic issue, suggesting the significance of focusing on the functions of histone acetyltransferases in melanoma therapy. Stability and action of p300 protein are proven to get regulated by phosphorylation, and phosphorylation of p300 by mito gen activated protein kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase has been reported to promote the degradation of p300 protein. Due to the fact our past research in melanoma sufferers showed a rise in Braf expression, which is regarded to become up stream of MAPK while in the signaling cascade, we hypothe sized a prospective for correlation amongst p300 and Braf.
Tozasertib was kindly donated by Vertex Phar maceuticals Inc. Stock solutions of vorinostat, pracinostat, and tozasertib were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and subsequently diluted to the desired concentration in growth medium. Anti phospho Abl, phospho Crk L, cleaved Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries caspase 3, PARP HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC5, HDAC7, Bim, and Aurora A and B antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Tech nology. Other reagents had been obtained from Sigma. Cell culture The human CML cell line K562 was obtained from your American Kind Culture Collection. Ba F3 wt BCR ABL cells and Ba F3 T315I cells had been described previously. These cells were maintained in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum with 1% penicillin streptomycin in a humidified incubator at 37 C.
Cell proliferation assay Cell proliferation evaluation was carried out as previously described. Cell signaling assays and western blot analysis Panorama Ab microarrays were analyzed based on the suppliers directions. The arrays had been scanned applying a GenePix Individual 4100A microarray selleck products scanner, and normalization was carried out working with the housekeeping pro tein incorporated with the chip. The protein expression ratio was calculated making use of MS Excel. Western blot analysis was performed as previously described. DNA microarray and microarray data evaluation DNA microarray evaluation was carried out as previously described. In short, K562 cells have been taken care of with one uM tozasertib for sixteen h. Following incubation at 37 C, the cells were washed twice with ice cold phosphate buffered saline and collected instantly for RNA isolation.
On this examine, we made use of the Human Genome U133A Genechip, which includes in excess of 47,000 transcripts. Target prepar ation was carried out following the companies ex pression examination manual. All arrays had been screened for high-quality by standard solutions, along with the imply fluorescent intensity for each probe set was determined. Major samples www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html This study was approved by the Institutional Critique Board of Tokyo Healthcare University, and informed con sent was provided by all individuals in accordance using the Declaration of Helsinki. Major samples were obtained through the peripheral blood of CML individuals. Mono nuclear cells have been isolated from blood samples and separated by Lymphosepar. The cells had been cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and analyzed as described.
Movement cytometory evaluation Cells have been handled using the indicated concentrations of tozasertib for 48 h. Annexin V propidium iodide apop tosis assays had been carried out based on the manufac turers directions. The cells were gently mixed and immediately analyzed by movement cytometry. Statistical examination Differences among treatment groups, when it comes to dose response and apoptosis, were determined working with College students t test. P values of much less than 0. 05 have been regarded significant. Background Endometrial cancers are among quite possibly the most common gynecological cancers in the United states of america, with more than 35,000 females diagnosed each year. Endometrial endometrioid carcinomas represent 80 85% of all endometrial cancers. When diagnosed at an early stage, the prognosis for EC has improved more than latest years.
Even so, for sufferers diagnosed with late stage illness they have an total bad prognosis. There fore, there exists urgent will need to even more have an understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the advancement and progression of EEC. Current proof has suggested that epigenetic mecha nisms contribute towards the improvement, progression and metastasis of cancer which include endometrial cancer. These epigenetic alterations come about aside from primary gen omic sequences and contain DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression. In human neo plasias, CpG island hypermethylation is related with transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cluding genes that encode miRNAs, that are developed by DICER1, a cytoplasmic RNase III enzyme.
Also, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries multivariate Cox propor tional hazards regression models were preformed to esti mate the hazard ratios and their 95% confidential intervals. Classification tree was constructed through the classification and regression tree model as described previously to examine probability of using a Braf and p300 blend to identify diverse stages of melanoma. The choice trees depicting the classification principles had been created by way of recursive partitioning. When rising each and every tree, equal prior probabilities to the usual and will cer cohorts, and equal misclassification costs have been assigned. To assess the amount of above fitting, ten fold cross validation experiments was carried out applying the SE rule as described previously. P value 0. 05 was regarded as statistically important.
All the statistical analyses were per formed working with SPSS model 16. 0 computer software. Outcomes Braf expression correlates inversely with nuclear p300 and right with cytoplasmic p300 expression Past scientific studies showed that phosphorylation by MAP kin ase resulted in accelerated degradation of p300 in cardiac cells. Due to the fact Braf is acknowledged to become an up stream kinase while in the MAP kinase pathway, else we asked if its expression may very well be inversely associated with p300 expression while in the tumor samples from melanoma individuals. Based mostly to the previously reported lower off values for immunoreactive scores, we divided the staining into minimal and high, and matched the expression of Braf and p300 while in the melanoma patients.
Chi square analysis of license with Pfizer the matched information uncovered that Braf expression inversely correlated with nuclear p300 and right correlated with cytoplasmic p300 expression suggesting Braf nega tively regulates the nuclear accumulation of p300. Braf and cytoplasmic p300 expression are linked with ailment progression We upcoming asked if the association involving Braf and p300 expression was notably correlated with ailment progression or tumor dimension or ulceration status. We initial divided the data based mostly on American Joint Committee for Cancer staging and performed Chi square check evaluation. As proven in Table 2, the percentage of sufferers with large Braf expression or large cytoplasmic expression was appreciably greater as melanoma progressed from AJCC stage I to stage III and after that slightly de creased from stage III to stage IV.
Accordingly, the per centage of patients with higher Braf and higher cytoplasmic p300 expression was substantially greater from AJCC stage I as a result of stage III and slightly decreased from stage III to stage IV. Interestingly, the differ ence in percentage of individuals with substantial Braf and large cytoplasmic p300 expression was highest between stage I and II, which differ mainly based about the tumor dimension. Alternatively, increase in the per centage of cases with substantial Braf and low nuclear p300 ex pression was additional obvious involving stages II and III, which vary primarily based over the presence of tumor cells in the lymph nodes, an indicator of migration and metastasis. Next we separated the scenarios primarily based on tumor dimension after which based on ulceration status. Braf expression was uncovered to become significantly linked with tumor size and ulceration sta tus, whereas cytoplasmic p300 expression was related with tumor size but not with ulceration status.
Nuclear p300 expression was not linked with tumor dimension or ulceration status. As observed with melanoma progression, the incidence of more substantial tumors was significantly larger, and presence of ulcerated tumors tended to be larger, in sufferers with higher Braf and high cytoplasmic p300 expression. Though sufferers with reduced nuclear p300 tended to be connected with ad vanced stages of melanoma, greater tumor dimension and presence of ulcerated tumors, the main difference didn’t attain statistical significance.
These findings shed light around the style and design of new Notch inhibitors dependant on FHL1C to deal with T ALL. Strategies Vector development Total RNA was extracted from a human skeletal muscle biopsy after which reverse transcribed applying Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries a commer cially offered kit from TAKARA with an oligo dT primer. This patient had signed informed consent, as well as protocol involving human samples was accepted from the Ethics Committee of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University. FHL1C was amplified by PCR with unique primers. The 585 bp PCR products was cloned and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The complete length FHL1C cDNA was inserted into the expres sion vectors pEGFP C1 and pCMV Myc to generate pEGFP FHL1C and pCMV Myc FHL1C, respectively.
To construct http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Oligomycin-A.html EGFP tagged truncates of FHL1C, LIM1, LIM2, as well as the C terminal RBP J binding motif of FHL1C, many fragments had been subcloned by PCR using the primers listed in Further file one, Table S1, and pEGFP FHL1C expression vector was applied since the tem plate. The LIM1 and LIM2 domains had been fused in frame in the three terminus on the RBPmotif to create LIM1R and LIM2R, respectively. LIM1R, LIM2R, and RBPmotif were then inserted in frame into pEGFP C1 to create pEGFP LIM1R, pEGFP LIM2R, and pEGFP RBPmotif. To construct vectors for expression of EGFP fused to your minimal RBPmotif of FHL1C, double stranded oligonucleotides encoding VWWPM, PVWWPMK, and APVWWPMKD peptides have been synthesized and cloned in frame downstream of EGFP in pEGFP C1. The plasmids had been confirmed by DNA sequencing. Individuals, RNA extraction, RT PCR, Sequencing Blood samples have been collected from T ALL patients and normal healthy people.
All sufferers and usual persons concerned from the review had signed informed consents for the use of their blood samples, except for kids under the age of 18, who had their informed consents signed by their mother and father as their representatives. The protocols involving human samples have been Gemcitabine hydrochloride accepted from the Ethics Committee of Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University. Diagnoses had been made in accordance with conventional morphological, immunological, and molecular genetics criteria. PBMCs were separated by Ficoll Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. Total RNA was extracted from PBMCs and Jurkat cells employing Trizol reagent, then re verse transcribed utilizing the commercially out there kit with random primers.
cDNA was diluted appropriately and applied for PCR, GAPDH was utilized as an inner con trol. DNA sequences corresponding on the HD and PEST domains were amplified working with nested PCR accord ing to previous report, then sequencing was per formed by Biotechnology Enterprise. Actual time PCR was carried out as triplicate utilizing SYBR Premix EX Taq with an ABI PRISM 7300 real time PCR program with B actin because the refer ence management. Primers utilized for quantitative RT PCR are listed in More file five, Table S2. Cell culture and transfection Jurkat cells had been grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, two mM L glutamate, 100 U ml penicillin, and 100 ug ml strepto mycin at 37 C in saturated humidity with 5% CO2. HeLa and Cos7 cells have been maintained in Dulbeccos modified Eagle medium containing the supple ments pointed out over.
HeLa and Cos7 cells were transfected using Lipofecta mine 2000 based on the advisable protocol. Jurkat cells were transfected by using a Nucleofector Kit V utilizing a Nucleofector I following the suppliers optimized protocol. Reporter assays HeLa or Cos7 cells have been cultured in 24 nicely plates and transfected with 5 ng phRL TK, 80 ng pGa981 6 reporter plasmid, 200 ng pEF BOS Myc NIC, and serial amounts of plasmids carrying FHL1C or a variety of truncates of FHL1C. The cells have been harvested at 48 h post transfection, and cell extracts were assayed for luciferase exercise using a Gloma X 20 20 Luminometer.
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2019-04-23T03:56:24Z
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https://jak-inhibitors.com/2015/03
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Postpartum depression is an important but neglected public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms and associated factors in a rural Ethiopian setting characterized by high social adversity and reproductive health threats. We hypothesized that infant gender preference would be associated with PPD symptoms.
A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Sodo district, southern Ethiopia, between March and June 2014. A total of 3147 postpartum women (one to 12 months after delivery) were recruited and interviewed in their homes. The questionnaire included demographic, reproductive health and psychosocial factors in addition to a culturally validated measure of depressive symptoms, the Patient Health Questionnaire. Scores of 5 or more were indicative of high levels of PPD symptoms.
The prevalence of high PPD symptoms was 12.2%, with 95% confidence interval (CI) between 11.1 and 13.4. Of these, 12.0% of the study participants had suicidal ideation. Preference of the husband for a boy baby was associated with PPD symptoms in univariate analysis (crude odds ratio 1.43: 95% CI 1.04, 1.91) but became non-significant after adjusting for confounders. In the final multivariable analysis, rural residence [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.56: 95% CI 2.56, 4.19], grand multiparity (aOR 2.00: 1.22, 3.26), perinatal complications (aOR: 2.55: 1.89, 3.44), a past history of abortion (aOR 1.50: 1.07, 2.11), experiencing hunger in the preceding 1 month (aOR 2.38: 1.75, 3.23), lower perceived wealth (aOR 2.11: 1.19, 3.76), poor marital relationship (aOR 2.47: 1.79, 3.42), and one or more stressful events in the preceding 6 months (aOR 2.36: 1.82, 3.06) were associated significantly with high PPD symptoms.
PPD symptoms affected more than one in 10 women in this Ethiopian community setting. Social adversity and reproductive health threats were associated with poorer mental health. Interventions focusing on poor rural women with low access to care are necessary. This research can serve as an entry point for the adaptation of a psychosocial intervention.
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a pressing but largely neglected public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) . The symptoms of PPD are the same as depressive symptoms at any other time in a person’s life . The prevalence of PPD in LMICs is as high as, if not higher than, the prevalence seen in high-income countries . Recent evidence on the prevalence of PPD was only available from 15% of LMICs and indicated a weighted mean prevalence of perinatal common mental disorders (including depressive symptoms) of 19.8% . In sub-Saharan Africa, many studies of PPD are facility-based or restricted to high risk populations, for example women with HIV, and are not representative of the general population of postpartum women. More representative community-based studies have mostly been conducted in Ethiopia and South Africa (Table 1). Most studies indicate a high burden of PPD symptoms, measured using validated depression screening scales, but with substantial variation in the estimated prevalence of PPD [4–7].
PPD is likely to be an important factor contributing to elevated mortality in women in LMICs, through increasing the risk of suicide [8, 9]. There are several studies from LMICs which show a substantial burden of suicide in the perinatal period, for which unrecognized and untreated PPD is likely to have made an important contribution although information on the woman’s mental health prior to death is not known [10–12]. An estimated 20% of deaths among women in the postpartum period in India are classified as suicide or accidental burns . In a hospital-based retrospective study from Mozambique, 33% of deaths during the early postpartum period were from suicide . In Nepal, suicide was the leading cause of maternal death, accounting for 16% . Similarly, 13% of maternal deaths were attributed to suicide in Sri Lanka . PPD also has implications for the child and has been linked to higher rates of stunting, diarrheal diseases, lower completion of recommended schedules of immunization, lower rate of exclusive breast feeding and poorer cognitive and social-emotional development among children in LMICs [14–19].
Factors associated with PPD in LMICs include younger age [3, 20, 21], rural residence [3, 22], low income [3, 20, 23, 24], lack of social support [3, 24, 25], pregnancy and birth complications [3, 7, 22, 23, 26], unplanned pregnancy [3, 22, 27, 28], intimate partner violence [20, 22, 27] and non-adherence with perinatal sociocultural practices . Gender preference has been frequently cited as a risk factor for PPD in Asian culture, but has not been adequately investigated in Africa [22, 23, 30–33]. In Ethiopia and other sub-Saharan African countries, studies indicate that gender preference affects the decision to use family planning [34, 35]. Couples have been found to postpone the use of family planning if their live children are female, reflecting a desire for a male child. In a previous qualitative study from Ethiopia, there was a strong preference for boy babies , but in a subsequent quantitative study no association was found between giving birth to a boy when the husband preferred a boy and onset of PPD, but this study was under-powered .
Inconsistencies in the prevalence of PPD and associated factors are likely to be explained by use of different measures of depressive symptoms and associated factors, differing cut-off scores on self-report measures of PPD, differing definitions of the perinatal period, variation in sample size, the nature of the sample (rural, periurban or urban) and differences in the variables included in multivariable models.
There is a need for rigorously conducted, contextually sensitive and adequately powered studies to investigate the distribution of perinatal depressive symptoms in rural sub-Saharan African country settings. The information obtained will help to inform appropriate intervention strategies at both the individual and community level. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of high levels of PPD symptoms and associated factors in a setting of high social adversity and reproductive health threats in Ethiopia. We tested the hypothesis that infant gender preference would be associated with PPD in rural Ethiopia.
The study was conducted in Sodo district, of the Gurage zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. SNNPR is one of the largest regions in Ethiopia, accounting for more than 10 percent of the country’s land area. The SNNPR is an extremely ethnically diverse region of Ethiopia. These ethnic groups are distinguished by different languages, cultures and socioeconomic organizations. The Gurage zone has 15 districts. Sodo district is the second largest in terms of population (161,952 persons; 79,356 men and 82,596 women), with 88% of the population residing in rural areas and comprises 58 sub-districts. It is located about 100 km south of the capital city, Addis Ababa.
In Sodo district, there are eight health centers, each linked to five health posts served by health extension workers. There is a general hospital 30 km away from the district town, Buee, which has an outpatient psychiatric service provided by a psychiatric nurse. However, at the time of the study there was no specialist mental health professional located within the district and no health care personnel trained in mental health care. As part of the Program for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME), plans were being made to integrate mental health care into primary care and maternal health care settings across the district . PRIME is a multi-country implementation research project involving five LMICs (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda) . The analyses presented in this paper were from a formative study which was conducted to identify the treatment gap for women with post-partum depression and their preferred help-seeking and coping strategies in order to inform service development. In this paper we focus on the identification of risk factors for development of PPD.
We attempted to identify and recruit all women between one and 12 months postpartum with live infants who were residing in Sodo district. A total of 3147 women were recruited from the 58 sub-districts of the study district, identified by locators in a house-to-house census triangulated with the list of infants from the PRIME census and immunization reports for the whole district obtained from the district health office. Further details of the sample identification have been described previously . The eligibility criteria included being a resident of the study district for 1 year or more, having a live infant, being between one and 12 months postpartum and not exhibiting overt behavioral disturbance indicative of severe mental illness. Each household containing an eligible woman was visited by a data collector who then explained the purpose of the research and gave the woman an information sheet or read the information aloud for those who were unable to read. Women who consented to participate were interviewed at a time and place that was convenient for them, but for the most part the interview took place within their homes. The interviews took approximately 1 hour to complete.
PPD symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 was developed originally to measure depression in primary care settings . The PHQ-9 has been culturally validated for use in several African country settings [3, 29, 45–47] including in postpartum women in rural Ghana and in the primary health care and antenatal care settings in the neighbouring district to this study [49, 50]. In the Ethiopia primary care validation, a score of 5 or more was found to have a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 75% for the detection of major depressive disorder. In antenatal women, the validated cut-off was four and above, giving a sensitivity of 86.7% and a specificity of 80.4%.
Gender preference was measured by asking the woman whether she was happy with her child’s gender (yes/no) and whether she perceived that her husband was happy with the child’s gender (yes/no).
Social support was assessed using the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). The total score as well as the individual items of the OSSS-3 may be used. A total score ranging between 3 and 8 is classified as poor social support, a score between 9 and 11 as intermediate support, and a score between 12 and 14 as strong support . The OSSS-3 has been used in Ethiopia in various settings, including the community for this study [43, 52–54].
Stressful events were measured by the list of threatening experiences (LTE-12) . The LTE has been found to have convergent validity in various studies in Ethiopia [43, 53, 54]. Alcohol use disorder was indicated using the Fast Alcohol Screening Test , a four item questionnaire that has been adapted and used in the study site previously . A score of 3 or more indicates probable hazardous or harmful drinking. Perinatal complications were assessed by asking the woman “Have you had pregnancy, or birth-related difficulties? If yes, what were they?” (coded as haemorrhage, prolonged labour or high blood pressure).
A total of 36 data collectors and four supervisors, who were recruited from the district by the PRIME project and had experience of data collection, were trained for 9 days. The educational levels of the data collectors ranged from tenth grade completed to first degree. They were supervised by four supervisors who were also trained and assisted by the investigators. The supervisors were diploma or degree graduates. A pre-test was conducted in three sub-districts near the study area. Data were collected between April and June 2014.
Data were double entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS-20) for analysis. Frequencies, percentages, and mean values were used to describe the categorical and continuous variables. Bivariate analyses were carried out to investigate the association between symptoms of PPD and several demographic, obstetric, and psychosocial variables. The hypothesis that the woman’s perception that her husband was unhappy with the gender of the baby would be associated with PPD was tested by controlling for demographic and obstetric factors in the multivariable analysis. All variables with a p-value < 0.2 were included in the multivariable model. Adjusted odds ratios with associated 95% confidence intervals were reported in the final multiple logistic regression model.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University. Permission was also obtained from the Sodo District Health Office and administration. Women who agreed to participate gave written consent. For those who were not literate, independent witnesses were invited to sign to indicate that the information had been read out correctly. Non-literate participants then gave a finger print to indicate consent. Women who endorsed the PHQ item indicating suicidal ideation and those with higher than or equal to 10 in the PHQ were linked to the Butajira hospital psychiatric nurse-led outpatient clinic.
A total of 3147 women between one and 12 months postpartum (mean 5.89 months postpartum; standard deviation (SD) 3.42) were included in the study. One woman was excluded and referred for specialist mental health care with probable psychotic symptoms. No women refused to participate in the study.
The mean age of the respondents was 27.9 years (SD 5.3). Concerning the gender of the baby, 8.8% (n = 276) of the women and 11.6% (n = 366) of their husbands reported being unhappy. More husbands were happy about the baby’s gender if the baby was male (55.9% for male vs. 44.1% for female) (Table 2).
The prevalence of high PPD symptoms (PHQ-9 score of 5 or more) was 12.2% (385/3147) with 95% confidence interval 11.1–13.4. The prevalence estimates for PPD symptoms did not differ across the postpartum period: 1–3 months postpartum 12.7% (129/1012), 4–6 months 11.1% (80/723) and 7–12 months 12.5% (176/1412).
In the bivariate analysis, the odds of having PPD symptoms were 1.43 times higher in women whose husbands were not happy about the baby gender: 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.91. However, the association became non-significant in the multivariable model. In the multivariable analysis, the following were associated significantly with PPD symptoms: rural residence, grand multi-parity, history of complication during pregnancy of the index child, past history of abortion, experiencing hunger in the preceding month due to lack of food, perceived wealth less than the neighbors, poor marital relationship, and having had one or more negative events during the preceding 6 months (Table 3).
In this paper we report findings from a large population-based study of PPD symptoms in a rural Ethiopian setting, using a culturally validated measure of depression and a wide range of potentially relevant associated factors measured using standardized instruments. The hypothesis that unhappiness of the father about the baby’s gender would be associated with PPD symptoms was rejected.
The prevalence of high PPD symptoms in our study was 12.2%. Although this is in the range of the prevalence reports from community studies from LMICs (ranging from 4.9 to 59.4%) , it is much higher than a previous study conducted in a neighboring district 10 years ago where the prevalence was 5% . Apart from the difference in the measurement instruments (the Self-Reporting Questionnaire was used in the previous study), it is possible that psychosocial and socio-cultural protective factors might be declining in the society. Socio-cultural practices that provide emotional and material support to women following birth are hypothesized to be protective against PPD or may be risk factors when people fail to comply with them .
In the same sample of women, we have shown previously that the treatment gap for PPD is very high , with most women not seeking any help for their symptoms and not receiving any evidence-based care. Nonetheless, around half of women were receptive to receiving treatment in the primary healthcare setting as well as from religious to traditional healers.
Symptoms of PPD were higher among women whose husbands were not happy about the baby gender (15.8% vs. 11.8%), p-value < 0.05. However, this association became non-significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Gender preference has been reported as independent predictor of PPD in Asian countries [33, 58–61]. In most of the studies conducted in LMICs, male gender was preferred to female especially among people with low income and education [58, 62, 63]. Although there is some evidence of gender preference in the Ethiopian setting , this does not appear to translate into a threat to the mental health of perinatal women.
The association between depression and disadvantage in women, including gender inequality, intimate partner violence and low maternal education, has been reported by many studies in LMICs, including Ethiopia [64, 65]. In this study, women living in the rural area had about twice the odds of having PPD. Rural living is associated with lower socioeconomic status, lower empowerment of women and poorer access to healthcare in Ethiopia. Unemployment and poverty are well known risk factors for PPD [3, 20, 23, 24, 66, 67]. Dimensions of poverty include food and financial insecurity. In this study, women who had experienced hunger in the preceding month and who perceived their socio-economic status to be lower than others were more likely to have PPD. This is consistent with findings in other LMICs [66, 68, 69]. Those women who reported a poor relationship with their husband were also more likely to have PPD. The question of whether poor marital relationships cause PPD or PPD leads to problems in the marital relationship remains unanswered given the cross-sectional nature of our study. Nearly half of women in our study had experienced at least one stressful life event, ranging from loss of a loved one to being the victim of theft, and this was associated significantly with PPD.
The importance of social determinants of PPD in this rural Ethiopian setting is also reflected in our previous finding of attribution of PPD symptoms to social rather than psychological causes [36, 41]. Any intervention for PPD will need to consider social determinants in order to effectively address the underlying cause of depression, as well as to be acceptable for women in this context. Poverty reduction interventions or interventions to address intimate partner violence would be expected to improve mental health in women in this setting at the population level, although a review indicated that micro-finance initiatives may actually increase mental distress . Nonetheless, alongside such initiatives, it is likely that individually-focused psychosocial interventions will also be needed for a sub-group of women. In a systematic review of psychosocial interventions for women with perinatal depression, there was preliminary evidence that purely social interventions were less effective than psychological interventions .
Women who had given birth to five or more children had two-fold increased odds of experiencing PPD compared to first time mothers. This is in keeping with previous studies from LMICs [3, 69, 72]. The unmet need for family planning is very high in many LMICs and women with high fertility are more likely to be uneducated, poor and in poorer health, all of which are associated with PPD . Past adverse pregnancy outcomes such as abortion and perinatal complications were found to have significant association with PPD in this study, as with many other studies in other LMICs [3, 7, 22, 23, 26, 69]. Despite recent reductions, maternal mortality remains high in rural Ethiopian settings. As a consequence, any medical complications during pregnancy are likely to be perceived as potentially life-threatening and a potent threat to mental health . Loss of a previous pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of mental health problems in the subsequent pregnancy in high-income country settings but has been little-investigated in LMICs. Improving the reproductive health of women would be expected to improve their mental as well as their physical health. Nonetheless, for women who do experience complications, improved psychological support may reduce the risk of developing future mental health problems.
This is a cross-sectional study it is difficult to determine temporal relationship between exposure and outcome variables, for example between PPD and poverty. Reliance on self-report for the measurement of factors such as wealth, marital relationship and husbands’ substance use may have led to under-reporting of the true extent of the problem. Although women were asked specifically about symptoms for PPD in the preceding 2 weeks, some might have also reported symptoms present during or before pregnancy due to difficulty defining the recall period in this rural setting with low levels of literacy. Some depressive symptoms, such as weakness, may have been the result of the demands of the postpartum period rather than depression. We did not conduct physical examinations and may have missed underlying physical health problems.
Postpartum depression affected at least one in ten women in this Ethiopian community. Social adversity and reproductive threats were high and associated with PPD. Improving reproductive healthcare, addressing social determinants of PPD and creating access to mental health care through integration into existing primary care-based maternal health care may reduce the burden.
TA developed the proposal, supervised the data collection process, developed the data entry template, checked the data entry periodically, analyzed the data, and prepared the draft manuscript. CH: supported development of the proposal, analyzed the data and contributed to interpretation of the findings, as well as commenting on the manuscript. AF participated in the translation of the instruments, helped in interpretation of the results and commented on the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We are grateful to the study participants for giving their time and energy to respond to the interview questions. The authors acknowledge the PRIME project for funding the research. The district health office, administrative office and the respective sub-districts are highly acknowledged for their cooperation in the process of the research. We also thank the data collectors, supervisors, and other members of the research team for their commitment to the study.
The data for this study are part of a PhD thesis for Telake Azale and therefore cannot be made publicly available at the present time. Through the PRIME consortium, data will be made publicly available in due course via applications through the PRIME website: https://www.prime.uct.za. The data are available on request from the corresponding author (CH) for replication of the findings presented in this paper.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University. Permission to conduct the research was received from the district Health and Administrative offices. Only women who gave written, informed consent to participate were included in the study.
This study is an output of the PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME). This work was supported by the UK Department for International Development . The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies.
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2019-04-25T08:04:52Z
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https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-018-0219-x
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National media had recently splashed news that in this judgment the Supreme Court has laid down a new law that henceforth hospitals/nursing homes that do not have intensive care units(ICUs) cannot perform any surgery/intervention. This is a wrong interpretation of this judgment. The Supreme Court has certainly held the gynecologist and the nursing home (OPs) negligent for performing hysterectomy in the nursing home (OP) which did not have an ICU but its observations are restricted to this case only and certainly not applicable to all facilities in India.
The surgeon and the hospital both must contemplate whether the requisite infrastructure and facilities required for a particular intervention are available and in working condition before taking a decision to perform an elective intervention. (In this case, the patient underwent hysterectomy at the nursing home (OP) which admittedly did not have an ICU. The patient suffered post-surgery complications, was transferred to another hospital, and later died. It was alleged that lack of ICU was one of the reasons for the death. The Supreme Court held both the gynecologist and the nursing home (OPs) negligent observing that "operation should not have been performed at a nursing home which did not have the ICU when it could be reasonably foreseen that without ICU there was post operative risk to the life of the patient").
Performing an elective surgery in haste without scientifically tenable justifications could be construed as negligence. (In this case, the decision to perform an elective surgery about six months after the disease first surfaced without first controlling blood pressure and hemoglobin was questioned in the court. The lower court in fact went on to hold the gynecologist (OP) negligent for failure to justify/record that the "operation was extra urgent and it did not brook any further delay;" for performing surgery on the next day of admission after watching blood pressure and hemoglobin chart only for few hours without deferring the "operation for the time being to observe the condition of the patient for some time more;" and for failure to inform the patient/attendants of such an emergent need. The higher courts (National Consumer Commission and Supreme Court) disagreed with these findings as the gynecologist (OP) produced medical texts which clearly permitted surgery even in such circumstances).
The treating doctor has the right, authority, and discretion to make choices, but every decision must be within the four corners of the "accepted medical practice." (In this case, the allegation was that the gynecologist (OP) performed hysterectomy in a haste without controlling blood pressure and raising hemoglobin. Medical texts were produced by both the patient and the gynecologist (OP) in support of their contentions. The lower courts upheld this allegation but the National Consumer Commission and the Supreme Court rejected this allegation holding that the gynecologist was entitled to make a choice and to take the risk as medical texts supported such a course. The Supreme Court has very specifically observed that "judge's preference of the opinion expressed in the books cited on behalf of OP Nos. 1 and 2 (gynecologist and nursing home) would not be sufficient to establish negligence against OP Nos. 1 and 2").
Greater care and contemplation is required in cases where the doctor makes the choice of the hospital/nursing home for admitting his/her patients. (In this case, the gynecologist (OP) who was treating the patient chose the nursing home (OP) for performing hysterectomy. This aspect was very specifically questioned in the court alleging that the said nursing home (OP) did not have ICU facilities and the gynaecologist's (OP) insistence on performing surgery in the said nursing home (OP) was "a sheer act of professional and monetary greed in order to procure his commission from the proprietor of the said nursing home (OP) in lieu of admitting patients").
The patient must be transferred to an appropriate facility at the earliest when indicated. (In this case, one of the allegations was that, when the patient suffered post-surgery complications and was critical, the gynecologist (OP) "did not bother to take initiative to get himself involved in transferring the case" to another nursing home).
Meet, communicate, and counsel the relatives/attendants of a critical patient compassionately.
The Supreme Court has suggested that Alternative Disputes Redressal (ADR) mechanism,(arbitration/conciliation/mediation) must be availed more frequently and "video conferencing facility for examining expert witnesses wherever necessary" must be used to facilitate speedy resolution of disputes in consumer courts.
To err is human. Accept mistakes. Reassess/revise your diagnosis/course of treatment in appropriate cases, especially if your treatment is not working or there are complications. Avoid stubbornness. (In this case, the doctor (OP) continued to treat the patient based on his diagnosis of chicken pox despite the patient suffering from drug reaction and her condition becoming worst. Two other hospitals where the patient was later transferred had immediately diagnosed the patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and managed the patient accordingly. Even in court, the doctor (OP) filed evidence of 3 other doctors, who supported his diagnosis. This stubbornness to revise diagnosis was held as negligence by the court and cost a young girl her eyes).
Diagnosis should always be backed/confirmed by appropriate investigations. Mistake in diagnosis can be an error of judgment but being stubborn about it even when all evidence is contrary or inconsistent with the same is certainly negligence. (In this case, the court held the doctor (OP) negligent for starting treatment based only on his clinical judgment of chicken pox without performing any investigation. Furthermore, he continued with this diagnosis and failed to perform appropriate investigations even when the patient suffered complications. The court held that this was negligence observing that none of the hospitals and expert doctors who treated the patient subsequently diagnosed her with chickenpox and they were all unanimous in their diagnosis of SJS).
While taking history, enquire specifically about the past treatment taken by the patient and document the same. (In this case the doctor (OP) had taken the defense that the patient had suppressed the fact of her previous treatment, continued medicines prescribed earlier, and this caused subsequent complications. The court did not accept this defense as it was not documented).
Patient can be discharged when fully fit or "discharged against medical advice" (DAMA/LAMA). There is nothing like discharge on request of patient/relatives and all such discharges must be treated as DAMA/LAMA. (In this case the doctor (OP) stated that the patient was discharged at the request of the relatives but the court did not accept this contention as the discharge summary showed that the patient had fever and was not fit to be discharged. DAMA/LAMA protocol ought to have been followed in this case).
Discharging a patient with incomplete treatment is per se negligence. Recording dishonestly or falsely in the discharge card further aggravates this misdemeanor. (In this case, twice the patient was discharged and readmitted on the same day, but the discharge card always recorded that the "patient is being discharged in a satisfactory condition." The court has sarcastically commented on the aforesaid thus "The notes given in the discharge summary that the patient is being discharged in a satisfactory condition. In case the patient was readmitted on the same day then what is the level of satisfaction").
There is no harm in referring to/relying upon recent investigation reports from another facility, but a certain degree of caution is required. (In this case, the allegation was that the neurosurgeon (OP) had performed surgery relying upon a 12-day old report and that too of another hospital. The other hospital was DMCH Ludhiana, one of the best hospitals in that region. The court rejected the allegation).
In case of any lack of infrastructure/doctors, this fact must be specifically disclosed to the patient at the earliest. In appropriate cases, such a patient should not be admitted. In case any such deficiency is felt during the course of hospitalization, the patient must be transferred to an appropriate facility at the earliest. (In this case, physiotherapy was necessary post surgery for the recovery of the patient. The hospital (OP1) did not have the requisite infrastructure for the same yet the patient was referred to another hospital only on the insistence of the patient's relatives. The court drew adverse inference from this conduct).
A complication is not per se negligence but efforts to diagnose the reason and appropriate efforts to correct the same must be taken. (In this case, post surgery the condition of the patient deteriorated, but there was no proof of any attempt made by the neurosurgeon (OP2) to correct it. The court has observed thus "We do not say that offer of surgery amounts to medical negligence but during the procedure of surgery, the Doctor has caused damage to the motor power of the lower limb, which he has not been explained how it happened and what type of efforts were made by them to overcome it").
In appropriate cases, results of a procedure/surgery must be confirmed by performing indicated investigations. (In this case, one of the allegations was that a repeat MRI was not done post surgery).
Disclose and explain the risks and complications associated with the surgery in presurgery counselling sessions. (In this case, one of the allegations was that the patient was not informed of the possible complication of losing motor powers after the surgery).
Provide copies of medical records to the patient and produce them in court. (In this case, the hospital merely provided admission and discharge records to both the patient and the court, but withheld day-to-day progress notes, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports, and other medical records. The court observed that "withholding of the vital documents gives an adverse inference against OPs (hospital and neurosurgeon) and amounts to deficiency in service).
Date of performing important medical actions/interventions and taking important decisions must be recorded in the discharge card. (In this case, the fact that the implant was removed during hospitalization was recorded in the discharge slip but the date on which it was removed was not stated. The court drew adverse inference of the same).
While drafting defense in legal proceedings, doctors and hospitals must first refer to their complete medical records. Any inconsistency between statement/stand in the court and medical records is always construed adversely. (In this case, the court specifically pointed out that the hospital (OP) had stated in its written defense filed in the court that the patient was brought to the casualty with complaints of worsening motor power along with weakness of all four limbs, but this fact did "not tally with the chief complaints of the patient and diagnosis diagnosed by the hospital (OP), therefore, their pleadings are in contravention of their own medical record perhaps to cover the complaint of weakness of all the four limbs, which happened in their hospital after admission of the patient").
Law accepts that medicine cannot guarantee cent percent success. So, failure of a therapy/intervention is not per se negligence. However, failure to follow appropriate protocols in accordance with the accepted medical practice could be construed as negligence. This case is an excellent illustration of the aforesaid. The main allegation of the patient was that the urologist (OP) had been unable to remove stones completely during the procedure and this was negligence. The court rejected this allegation observing that "cent percent clearance of stone was not possible." But, the failure of the urologist (OP) to produce postprocedure investigation reports purportedly done to confirm the results of the procedure before the court, expert committee, and patient, and to record its findings in the discharge summary was held as an instance of deficiency of service.
Always review a diagnosis when the treatment is not showing anticipated results. It is further advisable that refer to or take a second opinion at the earliest. (In this case, the doctor (OP) ignored the symptoms, and relying on his own diagnosis of "measles" continued with the treatment for 2 days. On the third day, when he noticed "bullious eruptions" throughout the body, he decided to call a dermatologist but that too on the next day. The dermatologist diagnosed the patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The patient died a few days thereafter. The court held that this was negligence).
Do notattempt to treat a patient beyond your area of expertise. The only exception would be an acute emergency. (In this case, the patient was admitted with skin lesion and should have been immediately referred to a dermatologist or transferred under the care of a dermatologist, but none of the above was done by the doctor (OP). This was negligence).
Failure of the patient/attendants to follow medical advice must be specifically recorded. (In this case, one of the defenses was that the patient's mother took 4 days in shifting the patient after advice was given to transfer the patient for specialized treatment. This delay ought to have been specifically recorded).
Hospitals/nursing homes must take due care and caution in sending the patients by ambulance. Ensure that the ambulance has the requisite equipment, medicines, doctors, and nurses, especially if the patient happens to be critical or unstable. (In this case, one of the allegation was that the hospitalized patient was sent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to another centre in an ordinary ambulance which was unfit to carry the patient. Furthermore, the doctor joined the patient midway and the ambulance had to wait for a long time for the doctor stranded in the ambulance on roadside in scorching heat. The hospital (OP) very specifically pointed out in defense that the ambulance was a mobile ICU, fully air conditioned, and had a doctor and a nurse).
Whenever a critical hospitalized patient is sent outside for any investigation or if the patient is transferred, it is advisable to inform the other facility in advance and coordinate so that the inconvenience caused to the patient is minimal. (In this case, the patient who had meningitis was sent for MRI to another centre but it seems prior appointment was not taken because of which the patient had to wait for a long time for his turn according to the allegations made by the relatives).
Whenever a patient is charged by a hospital for services that are provided by another facility, the charging hospital must ensure that the patient is not made to pay again at the other centre. (In this case, the hospital (OP) had already charged the patient for MRI that was to be done at another diagnostic centre. One of the allegations was that the accompanying medical officer from the hospital (OP) failed to deposit the same with the diagnostic centre and the patient's relatives had to pay for the same).
In this era of super specialization admit/manage a patient within your area of expertise. If during the course of treatment, you realize that the patient is beyond your area of expertise then involve the other specialty or transfer the patient. (In this case, one of the allegations was that the doctor (OP) who was treating the patient for meningitis was a cardiologist and not a neurologist. The court rejected this allegation and appreciated the fact that the doctor (OP) had referred the patient to a neurologist from day one of hospitalization).
Arrive at a diagnosis and start a treatment only after performing the appropriate investigations. (In this case, one interesting allegation was that treatment for meningitis was started on admission but the same was confirmed with a CT scan on the next day).
Disclose the available facilities to the patient at the outset. It is advisable that hospitals/nursing homes should put a list of the available facilities at the entrance, reception, or any other conspicuous part or provide the patient a printed sheet with this information at the time of admission. (In this case, one of the allegations was that the hospital (OP) claimed to be a multispecialty hospital but did not have indoor MRI facilities).
Hospitals/nursing homes must follow strict sterilization protocols.
The dead body of the patient cannot/should not be withheld for any reason, least of all for financial reasons.
Every hospitalized patient has a right to get copies of his/her treatment records, investigation reports, and the bills/receipt for the period of stay in the hospital. This holds good even if the payment of the bill has been done by someone else. However, the original bill/invoice/receipt must be given to the person/entity making the payment. (In this case, the patient, an accident victim, alleged that he was not given copies of his medical records and bills. The defense of the hospital (OP) was that the medical expenses were borne by the car owner who brought the patient to the hospital and was given the bills. The court observed that,though the car owner was bearing the cost of the treatment on behalf of the patient, the patient also had the right to get copies of his medical records and not providing the same was unfair trade practice. The court directed the hospital (OP) to furnish details of the treatment given and of the payment made for the treatment to the patient also).
It is the prerogative of the doctor to decide the treatment protocol but the same should be "accepted medical practice." In case there are more than one options and the patient is given a choice, the doctor must ensure that all the options offered to the patients are acceptable to medical science. Acceding to patient/relatives demand that is not indicated in medical science is sheer negligence. (In this case, the doctor at the hospital (OP) wanted to manage the patient conservatively but still gave the option to the patient whether he wanted surgery. If surgery was not indicated for this patient according to the doctor, then it was certainly negligence).
The doctor incharge of the patient must also sign on the DAMA/LAMA form. (In this case, the signature of the doctor incharge of the patient at the hospital (OP) was missing, and this was pointed as an instance of negligence. The court rejected this allegation holding that this was an "inadvertent mistake").
Patient must be duly informed about the findings of all investigation reports. (In this case, one of the allegations was that fracture which was reported in the CT scan was not disclosed to the patient. This was not accepted by the court).
DAMA/LAMA forms should record in detailthe fact that the patient is seeking DAMA/LAMA, adverse consequences of DAMA/LAMA have been explained by the doctor, and the original investigation reports/scans have been handed over to the patient.
In this case, admittedly the patient was charged Rs. 70,787 /- for a treatment protocol spanning 90 days but instead he came on only two occasions in 2 weeks. The court drew adverse inference from the same but directed the doctor (OP) "to refund the balance amount after deduction of the cost of two sittings from the amount of Rs. 70,787 /- i.e., Rs. 70,787 minus Rs. 5,900/-Χ 2 = Rs. 11,800/- Rs. 58,987/- + litigation cost of Rs. 10,000/- for compelling the respondent (patient) to take recourse of the litigation and that would be sufficient to meet the ends of justice." This seems to be erroneous as the court held that the adverse reaction suffered by the patient was acceptable.
Every action/decision/diagnosis of a doctor must be based on medical science as prescribed by the standard textbook and journals on that subject.(In this case the allegation was that the OP was using unscientific methods but this allegation was rejected by the court as medical journals reported otherwise).
Adverse reaction is not always negligence. (In this case, the court has very specifically observed that adverse skin reaction was acceptable medical practice and not negligence for the treatment undergone by the patient as reported in medical journals).
In therapies/interventions that require multiple sessions, this fact must be specifically disclosed to the patient and specifically recorded in detail. Failure of the patient to complete the treatment must also be recorded. (In this case, the patient was advised treatment protocol spanning for 90 days but instead he came on only two occasions in 2 weeks. The court has very aptly observed that the patient "is also to be blamed due to his personal contribution for the misdeed caused to skin of his face").
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2019-04-24T13:52:34Z
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http://www.mlcd.in/showBackIssue.asp?issn=0974-1232;year=2017;volume=10;issue=11;month=November
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It is surely more shameful to lose a good reputation than never to have had one. During the great equity bubble of the 1990s Alan Greenspan acquired an illustrious reputation as the world's greatest central banker and staunch guardian of the U.S. dollar. His admirers in the U.S. Congress never tired of applauding him and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom joined them by knighting him. But since the collapse of the bubble and the $8 trillion decline in equity wealth since 2000 he may have lost some of his repute. A few critics now hold him and his Fed colleagues responsible for it all.
With his reputation at stake the Federal Reserve chairman is rejecting all such charges. In a recent speech to the money managers around the world Mr. Greenspan assured them that there was nothing he could have done to prevent the bubble and its collapse. It is beyond the ability of central bankers or anyone else, he asserted, to know with certainty that a bubble actually exists. And even if they knew, neither tough talk nor tight margin requirements would have been effective. Even boosts in interest rates would have worked only if they had produced a recession. Surely no one could expect him to kill the patient with the cure.
Most Americans probably agree with the Chairman. They believe him because he led and encouraged them in a decade of feverish financial activity and soaring stock prices; they trust him because he always consults the thermometer of public opinion. Most economists probably are in accord with him because they embrace financial theories and doctrines similar to those that guide the Chairman. If called upon, they would gladly follow in his footsteps.
The few critics who hold him and his Fed colleagues responsible for the financial instability disagree with the Chairman on every issue. They are astounded by his inability to know with certainty that a bubble actually exists. Economic bubbles have plagued the American economy ever since the First United States Bank opened its doors in Philadelphia in 1791. They preceded and led to many financial crises and even depressions, which have been an important object of economic research and voluminous writing ever since.
Searching for the causes of the equity bubble and its painful aftermath, the critics immediately point to the Fed's very mandate "to regulate the national money supply." The mandate obviously elevates Fed regulations over all laws and principles of the market, which, as all economists know, would destabilize and impede the smooth functioning of any and all economic activities. In equity markets the visible symptoms are extravagant price-earnings ratios. The historic P/E ratio of the DOW stocks hovers around 12; it soared to more than 50 during the 1990s and after a precipitous decline still stands at 20.86 today, November 1, 2002. Surely, when stock prices sell at four times their historic values, the suspicion of a feverish market should arise. Earlier this year Intel was selling at 160.7 times earnings, Disney at 142.6 and Eastman Kodak at 118.1; it is difficult to overlook such ratios or justify them with prospects of wondrous profits in the future. The bubble ratios of the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations system (NASDAQ), which provides price quotations for securities traded Over the Counter as well some New York Stock Exchange listed securities, were and continue to be even more extreme. Over-the-Counter securities generally represent high-risk investments in new ventures which command rather low price/earnings ratios. In calm times they may trade at a ratio of ten or less; during the 1990s many prices soared to several hundred times their earnings. Yet the Chairman speaks of the inability to know with certainty that a bubble actually exists.
Soaring levels of commercial and industrial indebtedness also pointed to the growth of a financial bubble. Between 1995 and 2000 such loans nearly doubled, rising from some $600 billion to more than $1.1 trillion. The funds were used primarily to repurchase corporate stock in order to create the appearance of improved earnings per share or to finance mergers and acquisitions which served to cut costs and raise share prices. Many American corporations busily depleted their liquidity and even embarked upon massive borrowing in order to finance the mergers and acquisitions. At the same time, domestic savings sank to an all-time low while consumer indebtedness and foreign trade deficits rose to all-time highs. All such symptoms clearly signaled the growth of a financial bubble and looming danger to the economy; unfortunately the Fed Board of Governors persisted in ignoring or misinterpreting the signs.
He who does not recognize a bubble obviously does not search for its causes. While stock prices soared to lofty heights the Chairman repeatedly expressed his admiration for the "new economy" and rising productivity which, in his eyes, justified the soaring stock prices. But even if there had been a visible bubble, he assures us, tough talk would have been ineffective.
We readily agree with the Chairman that "tough talk" or even vague threats are rather empty without action. His well-known critical observation of "irrational exuberance" in December 1996 was a timely remark which frightened exuberant investors for a day or two, but, unaccompanied by Federal Reserve action, was soon disregarded. On the other hand, the Chairman's frequent references to the "new economy" and its admirable productivity said a lot to anyone willing to listen; they made him a cheerleader and backstop of the bubble market.
The Chairman wants us to believe that tighter margin requirements would have been ineffective in deflating the equity bubble. These are minimum amounts of cash which a buyer of stock must deposit in a margin account. Throughout the bubble years the Fed's Regulation T had pegged the minimum at $2,000 or fifty percent of the purchase price of eligible securities. The Board obviously did not see fit to raise the required margin because it did not perceive the bubble. But it is rather surprising to be told now that any boost in margin requirements would have had no effect anyway. Surely, a boost to seventy or even one hundred percent would have dampened the enthusiasm of most speculators immediately. It would not have removed the driving force of the bubble, the credit expansion, but probably would have limited or prohibited the use of credits in the stock market, which would have affected stock prices. The credits created by the Fed and the bank credits resting on the Fed funds undoubtedly would have found other uses and created other investment bubbles, such as in real estate, precious metals, or objects of art and collection. The stock market, thus circumscribed by Fed Regulation T, might have been spared the sick fever of a bubble.
Aware of a stock bubble, the Chairman and his Board could also have raised the reserve requirements mandating that member banks must keep cash and other reserve assets as a percentage of demand deposits and time deposits. They decide how much money banks can lend, thus setting the pace at which the banks can expand their credits. The higher the reserve requirements, the tighter the limits of expansion.
The very raison d'être of the Federal Reserve System, as perceived by its founders and sponsors, is to promote economic stability by influencing the flow of money relative to the flow of goods and services. The System has no direct control over the flow of money but it indirectly exerts its influence over commercial bank loans and deposits through the requirement of bank reserves. Its major tools which may be used to determine the cost and availability of reserves are the discount rate, open-market operations, and changes in reserve requirements. They are powerful tools which the Board has used continually ever since the U.S. Congress created them. Mr. Greenspan, at the helm of the Fed since 1987, has used them sparingly to restrain bank credit expansion but frequently to expand its scope and volume. As stock prices were soaring, his Board eased credit because currency crises were wracking Asia in 1997. And again in the fall of 1998 it chose to expand rapidly when Russia defaulted and Long-Term Credit ran into difficulties. Between June 1999 and May 2000, at the top of the boom, finally, it tightened six times by raising the discount rate. But as soon as the economy began to stagnate and readjust in the first quarter of 2001, the Fed reacted by lowering its rate no fewer than eleven times during the year.
The Chairman was always fearful of killing the patient with the cure. He obviously was more averse to any slowdown than to the irrational exuberance he observed. We may understand his feelings and actions because they conformed completely with public opinion. A host of media commentators, market analysts, and vocal politicians never tire clamoring for ever more money and lower interest rates; they instantly would vent their wrath against the Chairman if he would raise the discount rate and withhold the credits. It would take great courage of conviction to confront public opinion and its vocal spokesmen. In this age of fanaticism and terrorism it may even be dangerous to life and limb for a central banker to sanction a recession. The Chairman was never in danger; he enjoyed the bright light of popularity, laboring to prolong the boom indefinitely.
His critics are fully aware that the Federal Reserve System, which he and his fellow governors are supposed to manage, is a creature of politics. It sprang from the most revolutionary single piece of legislation in American currency and banking history, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. It meant to improve the earlier financial system created by the National Banking Act of 1863 which placed the federal government in the very center of American money and banking. Both Acts were designed to reform the market order which was deemed to be unstable and unresponsive to the needs of the federal government and the national economy. Actually, they constituted early steps toward a hybrid fiat system which in time spread to all corners of the world. It is neither a command system in the manner of radical socialism nor a market order on a gold standard; it probably is the most unstable financial system conceivable which no human being, no matter how brilliant and distinguished, could manage satisfactorily.
The American money and credit system now resembles an inverted pyramid that rests on legal-tender Federal Reserve notes and credit. These support various forms of bank money such as commercial bank deposits, savings accounts, large time deposits, and other liquid assets. The base of some $672 billion may expand rather moderately, presently at some 6 percent a year or $40 billion; the layered superstructure of $8.333 trillion bank money (M3) may grow at a similar rate or $529 billion (as of 10/23/2002). Commercial banks tend to "securitize" their loans, converting them into marketable securities for sale to investors which enables them to grant new loans in a continuing process of lending, securitizing, selling, and lending again. Massive non-bank credit constitutes the upper layers of the money pyramid; there are Federal Home Loan Banks, thrift institutions, life insurance companies, brokerage firms, mutual funds and other credit grantors. Last but not least, offshore banks in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Panama, Hong Kong, and Singapore, enjoying favorable regulatory and tax treatment, provide the top layer of the multitrillion dollar money pyramid. And high above the American pyramid hovers the international pyramid which builds on the U.S. dollar standard. The Chairman and his fellow governors are expected to balance it all with their high-powered Federal-Reserve-dollar base. They are expected not only to manage this monstrous pyramid of fiat money and fiduciary credit but also to safeguard the stability of the American economy, to maintain asset prices, protect the value of the dollar, and avoid the business cycle. They are supposed to manage a monstrous structure which politicians built for their own use and glory. That's too much to ask of any mortal.
"Money will not manage itself"; that is the very rationale of Federal Reserve existence. Its sponsors and managers usually refer to the days when gold and silver coins were the principal media of exchange. The supply of money, they assure us, depended more on the discovery and exhaustion of gold and silver mines than upon the needs of business. Moreover, many abuses developed, such as debasing the coinage, "clipping" and counterfeiting. Unfortunately, the Fed sponsors and managers hate to admit that the clipping of a few coins in ages past was a negligible abuse when compared with the continuous "clipping" of all forms of money today. Even in moments of "stability" all U.S. dollars in the form of cash or deposits lose at least two to three percent every year. They have lost some 95 percent since the Federal Reserve introduced its dollar in 1914. They probably will lose more in the coming years.
Fed sponsors and managers point to the recurrence of business cycles prior to the inauguration of the Federal Reserve System. They may turn to the crisis of 1873 and the depression that followed, or to the crash of 1893 and the aftermath, or the crisis of 1907 and the "creeping depression" which lasted until the World War brought an unprecedented boom. Unfortunately, the Fed supporters hate to recall the cyclical instability that has characterized the economy ever since. We count at lease eight boom-and-bust cycles since 1914 in addition to the Great Depression which held the country in its grip from 1929 to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Surely, no one can contend that the Federal Reserve System has brought economic stability or conquered the trade cycle. On the contrary, its critics are convinced that a politically conceived and administered money monopoly, such as the Federal Reserve System, is the worst of all money systems. It will breed business cycles as long as it lives.
Stock market cycles are the most spectacular offsprings of central banking and credit creation. There are several others, less sensational, such as the cycles in precious metals and objects of art and collection. They affect only small groups of affluent clientele who usually suffer in silence. The most ominous of all cycles, which touches millions of people, is the boom-and-bust sequence in real estate. Just as in equity markets, these bubbles are clearly visible in their price-earnings ratios or price-rental ratios that greatly exceed those of healthy markets. Abundant credit at bargain rates of interest causes housing prices to soar, especially in growing communities, which fosters not only feverish construction activity but also enlarges the mountains of debt, even consumer debt. Fannie Mae, the publically owned and government-sponsored Federal National Mortgage Association, reports that soaring housing prices and falling mortgage rates are allowing homeowners to refinance $1.4 trillion of mortgages in 2002, up from $1.1 trillion last year. In both years homeowners are estimated to take out some $100 billion in equity.
The real estate bubble is bound to burst as soon as the distortions become visible to ever greater numbers of participants. Commercial construction already has fallen sharply in 2001 and 2002 with the steepest declines in the industries most afflicted by the September 11 attacks, including hotels and office space. Government-sponsored industries such as public works and health-care facilities are likely to expand further.
Driven by the same forces of easy credit and falling interest rates, all interest-bearing and discounted government securities have developed fever bubbles. The U.S. Treasury bubble, which few economists have as yet discovered, is still growing under the impact of avalanches of investors' money seeking shelter in Treasury safety. Tired of losing any more money in stocks, investors are piling into Treasury notes yielding barely 4 percent. As the federal government will be forced to raise hundreds of billions of dollars in the coming months in order to cover its growing deficits, interest rates are likely to rise. They are bound to increase substantially when the current flood of new money and credit finally aggravates the price inflation. When note rates return to just five percent, the yield of two years ago, the bubble will burst and the market value of all notes and bonds will drop drastically.
The economic maladjustments are numerous and severe, inflicting painful losses on ever more people. The number of job cuts continues to rise, making unemployment a potent economic and political problem. It is compounded by the chronic trade and current-account deficits which are causing many American jobs to move to Asia. The rising rates of unemployment together with the staggering losses of income and wealth cast doubt on the ability of American consumers who are carrying record burdens of debt to support the American economy much further.
Some pessimists hold to the single notion that the length of a readjustment is determined by the length of the bubble which preceded it. Because we experienced the longest and most spectacular financial bubble in history, we are condemned to suffer history's longest recession. Such notions unfortunately spring from robotistic perceptions of human action and reaction. It is the severity of the maladjustment, not its duration, together with the capacity of correction, not its length of time, that will determine the kind and quality of readjustment. An administration walking in the footsteps of Presidents Hoover and Roosevelt who practically closed the national borders to trade and commerce, who doubled the tax burden, and imposed numerous business regulations and restrictions undoubtedly will create another "great depression." An administration that lightens its burdens and releases the energy of the people will facilitate a speedy recovery. A Federal Reserve Board which, obedient to public opinion, keeps its interest rates far below market rates and readily finances growing federal deficits will make matters worse. The popular reduction of its rates on November 6, 2002 was just another popularity ploy which is bound to aggravate the maladjustment and delay the recovery.
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2019-04-19T14:31:38Z
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http://www.inflationomics.com/article.php?article=Blaming%20the%20Fed
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture and fifteen philanthropic organizations have announced an initiative to bolster the supply chain for locally produced food in ten U.S. Cities and regions. With $2 million from philanthropic partners and $850,000 in federal funding, the Food LINC project will work to strengthen each region's local food business sector and increase consumer access to healthy, locally produced food by connecting farmers, ranchers, and entrepreneurs with families and institutional consumers. A full-time Food LINC coordinator will be embedded for up to three years in a host organization in each of the ten cities/regions. Cities or regions participating in the initiative include Albuquerque, New Mexico; Atlanta, Georgia; Central Appalachia; the Chesapeake region; the Delaware Valley region; Jackson, Mississippi; Louisville, Kentucky; Memphis, Arkansas and northwest Mississippi; Pueblo/Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Raleigh/Durham, North Carolina.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack today released the following statement in response to http://frac.org/pdf/take-up-of-cep-report.pdf">a new report done jointly by the Food Research & Action Center (FRAC) and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) regarding positive outcomes of the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP), part of the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, which allows eligible high-poverty schools to offer school meals to all students at no charge, so they can focus on serving children the nutritious meals they need to learn, instead of doing paperwork.
"This report is further evidence that schools participating in CEP are making great strides ensuring that all children are well nourished and prepared to learn, especially since many of these students rely on school meals as their best source of nutritious food. CEP is a win for schools, parents and students, and the results we've seen in the first 2 years of nationwide implementation are inspiring. The report also underscores how the 2010 bipartisan child nutrition law has achieved significant positive results for child nutrition and health. It is because of these undeniable results that I urge Congress to stay the course in child nutrition. It would be unwise to roll back standards, saddle parents and school administrators with more paperwork or weaken assistance for our most vulnerable children. USDA stands ready to work with Congress to support the reauthorization of child nutrition programs that continue to improve the health and wellbeing of the next generation."
All of the changes in manufacturing require that American regions change the traditional economic development approach to site development in some significant ways, according to economic developer Mark Barbash.
USDA’s Office of Communications releases new “USDA Results” page for the month of April focusing on Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food and organic agriculture. This page characterizes the great work USDA has done to support and invest in local and regional food systems across the country since 2009.
Join the RHIhub on Thursday April 14th at 1:00 p.m. Central. This webinar will feature the new Rural Services Integration Toolkit on the RHIhub website, along with successful programs funded by FORHP, including lessons learned. Featured speakers include Alycia Bayne, NORC Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis; Laura Watters, Network Director of Florissa & Day Services; and Cassalyn David, Mariposa Community Health Center.
EPA Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund grants enable states, local governments, quasi-governmental entities, and federally recognized tribes to make low to no interest loans or subgrants to carryout cleanup activities at brownfields sites. Through best practices and case studies, this free webinar will examine the RLF structure that has been shown to bring brownfield sites back into productive use. Join CDFA, EPA, and experienced brownfield communities on Thursday, April 21, 2016 from 2:00 – 3:30pm Eastern as we discuss the key features of a successful Brownfield Revolving Loan Fund and the commonalities and challenges associated with implementing this underutilized financing resource. Learn how even the most challenged or understaffed communities can implement RLF loans and sub-grants.
USDA Rural Development invites you to attend our VAPG Application Webinar. In this webinar, Rural Development staff will walk you through the VAPG application and review the scoring process. Hear application tips from the Business Specialist who will ultimately be scoring your application and make your project proposal as competitive as possible.
When: Thursday, April 21 from 1:30 p.m. to 2:30 p.m.
The final five webinars for the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI Fund)’s Expanding CDFI Coverage in Underserved Areas training series have been scheduled. The series, part of the CDFI Fund’s Capacity Building Initiative, provides specialized training and technical assistance to certified and emerging CDFIs to extend their reach into certain underserved communities in the United States that currently lack a CDFI presence.
The free webinars, provided by Opportunity Finance Network (OFN) and its partners, are intended to maximize Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) participation in this important training. The Expanding CDFI Coverage in Underserved Areas webinars are free and open to the general public, but advanced registration is required to access the live presentations. Registration may be completed up until the start time listed for each individual session.
The CDFI Fund has added an Expanding CDFI Coverage in Underserved Areas Virtual Resource Bank to its website. The new Resource Bank supplements the training and webinar series with reference materials for CDFIs, community development practitioners, and the general public. The Expanding CDFI Coverage in Underserved Areas Resource Bank includes the series’ training materials, additional publications, and tools. The topics covered are relevant for CDFI banks, credit unions, loan funds, and venture capital funds seeking to expand their coverage. Past webinars will also be archived and added to the Resource Bank. https://www.cdfifund.gov/programs-training/training-ta/Pages/resource-bank.aspx?Name=Expanding%20CDFI%20Coverage%20in%20Underserved%20Areas">View the Resource Bank here.
To learn more about Expanding CDFI Coverage in Underserved Areas series and the other training series available under the Capacity Building Initiative, please visit https://www.cdfifund.gov/cbi">www.cdfifund.gov/cbi.
This webinar with the crowdfunding nonprofit ioby will help you learn more about how crowdfunding can be both an effective fundraising and community-engagement tool for walkable community advocates. The webinar will include real-life case studies of successfully-funded walking advocacy projects, crowdfunding myth busting, and best practices for campaign planning, donor prospecting, social media use, and more. You’ll leave with the information you need to decide if, when, and how crowdfunding can best support your goals, and to plan an effective campaign. Material covered is pertinent to volunteers and informal community groups, as well as nonprofits. No prior fundraising experience required.
The Council of Development Finance Agencies (CDFA) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are excited to announce the release of the Community Facilities Infrastructure Toolkit (CFIT), a guide which was developed in collaboration over the past year. The CFIT contains best practices for planning, designing, developing and financing rural community facilities that can be used by nonprofits and public entities. In order to further analyze the Toolkit, CDFA, in partnership with the USDA, is offering a complimentary education webinar to examine how conventional bank loans, bond financing, or state and federal grant and lending programs can be applied broadly across organizations regardless of project type or finance resources.
Groundwork USA explores the best practices for implementing adaptive and inclusive processes to achieve more equitable re-development of vacant, underutilized, and sometimes even contaminated properties.
Join us for a webinar – part of the Michigan Good Food Charter Shared Measurement training series – that will introduce a range of sources for accessing secondary data related to healthy food access and overview the value and limitations of utilizing secondary data.
CohnReznick takes a look at the market potential for community solar, which states will likely see the most projects, community solar project finance, utilities views on this market, and community energy compatibility with rooftop solar.
In this report, Water in the West highlights some tools used in the energy sector that could also be used in to help modernize America's water infrastructure.
The U.S. Treasury Department’s State Small Business Credit Initiative (SSBCI) released a new Quarterly Report detailing how the program continues to help small businesses access capital. More than $1.3 billion has been deployed nationwide, helping boost local economic development efforts and supporting greater levels of private sector lending to small businesses. States have now drawn 95 percent of the nearly $1.5 billion of available funds.
Mar 30, 2016 -- Seeks comments on a proposed rule that will increase the highest patient limit for physicians to treat opioid use disorder. Highlights a treatment access disparity for rural areas and describes how this proposed rule would help address it.
Mar 29, 2016 -- Announces federal administrative and private sector actions to address opioid misuse and abuse across the country, including specific funding to address substance use disorder in rural communities.
The education of workers is closely linked with economic success. Workers with educations beyond high school degrees are more likely to be employed and earning higher wages than workers with high school degrees or less education. Educational attainment of both men and women in rural areas has grown over time, and rural women are more likely to have some college experience or hold associate or bachelor’s degrees than rural men. For example, the most recent (2014) American Community Survey shows that 63 percent of rural young women (age 25-34) had schooling beyond a high school diploma, compared with less than half (47 percent) of rural young men; nearly a quarter of rural young women held a bachelor’s degree or higher. The gender-education gap beyond a high school diploma for rural young adults has widened, from 11 percentage points in 2000 to 16 percentage points in 2014. This gap is more pronounced in rural areas than in the nation as a whole. This chart is based on the ERS Rural Employment & Education topic page.
The Rural Health Information Hub and the NORC Walsh Center for Rural Health Analysis will introduce a new Rural Services Integration Toolkit designed to help rural communities improve access to health and human services. Developed by NORC on behalf of the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy (FORHP), the toolkit identifies model programs and resources that will benefit rural communities seeking to implement services integration programs. A key focus area of the toolkit is to provide best practices for implementing services integration programs that support children and families living in poverty in rural communities. This webinar will feature two examples of successful programs funded by FORHP, including lessons learned.
Over the past decade, extreme weather events have caused major catastrophes to cities large and small. During this webcast, explore financing programs and structures for disaster resiliency, partnerships, and collaborative efforts to identify financing solutions.
The Energy Investment Partnerships Webinar Series is a tailored four-part webinar series designed specifically for states and stakeholders working to develop or enhance an Energy Investment Partnership (EIP).
Money, distance, and lack of education are just a few barriers between rural Americans and nutritious food. Find out how a Critical Access Hospital, a prescription program, and a research project are creating tangible examples of how to promote nutrition and increase patients’ access to healthy food.
This webcast, published March 24, 2016, provides an overview of the Assessment of Fair Housing (AFH) including key concepts. View the Overview of the Assessment of Fair Housing Webcast. The webcast is also available to view in sections based on your needs and interests.
Overall employment in rural (nonmetropolitan) areas accounts for between 13 and 14 percent of all U.S. employment. However, the distribution of employment across industries differs between rural and urban areas. Service industries account for the largest share of employment in both rural and urban areas but are more heavily represented in urban areas, where they account for close to three-fifths of all employment. Within the service sector, jobs in finance, real estate, administration, and professional/scientific/technical services were particularly concentrated in urban areas. Rural areas account for 72 percent of the Nation’s land area, and employment in primary extractive industries that depend largely on the distribution of land and natural resources is greater in rural than in urban areas. Nonetheless, these industries—farming and forestry/fishing/mining—accounted for just 10 percent of total rural employment in 2014. Manufacturing employment is also a bigger part of the employment mix in rural areas, largely reflecting past migration of manufacturing activities to lower wage and lower cost locations. Government employment was marginally more common in rural than in urban areas (16 versus 13 percent). This chart is found in the ERS topic page on Rural Employment and Unemployment.
Municipal finance leaders and a bipartisan group of lawmakers met Wednesday on Capitol Hill to discuss how tax laws might be eased so that more public-private arrangements could be used to finance public infrastructure projects.
An average 45.8 million people per month—about 14 percent of the Nation’s population—participated in USDA’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in fiscal 2015. This was about 2 percent fewer people than the previous year, and 4 percent fewer than the historical high of 47.6 million participants set in fiscal 2013. SNAP participants in fiscal 2015 received an average of $126.83 per month in benefits to purchase food at authorized food stores. SNAP is one of the Nation’s primary countercyclical assistance programs, expanding during economic downturns and contracting during periods of economic growth. The decrease in SNAP caseloads in fiscal 2014 and 2015 reflects, at least in part, the recovery from the 2007-09 recession reaching lower educated, lower wage workers. This chart appears in ERS’s Food Assistance Landscape: FY 2015 Annual Report, released on March 17, 2016.
The Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation has announced the release of a report aimed at advancing sustainable water management at a scale never before attempted in the field. Produced by the Water Funder Initiative — a collaborative supported and guided by the Mitchell, S.D. Bechtel, Jr., Energy, Hewlett, Packard, Pisces, Rockefeller, Walton Family, and Water foundations — the report, Toward Water Sustainability: A Blueprint for Philanthropy (40 pages, PDF), offers a call to action for collaborative and expanded philanthropic action aimed at making water systems more balanced, resilient, and sustainable. To that end, the document describes the need and opportunities presented by water issues and describes the six priority strategies that emerged from WFI's consultation with experts and stakeholders. In addition to outlining roles for funders and providing examples of near-term opportunities, the report summarizes a set of funding action plans that detail how philanthropy can address high-priority problems in the field.
This webinar will provide an overview of SECD and the applicable Rural Development Programs. Please join us in this opportunity to learn more about SECD and how it can benefit rural communities.
Over the past decade, extreme weather events have caused major catastrophes to cities large and small. From vulnerable energy grids to aging infrastructure, communities are susceptible to disasters in multiple ways, and the aftermath of the clean-up and redevelopment can affect a region for years. During this webcast, explore financing programs and structures for disaster resiliency, partnerships, and collaborative efforts to identify financing solutions.
The Energy Investment Partnerships Webinar Series is a tailored four-part webinar series designed specifically for states and stakeholders working to develop or enhance an Energy Investment Partnership (EIP). The webinar series will provide research-based education on EIPs and how development finance agencies, public entities, foundations, energy organizations, and the financing community can work together to achieve greater program and project success to drive clean energy deployment.
The Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (CDFI Fund) has scheduled a new date and time for the FY 2016 Community Development Financial Institutions Program (CDFI Program) and Native American CDFI Assistance Program (NACA Program) application webinar for credit union applicants. The webinar was originally scheduled for March 23, 2016, but was postponed due to technical difficulties. The new schedule and access information for the webinar is listed below.
Beginning March 23, 2016, the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) will hold biweekly webinars on POWER Initiative topics. Webinars will be held every other Wednesday at 2:00 PM EDT. The last webinar will be held June 1, 2016. Please join us to learn more about POWER.
Webinar topics and registration instructions are below. The webinars will use the Live Meeting platform.
WEBINAR: March 17, 2016 (2:00PM ET) – Is GroupGAP Right for You?
The webinar is free! Registration is required, and space is limited.
You’ve put in so much hard work! Now, how do you promote your farm to school program to ensure student, school, and community engagement? Hear about programs that have successfully promoted farm to school programs while managing a tight budget. Chef Ann Cooper, Food Service Director for Boulder Valley School District in Colorado, joins us with tips and tricks for successful promotion. Registration is available online.
Officials from the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Assistance and the National Reentry Resource Center explain the grant program and application process. These grants will provide up to $750,000 for a 36-month project period to states, units of local government (including educational institutions considered to be units of state or local governments), territories, and federally recognized Indian tribal governments. The goal of this program is increase the post-release employability of the incarcerated population in technology-based jobs.
Register online for this free webinar.
The National Gang Center (NGC), OJJDP, and the National Training and Technical Assistance Center will present “Street Outreach and Law Enforcement Collaboration: Prioritizing Safety When Working With Gang Members.” This 1-hour webinar will focus on how to conduct street outreach when gang-involved clients are in danger. Presenters will examine the importance of building collaborative relationships among outreach staff, police, schools, and justice systems to develop crisis response and safety plans. The work of NGC and the Houston Mayor's Anti-Gang Office will be discussed. The National Gang Center is supported by OJJDP and the Bureau of Justice Assistance.
Learn more about the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model for addressing communities' gang problems.
Access resources on juvenile gangs from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
Officials from the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Assistance and the National Reentry Resource Center explain the grant program and application process. These grants will provide up to $1,000,000 for a 36-month project period to nonprofit organizations (including tribal nonprofit organizations) with a documented history of administering comprehensive, evidence-based reentry services. The goal of this program is to promote more effective reentry incarcerated individuals through the utilization of comprehensive, evidence-based wraparound reentry plans. A core component is the involvement of trained mentors who support the participants’ preparation for release and help link them to programs and services in the community based on their needs.
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2010-06-03 First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=11072331&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20110040620(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2010-10-26 Assigned to ALMONDNET, INC. reassignment ALMONDNET, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SHKEDI, ROY, MR.
A method for transacting an advertisement transfer is disclosed which facilitates expressing the rate structure for the individual advertisement as a function of a profile of the individual potential customer; and which is directed to the creation of a mechanism from the vantage of an Internet site that is being visited. It should be appreciated that this must include the participation of other entities in the Internet (such as distributors, clients, intermediary agencies, etc.). The method is for transacting an advertisement transfer, from an advertisement distributor to a visitor, the method including, upon the occurrence of a visitor visitation at a communications node, the communication node performing the steps of: constructing a visitor profile; broadcasting the profile to at least one distributor; collecting responses from the at least one distributor; selecting a response from the at least one responding distributor; contracting, between the node and the at least one distributor of the selected response, a transference of an advertisement from the distributor to the visitor; and effecting a transfer of the advertisement to the visitor.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/473,078, filed Dec. 28, 1999 and also entitled A METHOD FOR TRANSACTING AN ADVERTISEMENT TRANSFER, which itself claims priority from Israel Application No. 127889 filed on Dec. 31, 1998. The disclosures of said application and its entire file wrapper (including all prior art references cited therewith) are hereby specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if set forth fully herein. Furthermore, a portion of the disclosure of this to patent document contains material, which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
This invention relates to a method for transacting an advertisement transfer. More specifically, this invention relates to advertisement transferring in data-communications networks, such as the Internet.
Simple advertising involves placing a notice describing an availability of goods or services. To be an effective advertisement, the notice should be placed where a party, interested in the goods or services, will give attention to the notice. The advertising industry actively competes, according to the nature of the notice, to optimize the placing of the notice and to optimize the attention that the notice will receive.
Until recently, the advertisement industry placed notices as billboards, signs, inclusion in newspapers, direct mailing, and using broadcast media. Today the Internet and other interactive electronic data-communications systems provide new ground for effective advertising.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,210 Attention brokerage.
Navigation Hubs (e.g. Yahoo, Excite, Netscape, etc.).
What is nevertheless lacking in today's advertising industry is a mechanism which actively matches an individual potential customer with individual advertisements and then which expresses the rate structure for the individual advertisement as a function of a profile of the individual potential customer. Expressing the rate structure for the individual advertisement, as a function of a profile of the individual potential customer, is not a described nor a delivered product of any of the aforesaid service agencies.
The method of the present invention facilitates expressing the rate structure for the individual advertisement as a function of a profile of the individual potential customer.
The present invention is directed to the creation of a mechanism from the vantage of an Internet site that is being visited. It should be appreciated that this must include the participation of other entities in the Internet (such as distributors, clients, intermediary agencies, etc.).
(Six) effecting a transfer of the advertisement to the visitor.
There are three basic embodiment types according to the present invention. Each type relates to a different mercantile perspective on contracting (step “e”): Auction; Tender; and Future inventory purchase.
The communication node broadcasts a visitor's profile to distributors.
The interested distributors reply to the node with a price offer for that profile.
The highest offer for that profile wins the auction, which the node conducted for that profile. The node sends the distributor a message of his winning the auction and also sends a predetermined protocol or transactional authorization to pass to the visitor the auctioned advertisement.
The distributor sends the advertisement to the visitor and also sends a confirmation to the node. Alternatively, the visitor collects the advertisement from the distributor, and a confirmation is sent to the node.
The communication node receives price offers for predetermined profile classes from at least one distributors.
When a visitor arrives, the node constructs a profile for him.
Note: here the term “site” is used to relate to the communication node having a visitor visitation. If an “intermediary” is visited, then it too will represent a site.
The distributor sends a query to at least one site, in order to find out the price they to charge for a specific profile that the distributor is looking for.
The sites return to the distributor the price they charge for the purchase of future inventory of the profile the distributor is looking for. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention in this variation, the returned price is given as a function of quantity of profiles, and of planned time of advertisement campaign. The site might insert inherent discounts in the price quotes as a function of the scale of the distributor or for a preferred customer of the node.
The distributor runs an optimization program that builds a purchase plan of how many profiles to buy, from which sites, and for what price. The optimized purchase plan makes sure that for a given budget, the plan will include the highest quantity of profiles possible. The mentioned plan considers predetermined priorities and restrictions. For example, a specific percentage of the purchased inventory must come from a specific site that in the past proved itself as a good source for buyers for that advertiser.
The purchase plan is executed by sending requests to the sites in the plan having quotes of the amount of profiles that the distributor wants to purchase, the scheduled time of campaign, and the price that will be paid. The price is just for clarity purpose since it was the outcome of the offer sent by the site.
The sites send confirmation to the distributor.
(Six) a sixth module for effecting a transfer of the advertisement to the visitor.
FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing of a device for transacting an advertising transfer.
In the context of the present invention, a “communications node” is the server of an Internet site or is a theoretical pairing of the server of the Internet site with the server of an “intermediary” site, or the like. Equivalently, according to the present invention, a “communication node” may be an apparatus in a data-communications transfer architecture wherein is located automatic data processing or like computer related task processes, or may be a wired or wireless communications network routing juncture. Furthermore, in the context of other applicable communications architectures, a communications node is a web-TV content provider, a multi-media contents provider, or any intermediary purveyor transferring these contents.
In the context of the present invention, a “distributor” is a contracting agent responsible for assigning at least one advertisement to a specific medium: for example, placing a banner on a web page, placing a notice for sale on an accessible index entry, a content referral or an advertisement. In the context of the present invention, the payment could be for showing an ad to the visitor with the profile looked after by the distributor, or for that visitor clicking the distributor's ad and visiting the distributor's site; or for that visitor giving information about himself to the distributor whether through the ad or on the distributor's site after reaching the site by clicking the ad; or for that visitor downloading a software from the distributor, or for that visitor buying a merchandise from the distributor; and so forth.
In general, the transactional universe of the Internet may be described as including visitors, sites that they visit, and distributors who provide network advertisements for viewing by the visitors. The transferring, per se, is not an essential feature of the present method wherein selecting is in order to facilitate such an eventual transfer.
Visitors are normally individuals who elect to view an Internet page. In most circumstances, this election is facilitated by following a hyperlink from some other Internet page, which has redirected the present elected viewing. Sometimes, this election is done with the aid of a search engine, while other times the user elects an Internet page to view by choosing from a personal list of hyperlinks. Of somewhat lesser importance, a visitor may be a “robotic Internet tourist” such as an agent, a search engine, an auditing or monitoring program, etc.
Sites which are visited are Internet HTML pages (or VRML “pages” or the like) which generally reside in server accessible data storage archives. These sites often include hyperlink references for allowing a visitor to simultaneously view external content items from other Internet addresses. Presently, the most widely used reference inclusion is for advertisement banners. The content of these banners is not included at the site. Rather the site includes an Internet address for the banner, and the visitor's software visits the banner to bring a copy of it for inclusion into the overall site viewing.
Often, banners are grouped into cyclically repeating aggregations by an advertisement distributor. The distributor establishes an Internet site for downloading banners. Furthermore, the distributor effects a substitution of the content of this Internet site on a frequent basis. The result is that the visitor will view a different banner (inserted into a site) virtually each time he accesses that site. Clearly, the reference inclusion of the site is to a dynamic advertisement management distributor.
FIG. 1 is an organizational chart for basic advertisement transfer transacting. For schematic clarity, the topologically complex Internet has been represented as having three strata. The lower stratum is for visitors, the central stratum is for sites, and the upper stratum is for distributors. Actually, the visitors, sites, and distributors are clients or servers or memory storage locations accessible therein.
Here the “Visitor” 11 visits “Site 3” 12; site 3 builds the visitor profile and broadcasts it to advertisement Network 1-n (distributors) 13-15; advertisement “Network 2” 14 wins the contract; and provides the visitor with the “Ad” 16.
FIG. 2 is an organizational chart for centralized servicing of advertisement transfer transacting. Here the “Visitor” 21 visits “Site 3” 22; “site 3” builds the visitor profile and transfers it to the intermediary 23. The intermediary enhances the profile and broadcasts it to advertisement Network 1-n (distributors) 24-26; advertisement “Network 1” 24 wins the contract and provides the visitor with the “Ad” 27.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the communications node collects generalized response descriptors from the at least one distributor, and the broadcasting (step b) is done internally using the collected descriptors as proxy for the at least one distributor.
Content Providers wishing to expand the reach they offer their advertisers by becoming distributors to other content providers.
Economically, creating value has been described as a logistics composite model called the value chain, which is a series of value-adding activities that connect a company's supply-side with its demand-side. The model treats information as a support element and not as a source of value itself. An integrated suite of value chain management solutions is designed to synchronize demand opportunities with supply constraints and logistics operations. In the context of information commerce, the value chain model is facile for structuring the electronic advertisement transaction processes of the present invention.
Turning to FIG. 3, there is a vertical value chain from the advertiser 31 to an advertising agency 32 to an interactive advertising agency 33 to an advertising network 34 to a virtual matching center (not shown) to a content provider 35 to a visitor 36. In parallel there is a value chain having a distributor 37 at the top and a communications node 38 below. In the context of the understanding of the present invention, the distributor has transaction interaction with the advertising network, and the communications node has transaction interaction with the virtual matching center (according to the preferred embodiment) or to the content provider. Sometimes there is a media buyer 39 who can be between 33 and 34; which may alternatively be included in other segments of the vertical chain 31-33.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the visitor profile includes at least one item selected from: content's categories of the content the visitor requested or is watching; key words, which classify the content the visitor requested or is watching; Time of day relative to server, Derivatives of the visitor's IP address, e.g., Domain; Geographic location of the visitor's ISP (Internet Service Provider) or OSP (On line Service Provider), Geographic location of the visitor's company or organization if connected through a permanent point to point connection, Time of day relative to user as a derivative of his geographic location, Internet Service Provider (ISP), On-line Service Provider (OSP); Browser type; Operating system; or SIC code.
For example, Geographic location of the visitor's ISP (Internet Service Provider) or OSP (On line Service Provider) if connected through dial modem or cable modem; or Geographic location of the visitor's company or organization if connected through a permanent point to point connection. In that case additional information from some databases might be given on the visitor's organization such as: company's revenues and number of employees.
There are also the possibilities of enhancing the visitor profile using databases connected to the system to provide additional information about the visitor, which might be available. This information is divided into non-volunteered information and volunteered information.
Non-volunteered information is information about the visitor's history in the site or other sites connected to the same network or sites that are connected to the same global database. Such history may include all the immediate information available on the user at the time of these visits, products he was interested in or bought, advertisements he clicked on.
Volunteered information is any information the visitor might have given out of his own free-will, such as demographic (or psycho-graphic) information, including: gender; age; annual household income; number, gender, age and status of household members; occupation; Hobbies and tendencies; or Name and address.
According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the node or the distributor or the intermediary is audited. In the context of the present invention, “Auditing” relates to: measurement of web traffic; analysis of online advertisement campaign results; analysis of transaction data; or analysis of customer profiles. Furthermore, auditing may include: verification of any combination of the above; analysis of any combination of the above; or analysis of any bills that are derivatives of the above.
The analysis of the above is done in off line mode or real time mode; and is made through the perspective of one of the following: Site, advertisements distributor, online campaign manager, or e-commerce merchant. Examples of companies that perform some or all of the above are: I/PRO, MediaMetrix and Andromedia.
According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the broadcasting, contracting, or transferring is encrypted.
According to the present invention, the advertisements are selected from the list: banners, text, HTML page address pointers, text, hypertext, audio content, visual content, or any combination thereof. Equivalently, the advertisement may be of any kind and size: static, animated, DHTML, multimedia—video and/or audio, three dimensional, VRML, interstitial, interactive banner, “transitional” interstitial (a multimedia advertisement in a pop up window between page views), InfoAd, Active Ad, expanding banners, nano site or mini site in a banner.
According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes the construction of at least one of the following: an e-mail list, or a database. Equivalently, the construction is of at least one of the following: an e-mail list, traffic analysis of the site which is enhanced by the additional information about the visitors' profiles, databases of potential customers to different products according to their profiles.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the selecting (step “d”) is of multiple responses.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the contracting (step “e”) is with any responding distributor bidding above a predetermined threshold price, and the threshold price is not broadcast.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the visitor submits a self-disclosure profile to the node. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the visitor profile is constructed from header information in the visitor's transmission. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a rate structure for the contracting is determined according to a matching between the visitor's profile and an advertisement specification in the response.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the contracting includes at least one transaction segment describing the visitor, describing the node, describing the advertisement, and describing the distributor. For example, the at least one segment includes a Boolean logic section, a rate structure logic, disclosure information, or disclosure logic information.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes a follow-up visit by the visitor to an address associated with the transacted advertisement. Furthermore, the follow-up visit may be audited; the audit may include an item selected from the list: a purchase by the visitor of a service or commodity at a “site” specified in the transferred advertisement, or pointed to therefrom. According to another enhanced variation of the present invention, the node or his authorized agent receives a payment resulting from the visitor's purchase at a site specified in the transferred advertisement, or pointed to therefrom.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes an intermediary between the node having a visitation and the at least one distributor, and the intermediary is for effecting additions to the visitor profile constructed by the node in step “a” or is for effecting any of steps “b” through “f”.
Both using and in the absence of the intermediary, according to an enhanced embodiment of the present invention, the visitor discloses his node-appropriate cookie and said cookie is analyzed by the node, the intermediary, the distributor, or an address associated with the transacted advertisement. Another enhanced embodiment of the present invention may include: the visitor specifies a self imposed censorship restriction in order to void acceptance of certain classes of advertising, or in order to designate a class of advertising preferences; or constructing a visitor profile includes correlating known visitor identification parameters with a database.
Further enhanced embodiments of the present invention include: the logic protocol of the selecting is according to a relational database query semantic; the visitor is associated with a commercial enterprise, a search engine, an automaton, a corporate person, or a human; effecting, contracting, or constructing includes recording or storing advertisements transferred to the visitor for intentional subsequent transfer to the same visitor or for intentional avoidance of subsequent transfer to the same visitor.
According to the preferred embodiment, the modules are distributed or fragmented between more than one computer processor or network communications server or network communications router.
According to the preferred embodiment, there is further provided at least one memory media containing data collected or data constructed in at least one of the modules.
According to the preferred embodiment, there is further included a distributor response module for optimizing a selection from a plurality of broadcast profiles.
Furthermore, according to the preferred embodiment, the optimizing is according to a fixed budget, or according to an advertisement campaign model, or according to subsequent modifications thereto.
The distributor can choose the number of advertisement exposures for a visitor with a specific profile.
The system will make sure it will be done for any one person with such a profile.
There is no need to store or record the advertisement since a distributor gives a price offer for a specific profile and intends to show a specific advertisement for that profile. After a given number of advertisement exposures to a specific person, the distributor will no longer bid for that person although suited for the required profile.
The person is identified by a cookie that differentiates two people with the same profile but different number of exposures to the same ad.
A distributor is constantly updated in real time by the node/nodes (node in the intermediary architecture and nodes in the distributed architecture) that are members of its network, of the winning bids for different profiles in the sites.
The distributor can choose to change its price offers for different profiles in different sites in order to change its odds for winning.
The distributor can run an optimization program that will change the price offers in real time. The optimization factors are the campaign progression and the budget spending (in general the factors are based on the advertising model).
A visitor can limit his profile by approaching the site he visits and specifying restrictions to his profile, by his own choice or demands. The visitor can point out whether he wants the restrictions to be for the communication node use only or for the intermediary or for the distributor or any combination thereof. If the restrictions are for the intermediary or for the distributor the communication node will point it out to the intermediary.
Furthermore, there is an opportunity to pay for the visitor's name and address, without need to refer to this specific since the name and address are among the volunteered information and therefore a price can be set for them as for any other component composing the profile.
A real time updated bidding system among unlimited number of Suppliers and Mediators\Buyers for electronic or tangible assets\commodities (hereafter will be referred as the ‘system’).
Each Mediator\Buyer can update its bid in real time according to information about the winning bids in the system.
For example: A Mediator conveys to the system a bid of a Buyer that includes a price list for the asset he is looking for according to the potential characteristics of the asset. When a Supplier has an asset or commodity to sell, he conveys its characteristics to the system (hereafter we will refer to the asset's characteristics as the asset's profile). The system performs a semi-real time tender over the asset's profile between the pre given bids (it is semi real time since the tender is performed over already existing bids in the system). The highest bidder is notified of his winning and the whereabouts of the asset. The rest of the bidders and Mediators connected to the system are notified of the asset's profile that just been sold and its winning bidding price. The Mediators\Buyers, in return to the information can update their bids in real time using manually intervention or automatic optimization software.
Mediators are advertisement Networks; (The advertiser's may accordingly be further provided with ability to enter a price limit for a desired profile in order to enhance his winning probability or strategically there may be provided facilities for expressing a priority given to bigger budgets in the case of similar price offers.).
Commodities selling (electronic commodities or tangible commodities).
Furthermore, implementations may include: a Central system with a star configuration which connects all participating sites: Suppliers; Mediators\Buyers; or a distributed system where the tenders are taking place at the Suppliers locations according to pre given bids by Mediators\Buyers.
This description presents an efficient method of creating a profile-matching tree. This matching tree is a memory-cached structure used for efficiently matching an incoming user profile to the highest bidder using an online tender or to a buyer who bought such a profile in advance (referred as ‘Future Inventory Purchase’ or ‘FIP’). For example, an implementation of a real time tender over a visitor's profile may be according to predefined price offers (bids) which are supplied by advertisers through their representatives. The system allows a price limit to be set (in accordance with a fixed or a dynamic advertising budget), such that the advertiser specifies a maximum price it is willing to pay to the visitor's ad space owner. Likewise, in the event that two or more distributors are equally well suited to convey the advertisement, provision may be made to give preference to the distributor having the largest campaign budget or turnover or the like.
Creating a price offer (bid) by the advertiser. The price offer is represented by a collection of attributes and attribute values. Each such collection represents a number of profile combinations according to the logic defined in this collection. Using a tree of attribute values makes the process of defining the price offer very easy and intuitive for the user.
Building a matching tree in a batch process. This matching tree contains all possible profiles for which an advertiser is willing to pay. Every node in the to matching tree contains a list of all relevant bids sorted in descending order by their prices.
In real time, for every incoming visitor's profile, the highest bid for the visitor is found by searching the matching tree. The highest bidder has the right to present his advertisement to that visitor.
As part of the above described process of a real-time matching between an incoming visitor's profile to a profile required by an advertiser, the advertiser has the alternative of buying in advance the visitor's profile he is looking for, without participating in a tender.
A software engine, according to the present invention, supplies a method for efficient allocation of a visitor's advertisement space according to its profile by conducting an online tender among all advertisers that are connected to the system via their representatives, the advertisement networks, outsourcing services or privately owned advertisement management software. Each advertiser presents a collection of advertisement campaigns intended for the visitors. There are certain criteria for each advertisement campaign that are based on the required visitor's profile. These criteria determine which visitor will get an advertisement of this campaign. For every advertisement campaign, the advertiser's price offer includes a set of required profiles that needs to be matched with any visitor's profile. The advertiser places price tags and logic tags on every requested characteristic, thus creating a combination of user profiles.
Finding the price offers that matches the incoming visitor's profile.
Of all matching price offers finding the one with the highest price.
Allocating the visitor's advertisement space to the matched advertiser from those found having the highest price.
As part of the above process, the method of the present invention allows advertisers to receive required profiles without participating in a tender. The advertiser purchases a future inventory of visitors' profiles from sites using the method of the present invention. In the “finding the one with the highest price” stage, in front of the price offers participating in the tender, a priority will be given to an advertiser who bought such a profile in advance. If such a profile was bought in advance by an advertiser, first, the visitor's advertisement space will be allocated to him in the allocating stage.
The load is produced by the visitors' traffic to Internet sites, thus creating a potentially enormous number of hits. The matching process must take a minimal time to calculate (see use of constraints and optimizations below).
In order to minimize the search, match and allocation time, a matching tree is built, which serves as a structure for the search and match operation. The tree is modified for every addition or extraction of a price offer. Using matching tree, the operation of finding the best match is merely a question of searching the matching tree.
Allocating the visitor's advertisement space.
Attribute—An attribute is used for describing a user characteristic using a value from the attribute's set of values. Each attribute has a tree of its own unique values. For example, the Gender attribute has the values: such as Male, Female (one level tree). The Location attribute has a tree of value, where Europe can be a value in the tree, England and France can be sub values of Europe (its children in the value tree), and London can be a sub value of England.
Attribute Order—All attributes are organized in a predefined ordered vector. Each attribute has its own unique order, which is determined by the position of the attribute in the vector. The order is used for the process of building and searching the matching tree. Any collection of attributes is usually sorted according to their unique order.
Category Attribute—An attribute whose values can be represented by a final set of known elements (e.g. Gender, Location).
Numeric Attribute—An attribute whose values can be represented by two numbers which form a range (e.g. Age, Income).
Value—An element that is assigned to an attribute's value tree.
Must—The visitor must have the attribute or value.
Must not—The visitor must not have this value (for values only).
Note: Must “logic” cannot be set on multiple values that shares the same attribute.
Price—can be set for each value (that does not have a “Must Not” tag). Values that have a price and do not have any logic tags, are optional values that may or may not exist in a matching profile (the value is not a requirement set by the advertiser, but the advertiser is willing to pay more for a visitor's profile that contains this value).
The price offer can have a maximum price that represents an upper bound that the advertiser is willing to pay for any given profile (note that a single price offer can over different prices for different profiles according to the attributes in the incoming profile). If the sum of prices for profile attributes results in a price higher than the maximum price, then the price for this combination of attribute values will be set to the maximum price.
Visitor's Profile—This is the collection of pairs Attribute=Value for a current visitor. The Attributes in this collection are sorted by the attribute's predefined order. This collection represents the information known about the incoming visitor.
Matching Tree Branch—Each branch in the matching tree represents a possible collection of values that were extracted from price offer(s), and have a price in the system (zero can be also a price for profiles which include a value with a Must Not logic). This collection forms a possible visitor's profile.
Value trees and Inheritance—the values of an attribute are presented and to managed as a hierarchical structure.
Descendant values inherit their ancestor's value (in the hierarchical structure) price and logic tags. For example, the Location attribute can have the values: Asia, Europe, Africa etc. Each of these continents have descendants country values that inherit the continents prices and logic tags and so on (states, cities etc.). If an advertiser places a price Px on Europe, then all the sub values of Europe will have the same price Px. If a visitor's profile contains the location London, then the advertiser will be willing to pay a Px price for this attribute. Similarly, a Must tag set on the Sports value of the Content attribute determines that the visitor has to have a content value that is Sports or a descendant of Sports (Basketball will be accepted as well).
Creating a price offer—The advertiser/media buyer/sales person uses a GUI (graphical user interface) to enter a valid price offer. There are two types of attributes allowed in the system.
Category attributes—The attribute is a category with predefined values. The values are all named. For example: attribute Gender with the values Male, Female.
Numeric Attributes—These are also category attributes with predefined numeric ranges. For example, Income is such an attribute, Age is another.
All attributes have predefined values. The values are determined according to well known conventions that make it easier to measure them. Also, all hierarchies are predefined and known in advance. The advertiser may set the prices and logic tags for these predefined attributes/values, and may not be able to define other attributes of values.
Turning to FIG. 4, a root node “location” 41 is divided into continents 42, therein into countries 43, and therein into cities 44. All these values will be declared “under” the Location attribute, as a hierarchy.
An important attribute, which has a complex value tree, is the content attribute.
‘Must’—This logic indicates that the attribute or value must exist in the visitor's profile or else the visitor will be of no interest to this price offer. If the ‘Must’ is put on a value (for example ‘Sports’) it means that the specific value must exist in the visitor's profile, or a descendant value of this value (for example, ‘Basketball’). If the ‘Must’ is put on the attribute itself then it means that “one” of the tagged values of this attribute must appear in any visitor's profile. The tagged values are any of the values which belong to the attribute and have a price tag attached.
‘Must Not’—The logic means that the “value” must not exist in the incoming profile. This logic is only acceptable when put over values and not attributes.
The user should provide a price tag for all values of interest. It is important to note that if a value was set to ‘Must’, a price tag on other values which belongs to the same attribute can be placed only if these values are value-tree descendants of the Must value.
The user can select the price offer to be valid in certain sites, or exclude the offer from certain sites. In addition certain sites can be attached with a special price tag which indicates that the profile's price should be increased or decreased by a certain percentage. Forcing or excluding sites is effected by adding the specific site as an attribute with a Must/Must Not logic.
A maximum price can be set for the profile. In this case, no matter how much was the total price of the attribute combination, it will not exceed the maximum price.
Every Bi has a collection of attributes with Must tags, and a collection of values with price tags, Must tags, and Must Not tags. Also, every Bi has a max price Max-Bi.
Create a Vector “A” of Bid Attributes that is sorted by an attribute predefined order (the “unique” order described above). A Bid Attribute holds an attribute, an optional Must tag, and a vector of values. Bid Attributes in vector “A” are built for each one of the attributes with a Must tag in the bid, and for any additional attributes whose values appear in the bid Bi with price tags, Must tags or Must Not tags. This results in a vector of bid attributes Al . . . Am.
For each bid attribute Aj (1<=j<==m) create a vector of values. Each Aj will include all the values in the bid Bi that correspond to the attribute Aj. Note that every attribute must have at least one value that corresponds to it.
Attach Must tag to each bid attribute Aj if the corresponding attribute was marked with Must tag in the bid, or if one of its values was marked with Must tag (there can be only one Must value to that bid attribute).
FIG. 5 is a diagram of bid attributes, where each bid attribute 51 (e.g. A1, Aj, . . . Am) holds its corresponding attribute, an optional Must tag, and a vector of values, e.g. 52, 53, 54.
This structure is used in order to create all combinations of attribute values that actually, define the profiles.
Suppose there are p free (non Must) bid attributes in the vector “A”; Then the total number of subsets of these free attributes (sorted in their predefined order) is 2P.
If Aj has a Must tag, select it to the next combination.
Otherwise, Aj is a free bid attribute. Let k be its index among the free bid attributes (0<=k<p). Select the attribute Aj if and only if the k-bit in the binary representation of the counter is set to 1.
Note that each attribute combination contains all the bid attributes that were marked with Must tag, and a subset of “free” attributes that were selected according to the binary representation of the counter.
Step two: For each attribute combination that was selected in step one, generate all the profile combinations of the selected attributes (each profile is represented by a vector of values).
It should be recalled that every bid attribute holds a vector of values that correspond to their attribute. If a value V has a Must tag in the bid, its bid attribute Aj will also be marked with a Must tag, and V will be its only must value in the values vector. If an attribute Aj was marked with a Must tag in the bid, it will be marked with a Must tag in its bid attribute, and it may hold several values, none of them are Must values.
Each profile combination contains one value from each attribute that was selected (and always one value of any Must attribute).
This is done by cycling between the values of each selected bid attribute (note that for a Must value V, its bid attribute is also marked as Must in the vector A. If there are additional values to the same attribute, then V will not take part in all the combinations).
The cycling is done using a NextValueIndex for each bid attribute, that points to the next value of the bid attribute that will be selected for the next profile combination (all indexes are initialized to 0—the index of the first value).
Increasing the NextValueIndex will set the index to point to the next value in the bid attribute. If the NextValueIndex is set to the last value, increasing it will set the index to the first value and a cycle is completed.
Add the next value that the attribute's NextValueIndex points to for the next profile combination.
If the previous bid attribute completed a cycle, or this is the first bid attribute in the selected attribute combination, move the NextValueIndex to the next value.
If the last attribute in the attribute combination completed a cycle then return to step one—and choose another attribute combination (subset of attributes).
A given bid is spread into a large number of profile combinations. Each of these combinations may have a different price. The price of a profile combination is the sum of prices for all the values in the combination. The sum of prices of values with Must tags is a fixed price for every combination and can be referred to as a base price of the bid.
The base price of a bid is the price that the advertiser is willing to pay for every visitor whose profile has all the required values of the bid (the Must values of the bid). Any additional (optional) values in a combination can increase the price for a specific profile.
If a bid has a Must value and additional values of the same attribute (any such additional values must be a value-tree descendant of the Must value), then some combinations may not contain the Must value itself, but rather its descendant value instead. Nevertheless, the base price will include the Must value, even if it is not in the combination. For example, if a bid offers 3¢ for ‘Sports’ with a Must tag, and 2¢ for ‘Basketball’ as optional (both of the ‘Content’ attribute), then some combinations will include ‘Sports’ with a price of 3¢ and others will include ‘Basketball’ with a price of 5¢.
In addition, every bid can have a maximum price for which any profile combination may not exceed. If the price for a profile combination exceeds the maximal price, then the price will be set to the maximal price.
While creating the combination of values, if one of the values in the combination is a Must Not value, then the price Px will be set to 0, and no other values will be entered to the combination after the Must Not value.
If one of the attributes is the Site attribute, the price may vary according to the site by a predefined factor q (Site is a special attribute): Px=(1+q)Px. The factor q can be negative, meaning that for this site the advertiser is willing to pay less!
The result of the spreading phase is a collection of profile combination vectors, with a price for each profile combination.
It should be noted that dealing this way with the Must Not values may result in some identical vectors. These vectors will be overwritten while inserting them into the matching tree.
Each combination that was created is actually a branch in the Matching Tree, which corresponds to the bid Bi. The process should be repeated for every bid.
(Gender, Location); or (Gender, Age, Location); or (Gender, Location, Content); or (Gender, Age, Location, Content).
(Note that there are total of 4 attribute combinations: 2 brought to the power of the number of “free” attributes).
Now, for each of the attribute combination, we need to generate all the combinations of values (which make a “profile combination”).
In this example we will do so only with the (Gender, Location, Content) combination.
adding the bid's number and the combination's price to a list that is sorted in descending order by price, and resides at the last node of the branch.
(a branch may already exist for a given combination, in this case follow the branch to the combination's last value, and insert the bid's code and the combination's price in the last node that was reached).
While inserting the bid's combination, the bid may be inserted into other branches as well, and sub tree may be copied under newly created nodes. In addition, each bid keeps a list called Bid's Nodes that contains all the nodes that the bid resides in, and used for fast removal of bids from the tree.
The process of adding a new bid to the tree starts by spreading the bid into a set of profile combinations. Each profile combination is then inserted into the tree, by reading all its values (in a predefined order) while moving down the tree and performing several operations on the tree.
The following description uses current node and current value to define the current state of the insertion process. For each profile combination, the process of insertion starts with the tree root as the current node and the first value of the profile combination as the current value. When adding the current value (e.g. England) as a child to the current node, check if other children of the current node are “value tree ancestors” of the current value (e.g. Europe), or “value tree descendants” of the current value (e.g. London). Also check the predefined attribute order of all the other children (in comparison with the order of the current value) and update the matching tree accordingly.
1.2. Current node=matching tree root.
1.3.1 If current node has a child that equals the profile's current value, then set next child to this child. Go to 1.3.3.
Create a new child with the current value, to the current node. And mark it as the next child.
Climb the value-tree of the current value, find the first value of the value's ancestors (by order of climbing) that matches one of the current node's children. If such value exists, then copy the matching child's sub tree under the newly created child.
If the child is a descendant in the value tree of the current value, then recursively enter the rest of the profile's values (the profile's tail without the current value) to this child.
If the child's predefined attribute order (unique order—discussed above) is greater than the current value order, and the current node is a newly created node with no children, then copy the sub tree of the child (including the child itself) under the newly created node.
If the child's predefined attribute order is smaller than the order of the current value, then recursively enter the profile's tail (including the current value) to this child.
Set the current node to the next child.
Continue to the next value (1.3).
1.4. After all the profiles' values were entered into the matching tree, the bid and the price of the profile combination will be inserted into the Matching Bids list that resides in the current node or into the Future Inventory Purchase list that also resides in the current node (in case the bid is marked as a future inventory purchase). If the bid is already in the list with a lower price than the new combination's price, remove the old bid from the list. If the bid is not in the list, insert the bid with its new price into the list, keeping the list sorted in descending order by price.
Add the current node to the Bid's Nodes list. While adding a bid into the Matching Bids list or into the Future Inventory Purchase list, make sure that all the descendant nodes of the current node also hold the bid.
For each one of the existing bids, use the “Adding a New Bid” logic, as described above.
For each node in the Bid's Nodes list, remove the bid from the node and recursively remove the bid from all its descendants.
All nodes that have no more bids after the bid was removed from them, and have no children, will be removed from the tree.
Branches that were created by a bid, and hold other bids as a result of recursive insertion and sub tree coping, will also be removed from the tree if no other bids specifically referred to these branches.
To update bid B1 with bid B2, first apply “Removing a Bid” logic (above) and remove B1 from the Matching Tree. Then apply “Adding a new Bid” logic (above) to add the bid B2.
When a visitor requests an advertisement from the system, his profile is built. This results in a list of attributes and their values. The profile is sorted according to the attribute's order.
1. Current node=matching tree root.
Set the current node to this child.
Continue to the next value (step 2).
The search ends in a matching tree node, after all values in the profile were checked.
This node holds a list of matching bids and their prices, sorted in descending order by their prices, and a list of future inventory purchases.
If there are any future inventory purchases, select the first one and allocate the advertiser who bought that profile in advance, the advertisement space that will be represented to the visitor with that profile.
Otherwise, scan the matching bids list by price (in descending order) and check other to constraints for finding the best bids (e.g. check that the bid has not expired, or check if the industry of the advertiser is not rejected by the site, etc.). Then, allocate the advertisement space that will be represented to the visitor with the given profile to the highest bidder that answers to the additional constraints.
Note that this algorithm enables matching a profile with a set of given bids in an almost fixed time (the search complexity does not depend on the number of bids that resides in the tree, but rather on the length of the user's profile).
An Example is presented against the background structure presented in FIG. 6. The tree represents a new bid wherein a root 61 has primary category branches 62 each of which bifurcates into sub-categories 63. A sample data set (see FIG. 7) is shown 70, listing a plurality of bids, following the organization presented in FIG. 6. The first phase is to spread the bid into possible profile combinations. The only Must attribute is at the content level. FIG. 8 shows some of the branches that are created or inhabited by the above bid. However the organization of this tree is different than that given in FIG. 6, since the matching tree simultaneously addresses data organization for numerous specific price offer combinations. This is only a partial set of the bid's branches, and a small part of the entire matching tree that may hold a large number of bids (of course, many of the branches may inhabit several bids).
The search starts with the content at the matching tree's root 81. There is no child for the “Basketball” category. Therefore look for the first value-tree ancestor of this category, which is “Sport” 82.
In the “Sport” sub tree, start searching for the child “Female” 83. This child exists, so continue the search in the child's sub tree.
Next is “$50-70k”. There is no Income attribute as a child of this sub tree. This value also does not have any value-tree ancestor that exists as a child in this sub tree, therefore continue to the next attribute.
Next is “Age 30-40” 84 which exists as a child. Continue to it's sub tree.
Next is “California” which doesn't exist as a child. “California” has a value-tree ancestor that is “USA” 85. Therefore find the child “USA”.
This is the last value of this profile. In the last node find a list of all matching bids sorted by their price. The new bid also resides in this list with the price “17” 86. Select the highest bid under the given constraints, and allow this bidder to show its advertisement to the visitor.
Those versed in the art will realize that the above detailed description of a preferred embodiment relates to an implementation on computers of a type which are today normally connected to the Internet. Should a computer of a higher order computational capacity be used, then the present invention would preferably be implemented in a higher order Boyce-Codd normal form than that which has been described. While transforming data representations from lower to higher normal forms is conceptually straightforward, actual implementation should use a data base relational package which has been programmed to optimize the relevant data relationships.
Furthermore, as in all relational data constructions, large user population subscription may weaken implementation response times by causing underlying NP-complete like characteristics of the data transactions to effect the entire system. Therefore, even if the present invention is implemented on higher order computational equipment, it is advisable to maintain strict algebraic or combinatorial limits on the processing or on the equivalent data structure attributes (of the profile or the responses) used in the “selecting” of a response from the at least one responding distributors.
The algorithmic implementation strategy presented above supplies a matching of a given profile in a ‘fixed’ time (linear computation approximated time), thus making it an “optimal-type” algorithm in terms of response time. However, the algorithm implementation faces a scaling problem in terms of the tree size and its building time. The tree size (and its building time) may grow by up to exponential-time ratios with respect to the number of bids.
The scaling problem can be reduced and managed using different constraints and optimizations. One constraint, that can be used, is to reduce the number of attributes and values, thus significantly reducing the size of the tree and the time expended in building it.
Some optimizations can be used as well. One approach is to reduce the size of the tree at the expense of the matching time—between profiles and bids. This can be done, for example, by splitting the matching process itself from a single search to a parallel searches executing on multiple branches, thus eliminating the need for bids to reside in multiple branches.
Additional optimization can be gained by altering the structure of the tree. For example, building a tree which holds all values of the same attribute in the same level, and using a special value in each level for all the bids that did not use that attribute. These bids will reside in the sub-tree under the special value of the unused attribute. The special value “optimization strategy” reduces the number of searches required to complete a match—by preventing searches for attributes that were not bid for.
Another optimization can be applied by taking advantage of the nature of the attributes. For example, if there are attributes that are known to appear in every profile, branches that do not hold all those attributes will not be created.
Turning to FIG. 9, in a data-communications topology 90 having a predetermined protocol (e.g. interne), an advertisement transfer transaction is facilitated between an advertisement distributor 91, a visitor 92, and a communications node 93 where the visitor is visiting (in interactive data-communications). The communications node may further negotiate its processing tasks with other nodes (e.g. 94) and may use a memory media 95 (e.g. for enhancing a profile) such as a global profile database. These nodes (e.g. 91, 92, 93) when transacting the method of the present invention together comprise a distributed system, wherein the communications node is a critical device in the transacting. However the processing tasks (according to another variation of the device of the present invention) are distributed between 91 and 93.
a sixth module 106 for effecting a transfer of the advertisement to the visitor.
According to the preferred embodiment of the device of the present invention, there is further provided at least one memory media 110 containing data collected or data constructed in at least one of the modules.
According to the preferred embodiment of the device of the present invention, there is further provided a distributor response module 120 for optimizing a selection from a plurality of broadcast profiles.
Furthermore, according to the preferred embodiment of the device of the present invention, the optimizing is according to a fixed budget, or according to an advertisement campaign model, or according to subsequent modifications thereto.
Those versed in the art will appreciate that there are many other ways of embodying the method and device of the present invention without departing from its spirit or scope.
For example, it will be understood that the system according to the invention may be a suitably programmed computer. Likewise, the invention contemplates a computer program being readable by a computer for executing the method of the invention. The invention further contemplates a machine-readable memory tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine for executing the method of the invention. In particular, in the case where an intermediary is employed, this may be a suitably programmed computer for allowing selection of an advertisement distributor in accordance with the invention. It is further to be noted that the actual transfer of the advertisement may be effected either via the intermediary or directly by the selected distributor or via any other web server, and is not itself an integrally requisite feature of the invention.
(iii) electronically saving, in an electronic storage accessible to the computer, data identifying each attribute combination with its respective overall bid price and the distributor.
39. The method according to claim 38 further comprising, upon the occurrence of a visitor visitation at a communications node, with a computer connected to the communication node, automatically electronically: (i) accessing a profile associated with the visitor containing various attributes; (ii) selecting from the data an attribute combination that contains only attributes matching the profile; and (iii) effecting a transfer of an advertisement to the visitor from a distributor associated with the selected attribute combination.
40. The method according to claim 39 wherein the attribute combination selected from the data is an attribute combination that yields the highest overall bid price from among all of the attribute combinations in the data that contain only attributes matching the profile.
41. The method according to claim 39 wherein the selecting from the data is of multiple attribute combinations.
42. The method according to claim 39 further comprising electronically storing a record of the advertisement transferred to the visitor for intentional subsequent transfer to the same visitor or for intentional avoidance of subsequent transfer to the same visitor.
43. The method according to claim 39 further comprising, upon the occurrence of the visitor visitation at the communication node, automatically electronically enhancing the visitor profile using at least one profile database connected to the computer connected to the communication node.
44. The method of claim 39 wherein the overall bid price identifies the payment that the distributor is offering if the visitor clicks the advertisement.
45. The method of claim 39 wherein the overall bid price identifies the payment that the distributor is offering if the visitor is shown the advertisement.
46. The method of claim 39 wherein the overall bid price identifies the payment that the distributor is offering if the visitor buys merchandise after viewing the advertisement.
47. The method of claim 38 wherein the subset of attributes in part (a)(i) is a subset of attributes consisting of a single attribute.
48. The method of claim 38 wherein spreading the electronic bid to form a number of combinations of various attributes comprises creating all possible combinations of the subset of attributes and the additional individual attributes.
49. The method of claim 38 wherein the received electronic bid further includes a maximum offer price capping the overall price for delivery of the associated advertisement, regardless of how many matching attributes a visitor has, and the number of combinations of various attributes in part (b) are constrained by the maximum offer price.
50. The method of claim 49 wherein at least one of the supplemental offer prices is expressed as a fraction of the associated first offer price.
51. The method of claim 38 wherein at least some attributes comprise the fact that the visitor lacks a certain characteristic.
52. The method of claim 38 wherein at least one of the supplemental offer prices is expressed as a fraction of the associated first offer price.
(iii) electronically save in the electronic storage data identifying each attribute combination with its respective overall bid price and the distributor.
54. The system according to claim 53 further comprising a computer connected to the communication node that is structured, configured, and programmed to, upon the occurrence of a visitor visitation at the communications node, automatically electronically: (i) access a profile associated with the visitor containing various attributes; (ii) select from the data an attribute combination that contains only attributes matching the profile; and (iii) effect a transfer of an advertisement to the visitor from a distributor associated with the selected attribute combination.
55. The system according to claim 54 wherein the computer connected to the communications node is further structured, configured, and programmed to select from the data multiple attribute combinations.
56. The system according to claim 54 wherein the computer connected to the communications node is further structured, configured, and programmed to electronically store a record of the advertisement transferred to the visitor for intentional subsequent transfer to the same visitor or for intentional avoidance of subsequent transfer to the same visitor.
57. The system according to claim 54 wherein the computer connected to the communications node is further structured, configured, and programmed to, upon the occurrence of the visitor visitation at the communication node, automatically electronically enhance the visitor profile using at least one profile database connected to the computer connected to the communications node.
(iii) electronically saving in an electronic storage data identifying each attribute combination with its respective overall bid price and the distributor.
59. The storage medium according to claim 58 further comprising a tangible, computer-readable storage medium storing a set of computer-readable instructions in one or more modules accessible by a computer connected to the communication node that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the method of, upon the occurrence of a visitor visitation at a communications node, automatically electronically: (i) accessing a profile associated with the visitor containing various attributes; (ii) selecting from the data an attribute combination that contains only attributes matching the profile; and (iii) effecting a transfer of an advertisement to the visitor from a distributor associated with the selected attribute combination.
60. The storage medium according to claim 59 wherein the set of computer-readable instructions accessible by the computer connected to the communication node performs the method wherein the selecting from the data is of multiple attribute combinations.
61. The storage medium according to claim 59 wherein the set of computer-readable instructions accessible by the computer connected to the communication node performs the method further comprising electronically storing a record of the advertisement transferred to the visitor for intentional subsequent transfer to the same visitor or for intentional avoidance of subsequent transfer to the same visitor.
62. The storage medium according to claim 59 wherein the set of computer-readable instructions accessible by the computer connected to the communication node performs the method further comprising, upon the occurrence of the visitor visitation at the communication node, automatically electronically enhancing the visitor profile using at least one profile database connected to the computer connected to the communication node.
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2019-04-23T04:29:04Z
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https://patents.google.com/patent/US20110040620A1/en
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¶ Gneissic continental basement rock is suggested here to be extraterrestrial in origin, from aqueously-differentiated Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), with terrestrial emplacement during the late heavy bombardment (LHB), circa 4.1-3.8 Ga.
¶ An extraterrestrial origin for gneiss requires an alternative solar system origin as well, with hot classical KBOs ‘condensing’ by streaming instability against Neptune’s outer 2:3 resonance from a siderophile-depleted debris disk prior to 4,567 Ma.
¶ Secular perturbation of a former binary-Companion to the Sun is suggested to have caused its super-Jupiter-mass binary components to spiral in over time, progressively increasing the Sun-Companion eccentricity over time. Progressive Sun-Companion eccentricity caused a ‘tidal inflection point’ (associated with the Sun-Companion barycenter) to spiral out through the Kuiper belt, perturbing KBOs into the inner solar system, causing the LHB of the inner solar system.
¶ Ultimately, the binary components of binary-Companion merged at about 650 Ma, in an asymmetrical merger explosion that gave the newly-merged Companion escape velocity from the Sun.
¶ The formation of KBOs by streaming (gravitational) instability converted the considerable kinetic and potential energy of the debris disk dust and ice into heat in the process of undergoing freefall collapse by gravitational instability, with ‘large’ KBOs exceeding the melting point of water ice in their cores, thus initiating ‘aqueous differentiation’.
¶ Heating caused by gravitational collapse was followed by radiative cooling, of the newly ‘condensed’ trans-Neptunian KBOs. Radiative cooling caused the newly-melted core saltwater oceans to begin to freeze solid, causing precipitation of authigenic sediments of aqueously-dissolved nebular dust. Authigenic precipitation is suggested to have formed sedimentary cores with a gneissic composition, where mineral grains fall out of aqueous suspension at mineral grain sizes dependent on the microgravitaitonal acceleration and circulation rate of the core saltwater oceans.
¶ Much of the authigenic sedimentation was apparently modulated into migmatite sediments, presumably by sawtooth pH variations, forming felsic leucosomes and mafic mesosomes/melanosomes. The internal densification of KBOs, caused by aqueous differentiation, presumably created numerous ‘KBO-quake’ subsidence events, which subsidence shocks causing dissolved CO2 to catastrophically bubble out of solution, suddenly raising the pH.
¶ Aluminous mineral-species solubility is particularly pH sensitive, such that when subsidence shocks catastrophically raised the pH, aluminous minerals rapidly precipitated, predominantly as felsic feldspars. Thus felsic leucosomes are suggested to have precipitated rapidly following subsidence events, while the more-mafic melanosomes precipitated in the relative quiescence between repeated subsidence shocks.
¶ The KBO core rock that constitute the continental tectonic plates on Earth are suggested to have predominantly impacted during the LHB, followed by variable degrees of terrestrial metamorphism, while deeply embedded within their terrestrial impact craters.
¶ Geochronology of sedimentary KBO core rock dates to its apparent age at its closure temperature. As gneissic KBO core rock exhumes from deep within its LHB-era impact craters, the rock undergoes retrograde metamorphism as it depressurizes and cools, and at the ‘closure temperature’, mineral grains begin to retain the daughter products of radioactive decay, starting the geochronological clock, which was reset by the high temperatures inherent in terrestrial metamorphism.
¶ Alternatively, primary authigenic sedimentation with felsic-mafic modulation replaces the ad hoc secondary mechanism of anatexis, with its inherent mass balance problem.
¶ Aqueous differentiation presumably occurs at formation by streaming instability (gravitational instability), where the kinetic and potential energy of a Jeans mass of gravitationally-collapsing dust and ice melts water ice in the cores of newly-formed KBOs, accompanied by dissolution of nebular dust into the dissolved state, of ions and cations. Subsequent radiative cooling of the KBO, causes freezing of water ice, precipitating authigenic mineral grains that grow in size until falling out of aqueous suspension at a mineral grain size dependent on the local microgravity and aqueous circulation rate.
¶ The felsic-mafic modulation is suggested to be governed by the ocean pH, which is catastrophically increased in KBO-quake subsidence events that cause CO2 to bubble out of solution, accompanied by carbonic acid converting to gaseous CO2 to rebalance the carbonic acid to gaseous CO2 ratio. The solubility of aluminous mineral species is particularly pH sensitive, such that aftershocks which caused carbon dioxide to bubble out of solution result in rapid sedimentation of aluminous mineral grains, presumably as predominantly felsic feldspars. And the more mafic mesosomes/melanosomes formed during the quiescent phase between subsidence events, as the saltwater reservoir is recharged with aluminum by continued dissolution of nebular dust in aqueous suspension, and solute concentration is increased by progressive freezing of the saltwater ocean.
¶ Authigenic precipitation from an aqueous reservoir side steps the mass balance problem of anatexis.
¶ Primary folding in migmatites is generally limited to classification (identification of the fold types) and degree. By comparison, metamorphic overprinting has been elevated to an exact science. Metamorphic overprinting is often able to identify timing, degree and direction of multiple tectonic episodes, primary isoclinal folds are often dismissed as local sheath folds, fortuitously sectioned through their nose, since sheath folds can be explained by shear forces, whereas randomly-oriented isoclinal folds are not readily explained by conventional geology.
¶ Alternatively, primary folding in migmatites is suggested to be simple slump folding, occurring during the destruction of voids phase of lithification of sediments, prior to Earth impact.
¶ Ptygmatic folds in migmatites present difficulties for all conventional folding mechanisms, particularly in the most dramatic specimens where ptygma fold back on themselves like ribbon candy. Two unconventional explanations for terrestrial folding are presented that attempt to circumvent the most glaring shortcomings of partial-melt theory alone.
¶ One suggested solution to ptygma enigma is a progressive replacement front which migrates away from the vein boundary, in which “volume loss takes place in the vein mantles, while the limbs of the folds increase in volume” (Stel, 1999). Harry Stel agrees with Brown (Brown et al.,1995) that “ptygmatic structures are not ‘diagnostic’ for the presence of partial melt phases in migmatites”, and “[t]he most direct evidence for the relation of fluid activity and mica breakdown is the presence of offshoot veinlets”, with some veinlets exhibiting relict foliation of the host rock, indicating that veinlets are not melt-injection structures, where ‘fluid’ is understood to be an aqueous brine.
¶ The typically narrow melanosome ‘shadows’ surrounding much-fatter ptygmatic leucosome veins would require additional distant felsic input for mass balance. Additionally, no motive force is offered as an explanation to drive the replacement front, and no explanation is provided for why here and not there.
simultaneous accommodation of the host.
¶ Shelley states that the force of crystallization within veins creates expansion of veins into the accommodating surrounding host. Shelley does not waffle between melts and (aqueous) ‘solutions’ as Stel appears to do with his “not ‘diagnostic'” remark, and Shelley is does not confine himself to (superficial) replacement fronts, but states that the force of crystallization within the outward growth and pressure is developed by crystallization on bulk mineral grains in the vein.
¶ Shelley’s mechanism is essentially the very mechanism suggested to operate in a sedimentary KBO setting, but under much-less stringent conditions. Shelley is constrained to operate within lithified rock under metamorphic conditions on Earth, relying on elevated water pressure to crack the rock. By comparison, in an extraterrestrial sedimentary setting, the outward force of crystallization operates in the plastic conditions of unconsolidated/partly-consolidated sediments, under low-to-moderate temperature and pressure.
¶ Gneiss dome formation is far from settled science in conventional geology, with numerous proposed mechanisms representing differing theories and differing contexts.
¶ Alternatively, gneiss domes are suggested here to be anticline wrinkles on a former KBO sedimentary core, with syncline-anticline wrinkling caused by dehydration during lithification of the core, corresponding to the way a grape wrinkles as it shrivels to form a raisin.
¶ A KBO origin for continental basement rock places notable constraints on the composition of KBOs, namely a siderophile-depleted composition that lies on the three-oxygen-isotope terrestrial fractionation line (TFL), which has sufficient buoyancy to float above the terrestrial ocean plates and rise above sea level. The inner solar system asteroids and chondrites possess none of these properties, requiring that the high-angular-momentum hot classical KBOs formed from a different reservoir than the low-angular-momentum reservoir that formed the inner solar system asteroids and chondrites.
¶ Former binary-Companion and the three sets of twin-binary planets in our solar system (Jupiter-Saturn, Uranus-Neptune, and Venus-Earth) are suggested here to have formed in 4 generations, like Russian nesting dolls from former ‘Brown Dwarf’, the original stellar core of our solar system (brown dwarf in mass and ‘Brown Dwarf’ in name).
¶ Brown Dwarf formed at the center of a massive accretion disk that was much more massive than its diminutive Brown Dwarf core. The much-more-massive accretion disk underwent a symmetrical disk instability (symmetrical flip-flop fragmentation (FFF)), condensing a twin-binary pair of disk-instability objects that were each much more massive than the Brown Dwarf core. Following a period of orbital interplay, binary-Sun evaporated former Brown Dwarf into a circumbinary orbit, causing the twin-binary disk-instability objects to spiral inward into a close binary pair, forming former ‘binary-Sun’. But the orbital dynamics involved in evaporating Brown Dwarf into a hierarchical circumbinary orbit caused Brown Dwarf to undergo ‘trifurcation’.
¶ In orbital close encounters between objects with different masses, the principle of ‘equipartition’ of kinetic energy dictates that the less massive object comes away with a kinetic-energy kick, at the expense of the more-massive object, ordered hierarchical systems from chaotic orbital interplay, where the more massive objects sink inward, while the less-massive objects evaporate outward. Not only did the Brown Dwarf receive orbital kicks, but it also received rotational kicks, causing it to ‘spin up’ to the point of fragmentation by a very particular mechanism, resulting in trifurcation, fragmentation of Brown Dwarf into three components, a massive twin-binary pair in orbit around the diminutive residual core. Spin-up fragmentation causes trifurcation into three parts because of the mechanics, where centrifugal force distorts the object into a bar-mode instability, whereupon the twin-binary bar-mode-instability arms ultimately pinch off into their own Roche spheres, forming a twin-binary pair in orbit around the residual core.
¶ Thus, a Brown Dwarf core orbited by a much-larger twin-binary pair induced trifurcation in the core, forming a smaller twin-binary pair in orbit around the residual core, where the twin-binary pair of the 1st generation trifurcation formed the super-Jupiter-mass components of former binary-Companion. First-generation trifurcation promotes second-generation trifurcation and etc, forming; 1st gen, binary-Companion, 2nd gen. Jupiter-Saturn, 3rd gen. Uranus-Neptune, and 4th gen. Venus-Earth, possibly with Mercury as the residual core of the 4th generation trifurcation.
¶ Because the original Brown Dwarf had internally differentiated, forming a siderophile-enriched iron core, trifurcation debris would necessarily be siderophile depleted, with the siderophile core divided among the multigenerational nesting dolls (binary-Companion, J-S, U-N, V-E), but despite being siderophile depleted, the trifurcation debris would lie on the three-oxygen-isotope Brown Dwarf fractionation line, which we know as the ‘terrestrial fractionation line’. And because binary-Companion had sufficient angular momentum to orbit the solar system barycenter at the distance of the inner Oort cloud, or there about, the resulting ‘trifurcation debris disk’ had sufficient angular momentum to condense KBOs beyond Neptune.
¶ Presumably shortly after the trifurcation era, the stellar components of former binary-Sun spiraled in to merge at 4,567 Ma in a luminous red nova that scrubbed the solar system of the earlier trifurcation debris disk, leaving behind its own low-angular-momentum ‘solar-merger debris disk’, which condensed asteroids with live stellar-merger radionuclides, and later, chondrites, largely after the short-lived radionuclides had decayed away.
¶ Our former binary-Companion may have had super-Jupiter-mass components, which themselves spiraled inward over time. The potential energy lost by the in-spiraling close-binary components was presumably transferred to progressively increasing the wide-binary Sun-Companion eccentricity.
¶ A tidal inflection point associated with the solar system barycenter is suggested to have spiraled out through the Kuiper belt from about 4.1-3.8 Ga, driven by the progressively increasing Sun-Companion eccentricity. The tidal inflection point is suggested to have perturbed KBOs, causing the late heavy bombardment (LHB) of the inner solar system.
¶ Ultimately, binary-Companion merged at about 650 Ma in an asymmetrical merger explosion that gave the newly-merged Companion escape velocity from the Sun.
¶ The resulting Companion-merger debris disk is suggested to have condensed a young (non-siderophile-depleted) KBO population, known as the ‘cold classical KBOs’.
¶ The Companion-merger debris disk fogged the solar system, reducing sunlight intensity on Earth, causing the Marinoan glaciation of Snowball Earth. The earlier Sturtian glaciation was presumably caused by multiple, sequential moony mergers with the inspiriting super-Jupiter-mass binary components.
¶ The loss of the centrifugal force of the Sun around the former Sun-Companion barycenter caused all heliocentric objects to fall into slightly lower period orbits, with the resulting orbital perturbation of Earth causing super tsunamis, resulting in the global erosion of the Great Unconformity, at circa 650 Ma.
¶ Finally, the relative aphelia alignment of long-period detached objects, like Sedna and 2012 VP113, is suggested to be a fossil alignment of all heliocentric objects with the former Sun-Companion axis, where shorter-period objects have randomized over the intervening 650 million years.
¶ Aqueous differentiation is defined here as the melting of water ice in the core of a minor planet, here specifically a KBO. Aqueous differentiation is presumed to have occurred spontaneously in large KBOs at the moment of formation by streaming instability, a form a gravitational collapse, by way of conversion of kinetic and potential energy into heat.
¶ Secondarily, a degree of aqueous differentiation may have occurred in the spiral-in merger of binary KBOs, even KBOs too small to have spontaneously differentiated at the moment of gravitational collapse. Perturbation by the Sun-Companion tidal inflection point presumably caused former binary KBOs to spiral in to merge prior to being perturbed out of the Kuiper belt.
¶ Aqueous differentiation at gravitational collapse was followed by radiative heat loss, which began the long process of freezing the core saltwater ocean from the outside in. The latent heat of water clamped the temperature of the internal saltwater ocean to about 255 Kelvins, with a slight increase in temperature with depth, and this temperature inversion circulated the ocean between the cold ice ceiling and the warmer sedimentary core.
¶ Nebular dust in aqueous suspension dissolved into solution until reaching the saturation point of various mineral species, where solvency of mineral species (ions and cations) aided or hindered by the Eh, pH and temperature of the ocean. And thermal circulation, which presented saturated solution to the ice ceiling cold junction, nucleated minerals with solubility proportional to temperature. In addition to the nucleation of new mineral grains, minerals also crystallized on existing mineral grains in aqueous suspension, increasing their mass to the point where then fell out of aqueous suspension and precipitated onto the growing sedimentary core.
¶ Exponential cooling of KBOs following their formation by gravitational collapse, which involved gradual refreezing of the water ice, which had formed saltwater oceans in the cores of large KBOs. And because freezing water ice tends to exclude solute from the growing ice crystals, gradual freezing of the ocean pushed solubilities to the super-saturation threshold, forcing nucleation and crystallization of silicates and other minerals.
¶ And in addition to the gradualism of ‘freeze out’, catastrophic events like subsidence shocks are suggested to create bright line modulation of sedimentation.
¶ A majority of the sand on Earth is suggested to be authigenic, KBO mineral grains that fell out of aqueous suspension at a characteristic sand-grain scale in the microgravity of KBO oceans. Authigenic mineral grains also precipitate on Earth, but on our high-gravity planet, they fall out of aqueous suspension on the scale of clay particles of several micrometers or smaller.
¶ Conventionally, migmatites form by the secondary mechanism of partial melting (anatexis) of a protolith under elevated temperature and pressure at great depth beneath the Earth’s surface, resulting physical segregation of a partial-melt into felsic-enriched leucosomes and felsic-depleted melanosomes.
¶ Alternatively, the felsic-mafic layering in migmatites is formed by modulated authigenic felsic-mafic deposition, with a variable degree of secondary slump folding superimposed during lithification. This alternating felsic-mafic deposition is suggested to be caused by sawtooth changes in pH of the overlying saltwater ocean.
¶ The solubility of aluminous species is particularly pH sensitive, so the concentration of carbonic acid could effectively control the reservoir of dissolved aluminum. Aluminous species solubility is U-shaped with respect to pH, with an inflection point at about 6-1/2 pH (Driscoll and Schecher, 1990). An abrupt rise in pH from 3.5 to 6.5 would decrease the aluminous species solubility by a factor of more than 100,000, effectively precipitating the entire reservoir of dissolved aluminous species, presumably predominantly in the form of feldspars, the simplest aluminous silicates.
¶ Carbon dioxide solubility can be catastrophically reduced by physical shock, as can be demonstrated by shaking a carbonated beverage. And when dissolved CO2 bubbles out of solution, carbonic acid breaks down into gaseous carbon dioxide to restore the carbonic acid-CO2 equilibrium, with the effect of raising the pH. Thus, subsidence shocks (KBO-quakes) shortly following KBO formation by gravitational collapse could rapidly super saturate core saltwater oceans in aluminous species, creating a frenzy of aluminous mineral grain nucleation and crystallization on aqueously-suspended mineral grains, presumably resulting in rapid feldspar precipitation. Additionally, subsidence shocks might vent gaseous CO2 into outer space through newly opened faults in the icy overburden, causing a more sustained rise in pH.
¶ So KBO aftershocks are suggested to precipitate feldspar mineral grains, which grow by crystallization until falling out of aqueous suspension at a mineral grain size characteristic for the increased agitation rate following subsidence shocks. And the increased circulation following an subsidence shock may also induce crystallization of other minerals that have solubility proportional to temperature, such as quartz/silica, with increased circulation of saltwater past the cold icy ceiling following subsidence shocks.
¶ Super-super saturation of aluminous species may favor crystallization on existing mineral grains in aqueous suspension for the simple minerals, like the feldspar group, whereas the same conditions may favor nucleation of new mineral grains for more complex minerals, like biotite. Both crystallization on existing mineral grains and nucleation on existing mineral grains requires close proximity of the constituent ions and cations; however, for more-complex silicates, such as biotite, the greater number of constituent species may not align well with suspended mineral grains, forcing a greater degree of nucleation of new mineral grains. By comparison, feldspar precipitation may be dominated by crystallization, rather than nucleation.
¶ Thus, the simplest minerals, such as quartz and feldspar, may rain down on the core immediately following a subsidence shock, with a large mineral grain size representative of an increased agitation rate, with mineral grain size decreasing exponentially over time to a quiescent point, tending to create an upward fining progression from felsic quartz and feldspar (leucosomes) to more-mafic complex silicates (melanosomes).
¶ Therefore, in the crystallization urgency of super-super saturation of aluminous species, feldspar mineral grains may quickly grow to sufficient size to fall out of aqueous suspension in the agitated circulation rate following an subsidence shock, whereas smaller, more complex mineral grains may remain in aqueous suspension until the agitation rate approaches quiescence.
¶ Additionally, KBO subsidence shocks may dislodge enlarged mineral grains trapped in the slushy mush of ice crystals floating at the ice ceiling.
¶ Progressive heat loss by recently-condensed KBOs presumably caused ice crystal nucleation, which float to the ice ceiling to form a slushy mush of ice crystals. And most mineral species solubility is reduced at colder temperatures, such that mineral grains may grow by crystallization to considerable size within the slushy mush at the icy ceiling, with the slush preventing them from precipitating to the sedimentary core.
¶ The vibration and agitation of subsidence shocks, however, may have freed enlarged euhedral mineral grains from their slushy prison, which fell through the water column to become incorporated in the lower margin of felsic leucosomes. Thus, outsized euhedral mineral grains in metamorphic rock that are not pegmatites are suggested to possibly have a dropstone origin.
¶ Gneiss domes are often mantled with metasedimentary rock, typically comprised of quartzite, marble/dolomite, and schist. The compositional differences between the gneiss core and its surmounting mantle represents differing depositional conditions of the various regimes.
¶ Baltimore gneiss domes also appear to have the same gneiss-quartzite-marble-schist sequence noticed by Eskola in Finland’s gneiss domes, as illustrated in the following sketches.
¶ Authigenic schist is suggested to precipitate predominantly from hydrothermal solutions, emanating from the lithifying gneissic core, whereas the underlying gneiss is suggested to predominantly precipitate from the overlying ocean, indirectly from the dissolution of nebular dust in aqueous suspension. So gneiss is suggested to be a primary precipitation from dissolved nebular dust, whereas schist is suggested to be secondary precipitation from minerals leached by hot hydrothermal fluids exiting the gneissic core during lithification.
¶ Schist is often named for its primary mineral constituent, with its wide-ranging variability presumably attributable to its wide-ranging deposition conditions. The frequent proximity of chemically different schists in the geologic record suggests highly localized deposition, perhaps after the overlying ocean is frozen solid, with only small melt pockets overlying hydrothermal vents.
¶ Euhedral-crystal dropstones, such as garnets and staurolite, are particularly prevalent in schist, which may be liberated from the icy ceiling when hydrothermal vents increased their flow rate, melting into the overlying icy ceiling and liberating euhedral-crystal dropstones.
¶ The origin of the schistosity of schist is unclear, with the flat sheet-like grains (mica, talc, and etc.) presumably forming by metasomatism/metamorphism, perhaps from clay precursors.
¶ Schist can also contain prominent ptygmatic leucosomes like migmatite gneiss, and presumably from the same cause, forming as aqueous drains where the constituent mineral grains grow by crystallization, sometimes buckling outward into the surrounding matrix as ptygmatic folds.
¶ If homogeneous global precipitation forms gneiss, then heterogeneous local precipitation from hydrothermal fluids may test even the broad definition of schist, perhaps straying into quartzite and dolomite, and etc. Conceivably, a hydrothermal vent could create multiple precipitation plumes, like a comet tail dividing into a gas tail and a dust tail.
¶ Notably, calcium carbonate solubility has a negative temperature dependence, such that a reactivated hydrothermal vent that would warm the surrounding water would tend to precipitate limestone/dolomite. In a reactivated hydrothermal vent with the overlying ocean frozen solid, the hydrothermal fluids would immediately chill, nucleating and crystallizing quartz and other minerals, where quartz as the simplest mineral might tend to crystallize rather than nucleate and rain down as sand. Later as the fluid pocket grew in size and in temperature, calcium carbonate precipitation may predominate, followed by schist, forming the typical, gneiss, quartzite, marble, and schist sequence.
¶ The domal structure of gneiss domes is suggested to be caused by wrinkling during lithification dehydration of the gneissic sedimentary core, that wrinkled as it shriveled like a grape dehydrating into a raisin. In internal migmatites, this shriveling took the form of slump folding, whereas at the surface of the sedimentary KBO core, the lithifying sediments were able to fold up into the void of the overlying saltwater ocean, forming syncline troughs and gneiss-dome-scale anticlines.
¶ Presumably the scale of gneiss domes is proportional to the scale of the originating KBO and its gneissic core, with larger gneiss dome systems corresponding to larger former KBOs. Gneiss domes exceeding 100 km in length may have belonged to former KBOs exceeding 1000 km Dia., and maybe considerably larger.
¶ “Most gneiss domes are elongate parallel to the strike of the orogen” (Whitney et al., 2004) While wrinkling of all types is invariably elongate, gneiss-dome alignment with the strike of exhumed orogens is surprising, with orogeny driven by tectonic collision; however, the underlying basement geometry may dictate the strike of the local orogen. I.e., orogen exhumation apparently typically follows the long axis of underlying gneiss domes.
¶ Conventional geology suggests that metamorphic folding occurs at elevated temperature and pressure in lithified rock, deep below Earth’s surface, with fold type illuminating the cause of the folds. Indeed tectonic orogeny creates the synclines and anticlines of mountain ranges by large-scale folding of rock up into the void of the atmosphere, but the scale of syncline-anticline tectonic folding is several orders of magnitude larger than the centimeter-scale folding typical in migmatites, and solid rock at depth—partial melting or no partial melting—has no voids to fold into.
¶ Folding in migmatites resembles slump folding in terrestrial sedimentary rock, and if migmatite is indeed extraterrestrial sedimentary rock, then apparent slump folding can be actual slump folding.
¶ Folds in migmatite are often identified as 2-dimensional sheath folds, fortuitously sectioned through the nose of the fold across a former shear zone, when they’re identified at all. Alternatively, in a sedimentary slump folding context, there’s no constraint on the folds being randomly-oriented isoclinal folds, removing the fortuitous (hand-wringing) element.
¶ In slump folding, the expulsion of aqueous solution between sedimentary grains during the destruction of voids phase of lithification provides the voids at depth to fold into, as late lithifying sediments slump into voids opened up by early lithifying sediments.
¶ Folding in KBO metamorphic rock has the additional mechanism of geometry driving slump folding. During lithification of a sedimentary core, not only does the thickness of each sedimentary layer decrease, but the circumference of every layer also decreases as the entire core densifies, forcing ‘circumferential slump folding’. On Earth, the vast circumference of the planet means that the circumference change of lithifying sediments is imperceptible, whereas in a sedimentary KBO core undergoing lithification, not only does the radial thickness shorten during lithification, as it does on Earth, but the lateral (circumferential) dimensions shorten as well. Bulk KBO sediments are forced to undergo circumferential slump folding for the same reason that grapes wrinkle when dehydrating into raisins. Something similar to circumferential slump folding can occur on Earth under unusual conditions, such as the lithification of sediments in a V-shaped trench or crevice, where pithy sedimentary layers are forced to fold as they densify toward the pointy end of a trench or crevice during lithification.
¶ Migmatite may be particularly susceptible to slump folding due to the dramatic variation in mineral grain size and composition between juxtaposed felsic leucosomes with large mineral grains, and mafic melanosomes with small mineral grains, presumably resulting in differential lithification, where the late lithifying sediments fold into the voids opened up by the early lithifying sediments.
¶ The most exaggerated examples of a physical phenomena will generally give a genuine theory an opportunity to shine, while forcing flawed theories to grasp at ad hoc hypotheses, hand waving or fine tuning to prevent falsification. Ptygmatic folds are the most dramatic of all metamorphic folds, so it’s not encouraging that these folds are typically played down in significance in academic petrology, i.e., they don’t cause academia to shine.
¶ The conventional anatectic explanation for ptygmatic folding appears to engender a contradiction. Felsic leucosomes are presumed to form by felsic-melt segregation, where felsic minerals tend to melt at lower temperatures than mafic minerals following Bowen’s reaction series; however, ptygmatically folded veins rely on the felsic vein having greater competence than the host rock, which presumes that more-mafic surrounding matrix (mesosome) is dramatically more plastic than the ptygmatically-folded leucosome vein which supposedly formed by partial melting. The circa 6:1 matrix shortening required to fold the leucosome back onto itself, resembling ribbon candy, inevitably fails to balloon out adjacent felsic-mafic layering, requiring matrix shortening to fortuitously extrude perpendicular to (into and out of) the section plane.
¶ While the majority of folding in authigenic KBO migmatites is suggested to form by slump folding, ptygmatic folding requires a different explanation.
¶ In lithifying KBO cores, the destructed voids between sedimentary particles were once filled with brine, which escaped into the overlying ocean through hydrothermal vents. Brine naturally followed path of least resistance though the variably-porous lithifying sediments, presumably preferentially flowing through the coarse mineral grains of felsic leucosomes, which acted as French drains. When acting as aqueous drains, these felsic leucosomes are designated ‘veins. Felsic leucosome layers were laid down the bedding plane, but to vent aqueous brine to the surface required cross bedding veins as well, which may often cut through the nose of slump folds.
¶ As the brine cooled on its buoyant rise, most mineral species solubility decreased, since the solubility of most mineral species is proportional to temperature, resulting in crystallization on existing felsic mineral grains within the veins. And the growth of felsic mineral grains within veins created outward pressure, both lateral and longitudinal. “The grain size of quartz and feldspar in the veins is between 10 and 25 times larger than in the host rock (0.2 mm in the latter” (Stel, 1999).
¶ Growth of mineral grains by crystallization caused 3-dimensional expansion of the veins, fattening veins in the two lateral dimensions and buckling veins in the longitudinal dimension, creating ptygmatic folds. Again, this is the mechanism suggested by Shelley, “[t]here are two internal forces of expansion within the vein: that of increase in volume due to crystallization from solution and that of force of crystallization of the vein mineral” (Shelley 1968), albeit in a lithifying sedimentary setting, rather than a metamorphosing lithified setting.
¶ The following image shows a pair of white (quartz or calcite?) veins cutting through two very different matrix types, apparently tan sandstone at the bottom and black shale above. The veins were presumably former aqueous veins, which developed very differently in the contrasting mediums. The black shale sediments were apparently much more compliant than the former tan sandy sediments, such that the vein was evidently able to buckle ptygmatically into the soft shale sediments, while the stiffer sandy sediments effectively prevented longitudinal buckling, forcing the volume increase of the vein growth to manifest itself in the lateral direction by way of fattening. In this case, the ptygmatic folding may be terrestrial, albeit by the mechanism suggested for extraterrestrial ptygmatic folds.
¶ Three-dimensional expansion of veins due to internal crystallization explains the tendency to maintain constant vein width in ptygmatic folds; however, superimposed slump folding may locally thin or break dikes, and variable plasticity of the confining mafic matrix may variably constrain longitudinal buckling into ptygmatic folds. When progressive lithification stiffens the surrounding matrix to the point of preventing longitudinal ptygmatic buckling, veins may still be able to fatten in the lateral direction. And as lateral fattening is resisted by still-greater lithification, the force of crystallization may balloon into aneurysms at points of relative weakness in the surrounding matrix, forming boudinage.
¶ Finally, resistance from the lithifying matrix prevents any further lateral or longitudinal growth of the veins when impinging mineral grains within the veins become more susceptible to pressure dissolution at points of contact than growth by crystallization, with subsequent crystallization confined to filling in the remaining voids.
¶ S-type granites are suggested here to be intrusive, authigenic felsic sediments precipitated within gneissic cores of KBOs undergoing lithification. By contrast, I-type granites are intrusive igneous granites formed on Earth. Both authigenic S-type and igneous I-type granites are presumed to be emplaced by intrusive hydraulic pressure.
¶ Hydrothermal blockage in a vein system, that drained a sedimentary gneissic core undergoing lithification, may be the origin of the intrusive hydrothermal fluids that precipitate S-type granites. Presumably hydraulic pressure developed by the buoyant fluids causes delamination in the surrounding country rock, forming a sill, or creates an aneurysm in a vein, resulting in a pluton. Freezing solid of the overlying ocean may have been a common cause of hydrothermal blockage, forcing buoyant fluids to intrude the surrounding country rock. And the low density of intruding hydrothermal fluids would not support partially-lithified ceiling sediments from ceiling collapse, resulting in the observed gneissic or supracrustal xenoliths and enclaves, common in S-type granite.
¶ In Black Hills National Forest, the Calamity Peak Granite of the Yavapai Mazatzal craton is texturally stratified into alternating textures of fine-grained granite, with < 2 mm grains, and coarse-grained pegmatite, with perthite crystals up to 1 meter long. Additionally, the granite layers are themselves laminated on a millimeter scale, with laminae, 2-20 mm thick. This laminated fine-grained granite is known as ‘line rock’, composed of alternating bands of light and dark minerals, with tourmaline constituting the bulk of the dark mineral.
¶ The textural granite-pegmatite layering, with superimposed light-dark layering suggests a state of orbital perturbation while still in the Kuiper belt. The light-dark layering suggests the circa 300 year orbital period of the former KBO itself, while the textural granite-pegmatite layering suggests a much-longer period of the former Sun-Companion orbits around the solar system barycenter. In this orbital barycentric setting, granite may have formed near apoapsis (greatest Sun-Companion separation), when the tidal inflection point created active aphelia precession (orbital perturbation), actively squeezing water from the core. Then the pegmatite layers may have formed during the quiescent remainder of the Sun-Companion orbit, with metasomatism forming massive pegmatites under nearly quiescent conditions.
¶ The above scenario suggests a LHB age for the granite, with a > 4,567 age for the surrounding gneissic/schistose country rock. Late granite formation from latent aqueous fluids also suggests that core lithification was not complete at the time of the LHB, and perhaps tidal torquing by the Sun-Companion tidal inflection point was even a requirement in the lithification process. I.e., perhaps the sedimentary core of a quiescent KBO will not fully lithify without tidal torquing to wring out the water.
¶ The ‘bulk modulus’ (inverse of compressibility) of granite is more than 20 times that of water, such that water ice would absorb more than 20 times as much compressive work energy of an impact shock wave of an icy-body impact, compared to an equal volume of silicates. Thus a thick mantle of relatively-compressible water ice surrounding a gneissic KBO core would absorb the lion’s share of the kinetic energy of a KBO impact as compressive work energy. This is suggested to clamp the impact shock wave pressure below the melting point of silicates.
¶ The shock absorbing potential of relatively-compressible ices, however, would not have been sufficiently protective to prevent the formation of high-pressure polymorphs in silicates, such as coesite, so their absence is presumably due to prolonged dwell time at metamorphosing temperatures and pressures on Earth within their impact craters, deep below the surface. Metamorphism presumably reset both high-pressure polymorphs and isotope geochronology, with geochronology reflecting the cooling dates of terrestrially metamorphosed KBO cores as they emerge at the surface by buoyant rise and/or by tectonic collisions, often uncovering gneiss domes in orogenic zones.
¶ Hot classical KBOs are suggested to have ‘condensed’ by streaming instability (gravitational collapse) against Neptune’s strongest outer resonances from a siderophile-depleted reservoir that lay on the 3-oxygen isotope terrestrial fractionation line.
¶ Large KBOs underwent spontaneous internal aqueous differentiation at formation by gravitational collapse, melting saltwater oceans in their cores. Aqueous differentiation was accompanied by authigenic precipitation, with felsic-mafic modulation mediated by sawtooth pH fluctuations, forming sedimentary cores with a gneissic composition.
¶ KBO core rock slump folded during lithification, as the densifying core expelled brine through a network of felsic veins that acted as French drains, channeling the buoyant brine out of the core. Dehydration of the core, implicit in sedimentary lithification, caused slump folding, which is most pronounced in migmatite gneiss. Additionally, ptygmatic folding occurred in felsic veins which channeled brine from the core, as crystallization on the felsic mineral grains created outward pressure, forcing some veins to buckle into dramatic ptygmatic folds.
¶ A former binary-Companion to the Sun is suggested to have caused orbital perturbation of hot classical KBOs, causing the LHB of the inner solar system, circa, 4.1–3.8 Ga.
¶ S-type granite is suggested to be intrusive authigenic precipitation of granitic sediments, which may have intruded during the LHB, caused by tidal torquing by the Sun-Companion tidal inflection point.
¶ The vast majority of gneissic continental KBO rock was presumably delivered to Earth by way of very-large (>> 100 km) KBO impacts of the LHB era, with subsequent impactors being substantially smaller and less likely to have undergone aqueously differentiation. An extraterrestrial origin for continental basement rock also depends on its surviving Earth impact without melting or vaporizing. Presumably the relatively-high compressibility of thick icy mantles surrounding the gneissic sedimentary cores absorbed the lion’s share of the impact energy, protecting the silicate cores from melting on Earth impact.
¶ Then, a variable degree of metamorphism of KBO core rock occurred on Earth, 10s of kilometers beneath the surface within their KBO impact craters. Geochronology of KBO core rock, however, dates to closure temperatures as it cools during ascent and exhumation at the surface in orogenies.
Chappell, B. W. and White, A. J. R., (2001), Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 48, Issue 4, pages 489–499, August 2001.
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2019-04-21T13:29:18Z
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https://snowballsolarsystem.com/dwarf-planet-and-comet-differentation/
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Hello! We have some terms and conditions you should read through before you book a course with us. If you have questions, please contact EBS Care. We are always here to help.
Your contract is with European Bartender School International Limited, World Trade Center, Unit 1.21, 6 Bayside Road, Gibraltar. Company number: 107518, trading as European Bartender School. When you make a booking with us the Terms and Conditions below apply.
The terms “we”, “us”, “our” and “EBS” refer to European Bartender School, a Gibraltar based company. The term “you”, “student”, “user” or “customer” refers to the user visiting and/or booking a course through our website, or through our customer service agents.
You confirm to be at least 18* years of age on the starting date of the booked course and to have the legal capacity to make a booking.
You need to be at least 21 years old to participate in tastings and events that involve alcohol in New York; but, you only need to be 18 years old to attend the course.
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We hope that we will not have to make any changes to your booking, but because our courses are planned months in advance it is sometimes necessary to do so. For example, if there are not enough people booked onto your course or if any unforeseen circumstances arise that make one of our schools to be unfit for use, we may have to cancel your course.
We reserve the right to cancel your course under any circumstances. If we have to cancel your paid booking, you are entitled to either have a full refund (minus cancellation insurance and any payment fees) or accept a replacement course from us, which would be of an equivalent or similar standard, if we are able to offer you one. We cannot be responsible for any costs or expenses you may incur as a result of our cancellation.
Significant change of your accommodation.
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Our accommodation providers have the right to change your accommodation to an alternative, which is at least a similar standard to that of which you have booked. In the unlikely event that an accommodation provider has to offer alternative accommodation of an inferior standard, then the difference in price will be repaid to you. If the accommodation provider is unable to provide an alternative that is suitable or acceptable to you, then EBS reserves the right to cancel your booking and we will notify you accordingly.
Accept the alternative arrangements that we may offer.
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Cancel the course and receive a total refund of all monies paid to us (minus cancellation insurance and any payment fees).
Freeze the current booking for a period of one year from the date of the original booking, allowing you to rebook a similar priced course at a later date within the one-year period. If the preferred date is after one calendar year from the date of the original booking, the cost must be paid in full, plus any cancellation charges for the earlier booking.
If after confirmation of booking has been issued, you wish to change your booking in any way, we will do our utmost to accommodate these changes. However, it may not always be possible. Additionally, we charge an ‘Amendment Fee’ for each detail of your booking we allow you to change, for a list of charges see our amendment fees table below. Please note that major changes made by you, including but not limited to; travelling earlier or later than planned, will be treated as a cancellation if made 0-25 days before the course starts.
You authorize the change in writing.
The new student that you are transferring the booking to accepts the transfer, and confirms their acceptance in writing.
That person complies with the terms of the existing booking, and agrees to take over any remaining payments.
** Changing your EBS School 0-25 days before the course starts. If you wish to change your EBS School we will endeavor to assist and book you into the new school, if the preferred school is not fully booked, in which case cancellation charges will apply. If the new school has availability the above amendment fee will be payable, plus any difference should the chosen EBS School be of a higher value.
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You can change your booking free of charge, or cancel it with a full refund (minus cancellation insurance and any payment fees) within 14 days from the date that you made your initial booking. After this period of 14 days you have entered a legally binding agreement to pay for the cost of your course in full. Note that the 14 days threshold must be prior to the starting date of the course. In case the course starts in less than 14 days after booking, you will have until the last Friday before the course starts to notify us of any changes.
You can postpone your course and elect to take a similar EBS course within a period of one year from when the booked course was originally supposed to start. The chosen course can be at any EBS Destination. An admin fee will be charged, please see the amendment fees above for more information. Any monies already paid will be held on account and deducted against the new booking price. If the course is more expensive you will have to pay the difference, but if it is cheaper we will refund the difference**.
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*Changes can only be made once with the above amendment fees. If you wish to make a second change, the amendment fee will always be €300 and no refunds will be made. In the case that you wish to freeze your course and sell it, you will have to pay the applicable amendment fee for freezing your course and an extra €25 for selling it.
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To compensate us for the fact that we may not be able to resell your booking, and to cover any expense we have paid whilst processing your booking, we must make a cancellation charge according to the scale shown below.
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We cannot be responsible for any costs or expenses you may incur as a result of your cancellation. No compensation is payable for minor changes to your booking. Minor changes do not entitle you to cancel or change to another course without paying the applicable charges.
Percentage Of Total Amount Paid To Be Refunded.
In addition to the above percentage of amount paid, a cancellation fee will be payable. The cancellation fee will be deducted from any monies due.
No refunds will be made for cancellations received within 50 days before the booked course starts or for non-appearance, or for any student who has commenced the course. In this case cancellation charges will amount to 100% of the booking price.
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d) date of a possible new treatment / examination as the basis for the doctor´s advice against taking part in the course.
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The cancellation protection scheme can be added to a course up until 14 days after the original booking date, given that the booked course starts more than 30 days after the booking date.
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We will require supporting documentation, depending on the nature of the cancellation.
If your reason for cancelling your course is not covered by the scheme, or you did not select the optional cancellation protection scheme at the time of booking, you will have to pay the applicable cancellation charge shown in the table above – cancellation charges.
In the unfortunate event that you have to cancel your booking please contact us immediately; however we will also require written confirmation within five days. If the cancellation is within the 14-day period you will receive a full refund (minus cancellation insurance and any payment fees), after this date the cancellation will be processed accordingly and you may have to pay cancellation charges.
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After successfully completing the 2-day advanced course the student will receive a stamp on their 4-week, International, EBS diploma. If the student does not have an EBS diploma, the stamp will be put on an EBS-form.
Please note that all regular booking terms apply for this EBS course.
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The educational guarantee is an optional addition to your booking and can be added no later than 14 days after the original booking date, given that the booked course starts more than 30 days after the booking date. The educational guarantee cannot be added after a course has commenced.
The course(s) that you wish to retake must be within a year of the original course, and there must be spaces available.
To be able to utilize the educational guarantee you must have failed your course and your retakes. You will have to pay the applicable costs to the school where the retakes will take place.
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Accommodation is not covered by this guarantee. If you require accommodation you will have to cover these costs yourself. If you book accommodation through EBS, the extra charge must be paid from your student account before the course starts. You will not be able to pay directly to the school.
When retaking the course, the highest grade you can obtain on your exam is a C.
The educational guarantee is non-refundable.
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The flexi booking is an addition to your booking and can be added no later than 14 days after the original booking date, given that the booked course starts more than 30 days after the booking date. The flexi booking cannot be added after a course has commenced.
The price of a Flexi Booking includes cancellation insurance, giving you complete flexibility and peace of mind.
If you choose a destination that is more expensive than your original booking, you will have to pay the difference. If cheaper we will refund the difference.
The options under “if you cancel your booking”, with exception of the actual amendment fees, are also applicable to the flexi booking.
The flexi booking is non-refundable.
We regret we cannot accept liability or pay any compensation where the prompt performance of our contractual obligations is prevented or affected by ‘force majeure’. In these booking conditions, ‘force majeure’ means any event which we or the supplier of the service(s) in question could not, even with all due care, foresee or avoid. Such events may include war or threat of war, riots, civil strife, terrorist activity, industrial dispute, natural or nuclear disaster, adverse weather conditions, fire and all other events outside our control.
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Any other matter for which it would be illegal for EBS to limit or exclude its liability.
If your study involves cross border travel and therefore requires a passport, you must adhere to all of the necessary visa and immigration requirements. All students must be in possession of a FULL passport, valid for at least 6 months beyond the planned return date. In addition to this, visas may be required for some EBS destinations. We will give advice wherever possible, however your specific passport, visa requirements and other immigration requirements are your responsibility, and you should confirm these with the relevant embassies and/or consulates. We do not accept any responsibility if you cannot travel because you have not complied with any passport, visa or immigration requirements. You may be liable for course fees and cancellation charges if you are unable to travel due to an incorrect passport, or fail to adhere to the visa and immigration requirements.
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All complaints are dealt with in writing; as we do not deal with complaints over the phone. It is our policy to hold written records of all communication relating to problems experienced by our students. Please write your booking reference number in your email. It is also a condition of this contract that you communicate any problems that may arise to the EBS representative at your school during the course. If you fail to follow the procedure detailed above, we cannot accept any responsibility as we have been deprived the opportunity to investigate and rectify the problem.
These terms and conditions form a contract between you and EBS, which is governed by English law. You agree that any disputes will be dealt with in the English courts.
We take the matter of the behavior of our students at our schools very seriously. You are required to be considerate and respectful to other students whilst you are at an EBS School, as the decent and appropriate behavior of our students towards one another is vital for our course environment. Additionally, everyone is expected to be tolerant to one another whilst at EBS.
Your course will be terminated by us or our suppliers concerned if you are constantly behaving unacceptably. In this situation, we will not be liable to make any refund, pay any compensation or meet any costs you may incur as a result of your behavior.
Please note that, at all times you are subject to the laws of the country you are visiting and you must respect local cultures and customs. Additionally, when attending EBS Schools your behavior is also subject to our student illegal drug and alcohol policy, which is detailed below.
The EBS disciplinary policy is designed to help EBS deal with misbehavior situations at our schools.
For minor violations, the student may receive a disciplinary warning via a simple procedure. This will usually consist of a verbal reprimand outlining the unacceptable behavior and associated concern. For major violations, the student will automatically be removed from the EBS course. If this occurs we will treat your booking as cancelled by you from that moment.
Additionally, EBS may notify the student’s parents or legal guardians.
For minor violations, the student may receive a second disciplinary warning. This will usually consist of a verbal or written reprimand, outlining the unacceptable behavior and associated concern and/or receive a disciplinary warning with a specified period of time and review of behavior. The latter would include terms appropriate to the violation, during which time the student must demonstrate compliance with the EBS alcohol and drugs policy within the terms of the probationary period.
For major violations, the student will automatically be removed from the EBS course, if this occurs we will treat your booking as cancelled by you from that moment.
If such a repeat offence occurs during the probationary period, the student will automatically be removed from the EBS course, if this occurs we will treat your booking as cancelled by you from that moment. EBS will notify parents or legal guardians when a student has been removed from the course and will inform them on the reasons for removal.
EBS classifies unacceptable behavior into two types: ‘minor’ and ‘major’ violations. Broadly speaking a “major” violation means that the alleged behavior and/or prior misconduct by the student warrants the consideration of expulsion and cancellation from the course. If the alleged violation is considered “minor”, it does not warrant the consideration of expulsion and cancellation from the course. However, this does not mean that the alleged incident is insignificant or inconsequential in any way.
In general, minor violations are those which are disruptive, socially inappropriate, or incompatible with the atmosphere of learning and socializing at our schools. Major violations are those which are illegal, threatening, or dangerous to student or staff health and welfare; or those that are clearly ill-intentioned. Minor violations, which are done with particular malice or carelessness, may become major violations.
Disregarding school or accommodation rules.
Showing disrespect to EBS staff and fellow students.
Dangerous or irresponsible consumption of alcohol.
Illegal drugs/controlled substances (possession, use, selling, or distributing).
Willful and/or consistent defiance, disrespect, and/or refusal to obey authority.
Threats, intimidation, or assault of EBS staff or students.
Being considered a habitually disruptive student.
If you are found to be in breach of our disciplinary policy we will treat your booking as cancelled by you from that moment onwards. If this occurs overseas then you will become responsible for your own return home, and any other members of your group who are travelling with you. We will not be liable for any refund, compensation or any costs or expenses you may incur. We may also make a claim against you for any damages, costs and expenses (including legal expenses) incurred as a result of your behaviour. Criminal proceedings may also be instigated if necessary.
In addition to the disciplinary policy EBS also has its own policy with regard to illegal drugs and alcohol.
Students are subject to all applicable local regulations concerning illegal drugs and the responsible consumption of alcohol. Additionally the EBS has strict sanctions that apply to any student who is believed to be in breach of our drug and alcohol policy.
Under no circumstances should unlawfully obtained, non-prescription drugs be brought to, sold, transferred, or consumed at any EBS school or premises. Drug paraphernalia is also prohibited at any EBS school. Additionally students are not permitted to use, sell, transfer or possess medication prescribed to another student.
Any disorderly conduct due to intoxication of a student or being in the presence of illegal drugs that requires intervention by EBS staff or local officials will be viewed as a major violation of our disciplinary policy. If this occurs we will treat your booking as cancelled by you from that moment onwards.
EBS reserves the right to randomly test its students for drug or substance abuse.
Students engaged in any EBS related activity, whilst at an EBS School during school hours, must be in a fit condition to perform appropriately. Dangerous or irresponsible drinking, including disorderly conduct due to intoxication that requires intervention by an EBS staff member or local officials, will be viewed as a breach of our disciplinary policy and you will be made subject to our violation protocols detailed above.
All EBS schools are smoke free; additionally in some countries smoking is illegal in public enclosed areas. Your co-operation is appreciated. Failure to observe this request will be viewed as a breach of our disciplinary policy and you will be made subject to our disciplinary policy detailed above.
All students should make themselves aware of all local and state laws. EBS will not be held liable for any issues arising out of not complying with such local laws, customs and sensitivities.
Any decision made by EBS with regard to the above Disciplinary, Alcohol, Illegal Drugs Policy is final. All aspects of this policy will be applied in an unbiased and impartial manner.
EBS can provide accommodation as part of the course if required. Only those individuals named on the booking may use any accommodation that has been arranged for you. You are not allowed to share the accommodation or let anyone else stay there. You are responsible for the cost of any damage caused to your accommodation or its contents during your stay. Additionally, each EBS destination has its own pricelist of items that are charged for if they are damaged or broken. These charges must be met by you and may have to be paid locally. When EBS Students are accommodated in hostels each hostel will often have their own accommodation rules that should be adhered to.
1. Bus transfers are operated by European Bartender School; however, we may outsource or use vehicles from other operators and do so at our discretion.
2. Bookings are only valid for the date and time specified. If the passenger misses their transfer, we will try to accommodate the traveller on the next available transfer, but cannot guarantee it.
3. Date of departure, pick up and drop off times are subject to change and whilst we take all reasonable steps to notify students, it is ultimately the customer’s responsibility to confirm their booking by emailing [email protected] or contacting the school via the telephone number provided in the pickup email. Delays and cancellations may occur due to unforeseen circumstances.
4. Passengers using our bus transfer service from the EBS school to the airport are responsible for ensuring that they arrive at the airport with sufficient time to board their flights.
5. Passengers are responsible for ensuring that they are waiting at the designated pickup location as per the confirmation provided.
6. In the case that the student’s flight is delayed with less than 24 hours until their bus transfer it is essential that they email [email protected] or contact the school via the telephone number provided in the pickup email.
7. In the case that the student misses their bus transfer they must email [email protected] or contact the school via the telephone number provided in the pickup email.
8. Customers who wish to complain must submit their complaint via the EBS website within 14 days of the date they booked their bus transfer. This is to ensure that we have all of the necessary resources at our disposal to investigate complaints.
9. Passengers are obliged to stay seated on the vehicle at all times with their seat belts fastened unless instructed otherwise by the driver.
10. Bus transfers take place in various vehicles of varying sizes.
11. Travellers who decide to withdraw at their own discretion at any stage during the service, will not be entitled to claim any refund whatsoever.
12. We accept no liability for direct or consequential loss of personal belongings. EBS cannot be held responsible for injury, loss or damage due to force majeure, including delays to bus transfers resulting in delayed arrival to the airport for departing flights. We advise all customers to take personal possession and health insurance.
13. We reserve the right to ask a person to withdraw from any service if we deem their conduct to be offensive or to cause annoyance to other passengers. We shall have no further liability for the carriage of such travellers.
14. We reserve the right to change the bus transfer itinerary due to weather conditions, imposed security limitations or force majeure.
15. Customers will receive a confirmation from the moment their booking is completed. Customers are responsible for checking that their order details are correct, and must inform EBS CARE of any errors immediately.
16. Customers are responsible for being at the stated pickup point at the time stated. For transfers from the school to the airport, customers should arrive at the pickup point 15 minutes before the stated time. Whilst our drivers will make reasonable attempts to identify missing passengers, no-shows will not be eligible for a refund, and due to the nature of the service, the vehicle return to pickup no-shows.
17. No refund will be provided for cancellation.
Promotional codes provided to you by EBS will have the value, exclusions and limitations as notified to you at the time you were provided with them. They may also only be valid for limited periods.
A promotional code is valid only for qualifying bookings made on the EBS website. A qualifying booking means the purchase of the specified course or products, in accordance with the conditions you were notified of at the time you received the promotional code. If a promotional code is no longer valid upon entry you will be notified.
To redeem a promotional code, you simply type the code into the promotional code field in the booking section of the website. The relevant discount will be automatically deducted from the final price of your qualifying purchase. If you fail to enter the promotional code at the time of purchase as specified above, your booking will not be eligible for a later discount. Discounts may not be claimed after you have confirmed your purchase on the website.
You may not redeem or exchange the promotional code or any other discounts for cash. You may not use or combine a promotional code with any other promotions, unless permitted by the EBS.
EBS prohibits the posting of the promotional code on the internet or any other public forum, as well as the distribution of the promotional code to any other person.
If you wish to change a booking made using a promotional code after the promotional period for that promotional code has ended, you will be required to repay the amount that we contributed towards your booking as well as any other fees or charges that may apply to the change.
In the event that a promotional code given to you is not functional, your only remedy, and the sole liability of the EBS shall be the replacement of the non-functioning promotional code.
If you book via our website we will communicate with you using the email address you have provided. Therefore it is essential to provide a suitable contact e-mail with your booking, so that you can receive your confirmation email or information of any updates and other news associated with your booking. We will assume that your email address is correct and that you understand the risks associated with using this form of communication. Please note that you may still have to contact us via EBS Care or in writing, as detailed above in our terms and conditions.
Additionally we may send you text alerts (SMS messages) regarding your booking. These can be cancelled online within your EBS account area. EBS recommends that you allow us to send you SMS updates as these messages are often important messages that require your immediate attention or action.
EBS makes every attempt to ensure that the information supplied on this website and our booking site is up to date, but cannot guarantee the accuracy of information or the availability of our courses. These booking terms & conditions should be referred to in the context of this website’s general terms & conditions.
Throughout the year, the EBS will often shoot promotional videos and photographs at any of our EBS Schools. Please be aware that photographic shoots and/or filming may be in progress during your course, and ensure that you are aware of the positioning of cameras at all times. We do not accept responsibility if, contrary to your wishes, you appear in any promotional videos or in photographs.
Any changes to this Policy will be posted on our website(s) and/or made available on request.
These booking terms & conditions were last updated on May 13th, 2015.
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2019-04-21T00:42:33Z
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https://www.ebsbarschools.com/help/booking-terms/
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Romantic deep love letters for her or him is a classic collection of love letters that you can send to your lover to make her/him fall in love deeper with you. We hope to revitalize your love life with the choice of romantic words we use in these messages.
Do you still remember the first time we met? It was a moment of magic. I could still feel the shivers in my spine when I tried to remain calm. I think of you anytime I eat, walk, run, and sleep. I think about you anytime I am alone. You are the first thing I think of when I plan to make a decision. Girl, you’ve always been in my plans in anything I do. I adore and cherish you and you alone can make me as happy as the happiest man on earth. I love you.
I’ve always thought that love was just an overreacted fantasy filled with contrived emotions and a never ending web of feelings. I used to laugh at the ones who and called them crazy. Then you came into my life like an avalanche. Attacking and conquering my heart with plenty of joy, love, and happiness. You are the greatest gift God has given me and every day, I continue to give him gratitude for putting all the stars in your pretty eyes.
I stayed up all night watching the stars’ glitter over the unending skylines. It instantly reminds me of how your kisses, touches, romance, and hugs that keep me warm through the night. I woke up marveling at the sun and remembering how your smiles, laughter, attitude, and words bring me the light. You are enough reason for a man to put a ring on and settle down. Everything I need its already found in you.
I’d swim through a thousand seas and cross a thousand deserts just to see your smile. If I’ll have to fight in a hundred wars to see you again, I won’t hesitate a bit. If I’ll have to climb to the top of the highest cliff to be in the warmth of your arms, I won’t bat an eye. You are more than special to me. I love you with all the strength in my mind, body and in my heart. You make my life much easier while you take my breath away.
You shine like a million stars in the night when you wear that black dress. You dazzle when you walk, compel when you talk and shine when you smile. You are easily the prettiest girl in the room. Loving you is like traveling through space, going to places I’ve never been and marveling at things that defies nature. Loving you is like the diamonds dear, it shines brightly and it’s difficult to break.
I had a dream last night, that I met someone special, someone, who changed my life and has a great smile. I woke up and realized that it wasn’t a dream at all. I looked at my bed side me and found you sleeping peacefully beside me. You do a million and one thing that brings amazement to my life. Loving you is happiness itself.
You bring me nothing but joy, happiness, and bliss. You make me discover the true meaning of care, love, and desires. You give me the strength and understanding to keep moving when the going gets a little tough. You make me think of the wonderful possibilities that we could have been together and sharing the same home. You complete my love!
Before meeting you, I used to fantasize about how my perfect woman will look like. People would say there is no such thing as a perfect woman. What else do I need from a woman when you are here making me happy and special? Showing me affections and caring for my well-being. What else do I want when you are right here in my arms kissing and cuddling? A lady perfectly built for a man like me! I love you.
Anytime I think of you, it’s not just a thought; It’s a deep feeling I have inside of me that I value. Anytime I say I love you, It’s not just the words, it’s a way I try to express the undying love I have for you. Anytime I kiss your lips, it’s just not the taste, but the way I do it, it’s the way you do it and how it makes me feel. You make my life worth living.
The love I have for you grows with every second that passes. It is something I find impossible to explain but all I do is keep being thankful for the feeling because it makes me happier every day. I keep thinking about you and the possibilities we could share together. My greatest wish that it never ends. When I think it’s impossible to love you more than I do, you always find a way to prove me wrong.
The more I keep loving you, the more I get to understand many things about the world. There are billions of people on earth but it takes just two to create a feeling so big and beautiful as the one we have for each other. Take my hand and let’s elope to the skies and watch the stars come out and guide us through the night. They are the best examples of how the feelings I have for you glitter and shine deep inside of me.
Look into my eyes and you’ll understand my feelings for you. Touch me and you’ll know how much you mean to me. Kiss me and you’ll know the length I can go just to make you smile. Hold me and you’ll know how determined I am to protect you. Stay with me and you’ll know the rest things I can do to make me happy.
When the first sunlight appears through my window in the morning, it explains how beautiful your eyes can be. Then I hear the birds singing merrily under the canopies of the trees, I then remember how beautiful your voice is. The wind begins to blow past my skin and I can recall how soothing your kisses and touches make me feel. I meet and talk to other people during the day there is no other reason why I shouldn’t choose a woman such as you. I know how much you mean to me, that’s why I want to see your pretty face again.
When we are having a bad a patch, I’ll be there for you. When you happen to fall I’ll be there to catch you. When things go dark I’ll always be your light. I just wanted to remind me of how important you are to me. Take my heart and listen closely, it’s my feelings whispering about all the happy moments we spend together. I love you now and forever.
15. Look into my eyes and you’ll understand my feelings for you. Touch me and you’ll know how much you mean to me. Kiss me and you’ll know the length I can go just to make you smile. Hold me and you’ll know how determined I am to protect you. Stay with me and you’ll know the rest things I can do to make me happy. I couldn’t think of any other gift God has given me because sweetest gift I can ever ask for.
You sparkle elegantly when the sun shines on you. Your lips are always filled with sweet words and your hands is filled with care and a gentle touch. Your mind always makes the best plans while your heart is filled with kindness and affection. The best partner any man can ever ask for. You’re indeed the special one for me. Thank you for having me in your life my delicate flower.
A second spent with you is like many days spent in the heavens. Your presence alone heals the wounds in my very soul and keeps me from forgetting my worries. Loving you keeps me going and it gives me the power to only love and care for more. Loving you feels like a miracle and to me, you’re an angel sent to save me from my self. I want to keep knowing you because I can’t seem to get enough of a beautiful feeling.
I wish for you on many nights, hoping for a friend and a companion for as long as I could remember. I had a lot of sleepless nights thinking of the possibilities been happy and fulfilled with a special woman. The woman of my dreams. She who would stand by me when the going gets tough and she who will only shower me with love and affection.The reason I will wake up in the morning and have no fear of facing the world. You make me smile and you rule my own world.
It took me months to understand how amazing a person you are. It took me weeks thinking about how gorgeous you are and it took me days to ache for your warm hugs and kisses. But it took me just a second to fall in love with you. Since the moment you enchanted me with your love castes an unending spell of care and affection meant for only you, I didn’t realize the way time had flown pass so fast. You are more than special to me.
When you are by my side, I wouldn’t want to blink so I wouldn’t miss any sight of you. I wouldn’t want to miss any of your words which is as sweet as your voice itself. I then feel the urge for your kisses and touches because it gives me memories I carry and cherish till I see your pretty face again. You are my princess, my queen, my angel, love, my everything.
1. You mean the world to me…..
I have been finding it hard to sleep because of something I needed to tell you that I have not been able to tell you, but now I find the perfect opportunity to let you know how much you mean to me. Do you really know that you mean the world to me? Do you really know how much I love you and how much of my life depends on you? Ever since that beautiful day you told me you loved me and want us to live together as husband and wife, I have always imagined how life will be beautiful spending it in your arms. I think about you, morning and night. And most especially at night, I always have a sweet dream about you, and my heart is always sweet just a little thought of you. Now that I have let you realize how much you mean to me, I’m sure you’ll understand that my love for is pure and sincere. I will always love you forever.
You are my dreams come true, I have been dreaming about you ever since that beautiful moment when our way crosses, we are destined to be together by divine provinces and there is nothing any of us can do about it. Everything has become beautiful ever since I found you, like magic, some many things that use to difficult for me became so easy when you came along. I’m the luckiest man in the whole world to have a lovely angel like you as a wife. You make everything around me beautiful and wonderful, so with you by my side all that I have ever seen is peace. Thank you for all the love and care you shower on me, you are indeed my dreams come true. I love you with all my heart.
Every single day that passes I thank the LORD for giving me a priceless gift like you as my wife; you are more precious than all the treasures of this world. At first, I thought I was a character in a romantic love story and that you and I are acting our part, but what I’m feeling with you is real. I never knew that an angel like you still exist on this planet earth, you are so caring, loving, peaceful and romantic. I don’t know what would have happened to me if I don’t a wonderful person like you by my side. In fact, you are my everything, I will always hold you dear to my heart, I will continue loving you till deaths do us apart. Thank you, love, I deeply appreciated all that you have been to me. I love you.
4. You are my sweet melody….
I have listened to so many kinds of music by popular musician, but none of their voices captures my heart like your voice, you are my sweet melody. I was so fortunate to have bumped into you that fateful beautiful afternoon, I thank my star that makes our way crosses. You are like a pearl of a rose flower to me, so tender and lovely that gives a pleasurable scent, the type that cannot be found anywhere in the world. Life became better and sweet when you came along, I can’t hide it anymore and I have to let you know that you are the most special and lovely girl in the whole world. I love you with all my heart, and this I must let you know.
5. I will always love you….
You mean a lot to me, no matter what the condition is, I will always love you. I have come to realize that you are the only one that loves me unconditionally; all through these tough years, you have always stayed beside me. You urge me on when the going was tough, like an angel you are always there to support me. what else can I offer you to show deep appreciation for the pure undeserved love you have for me, you are one in a million and I want you to know that my love for you will never diminish, I will always love you, I will be there for you when you need me most. I love you.
6. No one makes me feel better like you….
I have had contact with so many people, but no one makes me feel better like you do to me. You make me feel so comfortable and lovely when I’m with you. Your love is making me feel crazy about you; I never knew that I would be so lucky in life to have found a lovely wife like you. Thank GOD that never others the insight to see in you what I have found in you. You make just a perfect wife; no other woman is like you in the world. You’re the jewel of my eyes and the treasure of my heart. I love you.
7. You are the queen of my heart….
Every time I think about you I feel joy, you are the queen of my heart. I can’t live without you. Each and every second that passes, your sweet thought always occupies my heart. When I found you, I know I have found a soul mate that will stay with me forever. I will always love you beyond the limit that any soul can comprehend because I realize that no amount of love is too much for you. I promise to always put a lovely smile on your face. I love you, my angel.
8. I thought it was a dream but it is real….
When I wrapped you in my arms, I thought I was dreaming but it is real. I thought I was still dreaming because I have always been dreaming about you every single day for more than a decade. The first time I set my eyes on you, I know you were the one I use to see in my dreams, like a miracle you became my lovely wife, and every other thing about my life became beautiful, you are not just the most gorgeous lady I have ever seen, you are also the most lovely, caring and romantic wife that ever existed. You are an angel sent from above to shed light in the world. And thank God I’m your host. I love you so much, my dear Anita.
9. Life sweet with you, honey….
my sweetest love, it gives me joy and happiness to drop you these few words of how I feel about you, you are the best person that exist in my world, the only source of my happiness and the reason I live, I will always want to live in this world only as you remain with me. but that day that you seize to love me please take my life because there is no reason being alive without your love, you are the mother of my future lovely kids, I want to see your look alike around me, my life revolve your love please don’t stop loving me my sweetest honey.
I am the luckiest, what do you think? , I have you as a wife, you of all women in the world is mine, I will keep thanking god for preserving you for me, I will give you everything you ever want, you keep me going strong day by day, you made focus and fulfill for your trust and understanding, our love will always stand firm and strong, no one can come in between us. My wife, my strength, my heartbeat, my love. Life is sweet with you, my money my body is for you and only you because you are the reason behind it.
11. The woman of my dream…..
I have always wanted a tall, fair, gorgeous and GOD caring woman, thank the good I found you, you are all that I wanted in life. You are the woman of my dream. Let me tell you how I feel when I’m in your eyes, I feel cool, special and happy, that kind that I have never felt before. I’m just OK to have a lovely woman like in my life. I promise to always love you all the time, cause your happiness is my joy. I love you.
12. I will do anything for you….
Nothing will be left that I wouldn’t do for you if it is within my strength, I will do anything for you, because I love you so much, and why do I love you so much? I love you so much because you are the only one who stood beside me when the going was tough, many of my friends deserted me when things were difficult and tough for me, but you, you have always remain beside me, you gave me hope and a reason to smile every day, you’re like a mother to her child. You stood solidly behind me and inspired me all the time; I must say I would have given up on life if not for your positive mind, and those wonderful supports you gave me. I will always live to appreciate a marvelous woman like you’re your kind are rear to come by. Thank my sweet heart, I love you.
I will make your living a paradise on earth because you have always been my sources of joy. You’re a wonderful woman; I have never come across another woman that is as lovely as you are. Ever since I found you that beautiful evening, you have always been the shining star of my life, you showered me with too much love and care, my heart is over is filled with the joy of finding a wonderful angel like you. All that I can do for you is to make you feel like the feeling of being in paradise. I love you with all my heart.
14. Trust me I will never break your heart….
One of the very first reasons that would make someone not to be totally in love with another person is the fear of being a victim of heart break, but count me out of this, because I will never break your heart. My love for you is genuine and sincere, trust me I will never break your heart. You are so special to me and more precious than anything in this world, you are my lovely angel, and how can one break the heart of his angel. Be fully assured that your love is safe in my heart and I will never hurt you, I love you so much.
You deserve all the good things in life, you a priceless charming angel. When I have you I know I have gotten everything that I wanted in life, because nothing it is that I don’t find in your heart. You enrich my living and make me feel very special like a king. I will always blow your mind with unending love because loving you so much is the only way I can show due appreciation for all the things you have done for me. Be assured of one thing from me, my love for you will never die. I love you.
16. You are the shining light above me….
You are the shining light above me that illuminate my life; I thank GOD that blesses me with a special woman like you. Your make my imperfection to be perfect because of you this special way of making one feel better even when I have known that my action sometimes may be wrong. You are so accommodating that it seems you never get hurt even when you are annoyed; I have never come across a peaceful person like you.
In the darkest time, you are the shining light in my heart, you inspired me to greatest. I will always make you happy and hold you close to my heart. You will always be proud to have a husband like me all the time. I love you.
17. It is a beautiful evening….
It is a beautiful evening out here and I need you by my side, I can’t just think straight right now because all I ever wanted now is you, I miss you so much. You remember that first day that we met; it was a beautiful evening like this, that day was the most memorable time of my life. You know how I fell into that puddles of water by the road side because I missed my step when I was captivated by your beauty and it wasn’t funny to you, you turn around and help me up, it was the greatest moment of joy for me. Thank GOD that made everything that way, because it was the beginning of this our blissful relationship, I don’t think I can live a minute without you, my heart is fond of you, I love you, my dear, you are the greatest thing that has ever happen to me.
18. Nothing ever amazes me like you….
You are my best friend and yet my lovely wife, you are the most astonishing woman in the world, and you just know the right thing to do every situation. Nothing ever amazes me like you. When I’m sad you know how to make me happy, you wear a lovely smile on your face, the type of smile that is irresistible even to the hardest of hearts, you are so soft and tenderly disposition to life. Your calmness always put you in the best frame of mind even when there is chaos, you are simply phenomena to behold. Thank GOD that gave me a charming woman like you. You are as precious as water is to the fishes to me, I will always love and adore you.
19. I will always make you smile…..
The joy of having you is enormous; I will always make you smile. Trust me with your heart; nothing will ever make me hurt you, because I feel the pain more when you are sad, so how can I bring sadness to upon myself by hurting you. You mean greatly to me, I have never felt this special way before until you come into my life. Life is joyous and amazing when you are here together with me. I love you with all my heart.
For all the beautiful and unforgettable memories, you have given me, tonight I want to take you on a trip to my world. We’d use the air flight “ME AND YOU” airlines and we’d fly through a thousand planets filled with your care and protection. Many places were our beautiful kisses and hugs are being made and hundreds of regions were our love and unforgettable memories lay waiting for us. The love I have for you makes me notice the little things; like how the stars’ glimmer at night.
I asked God to send me the best boyfriend in the world, but He sent me someone different, instead, he sent me a wonderful man, who has become not only a true friend but a passionate lover, a caring protector who I can’t live without. I still ask Him to give me the strength to be by your side even at dark times and to grant me a longer life to enjoy your love and be with you till the end of time.
I love you and you love me. I feel happy being in your arms and with you, I feel free. What I have right here in my heart for you, is far beyond the normal eyes can see. When I’m sad, thinking about you has always been the key. You make me feel fulfilled and then you complete me. You make me much better than a woman can ever be. I love the way you take charge of things and the way you handle every issue in our relationship. I love you because you are more than just a man I love.
When the going gets tough, I promise I’ll be there for you. When you happen to fall, I promise I’ll be here to catch you. When things go dark, I promise I’ll always be your light. I just wanted to give you a quick reminder of how important you are to me. Hug me tightly and closely listen to my heartbeat. Listen to the feelings whispering about all the happy moments we spend together. I love you now, forever and beyond.
I’ve seen, met, and spoken to a lot of uncountable faces in my life. You bring good tidings and surprises to my life and I’m always thankful I chose you out of the billions of people living on earth. I enjoy and cherish every moment we spend together which always feels new and fresh as it unfolds. If the chance to choose comes again, I’d still chose you and a hundred more years before I can think of someone else. I love you all the time.
My very own superhero who never wants to see me cry or sad. My own protector, guardian, and solicitor. You give me dreams which chase away the nightmares and you give me beautiful moments that take the bad ones away. I feel extremely happy when I’m around you and every moment of it always seems to get better. If I had a dollar for every single moment you made me feel special, we’ll both be the richest couple on earth. My heart beats for you, honey.
In times were feelings and emotions are hardly shown, you still find your way in constantly showering me with them. I chose you out of all the boys I’ve met in the past and it’s you I want to spend the rest of my life with. I feel great been choked by your affection, beaten by your confidence and tortured by your love. I can’t wait for the times where we share the same kids and live in a big house and live happily ever after.
A single touch of your skin when you caress my face can make all my worries go away and just one feel of your embrace can brighten my day. A little of your smile could make simple moments better and a sound of your voice can bring many strips of joy to my heart. What is this called if not crazy Love? Which I have for you. I’m ready to spend eons with you if you’d kiss me more like the way you do now.
Could you recall how we met on the first day? Sitting under the shelter of the bus stop while the rain poured away. From that beautiful night, my sad times have been less, my worries have reasonably dwindled by a mile, my sorrows have disappeared and my joy has indeed multiplied. You are like a blessing from God above. I used to remember the times I pray to God to give me a great surprise. A surprise such as you.
You are like stars among the dark skies at night. Like valuable jewels hidden in sacred caves treasures underneath the earth and the red roses lost deep among the dark forests. My love for you is like the sun, it shines every single day. It’s like the trees, it keeps growing and spreading every day. Sometimes it feels like the oceans because it runs forever. I’m currently covering my eyes hoping this makes you smile.
I felt happy, fulfilled, strong, and motivated long before I set my eyes on you. Then you came into my life and touched my emotions and all those feelings felt empty and dull. Your laughter became my blood because, without it, my heart found it difficult beat. Your smile became my air because without it I couldn’t breathe. Your kiss was now my peace because, without it, I found it hard to sleep. You are the queen of my emotions. You are more than an angel!
Before I meeting you, I felt lost. My life was dull and completely dreary. And then everything changed when I found you. My angel, my heartbeat. You sweep me off my feet and took my breath away. My mind became a home for you and happiness began to fill my heart. Stranger feelings came along but all I did was let them flow. It was like a dream come true. I would never find anyone like you.
There can be no feeling as cherishable as the one in my heart. Your smile brings the light that guides me. Your laughter heals the soul that makes me live and your words amp up the feelings that make me love. It is a wonderful feeling that you give me and I’ll always think of many dreams and possibilities we could share. If only I could be with at all times and talk, laugh and be in each other’s arms. I love you always.
Waking up and seeing you beside me is happiness. Been in love with someone as lovely as you is like staring at the heavens and counting the stars. You beautify my dreams and desires and you are the special one I’ve always wished for. I want to be in your thoughts all day and night. I want to kiss you again and again and whisper my feelings to your heart. I found out that the reason I feel special is that I’m been loved by someone even, more special. My one in a gazillion!
I want to be your eve, your love, your wishes, and your dreams. I want to always brighten your day like the way you brighten my life. I want to always sweeten your day like you sweeten my life. I want to always inspire your day like you inspire my life. I want you to always smile because it is just one of the sweetest thing about you.
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2019-04-20T02:24:48Z
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https://www.quotememes.com/romantic-deep-love-letters-for-her-or-him/
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UPDATE December 2014: Talking left and right we realised we need to either find a lead partner with administrative and financial capacity to form a consortium around it, or to join an existing consortium that is being formed as we speak. We’re still in talks with several organisations testing waters until January 2015. Stay tuned.
Browsing through this year’s opening calls in Horizon 2020 I found the following which aims to build cooperation and “network of networks” in the field of social innovation. We’ve been keeping an eye on this from earlier this year, and given our enthusiasm for running with many more Harmonious Hackathons, might be a good fit.
Description Specific Challenge: The specific challenge of this activity is to stimulate and support the establishment of a ‘Social Innovation Community’ of researchers, social innovators, end users (citizens) and policy-makers. Since the launch of the Innovation Union Flagship initiative in 2010, many actions have developed in the area of social innovation involving research and “hands on” innovation. However many related actions in the field may appear disconnected and not fully exploit the possibilities offered by more effective communication and dissemination means. This could limit the policy uptake of research results. What is needed is to better link research to practice, develop joint methods and concepts in the area of social innovation research and provide a common space for gathering evidence and identifying new areas for social innovation take up in various fields.
More often than not, social innovation springing from the grassroots is isolated, risky and even thankless work. The project will connect key individuals and groups driving change in their local communities and harness the knowledge in a global, open platform, making it free and accessible to all. Its two interlinked components, the offline and the online, will feed into each other to enable generative exchanges between individual participants and between citizenry and research and developmental policy scene.
The three year project activities are designed around the Network’s core collaboration engine: a series of Harmonious Hackathons (HaHo), collaboratively driven events that facilitate p2p, mutual support around individual projects in a quality food provision and co-living environment. Rather than being isolated, local, short term sprints, the series will be developed as part of a bigger conversation enabling local themes to emerge and initiatives to contribute back to the global community. This builds continuity across all events in each country involved, preserves the local specifics while creating a shared pool of knowledge at European level and beyond.
Engage in the conversation people and projects already doing relevant work and that we could support and be supported by in the harmonious hackathons.
Build support and engagement in the project from a wide range of stakeholders.
The pieces are commissioned by Edgeryders as our direct contribution towards getting the conversation and collaboration going. The commissioned editorial posts will be edited and published in an interactive digital publication.
The posts produced will be published on Edgeryders.eu and translated for higher accessibility, then pushed out on partner organisations social media channels including mailing lists. The various partners help ensure the editorial posts find their way to relevant private and public sector actors, as well as the press. Edgeryders coordinates all online engagement, community building and dissemination activities for the project. Please refer to our methodological guide for designers and managers of policy oriented online communities for more detailed information about design and implementation methodology.
We propose a series of harmonious hackathons in each partner city around one or more of the themes emergent from the online engagement process. A Harmonious Hackathon is like a hackathon, but with a lot of careful preparatory work done to ensure each participant leaves feeling their time has been well spent and that the projects worked on have made significant progress. Their purpose is to harness p2p support towards strengthening the resilience of projects and people experimenting with creative responses to systemic crises: social, ecological, economic and or political.
Harmonious Hackathons are not to be seen as a sudden burst of energy for a few days but a process that happens over months. A kind of p2p infrastructure to bring together people and projects with shared values and help them step up the game to make more impact.
The Harmonious Hackathon is female friendly, beginner friendly and perfect for collaborating on meaningful projects with interesting people from all over the world. Organisers provide calm, comfortable and beautiful working environments for participants with great food in spectacular locations.
Members of the network will run a number of sessions and organise activities at other events such as barcamps, community summits and conferences. This serves to disseminate ongoing work and groundbreaking hacks, as well as build bridges between people in different networks and communities.
A mix of talks and more hands on experiences presenting the insights and questions that have emerged from the various activities. The focus of the annual event is to build dedicated communities of practice around project prototypes, further development and replication.
With local communities or discipline based communities there is rarely ever time or resources to synthesize knowledge and make it more accessible to people who do not belong to the in-group or are not knowledgeable about practices, language and topics. This is not about just about packaging and making something visible so then they will come. This is about actively seeking out people where they are and collaboratively working together to produce knowledge artefacts that help bridge gaps in perspective, are useful and generative as seen from perspective of social innovators and their stakeholders.
What are major strengths that can be highlighted in the proposal?
Edgeryders as an established, well reputed collaboration environment: building infrastructure through dynamic ideation, prototype building, testing, replication; track record for linking research to "street" practice by bringing together citizen experts.
Nadia is exploring possible partnerships in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden.
This is all in very early stage (merely documenting requirements and see how to improve on the idea…) If you want to get involved in this and/ or have an idea for other partners, get in touch in a comment below, thanks!
I find this an excellent idea for a proposal.
I would like to personally contribute to drafting this call and. at the same time, propose a Swiss associated partner to participate (Ynternet.org). This partner would be equally described in the proposal but, in case of it being successful, will be funded directly from the Swiss research agency and not the EU. This means that we could add Geneva (base of Ynternet.org) and Lausanne, as well as universities and research institutions in these areas. as Harmonious Hackathons places and events.
Collaborative bookmarking methodologies and practices for the documentation of research and “hands on” innovation, as an answer to the “effective communication and dissemination means” challenge in the call description.
Thanasis think they can be lead partner?
we need a lead partner to be able to move forward with this. Think the Swiss crowd might be interested? Or perhaps you know of others who might be?
The posts produced will be published on Edgeryders.eu and pushed out on partner organisations social media channels including mailing lists. The various partners help ensure the editorial posts find their way to relevant private and public sector actors as well as the press. Edgeryders coordinates all online engagement, community building and dissemination activities for the project. Please refer to our methodological guide for designers and managers of policy oriented online communities for more detailed information about design and implementation methodology.
We propose a series of harmonious hackathons around one or more of the themes emergent from the online engagement process.
A new format for events that work for people with existing projects who want to get things done. We are prototyping a format that combines the best of what we love about #lote and #improving relaity events and the countless hackathons, barcamps, festivals, unconferences and workshops we have attended.
A Harmonious Hackathon is like a hackathon, but with a lot of careful preparatory work done to ensure each participant leaves feeling their time has been well spent and that the projects worked on have made significant progress. Their purpose is to harness p2p support towards strengthening the resilience of projects and people experimenting with creative responses to systemic crises: socialecological, economic and or political.
Harmonious Hackathons are not to be seen as a sudden burst of energy for a few days but a process that happens over months. A kind of p2p infrastructure to bring together people and projects with shared values and help us all step up our game to make more impact.
We run a number of sessions and organise activities at other events such as barcamps, community summits and conferences. participants with great food in spectacular locations. This serves to build bridges between people in different networks and communities.
A mix of talks and more hands on experiences presenting the insights and questions that have emerged from the various activities.
With these communitis there is rarely ever time or resources to synthesise knowledge and make it more accessible to people who do not belong to the ingroup or are not knowlegeable about practices, language and topics. This is not about just about packaging and making something visible then they will come. This is about actively seeking out people where they are and collaboratively working together to produce knowledge artefacts that help bridge gaps in persepctive, are useful and generative as seen from perspective of social innovators and their stakeholders.
Not sure what would be the most helpful.
I’m not sure if this means they want €3m per proposal, or €3m total. We would presumably need to request a MUCH smaller amount of money than €3 million. Not only is it too much for ER to absorb, but we’d probably be too small/new to pass the EU’s due diligence on such a large tender.
If we put in a much smaller bid, then we might get rejected on that basis. Does anybody have contacts with experience in this world?
The ideal, in terms of chances of winning, would perhaps be for us to be a minor partner in a larger bid?
Surely we wouldn’t bid for 3 mil but I don’t know about chances going up or down depending on the amount you request. This is first on my list of questions as I’m meeting a friend next week who’s experienced with Horizon 2020.
@Thanasis, @mariabyck thanks both, will come back to you as soon as I have more info.
We applied for ~60k EUR, and here’s the old application document from that (it’s shared with you). However, we never sent that application in for reasons I don’t really know. Doesn’t matter as it morphed into the Open Ethnographer project, which got funded.
It won’t really help for getting an idea about EU budgets though, since it’s meant as a 3 million EUR contract for a consortium as Alberto said. 'Bit too much to chew right now. For comparison, the EU Horizon 2020 SMEInst Phase 1 (“small and medium enterprises instrument”) to which we submitted the original Open Ethnographer application is about 23 million EUR per year, split into ca. 500 grants of 50 000 EUR each. But that’s the smallest contracts that EU Commission does, and even that is a novum introduced with H2020.
This is for a consortium, not a single org!
Edgeryders can be at most a non-leading partner. Managing EU money is difficult, and I don’t recommend ER even tries to chew 3M. We could run some activities, as advised by Nadia above, for maybe 300K over 2 years, or even better 3.
We could run this past @Lord_Protector_of_Europe for advice and orienteering; or ask @albertomz, this is right up his street.
I am in conversation with the research department of the Young Foundation. We are discussing another project, but nothing is stopping us from making further contact. @Noemi, shall I put you in contact with them?
Any advice would help, so go ahead and make the contact.
So if we can’t be leading partner, who should be? Is MT2019 a good fit? Or the Young Foundation? The better we know the organisation the easier will be to work together, especially because we’d be the ones eventually writing the core of the proposal… no?
Definitely not Matera. I can mention this to YF, we are talking to their research director.
But it looks like we would need some more intel. Let’s talk to Filippo, he can tell us who to talk to.
Also it would be good to start a relationship with the Young foundation. Plus Filippo is in Brussels all the time and his input would be very useful for this and other applications. My two cents.
Doing all the ground work online will exclude a large chunk of local citizens from the preparatory work, and therefore alienate them from the event itself. It seems to me that combining the slow processes of unMonastery to establish a connection with a community, and organise the harmonious hackathon events building on the established relationships would produce a more robust and believable plan to actually reach people. If MT2019 is involved somehow, this grant could contribute to funding the re-opening of unMonastery in Matera, which would be great. What do you think?
The activities are ones we decided were needed regardless of what happens with the venue in Matera. If a sustainability plan is developed by the crowd that wants to keep the building running then there is no reason why we cannot decide to do one or more there. What we can do is add a budget and set of activities in the proposal so that then those who are so inclined can do the local outreach work provided they commit to effectively bridging online and offline. Want to contribute this to the proposal?
Certainly the Harmonious Hackathon is a format (though not necessarly a NAME) that I’d be keen to explore further. Here in Sheffield there have been a LOT of signiifcant (and life-changing) developments and I think I’m starting to see the shape of (and implement) a local response to the crises we’re experiencing. It’s a lot more to do with small-scale, sustainable, specific and local responses, and a lot less to do with “best practices”. We must find a way to help people to unlock the opportunities inherent in their SPECIFIC situation - not work on the idea that there’s a template for success.
I’ll be out of contact for a couple of weeks - there are unexpected events which I need to repond to - but please do keep me informed with progress on this track.
This makes eminent sense. It is also a simple way to give Matera – which is, after all, an actual city – a role in the consortium.
The caveat: I insist that Edgeryders should not get involved in anything that can be interpreted as an excuse for not making the effort to go online. I am just back from Basilicata, where an NGO I am on the board of organized the largest initiative on digital culture ever held in Italy – 148 local events with 15,000 participants. Basilicata wants to be digital, and needs to. Nothing wrong with gathering offline data, and certainly with getting people together in a physical space: but all data must be put online, in the spirit of LOTE4’s documentation; the center of the project must firmly stay online; and people of Basilicata should be encouraged to build up their confidence in interacting online. At this point this is also official regional policy; president Pittella is planning significant investments on digital literacy (as in programming, not as in using Whatsapp) for all ages.
Yes. I think it would be great to combine the Mapping the Commons toolset into a sort of methodology for unMonastery, which can assist developmental innovation (such as unTransit) to target issues that are perceived as critical by local people by conducting interviews on the ground, and also come up with “let’s make it together” activities which extend it to skill sharing and so make it empowering. Kind of a padding around the actual hackathon.
I don’t have numbers at hand, but I would say, 4 months of expenses for 2 people (8 months total) to stay at the unMonastery in exchange for conducting the offline research, in the forms of interviews, required conditions: summary of each interview (and if people allow, full material) published online, and a longer analysis of method and findings, at the end; involve local initiatives; together design (and write up) workshop(s) or other activities that would embed the outcome of the HaHa in the local community and write a report on the workshop outcomes in the end.
@mariabyck, @Lucia, @Bezdomny what do you think?
I don’t see why we can’t take both the lessons from the unMonastery and the lessons from Edgeryders as an effective online-offline interface and build an integrated approach. I think the strength in a proposal like this is that you can actually do both, that’s why you have local partners and local hackathons with themes emerging based on specifics, and then you have a platform to network those. Plus, the assumption is you have resources to bridge the online and offline elegantly, exactly like Nadia said above, without dragging people in spaces where they don’t want to (“I hate documenting or engaging online”) or don’t have the resources to be in (“I can’t afford traveling to Matera to see the unMonastery, but I’m very interested in the model”).
On a side note, keep in mind that this is just one potential call (maybe you know of others?) and we are now looking for a lead, trustworthy partner with capacity to manage the 3mil amount (give or take). Otherwise we drop it I guess. @Natalia_Skoczylas, @Nadia and myself are all looking for calls that suit the general idea, then as we build teams we can tweak each in much detail.
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2019-04-19T18:59:13Z
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https://edgeryders.eu/t/eu-call-for-building-a-social-innovation-community-potentially-good-fit/3930
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Sciblogs | What effect could climate change have on human aggression?
What effect could climate change have on human aggression?
In this Psychology Report, I talk with Dr Matt Williams from the School of Psychology at Massey University in New Zealand about the possible link between climate change and violence levels, based on this paper.
You can listen to the original podcast here, as well as reading our conversation below.
SJ: Matt, thanks for being on the show. Maybe we can talk a little bit about the the back story for for your paper – why did you do this research in the first place?
Matt Williams: So back in 2010 I was kind of looking around for a research project to do for my doctorate in clinical psychology degree. At the time, An Inconvenient Truth – a film by Al Gore – had come out a few years before. Climate change was also very kind of heavily in the media due to the the email scandal at the University of East Anglia where a bunch of emails amongst climate scientists had been hacked and released to the general public. So that year, lots of arguments, lots of contention about climate change in the popular media and I became really really fascinated with that.
As it happened, I managed to find a supervisor at Massey – Stephen Hill – who shared my observation with climate change and we kind of put our heads together trying to figure out how it might be possible for me to do some research related to climate change within a restriction I had, which was that because I was doing a clinical psychology doctorate I need to do something that was clinically relevant in some way to get to clinical psychology. So, I ended up finding out that there was a body of research in psychology showing that there seemed to be some kind of correlation between temperature and various types of violence – so they could be things like assaults and homicides but also violence against the self, so things like self-harm incidents and suicide also seem to be correlated with temperature, and I thought to myself, I wondered if it might be possible to try and work out how climate change might affect these variables – how it might affect human violence. So that was how we came to kind of look at this project here in the journal article you’re looking at which is I’m looking at the effects of temperature on assault rates with New Zealand.
SJ: So the general premise here is that as climate change seems to indicate that we will have rising global temperatures you’re wondering whether that’s going to have an influence on behavior, particularly around assault to others and to the self.
MW: That’s absolutely right, yeah. So, trying to see if we can extrapolate from that correlation that we see between temperature and violence on short time scales and try to actually predict what does that imply about a world in which temperatures are gonna be rising by maybe two or three degrees celsius.
SJ: So, you’ve got this kind of short-term seasonal change – so you have a hot week in summer and and there’s a correlation that seems to exist there with that kind of behavior [violence], so what does this look like when essentially you are you moving the bar upwards and seeing what happens then.
MW: Exactly. So, I think the real problem for this research area is trying to make inferences about how humans will react to really sustained increases in temperature. It’s quite easy for us to look at the correlation on short time scales and luckily enough when we look at things like random temperature variation from day-to-day you have something almost like a natural experiment, where because temperature varies randomly if we see that it correlates on a day-to-day basis with acts of violence ,we can make a reasonably confident conclusion that the temperature is actually having a causal effect. But what that implies about how things will change in a world we have this really sustained long-term increase in temperature is a little bit more tricky to work out. It’s kind of exacerbated by the fact that over the course of recent human history we just haven’t seen sustained and dramatic increases in temperature. For something like the last sort of 8,000 years we’ve been in a period – the Holocene epoch – where temperatures have been remarkably stable, so basically all of really significant human development in terms of things like the development of written language, development of cities, of agriculture, has all occurred in a period of time where temperatures have been reasonably stable worldwide. So we just don’t have that much data to show how humans react to really massive sustained increases in temperature and that’s what my research is all about trying to work out.
SJ: So how did you go about tackling that problem then, looking at what might happen when you do have this sustained temperature increase – perhaps happen gradually, perhaps not happening quite so gradually depending upon which model ends up coming to fruition – how did you go about doing this research?
MW: Well, what I ended up doing was looking at the relationship between temperature and violence across a few different time scales. So we looked at how days that were hotter than average for a particular geographical area and a particular time of year, how those related to rates of violence. But then we also looked at how different periods of the year – so seasons that were warmer or colder related to rates of violence – and we also compared different geographical areas to see whether areas that were warmer than average for New Zealand tend to be associated with higher assault rates – which they were to some degree. And in that seems to be true on a few different data sources that allows to not just infer that there is a correlation between temperature and violence but also try to work out whether the really sustained exposure to warmer temperatures seem to be associated with higher risk of violence. Certainly, when we compete different geographical areas, that’s the analysis where we really can see the relationship between sustained exposure to warmer temperatures and rates of violence. So, that was an important part of the study but it doesn’t work all on its own because when we compare different geographical areas that are obviously different in many different ways aside from just being warmer or colder than one another – so that analysis is somewhat vulnerable to confounding you might say. But when we see a consistent picture across these different data sources showing a positive relationship between temperature and violence, it starts to give us some confidence that there is a causal effect of temperature on violence and that a sustained exposure to high temperatures is at least somewhat probable to result in higher rates of violence.
SJ: That sounds interesting maybe and we can come back to what those other explanations might be. Which geographies were you looking at and comparing when you were looking at those different temperature ranges to have a look at that sustained increased temperature – where are you comparing against where?
MW: So, all my research was using NZ data, but in terms of the geographical units of analysis we were looking at, it was districts – territorial local authorities of which there are, from memory, 70-something in New Zealand.
SJ: So you are comparing different units of area within the same kind of geographical region- so in terms of the general latitude and longitude that these people were living in, it was within a particular catchment area, Is that right?
MW: Yeah, so each of these districts or territorial local authorities are reasonably restricted in geographical area so we have some particularly large ones like Auckland, but for the most part they’re reasonably homogeneous in terms of the climate within a particular district. But across districts obviously the climates are quite different. We have the things like the Queenstown Lakes area in the middle of the South Island which is very, very cold in comparison to the Far North which is very warm and gives us some kind of basis to to look at that relationship between temperature and violence across different districts.
SJ: OK, so you’ve got a nice bit of variation there. What did you find?
MW: What we ended up finding is certainly days that are hotter than average for a particular geographical location in a particular time of year were associated with a higher risk of assaults. We are looking at about 1.5 per cent more assaults for each degree of warming. We also found that across the seasons of the year or the months of the year, warmer time periods were associated with higher assault rates – so assault rates tended to peak in about December. We also found that warmer geographical regions tended to be associated with higher assault rates, though that particular correlation was really subject to a lot more uncertainty and whether that effect turned out to be statistically significant or not depended on which demographic variables we controlled for.
Really, in some ways when we’re looking at the relationship between temperature and violence across geographical areas, some of the other research that’s been done internationally comparing and looking at the relationship across a wider range of geographical areas with even wider temperature variations is perhaps a slightly stronger datasource. So, for my research is, and you know a lot of research in psychology and other areas of science, one research project alone doesn’t provide a complete picture – we kind of have to look at it in conjunction with other research studies from from other research units.
SJ: That sounds like a significant but small – 1.5 per cent, per degree – but significant relationship that you found there. How much of this do you think can be explained by density of population? In that perhaps it’s that people like living in warmer climates and are willing to put up with living closer to other people which then means that they’re in each other’s way a little bit more than perhaps they would be in a cooler climate.
MW: Funnily enough, that was something that one of our peer-reviewers suggested as well. We ended up checking the effects of population density in a supplementary analysis and it ended up not really explaining the relationship between the two. I think in general, really the idea of trying to work out what what the mechanism is of this relationship between temperature and violence is the really tricky one. We can describe the relationship pretty well, we can even infer it’s probably representing some kind of causal effect. But working out how that causal effect actually takes place is the really difficult bit and the part that my research itself didn’t directly address.
SJ: That sounds interesting, Matt, and I guess that’s where i’m going with with this in that you’ve described that there is a relationship and it does look like it perhaps is causal in terms of time – so this happens before something else happens, and the temperature rise seems to lead to behaviour change later on in terms of increase of assault rates. But, who should care about this research? Who should be paying attention?
MW: I think that’s an interesting question. I wouldn’t necessarily say that every member of the public needs to go and wade into my journal article and read about the complicated kind of generalised linear mixed models and look at all the details of my data analysis and so on, but I think for the average person on the street – we all need to really be aware of climate change.
In particular I think about how it’s going to be affecting our lives in a range of different ways. So I think there can sometimes be a bit of a conception that people only need to worry about climate change if they’re concerned about things like a fix on polar bears and coral reefs and the wildlife around us, but that isn’t necessarily going to affect our own every day to day lives. But that’s not the case – I mean climate change is going to affect economic production worldwide, it’s going to affect, most likely, rates of conflict between people and what’s particularly worrying to me is that my own research falls into this wider body of research looking at the relationship between conflict and temperature more generally and there seems to be stronger and stronger evidence that not only are incidences of violence between people affected by temperature but so too are incidences of violence between nations and between groups.
So, historically warmer time periods have been associated with higher rates of civil conflict and higher rates of wars, and even though obviously temperature and climate or not the most important drivers of the risk of horrible things like wars, even the smallest kind of increase in risk that climate change might exert could be really, really problematic for us. I mean, we are talking about a world right now that suddenly starts to feel like a little bit of a tinder box where you’ve got Donald Trump talking about pulling out of NATO, you’ve got Great Britain potentially exiting from the European Union. We’ve got these institutions that historically have existed to reduce the risk of warfare between developed nations that are starting to come apart a little bit, and when you add another risk factor into the mix – of climate change – things started to seem pretty worrying.
I think we we all need to be aware that climate change is going to represent a pretty dramatic shift to the world around us – not just in terms of wildlife and pretty pieces of natural beauty but in terms of our real everyday lives and the things that are most worrying to us, like being able to to produce food, being able to have access to fresh water, and being able to live in a world that it isn’t full of conflict.
SJ: That’s really interesting, Matt. So you’re saying that as well as thinking about how climate change perhaps affects things like access to resources and availability of things like water, it’s actually perhaps not just affecting interactions between individuals but has the potential to lead to more likelihood of intergroup conflict and could act as part of that tipping point of when perhaps negotiations don’t go so well because we have this background effect of temperature rising which has this effect on behavior and how people process information and deal with each other.
MW: Yes, that’s absolutely right. So increasing temperatures worldwide could act as a risk factor for group conflict in a few different ways. It could be the case that generally we we know that in warmer temperatures people feel a little bit more aggressive so that could be part of the background problem. But also in terms of things like are provoking conflict over freshwater resources; in terms of things like forced migrations where we know that these particular parts of the world that are going to be especially vulnerable to sea level rise; parts of the Pacific Islands, Bangladesh and so on, where people may need to move in in large numbers.
Forced migrations tend to provoke conflict and we see that in Europe at the moment and especially they could be problematic in the case where we have a world at the moment where we’ve got a bit of a growing rise of nationalism, of countries being a little bit more hesitant to accept migrants and refugees than they were in the past. So that could be a really problematic risk factor. So again, rising temperatures alone don’t start wars but if they are a risk factor that increase the probability that a particular conflict could break out, that’s a real problem.
MW: For me I think moving to the future, I’d really like to get involved in research that looks at how we can actually mitigate climate change – so trying to work out what needs to happen to help us as a global society to do something about climate change. It’s not the case that we’re going to be able to stop it completely or just keep temperatures exactly where they are at the moment but we still have the capability to actually take action to reduce the damage that’s caused by climate change. I think psychologists have a really key part to play in that. At the end of the day though, you know, we identified climate change with climate scientists and physicists and meteorologists and so on – it’s a problem that’s caused by human behaviour and we as psychologists are meant to be the ones that have expertise in changing human behaviour. So looking at how we can increase support for real action on climate change and how we can perhaps gently nudge people towards taking action in their day-to-day lives to reduce the carbon footprint is something I’m quite interested in in the future.
SJ: So that kind of behavioural economics approach, where you’re trying to encourage people to take decisions that are not only beneficial for them but also the societies that we live in and the environment in which we exist – that context – it seems to be a natural step then to thinking about the utility of building that case.
MW: Yes, absolutely. So, gently nudging people towards finding ways where they can make it difference in their everyday lives is certainly part of the picture. I mean it’s difficult – we all seem to some degree to be selfish and to make decisions that suit our own kind of economic imperatives, but we also have the capability to do things that benefit others and that are altruistic. But of course the individual behavior change aspect can only be part of the solution. At the end of the day, to make a real big difference in terms of climate change, political action needs to be a huge part of that. There’s no getting around that, and things like the Paris climate agreement are a really positive step towards that. But maybe, I guess, the real worry is will nations pull through on what they’ve agreed to and actually start applying carbon taxes and taking real action on climate change. And I think for us as individuals, one of the biggest things that we can do to try and take positive action on climate change is to indicate our support for taking action on climate change to political parties, to whoever, whichever, political party or person happens to be associated with, to communicate with their local Member of Parliament that they do want to see us take action on climate change to make a real difference – that it is something really important for us and for future generations.
The post What effect could climate change have on human aggression? appeared first on Sarb Johal.
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2019-04-25T07:59:05Z
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https://sciblogs.co.nz/psychology-report/2017/03/13/climate-change-human-aggression/
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Greetings from ISEA! We have spent one night on the ferry from Helsinki – one more to go. It is huge, 10 floors, with a lot of meeting rooms, shops, pools, casino, etc. Not really 'luxury' but certainly a different experience for us all! The good thing is that all the passengers involved are in some way with ISEA; there are no 'tourists' on board. Lots of conversations are going on, in all corners of the boat. We had a hard start -- it was cold and rainy in Helsinki. Six of us --coming from cold and rainy Manchester -- had our baggage delayed, but luckily it was waiting for us in Stockholm this morning when we docked to take on more passengers/ISEA participants.
The panel discussions began today at 13.00, with a panel called ‘The List’, organised by Melinda Rackham. Melinda is the list owner of empyre, where there is currently a discussion running during August on this same topic. Here at ISEA, Charlotte Frost, who is doing her PhD on Lists and runs the Furthertext site; Axel Bruns, a facilitator on the fibreculture list, the general editor of m/c journal at University of Queensland and a lecturer in media and communications at Queensland University of Technology; and myself, representing FACES. We were joined by Jonah Bruckner-Cohen, Mark Tribe, Beryl Graham, and a number of other audience members to discuss general list strategy and the future of 'The List'. One thing that came out of the panel, was the seeming lack of crossover or connection between lists, we know that many people are on several lists, but there is rarely reference to other lists when posting (except maybe on Nettime).
Nathalie Magnan presented her project in the French Showcase, which was moderated by Anne Roquigny. She talked about her ISEA performance project 'Sailing for Geeks'! She is on a small sailboat with several crew members and is navigating the waters between Helsinki, Tallinn and other small islands in between – wireless – and charting her trip primarily with non-technical means. A documentary video will be available about her project.
The ferry hosts a non-stop sound programme all night long...in the various social spaces of the boat. The slot machines are covered up here, and all table tops have laptops open because there are different wifi possibilities. It is great! The breakfast and dinner are part of the package, and it is all you can eat, with plenty of vegetarian selections....quite a lot of food, wine, and all very good quality.
The information about where to go, what was going to happen, etc. at ISEA was all rather late coming, but it did finally get into our hands. There are constant updates, and the weather has turned brilliant – the islands we pass on our way to Tallinn are quite beautiful (this scenery is quite a shift of perspective from the computer screen).
Here on the boat, there are networking sessions mainly based on country specific projects. This morning was the networking session among African artists present (unfortunately I missed it because it was at the same time as The List). The panel discussions are based on a kind of thread of presentations about The Networked Experience, in general.
So, sorry for jumping about a bit, I'm often distracted by seeing someone I worked with several years ago in a different city, or watching a flock of birds fly by the window. Some interesting and disparate reflections begin within this context.
I'll try to send more information later on; now, I'd like to jump over now to the panel called: Social Networks of Resistance. Any other FACES here in ISEA, who want to connect, ask any of the conference organisers, and they will point me out if you don't already know my face, already!
The ferry was basically a big series of focused networking meetings, and some presentations on the network experience. There was an active night music programme going on into the early morning...which means 5 am. I have to admit it, I missed most of it. It was very smoky in the bars, and hard to hear anything above the djs, so the kind of group that gathers around tables to talk, gathered in quieter places to exchange opinions. I found myself sitting a lot with colleagues from the UK, in a group that grew quite large over the evening. We often joked about meeting up in far away places to have social conversation! There were approx. 800 people on the ferry, the first leg of the journey, and a lot of Estonian and Finnish artists were among the participants. There were projects located about the various decks, and as I said, a heavy music programme was ongoing -- all night.
Back to our question from the panel (and list responses): I asked others who I met at ISEA about this question, “why lists” -- and especially, “…why the interest in the structure of lists”. The response I got (and to be honest, I wasn't going around like a reporter) was basically that people are interested in the structure because they want to start lists THEMSELVES and want to know (from successful ones) why they work. Unfortunately, people think it is because its how a List is constructed that makes it work, rather than the people who use it. Of course, there is no one answer to this...each situation is different. However, there are definitely categories of lists: academic theoretical lists, special topics which get support from a university and usually have a person or department as the source of energy (plus a sysop as well as list maintenance and software support). There are local lists that are usually language specific -- regional or city based -- for keeping up on important information, planning events, etc. There is a new category of list becoming recognized -- the list as art project, meaning that the leading personality of the list is evolving a style, interaction or such as part of their personal work. Cited as one of the obvious examples is Jonah Bruckner-Cohen's bumplist project. There are others, and it is a growing phenomena. Sometimes it seems to evolve out of a special interest -- other times it is ego based, but not always. There is also a category of list that is service based, giving information to a community, sometimes supported by subscription payment but not always. It made me think we should survey FACES and find out the three favorite lists you subscribe to, and if you would recommend.
I was personally fascinated at the growing number of research projects that analyse lists, and PhD projects (like the research of Charlotte Frost) that use Lists as the main focus -- either as a research tool in itself or ... gaining insight into other things, too.
OK, what didn't really get discussed, is when a List is a journal, and what is the difference between an online journal (don't think it is only about payment) and a List that offers texts. On many Lists, texts are shared, and given first preview reading for peer response, etc. Also, it made me conscious about how FACES will evolve its new online form, only with the participation of its community. The decision to change FACES is certainly drawn from the success of other list structures, and from interest expressed by women in person, and by questions posted to the list.
Who is here at ISEA from FACES?
Ok, I didn't see everyone yet -- and for sure there are FACES I don't know. Nina Czegledy (president of ISEA) , Mare Tralla (coordinator of the Tallinn programme); Nathalie Magnan, Adrienne Wortzel, Hanah Iverson (who will start teaching at Temple University in one week!), Sara Diamond, Sabine Seymour, Teri Rueb (who I met for the first time yesterday), Diane Ludin (I didn't see her yet, but she is on the programme tomorrow), Norie Neumark, Anne Nigten, Maria Fernandez, Trish Adams, Manu Luksch, Rachel Baker, Ingeborg Reichie, Amanda Crowley, Beryl Graham, Sarah Cook, Julienne Pierce, and I'm sure there are more! Sorry -- please identify yourself !
Here in Estonia, a heavy conference programme begins, and will continue for two days -- in two locations, with two strands of competing content (with a bit of a hike between them). The theme here is WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY, the keynote was delivered by Joanna Berzowska -- who has some research roots with the MIT Media Lab. It was quite a lengthy presentation, and the dependence on funding from military sources and the tie-in to commercial fashion designers was a distressing factor brought out in the discussion. She, herself, resigned from one company because of its strong links to military research. But, she pointed out how much of the technology we use today evolved from military research and war. Maybe the 'look' of it all is very close to home for many women, I'm not really sure (and leave it up to others to respond to this one, especially others of you who were here for the presentation). I'm not a journalist, so forgive me if I don't get it perfect, consider it 'interesting' what I come away with off the top.
The main conference venue is at the Cosmos Kino, near the centre city. There are two auditoriums at Cosmos, with simultaneous programmes going on all day. There are no electrical outlets inside the cinema, so everyone is queuing up for two AC plugs that have been discovered in the lobby, but wireless is strong and free. I ran out of battery power sitting in the auditorium presentation, and had to come back to the hotel to charge up. I was thinking I wouldn't be able to get online again to send this, but was happy to see that my hotel offers wireless connectivity. It is not free, but only 1 Euro per hour (but I need to be in the lobby to use it!). I'll lug the laptop around again tomorrow, and give a report late in the afternoon. Now, I must get myself ready to see some performances, and attend a reception in the town hall. The city is very supportive of this conference, and we are guests of the mayor tonight.
Regarding the economic questions we discussed on FACES previously, information from one good friend from Eastern Europe was very sad. He would have to spend the equivalent of 5 months salary to attend the conference, and he left early because he couldn’t afford the Tallinn and Helsinki parts (travel and lodging are the biggest expenses). Indeed, it is quite expensive for somebody paying from their own pocket. ISEA has had this conflict for many years, yet it always emerges as a new issue – how to make it available and accessible to many. What ISEA has as its basis is a strong academic contingent, with its base of peer review of papers and projects presented (which is so important for those in academia). As the emerging ‘electronic art’ culture changes, ISEA will also necessarily need to change. It is a local/global conference, with the participation of artists from the host country as well as international artists and academics. Tallinn is an emerging EU country, so many of the costs are also very high…while food in restaurants remains very reasonable, hotels are equal to Helsinki prices. The conference organisers have made arrangements for Hostel accommodation, but that came quite late.
Here is a very quick report on the FACES dinner in Tallinn last night, and a big thanks to Eve Kiiler, an artist in Tallinn, and some of her Estonian colleagues for arranging a place for us to meet, and for sitting with us and giving us a chance to get to know female artists in Tallinn. Approximately 30 FACES had a wonderful dinner together at the New Artists Club (near the town hall in the Old Town). We were really lucky, and could occupy very one long table, and another adjacent section with lounge chairs. The food was great, inexpensive, and it was really wonderful to have the chance to circulate in an environment of curiosity, support and good female energy. We didn’t have any special theme or any presentation (like was so successful in Paris) it was just a social get-together, and everyone felt it was a great time. Unfortunately, it was the only time we could meet, and all the ‘presenters’ and ‘organisers’ were at an official dinner and couldn’t attend with us. Anyway, we would have needed the entire restaurant to accommodate the larger group. We must plan ahead to do a more structured meeting up in San Jose in 2006!
So, for my final report, from Helsinki. Like almost everyone I’ve meet, we are all pretty exhausted. I depart this afternoon -- and most people will stay through tomorrow. The entire conference moved from Tallinn to Helsinki in two batches – on fast ferry boats (2 hours vs. 2 days). It was hectic, but we all made it.
We have noticed excellent female representation at this conference, and excellent inclusion. It is a real exception and it has been often discussed in casual meetings-up. In addition to Mare Tralla and Nina Czegledy, Sara Diamond has played a significant role, and as always, her clear thinking and straight to the point remarks move the discussions forward to new levels. Many of us had the pleasure to hear Monica Narula (India) who moderated and presented very interesting information from the Sarai New Media Initiative, New Delhi (the prize winner of the UNESCO Digital Arts Award 2004). Maria Fernandez has been exceptional, as well as Laurie Neumark, Pamela Jennings and many other strong and vibrant women. Gosh -- this is such a responsibility to report to you all -- I hope I have not overlooked someone -- I am sure I have! So, big apologies in advance.
I'd really love to hear a few words from some of the other FACES attending, maybe when you get home and collect yourselves. I find it is impossible to see everything, I do my best, but when SO much is going on, it is hard. Then, I would much rather sit and talk to old and new friends, than sit with my head in a computer screen and write it all down -- this is such an opportunity to connect IRL. Thus, some quick and hasty overview of the situation.
Right now, I'm in my hotel room, where I can concentrate. The Internet broadband here is 4 Euros per hour, but it is an investment I am happy to make. Today, I'll spend time at Kiasma, to see the exhibition quietly. The opening was jam packed, and there was no way to access the work, and the crowded spaces were nearly impossible to deal with (as a curator I do like to see the work!). So, I will spend a couple of hours looking at (and trying to figure out) many of the wireless works on view. This is certainly new territory for me, and I want to give it as much consideration as I can. Perttu Rastas, who is the new media curator, is an old friend, I slept on his floor when I attended ISEA in 1994! It will be great to meet up with him and find out how Kiasma has treated him.
The weather in Helsinki has been pretty good, it is fresh with scattered rain - now and then. Actually, the out of pocket costs have not been as terrible as I remember from previous visits to Helsinki (i.e.: ten years ago). Perhaps coming into the EU has leveled it out somewhat? Hotels are expensive here, however, and that is problematic for everyone. I didn't get a catalogue yet, they were NOT ready when I left the conference at 4 pm yesterday, as I had an appointment with an artist who lives 3 hours outside of Helsinki. It was a long day for me!
I'll miss the wonderful performance tonight by Ambient TV and FACES member Manu Luksch. I really would appreciate a report on that -- anyone?
I'm sure that there are also some additional good, positive criticisms of the conference. Anyone who attends the final meeting of ISEA, and perhaps the meeting about 2006 in San Jose, would you be kind enough to send the list a report. It need not be journalistic, just let us know what YOU think.
Signing off very warmly, and thanks for all the great friendship from all FACES I met during this week. Special thanks and appreciation to the hard work that Mare Tralla, Nina Czegledy, and Amanda Crowley -- they did a fabulous job to shape this event with Tapio Makela—programme chair 2004 -- to be truly a memorable experience.
PS..I did purchase a catalogue for €30 before departing…my final expenditure of the trip.
PSS. Noticeably, upon re-reading the dispatches, I did not mention the Art very much. Talking with my colleagues after returning, and in various emails exchanged, it was a quite different kind of exhibition. A kind of ‘art’ that will take a time for digesting. Wireless communication is normally one-to-one, and delivering that concept to a larger audience is problematic. Additionally, many of the works were quite aesthetically visual, but without being able to engage in the communication, were non-assessable. Most of the work was the exploration of the limits of the technology, and that was the subject of the content. Many of us who have moved through the generations of ‘new media’ and adapted our vocabulary accordingly, were often stumped by the work on view. On the other hand, the younger artists, curators and students (especially) were fascinated and felt that the exhibitions were very close to their experience, and hope for the future.
Personally, I will be standing by and willing to take another look at ‘Wireless Experiences’ and ‘Wearable Technology’ in the next years, meanwhile we are confident that the ‘Network Experience’ is working and fully functional, now – not without it’s intermittant problems, but nevertheless it is now part of our lives.
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2019-04-25T02:03:12Z
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http://artefact.mi2.hr/_a03/lang_en/report_isea2004_en.htm
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On 29 November 2010, the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People was observed at United Nations Headquarters in New York and at the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna, as well as in several other cities, in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 32/40 B of 2 December 1977.
All States Members of the United Nations, intergovernmental organizations, specialized agencies and other observers were invited to attend the special meeting of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People.
At the meeting, statements were made by Abdou Salam Diallo (Senegal), Chair of the Committee; Joseph Deiss (Switzerland), President of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly; Asha-Rose Migiro, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations, reading a message of Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations; and Mark Lyall Grant (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), President of the Security Council for the month of November 2010. The Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations, Riyad Mansour, read out a message from Mahmoud Abbas, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and President of the Palestinian Authority. In addition, Palitha T.B. Kohona (Sri Lanka) made a statement in his capacity as Chair of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories.
In addition, Maged A. Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations, delivered a message from Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt, on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries; Sirodjidin M. Aslov, Permanent Representative of Tajikistan to the United Nations, read out a message from Hamrokhon Zarifi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan, in his capacity as Chairman of the thirty-seventh session of the Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers; Oumar Daou, Permanent Representative of Mali to the United Nations, made a statement on behalf of the African Group; and Yahya A. Mahmassani, Permanent Observer of the League of Arab States to the United Nations, delivered a message from Amre Moussa, Secretary-General of the League of Arab States. Judith Le Blanc, member of the Steering Committee of the United States Campaign to End the Israeli Occupation, also addressed the meeting on behalf of civil society organizations active on the question of Palestine.
Closing remarks were made by Riyad Mansour, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations, and Abdou Salam Diallo, Chair of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People received messages from 26 Heads of State, 4 Heads of Government, 4 Governments, 9 Ministers for Foreign Affairs, as well as from the European Union, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. A message was received from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a specialized agency of the United Nations system and from Caritas Jerusalem, a non-governmental organization.
The special meeting was followed by a performance by the Ashtar Theatre, entitled Gaza Monologues, in Conference Room 2-NLB.
A photographic exhibit, “Summer Games in Gaza”, was presented by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations and under the auspices of the Committee.
At the United Nations Office at Geneva, a special meeting was held on 29 November. The meeting was chaired by Sergei Ordzhonikidze, Under-Secretary-General and Director General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, who opened the meeting by reading the message of Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Permanent Representative of Afghanistan to the United Nations Office at Geneva, Zalmai Aziz, spoke on behalf of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People. A representative of Senegal to the United Nations Office at Geneva, Momar Guèye, read the message of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories. Statements were also made by Saad Alfarargi, representative of the League of Arab States; Slimane Chikh, representative of the Organization of the Islamic Conference; Hisham Badr, representative of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries; Kadija Rachida Masri, representative of the African Union; and Madeleine Rees, Secretary-General of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, on behalf of civil society organizations. Ibrahim Khraishi, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations Office at Geneva, read a statement on behalf of Mahmoud Abbas, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and President of the Palestinian Authority.
At the United Nations Office at Vienna, a special meeting was held on 29 November 2010. Ms. Norma Goicochea Estenoz, Permanent Representative of Cuba to the United Nations Office at Vienna, opened the meeting and spoke on behalf of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People. Maher Nasser, Director of the United Nations Information System, delivered the message of the Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon. Friedrich Stift, Director of the Department for the Near and Middle East of the Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs, read a message on behalf of the host country, and Norma Goicochea Estenoz, Permanent Representative of Cuba to the United Nations Office at Vienna, spoke on behalf of the Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. Zuheir El-Wazer, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations Office at Vienna, read out a message on behalf of Mahmoud Abbas, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and President of the Palestinian Authority. Other speakers included: Mikhail Wehbe, Permanent Observer of the League of Arab States to the United Nations Office at Vienna; Nabeel Shaath, former Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Palestinian Authority, presented the latest developments on the Palestine Question; and Fritz Edlinger, President, Society for Austria-Arab Relations, on behalf of civil society organizations active on the question of Palestine. Representatives from more than 30 Member States and Permanent Observer entities, as well as officials from the host country, non-governmental organizations, other invited guests and staff members, attended the meeting.
I would also like to extend a special welcome to Ambassador Mark Lyall Grant of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in his capacity as President of the Security Council for this month. The active involvement of the Security Council in the search for a peaceful resolution to the conflict in accordance with the norms of international law is vital. On behalf of the Committee, I warmly welcome his participation today and express the hope that the Council will use its full authority to seek new ways forward.
Sixty-three years ago, the General Assembly adopted resolution 181 (II), which changed the course of history in the Middle East and beyond. It embodied a solemn commitment by the international community to the establishment of two States in mandated Palestine. Today, that promise stands only half fulfilled. Although a Jewish State, Israel, came into being in 1948, Palestine, the Arab State, which was also supposed to be established, remains a vision yet to be realized. The question of Palestine weighs heavily on our collective consciousness as the great unfinished business of the twentieth century. Today, Palestinians and Israelis continue to pay the price for that failure.
I would like to dwell in particular on the human tragedy of the situation. For decades now, half of the Palestinians have been deprived of freedom, living under occupation in their own land. The other half has been living as refugees, with all the hardships that that status entails. The international community has a duty to restore the political and diplomatic means to give back to the Palestinians the hope of at last recovering a measure of dignity fully equal to that of all the peoples in the region.
Unfortunately, it appears that Israel has not been able to assume this undertaking, which is recognized by the entire international community as a minimal confidence-building measure. It is therefore not difficult to understand the frustration of the Palestinian Authority and it’s reluctance to negotiate under such circumstances.
The General Assembly has reaffirmed that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility with respect to the question of Palestine until the matter is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory way, in accordance with international law. Not only must the Assembly continue to promote the guidelines required for the parties to commit themselves in good faith to that end, but Member States must individually and collectively demonstrate their active solidarity and take immediate action to improve the lives of the Palestinian people.
On behalf of the General Assembly, I would like to thank the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, its Chair and Vice-Chairs for the invitation to address this meeting today.
We, the international community, must also intensify our engagement in helping the parties to end a conflict that for far too long has tormented the region and its peoples. We must spare no effort to assist both Israel and the Palestinian Authority to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to decades of confrontation, conflict and violence. This is in the interest of the parties, in the interest of the region and in the interest of international peace and security. Let us therefore reaffirm our commitment to the Middle East peace process and continue to mobilize international assistance for the Palestinian people. They deserve a life of dignity and a future of peace and security.
Two timelines will reach a critical point in 2011. First, Palestinian President Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu have pledged to seek a framework agreement on permanent status by September. Secondly, the Palestinian Authority is on track to complete its two-year agenda of readiness for statehood by August.
At its meeting in September 2010, the Quartet stated that an agreement can be reached in the time frame set out by the leaders themselves, and that the Palestinian Authority, if it maintains its current performance in institution-building and the delivery of public services, is well-positioned for the establishment of a State at any point in the near future.
Yet few Palestinians are optimistic that anything decisive will be achieved next year, or even at all. Looking at the situation on the ground, I understand this despair. Soon after direct talks on final status began in September, they were undermined by the expiry of Israel’s commendable settlement moratorium. The construction of hundreds of new units throughout the West Bank commenced, and new approvals for settlements in East Jerusalem were given. This development is a serious blow to the credibility of the political process. The obligation remains on Israel to meet its responsibilities under international law and the Road Map to freeze settlement activity.
It is also true that few Israelis seem hopeful that peace can be achieved soon, and I am sensitive to Israel’s security concerns. But I ask all Israelis to look with fresh eyes at the indisputable emergence of a reliable security partner on the ground, and the continued commitment of President Abbas to Israel’s right to live in peace and security and to his rejection of violence and terrorism. I also remind everyone of the promise of the Arab Peace Initiative that a two-State solution and comprehensive Israeli-Arab peace would be followed by the establishment of normal relations between Israel and all Arab States.
I commend the steps taken during the past year to improve conditions on the ground. However, much more is needed. The Palestinian Authority must continue to roll out the institutions of statehood, combat terrorist attacks and curb incitement. Meanwhile, it is both in Israel’s interest and its duty to begin rolling back the measures of occupation, particularly with respect to movement, access and security actions.
I remain very concerned about conditions in Gaza. I express appreciation for the modification of Israel’s policy and the approval of a substantial number of United Nations projects. But this can only be a first step. The full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) should follow. Israel needs to enable broader civilian reconstruction, free movement of persons and the export of goods, and to facilitate the swift implementation of projects. Rocket fire from Gaza must stop. A prisoner exchange, the extension of de facto calm and progress on Palestinian reconciliation are also key steps.
An overwhelming international consensus exists on the need to end the occupation that began in 1967, address the fundamental security concerns of both parties, find a solution to the refugee issue and see Jerusalem emerge from negotiations as the capital of two States. I challenge the two leaders to show statesmanship and political courage in reaching a historic peace. The international community, for its part, must be ready to assume its own responsibilities for peace.
Let the year ahead be the one in which we realize, finally, a just and lasting peace in the Middle East based on Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008), previous agreements, the Madrid framework, the Road Map of the Quartet and the Arab Peace Initiative. I will do everything in my power to support these efforts.
I would like to thank the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for inviting me to address this meeting in my capacity as President of the Security Council for November.
We are here to mark the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. In June 2009, the Quartet affirmed its determination to actively and vigorously seek a comprehensive resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008), the Madrid principles, including land for peace, the Road Map of the Quartet, the Arab Peace Initiative and the agreements previously reached between the parties.
Throughout the past year, the Security Council has continued to receive regular briefings from the Secretary-General’s Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and the Department of Political Affairs and to hold open debates. These meetings have covered a range of issues and opinions.
First, members of the Security Council have underscored that the only viable solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is an agreement negotiated between the parties, and re-emphasized that only a two-State solution with an independent and viable Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel and its other neighbours can bring peace to the region.
Secondly, members of the Security Council have urged the parties to avoid any unilateral and provocative actions, and have called on all international partners to promote an atmosphere of cooperation between the parties and throughout the region. As the Quartet has said, unilateral actions by either party, including settlement activity, cannot prejudge the outcome of negotiations and will not be recognized by the international community.
Fourthly, members of the Security Council continue to view the situation in Gaza with concern. In June 2010, the Council agreed on a statement (S/PRST/2010/9) following the tragic Gaza flotilla incident, which stressed that the situation in Gaza was not sustainable. We emphasize the importance of full implementation of Security Council resolutions 1850 (2008) and 1860 (2009), and in that context stress the need for a sustained and regular flow of goods and people to Gaza, as well as unimpeded provision and distribution of humanitarian assistance throughout Gaza.
As the Quartet reaffirmed in September 2010, the current situation in Gaza is not in the interests of Palestinians or Israelis. The Quartet welcomed the shift in Israel’s policy on Gaza since June 2010 and called for further efforts by all concerned to ensure the unimpeded flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons to and from Gaza and to address Israel’s legitimate security concerns.
As the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People commemorates the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I am pleased to convey the warmest greetings of the Palestinian people and their leadership to the Committee and the international community. We are profoundly grateful for the Committee’s solidarity with our people and its support for their struggle to realize their inalienable rights and to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East region.
I also wish to express our deep appreciation to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and its Chair, Ambassador Abdou Salam Diallo, for their efforts to restore the rights of the Palestinian people, bring an end to their suffering and achieve peace in the region. Their all-important role has clearly and effectively contributed to the promotion of international solidarity with our cause and to broad support for the noble aspirations of our people to self-determination, freedom and independence.
Since its inception, the United Nations has continued to address and shoulder its responsibilities towards the question of Palestine. It has done so with a view to resolving the issue in all its aspects by putting an end to the Israeli occupation of our land and our holy places, thereby allowing our people to determine their destiny in accordance with the resolutions of international legitimacy and the consensus of the entire world. It has adopted numerous resolutions based on the Charter of the United Nations and on international law, including international humanitarian law.
Although those resolutions have not yet been implemented owing to Israel’s refusal and intransigence, they remain valid and still constitute the foundation for the protection of the rights of our people and the basis for achieving justice, which is the prerequisite for achieving peace. We recall that Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) constitute the basis for the entire peace process in the Middle East.
A reality that cannot be ignored or denied is the historical and ongoing injustice inflicted on the Palestinian people. Another reality is that the Palestine Liberation Organization has for many long years engaged in our struggle with a considerable sense of realism. Since 1974, our national councils have acknowledged the principle of resolving the conflict on the basis of two States and through negotiations. Our people declared the independence of the State of Palestine as a peace initiative in 1988, in which we made a historic, painful concession so as to achieve a peace that would guarantee our rights through the establishment of a Palestinian State based on the 4 June 1967 borders in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.
But the basis for progress towards a peaceful settlement is the principle of partnership and agreement on the legal terms of reference and on commitment to agreements reached with a view to solving the problems imposed by the legacy of this long, bitter and bloody conflict. This partnership must be one in which each party understands the legitimate concerns of the other. It must be a partnership that lays the foundations for a new and different future for the Palestinian and Israeli peoples.
I must stress here that the Palestinian partner will continue to be a real partner, not to whitewash the ugly face of the occupation but to bring an end to that occupation. Moreover, negotiations must be fair and lead to a clear and binding agreement. That does not mean that the powerful party, Israel, should be permitted to consistently impose its will on us. We have a strong and firm commitment to achieving a comprehensive agreement that leads to two viable States based on the borders of 4 June 1967, one being Israel, which already exists, and the other, the State of Palestine, which must achieve its independence.
In that framework and based on our determination to achieve peace, we have responded to the efforts and initiatives of the United States of America and the international community seeking a resumption of the peace process and of negotiations between us and Israel following a period of stalemate. With the help of many Arab and international parties, we were able to break the deadlock that plagued the process.
We had hoped that the removal of the obstacles to the resumption of negotiations on final status issues and a permanent settlement would mark a serious and true beginning towards achieving genuine and lasting peace and security between us and Israel. For that to happen, efforts must be made to address the deterioration in the peace process, create an enabling atmosphere and build bridges of trust between the two sides.
That can be accomplished only through respect for the terms of reference of the peace process, as defined in the resolutions of international legitimacy and the Arab Peace Initiative, the vision of two States and the strict and honest implementation of the signed agreements. That, in turn, requires bringing a decisive and final end to the vicious Israeli colonial settlement campaign in all the occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem. The settlement campaign is a time bomb that could at any moment destroy everything we have accomplished on the road to peace.
The seizure of land, the expulsion of Palestinian citizens from their homes and the construction of the annexation apartheid wall, which has been internationally condemned, must be ceased. Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails must be released.
The unjust and inhumane siege imposed on our people in the Gaza Strip must be lifted. The illegal transfer of Israeli civilians to the occupied Palestinian territories, including Holy Jerusalem, must be halted, because settlement activities cannot coexist with peace. Settlements are a flagrant and aggressive manifestation of the occupation and the mentality of expansion, while peace means recognition of the national rights of the Palestinian people and a commitment to implementing resolutions of international legitimacy in both letter and spirit, the principle of land for peace, the vision of the two-State solution and the Road Map.
There is no way to attain a real, lasting and comprehensive peace if such a peace is not based on resolutions of international legitimacy that call on Israel to withdraw completely from all the Arab and Palestinian territories occupied since 1967. The alternative is to slip further into the unknown. A commitment to negotiations and to the obligation of ensuring a just and lasting peace must be reaffirmed. That is required by the demands of justice and international law; that is what will bring peace, not the so-called economic peace or practical considerations that are based on what can be accepted by the occupying Power, the pre-acceptance of which has undermined the peace process and the prospects for security and stability in the region.
To extinguish the fire of violence and to control extremist tendencies, a brave step must be taken towards final status negotiations so as to reach practical and fair agreements that would end the occupation of our land and our holy places and provide firm stability for the region, which is replete with tensions that give rise to both overt and less obvious outbreaks. That is why we strongly reject all unilateral actions by Israel, the occupying Power, and demand their immediate cessation, because they affect the final status issues and represent a clear attempt to unilaterally determine the final status map.
I address my words, through you, to the entire international community. We must draw lessons from the results of past failures of international efforts to compel Israel to end its settlement policies and aggressive practices, which have caused so much damage and undermined the credibility of the peace process in the eyes of our people. The core of the conflict is the occupation and the settlement activities, and it is time for the world to address the roots of this conflict by ending the occupation and allowing for the achievement of an independent State of Palestine, which we hope, as President Obama stated in the General Assembly last September, will become a new, active and recognized Member of the United Nations in the next year. I wish to assure you all that the United Nations and international legitimacy will remain the reference and resort for us in terms of taking any decisions in the event that negotiations fail, although we are determined to make every effort to ensure their success.
The Palestinian people draw their unwavering faith from the justness of their cause and from your support and the support and solidarity of all brothers and friends who wish to see the peace process succeed. We thus need your continued efforts and those of the co-sponsors of the peace process, including President Barack Obama, the Russian Federation, the European Union, Japan, China, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and our Arab brothers and friends everywhere, in particular here at the United Nations.
I am completely confident, as we are on the threshold of celebrating a new year that the suffering of our people is coming to an end. I am also sure that the renewal and the confirmation of your solidarity and support for our people, especially at this time, will bolster our steadfastness, as you will support our just position and our sincere efforts to establish a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the region, a peace that will last and will be consolidated and entrenched; a peace based on justice, rights, equality, mutual respect and creative cooperation; a peace that guarantees all the peoples of the region security, stability and prosperity as well as freedom and independence for the Palestinian people; a peace that will turn the page on the past with all its agonies, pain, repression and suffering; a peace that will herald a new era of cooperation and coexistence in the region, with hope, security and prospects for a better future for all our children.
We reiterate to all of you our gratitude and appreciation for your determined efforts and your firm and constant solidarity with the cause of our people. I reiterate also to the Israeli people that our hand is still capable of plucking the dry olive branch from the rubble and will remain outstretched in the quest for a just peace in order to secure a safe future for our children and their children.
I have the honour to address this meeting as the Chairman of the General Assembly-mandated Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories, as it commemorates the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. This day provides a critical reminder to the international community of the urgent need to finally resolve the Palestinian question in a just and equitable manner.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I have the pleasure to write to the Committee to reaffirm the full support of Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement for the brotherly Palestinian people in their legitimate quest to restore and exercise all their inalienable rights, primary among which is their legitimate right to establish an independent and sovereign State of their own, with East Jerusalem as its capital, on the basis of all relevant terms of reference and in accordance with the rules and provisions of international law, international humanitarian law, the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, the principles of Madrid Conference and the Arab Peace Initiative.
Despite the fact that 63 years have elapsed since the partition resolution, the suffering of the Palestinian people still goes on, requiring this Committee’s continued efforts to put an end to that suffering by ending the illegal Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territory and calling a halt to Israeli practices and violations of the rights of the Palestinian people. Those practices and violations include an unlawful and oppressive Israeli siege of the Gaza Strip, which has resulted in an unprecedented deterioration of Palestinian living conditions.
Israel’s failure to meet its commitments as an occupying Power, its continued settlement policy and alteration of the situation on the ground, the expropriation of Palestinian land and property, the attempt to change the features of Al-Quds Al-Sharif, assaults on the sanctity of the holy places and those who frequent them, in particular, the Holy Al-Aqsa Mosque, the continued building of the separation wall and other practices that are against the rules of international law and international humanitarian law constitute flagrant violations of human rights, one such violation being the recent decision concerning the oath of allegiance to the Jewish character of the State, which is a clear violation of the rights of Israeli Palestinian Arabs and an obvious attempt to expel them from Israeli territory.
Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement highly appreciate the efforts of this Committee towards bringing about a Palestinian State, as well as its support for the Palestinian people’s recovery of their inalienable legitimate rights, with a view towards a just settlement of the Palestinian question as an inseparable part of the overall solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict and as one of the prerequisites for stability in the Middle East region.
It is our view that the defining features of a definitive solution are known to all, including the parties to the conflict themselves. What is needed now is genuine will for peace on the part of Israel, inasmuch as everyone has understood the seriousness of the Palestinian Authority and its commitment to the peace process, while Israel’s actions bespeak its insistence on prevarication and stripping the political process of its content. That requires action on the part of the international community, which must shoulder its responsibilities in pooling all the efforts of the parties in the international arena to ensure the resumption of the negotiation process based on the clear terms of reference within a definite time frame and on the necessary sound bases, the first of which is the total and unconditional cessation of settlement activity and all the Israeli policies that thwart the achievement of the desired peace.
At the same time that I express to the Committee my praise and that of the Non-Aligned Movement for its efforts during the past year and reiterate Egypt’s firm commitment to continued efforts towards the achievement of Palestinian national reconciliation and a just and comprehensive peace, let me reaffirm our full backing for the Committee’s activities aimed at mobilizing the requisite international support for the Palestinian people’s recovery and exercise of its inalienable rights and the establishment of an independent Palestinian State with East Jerusalem as its capital.
I would ask that the Committee accept the assurances of my highest consideration, together with my best wishes to it and its members for continued success.
I have the honour to express to you, Mr. Chairman, as head of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, my profound gratitude for having organized this special meeting in observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
On 29 November 1947, General Assembly resolution 181 (II) was adopted on the establishment of two States on the Territory of Palestine. Pursuant to that resolution, to date only one State has been established. The hopes and aspirations of the Palestinian people for the establishment of their own State remain unrealized.
A few months ago, the thirty-seventh session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the countries members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference took place in the capital of Tajikistan, Dushanbe. A number of resolutions on the situation in the occupied Palestinian territory, in particular the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip, were adopted. Those resolutions demand the lifting of the blockade and call for brotherly material assistance for the reconstruction of Gaza.
More than 1.5 million Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip under the conditions of the blockade suffer from a shortage of food, electricity, medicines and building materials. They look to the international community to take concrete steps to put an end to their tragedy and great suffering.
Here, I would like to draw attention to two important issues, the building of settlements and East Jerusalem, on which an absolute majority of the international community agrees. The international community acknowledges that the occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem is unlawful under international law and runs counter to Israel’s obligations under the Road Map. All settlement activities, including natural growth, must be ended. Building settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories clearly increases tension, creates insurmountable obstacles to achieving peace between the Israelis and Palestinians and undermines efforts to establish a Palestinian State.
All Israeli measures that change the status of the city or seek to change its status have no legal basis or legitimacy in international law. The status of East Jerusalem was clearly defined in many Security Council and General Assembly resolutions, and Israel should abide by them. We support the establishment of two States, which would provide for the establishment of an independent and sovereign State of Palestine on the basis of the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with the State of Israel in peace and security.
That is the only possible solution by which the inalienable national rights of the Palestinian people can be realized. It will also bring peace and security to the people of Israel and provide a major impetus to development and economic cooperation in the Middle East region. In that context, the international community should implement all relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions on the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from the territories occupied in 1967 and on ensuring the right of return and guaranteeing the rights of refugees from the occupied territories, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 194 (III) of 1948.
I would like once again to address to the international community from this rostrum to call on it to assume its responsibility towards the Palestinian people and to make serious efforts to ensure the implementation of international treaties and agreements. We highly value the work of the Committee and call on it to continue to support the Palestinian people in their just struggle for the liberation of their occupied territories and the exercise of their inalienable rights, including the right of return to their homes.
We are gathered here today to commemorate the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. On behalf of the African Group, I would like to echo previous speakers in order to commend you, Mr. Chairman, for having organized this event. This day gives us the opportunity to reaffirm once again our active solidarity with the Palestinian people, who have suffered a tragedy for more than 60 years owing to the Israeli occupation. The situation in the Middle East is of great concern to the international community. Therefore, need we recall here that if there is one issue that unites all in resentment in that part of the world, it is clearly the Palestinian question?
I should like to convey my greetings and gratitude for the efforts made by the Committee in support of and in solidarity with the Palestinian people and its right to self-determination.
The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People is an integral part of the efforts to address the dangerous situation that threatens the peace process and impedes the two-State solution, as it prevents the establishment of a sovereign Arab Palestinian State and hinders a peaceful resolution of the conflict between Palestine and Israel.
It is clear that Israel’s policy of colonization and settlements and its efforts to make Israel a Jewish State create difficulties and obstacles to the resumption of serious negotiations that would address all aspects of the final status issues on the basis of international legitimacy and in accordance with the terms of reference set out in a specific timetable. Occupied Palestinian lands, including East Jerusalem, are governed by the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention and the relevant provisions of international law on foreign occupation. The unilateral measures taken by Israel are null and void; they produce no rights and no commitments.
We call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to shoulder their responsibilities and to ensure the implementation of the relevant United Nations resolutions with regard to the peace process and to negotiations. The core of the Arab-Israeli conflict is the occupation of Arab territories. A just and comprehensive peace with Israel can be realized only through the full withdrawal by Israel from those territories to the 1967 borders, including the occupied Arab Syrian Golan Heights and the territories that are still occupied in southern Lebanon, the creation of an independent Palestinian State, with East Jerusalem as its capital, and reciprocal commitments as proposed in the Arab Peace Initiative and the relevant United Nations resolutions.
We call upon the international community to immediately take the measures necessary to put an end to Israel’s inhumane and unjust siege of the Gaza Strip. The Israeli Government is responsible for freezing the direct negotiations launched by President Obama in Washington, D.C. in September 2010. Its persistence in illegal settlement policies has had dangerous, negative consequences and impacts.
Resumption of direct negotiations between Palestine and Israel requires a complete freeze on and stoppage of all settlement activities in occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. Israel has defied and disregarded international legality and world public opinion and violated human rights instruments. The international community must realize that resolving the Palestinian question is the key to peace and stability in the region, which is necessary for the benefit of all peoples that have long suffered from war, and to finding a lasting and just solution to the conflict, which has lasted for decades. Continued Israeli occupation would destabilize the region and increase tensions. This is a very dangerous situation for international peace and security.
The Ministerial Committee of the Arab Peace Initiative has responded favourably to the efforts made by President Obama to relaunch the negotiation process. The ministerial meeting held on 29 July 2010 sent a message to the authorities of the United States with regard to the requirements for the relaunching of serious and meaningful negotiations.
Those efforts, and the favourable reaction of the Arab, in particular the Palestinian, people have come up against the attitude of Israel, which constantly and categorically rejects all initiatives and proposals that could lead to a balanced settlement. The Arab League greatly appreciates the position that President Obama took vis-à-vis the rights of the Palestinian people in the statement he made before the General Assembly on 23 September 2010. The League of Arab States, as always, stands ready to cooperate with the United States Administration to ensure the implementation of what was set out in that speech. We call upon the United States to continue its efforts to create favourable conditions, in particular to put an end to colonialist settlements, so that the peace process can be allowed to proceed on the right track.
It is an honour to address the special meeting today. I have attended these important United Nations events in the past. The first time was just after my return from participating in a peace delegation to the West Bank during the second intifada. Upon my return, I went on a national tour, speaking at community centres, churches, synagogues and mosques. It is with sadness that I say that I could give nearly the same speech today as then about the cruel, inhumane realities of the Israeli occupation and the stalled political negotiations.
The International Day of Solidarity is a moment to examine the opportunities and challenges in the fight for the implementation of all relevant United Nations resolutions, including the right of return and return to the 1967 borders, for the economic and social rights for Palestinian refugees, and against United States military aid to the Israeli occupation.
No great social change, resolution of an international crisis or just solution has happened without civil society being engaged and organized for justice. The opportunity and challenge we have as civil society organizations today is to mobilize international public opinion to help break the deadlock of more than 60 years of occupation. The tactics of non-violent direct action, boycotts, divestment and sanctions are best when aimed at solidifying public opinion in support of the implementation of United Nations resolutions and international law. In this, the public opinion in the United States is decisive.
The United States solidarity movement must develop tactics that engage the new level of concern about United States policy in the Middle East while at the same time educate the public about what in fact the United States must do differently to break the impasse in the region. Many had hoped that the election of President Obama would represent a break in the continuum of United States foreign policy towards Israel. The reality is that the United States continues to interfere with the diplomatic role of the United Nations, as mandated in the Charter, and the implementation of United Nations resolutions, such as that on the Goldstone report (resolution 64/10), all due to politically driven domestic pressures.
On behalf of Palestine, the Palestinian people and the leadership of Palestine, I would like to express our gratitude to all those who were with us today in expressing solidarity with the Palestinian people on this very important occasion, the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian people. We also express our gratitude and appreciation to all the countries that sent messages on this occasion to express their solidarity with the Palestinian people — all the Presidents, Heads of State, Kings, Emirs, Prime Ministers, Ministers and all others. I would also like to express our appreciation for the strong presence of civil society with us and the statement made on behalf of civil society. We believe that the cause of Palestine is a very important one that is close to the hearts of all civil societies that support just causes.
In conclusion, I would also like to express our gratitude and appreciation to the Ashtar Theatre Group from Ramallah, which has been touring all corners of the globe and decided to conclude its trip by performing “The Gaza Monologues”, a series of vignettes about the suffering of our people in Gaza. They will be with us in a few minutes. I would like to express, on behalf of Palestine and all participants here today, our appreciation to the Ashtar Theatre Group. The members of the group, who come from more than 20 different countries, have come together to tell stories of the suffering of our people in Gaza.
Immediately following the conclusion of this meeting, here in this conference room, the Ramallah-based Ashtar Theatre Group will give a performance entitled “The Gaza Monologues”. Poignant testimonies of the young people of Gaza will be performed by actors from all corners of the world who have come together for this occasion. As a token of our solidarity, I invite participants to remain in the room for the performance.
It is essential, in the first place, to express our gratitude to your esteemed Committee for its annual commemoration of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, and to commend its efforts and tireless exertions to garner international support for this just cause.
This year, the occasion is yet again being marked with no change having taken place in the situation being endured by the Palestinian people as a result of the violation of its legitimate right to recover its land and establish an independent State.
The continuation of settlement and the Judaization of the city of Jerusalem, in addition to the tyrannical siege that has been imposed on the population of Gaza, constitute further impediments to the permanent and just resolution of the Palestinian issue.
The whole international community is witness to the intransigence of the Israelis with regard to its settlement policy, which recently prevented the resumption of direct talks between the two parties. That confirmed, yet again, that Israel is not serious about moving towards or attaining peace.
The humanitarian conditions of the Palestinian people have continued to deteriorate, to the point where its most basic rights are not guaranteed by the Israeli occupying authorities, which persist in violating international instruments. The scorn it demonstrates for international legitimacy does not absolve Israel from its responsibility towards the international community.
The Israeli occupation continues to defy international legitimacy and humanitarian principles in an attempt to impose a fait accompli on the Palestinian people. Israel pursues a policy that includes killing, forced migration, detention, incarceration, abduction and siege, all of which constitute war crimes or crimes against humanity. The attack that was carried out in international waters on the freedom flotilla that was carrying humanitarian aid to Gaza merely reflected the criminal logic of the Zionist entity.
Deprivation and a sense of injustice generate frustration in many Palestinians and drive them to adopt heroic stances, the legitimacy of which cannot be contested in that they represent a justifiable defence of the self, territory and dignity. That situation creates a vortex of disproportional violence from which there is no escape because of Israel’s pursuit of a policy of systematic State terrorism.
That policy of obduracy, arrogance and violation of the rights of the Palestinian people could not continue were it not for the fact that many of the relevant international parties refuse to accept or evade their responsibility to bring credible pressure to bear on Israel to cease those practices and honour its international obligations and agreements with the Palestinian Authority.
The continuing suffering of the Palestinian people demands that we stand resolutely beside that people, provide it with political and material support and condole with it on its tragedy, while exposing its torturers in international forums and, in particular, the United Nations.
In Algeria, we believe that the international community must never lose sight of the question of the Palestinian people or cease defending its legitimate, inalienable rights, especially the right to establish an independent Palestinian State with Jerusalem as its capital. That State must have geographical contiguity and sovereignty and must be able to survive and develop.
The peace that is hoped for as a result of the Arab Peace Initiative will only prevail when honourable people throughout the world induce the occupier and aggressor to completely withdraw from all the Arab territory occupied since 1967.
Condemnation and criticism will not in themselves compel Israel to respect human rights in the occupied territories. In order be able to face history and future generations, the international community must assume complete responsibility for ensuring that the situation of the Palestinian people does not become a shameful scar on the face of humankind that is synonymous with the tyranny of the logic of force over the rule of international law.
In conclusion, I must take the opportunity afforded by the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People to renew the full and sincere support of Algeria for the Palestinian issue and its support for all the legitimate and indivisible rights of the Palestinian people, and to commend the efforts exerted by the Committee with a view to restoring its rights to the Palestinian people, notwithstanding the challenges, difficulties and obstacles that must continually be faced.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I have the pleasure to express, on behalf of the Argentine people and on my own behalf, our support for this important event and to reaffirm the need to pursue negotiations with a view to achieving a peaceful, just, final and global solution to the Middle East conflict that provides for an independent and viable Palestinian State, as well as for the right of Israel to live in peace within secure and internationally recognized borders.
As I recently stated in my address during the general debate of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, we hope that the State of Palestine will be able to participate as a full member in the next regular session of the General Assembly. This would contribute significantly to the maintenance of international peace and security.
Today the world is commemorating the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, which the United Nations marks every year on the anniversary of the adoption of General Assembly resolution 181(II) of 1947, concerning the partition of Palestine. This occasion represents an international acknowledgement of responsibility for the injustice and historic injury that was consequently suffered by the Palestinian people and recognition of the legitimacy of its cause over the past 60 years.
It is regrettable that this day comes at a time when the Israeli occupying authorities in the occupied West Bank are continuing their practices of deportation, home demolition and appropriation of territory and continuing to build settlements on occupied Palestinian territory, with a view to frustrating international endeavours to establish a viable, independent Palestinian State.
On this occasion, the Kingdom of Bahrain, which is desirous of peace, calls upon the countries of the world to assume the responsibilities of the international community towards the Palestinian people and to take action to restore its legitimate, established rights, in particular, the right to self-determination and to establish an independent State on its own territory, with Jerusalem as its capital.
The Kingdom of Bahrain, which is anxious for the pillars of peace to be firmly established in the region, calls upon the international community, through the esteemed Committee, to prevent any more of the gross human rights violations that are continuing to be perpetrated in the occupied Palestinian territories and to take action to implement the provisions of international instruments, the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international humanitarian law, particularly the Fourth Geneva Convention.
The Kingdom of Bahrain further adjures all the other parties to honour their commitments under the international terms of reference. In that regard, we trust that the United States of America, as the sponsor of the direct negotiations, will conclude its endeavours to make a success of the peace process and surmount all the obstacles to achieving a just and lasting peace on the basis of a two-State solution. Bahrain greatly appreciates the historic commitment and sustained efforts exerted by President Barack Obama and his administration with a view to advancing the peace process in the Middle East and bringing together Palestine and Israel in direct negotiations to end this long-standing struggle. Such great efforts require the full commitment and sustained support of all the parties, in addition to the taking of practical steps that will open the doors to coexistence and guarantee a high level of communication, enabling each party to reassure the other that they will be able to coexist in the region as neighbours rather than as enemies who will seek to destroy each other. The Arab Peace Initiative is the ideal model for such coexistence; an initiative to the provisions of which all are committed in a genuine desire for true peace.
Finally, I have the honour to convey all very best wishes to the fraternal Palestinian people in its struggle and assure it of the solidarity of the Government and people of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Once again, we affirm our staunch commitment to a just, comprehensive and peaceful resolution of the Middle East problem that will enable all its peoples and, in particular, the Palestinian people, to plan a promising future in which all will enjoy security, peace and well-being.
Bangladesh joins the international community on the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, in reaffirming its commitment for the realization of an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine living side-by-side and in peace with all its neighbours. On this day the people and the Government of Bangladesh reiterate our unwavering solidarity with the just and legitimate struggle of the people of Palestine for their self-determination and Statehood.
The Palestinian people have been subjected to gross injustice and flagrant violation of human rights. The Palestine crisis has been one of the saddest episodes in the history of mankind and remains a source of contention and violence in the Middle East even after 63 years since its genesis. It is a matter of deep regret that despite several peace initiatives for a comprehensive solution to the Middle-East crisis, the loss of innocent lives and immeasurable sufferings continue unabated in the region and the Palestinian people still struggle for their inalienable right to self-determination while a free and independent Palestinian homeland remains illusive.
Bangladesh, standing firm in its constitutional commitment to support oppressed people around the world, has consistently supported the right cause of self-determination of the Palestinian people. We condemn the attacks on the Palestinian people in Gaza and the West Bank and the deaths of innocent Palestinians, including women and children. There is no pretext that can justify killings of innocent civilians or the breach of international humanitarian laws and human rights standards.
Bangladesh wants to see Palestine as a sovereign State with a recognized border, living side by side in peace with Israel. We welcome in this regard, multilateral initiatives, particularly the relevant Security Council resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the efforts made by the UN Quartet. The biggest challenge to peace in the Middle East is the absence of a conducive environment of trust and confidence. We hope that parties involved will demonstrate sincerity in transforming the vision of “two states” into a reality. On this International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, we call upon the international community to take serious steps in alleviating the plight of our Palestinian brethren, revive the peace process and allow global values of mutual respect, human rights, harmonious coexistence of nations and peaceful resolution of disputes to prevail in the Middle East.
On the celebration of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, the Brazilian Government reiterates its full support to the struggle of the Palestinian people to fulfill their legitimate aspiration to self-determination.
We commend the steps taken by the Palestinian National Authority, following Prime Minister Fayyad’s Plan, to build institutional capacity and set the grounds for a viable Palestinian State. The assessment by the World Bank confirming that recent economic reforms contribute to reaching this goal invites for greater international support and engagement.
Dialogue is the only way to reach a just and comprehensive agreement. That is why we have fully supported the resumption of negotiations to end the conflict and reach a two-state solution in a one-year time frame, based on United Nations resolutions, the Madrid terms of reference, the Road Map and all previous agreements. The outcome of any negotiation should take into account the need for the full exercise of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people.
In order to create the conditions for the peace process to be preserved and yield satisfactory results, Israel must suspend all settlement activity in the West Bank and East Jerusalem as its legal obligation under international law and as a major contribution to peace in the region.
Palestinian reconciliation is also indispensable. We hope concrete progress will be made soon. We commend Egypt for its longstanding efforts.
It is also key that all concerned avoid all acts of violence or provocation. In this regard, rocket-firing, air strikes, evictions, demolitions and raids must stop immediately. Not only they impose unacceptable human sacrifice and material losses, but they also threaten a fragile political process.
Brazil has always been ready to help the parties to strengthen dialogue and build confidence to achieve a fair and durable peace. By the end of July, the Minister of External Relations of Brazil had paid five visits to the Occupied Palestinian Territories. We will continue to pay close attention to the region and be available to assist the parties, if they so wish.
The situation in Gaza remains unacceptable. We welcome the Israeli decision to ease the blockade and to authorize reconstruction projects, including those financed by Brazil in conjunction with India and South Africa. Much more is needed, however. The blockade is a violation of international law and should be lifted entirely, without prejudice to Israel’s legitimate security concerns.
Last July, Brazil fulfilled its pledge made at the International Donors Conference of Sharm el-Sheikh and donated approximately $ 15 million for funding humanitarian projects in Gaza through United Nations agencies, in the context of our evolving cooperation with the Palestinian people. Brazil will continue to actively support all efforts to bring just and lasting peace to Palestine.
The Government and People of Brunei Darussalam join me on this special day in expressing our deepest respect for the Palestinian people and our lasting support in their continued struggle for peace, security and justice and, above all, their own, independent State.
Once again, as members of the United Nations, this International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People reminds us that the promise of these inalienable rights is unfulfilled after well over half a century.
At the same time, however, we have been encouraged over the past year by positive efforts being made by the international community of nations, especially its most influential members, to resolve this regrettable situation.
We express our appreciation to the members of the international Quartet, both collectively and individually, and to the Governments most immediately involved in the region, for their ongoing work to ensure progress in the peace process and the establishment of a two-State solution.
We also thank the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East for the lead they have taken in helping improve the lives of Palestinians, both exiled and in the Occupied Territories.
To this, we add our acknowledgement of the invaluable work of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People in promoting international support for their cause and their right to self-determination.
In doing so, we pledge our continued support for all international efforts to bring an end to the suffering of Palestine and a new beginning for its people.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I would like to extend, on behalf of the Chinese Government, warm congratulations to the commemorative meeting.
The question of Palestine is at the centre of the Middle East issue. The Chinese Government consistently and firmly supports the Palestinian people in their just cause of restoring the lawful national rights and interests and supports the efforts to push forward the Middle East peace process. The peace talks between Palestine and Israel are now in a crucial period. We hope that both sides will stick to the path of peace talks, take positive and constructive steps, and avoid any disruption to the talks. We hope the two sides will cooperate with the international community in its efforts for peace and continue to advance the negotiation process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions and the principle of “land for peace” so that an independent Palestinian State with full sovereignty will eventually be established and the two states of Palestine and Israel will live side by side in peace.
Early resolution of the question of Palestine is a common aspiration of people in the Middle East and the entire international community. As a permanent member of the Security Council, China will continue to support the United Nations in playing an important role in resolving the Middle East issue. We will work tirelessly with the rest of the international community towards the just settlement of the question of Palestine and towards peace, stability and development in the Middle East.
I extend warm greetings to you and to the friendly people of Palestine on the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
I take this opportunity to reaffirm firm solidarity of our people with the Palestinian people in their just cause to regain their legitimate national rights, including the right to self-determination and return home as well as the right to establishment of an independent state with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital.
The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People is being held this year at a critical time, when the situation in Palestine still gives cause for serious concern as a result of Israel’s continuing aggression against the Palestinian people and its attempts to undermine peace initiatives and implement unilateral measures and plans, with a view to imposing an unlawful unilateral solution.
On behalf of the Government and the people of Guinea, I would like, on this important occasion, to reaffirm our commitment to the principled positions outlined in the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions, and in the declarations on Palestine adopted by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People.
In that regard, I urge the international community to intensify its efforts to support a true peace process and ensure that the negotiations between the parties on all aspects of the peace process are resumed and that progress is made with a view to reaching a comprehensive, just, durable and peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a whole.
The Republic of Guinea reiterates its complete solidarity with the historic struggle of the fraternal people of Palestine, under the wise and courageous leadership of President Mahmoud Abbas, for the establishment of an independent State of Palestine encompassing all the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967, with East Jerusalem as its capital.
Lastly, I address warm congratulations to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for its perseverance and unwavering commitment to the realization of the legitimate national rights of the Palestinian people.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I reaffirm India’s unwavering support for the Palestinian people’s struggle for a sovereign, independent, viable and united State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel as endorsed in the Arab Peace Initiative, Quartet Road map and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions.
India’s solidarity with Palestine’s struggle for the realization of its fundamental rights is an article of faith for us and enjoys national consensus in India. India has and will always support the Palestinian people in their pursuit of legitimate goals and quest for development based on dignity and self-reliance. Towards this objective, India extended further budgetary support of $10 million to the Palestine National Authority earlier this year, in addition to a similar contribution last year, to assist in their work of reconstruction and development.
India welcomes the “direct talks” between Israel and Palestine and reiterates its full support for efforts to achieve a durable, comprehensive and just settlement. We sincerely hope that the talks and negotiations would lead to a comprehensive peace process for final resolution of the Middle East conflict.
I take this opportunity to convey my best wishes and greetings to the friendly people of Palestine.
It is my great pleasure, on behalf of the people and the Government of Indonesia, to send my warmest greetings to all our Palestinian brothers and sisters today, on this solemn occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People.
Every year, member of the international community pause on this day to express their solidarity with the Palestinians.
This is the only occasion of this nature, set aside by the United Nations to remember Palestinians, and stand with them. Indonesia is proud to express this solidarity not just because the day has been so set aside, but because the people of our entire archipelago completely believe in the cause of every Palestinian.
This is a 60-year old cause, and 60 years is a very long time for a people whose land is occupied by ruthless and hostile adversary.
This year, however, this message comes with extra energy because it is a period of hope. We believe that, finally, there is light at the end of the tunnel.
Indonesians heartily support these talks and encourage the commitment of both parties. I take this opportunity, once again, to express the full and unwavering support of all Indonesians to the Palestinians throughout this process.
I express the unequivocal solidarity of all Indonesians to the Palestinian people in their legitimate quest for the full realization of their inalienable rights, including their right to self-determination and an independent and sovereign State of Palestine.
We believe in the prospect and viability of the two-States solution, and that an independent Palestinian State, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel is an evitable conclusion. Success in the Palestine-Israel track also of strategic significance as it will provide a firm basis for the effort to resolve the other problems in the Middle East.
Direct talks finally began between our Palestinian brothers and the Israelis in September 2010.
However, there have been setbacks in the direct talks. But these must be kept within the realm of the expected. The conflict is ages old and complicated. We must exercise the patience and wisdom necessary to win the peace.
It is my honour, therefore, to take advantage of this International Day of Solidarity to call upon members of the international community, particularly the Quartet, to close ranks and work diligently to ensure that this historic opportunity leads to historic success.
Indonesia also urges Palestinians to work together to ensure that they achieve their objectives at the direct talks.
I wish to remind every Palestinian man, woman and child that Indonesia is solidly behind them, and will work with members of the international community to ensure their interest stay protected.
The question of Palestine, which has considerable and international aspects, should not be viewed as a uniquely Arabic, Islamic or regional issue. It is rather a human issue with enormous international dimensions. The widespread reactions on the part of elites, politicians, thinkers and all freedom-loving human beings towards the grievous situation in which the Palestinian people live attests to this reality. The occupation of Palestine and the displacement of its people do not amount only to depriving them from their basic and legitimate rights; it is also the violation of all lofty human values and the disregard of rationality, logic and conscience of all humanity.
The Middle Eastern crisis and the lingering Palestinian question is one of the most complicated international issues, and thus far it has had grave consequences for peace and international security. In this process not only the Palestinian people but also all other Middle Eastern peoples have been adversely affected by the ongoing situation and by the expansionist, warmongering and inhumane policies adopted by the Zionist regime.
It is obvious that in the light of the occurring developments during the past six decades, there is no need to busying oneself with tying to provide evidence about the oppression of the Palestinian people and their depriving from all basic rights, including the right to self-determination, independence, national sovereignty and the enjoyment of an optimal life in their ancestral land. Thus, the most important priority and duty of the international community is to address the causes underlying the continuation of this situation and to make serious efforts to remove the impediments in the way of finding a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Palestinian question.
One of these major impediments consists of the persistence of certain powers and those who designed the establishment of the Zionist regime in the continuation of their colonialist and biased policies in the region. In the past 60 years, they did not spare any effort to support these inhumane and illegitimate policies. The measures taken by those powers in the framework of international forums, especially in the Security Council, using the veto power, has not only made the Zionist regime more presumptuous in continuing with its inhumane and illegitimate policy and ignoring all international laws and regulations, but have also barred any logical or fair action aimed at resolving the crisis.
To shed light on this bitter reality, it is sufficient to review the approach taken by these powers towards the Zionist attack on the flotilla for freedom that carried humanitarian assistance. What these powers did in this respect cast doubt on their claims over issues such as human rights, democracy and abiding by international law. All the above have led the elite, freedom-loving nations and world public opinion to distrust these powers and lose hope about their initiatives and ideas for resolving the Palestinian question.
The establishment of the fabricated Zionist regime, the expansionist and occupying policies of the regime, its continual crime and the support of some powers and, regrettably, the passive approach of some other countries towards these problems are among the roots of the Palestinian question and the Middle Eastern crisis.
The Islamic Republic of Iran believes that it is impossible to resolve the Palestinian question unless the legitimate demands of the Palestinians, especially their right to exercising their national sovereignty, is recognized. In our view, any plan or initiative should draw on the above important principles and the reality as well as the experience accumulated in the past 60 years. We believe that holding a free election with the participation of the inhabitants of Palestine, be they Muslims, Christians or Jews, and the Palestinian refugees is the best way to realize the above goal. It is obvious that the international community, through the United Nations, can play an effective and major part in furthering this idea for resolving the Palestinian question and bringing the Middle Eastern crisis to an end.
On the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, we take pleasure in conveying to you and your esteemed Committee our thanks and esteem for the sustained and urgent endeavours which you exert in defence of the inalienable rights of the fraternal Palestinian people. Foremost among those rights is the right to self-determination and the establishment of an independent, viable sovereign State on the national soil of Palestine, which has had a profound impact on garnering international support for the Palestinian people and its just cause.
The Committee has succeeded over long decades in keeping the issue of Palestine, which is central to the struggle in the Middle East, alive on the international stage. It has also drawn the attention of the world to the extent of the suffering of the Palestinian people, the disastrous economic and social conditions in which it exists and the huge injustice that is the consequence of the continuing Israeli occupation, which conflicts with every humanitarian value.
The harsh living conditions and ever-worsening humanitarian ordeal that are endured by the Palestinian people, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which have exacerbated poverty, hunger, frustration and despair, must be alleviated by immediate and serious action. The siege must be lifted and the humanitarian disaster that is taking place there must end. The Jordanians continue to provide all types of support to our brothers the Palestinians, and will continue to take all possible courses of action, in various international gatherings, to draw the attention of the world to the extent of their suffering.
The activities and conferences with which the Committee was involved in 2010 have been instrumental in maintaining the rights of the Palestinian people as a leading priority and concern of the international community, and in focusing the interest of Governments, international governmental organizations, civil society organizations and the media on the urgent need to resolve the Palestinian-Israeli struggle and realize the aspirations of the Palestinian people to establish an independent State on national soil.
The Committee has proved its effectiveness and capacity for employing international endeavours within the United Nations to expose Israeli settlement policies, violations and acts of aggression against the Palestinian people, as well as the tyrannical and aggressive measures undertaken by Israel, including the demolition of homes, the destruction of infrastructure, excavations under the sacred Al-Aqsa mosque and the continual endeavour to Judaize Palestinian areas, particularly in East Jerusalem, which is being emptied of its Muslim and Christian Arab population.
Against that background, we value the activities of the esteemed Committee, which has extended contacts with parliaments with a view to urging Governments to take the steps that are essential to end the struggle on the basis of the two-State solution, which enjoys universal support, and to provide the assistance that is needed by the Palestinian people in order to alleviate the suffering that it must endure.
The two-State solution, which guarantees the establishment of an independent Palestinian State that will live in security and peace beside Israel, is the only way to end the Palestinian-Israeli struggle and ensure comprehensive regional peace. Redoubled efforts are required in order to overcome the obstacles to the resumption of direct Palestinian-Israeli negotiations, which will mandate the cessation of all unilateral Israeli measures and, in particular, the continued building of settlements.
Failure to conclude a comprehensive and just peace will pose a challenge to international security and stability and drag the region into a bottomless pit. The international community must therefore combine efforts to create an environment in which the negotiations can be resumed. Those negotiations must address all the final status issues and, in particular, the issues of Jerusalem, borders and the refugees, on the basis of United Nations resolutions and the accepted terms of reference.
Today, we once again reiterate our call for an end to the struggle, and for the Palestinian people to be empowered to establish its independent, viable State on the Palestinian territory that was occupied in 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital. That State should be established within a specific time frame and on the basis of the accepted terms of reference and, in particular, the Arab Peace Initiative, which reflects the harmonized Arab position with regard to the realization of a comprehensive and lasting peace that will guarantee true security and stability in the region.
The time has come to halt the injustice and abuses to which the fraternal Palestinian people is subjected, and to empower that people to exercise its natural and basic right to self-determination and establish independence on its national territory. Israel must make genuine moves towards peace and undertake meaningful and effective negotiations that build on what has already been achieved.
We congratulate you on your noble endeavours and trust that you will continue to gather international support for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people and for efforts to establish peace in the Middle East by finding a just and lasting solution to the Palestinian question.
In conclusion, we greatly appreciate the constructive efforts of the Committee and wish you every success in achieving the worthy goals to which we all aspire.
As the world community commemorates the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic takes this opportunity to pay tribute to the oppressed people of Palestine and reiterates its consistent and firm support for the just and legitimate struggle to recover their inalienable rights, above all, the rights to self-determination and the establishment of an independent and sovereign State on Palestinian soil.
Today’s observance underlines the importance and urgency of finding a solution to the question of Palestine and of addressing the plight of the Palestinian people who live though tremendous suffering and humiliation. It is with grave concern to witness the volatile situation on the ground throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip exacerbated by the continued imposition by Israel of a severe blockade on the territory, obstructing movement of persons and goods.
In this regard, we join the international community in calling upon Israel, the occupying Power, to cease its unlawful colonization in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, place a complete and indefinite freeze on all settlements activities and respond favourably and in good faith to the international consensus in this respect, in order to pave the way for an environment conducive to the pursuit of peace, which salvages the prospects of achieving a two-State solution, as enshrined in the Security Council resolutions and other relevant United Nations resolutions.
The Lao People’s Democratic Republic reaffirms its longstanding solidarity and unwavering support for the just cause of the Palestinian people in realizing their fundamental rights and achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the region to through the implementation of the Quartet’s Road Map, which envisages a sovereign, independent and viable State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital, living in peace with the State of Israel, within secure and internationally recognized borders.
On this auspicious occasion, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic would like to wish the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People every success in its noble endeavour.
For almost half a century, the international community had struggled to seek a solution that would peacefully end the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Malaysia, as a member of the international community, has continuously supported the efforts of the international community to find a just and lasting solution to the Question of Palestine, including the current direct peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine, facilitated by the United States of America. However, the hostile signals from Israel, negative statements by its leaders and unproductive actions of the State in encouraging illegal settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territories, among others, have jeopardized this process, thus bringing all parties, including the international community, further away from the ultimate goal of peace.
Malaysia is baffled that although Israel agrees to a two-State solution, the illegal Israeli settlements continue to be constructed in the occupied Palestinian territories of West Bank and in East Jerusalem. In the interest of justice and fair-play, we call upon the international community, especially the members of the Quartet, to urge Israel to cease all settlement building activities in the occupied Palestinian territories. For peace to be permanent, all parties must demonstrate honesty and sincerity, in order for a just and lasting peace to prevail in Palestine and in the Middle East, based on the two-State solution. Words must be matched with actions to reflect this genuine desire.
Let there be no doubt that this protracted illegal occupation of Palestine has led the younger generations of people across the globe to radicalism and extremism, which has negatively affected global peace. All parties should seize the opportunity for peace presented at this moment of time, as failure to do so would have serious consequences, not only for the Middle East, but the world at large.
As a responsible member of the international community, Malaysia is also deeply concerned with the humanitarian situation in the occupied Palestinian territories, including Gaza. The international community must not forego its moral obligation to ensure that Israel completely lifts the illegal blockade on Gaza, which is a form of collective punishment and is in clear violation of international law, including international humanitarian law.
Israel must show genuine and honest desire at finding a just and lasting solution to the question of Palestine, based on the two-State solution. All parties must honestly fulfil their obligations in order to ensure that this peace process would bring to an end the suffering of the Palestinians. Towards that end, Malaysia stands ready to contribute in any way it can, as it has demonstrated over the past 40 years.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, it gives me great pleasure to say how much I appreciate your untiring efforts and those of the esteemed Committee members to defend the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, especially their right to establish an independent Palestinian state, with East Jerusalem as its capital.
Throughout the various developments of the Palestinian issue, the Committee has shown its unswerving commitment as well as its continued support for the international community’s serious efforts to alleviate the suffering of our Palestinian brothers and defend their legitimate rights. This has earned your Committee great respect from freedom and peace advocates, supporters of justice and legitimacy and all those who are sympathetic to this just cause.
I should like to commend your Committee on including in this year’s programme of action such important activities as the Committee’s African meeting, which the Kingdom of Morocco had the honour to host last July. This meeting has had a positive impact in terms of sensitizing influential international actors about the need to end the conflict in the region and to press ahead with efforts to achieve the desired goal of bringing about peace on the basis of a two-state solution, so that the Palestinian people may establish their own viable, independent state in Palestinian territories occupied in 1967, in accordance with a specific time frame and in keeping with the principles and resolutions of international legitimacy.
In view of the current crucial situation, which is the result of the Israeli Government’s persistent policy of building settlements and Judaization, its fait accompli tactics and its denial of the Palestinian people’s historic, legitimate rights, I call upon the international community to shoulder its responsibilities and to compel Israel to stop resorting to unilateral practices, give peace a chance and pave the way for serious international efforts aimed at finding a just, lasting and comprehensive solution to the Palestinian question.
As Chairman of the Al-Quds Committee, I shall spare no effort to pursue the action designed to save the holy city and to preserve its character as well as its religious and cultural heritage. I call on all the stakeholders who are committed to peace to step up efforts in order to oblige Israel to cease its aggressive policies as well as its settlement and expansion projects which, as everyone knows, constitute the most serious hurdle to clear before serious, constructive negotiations can be launched.
I take this opportunity to reaffirm my strong, unswerving support for the Palestinian National Authority, under the leadership of President Mahmoud Abbas. I call on all our Palestinian brothers to strive to preserve national Palestinian unity and enhance their ability to make their own decisions so that they may fulfil the legitimate aspiration of the Palestinian people for independence and the achievement of sovereignty.
I should like to reiterate my sincere appreciation for your constructive efforts to uphold the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people and achieve peace in the Middle East by working to find a just, lasting solution to the Palestinian question. I assure you of my constant support to help you attain your lofty goals and pray that Almighty God grant you continued success.
It is my sincere pleasure to once again express to you, on behalf of the Government and people of the Republic of Namibia, and indeed on my own behalf, warm greetings on this important observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
The Government and people of Namibia wish to reiterate to the people of Palestine the assurance of our unwavering support and solidarity. We encourage the Palestine people to persevere and to stand firm in their pursuit of theft inalienable right to self-determination, in keeping with relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council.
Namibia is concerned about the lack of progress in the negotiations on the Question of Palestine. The United Nations has a historic responsibility towards the people of Palestine. We, therefore, call for the immediate implementation without further delay of all United Nations resolutions on Palestine and the establishment of an independent State of Palestine, living side by side with Israel.
The Philippines joins the international community in the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
We support Palestinian’s quest for self-rule and self-determination, including the establishment of a Palestinian homeland.
The Philippines welcomes the resumption of direct talks between the Palestinian Authority and the State of Israel, and looks forward to a breakthrough in the peace process between Israel and Palestine soon.
We hope that one day an independent and prosperous Palestinian State may live side by side in peace and security with its neighbours.
The Philippines congratulates the Palestinian people on this auspicious day.
Notwithstanding the best efforts of the international community, including those exerted by the Quartet and the States sponsors of the peace process, to move that process forward, which initially led to the proximity talks and then the resumption of the direct negotiations between the Palestinian and Israeli sides, Israel has proved intransigent and continues to build settlements and to ignore international calls for such activity to cease in order to allow the negotiations to proceed. As a result, no significant progress has yet been made. While the Arab States have demonstrated a genuine desire for peace and for the creation of an environment conducive to peace negotiations, there has been no response from the Israeli side.
In September 2009, Qatar, on behalf of the Arab States, addressed a communication to the American intermediary in which guarantees were requested from the Israeli side that would enable those States to maintain their stance. More than one year later, the intransigence of the Government of Israel which is obvious to the whole world, has recently obstructed the negotiations. That Government continues to pursue its policy of building illegal settlements on occupied Palestinian territory and in the occupied Syrian Golan, in defiance of the international community and of the request made by the Ministerial Council for the Arab Peace Initiative in its statements, the most recent of which was the statement made at its meeting on 8 October 2010, over which Qatar presided in the Libyan city of Sirte, prior to the Arab special summit.
Qatar has repeatedly stressed that peace in the Middle East, based on the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map, is a strategic choice. We underline that Israel’s persistent rejection of both peace and the establishment of a Palestinian State on all the Palestinian territory that has been occupied since 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital, does not further opportunities for achieving a lasting and comprehensive peace in the Middle East. Nor does it serve the interests of Israel itself or international security and peace.
Qatar will continue to provide the fraternal Palestinian people with material and political support, and in cooperation with the international community, will exert every effort to ensure that it may exercise its legitimate national rights.
I congratulate you on the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
On this auspicious day I would like to reiterate our continued support for the indisputable right of the Palestinians to establish an independent and viable State. I believe that this step will become a stabilizing factor in the region and that it will contribute to peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial cooperation with all countries and peoples.
I highly esteem your resolute intention to continue the peace process in order to find ways to attain a final settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict based on the universally recognized international legal basis. At the present stage, which is key to the peace process, we call upon the parties to continue the dialogue to achieve agreement on all final status issues, both bilaterally and within the work of the Quartet of international mediators, without prejudging the outcome of negotiations unilaterally.
We intend to continue to exert all efforts to establish lasting peace and security in the Middle East. We will keep providing to the Palestinian National Authority our comprehensive assistance in forming its state structures and in addressing topical social and economic problems. I wish you, Mr. Abbas, success in your work, and wish the entire Palestinian people a future of peace, prosperity and welfare in their native land.
The celebration of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November 2010 gives me the opportunity, on behalf of our Committee and on my own behalf, to reiterate our unwavering support for the Palestinian people and their leaders in their just and legitimate demand for the creation of a viable, independent and sovereign Palestinian State, with East Jerusalem as its capital.
The fact that our Committee is meeting, once again, to commemorate this International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian people is a reminder to the whole international community that the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab- Israeli conflict, remains, to our profound regret, unresolved.
Indeed, since last year’s commemoration, the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has even deteriorated.
The facts, although they are unfortunately not exhaustive, testify to this.
In East Jerusalem, the occupying Power has demolished many Palestinian homes and thrown out the homeowners.
The Government of Israel’s decision in February to list the Ibrahimi Mosque (Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi) and the Bilal Mosque (Masjid Bilal) as part of Israel’s national heritage illustrates its determination to erase the multi-faith heritage of these holy sites, which are shared by the three revealed religions.
Lastly, how can we forget the Israeli army’s deadly attack last May on a civilian flotilla carrying humanitarian aid to Gaza?
These regrettable developments are compounded by the illegal Israeli practices in the occupied Arab territories, including the ever-increasing pace of settlement construction in the West Bank, collective punishments, the disproportionate use of force, the destruction of civilian infrastructure, the blockade on the Gaza Strip and other hindrances to the daily lives of the people, including in the critical area of health.
I am gravely concerned by these repeated violations of international humanitarian law.
I must also reiterate our frustration and disappointment over the deadlock in the peace talks only a few weeks after they had been resumed, precisely because of the Israeli Government’s refusal to freeze settlement activities.
Nobody can truthfully be unaware that the issue of land is a key element of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Therefore, the continuing construction of settlements is inconsistent with a viable peace process.
That is why I once again urge the Israeli Government, the occupying Power, to choose peace by lifting the blockade imposed on the Gaza Strip and freezing the construction of settlements on Palestinian land in order to create conditions conducive to negotiation.
Since violence, by whomsoever committed and in whatever form, is not acceptable, force alone can neither create the law nor legitimize facts on the ground.
The right choice, the courageous choice, is the choice of peace and security for all.
To choose the path of peace and security for all is to understand and accept that the prospect of a normal life, devoid of the grip of fear, can only come to pass for all the peoples of the region, including of course the Israeli people, if a peaceful, just and lasting solution is found to the question of Palestine.
That is why, no matter what obstacles crop up along the road to peace, our Committee should neither be discouraged nor give up.
Our mandate from the General Assembly and the inherent right of peoples to live in freedom should renew our sense of purpose in pursuit of our mission until such time as the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people are fully realized.
In support of this just cause, I trust that each and every member of our Committee will remain collectively dedicated to our common undertaking.
On behalf of the Government and people of South Africa, I extend warm greetings to all Palestinians and to the Palestinian leadership on the occasion of the thirty-third anniversary of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.
On this day, the international community, including South Africa, reaffirms its commitment to the Palestinian people and their struggle for liberation and self-determination. It is also a day on which world attention is focused on the Middle East peace process.
This year has been a year of turbulent developments in the Middle East, as the international community and Palestinian leadership have grappled with developments in the region, exacerbated by the polices of Israel and their continued lack of commitment to honour international agreements on the Palestinian question.
South Africa commends the recent efforts of the United States, the Quartet, Egypt and Jordan to restart direct consultations between Israel and the Palestinian leadership. When the peace talks were resumed in September 2010, there was a sense of quiet optimism that real progress could be made towards the establishment of a viable Palestinian State along the lines of agreements and commitments undertaken by both parties, including the Oslo Peace Accords and the Quartet Road Map. However, when the limited 10-month moratorium on settlement expansion instituted by Israel was not renewed on 26 September 2010, it led to a break down in the talks between Israel and the Palestinian Government of President Mahmoud Abbas. This action on the part of Israel was at the time condemned by the international community, including the Arab world, the Quartet and South Africa.
South Africa notes that the Palestine National Authority has now brought the issue of settlement expansion to the Security Council, highlighting the continuous breeches to previously agreed upon commitments and accords by Israel, in violation of human rights and United Nations resolutions.
Now is the time for bold leadership decisions on both sides so as not to repeat mistakes of the past that have led to a situation of increased violence and reprisals by Palestinians and Israelis.
The people of South Africa have stood steadfast in support for the right of the Palestinian people for a State of their own. Our Government has consistently supported the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in line with the will of the international community, as set out in United Nations resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 465 (1980), 681 (1990), 1397 (2002) and 1515 (2003) and the Arab Peace Initiative. South Africa, together with the members of the Non-Aligned Movement, realizes that for as long as our brothers and sisters in the occupied Palestinian territories are not free, neither are we.
South Africa also continues to support the mediation efforts by the Arab countries and Egypt in particular, to achieve reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas and to bring about intra-Palestinian unity. The South African Government has also noted with interest the latest round of talks between Fatah and Hamas and it urges both parties to set aside their differences and to work tirelessly to unite the Palestinian people, as a divided Palestine only serves the interests of’ those forces for whom a peaceful and prosperous Palestine, existing in peace with its neighbours, inside internationally accepted borders, is not a possibility.
The South African Government’s clear position of support for the establishment of a viable Palestinian State is based on its firm belief that only a realistic two-State solution can bring lasting peace to the Middle East.
In 2011, South Africa takes its seat, as a non-permanent member of the Security Council, for a historic second time. The confidence shown by Africa and the international community in voting for South Africa, will serve as a guiding light during its tenure in the United Nations. The South Africa would like to assure the people of Palestine that finding a peaceful solution to the statehood of Palestine will be an issue of priority for South Africa during its time on the Council.
The South African Government will continue to pay close attention to the situation in the Middle East and will spare no effort to assist both Israelis and Palestinians to achieve the peace that both peoples aspire to. In this regard, South Africa has consistently pledged its support for a negotiated solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that is in line with international resolutions and initiatives.
On this important occasion to commemorate the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I wish to renew, on behalf of my Government and the people of Sri Lanka, our sincere and unwavering support fox the just struggle of Palestinian people to achieve their inalienable rights, including their right to statehood.
I have personally associated myself with the Palestinian cause for over 30 years, and it is my conviction that the Palestinians have been denied their basic rights for far too long. It is in the mutual benefits of both Israel and Palestine that proximity talks should recommence without further delay. We therefore take this opportunity to earnestly request for utmost restraint and the cessation of all provocations to ensure the re-establishment of trust and confidence among all parties. It is hoped that the pasties would continue to demonstrate leadership and political courage and keep open the door to peace, the dream of the people of the region for decades.
It is peace in Palestine that can pave the way for a stable and peaceful Middle Eastern region. It is by securing the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including by creating an independent, self sustaining State of Palestine consistent with a negotiated comprehensive solution, that peace and security in the region could be ensured.
It is the continuing hope of Sri Lanka that this day would arrive soon.
On the occasion of the annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, the Royal Thai Government wishes to once again join the international community in reaffirming our solidarity with, and support for, the Palestinian people in their continued struggle for their basic freedoms and rights, especially their inalienable right to self- determination.
Thailand has closely followed the developments related to the Middle East peace process with great interest, as it is crucial for the peace and prosperity of the region and beyond. Thailand supports the international efforts to advance the peace process, on the basis of the two-State solution, the Quartet’s Road Map, relevant United Nations resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative. To that end, Thailand strongly hopes that all parties concerned would exert their utmost efforts to ensure that peace and stability will prevail in the Middle East for the benefit of the peoples in the region.
As a reflection of solidarity with the Palestinian people, the Royal Thai Government, on behalf of the Thai people, has, since 1978, provided financial assistance to the Palestinians through the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. In commemorating this annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, it is the hope and prayer of the Thai people that the dreams of the Palestinians will soon be realized and that lasting peace and stability will prevail in the Middle East.
Tunisia, in common with the whole international community, marks the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People and, on this occasion, affirms once more its firm and principled stance in support of the fraternal Palestinian people and its complete solidarity with that people in its legitimate struggle for the restoration of its national rights and the establishment of an independent State on its territory. Tunisia’s stance is based on its belief in law and justice and its attachment to the constituents of international legitimacy and principles of international law.
Tunisia expresses its deep concern with regard to the hostility shown by Israel towards international legitimacy and the basic terms of reference of the peace process, its continuing pursuit of its settlement policy, practices against the Palestinian people and attempts to obliterate the Arab and Islamic characteristics of the holy city of Jerusalem. Such practices merely increase impediments to the progress of the negotiations and demolish the very foundations of peace and stability in the region.
On this occasion, Tunisia reiterates its call to all the international parties to exert every effort to prevail upon Israel to halt settlement activity and remove all obstacles to the resumption of peace negotiations; and appeals to the international community and, in particular, parties with influence and the Quartet, to redouble efforts aimed at the resumption of those negotiations, with a view to bringing the Palestinian issue to a just, comprehensive and lasting conclusion that is based on international legitimacy, the central terms of reference of the peace process and the Arab Peace Initiative.
Tunisia also reiterates its call to the United Nations and the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People to continue efforts to make those rights materialize and redouble endeavours to attract the attention of the world to the tragic conditions in which the fraternal Palestinian people lives because of the continuing Israeli occupation and empower that people to realize its legitimate aspiration to live in freedom and dignity in its own State in an atmosphere of security and stability.
Tunisia further affirms its commitment to continue to contribute to the success of all efforts and initiatives to achieve a just and comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, which will support the security, stability and development of the peoples of the whole region.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I wish to once again reaffirm, on behalf of the Turkish people and on my own behalf, our support for the just cause of the Palestinian people.
Turkey is of the conviction that in order for a comprehensive, just and lasting peace to be established in the Middle East, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict must be resolved and the Palestinian people must as soon as possible be able to fully exercise their inalienable rights. In the period ahead, Turkey is determined to maintain its material, moral and political support for the alleviation of the difficult circumstances that our Palestinian sisters and brothers find themselves in.
As a country that has for long supported the solution of the Palestinian question in the context of two States living side by side within recognized borders and on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, the Road Map and the Arab Peace Initiative, Turkey attributes great importance to the continuation and increase of international efforts to ensure the realization of the just expectations of the Palestinian people.
While the resumption of direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians was welcomed, the suspension of these talks has been met with disappointment not only in Turkey but also in the international community. Taking this opportunity, I would like to emphasize that we commend the efforts of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People aimed at amplifying the voice and expectations of the Palestinian people in the international arena. Turkey hosted the successful Committee meeting in Istanbul in 2010 based on this understanding and has thus once again shown the importance we attach to the work of this United Nations body.
I reiterate our full support for the work of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People in defense of the just causes of the Palestinians and extend my sincere wishes for the happiness and prosperity of the Palestinian People.
On the occasion of commemorating the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I wish to reaffirm the support of the Government and people of the United Republic of Tanzania has given to the struggle of the Palestinian people to regain its inalienable rights.
This important day has continued to provide on opportunity for the international community to focus its attention on the fact that the question of Palestine is still unresolved and that the Palestinian people are yet to attain their inalienable rights as defined by the General Assembly.
The Palestinian cause is a fundamental one for us and it is therefore imperative that we continue supporting the steadfast Palestinian people so that they may achieve their legitimate right to an independent homeland living peacefully side by side with the State of Israel.
I would like to reiterate my full continued support for President Mahmoud Abbas and for the legitimate Palestinian Authority. I also wish to avail myself of this opportunity to call upon the international community to provide further financial, economic and humanitarian assistance in order to enable the Palestinian people to fulfil their legitimate aspirations.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I would like to extend to you and through you to the Palestinian people, greetings of solidarity and warmest congratulations.
Viet Nam has consistently supported the just cause of the struggle of the Palestinian people for their inalienable rights. Viet Nam is of the view that the Arab-Israeli conflict, of which the Palestinian question is the nucleus, can only be solved through peaceful negotiations aimed at a comprehensive and just solution on the basis of respecting the legitimate interests of all concerned parties, especially the fundamental rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to establish a State of Palestine in their homeland. Viet Nam supports all regional and international efforts that will bring the Middle East peace process forward and urges the concerned parties to work together to realize the achieved agreements, thus contributing to peace and stability in the region.
On this occasion, the Vietnamese Government and people reaffirm the strong support for the just cause and the fundamental rights of the Palestinian people. We firmly believe that the struggle of the Palestinian people with the support of the international community will achieve full victory.
The Government and people of the Republic of Ghana once again join the international community in expressing solidarity with the Palestinian people in the exercise of their inalienable rights in pursuit of an independent State of Palestine, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and relevant international human rights conventions.
The continued occupation of Palestinian territories is a gross violation that calls for renewed effort by the international community to ensure the respect of the rights of Palestinians by the Government of Israel and the attainment of just comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East.
To that end, Ghana continues to reiterate her commitment to a peaceful and negotiated settlement of the question of Palestine and it is our hope that peace talks aimed at advancing the peace process will resume without further delay.
On this occasion, may both sides be reminded of their utmost duty to their people and work towards a new era of stability, sustained economic growth and shared prosperity for all.
On the solemn occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, the Government and people of Guyana avail themselves of this opportunity to renew their unwavering solidarity with the Palestinian people in their just and legitimate struggle for the realization of their inalienable rights, including the right to a homeland and an independent state of their own. The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People provides the international community with yet another reminder that the tragedy surrounding the question of Palestine, as one of the oldest issues on the United Nations agenda, remains unresolved and that the Palestinian people continue to struggle after more than 60 years for the full exercise of their inalienable human rights, including the right to self-determination.
This year’s observance takes place against the background of renewed efforts in the search for a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The resumption, in September 2010, of direct negotiations between Palestine and Israel raised fresh hopes that the parties would be able to break new ground on the path to peace, a peace which has eluded the region for far too long and which has entailed a disastrous human cost borne primarily by the Palestinians. The Government of Guyana regrets that negotiations are now at an impasse, not least because of the Israeli refusal to halt the building of settlements on occupied Palestinian territory in violation of international law. Guyana supports ongoing diplomatic initiatives to address the existing impediments to the progress of these talks and we urge the 1aders of Israel and Palestine to exert all efforts to overcome obstacles to the peace process.
As this commemoration is being held, Palestinian men, women, and children continue to suffer unfathomable injustice and Guyana remains deeply concerned at the persistent violations of the most basic human rights of the Palestinian people. We call on Israel, as the occupying power, to honour its obligations under international law with respect to the people and territory under occupation. The decision by the Israeli Government to allow for some imports into Gaza is a positive step forward. Guyana reiterates its call for the full lifting of the blockade on Gaza to allow for the unimpeded flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and people.
The Government of Guyana expresses the hope that the peoples of Palestine and Israel will soon be able to live in peace and dignity within secure and internationally recognized borders. We reiterate our support for the efforts by the international community aimed at securing an end to the Israeli- Palestinian conflict and a just and lasting peace in the entire Middle East region in keeping with relevant United Nations resolutions.
On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian people, Nigeria is pleased to join members of the international community to express its strong support for the people of Palestine in their struggle for self-determination, justice and freedom.
The Government and people of the Federal Republic of Nigeria have always identified and shown solidarity with people who are fighting for their legitimate rights. This is a principled policy not determined or affected by geography, race or cultural considerations. Rather, Nigeria believes that injustice to any people anywhere is injustice to all. The people of Palestine can count on Nigeria’s unwavering support in their just struggle to become masters of their destiny. Their right to govern themselves, within a defined and secure territory, in accordance with United Nations resolution 242 (1967) is non-negotiable.
Experience has shown that the struggle for self-determination is not only a tortuous, long and drawn out process, it is also demanding and, at times, demoralizing. As expected, the Palestinian struggle has not been different. Nigeria therefore encourages the Palestinians to persevere in their cause just.
Today, the people of Palestine are not only under occupation, but under siege. Some are imprisoned while others remain scattered as refugees in other lands across the globe.
We urge the Palestinians to remain positive, for the long sought after solution is at hand. We look forward to welcoming the Republic of Palestine in due course as a full-fledged member of the United Nations, free from foreign occupation.
The Government and people of Nigeria wish you all the best in your just struggle for peace. We remain committed to your cause.
On this occasion, we would like to express our thanks for and appreciation of the efforts that the Committee exerts in defence of the rights of the Palestinian people with a view to empowering that people to exercise its inalienable rights, all of which have been affirmed by United Nations resolutions.
On the commemoration of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, we wish to commend your endeavours and support for recognition of the suffering endured by the Palestinian people as a consequence of the Israeli occupation. Oman’s participation in the observance of this day reflects its unchanging policy with regard to the Palestinian people. Oman has consistently demanded that a just and comprehensive solution should be found to the Palestinian question, thereby permitting the fraternal Palestinian people to live in dignity, security and peace, in common with every other people, within secure and internationally recognized borders, in accordance with the relevant international resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative.
Against that background, we once again affirm that the Middle East question remains one of Oman’s top priorities. Peace and security must be attained; a just and lasting solution must be found to the Palestinian issue; and Israel must withdraw from all occupied Palestinian territory, the Syrian Golan and the areas that it continues to occupy in South Lebanon.
There is no doubt that the violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law committed by the Israeli forces during the brutal onslaught on the Gaza Strip in “Operation Cast Lead” and the attack on the Gaza Freedom Flotilla, which they continue to commit, in addition to its policy of collective punishment of the people of Gaza, have demonstrated to the whole world that Israel does not want peace. Today, the international community is expressing its support for and solidarity with the exercise by the Palestinian people of its inalienable rights. It is also expressing its hope that the necessary pressure will be brought to bear on the occupying Power to abandon its policy of violence and make progress towards comprehensive peace.
The Government of Oman welcomes both the direct negotiations that were inaugurated in Washington, D.C. in September 2010 and the mature American stance that was announced on 23 September 2010 by President Obama during his address to the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. He said “when we come back here next year, we can have an agreement that will lead to a new member of the United Nations — an independent, sovereign state of Palestine, living in peace with Israel.” While we welcome that development, we also urge Israel to halt its settlement activity and make use of the international thrust in support of direct negotiations.
In conclusion, we acknowledge once again the efforts made by you and the Committee and affirm the full support of the Sultanate of Oman for the Palestinian people and for a just and comprehensive resolution of the Palestine issue on the basis of the relevant Security Council resolutions and the Arab Peace Initiative.
On this day 29 November 2010 which marks the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, I am pleased to convey on behalf of the Government and people of the Republic of Botswana this message of solidarity.
Botswana is resolute in her support for the Palestinian people in their quest to realize their inalienable right to self-determination and the pursuit of a peaceful, dignified, secure and stable existence.
It is in this light that Botswana reaffirms her belief in the applicability of the Charter of the United Nations, international law and relevant resolutions of the General Assembly in paving the way towards a sovereign Palestine.
Botswana is deeply concerned about the situation in the Middle East, including the Question of Palestine, and views the protracted disputes between the parties as a blemish in the conscience of the international community as well as a threat to international peace and security. Botswana remains steadfast in her support for the peaceful and amicable resolution of disputes relating to the future of the Palestinian people and therefore strongly encourages the ongoing efforts of the international community to achieve a negotiated settlement. There is room for both Israel and Palestine to co-exist as good friendly neighbours.
I have the honour to write to you on the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, to be observed on 29 November 2010.
By virtue of the ties of friendship and cooperation that exist between our peoples, allow me to reaffirm the solidarity of the Republic of Colombia with the Palestinian people and their leaders.
Colombia views the observance of this symbolic day as an opportunity to emphasize the need for dialogue as the best way to ensure harmony in the region. It reaffirms its commitment to finding a just, lasting and peaceful solution to the conflict in the Middle East, one that will allow the region to live in a favourable environment within secure and internationally recognized borders and will enable the Palestinian people to exercise their rights and achieve economic and social well-being.
On behalf of the Cuban people and Government, I am honored to write again to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, on the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, 29 November.
Allow me to reaffirm our solidarity with the Palestinian people and to reiterate the need to increase efforts to resolve, in a peaceful, just and comprehensive manner, the question of Palestine, including the situation of its refugees, in accordance with the rules and principles of international law and United Nations resolutions.
It is appropriate to reiterate our concern over the growing deterioration of the political, economic, social and humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory as a result of the ongoing illegal Israeli policies and practices, including serious violations of human rights and constant war crimes, which have caused the Palestinian people ever more suffering and hardships.
The construction and expansion of illegal settlements, the confiscation of Palestinian land, the continuing existence of the wall, the demographic alteration of the population, the demolition of houses, the excavations and the imposition of arbitrary and racist restrictions on movement around the Occupied Palestinian Territory, especially in and around East Jerusalem, are practices that must cease immediately.
In grave breach of international law and the objectives of the peace process, the occupying power continues the illegal construction of settlements and the wall in the West Bank, particularly in and around East Jerusalem. Israel also continues to demolish Palestinian houses and evict Palestinian families, as well as other actions of incitement, provocations and aggressions by extremist settlers against the Palestinian population and sacred sites. All this makes the current situation very volatile and dangerous.
The policy of illegal settlements and other colonization practices exercised by Israel prevent, in practical terms, the existence of a Palestinian State in the borders of 1967 and consequently the possibility of a fair solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This impact was evident when peace negotiations were suspended last October, as a consequence of the resumption of said settlements.
This is also an opportune time to reaffirm our demand for the immediate, total and unconditional lifting of the cruel and illegal blockade by Israel on the Gaza Strip, as well as for the opening of border crossings in order to allow the free movement of supplies from and to the Gaza Strip and permanent humanitarian access.
Restrictions on freedom of movement and the access of persons and goods, including humanitarian and medical supplies, make the recovery and reconstruction of the zone virtually impossible, and have further affected the already precarious living standards of the population.
We condemn the criminal attack, in international waters, perpetrated on May 2010 by the special forces of the Israeli Army against a peaceful flotilla of ships that was carrying humanitarian aid to the Palestinian people living in the Gaza Strip, resulting in the death and serious injures of various participants in the attack.
In such a significant date, it is essential to reaffirm the support that Cuba, along with the Non-Aligned Movement, has given to the fight of the Palestinian people for its inalienable rights. Cuba reiterates its unequivocal support to the cause of the Palestinian people, in its noble and legitimate aspiration to create a free, independent and sovereign Palestinian State, on the basis of the borders of 1967 and with East Jerusalem as its capital.
As I reiterate to you the decisive and warm support of the Cuban people and Government to the exercise of your important responsibilities as Chairman of the Committee, please accept the assurances of my highest and most distinguished consideration.
On behalf of the Government of Japan, I would like to express anew, on the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, my sincere hope for the realization of peace in the Middle East wherein a Palestinian State and Israel can co-exist in peace.
Japan is convinced that the two-State solution is the only path towards peace and prosperity in the region. Japan remains determined to continue to support President Abbas, and the Palestinian Authority under his leadership, that seek peaceful co-existence and mutual prosperity with Israel leading to a just and lasting peace. While highly appreciating the courageous decisions by Israel and the Palestinian Authority to re-launch their direct negotiations, Japan sincerely hopes that the suspended direct negotiations will be resumed immediately. Recently Japan issued a statement titled “Japan’s stance on the peace in the Middle East” in order to promote resolution of the final status issues through negotiations. In the statement, Japan reaffirms its stance that Israeli settlement activities in the West Bank, including in East Jerusalem, should be completely frozen.
With regard to conditions in the Gaza Strip, we are deeply concerned about the humanitarian situation, which has not shown improvement even nearly two years after the adoption of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009), and we continue to call for the full implementation of the resolution. At the same time, Japan calls on Hamas to abandon its policy of armed struggle against Israel and reaffirms its support for Egypt’s initiative towards reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas.
Japan is also determined to contribute to the capacity- and institution- building that is required to build a future, independent and viable Palestinian state. Japan is enhancing such assistance in cooperation with East Asian countries. In this fiscal year, Japan’s assistance to the Palestinians, including promotion of the “Corridor for Peace and Prosperity” initiative, will reach approximately 100 million dollars.
Japan will remain actively engaged in the international efforts to achieve a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East.
I take the opportunity afforded by the commemoration of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People to salute the great and steadfast Palestinian people which, throughout the long years of occupation and oppression, have not been diverted from its legitimate right to return to its land, exercise self-determination and establish an independent State on all its national territory.
No other people in the world has suffered the injustice to which the Palestinian people is subjected. It is the only people that has had to endure colonial settlement that is using every possible means to drive it from its land in order to establish there a racist State exclusively for Jews. It is the only people of which more than half its numbers are in refugee camps that lie only a few kilometres away from its own land. It is the only people whose resistance to occupation is described as terrorism, while the terrorism of the occupier is called self-defence. It is the only people whose rights are violated without opposition, because the aggressor is protected by the Security Council. The Council protects the occupying Power, which has perpetrated war crimes and crimes against humanity in respect of the Palestinian people.
The Libyan Arab Republic condemns the Israeli colonial settlement and all the measures taken by Israel against the Palestinian people in the occupied territories. We call upon the international community to revise its position and stand beside the Palestinian people by taking action to halt the killings, acts of terrorism, exemplary punishments and siege to which the Palestinians are being subjected by the occupying authorities. The Israeli entity must be brought to recognize the rights of the Palestinian people; the demolition of homes and appropriation of Palestinian lands must cease and the Palestinians must no longer be driven from their country.
We trust that the so-called peace process will not one day prove to be a mere waste of time and a means of empowering the Israeli entity to extend its authority over the whole of historical Palestine and to establish, exclusively for Jews, a racist State in which there are no Palestinians. The time has therefore come for the international community to declare its support for the proposal to establish a single, democratic State in historical Palestine, to which all the Palestine refugees may return and in which all Palestinians and Jews may live together in equality and mutual tolerance.
I take this opportunity to commend the efforts exerted by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and wish it every success in its undertakings.
On this International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, Madagascar would like to express its deep sympathy for the Palestinian people, who experience on a daily basis the violence of the struggle for the right to self-determination and peace, fundamental principles clearly expressed in the Charter of the United Nations.
The intensity of the current talks on the issue has generated considerable hope both among the parties directly concerned and within the international community. Palestinians need to resolve their differences in order to present a unified front in the negotiations with the State of Israel.
The resumption of the dialogue in Washington, D.C. last September is an encouraging sign.
In that regard, Madagascar urges the mediators and the parties not to give up in the face of the long and difficult negotiations. We believe that it is people who hold the key to the success of the peace process.
Sometimes, significant and painful concessions are the price of peace and mutual understanding.
Madagascar remains optimistic that a sustainable and lasting agreement can be reached that reconciles the existence of a Palestinian State with the security of Israel.
Lastly, we would like to pay tribute to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon, for his commitment to working tirelessly towards a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine.
As your esteemed Committee meets to mark the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, we wish to express our great appreciation of the role that you play in organizing this important occasion, which represents significant support for and solidarity with the Palestinian people in its just struggle for its legitimate right to establish, in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions, an independent, sovereign State, with Jerusalem as its capital.
As we observe this day, Israel continues to perpetrate the most repugnant violations and crimes against the Palestinian people and, indeed, all Arab peoples, by its continued occupation of territory by force, the expulsion of the original owners of the land, the imprisonment of thousands of innocent citizens, the demolition of homes, the Judaization of Jerusalem and the violation of holy places.
It is lamentable that all such Israeli practices take place in full view of the entire world and with the support of certain super powers, which has encouraged Israel to continue to flout the resolutions of international legitimacy and perpetrate its crimes.
In this context, we should like to refer to the recent decision by the Israeli Knesset to hold a referendum on withdrawal from the Syrian Golan and East Jerusalem that demonstrates contempt for international law and the position and wishes of the whole international community, which maintains its constant assertion that East Jerusalem and the Syrian Golan are occupied Arab territory and that Israel’s decision to annex them are null and void. This new measure by Israel affirms that it rejects the requirements for a just and comprehensive peace based on Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) and the principle of land for peace. The Syrian Arab Republic believes that this measure is for the benefit of those who continue to imagine that the current Government of Israel is interested in peace and, on the basis of that belief, shower it with benefits.
While we greatly appreciate the Committee and the important and effective role it plays, we believe that the endeavours exerted are powerless to provide the necessary support for the Palestinian people that would require urgent action on the part of the United Nations and the Security Council.
The actions undertaken by Israel not only imperil the Palestinian people and the States of the region, but also constitute a threat to international security and peace and undermine the United Nations and its resolutions, which should be solely responsible for stability and the maintenance of international stability and peace in the region and the world.
The Syrian Arab Republic reiterates its readiness to provide the support required by the Committee for the performance of its worthy task, and calls upon all the States in the world that believe in the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination to encourage the Committee in its duty of assisting the Palestinian people in its righteous struggle.
The candidate countries Turkey, Croatia 1 and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1, the countries of the stabilization and association process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Armenia align themselves with this message.
The European Union would like to reiterate its full support for current efforts being exerted to ensure the resumption of the Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations.
Continued direct negotiations between the parties on all final status issues, including borders, Jerusalem, refugees, security and water, respecting previous agreements and understandings, including the Road Map, currently represent the best way to achieve peace in the region. These direct negotiations should lead, within an agreed time frame, to a two-State solution with the State of Israel and an independent, democratic, contiguous and viable State of Palestine, living side by side in peace and security. The European Union will not recognize any changes to the pre-1967 borders, including with regard to Jerusalem, other than those agreed by the parties. The European Union calls on both parties to uphold previous commitments and to strive to create an environment conducive to a successful outcome.
To help the parties achieve the goal of a two-State solution is the most important way in which all actors of the international community can show their solidarity with the Palestinian people.
As stated on numerous occasions, the European Union will make every effort, along with its partners in the Quartet as well as Arab partners, to support current efforts for successful negotiations that lead to a framework agreement, which is in the interest of Israelis and Palestinians, the peoples of the region and the international community.
In particular, the European Union is the first aid donor to the Palestinian Authority and a crucial political and economic partner of all parties in the region. The European Union wishes to stress the crucial importance of the continuation of the building process for the Palestinian State, which the European Union will continue to actively support. The European Union reiterates that all efforts to achieve Palestinian reconciliation behind President Mahmoud Abbas must be accelerated.
The European Union and its Member States also show solidarity with the Palestinian people through their support of the activities of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency in the Near East (UNRWA). The European Union and its Member States remain UNRWA’s largest donor. In 2009, the European Union provided 175 million euros to the UNRWA regular budget. Moreover, the European Union and its Member States regularly make large contributions to the Agency’s special programmes and emergency appeals, and made additional efforts to alleviate its acute funding shortfalls at the end of 2009 and in 2010. This continued commitment by the European Union and its Member States to support generously the activities of UNRWA is a reflection of the Union’s commitment to the Palestinian People.
The European Union will continue to work with its partners within the Quartet, as well as with the other actors of the international community, to contribute to a comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The European Union will continue to provide political and financial support to this effect and. in so doing, will continue to support the Palestinian People in the pursuit of its legitimate aspirations.
As we meet here today to affirm the international community’s solidarity with the Palestinian people in their just struggle to regain their inalienable rights, I am pleased to express the deep appreciation of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and its Member States to the United Nations and its organs and committees for their role in promoting the Palestinian cause and for their constant support and backing of the Palestinian people in their just struggle to regain their inalienable national rights. I would like to highlight, in particular, the commendable efforts made by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and your outstanding efforts in this regard.
The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People comes this year at a time when the Palestinian cause is going through difficult times. Difficulties stem from the persisting of Israeli aggression, and its obstinacy in perpetrating its illegal practices, as well as creating de facto realities on the ground. Add to this its flagrant contravening of the tenets of international law and the terms of reference of the peace process.
The world has recently witnessed the Israeli attitude on the issue of settlement. Ignoring the international community’s demands and efforts to stop settlement activities in occupied lands, Israel, the occupying power, has persisted in defying international law and intensifying colonial settlement, and is indeed accelerating settlement-building in the West Bank and the occupied East Jerusalem. Adding insult to injury, Israel has encouraged settlers’ violence against Palestinians. This wave of violence has risen sharply this year and gone beyond killing and harming Palestinians to destroying their crops and uprooting thousands of olive trees. No other occupation force has ever done this before. This is an Israeli phenomenon par excellence.
At the same time, the Israeli violations of international law in occupied East Jerusalem have become more intense. Israeli authorities are conducting a systematic process of altering the historical Arab-Islamic identity of East Jerusalem through attempts to judaize it, denigrate its sanctities, tamper with its history and change its demographic composition in a flagrant violation of international law, international humanitarian law and the Fourth Geneva Convention.
On a parallel track, Israel continues to impose an unjust blockade on the Gaza Strip and to carry out blatant attacks on international relief caravans at sea, preventing them from delivering assistance to the besieged population of the Gaza Strip. At the same time, it prevents the entry of vital goods and the construction materials needed to rebuild what was demolished by its recent aggression, making thousands of Palestinian families homeless. Israeli persistence in its blockade requires the international community to act seriously not only to lift the unjust blockade imposed on the Gaza Strip, but also to bring Israel’s leaders and officers who are responsible for this blockade to international justice. Now is the time for international justice to prevail, and for Israel to comply with the will of the international community and respect the provisions of international law, which it has repeatedly violated by acting in total impunity as a State that is immune from any accountability.
The failure to find a just solution to the Palestinian cause as the core of the Middle East conflict perpetuates instability in the region and constitutes a threat to international peace and security. The international community should exert serious efforts to compel Israel to abide by the terms of reference of the peace process and to respect and implement the agreements and understandings reached in that regard.
In this connection, the Organization of the Islamic Conference believes that the success of the peace process in reaching the aspired goals depends on a number of criteria, foremost among which is ending colonial settlement activities, which is one of the key obligations that Israel must meet. Israel must also refrain from carrying out all unilateral acts aimed at imposing new realities on the ground and prejudicing the outcome of negotiations. Needless to say that peace talks are meaningless as long as Israel seeks to dictate the negotiations’ outcome. It is also evident that the success of negotiations is largely contingent upon the existence of a clear timetable, implementation mechanisms, credible international monitoring and the ability for fair intervention. It is necessary to recall here that the aspired viable solution must be founded on the resolutions of international legitimacy and the terms of reference of the peace process which was launched in Madrid and the by Arab Peace Initiative.
In conclusion, I reaffirm and reiterate the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Muslim world’s solidarity with the Palestinian people in their endeavour to regain their national inalienable rights, including their right of return, self-determination and the establishment of their independent Palestinian State on their national soil with East Jerusalem as its capital.
I wish your meeting success in meeting its noble ends.
Solidarity is the force that binds humanity together. It stretches beyond the boundaries of state, religion and kinship to take in all individuals, equal in dignity and respect. As the Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) reminds us, solidarity cannot be taken for granted. The defences of peace must be constructed in the minds of men and women. We must work every day to strengthen the intellectual and moral solidarity of humanity.
The International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People is an important opportunity to recall the shared values that bind us. It is also a moment to mark our support with the Palestinian people in their quest for a peaceful and prosperous future.
UNESCO is working in this direction. In the fields of education, the sciences, culture and communication and information, we are helping to lay the foundations that are necessary today for state-building and for a more peaceful, prosperous and sustainable future. All of our activities are driven by the goals to promote dialogue, to foster mutual understanding and to till the ground for peace.
UNESCO is working to protect and to promote the wealth of Palestinian cultural diversity. Culture is a source of identity, strength and development. In practice, this means that UNESCO is working to protect a number of major sites and monuments.
UNESCO is also committed to supporting the cultural expressions and cultural industries of the Palestinian people. Music, theatre and crafts are priorities in this respect, each contributing uniquely to deepening social cohesion and fostering economic development, especially in a context where cultural tourism is a rising vector of growth.
Support to the Palestinian education system is a core priority. Building a more peaceful and prosperous future starts with ensuring quality education for all today. This objective guides UNESCO’s activities in the area of teacher education and our assistance in developing systems to improve overall quality. UNESCO also supports educational planning and management in order to develop the skills and capacities necessary in this strategic area. The Organization is also active in supporting non-formal education through the work of its Non-Formal Education Supportive Centre.
These actions are expressions of UNESCO’s solidarity with the Palestinian people. Solidarity must be built, educated and fostered every day, on the basis of the principles of dignity, equality and mutual respect. These are the foundations for the dialogue and development necessary to strengthen peace and stability throughout the region.
Caritas supports vital services to vulnerable communities in Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza, as well throughout the region to insure that none are left behind. Our confederation persists with sustained solidarity efforts, including advocacy within the United Nations system in New York and Geneva. Our first and fundamental commitment is to recognize the human rights and dignity of the Palestinian people simultaneously with the search for a just peace and security for all.
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2019-04-20T15:05:44Z
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https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/eed216406b50bf6485256ce10072f637/13e19fdaec558581852578dc00611234?OpenDocument
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We are quite relaxed after the past few days as we have driven less than 130 kilometres in total. After breakfast, we go to Strahan and have a shower in the toilets by the waterfront.
At 10:05 am we head off to Queenstown and although we were there yesterday, we have to travel through to get to our future destinations and there is more to see as we approach from the other direction.
It is only 40 kilometres to Queenstown and it only takes 55 minutes. The road into the town has some amazing sights. The denuded hills are almost a Martian landscape. Queenstown was a major mining town for copper back in the late 1800s and early 1900s and the fumes from the copper smelter killed off all the vegetation. This led to very bad erosion. The vegetation is only now starting to recover, but I am pretty sure that the authorities are killing off any regrowth as the denuded landscape is now part of the physical attraction of Queenstown. I think that I agree with this, as strange as it seems.
Compared to Strahan, Queenstown is a bit mangy looking, not just because of the dead hills. We go looking again for a saucepan but without luck. We also need to wash some clothes etc as it has been a week since we did any. We discover that the laundromat has closed and the only one is in the caravan park.
There is a lookout almost in the centre of town called Spion Kopf Lookout and we go there and get a good view over the mine, town and of the surrounding hills. It also has an old cannon there that has an interesting story.
We need some supplies so we go to one of the supermarkets. We then go to Penghana House which was built in 1898 for the first General Manager of the Mt Lyell Mining and Railway cCompany, the mine owners in Queenstown. It is a beautiful looking home on the hill to the west but as it is an operating bed and breakfast, we can only look at it from outside. Quite a nice looking building.
We find the caravan park and what a shithouse place it is! Probably the worst caravan park I have ever seen. We sneak in and put on a load of washing (the most expensive of the trip).
It is almost lunch time so we head back into town as we have decided we want to have a hamburger. We purchase food and head back to the caravan park. The washing is now finished so we put it in the dryer and eat our lunch. The dryer needs more time so we read a bit. Even after two runs through the dryer, the clothes are still very damp. I tell Kelly that there is no point doing again (even if I did have more change) as the dryer is crap, like the caravan park. We head off.
At 1:25 pm we leave town and head east along the Lyell Highway. There is a very good lookout as you climb out of town that gives excellent views back over Queenstown. At the top of the hill, there is a road off the left that heads to the Iron Blow Open Cut mine. This was the original mine in the area, opened in 1893. The mine site is not much, but it is worth visiting as it gives good views of the current mine as well as the old mine town locations of Gormastown and Linda.
A bit further on at Lake Burbury we go to have a look at the water. There is a bit of a camping spot here as well.
We need some more firewood so we head down a track. There are more bee hives along here somewhere according to a sign but I find some good timber to cut. Kelly stays in the car while I collect it as there are bees all over the place.
About 40 kilometres out of Queenstown we come to the Collingwood River. It is just after 3:00 pm. There are two small camping areas here, one either side of the river. We look at both and decide to stay the night at the western one which is flatter and larger. It also is further from the bee hives which are only about 100 metres from the other spot (what the hell do National Parks think letting aparists keep bees so close to recreational areas!!!). There is a toilet here but unless you search, you would not even know as it is hidden up an overgrown track.
We are only metres from the river and the road. The river is quite nice and I collect some water so we can have a shower. The Collingwood runs into the Franklin River a few kilometres downstream. I put up a rope between two trees and we hang our still damp washing from it. It will take well into the evening for it to dry.
We will have a relaxing afternoon doing nothing but read a book.
As it is Valentines Day, I plan to cook a special roast dinner so I get a good fire going. We have the roast beef with some good Australian sparkling wine. I later discover that you are not supposed to have fires in this national park. This is contrary to what is in the guide book we are using, there is no sign at the entrance to the camping area (where it tells you must pay $22 a day to stop here but offers no way to pay) and the National Parks web site says "at the Collingwood River, basic campsites, a pit toilet and fireplaces are available. There is no charge for camping."
Anyway, we have a good fire and nice night. A few cars pass by but once it is dark (after 9:00 pm), there is only one car seen or heard at 2:45 am till about 6:20 am. We did not see a single animal here.
We only have less than 50 kilometres to go today but I am up at 8:00 am. Kelly is up a bit later at 8:30 am. It was pretty cool last night and only 8ºC and today looks like being a great day already.
We leave at 9:05 am and about 13 kilometres down the road we stop to look at the Franklin River. There is a nice toilet and picnic area on the eastern side of the bridge and the southern side of the road.
Here there is also a nice walk to the edge of the river. The track then follows it for a short distance till you come to the intersection with another small river before it follows this for a bit and returns in a loop to the carpark. There are some great tree ferns and trees, well worth stopping and doing the walk. It is great to see this historic and wild river in its very young section.
When we get back to the car it has warmed up to 15ºC and there is a tour bus from Port Macquarie here. They are all well over 60 years old and very friendly. We get the third degree from them about our travels, our car and even our hot shower. I have to open the bonnet and show them how it all works! They insist I have a cup of tea and cake with them. What a friendly bunch!
At 10:15 am we are back on our way and less than 30 kilometres along we turn left at Derwent Bridge to Lake St Clair. Derwent Bridge is located where the highway crosses the River Derwent. This is the main river in Tasmania and goes all the way to Hobart. Here the river is dammed above the highway to form Lake St Clair and below the highway is the top end of Lake King William which is formed by a dam at Butlers Gorge. There is not much at Derwent Bridge, a few accommodation options and from memory, a service station.
Lake St Clair is the southern end of the World famous Cradle Mountain Walk. We are staying here tonight so we have planned to do a couple of walks.
We arrive at the visitor centre at 10:50 am and get a brochure on the walks and find out where the camping area is located (we did not see any sign on the way in). There is a restaurant, cafe, toilets and souvenirs here. We then go and look at the camping area and decide that it is quite nice. We make a mistake in not parking the car here now on a spot as when we come back late in the afternoon, the best spots are gone.
As Kelly pays for the camp site ($10 per person), I make lunch and set up the solar panel to keep the battery in good condition (since we have not done many kilometres over today and the previous three days).
We had thought about doing the walk along the lake's edge. To do this you can catch a ferry to the far end of the lake and walk back. However, the cost is $25 each way, a bit too rich for my liking.
We set off on the walk at 11:30 am. We are heading towards Mount Rufus. We are not doing this walk but the first bit heads that way. It is a hard slog for the first hour or so. It is through quite nice country but a bit later it gets boring. Finally we come to an intersection where there are two backpacker females and a couple. They are heading in the same direction as we are. We head off down towards Shadow Lake. We come to a sort of swamp where there is a boardwalk across. On the other side we stop and have lunch.
Soon after this we come to Shadow Lake. This is very nice and the water is not too cold. The water overflowing out of the lake runs into a small river and then down into Lake St Clair near the end of the walk.
The last bit of the walk is downhill and quite easy. The vegetation varies and is sometimes very nice and at other times not exciting. The whole walk appears to be about 10 kilometres and it takes us just over four hours to get back to the lake.
Here we do a walk called Platypus Bay Track. This goes along the edge of the lake to a spot where at sunset or sunrise you are said to be able to see platypus. We do the loop and end up eventually back at the visitor centre at 4:30 pm. This almost five hour walk has not been as exciting as I thought it may be, but it was nice nonetheless.
As we put our things back into the car, I pick up the backpack and the camera (my Olympus C5050) falls out of the unzipped back section. It hits the ground with a loud bang.
The camping area is located right on the edge of the lake which is at 737 metres. It is pretty large and there are a lot of sites overlooking the water. As I mentioned, all the best spots are taken (except one which a caravan driver is trying, very badly, to get his van into). We think he has given up and is going to go to a different spot but his wife stays on the site and we assume that he is going around the loop road to try from the other direction.
We end up finding a flat spot on the top of the hill in the middle of the road that loops around the camping area. It is still quite nice, with large gum trees all around. There is a toilet block in either direction and we set up camp.
I examine the camera and find that when you take a photograph it comes up with a picture with stripey sections across the screen. It plays back old photos okay, but new ones are not so good. I also noticed that they are out of focus. I fix this but it looks like it is stuffed. Fantastic! Luckily, we have Kelly's C5060 which is in the underwater housing. Looks like we will have to use that for the rest of the trip.
We are all dirty after the walk so first priority is to have a shower. The showers need a token (which you get when you pay) and give you six minutes of hot water. Enough to clean us up.
No fires are permitted here so we have a stirfry.
When we have been in bed for about 30 minutes (just after finishing reading), the car moves a bit. Then it does it again. I get up to investigate and find two possums in the garbage carrier that I have strapped to our spare wheel. I scare them off and zip it up.
Tonight it is very cold, only 1ºC according what I later read in a newspaper. However, it is still nice.
We are up at 8:00 am and it is only 4.7ºC but sunny.
Well, after a few easy days for driving, we now have a longer drive to Lake Pedder in the Southwest National Park. We head back to the Lyell Highway and continue east.
We take a short cut before we get to Bronte Park and travel via a dirt road to just past Tarraleah. This is much shorter, but probably takes the same time as travelling on the highway. From here, the highway roughly follows the River Derwent for the next 150 kilometres or more. There are more lakes, Lake Catagunya, Lake Repulse and Meadowbank Lake.
Past Tarraleah the terrain turns very dry. Some hills are very brown and bare looking. A few kilometres past Lawreny and about 40 kilometres from Tarraleah, we turn right onto a road that crosses the upper part of Meadowbank Lake. This goes via Ellendale to Westerway. This cuts a lot of kilometres off our trip. We stop at 10:50 am for morning tea at Meadowbank Lake and find a nice little camping area with a toilet. We are back on the road at 11:20 am. A short distance from this spot we see an echidna crossing the road. We stop and take some photographs. At Ellendale we see what looks like a castle. A few days later we see another one and I deduce that they are some sort of local design for an old barn. There is also a nice picnic area in this town.
At Westerway we turn right and head west. It is about 51 kilometres from Westerway to the turnoff to Lake Pedder. We go through the town of National Park (more about this tomorrow) and Maydena.
Once in the state forest about 15 kilometres out of Maydena, we come across a very strange site. There are banners all over the place and placards about logging. A protesters' camp. Again, more tomorrow.
When you come to the intersection with the road to the bottom of Lake Pedder, you can either continue straight ahead and go to Lake Gordon or go to the Lake Pedder camping areas. We are well ahead of schedule so we decide to go to Strathgordon and Lake Gordon.
As it is such a nice day and we are in such a remote location, it seems wasted to not at least drive the distance to Strathgordon to see the Serpentine and Gordon dams.
The huge Lake Pedder is actually dammed by three separate dams. The first is at the southern end to the west of where we plan to camp tonight. This rock fill wall dams the Huon River at Scotts Peak. The second major dam wall is right at the north-western corner of the dam and it blocks the Serpentine River just above where it meets the Gordon River. This is pretty close to the dam wall for Lake Gordon. The third dam for Lake Pedder is a smaller one that closes a swampy area at Lake Edgar right next to where we are going to camp.
Lake Gordon is only a little larger in surface area than Lake Pedder (272 square kilometres) but holds more than three times the volume of water at 11,900 gigalitres (21.17 SydHarbs). The dam wall is a large concrete wall built across the Gordon River just above where it meets the Serpentine River. The Gordon Dam wall is 140 metres high.
Lake Pedder covers an area of 242 square kilometres (equal to about 15.5 x 15.5 kilometres) and holds 3,300 gigalitres (equal to 5.87 SydHarbs). Water from Lake Pedder flows into Lake Gordon via the McPartlan Canal and is then used in generating electricity through the Gordon Dam hydro stations.
The dam planning started in 1963 with the construction of the roads into the area and in 1967, the main planning of the dams began. The dams were completed in 1972.
It is a good tar road to Strathgordon. On the way we see Teds Beach Camping Area (which does not permit open fires according to the NPWS web site). This is right on the water's edge but has little protection. We have already decided that we would prefer to camp near Lake Pedder.
We get to Strathgordon at 1:20 pm. This is the old construction town which was built for the construction of the dams. All that is left now are some of the worker accommodation (which is now accommodation for visitors) and the roads. We get some leaflets and continue on. There is a lookout just past here where we stop for lunch. At 1:40 pm we leave. It is 23ºC and sunny.
We arrive at the Gordon Dam at 1:50 pm. This is a great engineering feat and it is very spectacular. You can walk down a series of stairs (198 steps Kelly reckons) to the dam and then across the dam itself. It is a hard climb up and down but worth it.
We go and look at the inlet building for the underground power station. Apparently you used to be able to do tours, but for security reasons (terrorists here?), these are no longer available.
We go out to Serpentine Dam but there is not that much to see. We head back to the turn-off to Edgar Dam.
This road is gravel but in good condition. It is a bit over 36 kilometres to the end where there are a number of good campsites.
There are more bee hives all along this road. I still cannot fathom bees still being permitted in national parks. Once we got to Edgar Bay, we had a quick look at the camping area. It is very nice. We drive out to the Scotts Peak Dam and look at the Huon Camping Area which is here. It is also nice, with about 10 mostly small spots under the trees, tables, toilets, fireplaces and wood but we decide to stay at the first camping area we came to, Edgar Camping Area.
We head back and just before Edgar Dam, we drive and walk to a lookout that gives views over the dam and Lake Pedder.
We arrive back at Edgar Camping Area at 4:30 pm. This is right on the edge of a smaller lake and is much larger and a bit more open. It has toilets, tables, water, shelter sheds, fireplaces (with a table) and even fire wood is provided (it is managed by Tasmania Hydro, not NPWS).
We set up camp and I start a fire as we are having a baked dinner tonight and need some good coals. We sit and read and have a few beers and wines while watching the pademelons wander around the camp site. I put the roast beef and vegies on at 6:50 pm and it is cooked by 7:35 pm. Excellent dinner!
After dinner we walk to the dam wall and take some shots of the sunset. We walk right across the dam wall and return via the roadway. There are a few people fishing for trout but none of them catch anything.
Back at the campsite I make up my apple crusty pudding (this time with pineapple thrown in) and it takes 40 minutes to cook. We eat it and at 10:45 pm we go to bed.
This is a very nice spot, probably one of, if not the, best camping areas either of us have ever stayed at.
Today we have driven the longest distance of the trip (excluding to and from Melbourne) but it has not been overly tiring as most of the roads were good and you could sit on 80 kilometres per hour for most of it.
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2019-04-21T14:27:36Z
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http://michaelmcfadyenscuba.info/viewpage.php?page_id=679
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Matt Taylor talks about the achievements of the comet chaser and some of the most interesting research from the mission!!
Naomi Murdoch discusses Near-Earth Asteroids, NASA's Insight mission and micro-gravity research!!!
Dr. David Kring talks to Western Worlds about the Chicxulub impact event and future Mars exploration!!
Yifan Zhao discusses the atmospheres of Brown Dwarf stars and exoplanets!!
ESA scientist David Heather talks to Western Worlds about planetary geology, S.M.A.R.T 1 and ESA´s Planetary Science Archive!!!
Tim Glotch talks to Western Worlds about Virtual Instruments and the RIS4E project!!
Meg Urry talks to Western Worlds about Black Holes, Dark Matter and extragalactic objects!!
Oliver Thomas discusses the role of Configuration Management in space engineering!!
Dr. Xander Tielens of Leiden University talks to us Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH molecules) in the universe!
Carrie Nugent, asteroid hunter at Caltech/IPAC and producer of Spacepod podcast talks to us about solar system planetoid hunting!!!
Western Worlds Alumnus Raymond Francis returns to tell us about his role at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory!!
ESA's Chief Scientist returns to talk to Western Worlds about the international Moon Village project!
ESA's Chief Scientist talks to Western Worlds about SMART-1, space science and exploration!
Founder of Mission Control Space Services, discusses the new frontier of commercial space!
Astrobiologist Euan Monaghan talks about Mars Analogue explorations and science!
Sylvain Vey talks about spacecraft design and developing a career in thermal engineering!!
Pete Worden talks about his career, exoplanets and the future of space exploration!!
Matt Taylor talks about the achievements of the comet chaser and the final stages of the historic mission!!
Western Worlds interviews Dr. Stan Metchev about directly detecting a new exoplanet around star 51 Eridanus using the sensitive, high contrast technology within the Gemini South telescope in Chile.
Co-host Tony Martinez from Western Worlds interviews Dr. Livio Tornabene and his team who have been involved with recent mission planning of HiRISE and have been taking stunning high resolution images of Mars.
Episode #503: Gold in them...Asteroids?
Co-host Raymond Francis from Western Worlds interviews Daniel Faber of the Deep Space Industries, a company who's looking at extracting natural resources from asteroids.
Co-host Parshati Patel from Western Worlds interviews Duncan Steel on asteroids, meteors, and the everyday relevance of space science.
Co-host Dr. Raymond Francis from Western Worlds interviews Dr. Debra Hurwitz on the farside of the Moon and how we might explore it.
Jon Kissi of Western Worlds caught up with John Mankins at the International Astronautical Congress to discuss his attempt to bring the world plentiful space-based solar power, through the SPS-Alpha project.
Co-Host Dr. Raymond Francis of Western Worlds talked to Shawn Domagal-Goldman about his research interests and experience of being right of the forefront of discovering strange new worlds.
Host Raymond Francis of Western Worlds talked to Dr. Maria Zuber about the GRAIL mission, and helping to create the highest fidelity gravity map of the Moon yet.
Conference & Events Manager for Space-X and with over a decade of experience, Jason Wallace has successfully planned and executed global product launches and marketing campaigns all over the world.
Iain Campbell, professor emeritus at Guelph University talks to Western Worlds about alpha particle x-ray spectroscopy and having an instrument on the Curiosity Mars Rover!
Hilke Schlichting, professor at MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS), talks to Western Worlds about the early Solar System and building a career in planetary science!
Moon Express' Michael Vergalla, talks to Western Worlds about returning to the Moon and the spirit of planetary exploration!
Sara Seager talks to Western Worlds about Exoplanets, planetary science and the search for life!
Matt Taylor talks to Western Worlds about Comet 67P and managing ESA's comet chasing space mission, Rosetta!
Co-host Dave Kirsh talks to CSA Astronaut Jeremy Hansen about his training and life as an astronaut. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Parshati Patel and Zhengyi Hu in the round table discussions after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Keri Bean about Martian Atmosphere and working on Space Missions as a student. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, Zhengyi Hu and Parshati Patel in the round-table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Christopher Glein about Titan’s Geochemistry. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, Zhengyi Hu and Parshati Patel in the round-table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Mariek Schmidt about Martian Geochemistry. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Zhengyi Hu and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Alyssa Gilbert talks to Bhairavi Shankar about Lunar Craters and Missions. Join co-hosts Alyssa Gilbert, Zhengyi Hu and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Parshati Patel talks to Fred Espenak about Chasing Solar Eclipses. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Parshati Patel talks to Don Machholz about Hunting for Comets. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Ryan Kobrick about the surprising challenges lunar dust poses for astronauts on the lunar surface, and what goes into designing a spacesuit to handle that and other challenges. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Parshati Patel and Melissa Battler in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Matt Bamsey about new strategies for life support systems on spacecraft, and how long-duration exploration missions may push us to use biological systems as part of the solution. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Parshati Patel and Melissa Battler in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis speaks to Dr. Simon Donato about expeditions he leads into remote terrains, doing science and adventure at the same time. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Parshati Patel and Zhengyi Hu in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Marianne Mader of CPSX about her involvement in ANSMET (Antarctic Search for Meteorites) program, meteorites, Antarctic exploration, and how frozen rocks from the ends of the earth can tell us more about the ends – and the beginnings – of the solar system. Join co-hosts Parshati Patel, Raymond Francis, Zhengyi Hu and Melissa Battler in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Alexandra Pontefract about impact craters and their hydrothermal systems as habitats for life, and studying early life by studying extreme environments – in impact craters and mid-ocean volcanic settings like Iceland. Join co-hosts Parshati Patel, Raymond Francis, Zhengyi Hu and Melissa Battler in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Dr. Emmanuel Jacquet about chondrules and their relationship to the planet formation process. Join co-hosts Parshati Patel, Raymond Francis and Zhengyi Hu in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Lindy Elkins-Tanton about how rocky planets get their water. Join co-hosts Parshati Patel, Raymond Francis and Zhengyi Hu in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Dave Kirsh sits down with Dr. Pascale Ehrenfreund from The Space Policy Institute at The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs. Join Dave, Raymond, Parshati and Zhengyi in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Alyssa Gilbert talks to Dr. Jay Melosh from Purdue University. Join Alyssa, Raymond and Parshati in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host John Moores sits down with Dr. Peter Smith of University of Arizona. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Dave Kirsh and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Dave Kirsh sits down with Dr. Brendan Miller of University of Michigan. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Dave Kirsh, Alyssa Gilbert and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Parshati Patel sits down with Dr. Chris McKay from NASA Ames Research Center. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Dave Kirsh and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Dave Kirsh sits down with Dr. John ‘Jack’ Mustard of Brown University. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Dave Kirsh, Alyssa Gilbert and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host John Moores sits down with Dr. Ed Cloutis from University of Winnipeg. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Alyssa Gilbert talks to Dr. Peter Brown of Western University. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert and Raymond Francis in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks Dr. Adam Burgasser from University of California, San Diego. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, Dave Kirsh and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Alyssa Gilbert talks to Tanya Harrison of Western University. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, Zhengyi Hu and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Ralph Lorenz of John Hopkins University. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Zhengyi Hu and Dave Kirsh in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Kelsey Young of Arizona State University. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Zhengyi Hu, Parshati Pate and Alyssa Gilbert in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Sarah Stewart from Harvard University. Join co-hosts Raymond Francis, Zhengyi Hu and Dave Kirsh in the round table discussion after the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks to Heather Chilton from California State University. Join co-hosts Zhengyi Hu, Dave Kirsh, Alyssa Gilbert and Parshati Patel in the round table discussion after the interview.
In our season two premiere, Western Worlds host Dr. John and CPSX graduate students Emily McCullough and Raymond Francis talk about their involvement with the Mars Science Laboratory rover.
You’re in for a special treat! In this episode, learn more than you ever wanted to know about the Western Worlds co-hosts! You’ll hear from Dr. John, Alyssa Gilbert, Raymond Francis, Dave Kirsh, Tyler August, and Parshati Patel.
Our first regular interview-style show of the season has co-host Raymond Francis speaking with Dr. David Thompson of NASA’s JPL about the automation of space missions. Join Raymond, Alyssa, and Dr. John for a round table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Parshati Patel talks with Dr. JJ Kavelaars, a Senior Research Officer at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, about debris disks. Join Parshati, Alyssa, and Dave in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Alyssa Gilbert talks with Bill Cooke from the NASA Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO), which is responsible for meteoroid environments pertaining to Spacecraft engineering and operations. Join Raymond, John, and Alyssa in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks with Dr. Karl Mitchell about the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in space exploration. Join Raymond, Tyler, Dave, and Alyssa in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host David Kirsh talks with Dr. Mark Matney about orbital space debris. Join Raymond, Tyler, Dave, and Alyssa in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Episode #208: One Species or a Million?
Co-host Parshati Patel sits down with Dr. Seth Shostak from the SETI Institute. Join Parshati, Dave, John, and Raymond in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Host John Moores talks with Dr. Richard Leveille from the Canadian Space Agency about mineral formation on Mars. Join Parshati, Dave, and Alyssa in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Parshati Patel talks to Dr. Wesley Fraser from the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA) about Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). Join Parshati, Dave, John and Raymond in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Host John Moores sits down with Dr. Livio Tornabene from Western University. Join Dave, Raymond and Alyssa in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Alyssa Gilbert sits down with Dr. Margaret Campbell-Brown from Western University. Join Dave, Raymond and Alyssa in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Dave Kirsh sits down with Dr. Jan Cami from Western University/SETI. Join Raymond, Alyssa, Parshati and Zhengyi in the round-table discussion following the interview.
Co-host Raymond Francis sits down with NRC/CSA Dr. Bjarni Tryggvason from Western University. Join Raymond, Alyssa, Parshati and Zhengyi in the round-table discussion following the interview.
In the debut episode, Western World co-host Raymond Francis interviews Dr. Gordon Osinski (CPSX Acting Director) about his research on impact craters. The interview is followed by a round-table discussion with co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, and John Moores.
In this episode of Western Worlds, host John Moores sits down with Paul Delaney of York Universe – an Astronomy and Astrophysics radio show produced live every Monday at 9:00pm EST from the York University Astronomical Observatory in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Western Worlds producer and co-host, Alyssa Gilbert, talks with Dr. Phil Stooke, a professor cross-pointed between the Geography and Physics & Astronomy departments at Western University. They chat about past and current space missions, his two atlases of the Moon and Mars exploration, and the human space exploration debate.
Western Worlds co-host Tyler August chats with Dr. Paul Wiegert, a professor in the Department of Physics & Astronomy at Western University. Paul was part of the team who discovered the first Trojan asteroid of Earth, which is the topic of this episode.
Western Worlds producer and co-host, Alyssa Gilbert, sits down with CPSX PhD candidate Melissa Battler to chat about her research in the Canadian arctic and her involvement with analogue missions to Mars.
Co-host Parshati Patel interviews Dr. Travis Barman of the Lowell Observatory about his search for and research on exoplanets.
Co-host Raymond Francis talks with Dr. Roger Wiens, Principle Investigator of the ChemCam on board the Mars Science Laboratory. A round-table discussion including co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, David Kirsh, and Parshati Patel follows.
Western Worlds host, Dr. John, talks with Professor David Southwood, former Director of Science and Robotic Exploration at the European Space Agency, about his amazing career and involvement with the Cassini Mission to Saturn. A round-table discussion including co-hosts Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, David Kirsh, and Parshati Patel follows.
Western Worlds producer and co-host, Alyssa Gilbert, interviews Dave McCarter of the London Ontario Chapter of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada about the upcoming transit of Venus on June 5th. The interview is followed by a discussion about Venus with co-hosts Tyler August, Raymond Francis, John Moores, and Parshati Patel.
Western Worlds newest co-host, Marianne Mader, talks with Dr. Catherine Neish about her research on Titan, a strange and exotic moon of Saturn. The interview is followed by a discussion with co-hosts Tyler August, Raymond Francis, John Moores, and Parshati Patel.
Western Worlds co-host David Kirsh talks with Dr. Nikku (Madhu) Madhusudhan about his research on carbon-rich exo-planets. The interview is followed by a discussion with co-hosts Tyler August, Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, and Zhengyi Hu.
Western Worlds co-host Raymond Francis talks with Dr. Ralph McNutt about how nuclear energy has changed the way we explore our solar system. The interview is followed by a round-table discussion with Tyler August, Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, and Parshati Patel.
Western Worlds co-host Marianne Mader speaks with Dr. Dean Eppler about the importance of analogue missions, specifically NASA’s Desert RATS. The interview is followed by a round-table discussion with Tyler August, Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, and Parshati Patel.
In our season finale, Western Worlds host Dr. John speaks with Dr. Jaymie Matthews of the University of British Columbia the MOST space telescope. The interview is followed by a round-table discussion with Tyler August, Raymond Francis, Alyssa Gilbert, and Zhengyi Hu.
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2019-04-24T10:05:08Z
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https://cpsx.uwo.ca/outreach/western_worlds/western_worlds_episodes.html
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It’s REALLY hard to find a good, reliable MP3 player with Bluetooth that fits within an acceptable price range as well as be the right size.
We have brought an extensive list down to 12 of the best Bluetooth MP3 players and reviewed each one of them, highlighting their design, portability, build quality, ease of use, durability, price and the option to expand internal memory.
When you select the most feasible Bluetooth MP3 player from the comparison table below, read on for the in-depth reviews that follow.
If you are a fan of Hi-Res audio players, you might want to check our Best Portable Hi-Res Audio Players.
Why I can’t change or skip music from my Bluetooth headphones?
Now in 2016 most Bluetooth MP3 players support Bluetooth 3.0 and above. So, before you buy any Bluetooth MP3 player make sure your Bluetooth headphones support the right version.
The following table consists of the main Bluetooth versions, the year they were released and the latest features.
In order for your headphones to control the media playback in your MP3 player, it must support AVRCP.
The Sony NW A45 Walkman is one of the best Hi-Res music MP3 Players in 2018; it has a stylish design, superb build quality, plays a wide variety of audio formats and excellent overall performance.
Sony NW A45 Walkman comes with a 3.1” display WVGA (800 x 480 Pixels) which is very clear and sharp.
When you hold it in your hands you can feel the good quality it was built to present, it weighs 98g which is just a little bit less than the weight of iPhone 5.
When I first saw it, I was expecting to have the same experience I would when I am navigating my IOS or Android devices and I was wrong; the UI Sony uses it’s a bit basic; with 30 FPS and it can feel at times jerky.
In general, the UI of Sony’s NW A45 Walkman is smooth and fast compared to other MP3 Players with Bluetooth, and if you’re getting the NW A45 your main reason should be the Hi-RES audio quality and wireless connectivity.
Sony adopted the S-Master HX amplifier for the NW A45 Walkman; which optimizes the hi-res audio by reducing distortion and noise, allowing you to enjoy the subtleties in your music especially when you’re using lossless audio formats like DSD.
Also, the DSEE HX (Digital Sound Enhancement Engine) helps upscale the compressed non hi-res audio format files like .MP3 & .ACC and bring them closer to hi-res quality by restoring the high-range sound lost in compression.
If you recently have bought one of Sony’s Hi-Res Wireless/Bluetooth headphones, such as WHH900N, then, it would be a perfect match.
The UI is not as good as the UI in Android or IOS, but workable.
PIIWI Sporter is a small MP3 player with Bluetooth made by PIIWI; it is small, compact, lightweight and have a clip on the back.
When I first received my PIIWI Sporter I was astonished how small it is, in the pictures on Amazon it looked a bit bigger, but luckily it was small and so cute that all my friends LOVED it and wanted to have one.
Because of its small size, lightweight and the clip on the back PIIWI Sporter would be the best choice for people that are looking for a small Bluetooth MP3 player, you can use the clip to attach it to your shorts or t-shirt.
Now when it comes to pairing PIIWI Sporter with your Bluetooth earphones or speakers, it’s easy and have a stable connection.
I tested it with JBL, Apple’s Airpods, Nike earphones and Archeer and couple other Bluetooth speakers and the result was: it failed to connect with Apple’s Airpods, but all the other Bluetooth devices I connected with; it paired successfully.
Overall, I would say if you want to connect with Apple product, it will fail you, but if you’re looking to connect with other brands like Sony, JBL, Archeer, Nike it will not let you down.
FM Radio works great in PIIWI Sporter I mean the signal is not like when you’re streaming from the internet, but to a portable Radio it does the job well, though you should know that it will require you to connect the player to a wired earphones in order to listen to any FM Station, also, you have the option to save up to 30 presets.
Ruizu D05 Bluetooth MP3 Player is one of the newest MP3 Player in this list, it was released in the 3rd quarter of 2018, it packs some of the coolest features people like to see in 1 single modern MP3 Player.
Ruizu provides the D05 Music Player in Black with a loud frontal speaker, a high sensitive touch buttons with back-light and a metal casing to provide that luxurious feel and build quality.
It comes with 8GB of internal storage which can pack up to 2000 songs, also, you can expand the storage through the Micro SD slot which supports up to 128GB.
The D05 Bluetooth Music Player compacts a 1.8” LCD screen which does a good job displaying the information on the screen even during daylight (it’s similar to early iPod Nano releases).
The 6 touch buttons of the D05 Music Player are very responsive and saves your ear from the noisy tactile buttons some Music Players have. Also, there is a dedicated ON/OFF button on the left side of the device and the volume keys on the right side.
The UI (User Interface) of this Bluetooth MP3 Player is simple and easy to get used to even if you’re not a tech savvy.
The idea behind the D05 Music player is providing the consumer with a compact device which packs useful features; the built-in speaker is something I appreciate in this middle class music player.
The speaker is loud and the quality of sound I found it to be best at mid volume, however, when playing at max volume you’ll notice a bit of static because the speaker is loud and has some bass.
The IDNR chip used in the D05 Music Player helps to transfer the high sound quality to your earphones, which results in providing you with a crystal clear sound, with high notes, balanced mids and bass.
I have to say that the earphones provided in the box don’t do the D05 Music Player justice; they’re just a regular cheap earphones (just for sampling).
When you get to pair it with a good quality or even a middle class $15 earphones or Bluetooth like the YSM1000 you’ll get to experience its true potential.
The D05 playtime can last up to 80hours and when you set the volume 30% – 50% you’ll get about 40 hours of playtime depending on the quality of the songs you’re playing; the higher the quality you use, the less time you get (it’s a sacrifice we face when we play lossless files like Flacs).
When paired with Bluetooth earphones or speakers; the playtime is about 18 hours.
Overall, if you’re looking for a budget Bluetooth MP3 Player with a built-in speaker, FM Radio and expandable memory the Ruizu D05 is a well recommended Music Player.
Apple released iPod Nano 7th generation in 2012, and made a solo change in the 2015 model release, which included 6 refreshed colors instead of 8, just like it did with the iPod Shuffle 4th generation.
Is the iPod Nano 7th generation still worth it in 2016? Let’s see how it compares with the competition.
The official release of iPod Nano 7th generation came with 8 colors Space Gray, Slate, Blue, Green, Pink, Purple, Silver and Yellow.
But for the 2015 edition Apple went with the best selling colors and added this dark tone to them Space Gray, Blue, Pink, Red, Silver and Gold.
This Bluetooth MP3 player comes with 16GB built-in storage. In simpler terms you can store up to 4000 songs. It has a smooth aluminum layer covering pretty much the whole MP3 player and it has a 2.5 inch very responsive multi touch screen.
It’s a compact, lightweight and small Bluetooth MP3 player targeted pretty much towards sport fans.
The control buttons are similar to an iPhone 5, in the face of the device we have the home button and the volume controls are on the left side, the play/pause button is in the middle between volume up and down, which has more functions. For example double click will advance the song.
At the bottom we have the headphone jack port on the left, a lightening connector at the right and in between there is a Bluetooth antenna. At the top we have the power on/off, sleep/wake button.
When you turn on the iPod Nano for the first time you will see a screen where you can set up your language, after that you will notice the 8 installed apps; Music, Video, Fitness, Podcasts, Photos, Radio, Clock and Settings.
You can’t remove them or add additional, the only additional app will be added is the audiobooks app, which will be added after the first time you sync your device to a computer.
While you can’t add apps, you can still change the order of the apps you have, by tapping and holding a particular app till you see it nudging, then place it where convenient, when done, press the home button and release it.
The performance of iPod Nano 7th generation is very intuitive, smooth and fast, thanks to the clean and friendly user interface.
Once your headphones are plugged you can use the built-in FM radio. The headphones work as an antenna as well.
The reception is excellent and the interface is very simple with big numbers. You can save unlimited FM stations as presets, by tapping the star next to the FM frequency.
iPod Nano 7th Generation Bluetooth MP3 player comes with a fitness app called Nike+ which works with the pedometer built-in, so you can easily track your steps while walking or running, calculate time and distance, Additionally, it shows approximate calories burnt during your workout.
Since iPod Nano is famously spread, many 3rd party companies made different style cases, to protect it and be useful at the same time, the most useful one I found is made by Transeca: it comes in 6 different colors (Black, Crystal Clear, Rosy Pink, Sea Green, Mystic Purple and Gold. They range just under $15, click here to see their current price.
To pair with a Bluetooth device, make sure to enable Bluetooth on your headphone, speaker or car audio system, then go to your Bluetooth MP3 player under settings, tap Bluetooth, turn it on, tap on your device name (for example your JayBird X2 Bluetooth Earbuds), and you’re connected!
The iPod Nano 7th generation can deliver up to 30 hours of music playback, and 3.5 hours of video, surely it’s not made for playing videos, but holding that much of battery even while in sleep mode is great.
Using a wall charger will charge the device faster than a PC. Normally it takes between 2-3 hours but, Apple hasn’t provided a wall charger with this Bluetooth MP3 player, so the price won’t add up. I personally use my iPhone’s wall charger and the iPod charges like a champ.
Overall, if the price is not an issue, the iPod Nano 7th generation is the best MP3 Player with Bluetooth we can think of. It’s light, stylish, compact, user friendly and definitely has out and out Apple quality.
The AGPtEK ROCKER is a solid Bluetooth MP3 Player that can play lossless audio tracks; it’s a Hi-Fi entry level music player; that supports MicroSD cards up to 256GB.
AGPtEK ROCKER has a metal casing unified body; it’s well built, feels solid in hands, it has a simple design, and the buttons provide a good tactile response.
The UI of the ROCKER is very basic yet adequately responsive; the screen resolution is somehow low quality, personally I don’t mind; because it will come at the expense of the battery, but many users would prefer the sharper/brighter screen display on the expense of battery.
The original firmware that came with the player: when the screen is off you had the option to press up/down arrow buttons and to scroll, but with the new firmware release (5th/April/2017) you cannot operate these functions while the screen is off.
So far AGPtEK have released 3 firmware updates for the ROCKER, so the performance of the player will constantly improve.
You can search for a specific song/artist/genre/album alphabetically by holding the right button in the music list interface.
It supports playlist files such as .M3U and M3U8 created by your management software such a Media Go. Also, it supports album Artwork which is a big plus especially to those who purchase songs.
AGPtEK equipped the ROCKER with CS42L51 decoder DAC chip produced by Cirrus; it is a low power audio codec that delivers excellent audio performance while maximizing battery life and minimizing end-product form factor, which will translate in optimizing power consumption with a great listening experience.
AGPtEK ROCKER Bluetooth MP3 player supports playback, seamlessly transitions from one song to another: which is great for listening to live albums, classical works, or anything that sounds best when it is played continuously.
To turn the Gapless playback functionality: Go to Setting; choose ON.
One of the best functionalities that distinguish AGPtEK ROCKER is: the support of shuffle under Bluetooth, as well as supporting up to 50 Playlists (it is PROVEN TO WORK with playlists created by Windows Media Player and Media Go).
Also, it supports all major lossless audio formats: AAC, AIF (Apple lossless) APE, FLAC, OGG, WAVE, WMA Lossless, M4A, MP3 and WMA, at up to 192kHz/32bit.
AGPtEK ROCKER is equipped with Bluetooth 4.0 CSR; the basic playback audio quality is quite reliable, stable, smooth and clean most of the time. It works with older devices, but, it works best with devices that have Bluetooth 4.0.
AGPtEK ROCKER is equipped with 600mAh integrated lithium battery; once it’s fully charged it will deliver up to 10 hours of continuous playing at medium volume, and 7 hours when paired with a Bluetooth headphones or speakers.
To sum up, if you’re looking for a mid price range Bluetooth MP3 player that delivers a very good listening experience; and it can support shuffle and playlists under Bluetooth, you should give AGPtEK ROCKER a try.
The SanDisk Clip Sport Plus is the newest release MP3 player from SanDisk and the first of the kind to have Bluetooth capability.
It is slightly larger than the original (Non-Bluetooth), but with no Micro SD card option to expand the memory, it has 16GB of internal storage, it can hold up to 4000 songs, I doubt you’d need any extra memory.
The Clip Sport Plus with Bluetooth supports MP3, WMA (no DRM), AAC (DRM free iTunes), WAV, FLAC and Audible (DRM only).
To add tracks to the player you can drag and drop, or copy and paste it into the device. Also, you should know that the player does NOT have bookmark feature, but, it can memorize where it left off, whether you paused a song in music folder or an Audiobook, in audiobooks folder.
The original non-Bluetooth Clip sport is already one of the best MP3 players for running. Now, The Clip Sport Plus will carry on as one of the many Bluetooth MP3 players that are made for sport.
It comes with a squared 1.44” TFT (128×128 pixels) LCD display which is easy to read even in the lowest brightness settings, it is lightweight, well made, and clips to your clothes or gear for a worry-free workout.
While you’re on playing mode, press and hold the back button for a few seconds and it will lock the player, prevent you from accidentally changing the track… etc, and to unlock it press and hold the same button.
Sometimes when you connect the MP3 to your Bluetooth headphones or speaker, it will get choppy, I have found that disconnecting the paired device and reconnecting it solves this issue immediately, other than that, the Bluetooth experience is well appreciated for the price you’re paying.
First, let’s make it clear, the SanDisk Clip Sport Plus is water resistant and not waterproof, therefore, it’s not recommended for use underwater, if you’re looking for a waterproof MP3 player, then, this device is not for you.
The SanDisk Clip Sport plus utilizes the IPX5 protection, both the headphone jack and USB ports have a seal plug to protect the player from water jets at any direction, in other words it is meant to withstand rain and sweat.
The built-in FM Radio functionality requires wired headphone, therefore, you cannot use it while you’re connected to Bluetooth headphones.
The Player support RDS which allows the station name to be displayed along with information about the broadcast, time and maybe telephone number, it’s a feature most Radio stations are implementing nowadays.
The SanDisk Clip Sport provides up to 20 hours of continuous playback with wired earphones, and up to 7 hours using Bluetooth.
The Dansrue MP3 player is an 8GB Bluetooth MP3 player; it comes with a metal casing body which gives it the high quality feel, also it comes with a good size colorful touch screen to control and read clearly the menus and playlists.
The material used in Dansrue Bluetooth MP3 player seems sturdy and can handle everyday use, it’s not only a good looking gadget but it’s more practical to use; it has an empty space at the top if you like to attach to your backpack or other devices using a lace or a rope.
Facing the device are where most control buttons located; scrolling through menus and playlists, increasing and decreasing volume, changing songs, and of course a back button.
To the right side there’s two buttons; the 1st is to start/stop recording and the 2nd is the power button, to the left side is where the lock button located, you slide it down and it’s locked, slide it up and it will unlock, just underneath the lock button there is a Micro SD card port which supports up to 128GB; but it can support a maximum of 4000 songs, so it’s up to you if you want to buy a 128GB card or something less to save money for the extra memory that you won’t need neither use.
At the bottom we have a 3.5mm headphone jack port and next to it there is a Micro USB port to charge and sync your device.
The Dansrue MP3 player adopts a professional intelligent digital noise reduction chip to reduce noise; which improves the sound quality and therefore the user will have an excellent sound experience.
It’s a good thing what the company has done with the dedicated recording button; making it handy for users to quickly start recording their memos, meetings, interviews… etc, the only problem with having a dedicated recording button is: if you forgot to lock your device you while playing a song you might accidentally hit the button which will start recording therefore interrupting the song being played.
From my own experience I like the fact that a Bluetooth MP3 player should be a good substitute of playing music via Bluetooth, because we already drain our phone’s battery through all different social media apps, which leave us always concerning about battery more often especially in the middle of the day.
At the time of this review the Dansrue has 4.0/5 rating on Amazon, most of the people seems to like it and favor it over much priced MP3 players; because it has a quality design, it has a good battery life, expandable memory, Bluetooth and the fact that it’s affordable and comes with earphones.
Dansrue claims that the player can deliver up to 60 hours of continuous playtime when it’s fully charged; however, I think the normal consumer is likely to have around 30-40 hours of playtime because most of us set the volume to 50-70% which will lead to more consumption of the battery.
The Dansrue MP3 player takes about 2 hours to fully charge when using a direct power source (5V 0.5-1A) and up to 3 hours when charged using your laptop.
All in all, if you don’t want to drain your phone’s battery Dansrue MP3 player will make a nice source of music, mainly because it has a lossless sound quality, it’s affordable and it has a long battery life.
After the success of Sony NWZ W273, Sony decided to tweak it and add a couple of useful features, such as Bluetooth/ NFC and a ring type remote control for more portability and ease of use.
Sony NW WS625 Bluetooth MP3 player is made for sport guys, many men and women like to wear them while running and working out.
This series of MP3 player with Bluetooth comes in Black, Blue, Yellow and White, and the ring type remote control color matches the MP3 color.
It’s like the usual headphone that goes from the back of the head, it has 4GB of internal storage, so you can store a decent amount of songs, and it has Bluetooth capability to connect it to your phone or other Bluetooth devices.
On the left ear bud there is a Walkman and NFC logos, a Bluetooth pairing button with a blue light indicator, the volume rockers, and a shuffle mode button.
On the right ear bud there is the on/ off button with a green/ orange light indicator depending on your battery status, the play/ pause button which works as an answer button when you receive a phone call, next/ previous, a reset button, and the charging pins.
The overall design is neat and outstanding and looks premium, from the replaceable Earbuds, plastic headset, to the USB dock, but it could’ve been much better if they included a lock button, so that you can’t accidentally hit any button.
The Sony NW WS625 Bluetooth MP3 player fits securely and tightly over the head, it has an adjustable rubber band to tighten it up, so that when you are working out they won’t be dangling or become a source of distraction.
Also, it comes with 3 additional swimming Earbuds in case you’d like to use it while swimming, though the sound in water tends to be a little weak, and you’ll have to raise the volume to balance it.
The NW WS625 model has a female voice speaks the automated information voices and beeps, which can be loud.
To pair this Bluetooth MP3 player with your phone click the pairing mode button in the MP3, and go to your phone’s Bluetooth setting and you’ll find it under NW WS625 then connect it.
When you connect the Sony NW WS625 to a PC by using the provided USB dock, you can sync your music by dragging the songs and dropping them to the MP3 player.
With this Bluetooth MP3 player comes a small ring type remote control, which you can adjust to fit your finger, it’s very light and fits nicely, it has all the necessary control buttons; play/ pause, which is also an answer button when you receive a phone call, volume up/ down, and skipping tracks buttons.
Since the actual control buttons are located in the ear buds of the MP3 player, it can be challenging to navigate the MP3 player, especially if you’re working out, so, including a ring type remote control makes a perfect sense.
Sony made SongPal app to help you navigate and control music from your phone or tablet, for both Android users and IOS, you can download it for free in the Play Store and App Store.
After connecting your Bluetooth MP3 player you can stream music from your phone, whether it’s in your music library, Spotify, Apple Music, or Pandora… etc.
A full charge of this Bluetooth MP3 player can deliver up to 8 hours of playback when used as an MP3 player, and 4 hours of playback when used as a Bluetooth headset, also, it includes a quick charge feature, Sony claims that 3 minutes of charge will allow up to 60 minutes of playback, however, the Bluetooth MP3 player itself takes between 1.5 – 2 hours to fully charge.
All in all, if you’re looking for a Bluetooth MP3 player that fits securely and tightly behind the head and has an MP3 player built-in, to use for the gym or while taking laps in the swimming pool, Sony NW WS625 Walkman is a great option.
Navigate and control music from the SongPal mobile app.
AGPtEK G6 Bluetooth MP3 player was release in middle of 2018; bringing some new features and overall improvements of the last models.
This Bluetooth MP3 player is a Bluetooth transmitter, not a receiver, it just can combine with Bluetooth headphones or speakers and it cannot combine with the phone, and you should utilize the MP3 player to search Bluetooth earphones or speakers.
This Bluetooth mp3 player doesn’t support DRM WMA and Audible.
You cannot listen to the radio by means of Bluetooth (just by wire earphones).
Does not support AAC, OGG format by means of Bluetooth.
The playlist is supported under Non-Bluetooth playing situation just.
When playing music or FM radio via Bluetooth, it is not enabled to go back to the main menu unless detach with Bluetooth.
AGPtEK G6 Bluetooth MP3 player is made primarily of rubberized plastic.
The size of the unit is 2.32” tall, 1.41” width and 0.63” in depth. It has a 1.5” display clocked at 128×128 TFT which delivers bright colors with just the right contrast to balance it, and it weighs 0.88 Oz, which makes very compact and portable, especially with a clip on the back to attach to your clothes while running, or doing workouts.
This Bluetooth media player has 8GB of internal storage and the option to expand the memory through the Micro SD card up to 64GB (to prevent incompatibility, AGPtEK advises its customers to use AGPtEK memory cards).
The player has a built-in Microphone and 3.5mm headphone jack port.
The User Interface is somewhat smooth, with the right placement of the elements, icons, time/ date and it supports artwork. In general, it is straightforward UI and most people know exactly how to operate the MP3 from the first time they lay hands on.
Super light-weight and easy to clip-on, sweat-proof with specifically developed silicone case and clock screen saver, ideal for sports fitness enthusiasts. This means, it is suitable for running activities since it has a clip to hold firmly, which makes AGPtEK G6 one of the Best Bluetooth MP3 players for running.
Large colored screen and independent volume control make the gadget simple and instinctive to operate, even if you’re in the exercise.
Because AGPtEK G6 supports the formats MP3, WMA, WAV, APE, FLAC and OGG, it grants the sound system with Clear Stereo and Clear Bass provides deeper, richer sound quality.
AGPtEK G6 Bluetooth MP3 player includes 300 mAh rechargeable Li-polymer battery, which takes 3 hours to fully charge, and it will deliver up to 24 hours of playtime, when you use the earphone at moderate volume.
The Ruizu X06 Bluetooth MP3 player is one of the most famous MP3 players made by Ruizu. What made it famous and trustworthy is the long battery life and Bluetooth capability.
Ruizu X06 Bluetooth MP3 player is made of plastic and has a rounded edges and has a lanyard space at the top, it comes in 3 different colors: black with blue, black with green and black with red.
It comes with an internal storage of 8 or 16GB, with the ability to expand the memory up to 32GB by using the Micro SD slot.
This device is small compared to Bluetooth MP3 players like Cowon, or iPod touch, though we can’t compare the quality of Ruizu to those famous names.
This Bluetooth MP3 player has a frontal clickable buttons, they are intuitive, I wish they had included a dedicated volume control, but you can press the Vol button, then use the arrows << and >> to adjust it to the level desired.
It has a mini USB port to sync audio and visual files and also to charge the MP3 player.
As for the overall build quality, it seems to handle everyday use, but since it’s made of plastic, it’s kind of fragile, it doesn’t mean it will fall to pieces when you hold it, but just to use it with care, so it can last you longer.
Once the Ruizu X06 Bluetooth MP3 player is on, you can navigate through 11 different functions: Music (MP3, WAV, APE, WMA, FLAC, OGG and AAC), Video (AMV), Recordings (WAV), Pictures (JPG, JPEG and BMP), FM Radio (Listening and Recording), E-Book (TXT), Folder, Tools, Setting, Bluetooth and Now Playing.
The user interface is fast and easy to adapt to, just bare in mind if you load too much files (more than 1000) it will become a bit slower which will result in a several seconds of delay.
The good thing about none iPod MP3 players is that they don’t require software like iTunes to sync music into, and Ruizu X06 is one of them.
The sound of this Bluetooth MP3 player is very loud, rich in bass and clear, especially if combined with good quality headphones, because the earphone that came in the box are for regular use only.
As for Bluetooth connection, it does a good job and it auto connects to the last paired device, though sometimes you have to pair a device more than once to be paired, this happens usually with first time paired devices.
The Ruizu X06 Bluetooth MP3 player supports audiobooks, and it has the ability to bookmark each book up to 10 times.
While a full charge takes between 3 to 4 hours, 10 minute charge will allow up to 1 hour of playback and 2 hours will charge the device about 80%, however, Ruizu claims that the battery can deliver up to 50 hours of playback when fully charged, but if you’re listening to the FM Radio it will deliver only 10 hours.
Overall, if you favor staying on budget and still want to enjoy an MP3 player with Bluetooth capability, FM radio and the option to expand memory, Ruizu X06 will cover your basic needs at very competitive price.
AGPtEK A50 Bluetooth MP3 player came to exist on the markets as of June 2017; it’s a combination between the G05 and A26, it’s more stable and more efficient especially after you upgrade the firmware which was released last August.
The AGPtEK A50 has a 1.5” TFT display which is easy to read; it has a classic clock as a screensaver, it has independent controls: up and down buttons to scroll through different playlists, play/pause button in the middle, next/forward and previous/rewind buttons in front, the volume rockers by the side next to the Micro SD card slot and the on/off button at the top next to the 3.5 mm headphone jack.
In general, the placement of buttons and the build quality seems to be good and sturdy; most users seem to like it and they gave it a general rate of 3.9 out of 5 at the time of this review.
The player comes with 8GB of internal storage and the option to upgrade the memory up to 64GB through the Micro SD card slot, it can hold a maximum of 4000 songs which is quite enough for most people.
The A50 MP3 player comes with a nicely designed clip on the back; which makes it a good music player for running and working out, it supports MP3, WMA, APE, WAV and FLAC. The sound is superb in its clarity and musicality especially when paired with some nice quality headphones.
When you turn on the player you will see different functions: Music playing, Recording, FM Radio, Folder Viewer, Setting, Music Playing via Bluetooth and Pedometer.
Like mentioned before the sound quality and the lossless experience is really good, users can adjust the sound using any of the different modes in the Equalizer settings: Rock, Funk, Hip-Hop, Jazz, Classic, Electronic or Customized.
When you pair the A50 to your Bluetooth devices you will like the stable connection and the good transmitted sound, only know that you have no control of the playlist while on Bluetooth mode, but you can still use the FM Radio; you just have to put a headphone plug in the headphone jack to get the FM radio to work.
Whether you like to clip your MP3 player to your armband strap, collar or your shorts, the AGPtEK A50 comes with a jagged clip so it will stay in place to avoid falling off during exercise, the player is also geared with a pedometer to keep a record of your steps and burnt calories, even though it will not be as accurate as a Fitbit Charge 2, but it’s good to be there.
AGPtEK A50 takes 1.5 hours to fully charge by a “5V, 0.5-1A” output and the battery will last anytime between 20-25 hours of continuous playback with wired earphones, and up to 8 hours while paired with Bluetooth devices.
AGPtEK C05 8GB Bluetooth MP3 player was released in January of 2016, it’s the follow up model to A06 and A06S, but with different and cute design. Together, let’s discover the limits along with its pros and cons.
In their series of MP3 players with Bluetooth, AGPtEK made C05 model with kind of rubbery plastic, it’s thin, small and lightweight (0.88Oz – 25g).
The design of AGPtEK C05 is simple and clean, it might not look very expensive, but, I prefer its design over A06 away better.
It comes in Black with Blue line circling both screen display and control buttons. It has 8GB of internal storage, which means it can hold about 2000 songs averaging 3 minutes long, with the ability to expand the memory up to 64GB using the Micro SD card option, but it’s limited to 4000 songs even if the player can hold more.
All the control buttons on this player are frontal and user friendly with a noticeable click when you press them. It has Menu, Play/Pause, Next/Forward, Previous/Rewind. The Volume up and Volume down buttons are independent, as for the On/Off functionality, it is shared with Play/Pause button, to turn on or off the device, you need to press and hold the Play/Pause button for about 3 seconds.
When scrolling up or down, fingers automatically tend to click volume up or down, because the placement of the buttons are up and down, this is quite confusing at first, but, you’ll get used to it with time.
The Micro SD card slot is located on the left side of the device. I have to mention that some Micro SD card brands are not compatible with this Bluetooth MP3 player, therefore, it is recommended to use either AGPtEK or Kingston’s Micro SD cards.
The UI of AGPtEK C05 is plain, simple, clean and flows pretty naturally. It has a built-in FM Radio that has very good reception, just keep in mind that the earphones are the antenna.
The stand alone voice recording found on the menu, can record ambient conversations very well. Also, this unit has a time off feature in settings, in addition to that, there is an option to record audio tracks played by the Radio.
The sound quality is very good, especially if one uses lossless files, by the way this model has NO earphones included in the box.
To enter the shuffle mode, once you are on main playing interface, long press the button and then a related list will show, select “Shuffle” under the choice “Play mode” and you will be set. I have noticed that Shuffle feature works only with songs in the same folder.
To pair AGPtEK C05, you’ll have to enter pairing mode on your Bluetooth headphones or speaker first, then search for it on your Bluetooth MP3 Player, and then connect Bluetooth.
While you are under Bluetooth mode, playlists are not supported, also the rewind/forward function. Clearly, it’s not the best Bluetooth MP3 player, but for a device that ranges between $25 – $40 it’s a nice deal.
It doesn’t require a special program to download music to the device, you simply connect it to a computer via the USB cable and transfer the desired audio, or video files, by dragging and dropping, or by copying and pasting.
However, you might need a program to convert your videos to AMV or AVI, because AGPtEK C05 can’t handle other video formats.
AGPtEK C05 has 180mAh rechargeable battery, it takes 2.5 hours to fully charge and will allow up to 12 hours of playback, however, this playback timing will be less when connected with Bluetooth devices.
If you are on a budget and you’re looking for an MP3 player with Bluetooth that has most features one needs in digital audio player, then you should consider AGPtEK C05. However, if you’re seeking something with longer battery life or playlist support while on Bluetooth, then this digital player is not for you.
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2019-04-20T04:35:27Z
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https://mp3playeradvisor.com/best-mp3-players-with-bluetooth/
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Some time after writing my “Warrior-Scholar-Statesman” letter to my Dad, I wrote these two follow-up letters. (They may well be the first of many; I have a habit of reflecting and fantasizing through writing.) The proximate cause was my final realization that I’ll never be able to formally serve the United States of America in its Armed Forces due to my mental health disorders and treatment. This was and will always remain one of my greatest shames; but as with all great shames, it is only the fodder of great redemption. Though I cannot serve the United States in uniform and shape my character through military life, there are plenty of other ways I can serve and grow, and these letters were partly explorations of those possibilities.
The other proximate reason I wrote these letters was to develop a sort of benchmark to which I can return to measure my progress as the years go by. As I like to say, no plan goes according to plan; but on the other hand, it’s better to move forward thinking you know what you’re doing, than to move forward with no goals or plans at all. Adjustments can only be made to substance, not to nothing. So I lay down these goals and outlines for my future, knowing full well that they’ll likely change as dramatically as the plans I laid out five years ago changed. I’ll reflect on the end result once I get there.
I wrote up this brief little planning guide earlier today, as I was thinking about how to move forward into becoming the man I want to be. Given that military service is now permanently off the table, I need to find something to replace it and, rather than being a Scholar-Soldier-Statesman, be a Scholar-Servant-Statesman. How to do that is yet to be determined, but I presume working as a Diplomat in the State Department would be a good way to do that, or possibly as a government civilian like a Park Ranger or otherwise a political appointee somewhere in government. Regardless, I’ll be following the party-hack/political-operative route too, I think.
I also added a lot more stuff about personal life and personal character in this one, since I think that’s important.
Anyway, you get the idea. Gotta follow a similar path to Robert Kaplan, Joel Kotkin, Michael Lind, etc., leverage that to become someone like Kissinger, Moynihan, or Shultz, etc., while living the adventurous and public life of Machiavelli, Hamilton, or Roosevelt, a life of the body, the assembly, and the mind.
The first part is a list of things I want to be, and the second part is a listing of ways I can get there. Basically, I just need to be doing exactly the things I want to be doing, and applying to jobs where I can also be doing what I want to be doing.
I think the key, career-wise, at the moment, is to do The Public Interest Fellowship for the next two years in DC, which’ll be a good opportunity to write, study, and network. I can regroup and push forward into other things from there.
-Write books, longform essays, op-eds, reports, etc. prolifically.
-Cultivate an interesting personality and wide experiences through reading, having wide experiences in cultural things, adventure, travel, conversation, etc.
Second Letter: Ten Golden Years?
I went the Nixon Library the other day and discovered that Richard Nixon became a U.S. Congressman at the age of 33. As someone who wants to go into a life in politics and public life, I figure that’s as good an arbitrary age as any to use as a goal. Other figures I admire, like Teddy Roosevelt, Alexander Hamilton, and Winston Churchill, spent their 20s and early 30s training themselves for their future public lives, becoming American (or British!) heroes with impressive resumes, and generally developing their character, style, worldview, and intellect for what would become fascinating political careers.
Additionally, I’m 23 right now- I’ll be 33 in ten years. That gives me a decade to live a life of preparation, study and reflection, action and adventure, socializing and networking, to build myself into the man I want to be who will eventually serve the public in as many ways as possible.
So below, I copy (rearranged) the list of life objectives I outlined earlier today on a yellow notepad. All these are goals I feel I should strive to accomplish before I turn 33, so that by the time I turn 33 I’ll be qualified, prepared, and positioned to enter American public life in a formal leadership role. I have intentionally left most of them rather vague, and added commentary in brackets for some of them. There are many paths I can take to most of these accomplishments. It’ll keep me busy and active for quite some time, probably shuttling around and traveling around the country and maybe the world for a good long while. No matter- should be interesting.
-By age 33, 2027, prepare to be worthy and qualified to attain either: 1. Congressional seat. 2. Statewide office in California. 3. Undersecretary position in Federal Government.
So there’s my goals I want to be working on. Clearly there are many challenges along the way, and it’ll be hard work; if I attain even a third of these, I will have succeeded beyond my wildest dreams.
I’ll keep you in the loop as I work on all this!
I was reading The Art of Manliness (always a good choice, for those of you who don’t read it already) and discovered something interesting.
I was surprised; I have always admired the Romans and the Americanizations of them (George Washington as Cincinnatus, Alexander Hamilton as Cicero, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt as Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus, etc.) but I never in a million years would’ve thought that I had independently, a few years back, ordered my own values in the order in which the Romans did.
So it was a pleasant surprise. Perhaps I’m more Roman-souled than I know.
As for the second half of my Personal Ethos- “Goodwill to All, Humility Before God-” that is basically the Catholic Christian in me, a commitment to Jesus’s generalized goodwill to all human beings, and to the mystic-reverential tradition that runs all the way back to Abraham and continues in Catholic theology and the various monastic orders who study it.
So perhaps I am a good Roman and a good Catholic, if I can live up to my own Personal Ethos. But am I a good American, values-wise?
I wrote this piece some time ago and meant to edit and rethink it, but never got around to it. In any case, I’ve developed my thoughts past these ones, but it’d be good to reposit them somewhere. I’ll probably eventually return to the idea of melding Mead’s and Lind’s thoughts, but today is not that day.
Over two decades ago, Michael Lind wrote his own excommunication from the modern conservative movement, Up From Conservatism. It’s a fantastic book, and all thinking progressives should read it to get an understanding of the dangerous excesses of blind ideology. For that matter, conservatives should read it, in order to amend the very real contradictions and utopianisms their ideology espouses.
As part of his argument, Lind documents five political temperaments- the “Left-Liberals,” extreme social liberals and quasi-socialists a la George McGovern and Bernie Sanders; the “National Liberals,” social moderates who espouse strong state action in the economy, in the tradition of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt; the “Neoliberals” like Thomas Dewey and Bill Clinton, who are socially liberal and fiscally conservative; the “Libertarian Conservatives,” like Barry Goldwater and Marco Rubio, who are both socially and fiscally conservative; and the “Populist Conservatives,” who espouse a populist anti-government ideology and are best represented by the likes of Pat Buchanan and, nowadays, perhaps Ted Cruz.
Of the five temperaments, most have been present at various times throughout American history, but Lind’s own self-identified temperament- National Liberalism- is conspicuously absent from the post-1968 American political constellation. Lind has written a lot about National Liberalism (sometimes calling it Hamiltonianism, Vital Center Liberalism, or Developmentalism,) and has traced it from the Founding all the way to the mid-20th Century. Lind’s National Liberals start with Hamilton himself, and George Washington, followed by the Whigs like Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, and then the Republican Party of Abraham Lincoln. Next in the apostolic succession are Theodore Roosevelt and Herbert Croly, and the tradition then jumps parties to Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman. Republicans like Henry Stimson, Dwight Eisenhower, and Nelson Rockefeller tagged along, but it was Democrats like Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Lyndon Johnson who did most of the pioneering nation-building.
So what is a National Liberal? Lind defines them as nationalist statesmen who use Hamiltonian developmental capitalism to achieve the ends of national union, middle-class prosperity, and strategic security. They tend to be economically liberal- supporting entitlement programs, public investments in infrastructure and technology, and public-private collaboration that libertarians would call “crony capitalism.” However, they are socially moderate, and while they might favor abortion rights and gay marriage, they also oppose affirmative action programs and mass immigration. In short, they cater to the needs of the white working class, in the interests of national grand strategy.
The late 1960s and early 1970s spelled the end of the National Liberal tradition in both parties, as Libertarian Conservatives under Goldwater and Reagan took over the Republican Party and Left-Liberals under McGovern took over the Democratic Party. (Libertarian Conservatives would only get more conservative over time; Left-Liberals would be replaced by Neoliberals like Bill Clinton in the 1990s.) Lind blames the Left-Liberals for the death of National Liberalism and the resulting ascendance of Neoliberalism and Libertarian Conservatism. The once-promising first generation of Neoconservatives failed to protect the New Deal and institute National Liberalism in the GOP, surrendering unilaterally to the libertarian wing instead.
The National Liberal tradition has lain dormant since that great turning, and its voter base- the white working class, or the Radical Center- has occasionally rebelled and followed outsiders like Ross Perot, since neither major party speaks to their interests. The white working class now follows Donald Trump, who is in some ways a crude caricature of National Liberalism gone populist.
Lind’s central thrust in all his writings is that a revival of the moderate National Liberal tradition would be beneficial for the country and would help to forge the institutions of what he calls “the Fourth Republic.” These are a New American System based on modernized industrial policy, infrastructure, financial regulation, technological innovation, and trade, and a New Middle Class Social Contract based on reformed universal entitlements, new subsidized social services, and stable jobs in service industries like education and healthcare. Unfortunately, no revival seems imminent at the moment, either on the left or the right, though Lind has occasionally forecast a return of the tradition through certain Democratic figures including Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Elizabeth Warren.
So what happened to National Liberalism? Was it really just killed off by activist Left-Liberalism in pitched political combat, and drowned out by the bipartisan neoliberal consensus of the last couple of decades?
That seems to explain a lot of it. But it seems to me that there’s more to the story.
Walter Russell Mead, a former colleague of Lind’s and with Lind a co-founder of the think-tank New America, offers up another model of American intellectual-institutional development in his magisterial essay, The Once and Future Liberalism. Mead argues, essentially, that the philosophical framework of Liberalism- individual rights and ordered liberty- has been updated with every major intellectual and technological revolution, to best preserve liberty and opportunity in a changing world, since the Glorious Revolution’s Liberalism 1.0. Mead traces Liberalism 2.0 to the American Revolution, Liberalism 3.0 to the post-Civil War era of laissez-faire, and Liberalism 4.0 to the Progressive Movement and the New Deal.
How does this manifest itself? Mead, throughout much of his domestic policy work, particularly at The American Interest’s blog Via Meadia, points out many of the Blue Social Model’s failings- overly centralized regulatory governance, stiflingly inefficient bureaucracies, bloated public pensions and entitlement systems rendered unsustainable by demographic trends, anti-competitive corporate monopolies, wasteful spending, and an economy generally more managed than dynamic. These are not merely problems with administrative execution- they point to deficiencies within the Blue Social Model itself.
It would seem as though Mead and Lind are looking at the same phenomenon, one through rosy-colored glasses and the other through a critical microscope.
In some ways, that’s the case. Mead’s idea of the dysfunction of Liberalism 4.0 does much to explain the excesses and failings of Lind’s National Liberalism. Universal entitlements and basic regulations require a federal bureaucracy, and as society grows more technologically and economically complex, that bureaucracy must invariably grow. Bureaucracy being based on law and process rather than results, there’s a natural tendency towards dysfunction and inefficiency inherent to it. Public-private partnerships and industrial policy invariably lead to some form of “iron-triangle” monopolistic corporatism, which in turn stagnates and tends to grow corrupt. What Lind might see as public-private collaboration for the national interest, Mead might see as crony capitalism that precludes creatively destructive competition.
Bureaucracy/public benefits and industrial policy/corporate monopoly are only two of the contestable characteristics of “National Liberalism 4.0,” as the institutions and intellectual synthesis forged by Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Lyndon Johnson might be called. And there are important cases to be made for both sides- as Mead notes, it’s obvious that our governing institutions are dysfunctional today, in desperate need of reform and more likely than not, decentralization and digitization. But as Lind notes, it’s obvious that the National Liberal tradition has forged the institutions of the American state and generally served the American people better than any other American tradition.
So ultimately, National Liberalism did not die solely due to the Left-Liberal takeover of the Democratic Party between 1968 and 1972, though that was the proximate cause. Nor did it fail to rise again simply due to the shifts rightward of several first-generation neoconservatives in the early 1990s, though that didn’t help either.
These are simply manifestations of the larger story- National Liberalism 4.0, for all the reasons Mead discusses, was simply too decadent by the late 1960s to achieve the ends it sought to accomplish. It no longer had the answers. It did not adapt quickly enough to keep up in a changing world. Just as Abraham Lincoln’s iteration of National Liberalism, which the Republican Party of the late 19th Century generally followed, had resulted in plutocratic decadence by William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt’s days, so the National Liberalism of Franklin Roosevelt, carried forth by the rest of the New Deal presidents, grew to bureaucratic decadence up through the days of President Nixon.
Lind has written that George Washington forged America’s “First Republic,” Abraham Lincoln its “Second Republic,” and Franklin Roosevelt its “Third Republic.” I would argue that these Republics grew decadent within decades of their founding, and necessitated “Reformations,” which were contested between Hamiltonian nationalists and Jeffersonian populists. Each “Reformation” did not fully heal the Republic it sought to reform, but each did restore public faith in national institutions and set the blueprint for the next “Republic” to come after them. The great duels over Reformations took place between Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay, Theodore Roosevelt and William Jennings Bryan, and Nelson Rockefeller/Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan/Barry Goldwater.
Theodore Roosevelt’s great accomplishment was reforming Lincoln’s Second Republic into a system with greater legitimacy among the American people, and laying the blueprint for the Third Republic of the United States. He contested romantic Jeffersonian populists like William Jennings Bryan and, taking the best of their radical ideas, moderated them into institutions fitting the contours of the National Liberal tradition. Ultimately, the spirit of Bryan echoed faintly in Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, which was consciously based on Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal, which in turn sought to allay the problems Bryan addressed, among others.
Franklin Roosevelt was an institution-forger on the level of Abraham Lincoln, and his National Liberalism followed Lincolnian and Teddy Rooseveltian contours. But just as Lincoln’s Republic grew decadent within a few decades, so did FDR’s.
In the early decadence of the Third Republic’s institutions, the primary reformers were Jeffersonian populists like Ronald Reagan, Jack Kemp, and Barry Goldwater, and National Liberal Republicans like Richard Nixon and Nelson Rockefeller. Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon Johnson are better viewed as standpatters, who prescribed the same solutions their forebears had offered up, not unlike Chester Arthur or Benjamin Harrison in Teddy Roosevelt’s day. To continue the analogy, Reagan and Kemp were the William Jennings Bryans; Rockefeller and Nixon were the Teddy Roosevelts.
Ultimately, it was President Nixon whose policies on governance, regulation, and entitlements would have been able to reform the New Deal’s American System and Social Contract, had it not been for Watergate. Nixon’s demise thoroughly discredited the National Liberals in the Republican Party just as the National Liberals lost control of the Democratic Party to the Left-Liberals. This, as Lind correctly points out, led directly to the Conservative ascendancy and Neoliberal reformation.
So rather than having a pragmatic National Liberal reformer like Nixon restore the American people’s faith in the institutions of FDR’s Third Republic, as Theodore Roosevelt had done for Lincoln’s Second Republic, a Jeffersonian populist- Ronald Reagan- did the restoration, while tearing down too many of that Republic’s institutions. Something similar had happened in the 1830s, when Andrew Jackson- another Jeffersonian populist- had restored the public’s faith in Washington’s First Republic, while still destroying the Bank of the United States and slashing infrastructure funding. Ultimately, the vision of Henry Clay, the National Liberal of Jackson’s day, would influence President Lincoln’s construction of the Second Republic, with Jacksonian Democracy a mere whisper in Lincoln’s ear. Similarly, it will not be Reagan’s ideas that inform the next great Republic-founder, but Nixon’s.
The important thing, though, is that Nixon was both an establishmentarian and a reformer. He was steeped in the old traditions and methods of the New Deal, yet still understood their shortcomings and worked pragmatically- through the New Federalism’s decentralization and revenue-sharing, and through an attempted reorganization of the Federal Government- to restore the public’s faith in the New Deal and make it work better. He did not merely attempt to complete the New Deal, as did Lyndon Johnson through Medicare and the War on Poverty. He worked to extend it, but also to reform it.
Mead does not consider Nixon to be an authentic example of Liberalism 5.0, but Nixon’s ideas nonetheless should be mined for guidance by prospective reformers. In particular, Nixonian decentralization and bureaucratic methods reform can be useful for getting beyond the Blue Social Model and onto something new.
However, resurgent Nixonianism will not be sufficient to forge the institutions of National Liberalism 5.0. Nixon operated just as the modern iteration of globalization was taking off, and before automation and the Information Revolution had begun to truly transform economic and social life.
We find ourselves at the precipice of the Fourth American Revolution, in which our leaders will forge the Fourth Republic of the United States. Using the general American System/Social Contract model of Hamilton, Clay, Lincoln, Roosevelt, Roosevelt, and Nixon, we must forge National Liberalism 5.0 in a way compatible with the economic, technological, and social changes of the last few decades. Lincoln and FDR have provided the basic model for us to use, while Nixon has offered guidance on how to reform it. In the intervening four decades since Nixon left the White House, technological and institutional change has come, as history has happened, and our institutions have further decayed under neoliberal and conservative management. How shall we reform them?
Marrying Mead and Lind’s paradigms is a good place to start.
Theoretically, it shouldn’t be too hard to take the best of Lind’s and Mead’s ideas and forge a new intellectual synthesis- let’s call it “National Liberalism 5.0.” Such a synthesis could accept the fundamental precepts of National Liberalism- heavy state activism to forge an American System and a middle-class Social Contract- while acknowledging the deficiencies of the mid-20th Century iteration of it and modernizing the tradition to account for the Information Age, automation, and globalization, as well as demographic trends and cultural opinion.
One of the most notable and interesting parts of the National Liberal tradition is its emphasis on productive investments in public infrastructure. Henry Clay’s canals, Abraham Lincoln’s railroads, Franklin Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower’s highway system, and plenty of other examples testify to the “build-stuff” mentality of the National Liberals. And for good reason- infrastructure is too expensive and risky for private investors to consider it on their own, and its benefits are widely distributed across the population, so the public-interested state is the best entity to construct it.
However, various impediments to infrastructure construction have raised the costs unacceptably high in the 21st Century. As Mead notes in a post at Via Meadia, the costs of infrastructure construction are unreasonably high due to several factors endemic to the Blue Social Model- excessive permitting and NIMBYism, price-raising negotiations with interest groups like unions and construction firms, and overlapping layers of regulations. This is by no means an indictment of infrastructure as a whole- but due to the Blue Social Model’s deficiencies, we are a lot less capable of fulfilling a core National Liberal goal than we could be. Similar things can be said of education, healthcare, regulatory, and other policies, but it seems to boil down to this- we need to make critical investments, but we need to reform how we carry out those investments.
So there’s one idea to start the process of forging Lind’s and Mead’s thought. The task of developing National Liberalism 5.0 will be a long and arduous one, replete with policy disagreements, rival schools of thought, and all the ups and downs any human endeavor undergoes.
That said, it is a worthy cause. We’re at a moment in the Republic’s history when the old institutions no longer work, and new ideas are not only interesting- they’re necessary. The true conservative is progressive, and the true progressive is conservative, in that both take the best institutions and traditions of the past and seek to preserve them by updating and reforming them to propel society into the future.
That is what must be done for Lind’s National Liberal tradition, the tradition that literally built this country. It won’t work for us the same way it worked for Roosevelt, Truman, and Johnson, as Lind acknowledges at the end of Land of Promise. But its fundamental precepts- government activism in the economy, a government-guaranteed middle class social contract, public-private partnerships in strategic industries, and the national union as the overriding end- are good, time-tested, and fundamentally American. It would be a waste for us to lose them to the past by failing to update them for the future.
With one major party’s orthodoxy in shambles and the other’s orthodoxy fundamentally changing, and the Millennial generation coming of political age, now is the time to develop new ideas and peddle them in the political arena. When the old answers don’t work, it’s time to provide new ones.
National Liberalism 5.0 can help answer a lot of problems. A further discussion of these ideas is warranted.
Outside of the McCain, Huntsman, and Kasich campaigns, there’s really been no moderate Republican national infrastructure of any significant influence. Other leaders- moderate governors like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Charlie Baker, moderate senators like Mark Kirk and Olympia Snowe- never seem to capture the imagination of any faction, regardless of how successful or unsuccessful they are in office. Groups like the Republican Leadership Council usually flop or fold within a few years, and intellectuals like David Brooks tend to be more widely-read among liberals. There’s just no infrastructure- and without major infrastructure, including people, money, ideas, and organization, no amount of presidential campaigning by John Weaver and Co. can bring the Party of Lincoln to the center.
But lack of moderate infrastructure is only one of many reasons the GOP has shifted so far to the right culturally and politically. Intellectual shifts to the economic right among our bipartisan political elite, the transition from an industrial economy to a finance/services-based economy, and the shuffling of rural and suburban voters into the GOP and urban voters into the Democratic coalition, have helped to create a reality where Republicans are most electorally successful when they are fiscally and socially conservative, at most levels of government and in many parts of the country. With conservatism dominant, conservatism and Republicanism have become one and the same in the eyes of many Republican operatives and voters. My own opinion is that this was cemented by the successes of the Reagan Presidency, but the long-term factors must not be overlooked.
In any case, merely building new infrastructure for modern moderate Republicans like McCain, Huntsman, and Kasich would not really help resolve the long-term problem of the party’s shift rightward nationally. It might set up a new pole of influence within the GOP, provided it were well-endowed with money, people, good organization, and smart propagandists and operatives. But even then it would be a long, hard slog against the grain before moderate Republicanism would be anything more than an eccentric holdout occasionally featured in articles at The New Republic and The New York Times, or for that matter The Onion.
The basic point of Rule and Ruin is that the GOP didn’t have to become conservative- there was no historical force moving it in that direction, no foundational principle in the 1854 charter that bound it to a Buckleyite fate, no constellation of exterior forces that would turn the party of Lincoln, Roosevelt, and Eisenhower into the party of Goldwater, Reagan, and Bush. It was rather a clash of wills between powerful human actors, and the result of decisions and mistakes made throughout that clash, that hollowed out the GOP’s center and pushed it rightward after 1980. George Romney, William Scranton, Nelson Rockefeller, and even Richard Nixon could have stopped it, had their judgment been better and had fate been kinder. But in a broad sense, the Republican moderates of 1950-1980 failed- the conservative ascendancy post-1980 and the transformation of the Republican Party was history’s verdict on their failure.
He won the Republican nomination at San Francisco’s Cow Palace that day, and led the GOP to ignominious defeat at the hands of President Lyndon Johnson a few months later. But despite his defeat, Goldwater had infused the conservative movement with a sense of cause, purpose, and confidence it had not previously known. The 1968 competition for the presidential nomination was a bruising slog more or less between Reagan, Rockefeller, and Nixon, and Nixon edged out Rockefeller primarily because he knew how to win over conservatives where Rockefeller did not.
Nixon went on to become President of the United States, and operated more or less as Eisenhower had- a pragmatic reformer of the New Deal, interested in adjusting its administration but preserving its benefits. Conrad Black, his most adoring biographer, suggests that had Nixon’s presidency been a success, he would have gone down with Franklin Roosevelt as one of the greatest domestic policy presidents of the 20th Century.
So what did these old-fashioned moderate Republicans of midcentury look like? What did they think, and what did they do? What was a Republican before Reagan defined the ideological limits of what a Republican could be?
In short, the thing that differentiated them from New Deal Democrats to their left and conservative Republicans to their right was their position on the institutions of the New Deal. Moderate Republicans were truly centrists, in that regard.
The New Deal Democrats saw Franklin Roosevelt’s programs as foundational to the midcentury American economy and, importantly, without flaw. Democratic Presidents and Congresses throughout the decades expanded the New Deal with their own programs- Harry Truman’s Fair Deal, John F. Kennedy’s failed New Frontier, and Lyndon Johnson’s legendarily expansive Great Society. What all these programs held in common was that they did not fundamentally change anything FDR had put in place, they only expanded it- even as FDR’s programs had begun to grow dysfunctional under their own weight.
The conservatives of the Republican Party, meanwhile, vociferously reacted against these expansions and against the New Deal itself. Foreshadowing the contemporary conservative movement, conservative Republicans of the day opposed “big government” for reasons of a strict interpretation of constitutionalism, for fear of social decay and the decay of the family, and most importantly, out of a newly libertarian economic sensibility imported by thinkers like Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, and eventually Milton Friedman. William F. Buckley, the founder of National Review magazine, organized these different sensibilities- often held by very different groups of Americans- into “fusionist” conservatism, a creed practiced in varying forms by influential conservative Republicans in the era. These titans included Robert Taft, Barry Goldwater, and the rising star Ronald Reagan.
Where conservative Republicans had no use for the New Deal and pledged, among other things, to repeal Social Security, eliminate large sections of the federal bureaucracy, and institute a flat income tax, the moderate Republicans of the time saw the New Deal’s institutions as extensions of a great American tradition that had extended through Republicans like Teddy Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln himself. But unlike the New Deal Democrats, they accurately recognized the shortcomings of the New Deal and its successors- its overcentralizing tendencies, the stagnant bloat of the bureaucracy, the toxic effect urban policies could have on families, and the iron wall of regulations.
Moderate Republicans pledged to reform, but not to repeal or roll back, the administration of the federal government- they saw its role as giving a hand up to people rather than a hand out, and paving the way to national prosperity rather than getting in the way or out of the way. Like Dwight Eisenhower and his famous dictum to “be conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings,” they were fiscally conservative but made no efforts to repeal New Deal legislation, sometimes even expanding the New Deal where necessary. They uniformly backed the Civil Rights Act and the broader Civil Rights Movement, unlike many Goldwaterite conservatives concerned with federal overreach. And, most tellingly depicted in President Nixon’s unfinished plans to decentralize governance, reform welfare, and reorganize the bureaucracies of the Executive Branch, they wanted to preserve and expand the blessings and protections provided by the New Deal’s institutions, while correcting their mistakes and establishing more efficient administration.
Justin Sherin has written that had Nixon not humiliated himself through the disgrace of Watergate, (and, I would add, had the Ford Administration been more inspiring and politically savvy,) this sort of centrist, pragmatic pro-New Deal Republicanism might well have survived and strangled Reagan/Goldwater-style conservatism in its infancy. The New Deal Democrats had imploded and their party had turned to the social left by the time of the McGovern revolution of 1972, and the centrist path was open to Republicans throughout the 1970s. But for reasons of human agency and human drama, this path was not taken- though many advised it.
Among those advising it were Republican activists and thinkers with a very different vision of what Republicanism should be than Republicans of the conservative movement.
Senator Jacob Javits of New York was not a particularly influential politician, but he did have the unique talent of writing prolifically and well. One of his books, “Order of Battle: A Republican’s Call to Reason,” was published in 1964 and intended as a moderate’s response to his Senate colleague Barry Goldwater’s legendary conservative manifesto, “The Conscience of a Conservative.” To put it mildly, Senator Javits’s book did not have anywhere near the influence Goldwater’s treatise enjoyed, but Order of Battle still makes for interesting reading as a historical document and a call to moderation.
One of Javits’s ideas, in particular, is relevant to these dark days upon us, as it was upon him as he wrote in 1964. It is the question of ideological purity in parties.
The conservative movement was dedicated to making the Republican Party a purely conservative party, and expunging the GOP’s liberals and moderates and driving them into the Democratic Party. This strategy also assumed that conservative Democrats would flow into the GOP (and by the way, this strategy became a reality after the otherwise moderate President Nixon’s Southern Strategy was implemented.) It was premised on the notion that voters should have “a clear choice” in presidential elections, between liberal and conservative ideas, and not be forced to compromise their beliefs.
The Senator clearly wanted to maintain a moderate faction in the Republican Party so he could maintain his job. But more important than that was the truth he held dear from the experiences of Germany, France, and antebellum America- that monolithically ideological parties, taken over by monolithically ideological factions, can tear nations apart. It is the polar balance of ideas within parties, and not just between them, that keeps stability- hence the value of there being a progressive, moderate, and conservative wing all in the same GOP.
But Javits wasn’t alone in arguing for moderation. Younger folks did, too.
Around the time Senator Javits was writing his underappreciated little gem of a book, a group of college kids and graduate students- all Republicans- in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was coming together to talk about politics frequently. They were dismayed with the ideological hostile takeover underway in the GOP, and eventually decided to set up a group that would promote moderate candidates, publish moderate commentary and policy work, and generally work to save the moderate and progressive tradition of Republicanism in American politics. They called themselves the Ripon Society, named after Ripon, Wisconsin- the town in which the GOP was formed in 1854.
In an interview, one of Ripon’s early members- Tom Petri, who would go on to serve in the Nixon White House and then as a U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin from 1979 to 2015- told me that in the early 1960s, the newly-founded Ripon Society met with former Vice-President Richard Nixon to discuss their ideas and plans. Nixon apparently told them they should write their ideas into a manifesto, a public statement of sorts, and they began drafting it.
Then, on November 22nd, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
After the shock subsided, the Ripon Society edited their manifesto, “A Call to Excellence in Leadership: An Open Letter to the New Generation of Republicans,” to honor the late President and exhort the Republican Party “to seek in its future leadership those qualities of vision, intellectual force, humaneness, and courage that Americans saw and admired in John F. Kennedy, not in a specious effort to fall heir to his mantle, but because our times demand no lesser greatness.” They explained that Kennedy had been attempting to build a coalition of the political center, that his successor Johnson would do no such thing, and that the Republican Party should reject the extremism of Barry Goldwater and move to build the center again. And, of course, to do honor to the humane but inspired moderation of politics President Kennedy so embodied.
But beyond that, the Ripon Society members outlined in their manifesto an ambitious statement of pragmatism, moderation, and, paradoxically, “a passion to get on with the tasks at hand.” They argued, in some of the most beautiful passages on the nature of moderate politics I’ve found, that problem-solving in the modern age would be necessarily complex and anti-ideological, and that complex and anti-ideological thinking would be required of anybody in politics hoping to make a real difference in the world.
“The moderate recognizes that there are a variety of means available to him, but that there are no simple unambiguous ends. He recognizes hundreds of desirable social goals where the extremist may see only a few. The moderate realizes that ends not only compete with one another, but that they are inextricably related to the means adopted for their pursuit. Thus he will most likely set a proximate goal. While working for limited realizable objectives he will be especially concerned with the means, the environment in which the goals are achieved. The moderate chooses the center- the middle road- not because it is halfway between left and right. He is more than a non-extremist. He takes this course since it offers him the greatest possibility for constructive achievement….
“Without this vision and sense of purpose, the Republican Party will most certainly fail in the broadest sense of providing America the responsible leadership it needs.
The Ripon Society’s members went on to become just such men, though it is unfortunate that none of them ever became quite prominent enough to run for President of the United States and campaign on a Ripon-esque message of moderation. The Ripon Society still exists in Washington today, though in much-changed form- since the 70s, it has generally been absorbed into the conservative mainstream, opposing the far right but working to inform standard Paul Ryan-type conservatives. It remains moderate in temperament and demeanor; it is no longer truly moderate in policy or politics.
The Ripon Society slid rightward with the rest of the GOP following the election of Ronald Reagan and especially after the success of the Reagan years. As Kabaservice recounts in Rule and Ruin and as E.J. Dionne notes in his history of and commentary on the modern Republican Party, “Why the Right Went Wrong,”1989 through 2015 was basically a duel between the newly-established conservative “establishment” and even more conservative populists coming up from the right. No one now questioned the efficacy of fiscal conservatism, free markets, small government, social traditionalism, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution- the question, now, was whether a politician held these beliefs sufficiently strongly, or whether they might secretly be a traitor- or worse, a Republican-In-Name-Only (RINO.) The “No Enemies to the Right” philosophy of Republican strategists and officials of the 1990s and 2000s led, of course, to presidential debates becoming contests of “I’m more conservative than you!” on every conceivable issue. It didn’t matter if Republicans were in or out of power- the dynamic held true all the way.
Then in June of 2015, Donald Trump announced that he would run for President of the United States, breaking most of the norms of political conduct and breaking even more of the sacred maxims and truths of post-Reaganite conservative orthodoxy. The rest is history; he is now President of the United States.
President Trump’s election has been a sign, for some, that the GOP’s tradition of moderation is dead and gone, now, forever. My friend Chris Ladd, formerly a staunch liberal Republican holdout and now the author of a blog called “Political Orphans,” has come to this conclusion.
In some senses this is true. While the GOP is not yet a “white nationalist party” as Ladd sometimes says it is, it looks a lot more like a white nationalist party than it did before Trump came on the scene. Blatant appeals to white identity politics have now been normalized at the national level, and simple Trumpian bravado- the least moderate of all temperaments- has made it into the most powerful position in the world, the Oval Office.
But I see room for hope.
First, though Trump is by no means a moderate in temperament or, given his Cabinet picks, in policy, he has done moderate Republicans one big favor that some have been trying unsuccessfully to see accomplished for decades- he dislodged the conservative establishment, dreamt up by Goldwater and founded by Reagan, from its preeminence. “Moderates” John Kasich, Jon Huntsman, and John McCain, not to mention “establishment” types Jeb and George W. Bush, Mitt Romney, and most others, were all part of that Reaganite establishment, to varying degrees. They were once unstoppable. Trump beat all of them.
With the Reaganite Republican establishment proved beatable, the hegemony of conservatism in the Republican Party is no longer a given. Yes, it was a thoroughly immoderate opportunist who did the beating, but the vacuum is now there and nothing appears to be filling it. Even the conservative Ryan congress, paired with Trump’s standard conservative Cabinet looks like a house of cards ready to overreach and collapse. There may well be an opportunity for a conservative reformation in the near future, especially if the Trump Administration is embroiled in scandal and delegitimizes the present mix of conservative wonks and Trump himself, just as Watergate delegitimized the old Nixonian moderate Republicanism.
Second, Trump has brought old, formerly heretical ideas back into the realm of utterance, if not quite acceptability, in Republican circles: industrial policy and economic nationalism, fiscal liberalism, and more. With the taboo removed, the next generation of Republican reformers and moderates might do well to assimilate these economically activist ideas under a more socially benign President. Writers like Michael Lind, Reihan Salam, and Sam Tanenhaus have been recommending more or less that.
Because of the massive changes in American politics today, it simply appears that there will soon be more opportunities for Republican moderates to reassert themselves, rebuild a new wing of the party, and take up the work the Ripon Society tried to do a half-century ago. The opportunity to redefine Republicanism- hopefully back to the political center- is an opportunity that should not be ignored.
May those of us moderate Republicans do well in that quest. It’ll be a long, hard slog.
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2019-04-19T16:41:33Z
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https://abiasedperspective.wordpress.com/2017/02/
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Professor Tim Bale: The balance of advantage for the Conservatives has shifted. They would now be better off with PR.
On Saturday morning, the Today Programme brought together the Sun’s Tom Newton Dunn and the Guardian’s Polly Toynbee - a couple of journalists who don’t normally see eye-to-eye, to put UKIP’s stunning result in Thursday’s local elections into some kind of perspective.
One hare set running by presenter Evan Davis was a comparison with the SDP, which in the 1980s seemed to present as big a threat to Labour as some are now suggesting that UKIP presents to the Tories. At first glance, the similarities seem spooky. But it’s actually the differences that are most striking.
True, what Polly Toynbee called the ‘crushing effect’ of our first-past-the-post electoral system will likely see to it that UKIP burns bright but burns briefly, flaring then flickering, and finally flattering to deceive – in other words, exactly what happened to the Social Democrats.
True, too, that UKIP may end up helping to change the Conservative Party, just as the SDP helped change Labour. But there’s the rub.
Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, Bill Rodgers and David Owen (who also appeared earlier on the Today Programme) were serious, heavyweight politicians who knew what it was to govern. Having tried and failed to drag their old party to its senses, they founded a new formation – not on its flank, but in the centre of the political spectrum. Nigel Farage (and this is of course part of his appeal as a populist outsider) has never been elected to parliament, let alone served in government. And the party he leads, rather than helping to drag the Tories into the ideological space occupied by most voters, risks stranding them some way from where they need to be in order to win an overall majority in a plurality system.
As the discussion went on, Davis and Newton Dunn drew a second parallel between the SDP and UKIP, this time by recalling one of British electoral folklore’s classic canards, namely that Labour lost election after election in the 1980s because the left’s vote was split between it and its Social Democratic splinter.
This common wisdom relies on the assumption that all those voting for the SDP would otherwise have voted Labour had the Gang of Four never made their move. In fact, many of those who plumped for the Social Democrats were people who may well have voted Tory but were put off by Margaret Thatcher and her policies. Had it not been for Jenkins and co setting up shop in the centre, and given that Labour had put itself beyond the pale for all but its diehard core voters, they would either have voted for the Liberals – the other half of ‘the Alliance’ and the traditional repository for dissatisfied Tory voters – or would held their nose and voted Tory despite their misgivings about Maggie. In short, had the SDP never existed, not only might Labour have taken even longer to get its act together but the Thatcher governments would have commanded even bigger Commons majorities than they did anyway.
When it comes to UKIP, however, Davis and Newton Dunn were on to something. There really is a serious risk that Nigel Farage might split the right-wing vote in this country and therefore let Labour in on just over a third of the vote. Davis was on to something, too, when he asked whether UKIP’s success should be seen as part of a wider populist phenomenon affecting many countries in Europe. Put those two points together. and it soon becomes apparent that the Tories do indeed have a serious problem.
In Austria, in Denmark, in Italy and in the Netherlands, to name the obvious examples, centre-right parties have all found themselves leaking votes to their right. However, because they operate in PR systems, those votes are translated into seats for radical right-wing populist parties (like the FPÖ and the BZÖ, the Danish People’s Party, the Northern League, the LPF and Geert Wilders’ PVV) which may then prove willing to help mainstream conservatives and Christian Democrats govern, either by joining them in coalition or supporting them as minority administrations. In the UK, this can’t happen because the vast majority of votes that go to UKIP at the next general election probably won’t be converted into parliamentary seats, meaning they are, to all intents and purposes, wasted.
The only way that this can be avoided – the only way in other words that it makes sense to do what Tom Newton Dunn did on Saturday morning when he put the Conservative and UKIP votes together and made 48 per cent – is if we do away with first past the post and replace it with a fully proportional system.
If UKIP retains even a modicum of its momentum until the next general election, then even more British voters than usual will end up casting a ballot for a party that won’t be able to boast many or even any MPs. That will only inflict further damage to a political system which is having enough trouble already convincing citizens that it is working on their behalf rather than on behalf of a privileged elite – a failure which has helped give rise to the populist critique that, in this country at least, UKIP has made its own.
We need to fix that system to take account of the fact that, for whatever reason, British voters are no longer content to stick with the two parties that first-past-the-post inherently favours. The only way we can do that is to plump for PR – not the miserable little (and non-proportional) compromise that was AV, but a fully proportional system like the Mixed Member Proportional variant chosen by New Zealand in the 1990s and which was recently re-endorsed by them in a referendum.
One of today’s grandest political paradoxes, however, is that those most determined not to fix Britain’s broken electoral system are those who would most obviously benefit from that chance – a Conservative Party that hasn’t won an overall majority for a full twenty years and (unless Labour implodes) doesn’t look set to do so again any time soon.
Admitting this, however, is tantamount to admitting defeat. Moreover, the Party has principled objections to change and knows from the AV referendum that the great British public seems to prefer the status quo. As a result, first-past-the-post, rather like the Union with Scotland, looks set to remain a sacred cow that, even though it’s in their self-interest to do so, the Tories (in many ways admirably) simply won’t countenance slaughtering.
Tim Bale is Professor of Politics at Sussex University and is the author of The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron, an updated version of which was recently published in paperback.
Normally I'm more than happy to sneak a peek over the paywall to read Rachel Sylvester, but today I think she's got it wrong.
Leaving aside the idea that Philip Blond's ideas achieved quite as much traction with the Tory leadership as some seem to think, Ms Sylvester's take on things misreads both Cameron's strategy in opposition and the reasons why he was unable to win an outright victory in 2010.
When Andy Coulson was brought in to run the Conservative media operation in 2007, Cameron looked like he was in deep trouble. Brown was bouncing and the Tories had been hit by 'grammarsgate', by an excruciatingly embarrassing by-election defeat, and by widespread criticism of Cameron's decision to fly off to Rwanda instead of staying in his flood-hit constituency. As a result, there was a serious possibility that Labour might call - and win - a snap election.
Cameron responded by using a number of high-profile violent crimes to talk tougher than he had done in his so-called 'hug-a-hoodie' phase about law and order. He also entered the immigration debate for practically the first time, empathising with those who felt the public services their families relied on were coming under strain as a result of the numbers arriving in the country. George Osborne responded by distancing the leadership from what he called 'uber-modernising' and by his Conference promise to cut inheritance tax.
Tim Bale is Professor of Politics at Sussex University and is the author of The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron, an updated version of which is published in paperback this week.
It should come as no surprise that one of the Conservative Ministers most comfortable with seeing the Party’s relationship with the Lib Dems extended is Francis Maude. It’s not simply because he can fairly claim to have been a Cameroon before Cameron. It’s also because he was one of the first Tories in recent years fully to appreciate the fact that Britain’s third party has long been one of the biggest obstacles to the Conservatives winning or retaining power. A brief look back through the Party’s post-war history suggests he was in good (indeed the best) company: anyone worried that David Cameron might yet do some sort of deal with the Lib Dems at the next election should read on.
As it turned out, David Cameron’s campaign to effect that change of tune and tone, much of which – at least in its early stages – was presaged on the idea of ‘love bombing the Lib Dems’, failed to convince sufficient voters and the Conservatives fell short once again. Unable to convert enough Lib Dem voters before the election, Cameron did the logical thing and effectively mopped them up after it by bringing his erstwhile opponents into coalition. Whether the long term intention was finally to bring about the supposedly ‘progressive’ or ‘liberal’ Conservatism that Cameron had long talked about, or (in more Machiavellian style) to lure the Lib Dems into a fatal embrace that would see them so hopelessly compromised that they would lose support and eventually split, is a moot point. What surely matters most is that, at last, something has been done to resolve a problem that has arguably, on several occasions in the post-war period, cost the Conservative Party Ten Downing Street.
Dr Tim Bale is Senior Lecturer in Politics at Sussex University and is the author of The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron, published this week by Polity Press. He will be launching the book this Wednesday, 3rd February, at a public lecture and Q&A at the LSE which will be chaired by ConservativeHome’s Jonathan Isaby.
Devoted denizens of ConservativeHome could hardly be blamed if they preferred to file and forget a fair few of the twenty years that have elapsed since Margaret Thatcher’s departure from office, especially now that the Tories look set for a return to power. But remembering what happened over the last two decades is important – if only, once they take office, to avoid repeating the mistakes which tipped the Conservative Party into opposition in the first place, as well to learn from the errors that trapped it there for so long. After all, the seeds of the serial defeats inflicted by Tony Blair were sown several years before 1997, and the Party was to a very great extent the author of its own misfortunes in the years that followed.
Part of the problem under both Thatcher and Major was that the Tories began to believe their own propaganda. Rather than realising that their electoral victories in 1983, 1987 and 1992 were contingent affairs – achieved through a combination of astute timing and a Labour opposition widely seen as incompetent and out of touch – Conservatives too eagerly bought into the myth that they had ‘won the battle of ideas’ and thereby won over a stodgily centrist country to the advantages of small-state neo-liberalism. As a result, instead of offering a change of direction, the Party believed it could, under John Major, get away with offering a change of tone.
In fact, by the early 1990s, polls were showing that public had got pretty much all they wanted from the Conservatives and were looking for a government that was going to invest more in health and education, not close coalmines, privatise the railways and the post office, and clamp down on spending. Yet, rather than making for the politically more profitable centre before Labour finally got its act together, the Party – consumed by its own internal rows over Europe – seemed instead to head for the hills.
Tim Bale is Senior Lecturer in Politics at Sussex University and his book, The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron, is due for publication early next year.
Judging from the discussions at a round table on the Scottish Conservatives held recently at the University of Strathclyde there seems to be widespread agreement that, after a difficult few years following the advent of the Scottish Parliament, the Tories are getting their act together. The event that featured contributions from Jackson Carlaw MSP; Andrew Fulton, Chairman of the Scottish Conservative Party; David Torrance, author of We In Scotland – Thatcherism In A Cold Climate; and the academic, Professor James Mitchell. The audience, brought together under the auspices of the UK Political Studies Association’s Conservatives and Conservatism specialist group also made it a lively affair.
There were all sorts of opinions expressed in a wide-ranging discussion, which means that absolutely none of the following should be seen as the product of some kind of consensus. That said, most observers seem to think Annabel Goldie is providing good-humoured, sensible leadership and has brought a degree of stability to a party that, a few years ago anyway, was seen, rightly or wrongly, as a bit of a rabble. She is relatively well-thought-of by the general public and events like the debates over the Scottish Government’s Budget suggest that there are a number of strong performers among the party’s MSPs.
The overall aim, though, has to be for the Scottish Conservatives to be respected as well as liked and to be seen to do well not simply because the party has exceeded low expectations. This applies not only to voters, but to the UK leadership, which according to some reports, still fails to take the party north of the border sufficiently seriously.
Changing all that will also mean the Scottish Conservative Party being seen as an outfit with policies and ideas of its own, rather than one that reacts to the proposals of its more powerful opponents, even if those proposals do sometimes actually borrow from, or at least coincide with, policies which the Tories themselves have suggested or support.
Tim Bale teaches politics at Sussex University and is writing a book on the Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron. Here he looks at the tension between the "politics of power" and the "politics of support" for the Conservatives.
David Cameron must already rank as one of the most skillful leaders of the opposition this country has ever seen. In this respect at least, he truly is the heir to Blair. But government, as Blair himself soon discovered, is a little more difficult. The politics of support is one thing; the politics of power is another. The essence of statecraft is to reconcile and, ideally, to integrate them.
As far as the electorate are concerned, ‘position politics’, structured by disagreements about ends, is giving way to ‘valence politics’ where the disputes revolve mainly around means. Because of this shift from the politics of either-or to the politics of more-or-less, policies need more than ever to pass the ‘Wednesday-Friday test’. They have to be eye-catching enough to attract attention right up to the day before an election yet feasible enough to begin being implemented the day after.
Meeting this need by creating a radical, comprehensive blueprint for government, however, can mean you end up over-prepared and under-prioritised, just as Heath was in 1970. In any case, if one of your themes is to trust the professionals, leaving a little leeway for civil servants to interpret your ideas isn’t a bad way to get them on-side.
Tim Bale teaches politics at Sussex University and is writing a book on the Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron. Here he analyses David Cameron's challenges in changing the party, a topic he will be speaking on at this weekend's Political Studies Association conference.
So it looks like the polls, and therefore the party, are back on track after something of an anxious summer. The ‘Brown bounce’ may well be over, its demise apparently hastened by David Cameron’s end of summer ‘fightback’ – a much-welcomed move back on to traditional Tory territory like crime, immigration and Europe, albeit with enough mentions of the ‘broken society’ and ‘three-dimensional approaches’ to keep advocates of the ‘And Theory’ happy.
Conservatives should be able to go back to school with a spring in their steps, the alarming prospect of an autumn election a distant, even an amusing memory. Roll on the government’s mounting inner turmoil over Europe, the impact of a global credit crunch feeding into the real economy, and whole host of as yet unforeseen but surely inevitable calamities which will make it clearer than ever that, at last, it really is time for a change. After a bit of a wobble, we might, it seems, be talking not about if the party takes office, but when.
But hang on. Can it – will it – really be that easy? Probably not.
Tim Bale returned to the UK in 2003 after five years working in New Zealand in order to teach politics at Sussex University. He specialises in British and comparative party politics.
Because of the linguistic, cultural and media ties we share with the US, and with countries like Australia, Canada and New Zealand, people in British politics tend to take their shining examples - or their dire warnings - from those countries rather than places closer to home. Conservatives, for obvious reasons, are arguably particularly prone to learn their lessons from that small Anglo-Saxon sample rather than from fellow European countries.
That’s a pity because the continentals, even those that labour under the PR systems that are obviously anathema to most Tories, can sometimes teach us a thing or two.
For instance, how can an ailing centre-right make it back into power even against a centre-left that appears to doing most things right as far as voters are (or are supposed to be) concerned, namely running a reasonable economy and demonstrating general (if not total) competence in other areas of government?
Sweden is clearly a case in point in this respect. Notwithstanding the fact that unemployment in the country is probably higher than official figures suggest, the Social Democratic government that lost power at the weekend was hardly a disaster: multiculturalism and migration issues may have been bubbling under, but growth was good, the welfare system nowhere near meltdown and there were no great signs of a tax revolt among a population whose middle classes pay a lot but also get a lot in return.
David Cameron’s first few months at the helm suggest he is far from being ‘all spin and no substance’. Distracting policies have been ditched, fresh faces introduced, commissions set up - all in order to demonstrate a new determination to fight Labour on the so-called centre ground.
It’s funny to think that before Blackpool some were suggesting the Tories not only needed a new leader but also some kind of ‘Clause Four moment’ in order to truly signal change. Surely Dave is doing fine without one, right? In fact, if the post May 5 hyperbole is to be believed, Tony (or should that be Gordon?) may as well hand him the keys to Downing Street right now and save us all the bother.
But perhaps we all need to calm down a little. Sure, there are signs that Cameron could be the kind of Conservative leader that voters finally feel able to trust. But the polling still suggests that he has some way to go to emulate Blair in 1994 and convince them that the party he leads has really changed.
And then there are the electoral technicalities. Put bluntly, the Tories’ problem may not be simply what they’re trying to sell, but also the rigged market they are trying to sell it into. Their current edge would give them plenty of votes but not enough seats.
How much longer, then, will they go on supporting an electoral system that risks becoming, in effect, a self-denying ordinance? While few Conservatives would relish the prospect of joining the high-minded moaning of the centre-left chattering classes, the time may have come to think seriously about electoral reform.
A more proportional system, after all, would increase the chance of converting Conservative votes into Conservative seats, as well as meaning that the party - like its continental counterparts - could form governments with around a third of the votes if necessary. This may be distasteful - especially to those already preparing to trot out the tired ‘Italy and Israel’ critique. But we may arrive at such a necessity sooner than we think.
The next election may well take us into hung parliament territory with the Conservatives as the biggest party. Unless a semi-victorious Mr Cameron is prepared to test voters’ patience and precipitate fresh elections, he may have to do a deal with the LibDems, the price of which would presumably include PR. Better perhaps to go into an election which may very well result in such a scenario having thought through the options in advance and pledged oneself - in apparently principled fashion - to the one that seems to make the most sense, rather than appear to be dragged kicking and screaming into a cynical stitch-up.
Just as importantly, pushing PR may not provide David Cameron with a fully-fledged ‘Clause Four moment’ but, given the Tories’ lack of similarly sacred cows, what better, bolder - and smarter - way to show that the party really has changed its tune? Electoral reform may not be an argument many Conservatives want to have, but it may be worth having - and sooner rather than later.
This is an edited version of ‘PR Man? Cameron’s Conservatives and the symbolic politics of Electoral Reform’, published recently in the Political Quarterly. Email Tim Bale if you would like a full copy of the PQ piece.
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2019-04-18T13:00:20Z
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https://conservativehome.blogs.com/platform/tim_bale/index.html
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Whether it’s to brighten dull eyes after a long night out, or to learn eyeshadow blending tips, we’ve got your covered. From traditional beauty tips and tricks to modern approaches, we will help you to revamp and simplify your beauty routine without having to sacrifice your style.
According to an article from dailymail.com, most women spend over 2 years of their entire life applying makeup. Most of the beauty products available on the market use toxic chemicals and can end up destroying your skin rather than preserving your beauty. Fortunately, there are amazing natural tricks that can highlight your beauty and maintain a healthy body at the same time.
We have compiled an epic gathering of knowledge, including 143 makeup tips and tricks, with 8 guest experts and makeup artists from the industry.
Free bonus: Download this entire list as a PDF. Easily save it on your computer for quick reference. Includes 10 bonus ideas not found in this post!
Guest Expert and Model Taylor Cherie!
Skincare is essential, but it’s also important not to over do it. Your routine should include only a few products targeted to your specific skin needs. Too much of something good, can end up being a bad thing. To avoid problems, introduce only one new product at a time into your skincare routine. That way, if your skin starts to act out, you’ll know the reason.
Try before you buy! Not many people know that you can sample products before buying them in most stores. Sephora, along with most beauty counters, will make samples of any product you’re interested in trying. Sometimes there are limitations though, such as the number of samples you’re able to get in one visit and whether the product is able to be transferred into a sampling container. There are also several sampling and beauty box services which send samples right to your doorstep. It’s so exciting when you get your box in the mail because the products inside are a total surprise.
If you plan on creating a smoky eye or doing a winged liner, consider applying your eye makeup before your face makeup. If you do your eyes first, you can wipe away any fallen shadow, misplaced liner or flecks of mascara to ensure a clean and smooth face application. This way, you’ll be able to easily erase your mistakes with makeup remover and not worry about removing any of the face products if you had applied them beforehand.
Remember, no matter the tips given, there is no “right” way to apply your makeup. Makeup is an art and you are the artist. Have fun with it!
Apply powder to your face before applying foundation to cut down on excess oil and shine. Either loose or pressed powder will do the trick it depends on your preference. This is an amazing trick for those who have problems with oily skin throughout the day. After cleansing your face and applying moisturizer and primer, evenly apply the powder over your entire face and continue to apply your foundation as you normally would for a soft, light matte finish.
A popular trick for women who tend to have dry skin is to add a few drops of a light moisturizing oil, such as jojoba or almond oil, to liquid foundation. You only need 2-3 drops to boost the moisturizing power of your foundation giving the skin a light, dewy finish.
Use your jawbone to help you match the perfect shade of foundation to your skin tone. Find 3 different shades that closely match to your skin tone. Using the back of your hand or arm is not the best way to match your foundation because the skin on your arms and hands tends to be tanner than your face. The foundation shade that sinks into your skin almost becoming invisible is the one you want to go with.
Use a matte finish liquid foundation to minimize pores and reduce shine. Liquid foundation can sometimes make your skin appear oily and shiny. Matte finish foundations are usually not oil based and do not contain reflectors which can make the skin look shinier than normal. The idea of wearing matte makeup correctly starts with proper skin care.
Foundation is the first step towards a flawless skin. Make sure you get a perfect color by testing it in broad daylight. If the color of the foundation vanishes without blending, then it is the perfect one. Cleanse and moisturize your skin. Give the moisturizer around 5 minutes to sink in.
How much coverage do you wish to apply? Use your fingers or make up brushes for little foundation coverage. A cosmetic sponge will serve you best if you want more coverage. The concealer comes after the foundation and not before. Finally use luminous powder and give your skin the beauty it deserves.
When applying your make up, ensure that you have all the required brushes, materials and tools. Notice that once you mix the foundation and the toner, the results are pretty amazing. Your flaws should not worry you; the concealer is there to help you cover them, just fall in love with them. Again, first fix the shape of your face, and then choose the right colors for every bit of makeup, ensuring that you apply in the right way.
To get the innocent, angelic look to your makeup apply highlighter to your cheeks after applying blush. Apply the product to the apples of your cheekbones for an instant, natural looking glow.
Get a fuller pout by dabbing a little highlighter on your lips on top of your lipstick. The key to pulling off this look is to apply the highlighter right to the middle of the top and bottom lips, paying special attention to your cupid’s bow.
After a long night, mix a little bit of your highlighter with concealer and apply under the eyes with a makeup sponge or beauty blender. This will brighten the area under your eyes and make you look as if you’ve had the best night’s sleep even if you’ve only slept for a couple of hours.
Use highlighter as an eyeshadow primer. You necessarily don’t have to purchase a primer to get pigmented colors that last. Using highlighter as a primer not only encourages your eyeshadow to stay put but it also lifts the brow and adds a shimmery finish to your look.
Your highlighter is meant to attract some light. It creates an illusion of height and brightness. You will be lit from within you. Almost every celebrity uses it because of the amazing results in gives. It also matches your contouring. A perfect highlighter is one that matches the color of your favorite jewelry.
For a flawless finish, make sure to use brushes as compared to your hands because it gives you more control. An angled brush is best when applying the highlighter on larger face areas such as the cheeks.
A blender brush gives an amazing result when used for smaller parts of your face. You will maintain your smooth youthful face if you apply the highlighter on the right parts. It should only be applied on specific parts, such as cheeks and around the eyes to highlight some features.
When you want your highlighter to pop at all angles, start down to the apples of your cheek and bring it up to your cheekbones, continuing all the way up to your temple.
Highlight the arch of your brow… a natural face-lift!
Dry Skin can use a creamer highlighter, oily skin a powder highlighter.
Create your own creamy highlighter. Use one of your favorite oils and blend the powder with a brush. You can create a beautiful creamy highlighter glow.
Using your tips of your fingers helps blend by using the warmth of your finger.
Know your eye shape: Understanding the shape of your eyes is the first step to figuring out how, where and what to apply as eye makeup. There are different eye shapes, for example, the wide set, hooded set, upturned set, downturned set, protruding set, monoloid, and deep set. If you have a problem on determining the shape of your eyes, you can do a simple research online or seek help from an eye makeup artist to help you figure out. All these shapes have different makeup styles that vary from one shape to another.
Start with an eye shadow primer: You do not want your eye shadow to wear off fast or crease on your eyes. To prevent this from happening, you should use a primer to make your eyelid smooth. By doing this you will ensure that your eyeshadow stays in place all day long.
Curl your eyelashes to make your eyes look bigger: Applying mascara is one of the easiest and the best ways of defining your eyes. However, when you use a lash curler, you will open up the eyes and make them more beautiful. The best way to do this is by using the curler before applying your mascara. Make sure that your eyelashes are well curled or you can pull out your lashes.
Use two mascaras instead of one for beautifully enhanced lashes: For enhanced beautiful eyelashes, it is a good idea to use two mascaras instead of single mascara. Use one for thickening and the other for lengthening. You can softly shake the brush of the thickening formula at the base of your eyelashes to create fullness and to cover the root, then use the lengthening mascara to add extra flair from the middle to the tips of the lashes.
Do not connect the bottom and top liner: This is yet another mistake that many people make when applying the eyeliner. If you want to make your eyes look wider and beautiful, avoid connecting the top and bottom eyeliner. By leaving a gap between the two liners creates an illusion that they are wider.
Find the perfect eyeliner shade for your eye color: Black eyeliner is loved by many because it is a classic and can be used for any eye color. However, if you want to make your eyes pop, it is advisable to use a color that complements your eyes. You can try a colorful mascara if you do not mind being a little adventurous.
Even out your eyelids with concealer: If your eyelids tend to look veiny or a little reddish, you can use a concealer to remove the color variation and prepare for eye shadow. This will ensure that the eye shadow settles perfectly in and there is no uneven skin complexion around the eye.
Apply a layer of powder between mascara coats: After applying the first coat of mascara, you can apply a thin layer of translucent powder over you eyelashes and then apply the second coat. Doing this adds extra length and enhanced volume to your eyelashes without making it look clumpy.
Put your brow pencils or eyeliner in the freezer before sharpening them: Have you ever wondered why your eyeliner or pencil crumbles while you are using it? The reason is that the pencil is dry and flaky. This means that it cannot produce the best result as you want it to. To ensure that your pencil works well and produces even lines, you should freeze it for a few minutes before sharpening it and using it. This way you will ensure that the tip stay intact even after several strokes.
No eye makeup is complete without a touch up in your eyelashes. Eyelashes are an important part of your eye. It is important to point out that having well-designed and beautiful eyelashes help in enhancing a woman’s self-esteem as well as add elegance and charm to one’s look.
According to expert advice, you should always apply make up around your eyes before any other makeup. This helps ensure that colored speckles do not ruin your foundation or concealer. As such, you first apply the shadow, then the eye liner and mascara.
Before applying any make up around your eyes clean your face, ensuring that the previous makeup completely clears up. You can consider some concealer or primer. Using a small brush, apply some eye shadow on the crease, brow bone and lid. Once you blend it all, and then apply eyeliner to the upper eyelid.
Use your eyelash curler to make sure that your eyelashes are well curled before applying the mascara. The end result is one amazing and pretty one.
To reduce puffiness under the eye, this age-old trick never fails. Take two chilled cucumber slices and lay them over your eyelids for several minutes. Cucumbers contain caffeine and ascorbic acid which reduce water retention, swelling, and puffiness under the eyes.
Use a salmon color concealer under the eye to reduce redness and dark spots. The key is to use a neutralizing concealer. The salmon hues act as a neutralizer for dark uneven skin tone. Apply the concealer in a triangular shape under the eye and blend with a beauty blender for a flawless finish.
Add some heat to your eyelash curler before using it to lift the eyes. Although the idea of putting something hot near your eye may scare you, the idea is only to warm your eyelash curler so that your eyelashes will stay put. Using an eyelash curler to elongate the eyelashes will make your eyes pop and make them appear bigger.
Use white or a neutral color eyeliner in your waterline to instantly brighten tired eyes. This trick can make your eyes look twice their size. If you prefer darker eyeliner or want to widen the eyes a bit, apply a darker shade to the edges of your outer eye area.
Guest Expert And Artist Marie Holt!
Smudged mascara? Don’t touch it! Let it dry. Go in a few minutes later with a dry Q-tip and it should flake right off and leave no smudge marks!
Made a mistake that won’t flake right off? Grab your primer instead of makeup remover! It will remove any smudge without leaving a greasy residue in addition to prepping the skin to reapply any foundation/concealer it may have taken off.
Layer your eyeshadows! Lightest to darkest to help with blending.
Blending can be tricky! If you go in with a big fluffy brush and blend everything together, it will start to look muddy! Just blend out the edges in circular motions to keep each shade separate – but blended seamlessly.
If you struggle with your eyeliner smudging/running or wearing off throughout the day, try layering it with eyeshadow. Line your eye with a black (or brown) eyeshadow first and then go over top of that with your eyeliner. It will help to keep it in place all day! Eyeshadow is also way easier to take off so if you initially make a mistake, it will be easier to fix than eyeliner is; use it as a guide for winged liner.
For the longest wearing makeup look, layer creams and powders. Always go in with all liquids and cream products first, set with a pressed or loose setting powder and then go over top with your powder blush, bronzer/contour, etc. to really LOCK everything into place! For example: a cream blush with a powder blush over top will last much longer than just a cream or powder alone.
Don’t forget your setting spray! We all know to set your makeup at the very end of application but have you tried layering your products with it? Use setting spray as a base over top of your primer – not only to add extra hydration but to prep the skin for products… Spray again over your foundation, again after powdering (this helps to settle any powderiness left over) – and then as usual, to finish the look off! You’ll be able to hop in a pool and still look flawless!
Exfoliate your lips weekly to remove dead skin cells and get a smooth, gorgeous finish to your lipstick application. If your lips are dry or dehydrated, patchy spots can show trough your lipstick making it look blotchy and uneven. Eliminate the look of scaly lips by using a sugar scrub to exfoliate dry skin from your lips. If you don’t have an exfoliating product, apply lip balm or petroleum jelly to your lips while showering to allow the steam to soften your lips. Before exiting the shower, use a face towel to gently exfoliate for soft, kissable lips.
This is an old trick to boost the staying power of your lipstick nevertheless it’s still a very useful tip. Apply your lipstick as you normally would, then lightly press a tissue against your lips. Dust your lips with translucent powder to set the lipstick so that it stays put throughout the day. Repeat the steps once more for maximum wear.
You can create your own lipstick color palette by taking old, broken lipstick and putting it in a small multi-pill container. You could also use an old eyeshadow palette with several compartments to fill with lip colors. It may help to first scoop the lipstick out and melt it in a spoon over a candle or lighter before adding it to the palette. This way, the lipstick will form to shape the compartment giving you’re a brand new lipstick palette.
Guest Expert And Lip Artist Soolmoz!
Like the natural no makeup look? Use eyeshadow or brow powder to fill in the little gaps in your brows . Set your brows by spraying hairspray onto a mascara wand and gently pushing them to their desired shape.
Want to add a bit of shimmer to your liquid lipstick? After applying the liquid lipstick (while its still yet) rub glitter onto your lips. Once the lipstick dries you will have transfer proof glitter lips!
Have a hard time getting foundation not to look cakey? Dab a small amount of oil onto your beauty blender, dab onto the back of your hand then apply to your face like you would your foundation. This will help moisturize your skin and give you a nice glow!
Don’t forget that everything takes practice, when I first started doing lip art it took me hours to finish the most basic looks.
To fix chipped or broken lipstick, use a lighter and add heat to the area that’s broken. Press the broken ends firmly into each other and seal the by adding a little more heat. Place the tube in the refrigerator for approximately 20-30 minutes to let it set.
Did you know that your lips are among the most beautiful parts of your face if well maintained? Well, ensure that you have the right makeup for the lips so that it reveals their real beauty. The first step is shaping your lips using a lip liner. This gives it a better definition.
Use lip essence to ensure that your lips do not dry. Use elegance to color your lips using your desired lipstick. Adding some glossy dewy looks to your lips gives a plus on their beauty.
Skin Care – Focus Fabulous!
Your skin needs proper care and protection. In addition, it requires the right make-up for it to look good. Well applied make-up can be magical to your skin. It therefore should not look like a mystery to you. Your natural basic look should not cost you loads of tools, skills and time yet you too can become your own makeup artist and professional.
Are you seeking to maintain your flawless skin using makeup? Learn a few simple tips below that will make you a pro in your personal skin care. You will not require a professional to take care of your beautiful skin. You will also spend a little time and you will also understand what comes first.
Most women and a few men with dark complexions would wish to have lighter or more even skin tone. There are several reasons behind dull and dark skin for example it can be hereditary, environmental pollution, dry skin, medical condition, overexposure to the sun, poor lifestyle choices, lack of proper diet and use of chemical based cosmetic products. More and more people strive to achieve flawless skin and as a result they tend to use skin lightening products that have flooded the market. However, such products contain harmful chemicals that instead of improving your complexion can damage your skin. Instead of you going for those expensive chemical filled cosmetic products.
The key to maintaining healthy radiant skin starts from within. Drinking sufficient amounts of water will keep your skin hydrated and bright. Not drinking enough water can cause the skin to become dry and flaky. Over 25 percent of your skin is made up of water so it is essential to drink enough so that you may continue to have healthy, glowing skin.
Exfoliate weekly to remove dead skin cells and get glowing skin. Dead skin cells can accumulate on the face and make your skin look dry, dull and rough. This could also contribute to clogged pores, breakouts, excessive oil production, and blemishes.
Get used to mixing products! Why wear what everyone else is when you can customize the shade? Lipsticks, highlighters, ALL OF IT!
False lashes can be tricky. Try wiggling the lash band back and forth to loosen it. This will make it easier to fit the natural curve of your eye.
When mascara turns “goopy” before it’s the necessary time to throw it out… No biggie! Just add a few drops of water to the tube and stir with mascara wand.
This may sound silly but DRINK YOUR H2O. Your skin will thank you and your makeup application will look awesome on a well-hydrated base.
For even application of brow product, lipstick, etc: apply your product in steps, and every so often back away from the mirror so you can see the whole area and better judge your lines.
Turmeric powder: Turmeric powder has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. When used on the skin, turmeric powder eliminates harmful free radicals and toxins that damage your skin. On top of that, this powder helps in the production of collagen which keeps your skin soft, supple and glowing. For better results, mix one tablespoon of turmeric powder with 4 or 5 tablespoons of gram flour and add milk or water to form a paste. Then apply this paste on your face and neck and leave to for at least 20 minutes then rinse with water. Apply this once or twice per week and you will see the amazing results.
Coconut oil: Coconut oil contains essential fatty acids required by the skin for a beautifully radiant look. This oil also contains phenolic compounds that give coconut oil its antioxidant properties. When you apply this oil on your skin, it locks moisture in the skin keeping it moist and at the same time nourishes the skin with the essential fatty acids. Apply coconut oil every night before going to bed for beautifully healthy skin.
Use Aloe Vera: Aloe Vera is considered the best solution for most skin problems for a good reason. You may have noticed that almost all beauty products and soap contain Aloe Vera in them. This is because of its nourishing and healing properties that can rejuvenate the skin and give it a beautiful natural glow. All you need is to get a teaspoon of organic Aloe Vera gel, mix it with honey and milk in equal proportions and apply it on your face and neck and leave it for about 15 minutes then wash with clean warm water. Apply this mask once or twice a week for better results.
Drink plenty of water: Natural skin care tips are not complete without the inclusion of water. Water has plenty of health benefits and among these benefits is the ability to help your skin remove impurity, toxins and to keep your skin moist and smooth. Water hydrates the body, it flushes toxins and excess oils and dirt that clogs the pores and form pimples. It is recommended that you drink at least two liters of water on a daily basis for a clean beautiful skin.
Use lemon juice: Lemon is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Freshly squeezed lemon juice is highly recommended for cleaning your face once in a while. Not only does lemon juice cleanses the skin, but eliminates all bacteria and fungi that would have accumulated on your skin surface. If you want brighter, beautiful skin, it a good idea to use lemon juice to clean your face three times a week.
Papaya for healthy-looking skin: Ripe papaya fruit contains an enzyme, papain, which acts as a mild exfoliator. You can apply the fruit directly to your skin by rubbing it on your skin or you can make a paste by mixing saddle wood powder and honey to the mashed ripe papaya. Papaya clears the dirt and oil that can cause pimples and acne. Honey and saddle wood powder moisturizes the skin and makes the skin firmer giving it a youthful beautiful look.
Honey: Honey is sweet and loved by many people who love the natural sweet taste of honey. Apart from this, honey can also be used for skin care. It contains antimicrobial and hygroscopic properties. Additionally, honey contains antioxidants that can help in keeping your skin smooth soft and above all healthy. The antimicrobial properties of honey reduce pimples and blemishes on your face. Simply apply organic honey on your face and leave it to stay for a few minutes, and then wash with warm water.
Balance your Ph! “if you do ph wrong, your base is wrong.” In a State University of New York study, they found 4% VitB3 was 82 percent effective at skin clearing compared to only 63% skin clearing with a 1% clindamycin (an Antibiotic). That was also in a base cream with many pore clogging ingredients. So in our healthy natural base it is incredibly effective. VitB3 also helps uneven skin tone and skin texture. With its clarifying activity, VitB3 is one of the most effective natural treatments for tissue refinement where it enhances the skins ability to de-congest and clear acne while also evening out skin tone. We found it interesting to note as well that skin that is acne prone as been found to have a lower amount of VitB3, and the even more interesting note is that acne prone skin does not seem to be helped by internal consumption of VitB3, yet as a topical form it is helped greatly! So to get the great results you have to apply topically.
Almonds: Most people think that almonds are nuts. Almonds are not nuts they are seeds that are rich in Vitamin E which is a powerful sun blocker. We all know the negative effects of extreme exposure to sunlight; you might get sunburns and in extreme cases you might be affected by the sun’s UV rays. Vitamin E helps in protecting the skin cells from the harsh UV rays and other factors that may generate free radicals that may damage the skin cells.
Yogurt: Yogurt is known for its numerous benefits to the human body. Among these benefits is its ability to make your skin firmer and healthier. Yogurt contains animal protein that is essential in making your skin smooth, firm and resistant to wrinkles. For great complexion and smooth skin, it is advisable to drink a single serving of good quality yogurt on a daily basis.
Your cell phone is a breeding ground for bacteria especially because we put our phone down anywhere and everywhere. Your hands are always touching the phone and your face is constantly pressed against the face piece. All of this contributes to the accumulation of excess bacteria, dirt, and grime. Get into the habit or wiping down your phone with alcohol on a daily basis to help your skin remain flawless.
Oranges: One of the most important ingredients in most skin care products is vitamin C. Oranges are a rich source of vitamin C and on top of that they have bleaching properties that can improve your skin tone. Studies show that a regular consumption of natural orange juice can significantly improve your skin texture and its suppleness. For effectiveness, oranges can be used in two ways as a paste (a combination of orange juice and turmeric powder) and grinding dried orange peels into powder and mixing it with a tablespoon of yogurt. After making either of the two pastes, you can apply the paste on your skin and leave it for about 20 minutes.
Honey: Natural honey contains bleaching properties that can improve the outward appearance of your skin. On top of that it can act as a moisturizer and it also contains antibacterial properties that help in eliminating acne spots as well as age spots. This gives your skin a lighter tone and makes it look even younger. You can simply apply the natural honey directly to your face or make a face mask from a combination of lemon juice and honey in equal proportions.
Yogurt: This is a by-product of milk. Yogurt contains several nutrients essential for a healthy skin. On top of that yogurt contains lactic acid that acts as a bleaching agent. For better results you are advised to apply yogurt to your skin on a regular basis preferably on a daily basis.
Lemons: Lemons are known for their acidic properties that work as a natural bleaching agent. Lemons are also rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C promotes the growth of new skin cells and the antioxidants in the lemons improve the skin complexion. You can simply rub a cut lemon over your skin once a day for fast and better results.
Chocolate: Most people love eating chocolate because it is sweet. Very few know that chocolate can actually help you get a healthy glowing skin. Chocolate contains cocoa and cocoa helps in hydrating your skin, making it supple and firm. A dark chocolate is rich in Flavonols, which is a strong type of antioxidant. For better results, you are encouraged to eat chocolate that contains 70% cocoa.
Strawberries: Strawberries contain more vitamin C and anti-aging properties per serving than grapefruits or oranges. Strawberries are known to prevent formation of fine lines on the skin that cause wrinkles and also prevents dry skin. Vitamin C contained in strawberries helps in fighting free radicals that damages the skin leading to formation of fine lines. Therefore, if you want to look younger with a beautiful moist and ever glowing skin, it is a high time you considered eating strawberries on a regular basis.
Green Tea: Green tea is regarded as a super food or drink because of its numerous health benefits. Green tea contains high levels of antioxidants with proven anti-inflammatory properties. When you drink it hot, this tea releases catechins, which is a type of antioxidant known for its anti-cancer properties. Drinking more than two cups daily will not only help in preventing skin cancer but it can also help in reversing the effects of sun damage on sun-exposed skin.
Instead of using those chemical filled skin care products available in the market, you can use the above natural methods to make your skin lighter and healthier.
I’m in my 30s so I’m all about taking care of my skin to look refreshed and awake. So, I take time every morning and night to thoroughly cleanse my skin and use serums and moisturizers to gently lift away dirt and put some great nutrients back in.
I love to use cream products with subtle sheen to enhance the radiance and youthful glow of my skin rather than matting it down with powders.
Lately I have ditched heavy liner and fake lashes and, instead, have been going for a glossy lid with tons of mascara! It looks so fresh and youthful (not to mention it cuts my makeup time in half)!
I work out! Seriously, I know we all hear about the health benefits of exercise but no one talks about how amazing your skin, nails, and hair look when you really take care of your body. This was a real eye opener for me.
Instead of lotions with heavy fragrances and synthetic ingredients I like to use oils to moisturize my skin when I get out of the shower to help prevent my skin from drying out.
Egg shampoo: Among the best natural home remedies for split ends, is egg shampoo. This is the simplest yet very effective treatment for split ends. All you need to have is one egg, an ounce of rosemary and hot water. The only thing that you might buy from a convenient store here is the rosemary but the rest are available in your house. Steep the rosemary in hot water for approximately 15 to 20 minutes then leave it cool. After the water cooling down you can now beat your egg into it. Ensure that they mix evenly then massage the mixture into your hair thoroughly. Leave it for some time and then rinse your hair the same way you do with a regular shampoo.
Wash it regularly, with warm not hot water. And When shampooing it, work on the scalp not the hair ends.
Papaya hair pack: Papayas are known for their long lasting nourishing effects on hair. For this natural split ends remedy you need a very ripe papaya. The size of the papaya depends on the size and length of your hair for example if you have thick long hair you will need a larger fruit. Therefore choose the right size for your hair. Cut the papaya fruit into halves and get rid of the seeds and the skin. Blend the fruit until it is pulpy then add a glass of yogurt and mix evenly. Carefully massage the mixture into your hair then leave it stay for about 30 minutes then rinse it with warm water.
Castor oil: Castor oil is known for its numerous uses as far human health is concerned. However, when used as one of the natural home remedies for split ends, you do not have to drink it for better results. All you have to do is to mix the oil with olive oil and mustard oil in equal proportions and apply the mixture into your hair. After applying the mixture, wrap the hair in a towel for about 30 minutes. Wash the mixture out and shampoo if necessary.
Honey: Honey is among the best natural remedies for split ends, especially when mixed with curd. In this treatment all you need to do is get half cup of curd then mix it with a tablespoon of natural honey. Massage the mixture into your hair thoroughly paying attention to the ends. Let the mixture stay for 20 minutes then rinse it with water. Honey has essential nutrients required for proper hair growth. This remedy will leave your hair looking gorgeous and shiny.
Avocado: When you eat avocado on a regular basis you will notice that your skin and hair will become extremely soft and glossy. The natural avocado oil is known to make the skin soft and its effects to the hair cannot be ignored. For better results in treating split ends you do not have to eat plenty of avocados. All you need to do is to mash an avocado fruit until soft. Then damp your hair a little and massage the fruit thoroughly into your hair. During this process ensure that all your split ends are covered with the fruit. Leave the fruit to stay for about 15 to 30 minutes then rinse it out with water. For extra sheen you can add a tablespoon of olive oil.
Coconut oil: Coconut oil is one of the most effective natural home remedies for split ends, which is loved by many. Coconut oil moisturizes, strengthens, repairs and prevents tearing of hair. Simply apply the coconut oil on dry hair and wash after a few minutes. Then shampoo and condition as usual. Coconut oil also prevents formation of dead skin that leads to dandruff and it ensures that your scalp remains healthy and moisturized at all times. Additionally, coconut oil contains essential nutrients required to keep your hair dark, shiny and above all healthy. It is important to point out that coconut oil is non-greasy and is easy to apply.
We use different skin care products, lathers, slathers and sprays every day. The skin acts as a sponge and takes in all these chemicals. Have you ever thought of the harm that these chemicals could have on your skin and body over prolonged periods of using these products? It is time to go natural by reducing use of fragrance, ensuring that the products are really natural, choosing less toxic and recyclable packaging, or prepare your own beauty products from home.
Guest Expert Kelsey G (MakeupByKelsey)!
The type of makeup you’re using is very important! Make sure your makeup is non comedogenic, oil free, and free of any harmful chemicals if your suffer from acne! This might be causing breakouts! Switch to mineral based makeup and products that become one with your skin! Don’t fight with your skin! Give it what it needs. Start with looking at your primers and setting powders! Making the switch can get you one step closer to clearer skin!
Acne Acne Acne! They’re are so many products and remedies out there! I suffered from acne for such a long time! Medication, drugstore products, and homemade recipes! Remember to exfoliate! Your skin needs to replenish. I recently started to exfoliate very gently with some white wash cloths using a new one every time I washed my face! This not only helped give my skin new life, but it cleared up my acne within a month!!
To pop a pimple or to leave it be! That is the question! Popping or not popping pimples is a controversial question. Despite what they might say about it, it’s okay to pop pimples! As long as it s done properly! I like to use two ends of a cotton swab to press and squeeze any inflamed pores I have on my face. Afterwards, disinfect with a cleansing pad and then apply a spot cream to dry everything out! You will wake up in the morning with it flat and on its way to recovery!
Make coconut oil your best friend! It has so many benefits! DIY a face mask of body scrub! Use it for a hydrating moisturizer or hair mask. Don’t stop there, you can throw it in a smoothie or use it to cook with.
Applying eyeliner can be difficult! Precision is key. To get a sharp line without pulling off any foundation, tape your along natural eye line from your crease to your eyebrow. But before you do so, stick the tape to the back of your hand so it won’t take off any foundation after peeling away the tape!
Lastly, beauty starts from within – love yourself! Look in the mirror everyday and say one thing you love about yourself! Keep your head up and have a positive mind! You’re beauty will shine with or without makeup!
Click to view the comedogenic scale!
Knowing your self – Your face speaks a lot about you, work on it. Apply appropriate make up on different parts of your face to give it a natural look. Your face contributes a lot to your confidence. Your make up should therefore be in your mind every day. Before you leave your house, make sure your face, hair and dress code describes who you feel you are. Feel yourself.
What is “blue light” and how it effects your eyes? Understanding this could make a real difference in your life.Mary Ellen @ iamgreenminded.com studied exactly how this works and wrote a great blog post about it.: Hacks to keep your smartphone from wrecking your sleep – with references!
Start your day with water: Health experts agree that drinking a glass of water in the morning is helpful to the body. Water helps rehydrate your body after a restful night. Either a glass of cold or warm water will do. However, adding fresh lemon juice to the warm water will make it even better. The warm water relaxes the digestive system and the lemon help in cleaning of the tract and it enhances the production of more blood cells. This will ensure that not only is your skin rehydrated but also harmful toxins are eliminated.
Everyone should have at LEAST one good cleanser and moisturizer. Skin will always be better when it’s clean and hydrated.
When applying setting powder, apply to T-zone only. This will keep you matte, but not flat.
Spring and summer are definitely the time to try brighter pinks and corals on cheeks and lips!
I ❤️ adding a little bronzer on top of my blush for a summer glow.
Have multiple foundations on-hand, so matter the occasion you have the coverage and finish you want.
My secret for making a powder foundation look flawless is a hydrating setting spray.
Always have a water bottle with you: Not only should you start your day with a glass of water, but you should always have a bottle of water during the day. Water keeps our body organs functioning smoothly and it also helps in flushing toxins. Through sweating, the skin remains hydrated and harmful toxins are eliminated. This is very important to the skin and keeping it smooth and supple.
Trade the afternoon coffee for tea: Coffee is good for certain body functions and as such, you should not cut it out entirely. Instead of drinking coffee in the afternoon, consider drinking tea especially herbal teas. Tea is very rich in vitamin C antioxidants, and other essential minerals required for clear skin. Additionally, herbal tea like peppermint, green tea and ginger help in stimulating the digestive process which is linked to clear beautiful skin.
Eat green leafy vegetables: Green leafy vegetables are a nutritional backbone for a good reason. Nutritionists point out that the chlorophyll in green vegetables helps in eliminating toxins, pesticides, heavy metals and help in detoxifying the body. You can eat them raw as a salad or make vegetable juice or smoothie. You can also cook them but if you overheat them you will destroy the nutritional content of green vegetables.
Get adequate sleep: Sleep is essential to the proper functioning of all body organs. It relaxes the body’s inflammatory cells which play an important role in restoring hyaluronic acid and collagen. These two are important molecules that give the skin its natural glow and suppleness. Additionally, adequate sleep also rejuvenates your immune system enabling the system to fight disorders like eczema, psoriasis, and acne.
Exercise: Exercises have very many benefits to the human health. Apart from keeping you fit, enhancing circulation of oxygen and blood, exercises also help in dealing with stress and stress hormones. Stress is known to wreak havoc not only on the body but also on our looks. Stress can cause breakouts, hair loss, brittle nails and overwhelmed mind and body. Therefore, engage in exercises that will keep your mind engaged and prevent stress from creeping in.
Avoid touching your face: Many people tend to touch their faces every now and then without even knowing it. It is an unhealthy habit that most of us do. We use our hands for doing a lot of things and touching almost anything including bacteria and germs. When you touch your face knowingly or unknowingly, you transfer the germs and bacteria to the face and leave it there. This can cause pimples, acne, and other skin infections due to clogged pores.
Healthy habits will lead to healthy bodies, beautiful skin and good looks in general. If you are a woman who loves to look good and feel great, consider incorporating the above habits into your lifestyle.
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2019-04-25T15:58:33Z
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https://www.iamgreenminded.com/blog/143-beauty-tips-why-you-suck-at-makeup-and-how-to-fix-it/
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These rules, which took effect on February 26, 1999, are set forth in Chapter 71 of Title 2 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. The OIP was required to adopt these rules by the Uniform Information Practices Act (Modified) (“UIPA“). The Impact Statement below was prepared as part of the rules drafting process.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(12), (13) (1993). Consequently, the OIP is proposing rules in chapter 41 of Title 5, Hawaii Administrative Rules, that will set forth agency procedures for processing record requests, time limits for agency action, and the fees that an agency may charge for searching, reviewing, and segregating records.
Every state and county government agency, as defined in proposed rule § 5-41-2, shall be governed by these rules. The proposed rules in this chapter specifically relate to those procedures and policies that all agencies must follow when responding to record requests under part II of the UIPA. The OIP’s proposed rules concerning the appeals procedures to be followed when an agency denies access to a record will be set forth in another chapter.
In December 1995, the OIP circulated an initial draft of these proposed rules to other State and county agencies. The OIP received written comments and suggestions concerning the draft rules, and held six meetings to discuss the draft rules with representatives from agencies of the State and the City and County of Honolulu. In response to the agencies’ suggestions and concerns raised in the written comments and at the meetings, the OIP amended the draft rules. This impact statement identifies those rules provisions that the OIP proposed or amended in response to the feedback from agencies.
This proposed rule sets forth the purpose of the rules in this chapter. As explained in the “Introduction” of this Impact Statement, the UIPA requires the adoption of rules setting forth the matters described in this rule. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(12), (13) (1993). This set of proposed rules is limited to setting forth the procedures for responding to requests for public access to records, while the procedures for responding to requests from individuals for personal records about themselves will be set forth in another chapter that is not discussed in this impact statement.
The purpose of establishing fees is to allow agencies to recoup some costs in responding to requests for government records rather than having to provide the search, review and segregation services entirely at taxpayers’ expense. The proposed rules do provide agencies the option of establishing their own fees for the search, review, and segregation of records that are limited to the actual costs of providing these services. This option is proposed for those agencies that informed the OIP of their operational requirements to recoup the actual costs in providing these services. Although this option prevents the uniform application of one fee schedule, the OIP recognizes that one fee schedule cannot practically address the different needs and circumstances of all the State and county agencies that will be governed by the OIP’s rules.
It is the intent of your Committee that such charges for search, compilation, and segregation shall not be a vehicle to prohibit access to public records. It is the further intent of your Committee that the Office of Information Practices move aggressively against any agency that uses such charges to chill the exercise of first amendment rights.
H. Stand Comm. Rep. No. 342-88, 14th Leg., 1988 Reg. Sess., Haw. H.J. 969, 972 (1988).
This chapter uses certain terms and their definitions from the UIPA. Although several agencies have asked that this proposed rule repeat the UIPA’s definitions rather than merely refer to the UIPA, the OIP finds that, as a practical matter, the reference to the UIPA eliminates the need to amend this rule should the definitions in the UIPA be amended later. Furthermore, in accordance with the rulemaking format set forth by the revisor of statutes, administrative rules should incorporate applicable sections of the Hawaii Revised Statutes by reference and should not repeat the statutory sections. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 91-4.2 (1993); Hawaii Administrative Rules Drafting Manual 2d ed. § 00-4-2(a)(1989).
The definition of the term “government record” that is used in the UIPA and, in turn, these proposed rules, is broad because it encompasses any record in any physical form that is maintained by an agency. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-3 (1993). Hence, the term “government record” includes unofficial copies of another agency’s records, records that are in an agency’s temporary possession or retention, and records that are publicly available elsewhere. Agencies must comply with the procedures set forth in these proposed rules when receiving a request for any government record.
The definition of the term “maintain” is taken from the Uniform Information Practices Code, a model code that was drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and upon which the UIPA was modeled (“Model Code”). The OIP has issued several advisory opinions that refer to the Model Code’s definition of the term “maintain.” See, e.g., OIP Op. Ltr. No. 92-25 (Dec. 22, 1992); OIP Op. Ltr. No. 95-15 (May 8, 1995).
In addition, several other terms used in this chapter, and their definitions, are modeled upon similar provisions of the federal Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (1988) (“FOIA”), and the Uniform Freedom of Information Act Fee Schedule and Guidelines, established by the federal Office of Management and Budget (“OMB Guidelines”). It is useful for the OIP to refer to the FOIA provisions and OMB Guidelines for guidance because most State and county agencies have not established agency procedures or fees for the search, review, and segregation of records to which the OIP could refer.
In particular, the definitions for the terms “search,” “review,” and “segregate” are modeled after those used in the OMB Guidelines. 52 Fed. Reg. 10012, 10017 (1987). As defined in the OMB Guidelines, the term “review” does not include the time spent resolving issues of general law or policy about the application of exemptions from disclosure. This part of the definition repeats the express qualification on review fees set forth in the FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A) (1988).
Similarly, proposed rule § 5-41-2 includes this qualification in the definition of the term “review,” so that no fee for review of a record is charged for time spent by the agency, the OIP, or any other person or agency that has an interest in the record, to resolve issues about access. The OIP is developing a training program about the UIPA for agencies so that they become more familiar with and can readily apply the UIPA’s access provisions, as well as the procedures set forth in these proposed rules. Also, as defined, the term “review” does not include the time spent by an agency in assessing what records are being requested for access, preparing a notice in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-14, or returning a record back to its original location.
Notably, the definition of the term “access” covers both inspection and copying of a government record. The UIPA allows both inspection and copying of any record that is not exempt under the UIPA’s exceptions. Thus, the procedures in these proposed rules must address both inspection and copying of records.
Informal requests are treated outside the formal procedures established under the UIPA and these proposed rules. As explained in proposed rule § 5-41-12, and for evidentiary purposes, a person has recourse to the procedures, rights, and remedies under these proposed rules and the UIPA only when the person has submitted a formal request. For this reason, proposed rule § 5-41-11, provides that a request is presumed to be and shall be treated as a formal request when the request complies with proposed rule § 5-41-12, which lists the contents required of a formal request. A requester and an agency may agree to treat a formal request as an informal request, and the agency should make a note of this agreement on the request.
This proposed rule explains that requesters may informally make requests for access to records in any form–in person, by telephone or e-mail, or by any other method. An agency receiving an informal request has the option of working on the informal request, or instructing the requester to submit a formal request. The agency may charge the appropriate fees for responding to informal requests as provided under proposed rule § 5-41-20.
An agency may find it expedient and efficient to act upon informal requests as often as possible, and may set their own procedures on how to respond to them. Many agencies already have existing procedures for responding to requests that the agencies can continue to follow when responding to informal requests. For example, an agency that receives an informal request may orally inform a requester that the record requested for access is confidential or is not maintained by the agency.
The OIP cautions that agencies cannot prohibit a requester from using an alias or require the requester to reveal the requester’s identity or business affiliation when the requester is seeking access to disclosable records. See OIP Op. Ltr. No. 90-29 (Oct. 5, 1990) (in general, if a record is subject to public inspection, any person may inspect and copy the record).
When an agency denies access to a record that was the subject of an informal request, this proposed rule provides that the requester then has the option of submitting a formal request for the same record in order to have recourse to the procedures, rights, and remedies afforded by these rules and the UIPA, including the time limits for agency action and the right to appeal an agency’s denial of access.
This proposed rule explains that, by submitting a formal request for access to a government record, the requester shall be afforded the procedures, rights, and remedies provided under these proposed rules and the UIPA. This proposed rule then describes that a formal request must be in writing and must contain the items of information listed in this rule.
Formal requests help to minimize unnecessary misunderstandings between an agency and the requester concerning whether the requester has, in fact, requested access to records, and which particular records are the subject of the request. As discussed later, an agency may ask the requester to clarify the request for particular records. An agency may prefer to require requesters to submit all requests as formal requests; however, the agency must then comply with the procedures set forth in these rules, including providing written notice, when required, and adhering to time limits for responding and providing access to records. When the OIP provides training to agencies on these rules after they are adopted, the OIP will provide a sample formal request format that agencies and the public can use as a model formal request.
Importantly, a requester’s right to appeal an agency’s denial of access to a record is one of the rights afforded to a requester who submits a formal request. Under section 92F-15, Hawaii Revised Statutes, any person aggrieved by an agency’s denial of access to a record may bring an action to compel disclosure in circuit court within two years after the agency’s denial. Also, under section 92F-15.5, Hawaii Revised Statutes, the person may file an administrative appeal of an agency’s denial with the OIP.
A formal request and the agency’s written response provide the best evidence of the facts so that review by the OIP or the court is focused on resolving legal issues concerning access to the records, rather than factual issues regarding the record requested and the agency’s response. As a requester can bring a court action up to two years from the time of the agency’s denial, the formal request and the agency’s response to it may be the only evidence documenting the submission of a request and the failure of the agency to respond. The time limits for filing an appeal with the OIP will be set forth in administrative rules in another chapter that the OIP is required to adopt in accordance with section 92F-42(12), Hawaii Revised Statutes.
This proposed rule requires the requester to provide certain items of information in a formal request. These items include information that would allow the agency to correspond with or contact the requester, which may consist of a name (including an alias), mailing address, and telephone number where the requester may be reached. This requirement does not make the actual name of the requester a condition for access to a record, but rather only allows the agency to contact and correspond with the requester regarding the request. If a requester is uncomfortable providing the requester’s actual name, the formal request is valid even if the requester provides a pseudonym or alias so long as the requester ensures that mail or telephone calls will be properly routed to the name, mailing address, and telephone number provided in the request.
Notably, however, if the formal request includes a request for a waiver of fees in the public interest, the requester’s identity is part of the information that must be provided in order to determine whether the request qualifies for the waiver.
The requirement that a formal request must provide a reasonable description of the record requested is similar to the FOIA’s requirement that requests “reasonably describe” the records sought. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A) (1988). According to the FOIA’s legislative history, a description is sufficient if it enables a professional federal employee, who is familiar with the subject area, to locate the record “with a reasonable amount of effort.” H.R. Rep. No. 876, 93d Cong., 2d Sess. 6 (1974). If possible, the description should include the record name, subject matter, date, location and any other additional information that reasonably describes the requested record.
If the requester believes that a waiver of fees would serve the public interest in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-32, the requester should request the waiver in the formal request for records, and provide a statement of facts supporting the waiver request. A requester’s statement of belief that the requester is entitled to a waiver is not determinative. Rather, the agency must determine, from the statement of facts provided by the requester, whether the requester meets the criteria for a waiver under proposed rule § 5-41-32.
A requester must state in the formal request whether inspection or duplication of the record, or both, is being requested. Proposed rule § 5-41-19 provides guidance regarding the location of inspection and the means of providing a copy. As previously explained with regard to the definition of the term “access,” the UIPA allows both inspection and copying of any record that is not exempt under the UIPA’s exceptions. Thus, the procedures in these proposed rules must address equally both inspection and copying of records.
Several agencies have inquired about what actions they must take to comply with the federal Americans With Disabilities Act (“ADA”) when a requester is unable to prepare a formal request because of a disability. Agencies should consult with their deputy attorneys general or corporation counsel regarding compliance with other State and federal laws, such as the ADA, that are outside of the OIP’s jurisdiction. Generally, when a requester cannot prepare a formal request, for example, because of illiteracy, the requester may have another person assist in preparing the actual formal request in writing. The UIPA neither prohibits nor requires that an agency provide such assistance.
This proposed rule requires the agency to respond to a formal request within ten business days after receiving a formal request. The agency must respond to a formal request for access to a government record that the agency maintains in one of the following ways: (1) provide a written notice, (2) disclose any disclosable record requested, (3) deny access to confidential information, or (4) provide a written acknowledgment. The OIP’s first draft of these proposed rules had required an agency, in all cases, to provide a written notice within ten days of receiving a formal request. In response to comments received from agencies, this proposed rule has been redesigned to provide additional options so that an agency may determine the most efficient manner of initially responding to a formal request.
When an agency sends either a written notice or written acknowledgment to a requester by mail, the cancellation mark of the mailed notice or acknowledgment may be considered evidence of compliance, or lack thereof, with this proposed rule’s time limit of ten business days. This proposed rule’s time limit is similar to the time limit set forth in the FOIA. Under FOIA, a federal agency must determine within ten business days after receiving a FOIA request whether to comply with the request, and must promptly inform the requester of its determination. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A) (1988).
Several agencies noted that a written notice in response to each and every formal request adds to agencies’ workload. Hence, this proposed rule allows an agency to provide access to a record within the ten business day period without having to provide a written notice when the agency will be charging fees of $15 or less for processing the request under proposed rule § 5-41-20. However, when an agency is denying access to a record, the agency must provide the written notice that sets forth the information required under proposed rule § 5-41-14(b). This notice sets forth the information about the agency’s denial of access that may be reviewed by the court or the OIP if the requester decides to appeal this denial. The requirement that an agency’s denial of access, as well as the request itself, be in writing best serves the appeals process by allowing the focus of an appeal to be on the legal issues rather than issues of fact.
Under this proposed rule, an agency would provide a written notice to the requester when the fees for processing the request exceed $15, or when the agency will not be providing record access within the ten business day period. Proposed rule § 5-41-14 sets forth the items of information that the agency’s notice must contain. Written notice is required to be provided so that the requester is informed about the estimated amount of fees that will be charged for processing the record request. Upon receiving this notice, the requester may choose to modify or abandon the record request in order to reduce the fees that will be charged. Also, under proposed rule § 5-41-14, the agency’s notice may instruct the requester to make a prepayment consisting of the estimated fees before the agency begins processing the request. If prepayment is required, an agency is not required to begin processing the request until prepayment is received in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-15. Hence, a written notice allows both the requester and the agency to receive important information from each other regarding the processing of the request.
When the OIP circulated the first draft of these proposed rules, several agencies noted that there may be extenuating circumstances that prevent an agency from even providing written notice within the ten business day period after receiving the request. For this reason, where such extenuating circumstances do exist, this proposed rule provides agencies the alternative of sending a written acknowledgment of the request informing the requester that the agency will send the written notice within ten business days thereafter. The written acknowledgment can be a simple form letter. Thus, sending a written acknowledgment should not unjustifiably increase an agency’s paper workload, but rather it allows an agency ten extra business days to prepare the written notice when extenuating circumstances exist.
Subsection (b) of proposed rule § 5-41-13 gives options to a unit of an agency about handling a record request that it received but that should have been directed to another unit of the agency. Several agencies informed the OIP that their agencies consist of several satellite locations, and that these satellite locations may find it difficult to be responsible for forwarding all requests to the appropriate unit that will respond to the requests, as was provided in this proposed rule’s previous draft version. Under this proposed rule’s current version, an agency may choose to select just one of these options to apply consistently to all misdirected requests and instruct all of its units accordingly. In response to agencies’ comments, subsection (c) of this proposed rule clarifies that the time limit for responding to a request does not begin until the appropriate unit of the agency for responding to the request receives the request.
The contents of an agency’s notice to a requester depend upon whether the agency intends to disclose or deny access to information in the requested record, or is unable to disclose the requested record for one of several reasons set forth in this proposed rule. Thus, the notice requires the agency to preliminarily review the request to determine: (1) what record is being requested or if a better description is needed, (2) whether the record requested is maintained by the agency and, if so, (3) whether the record is disclosable, confidential, or both. The notice requirements for incremental disclosure are discussed in the explanation of proposed rule § 5-41-16.
When an agency intends to disclose the requested record and will charge fees for responding to the record request, as authorized by proposed rule § 5-41-20, the agency must include in the notice an estimate of the fees and the amount of the prepayment, if any, that the requester must tender in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-20. When informed of the estimated fees in the notice, the requester may choose to modify or abandon the request to reduce the fees that will be assessed.
The agency’s notice must also give information about the location where the record will be available to the requester, as well as any instructions to the requester regarding any additional arrangements that the requester must make to inspect or copy the records. For example, the notice may instruct the requester to call an agency employee to schedule a date and time to come in and inspect records.
When an agency intends to deny access to information in the requested record, the agency’s notice must state each part of the record that the agency is keeping confidential, and the legal authority, under the UIPA or other laws, for keeping that part confidential. This information about the agency’s denial of access will be reviewed by the court or the OIP if the requester decides to appeal this denial. The requirement that an agency’s denial of access, as well as the request itself, be in writing best serves the appeals process by allowing the focus of an appeal to be on the legal issues rather than issues of fact (i.e., whether in fact the agency denied access).
This proposed rule requires only that the agency’s notice cite the applicable legal authority for confidentiality. As previously mentioned, the OIP will make training available to the agencies about the UIPA so that the agencies will be familiar with the UIPA’s provisions, particularly with the UIPA’s exceptions to disclosure so that the agencies can readily cite them. With regard to problematic records, the agency may also consult the OIP.
The OIP’s previous version of these draft rules had required agencies to specifically explain the basis for keeping information confidential, but agencies informed the OIP that this requirement would require legal expertise that agency personnel preparing the notice do not have. However, if the requester appeals the agency’s denial of access, the agency should be prepared to reasonably explain why they believe that the UIPA provision, or other law, cited provides the legal authority for keeping the information confidential.
Where a requested record is made public after certain confidential portions are segregated, the agency’s notice must meet the requirements of both subsections (a) and (b) of proposed rule § 5-41-14. Specifically the agency must: (1) inform the requester that access to the disclosable part of the record will be provided after the specified procedures are followed, as well as (2) describe the parts that are confidential and cite the legal authority for the denial of access.
When an agency is unable to provide access to a requested record for one of the reasons provided in this proposed rule, the agency’s notice must explain why the agency is unable to do so. From the agency’s notice, the requester should be able to determine what actions to take, namely whether to request the records from another agency that has the record requested, or submit further description or clarification of the record.
When an agency asserts that it does not maintain the record, the assertion should be based upon the agency’s reasonable belief derived from its understanding of its record systems and its actual efforts to locate the requested record. An agency has a duty to conduct a reasonable search for the requested record, and should document the efforts taken to search for the record. The adequacy of the search can be challenged on an appeal. See generally United States Dep’t of Justice, Freedom of Information Act Guide & Privacy Act Overview 24-25 (Sept. 1995) (discussion of the adequacy of an agency’s search for responsive records under the FOIA).
The policy [of not requiring an agency to compile information] . . . is most important to agencies with manual record systems. In computerized record systems, however, agency retrieval capabilities are significantly greater . . . [Therefore t]he request . . . [should be granted] if the data could be routinely compiled, given the existing programming capabilities of the agency.
[Emphasis added.] Uniform Information Practices Code, Comment to section 2-102(b) [Duties of Agency]. See also OIP Op. Ltr. Nos. 90-35 (Dec. 17, 1990) and 92-7 (June 29, 1992).
As each agency has unique and varied degrees of programming capabilities and each agency faces different restraints upon its ability to respond to a records request, the OIP has determined that specific rules in this area may be unduly restrictive to both the agency and the requester. Therefore, the question of what is readily retrievable should be decided on a case-by-case basis, giving due consideration to the factors set forth in the OIP’s opinion letters on this subject matter.
If an agency determines that a summary or compilation of information is readily retrievable, then an agency may, where extenuating circumstances exist, take additional time to prepare the summary or compilation in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-16, or the agency may choose to disclose the information incrementally if the criteria for incremental disclosure are met.
This proposed rule sets forth the time limits that an agency must follow when disclosing records under the UIPA. In those cases where the agency requires, from the requester, a prepayment or written assurance of fees payment in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-20, an agency is not required to disclose the records until after receipt of the requester’s prepayment or written assurance. In this way, an agency is not required to further process the request should the requester choose not to provide the prepayment or written assurance and, thus, abandons the request as provided in proposed rule § 5-41-17.
Furthermore, this proposed rule recognizes that, when extenuating circumstances exist in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-16, an agency may be unable to process a record request within the time limit of ten business days set for most requests. Therefore, the proposed rule allows an agency up to thirty additional business days to provide access to records where extenuating circumstances exist, and further allows the agency to disclose records incrementally if the criteria for incremental disclosure in proposed rule § 5-41-16 are met. Where the agency will be extending the time period for responding to a request, in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-14, the agency must state in the notice to the requester both the extenuating circumstances that justify this extension, as well as the date when the agency will disclose the record, or the first increment if disclosure will occur incrementally. The time limits for disclosing records incrementally will be discussed in the explanation of proposed rule § 5-41-16.
In comparison, the FOIA only specifies a time limit of ten business days for federal agencies to notify requesters of their decision to grant or deny access to requesters, and access to disclosable records should be granted promptly thereafter. The FOIA does allow an extension of up to ten additional days for federal agencies to provide notice under situations that are specified by the FOIA to qualify as “unusual circumstances.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(B) (1988). Unlike federal agencies that have FOIA offices or officers to exclusively handle requests for records access, State and local agencies generally must juggle their duties under the UIPA with other statutory duties. For this reason, this proposed rule § 5-41-15 provides a longer time extension of thirty days than is provided under the FOIA for responding to a request where extenuating circumstances exist.
This proposed rule defines what qualifies as “extenuating circumstances,” under which an agency has up to thirty additional business days to respond to a formal request.
In comparison, under FOIA, a federal agency may extend the time period for responding to a request up to an additional ten business days in “unusual circumstances,” which FOIA defines as three specific situations: (1) the need to search for and collect records from separate offices; (2) the need to examine a voluminous amount of records in order to respond to the request; and (3) the need to consult with another agency or agency component. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(B) (1988).
This proposed rule’s criteria for “extenuating circumstances” include consideration of those factors which affect an agency’s ability to respond to a request as well as the efforts an agency must perform to respond to that particular request. Thus, this criteria is broader than the FOIA’s criteria for “unusual circumstances.” As previously noted, unlike federal agencies that have FOIA offices to exclusively handle record requests, State and county agencies generally do not have staff assigned only to responding to record requests. This proposed rule expressly recognizes that agencies must juggle several statutory duties and functions at the same time by including, as an extenuating circumstance, the agency’s need for additional time to respond to a request in order to avoid an unreasonable interference with its other statutory duties and functions.
When an agency believes that it needs additional time to respond to a request because extenuating circumstances exist in accordance with this proposed rule, the agency must reasonably explain the extenuating circumstance in the agency’s notice. If a requester disputes the existence of extenuating circumstances, the requester may file a complaint with the OIP, and the OIP will investigate the agency’s claim of extenuating circumstances. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(8) (1993) (The OIP’s powers and duties include “receiv[ing] complaints from . . . the public regarding the implementation of” the UIPA).
This proposed rule explains the procedure for providing access to disclosable records incrementally. As requested by several agencies, this proposed rule was designed as a comprehensive section to cover all steps that need to be taken when an agency discloses records incrementally. Thus, guidance regarding agency notices and time limits for incremental disclosure are found in this proposed rule instead of the proposed rules generally covering agency notice and time limits.
Both the requester and the agency may benefit from incremental disclosure because: (1) the requester will be provided access to the records as the agency is able to make them available, and (2) this method allows the agency more time to process a request for voluminous records when extenuating circumstances also exist.
The OIP deleted a proposed requirement that an agency must provide notice before each increment and, furthermore, extended the time period between the disclosure of each increment from ten to twenty business days. This version of the proposed rule requires only one agency notice to the requester that, among other things, states the agency’s fee arrangement for incremental disclosure. The fee arrangement to be specified by the agency in accordance with this proposed rule will determine the actual spacing of an agency’s disclosure of increments. The amount of information that an agency discloses in each increment is determined by the extent to which an agency is able to process the request during the interval of twenty business days.
Under this proposed rule, the requester must take certain steps to support the processing of the record request. The requester must pay any fees assessed under sections 5-41-16 and 5-41-20, make arrangements with the agency to inspect and copy the record, provide written assurance of payment of remaining fees and provide further clarification or description if instructed by the agency.
As to payment of fees, a requester must tender prepayments (which may include a portion of the estimated fee for a pending records request and any outstanding fees from prior record requests) when instructed by the agency’s notice under proposed rule § 5-41-14. After tender of the prepayment amounts, the requester must also pay any remaining fees before the agency makes the requested record available for inspection or copying.
The requester’s failure to fulfill the duties in the proposed rule raises the presumption that the request is abandoned. When the request is presumed abandoned and if the agency has already processed the records request, then the requester is liable for any remaining fees assessed by the agency, so long as the agency has informed the requester as to when and where the record would be available for inspection and copying in its notice. The agency may choose to collect the remaining fees for an abandoned request at the time the requester submits another records request or at any other time.
When a request is presumed to be abandoned, an agency need not take any further action to process the request. Thus, the agency may stop preparing a record for inspection or copying, and may undo any previous acts of preparation, for example, by returning a record to its original location, or recycling copies of records made.
This proposed rule recognizes that agencies cannot afford to devote staff time and resources toward processing record requests that a requester is not serious about pursuing. A requester demonstrates commitment to a request by diligently fulfilling the duties set forth in this proposed rule. This proposed rule sets forth a time limit of twenty business days for the requester to fulfill the delineated duties so that the agency will know when it can close a pending request. If a requester is deemed to have abandoned a record request under this proposed rule, the requester can always submit another request and, thereby, restart processing of the request; however, the agency may require the requester to tender a prepayment, which may include any outstanding fees from this previous request, before the agency begins processing the subsequent request in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-20.
(2) To make the unprotected or “public” information available for public inspection and copying.
See OIP Op. Ltr. No. 89-5 (Nov. 20, 1989); OIP Op. Ltr. No. 90-31 (Oct. 25, 1990); OIP Op. Ltr. No. 91-1 (Feb. 15, 1991); OIP Op. Ltr. No. 95-13 (May 8, 1995).
The UIPA does not expressly direct agencies to segregate confidential information from a record in order to disclose public parts of the record. However, several provisions of the UIPA suggest that agencies have this duty, which is consistent with the UIPA’s general principles of access to government records. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-15(b) (1993) (court may examine the government record at issue, in camera, to assist it in determining whether it, or any part of it, may be withheld) (emphasis added); Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(13) (1993) (directing the OIP to adopt rules setting forth the fees that may be charged by an agency for “segregating disclosable records”).
The issue of whether a certain record is reasonably segregable must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. If this issue is raised on appeal to the OIP, the OIP will refer to its opinions and the case law for guidance in addressing this issue.
If public information in a record is not reasonably segregable from the record’s confidential information, then an agency may keep the record confidential in its entirety. Whether the agency denies access either to a record in part or in its entirety, the agency must state the legal authority for withholding that part of the record. This requirement is explained more fully in this impact statement’s explanation of proposed rule § 5-41-14 regarding the information that an agency must provide in its notice to a requester when denying access to a record, or a part thereof.
Subsection (b) of this proposed rule § 5-41-18 clarifies that an agency has a duty to properly segregate a record, in a manner such that the segregation is reasonably apparent. By properly segregating, the agency provides the requester with the government record that was requested. Otherwise, the agency’s failure to provide the record requested may trigger a civil action by the requester seeking injunctive relief and attorney’s fees against the agency under section 92F-15, Hawaii Revised Statutes.
Additionally, depending on the circumstances, the improper segregation of information in the described manner could subject agency employees to criminal liability for “tampering with a government record.” This offense is a misdemeanor under section 710-1017, Hawaii Revised Statutes.
In a memorandum dated October 20, 1992, that was sent to all agencies, the OIP suggested a method of properly segregating confidential information from a paper record so that the removal of information is apparent. Briefly, this method involved making a copy of the record, and masking confidential information with a black marker, or correction fluid or tape, on the copy. Then a copy of the segregated version of the record can then be provided to the requester. In order to properly segregate confidential information on an electronic record, an agency may mark “XXXX” over confidential information on a copy of the record.
As instructed by this proposed rule, an agency will ordinarily make a record available for public inspection or copying at the location where the agency maintains the record, or where the agency has accommodations for inspection and copying. For example, if a requested record is in storage at a site other than in an office of the agency, the agency would transport the record to an office where it can accommodate the request for inspection or copying.
With regard to a requester’s request for an alternative location for inspection of a record, several agencies informed the OIP that moving the only originals of records that they maintain to another location puts the records at risk of loss or damage and, thus, jeopardizes the integrity of their recordkeeping systems. The UIPA recognizes that agencies must protect their records from loss or damage. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-11(e) (1993) (authorizes an agency to adopt rules to “protect its records from theft, loss, defacement, alteration, or deterioration”).
Consequently, this proposed rule provides that an agency is not required to accommodate a request for an alternative location for inspection of a record where the record is the agency’s only original record. Also, an agency is not required to accommodate this request where the arrangement would unreasonably interfere with the agency’s functions. If a requester is unable to go to an agency’s location to inspect a record and the agency cannot accommodate the request for an alternative location, the requester may ask for a copy of the record as an alternative and must pay the related copying fees.
However, the OIP expects agencies to recognize the difficulties faced by requesters residing on islands other than the one on which the requested records are located. Therefore, the OIP encourages State agencies to consider and develop methods of accommodating requests for record access from requesters on other islands that would not jeopardize their records. By doing so, agencies will demonstrate a reasonable effort to accommodate off-island requests. Furthermore, an agency should consult with its deputy attorney general or corporation counsel regarding the actions that the agency must take to comply with the ADA or laws other than the UIPA.
Often, a requester may wish to have a copy of a record delivered or transmitted in a certain manner. Under this rule, an agency should make a reasonable effort to accommodate the request, but is not required to do so if the arrangement would unreasonably interfere with the agency’s functions. Thus, an agency is not required to make special arrangements for delivery by messenger or courier, but the requester may make the arrangements to have a messenger service pick up the copy from the agency’s designated location. In accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-20, an agency may require the requester to tender a prepayment to cover the full amount of any fees for mailing, facsimile or other transmission that the agency is authorized by law, ordinance, or agency rule to charge.
This proposed rule acknowledges that an agency may charge fees for services related to the processing of requests for access to records where these fees are authorized by law, ordinance, or agency rule. If an agency does charge fees for the search, review, or segregation of a record in order to respond to a record request, then the agency shall assess such fees in accordance with the rules proposed in subchapter 3 of this chapter. Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(13) (1993). All other fees that may be charged for services provided to process a record request are outside the scope of the UIPA and the OIP’s jurisdiction.
Duplication fees are separate and in addition to the fees for the search, review, and segregation of records that are provided in this chapter. The general statute governing duplication and reproduction fees, section 92-21, Hawaii Revised Statutes, states that “[s]uch reproduction cost shall include but shall not be limited to, labor cost for search and actual time for reproducing, material cost, . . . .” Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92-21 (Supp. 1995) (emphasis added). Because section 92-21 allows the “labor cost for search” of the record to be included in the duplication fee, no agency may charge an additional “labor cost for search” under section 92-21, Hawaii Revised Statutes, if the agency assesses search fees pursuant to subchapter 3 of this chapter.
Under this proposed rule, an agency may require a requester to tender a prepayment that may include a portion of the estimated fees for processing a pending request as well as all outstanding fees from previous requests. The prepayment provision of proposed rule § 5-41-20 ensures that an agency will recoup some costs incurred in processing record requests even when requesters may change their minds about their requests after the agency has completed the steps to make the record available. In comparison, the FOIA requires prepayment, or advance payment, of fees only when the amount of fees is likely to exceed $200.
5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(v) (1988).
An agency may also require a requester to provide written assurance of payment of fees when, after the agency begins processing a record request, the agency determines that the actual fees may exceed the estimated amount by more than $20. If the requester does not provide the written assurance, the requester is presumed to have abandoned the request and the agency need not process the request further. An agency’s request for written assurance of fees payment is intended to inform the requester of the expected larger amount of fees to be assessed, and is not intended to allow an agency to delay the processing of the record request.
This proposed rule clarifies that a requester is liable for any fees outstanding from previous requests. An agency may include all outstanding fees as part of the prepayment required before processing a subsequent request in accordance with subsection (b) of this proposed rule. In this case, if the requester does not make the required prepayment, the requester is presumed to have abandoned the subsequent request under proposed rule § 5-41-17 and the agency is not required to process the record request. However, in the case where the requester is presumed to have abandoned a previous record request, an agency may assess outstanding fees as part of a prepayment for a subsequent request only if, in accordance with subsection (e) of this proposed rule, the agency’s notice informed the requester as to when and where the record would be made available.
Fees will not be refunded when the agency has already performed the services for which the fees were paid and the agency’s response complies with the UIPA. Thus, if a requester decides to abandon or modify a request after having made a prepayment and the agency has already performed the services to process the request, the requester is not entitled to a refund and will be liable for any remaining fees for services performed.
The proposed rule requires an agency to provide an itemized bill of fees assessed when asked by the requester to do so. This requirement enables the requester to find out how fees were assessed without having to file an appeal.
This proposed rule anticipates that an agency may have arrangements with one or more other persons to serve as a secondary source of information that the agency maintains. Such arrangements may include agreements with commercial information service providers, as well as distribution of information through a municipal store or public information office of an agency.
This proposed rule sets forth the agencies’ duties in order to ensure that the agencies’ arrangements with secondary sources comply with the UIPA. An agency is not excused from its duties under the UIPA by having an arrangement with a secondary source.
A requester cannot be referred to nor required to obtain the records from a secondary source. Therefore, even if an agency has an arrangement for a secondary source to provide public access to disclosable information from its records, the agency itself must disclose the public information when the agency receives the request for the information.
However, an agency may advise a requester that the records are available through a secondary source, as well as any services that the secondary source may offer, for example, more expedient disclosure or enhanced data.
Furthermore, agencies cannot transfer to the secondary source the authority to perform UIPA duties such as reviewing records for confidential information and segregating the confidential information before disclosure. In comparison, the OMB Guidelines allow federal agencies to contract with information service providers for the disclosure of records subject to restrictions similar to those provided in this proposed rule. 52 Fed. Reg. 10012, 10018 (1987).
This proposed rule states the general principle that an agency may charge fees for the search, review, or segregation of a record when any of these services is necessary to respond to a request for record access. When the agency does charge fees for these services, it shall charge the fees in accordance with this proposed rule.
As previously explained, the UIPA mandates that the OIP “adopt rules that set forth the fees and other charges that may be imposed for searching, reviewing, or segregating disclosable records.” Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(12), (13) (1993). Accordingly, subsection (a) of this proposed rule sets forth specific fee rates for the search, review, and segregation of records.
The OIP intended that each fee rate set forth in subsection (a) be close to the averaged salary rate of agency employees who are likely to perform the particular service. Specifically, since clerical staff employees are likely to perform the searches for records, the proposed fee rate for a record search hypothetically represents an averaged salary rate of all clerical agency employees. Because supervisory and professional staff employees are likely to perform the review and segregation of a record, the proposed fee rate for these activities is an averaged salary rate of supervisory or professional agency employees. When an agency segregates information by redacting information on a copy of the record, the cost of making the copy is not to be included in the segregation fee.
In February 1996, the OIP conducted a survey of departments of the State and the City and County of Honolulu regarding the salary rates of the employees that would be responsible for searching, reviewing, and segregating records requested for access under the UIPA.
Twelve State departments and nineteen City departments responded to the OIP’s survey. In reviewing the survey responses, the OIP concluded that its proposed fee rates are a close approximation of the averaged salary of State and county employees who would perform the search and review of records. The OIP’s proposed fee rates were generally lower than the actual salaries reported in the survey. The survey responses from the agencies are available for review at the OIP.
The fee schedule set forth in subsection (a) of this proposed rule states that the fee rates do not apply to those record requests that require fifteen minutes or less of search or review and segregation time. As for these record requests, the OIP believes that the small amount of revenue collected from these fees would be exceeded by the costs of processing the collection of these fees. In comparison, the FOIA instructs federal agencies that no fees may be charged by an agency when “the costs of routine collection and processing of the fees are likely to equal or exceed the amount of the fee.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iv)(I) (1988). The FOIA also requires that the first two hours of search time be provided without charge, except where the records are requested for commercial use. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iv)(II) (1988).
As previously discussed in the explanation of proposed rule § 5-41-1, the purpose of establishing fees is to allow agencies to recoup some costs in responding to requests for access to government records, rather than having to provide the services entirely at taxpayers’ expense. Because the proposed fee rates set forth in subsection (a) of this proposed rule correspond to relatively low estimates of the actual average salaries of employees processing a record request, agencies will not likely recover all costs involved in responding to the record request. Furthermore, the OIP notes that many government records are not stored or formatted to facilitate the search, review and segregation of information in response to a request. Hence, by allowing the recovery of most, but not all costs in processing a record request, the draft rules provide a reasonable compromise so that requesters are not shouldering the full cost resulting from a record’s location and format that are often not designed for ease in search, review, and segregation.
The OIP intended the fee rates in this subsection to serve as a unitary fee schedule that would be easy for the agencies to understand and the public to comply with. This purpose is consistent with the legislative intent behind the UIPA to create uniform procedures throughout the State for providing access to disclosable records.
Several agencies have informed the OIP that they are bound by operational requirements to recoup the actual costs of searching, reviewing, and segregating records. Other agencies are already governed by statutes, ordinances or rules setting forth search, review, and segregation fees, such as flat fees. In order to address the different needs and circumstances of State and county agencies, subsection (b) of proposed rule § 5-41-31 provides agencies with the option of complying with already established fees, or establishing their own fees for the search, review, and segregation of records so long as the fees do not exceed the actual costs incurred in performing these services. If agencies propose their own fees pursuant to subsection (b), this draft rule provides that the agency’s fees are to be established by statute, ordinance, or rule. In this way, the public has an opportunity to review an agency’s fees proposed in legislation or rulemaking and assess whether the proposed fees exceed the agency’s actual costs of providing these services.
The fees set forth in this proposed rule do not apply to records provided in response to subpoenas. OIP Opinion Letter No. 95-16 (July 18, 1995) concluded that the UIPA and the rules of pretrial discovery are two separate and distinct mechanisms for the disclosure or discovery of records. For example, record review under the UIPA and in response to a subpoena differ because, in the first instance, an agency assesses whether a UIPA exception to disclosure would apply and, in the second instance, the agency assesses whether a privilege may be asserted as a defense to discovery of the subpoenaed records.
The proposed fees for the search, review, or segregation of a record apply only to requests for public access to government records under Part II of the UIPA. Therefore, individuals may not be charged these fees when requesting access to personal records about themselves under Part III of the UIPA, entitled “Disclosure of Personal Records.” One of the UIPA’s underlying purposes is to “[m]ake government accountable to individuals in the collection, use, and dissemination of information relating to them.” Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-2 (1993). This proposed rule’s fee exclusion for individuals requesting access to personal records furthers this UIPA purpose. Similarly, the federal Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(f), provides an exemption from search and review fees for individuals requesting access to their own personal records.
Furthermore, because the proposed rules do not include poverty as a basis for an exemption from the fees, the fee exclusion for individuals requesting access to their own personal records permits those impoverished individuals to have access to their own personal records without the burden of paying fees for the search, review, or segregation of the personal records requested.
The OIP recognizes that certain agencies may have operational requirements that necessitate the assessment of fees to individuals requesting access to personal records. Therefore, an agency may charge an individual these fees when provided by statute, ordinance, or rule. However, the OIP cautions that individuals claiming poverty may attempt to contest the assessment of these fees by arguing the deprivation of personal rights, and the OIP suggests that a provision for a fee waiver for personal record requests be considered.
An agency also may not charge the fees set forth in this proposed rule when no search, review, or segregation has been done in order to process a record request, or when the agency finds that the requester qualifies for a fee waiver in the public interest in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-32. Under subsection (d) of this proposed rule, the agency may also agree to give an exemption to a state, county, or federal government agency. The agency has discretion as to when it may grant this exemption to another agency.
This proposed rule sets forth the criteria for a waiver of fees in the public interest. As previously explained, the UIPA requires that the OIP’s rules “provide for a waiver of such fees when the public interest would be served.” Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-42(13) (1993). The provisions for a fee waiver in the public interest do not apply to duplication fees because such fees are not within the scope of the UIPA and these rules.
Subsection (a) of this proposed rule requires that a requester must both request the waiver and provide a statement of facts supporting the waiver in a formal request to the agency under proposed rule § 5-41-12. The agency has the burden of determining whether the requester qualifies for the waiver in accordance with subsection (b) of this proposed rule.
Subsection (b) of this proposed rule sets forth the substantive criteria that an agency must refer to when assessing whether a fee waiver would serve the public interest.
In a democracy, the people are vested with the ultimate decision-making power. Government agencies exist to aid the people in the formation and conduct of public policy. Opening up the government processes to public scrutiny and participation is the only viable and reasonable method of protecting the public’s interest. Therefore the legislature declares that it is the policy of this State that the formation and conduct of public policy–the discussions, deliberations, decisions, and action of government agencies–shall be conducted as openly as possible.
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-2 (1993). Further, the UIPA’s purposes are also to “p]romote the public interest in disclosure” and “[e]nhance government accountability through a general policy of access to government.” Id.
Given the stated purposes, the OIP concludes that the public interest served by the UIPA is, generally, the meaningful public participation in government processes in which public policy is formulated and established. Specifically, the UIPA encourages the free flow of information held in government records so as to further the public’s understanding of the policies and actions of government.
A free flow of information requires that the information be transmitted or distributed to members of the public. In understanding how information is transmitted and distributed in today’s modern society, it is clear that either government proactively disseminates information, or that members of the public search for and locate information. Commonly, modern democratic societies depend upon the news media for the transmission and distribution of information held by the government. Therefore, the OIP concludes that one method of serving the public interest is by encouraging the free flow of information through the news media channels which broadly transmit or disseminate information to the public.
[D]isclosure of the information is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester.
5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii) (1988) (emphasis added). The Department of Justice’s FOIA Fee Waiver Policy Guidance (“Policy Guidance”) was issued to all federal agencies in 1987 and incorporated into the Department of Justice’s own regulations at 28 C.F.R. § 16.10 (1988). The Policy Guidance provides criteria for determining when disclosure of federal records is in the public interest.
The OIP determined that, in contrast to the Policy Guidance, news media representatives will almost always have commercial interests. Therefore, to exclude news media representatives from a fee waiver because of those commercial interests is counterproductive to supporting the public interest in a free flow of information held by the government. Consequently, the proposed rule does not require an agency to determine that the disclosure of information is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester.
However, the OIP recognizes the competing interests of taxpayers fully funding the commercial interests of the news media versus constricting the free flow of information by imposing the aggregate costs of obtaining the information. Thus, to balance these competing interests, this proposed rule limits the fee waiver to $30. This compromise allows more requesters to qualify for the waiver, but limits the total economic impact upon the taxpayer and the agencies of providing the required fee waiver.
Under this proposed rule, an agency may charge for the search and review of a record even when the record is ultimately determined to be exempt from disclosure under the UIPA or other law. The OMB Guidelines similarly advise that federal agencies may charge fees in these situations. 52 Fed. Reg. 10012, 10019 (1987).
Since the purpose of the proposed rules is to allow agencies to recoup some costs in responding to record requests under the UIPA, the OIP believes that it is fair to allow agencies to recoup costs even when the agencies’ efforts to respond to requests do not result in the disclosure of the requested records. The OIP believes that imposing the search, review, and segregation fees upon a request that ultimately does not result in the disclosure of the requested record supports the policy of making records publicly accessible. To prohibit an agency from collecting such a fee would impose greater burdens upon the taxpayer.
If the requester fails to pay the fees for the search or review of a record under this section after the agency has performed these services but determined that no responsive records are disclosable, the agency may assess the outstanding fees as part of the required prepayment for a subsequent record request in accordance with proposed rule § 5-41-20.
All State and county agencies, as defined by section 92F-3, Hawaii Revised Statutes, shall be governed by these proposed rules. These proposed rules set forth the procedures that agencies must follow when responding to requests for access to government records under the UIPA. Thus, these proposed rules will guide, streamline, and make uniform agencies’ efforts to comply with the UIPA’s requirements regarding access to government records.
These proposed rules also set forth the fees that agencies may charge for the search, review, and segregation of records and related provisions. These rules will allow the State and counties to recoup some of the costs in responding to requests for access to government records.
As explained in the above section, these proposed rules will guide, streamline, and make uniform agencies’ efforts to comply with the UIPA’s requirements regarding access to government records, and will allow the State and counties to recoup some of the costs in responding to requests for access to government records. In turn, the UIPA’s effectiveness will be enhanced, and public confidence in government will be bolstered.
The proposed rules set forth the fees that an agency may charge for the search, review, and segregation of records and related provisions. These fees have not been traditionally charged by all agencies. Collection of these fees should help minimize the financial hardship on government operations when agency personnel and facilities are used to process record requests under the UIPA.
As mandated by the UIPA, these proposed rules provide for a waiver of the fees for searching, reviewing, and segregating records when the public interest will be served. The proposed rules set forth the criteria as to when a waiver would be in the public interest under the UIPA, and also establishes a limit of $30 for the amount of fees that can be waived when a request qualifies for this fee waiver.
These proposed rules set forth the procedures that members of the public must follow when requesting access to records under the UIPA. Members of the public will also be charged fees for the search, review, and segregation of records when their record requests require more than fifteen minutes of any of these agency services. The proposed rules set forth certain exemptions from these fees, including an exemption for individuals requesting access to personal records and another exemption for when a waiver of the fees would serve the public interest. There will be little, if any, impact on the economic growth of the State by the adoption of these rules.
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2019-04-19T16:16:32Z
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http://oip.hawaii.gov/impact-statement-for-oips-administrative-rules/
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What’s All the Complaining About?
Jews have a history of complaining. They complained to Moses about not having bread, meat or water.
But complaining isn’t always a bad thing. If we complain to our politicians, that’s sometimes a good thing. Complaining to your neighbors about late-night noise or a dog barking nonstop is also OK. If you knock on your neighbor’s door ready to kill them because they don’t mow their lawn, that’s not OK. If you’re calm and explain the situation, then most people will understand.
You get the point. It’s endless what a person can complain and worry about. I had an aunt who spent most of her life trying to figure out where the draft was coming from. She’d walk around with her hands up, testing the air.
Complaining, worrying and living in fear may not ruin your life but it certainly will make your life less pleasant. I work very hard at trying not to complain about people, places and things. It’s not easy but I am improving — except, of course, when it comes to complaining about my wife.
After all, I must have some fun.
Everyone hates to be judged, yet most of us do it.
My cousin Sarah recently died five days short of her 34th birthday. She left behind a 12-year-old son, the father of the boy, and her divorced mother and father. She had a brother who killed himself a few years earlier, another brother with heart issues and a close family member who is a pill addict. Sarah’s life was not an easy one.
When Sarah (technically, my first cousin once removed) was around 9 years old, my wife and I offered to have her mother — my first cousin — and Sarah fly out from Long Island all expenses paid to sunny California and stay with us for a week. Just come and have a good time. The plan was Sarah would go to Disneyland and see a taping of a TV show. The works. When Sarah and her mom exited the plane, I noticed that Sarah was holding a small bag over her face — an airsick bag. Her mother said Sarah had been sick during the entire flight.
Heading to our house, she just sat with the bag over her face in the back of the car. When we got home, I showed Sarah to a guest room, where she immediately went to sleep. A few hours later, we woke her for dinner. Still carrying her airsick bag and a little doll, Sarah said she wanted to go home. The rest of the night she sat watching TV and holding the bag and the doll.
The next morning, Sarah’s mom told me Sarah didn’t want to do anything except go back to the airport and go home. After trying to talk Sarah into staying, we all agreed it would be best if they headed home. A part of me was glad to be rid of them. And as soon as Sarah heard I booked them a return flight for that evening, she perked up and had her first meal. She seemed like a completely different person. That’s when my judgments of Sarah really began.
After sending them home, all I could think was how ungrateful she was. And what a little brat she was. I made those judgments without knowing anything about what her life was like. I was convinced she was just a spoiled, ungrateful kid.
Over the next few years, except for sending her a birthday card with $15 in it, I don’t remember much communication. When Sarah got older and Facebook became ubiquitous, I read some of her very dark and depressing posts. She seemed like a very sad person. Once again, I judged and I decided to stop following her on Facebook.
A few years later, her brother came out to Los Angeles and stayed with us for a few days. I helped get him into rehab at the Salvation Army. A few months later, he blew his brains out with a shotgun in a motel room. I phoned Sarah to express my condolences and didn’t talk with her much after that.
Then I found out that she, my Jewish cousin, had found Jesus and was attending church regularly. Her Facebook posts were filled with crosses and Jesus quotes. More judgments on my part. I thought this girl must be so lost even though, admittedly, I knew very little about her. I thought if only she had stayed Jewish blah blah blah blah blah. More judgments.
Then about two years ago, I heard Sarah had cancer. At this point, I had almost zero communication with her, but I did have a trunkful of judgments and stories I had conjured up about her and her life. I thought I knew everything.
I happened to be heading to New York, so I thought, “Why not call Sarah and ask to visit?” Isn’t it a mitzvah to visit sick people? So I phoned and told her that I wanted to visit. She was thrilled. She said, “I’d love to see you.” It had been at least 20 years since I’d last seen Sarah. And so, I rented a car and drove out to Long Island.
I realized how wrong I had been about her. How so much of what I thought about her was based on misinformation. I made it all up. We visited with each other many more times and spoke on the phone and exchanged email and Facebook messages. She was always so kind and so loving and so fragile. Never ever did she guilt me with, “Where have you been for the past 20 years?” or “Sure, now that I’m sick, you drop by.” Zero. She was just happy to see her cousin, and I felt the same.
As her cancer progressed, she never complained. It just made her sad that she would soon have to leave her son, her friends and family. She said she knew she was in God’s arms and would be protected. Although she told me she didn’t exactly know what that meant, it still gave her great comfort.
Little by little, as her pain increased, communication became less frequent. When she could talk, she apologized for not calling back sooner. I can honestly say that I felt nothing but love for Sarah since reconnecting with her. Without knowing it, she taught me that I needed to be much less judgmental, and that what you think you know about someone is not the whole picture. Sarah was deep.
Then one day I got a call from Sarah’s mom. She told me that according to Sarah’s doctor, Sarah had six weeks to live. I immediately made a plane reservation to go to New York the following week. I figured I’d see Sarah one more time. I figured wrong. Sarah died a few days later.
After her death, I asked one of my cousins about the funeral. He said there would be a wake and then a funeral the next day. I asked if she would be buried. Then I decided to shut my mouth before I started judging all over again because her burial wasn’t what I would choose or how Jews would do it.
Sarah was buried on her 34th birthday. I love you, Sarah. Please forgive me for judging you.
A few weeks ago I was at the funeral of a good friend. His wife and three children got up and spoke about their husband and father. It was a truly beautiful and moving event. They spoke of how much he meant to them and how he was a friend to all who met him. They spoke of his unwavering support for them and their dreams in life. They spoke of how they would not be who they are today without him. They spoke about how much they loved him and how much they missed him just one day after he was gone. They already missed not being near him. Almost everyone was crying.
My father died when I was 36 years old. He died before he met my future wife. He died before I got married. He died before he got to see his grandchildren. He died before he got to really see the type of husband and father I was to become. He died not really knowing who I was or what I was capable of.
Did I really get to know him? No. I had only a few facts about his childhood and adolescence. My father was a quiet man with a quiet soul. He didn’t say much and he didn’t get involved in any big events. He worked, came home, ate dinner, watched a little TV and then went to sleep. He did that five days a week, 50 weeks a year until he died.
When I was a kid, I saw him only for about 1 1/2 hours a day. Sometimes we’d both sit in bed in our boxers and polish off a pint of ice cream while watching some TV. I felt so protected. Any time spent with him was very valuable to me. We really didn’t need to talk. He was Dad and I was Mark. That’s it. We just needed to be together. We needed to be near each other. My leg over his leg watching the tube.
And that’s what my friend’s wife and kids were saying at the funeral. That’s what I’m saying. The bottom line is sometimes you just need to be near the people you love. When one of my kids calls and asks me to go for a ride with him to get a haircut, I go. When the other kid asks me to go to a ballgame, I go. When my wife asks if I want to go to Ralphs with her, I go. Not because I think any huge event is going to happen or I’m going to get an answer to one of life’s problems that’s been plaguing me for years. Not because I need to find out anything new or different about them. I go for one reason and one reason only: I go just so I can be near them. I go so I can be the first to see the new haircut. I go to share a bag of peanuts at the ballgame. I go so I can hear a question like, “Do we need pickles?” I go because one day I won’t be able to go anymore. I know it and they know it. We don’t talk about it, but we know it.
The main reason I go to the cemetery to visit my parents is to try one more time to be near them. Try all you want, it’s not the same. Do it now while you can.
I have a friend who told me he takes three pills a day to help him increase his saliva. His doctor said that as you get older, sometimes your saliva dries up. Nice; something new to worry about as I age — a saliva shortage.
My next birthday is big one. I pray I still have enough saliva to masticate my lunch that day. Now when I must add my age to an online form, it takes me 45 minutes to scroll down and find my year of birth.
Recently, I noticed that my skin is slowly drying up, so I glob on Regenerist anti-aging cream every night. All I get out of it are pools of expensive cream stuck in the cracks of my wrinkles. And I’m still aging.
I found exercise and diet help keep my body looking young, but only if you don’t see me naked in the steam room. I meditate twice a day, but I once had to call 911 to unfold me out of the Lotus position. My kids constantly tease me about taking away my driver’s license. I tease them about taking them out of the will.
What really got me was my wife and I recently bought two plots in Simi Valley. Any further out of town and we might as well get buried in Norway. The lady who sold us our spots said we had one of the better views. I’m looking forward. You ever notice that the word fun is in funeral? Maybe a jazz funeral down in New Orleans is fun, but not the ones I go to. I’m at an age where every year a few people I know are permanently removed. Some older, some younger. As soon as you’re born, you’re in the lottery. The writing is on the wall.
So, what do I do now that I can see the big knockout punch coming? What I do is live my life as if all is going to be well. I just bought a new mattress and soon I’ll probably buy a new car (if my kids let me). I just bought my first-ever handmade suit. I’m going on trips with my wife before we can’t go on them anymore. I’m eating healthier than ever before and exercising more now than when I was 25. I’m trying to stay excited about life. Yes, I’m doing it for me, but I’m also doing it for my family. I believe that it would be better for them to have me around. How selfish of me to think that. But what happens if I get very sick and need to be taken care of? You know, when I’m almost out of saliva. Then what?
In the Mishnah, one rabbi says, “This world is like a lobby before the olam ha-ba. Prepare yourself in the lobby so that you may enter the banquet hall.” I hope if I get to olam ha-ba, it has vegan options at the banquet.
In her wonderful autobiography, “The Wheel of Life,” Elisabeth Kübler-Ross told her dying husband that it was his turn to let people help him. She told him that his lesson at the end of his life was to stop doing for others and let others do for him. Aging seems to bring many options. If you let yourself be open, the possibilities for growth are still plentiful.
The fact that I got married and have stayed married is proof there is a God. When I asked my rabbi what God was doing these days, he said, “arranging marriages.” He also said that arranging marriages is harder than splitting the Red Sea.
• (And my favorite) I’ve never seen anything like you.
After careful deliberation, here are some of the areas I believe I was deficient in before I got married: Taking care of my health, dress, neatness, attitude, cleanliness, clipping my toenails, paying attention, smiling, manners, washing and drying dishes, brushing all my teeth instead of just the bottom ones, barging into rooms unannounced, saying thank you, eating all the food in the refrigerator and not telling anyone when we were out of things, blasting my music, yelling across the room for things instead of getting up and getting them, controlling the remote control, grabbing food off of people’s plates without asking, releasing gas in bed and lying about it, putting my underwear on inside out and not fixing it, taking phone messages and not passing them on, taking the garbage only as far as the back door, finishing my dinner before the other people have even started, walking a block ahead of everyone, leaving the toilet seat up, not replacing toilet paper rolls, using the same face towel until it is as stiff as a board, constantly asking questions to things I know the answers to, etc.
There are two types of married men: One who always wants to be right. God bless him for trying. He ends up divorced or murdered. Or one who realizes that the other person has your best interests at heart. That person surrenders and stays married.
My wife and I sent three boys into the world. They are in much better shape than I was when I was released. But to be quite honest, like all men, they still need a good overhauling.
Don’t get me wrong. I really like my iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Dell laptop, smart TV and Alexa. I’m connected, baby! I recently took an EKG from my Apple Watch, downloaded it to my iPhone, and then emailed it to my cardiologist. After viewing it and consulting with him, he took a photo of my bill, downloaded it and emailed that to me. I almost had a heart attack.
It’s not unusual to see people davening with their iPhone and trolling eBay at the same time. Guilty.
Recently, while my wife and I were watching Netflix at the airport waiting to board our flight, I got updates on my watch that our flight was on time and our bags were loaded. Thirty seconds later, United Airlines let me know that it had a hummus plate on board for me. We were in Group 4 and, when we inadvertently tried to board with Group 3, the scanner that reads the bar code started to ding and we were busted. We were sneered at as we crawled to the back of the line, covering our faces like mobsters coming out of a courthouse.
When my son was in Cuba a few weeks ago, we chatted on FaceTime. When I was a kid, you had to stand next to a person for FaceTime.
hurry, there was Western Union. Now, using texting, I’ve probably sent half a million short messages. When I was a kid, people had limited access to world events. Now, I can find out about an earthquake in Bangladesh while standing at a urinal.
But am I better off with this global connection or was I better off before? Maybe both? My mother used to say, “What you don’t know won’t hurt you.” There’s wisdom in that. Is it good for my health that I find out first thing in the morning that 400 people died in a ferry accident in Tianjin, China, or 200 young children were kidnaped and tortured by Boko Haram while I was fast asleep on my new MyPillow?
I now know a lot more about the world and the people in it, and less about my family and myself. I used to spend more time with other people. Now I’m spending more time with devices. These devices don’t give a hoot about human beings. Devices don’t care about bettering the world, nor are they supposed to. But the amount of time spent with these devices is insane.
Good friends or family will tell you things because they care about you. When’s the last time your iPhone said, “You look tired” or “Go to sleep; I don’t want you to get sick” or “You should call your mother and apologize for yelling at her” or “Dinner’s on me tonight.” People tell you things because they sincerely care about you. Machines tell you what they are programmed to tell you.
Go to any restaurant and you’ll see people staring at their phones instead of their spouses, kids or friends. Even sitting alone for a few minutes doing nothing has become a thing of the past.
So, I went to my Apple Watch and left myself a message. I then checked my email, went to Yahoo and saw that Trump again was going to meet with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, and that a whale had washed up dead on shore up north.
When my wife returned to the table, she asked me a question people never used to ask when they returned from a trip to the bathroom. “What have you been doing?” I told her something my watch or phone would never tell her. I told her, “I missed you.” And I meant it.
A little more than four years ago, I was walking on Cashio Street and I dropped something on the ground. When I bent down to get it, let’s just say it wasn’t easy to stand back up. I was almost 200 pounds with a big puffy face. I was really starting to feel old.
OK, message received: Lose weight. So the next day, I decided to crawl out of my fat suit and do something about it. It took a year, but I lost 50 pounds and have kept those 50 pounds off for more than four years. Losing the weight was not hard. It was exciting. But keeping it off is murder. I now exercise seven days a week. That’s good, but the food is where it’s at. I have been an overeater my whole life — still am and always will be. I remember when I was 3 months old being breastfed and my mother screaming at me, “Enough already. Don’t you ever stop eating?” My problem is I’m never full. I could eat a 15-course dinner and on the way home, stop for popcorn and pie á la mode. I have an empty space inside of me that is very demanding and never satisfied.
In order to lose the weight and keep it off, I had to do just one little thing: change just about everything. For me, that means not eating things I used to enjoy and not having them ever again. And doing this one day at a time. I don’t eat pizza, pasta, bread (except on Shabbat) and my dessert is fruit (no more cakes or cookies). To the best of my ability, I’ve given up all sugar. My diet now is whole food, and plant based. I recently talked to my rabbi to see if he could somehow get rid of the 7,000-calorie-a-day holidays such as Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot. They are killers for a person like me.
A few of my Jewish friends called my wife to try to pry out of her how long I had to live. Sometimes they would walk up to me in the street and scream, “Enough already.” “Stop it.” “Don’t lose any more weight.” The crème de la crème was when I was in Glatt Mart supermarket and this woman I know looked at me, turned white and started running away. I quickly caught up with her and asked if she was all right. She was trembling right there in the middle of the store. She told me she had heard I was very sick and that I had died. And she always liked me and was very sad to get the news of my death. I thanked her for her kind words, told her I was all right and went back to eat some free grapes.
About an hour later, I thought: If she liked me so much, why didn’t she send a card or make a small donation in memory of me? Fooey on her.
A few months later, I was visiting my 85-year-old aunt, who offered me a piece of cake. I said, “I don’t eat cake.” She said, “Life is not worth living without cake.” I guess if I were married to my Uncle Louie like she was, I might feel the same.
Keeping off the weight is a daily fight. It’s by far the hardest thing I’ve ever done. Everyday I am on the battlefield trying to stay alive. To my Jewish friends, I know you mean well. And when I do die one day while eating a bowl of broccoli, you can all have your laugh. What I’ve come to understand is that all the foods that I thought I could not live without, I hardly ever miss. And as I get older, I realize that almost everything in life is overrated anyway. Keeping off weight is a full-time job. My paycheck is getting my health back and wearing my kids’ clothes.
On Dec. 19 and 20, Jerry Seinfeld and I will be performing stand-up comedy at the Menora Mivtachim Arena in Tel Aviv. I have not been this excited about doing a gig in years. Jerry and I had talked about going to Israel to perform and, God willing, it’s now happening.
Jerry and I have been touring together for more than a decade. Touring with Jerry is a total first-class experience. We travel in a private jet, which is a lot better than an El Al flight, where every 10 minutes people wake you up to join a minyan or some woman with 14 kids wants you to hold the triplets while she tries to get the other 11 kids out of the bathroom. We stay in the best hotels and we laugh more in a day than most people laugh in a year. Plus, the people who come to see Jerry’s shows are, by far, the best audiences on the planet.
I expect Israel to be all that and more. For me, performing in Israel is different from performing anywhere else in the world. The people in Israel are more than just an audience. They are my brothers and sisters. They are modern-day heroes. And now more than ever is a perfect time for Jerry and I or anyone else to go and show support for the people who live there.
People ask me, “Aren’t you scared to go to Israel with all that’s going on now?” Not really. My job calls for me to go wherever people want and need to laugh. Bob Hope taught us all about that. Israel is under immense pressure on almost every level. Just having a Jewish mother is enough pressure for anyone. Now add to it all their other mishegoss and your head could pop off.
I love Israel and I love the Jewish people. In stand-up comedy, Jews have always reigned supreme. They set the standard for the art form, and have raised the bar pretty darn high. A question that comes up a lot is, “What keeps the Jewish people going? How have they survived when, in every generation, someone or some group is trying to wipe them out?” One answer might be laughter. Jews love to laugh. Jews like to tell funny stories. Jews don’t mind jokes at their own expense. In a rabbi, a priest and a minister joke, the rabbi is almost always the fall guy. And no one laughs harder than the rabbis.
So, on Dec. 19 and 20, two Jews will walk into the Menora Mivtachim Arena and tell some funny stories to the great people of Israel, who will listen and laugh. You know what? Not even terrorism can stop the laughter.
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2019-04-22T19:59:17Z
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http://www.markschiff.com/category/writing/
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Am I going to lecture you on setting? I could. However, I find more important than finding the proper setting for your story, is finding the proper setting for you as a writer. So here are some important factors to consider when picking a location for writing.
1. How easily distracted are you? This is a key element of choosing a writing setting. If you’re someone who is chatty, maybe limit your contact with people, if you’re someone who finds noises irritating, maybe keep headphones for less distracting music, or try finding a more tranquil environment. It’s all about you as a person.
2. The Internet Question For some writers, the internet is a trap, something that will pull them away from their creativity into countless hours of Youtube or pointless games or too much time scrolling through Facebook, Twitter, or who knows what other social media site. However, for others they can avoid such and keep their internet for use of research or other handy writer tools. If you’re the former, I recommend doing research ahead of time and then going somewhere outside of a wifi network if possible to write.
3. Comfort vs. Focus In one of my first writing classes I was told that as a writer you should be comfortable while writing. And I often find this method is useful, but sometimes it lacks the disciplined feeling that I need to really get work done. So it’s always a toss up. Write on my bed and feel comfy and relaxed, or write at a desk or table sitting upright, feeling more focused and ready to go. Both can yield results, it just depends what I’m looking for.
4. Brainstorm Shortfalls A few months ago I was setting in to finish my novel and posted a photo of my writer’s den on Facebook. I thought I had everything I needed: coffee, tissues, granola bars. However, my close friend commented reminding me of one crucial element I’d forgotten: chocolate! All jokes aside, keep in mind what you might need for writing for a long time. Be it food or drinks or money to purchase those if need be. Sunscreen for sunny days outdoors, or a jacket if it gets chilly. Brainstorm what you’ll need so you have no excuses once in place to leave.
Example 4: Writing den fixed up with chocolate to keep me going!
6. Define the Mood Maybe what you need is to get into the mood of what you’re writing. Put yourself into a place where you feel ready to write about something like this. Serene and tranquil- go enjoy that quiet park. Action packed and tense- Busy cafe or bench in the middle of downtown. Try to pull these into your considerations. Change it up, don’t write in the same place if it makes you write the same way every time.
7. Your Personal Soundtrack Maybe you need music to focus. Again, pick something that fits what you’re looking for in your work. Maybe intense film score, or a pop song for that angsty breakup scene. Maybe you want to get some nature noises to listen to if you’re stuck inside and need to attain some of the nature scene you’re looking for. Or maybe quiet is what you’re looking for. In which case, find a place that gives you that.
The main thing is to limit your possible distractions, put yourself in the mood to write, and find the best place to inspire your creativity! Keep these factors in mind if you can. The right place can be crucial to giving you the results you want.
Where and when do you write? What factors do you think are most important?
So I’ll just start out by giving a brief summary of my summer. I’ve been doing two things mostly: watching TV and nannying.
I suppose in a way these two share a connection, though that may come as surprise. I suppose what both have allowed me to reflect a good deal on is the art of molding a person into what we know as a character.
Character creation is one of my all time favorite parts of writing. Most of the time when I develop a person for my writing I come to love them to a point of obsession. They’re like my children, my own creations I know better than anyone else ever could. I know their quirks, their likes, their dislikes, the way they look when they sleep, the food they’d gobble up in a heartbeat, the person that simply brings out the worst in them, their dreams and deepest desires. There’s something so beautiful in that. And that’s why I think some of this summer has been so fantastic.
I’ve done minimal reading. Something about this break has made me frightfully lazy. However, that doesn’t mean I haven’t learned anything about writing.
Though television perhaps may seem a bit of a lower standard in terms of studying writing, there is no denying a writer puts work into each and every episode that airs. And while actors certainly play a key role in helping give that character life, it’s the initial writer who first births the idea.
Unlike in novels or movies, viewers spend a large amount of time getting to know television characters, perhaps one of the reasons it is so important to develop the character to a greater extreme truly showing off their complexities and unique personalities. Most movies give you a 2 hour window into a character’s life. In that time, you might get to know them well, but so much time is devoted to plot that often characters can seem to blend back into the background creating the same generic feel of others in their genre. Not to say I don’t think there are amazing movie characters because there are films that can easily reduce me to tears (the fact that Pixar’s Up is the first one I think of leaves me a bit perplexed but nonetheless provides a good example).
Books are perhaps more in depth than movies often are, filling pages that take hours to read rather than a short movie time span. However, authors too sometimes must cut back on areas of character development. First person often gives a great insight into the mind of the protagonist and yet side characters sometimes end up becoming rather flat. Writing on this makes me think of my English professor’s little rhyme to help us remember character development techniques: what they think, what they do, what others think about them too! However, when the plot is over and done we don’t see the characters everyday normal lives to a great extent. We get perhaps a glimpse in an epilogue of he or she with children or a significant other making their way in the world, but it’s not the same as glimpsing multiple scenes of them raising kids, having fights with a partner, crying over the loss of a loved one.
Television provides a unique lens into the lives of its characters. You spend 45 minutes with them through each episode. And unless we’re talking about BBC most often, there are at least 20 of these episodes in a season, and the show could run for five or more years!
My mother got me started on Bones this year. I started in season 4 or something like that. And though I initially rebuffed the idea of becoming hooked on another television series, I soon found myself all too fascinated by Dr. Brennan and her frank and (sometimes too) honest approach to life, or Angela and how brilliantly she works computers, or Dr. Hodges who never fails to get excited by something gross. And yet part of what gives me such love for each and every one of these fictional people is that I get brief glimpses into their semi-mundane lives alongside the drama of the crime show. I see Cam struggling to mother a teenage daughter, or Sweets confused with his love life, or Brennan’s strained relationship with her father. And every episode, every season there’s a new real life struggle that I get to glimpse the character in to accompany the disgusting discovery of a new crime. And unlike in movies or books I often begin to get a sense that I truly know the character the way I might more as an author. For as writers we discover parts of the character’s normal life, we just don’t always get to include it in our novels.
Didn’t you say something about nannying? I’m sure I’ve lost a few readers and I apologize. And yes, I did. Nannying has been my second glimpse of creating characters and actually relates rather well to television. This is because my characters live more of an episodic lifestyle than one out of a novel or movie.
My kids’ all-time favorite game we play they call Orphanage. Children for whatever reason often seem a bit fascinated by orphans (perhaps the reason so many children’s stories include these individuals as protagonists). And so, we created a game of three orphans living in a home for other equally parentless children, all of whom find that the place they’re living is anything but ordinary.
There are probably fifteen to twenty other children in the orphanage. And I play all of them. The idea is I’ll slip out, put on a different hat depending if I’m a boy or girl and then step back in to act out my part as one of their compatriot orphans. Sometimes I’ll be having drama with one of the other kids in the place, other times I’ll bring news of something odd going on. We’ve had a bit of everything, from werewolves attacking, to petrified students with a basilisk on the lose (sorry JK Rowling) to strange spells, to aliens attacking. Most recently I’ve taken a page from BBC Sherlock’s book and have started making the children solve a mystery in order to save a fellow orphan’s life.
However, in the process of all this I’m weaving together characters that the children have come to know and love. And because I often play this game for four hours at a time, five days a week, for four or five weeks of the summer, for three years, the tales are often episodic in nature. There are new major plot conflicts, but also minor ones such as a girl rejecting a boy, or another orphan being adopted again, or one of them trying to escape unwanted attention. And in doing so the characters really begin to create a life of their own. You have quirky Nick the beat boxer who never fails to bring a smile to people’s faces as the somewhat goofy comic relief, or sweet motherly Anna who tries to run the orphanage as best she can when the adults fail, flirty Italian Antonio who never gives up no matter how often he gets shut down, or even obnoxious girly-girl Ivy who spends most of her time talking on the phone about her nails.
And so this summer has reminded me all the more that making a good character involves truly knowing them. In a novel it can be a bit harder because you may have less time to let your audience fall in love, but I think a key part of character development is truly getting to know each and every person as an author, figuring out how they’d react in different scenarios, knowing more about their childhood background, understanding their interaction with others. My assumption of course is in doing this you help open up the reader to a truly unique person, one that almost seems to have life in spite of how fictional they might be.
I haven’t read a lot by Phillipa Gregory. She is well known for The Other Boleyn Girl. The only book that I remember reading by her was The White Queen. If you’ve heard anything about the British king (Richard III) found under the parking lot in recent news that’s the era her book was set in.
She is a wonderful historical writer who does an excellent job of creating a story from historical events. As she states in the video, her work is based on years and years of research and education. As a result her books are well written, elaborate in plot, and dense in history.
For a British history nerd like myself she is a dream come true and I can only hope to have more time over the summer and spring break to read her other works.
I think the element I liked best in her video was her solution to stop writers block. I have not had an opportunity to try it but I have experienced very strong inspiration while on walks with my own dog, so I suspect her suggestion is a good one.
The other fact I found interesting about her was that she can write anywhere. During our classes study of writers most have said that solitude is where they get their best work done. Gregory is quite the opposite. She says she can write anywhere, just as she could read anywhere. I have to admit I am with Gregory on this. I certainly may be more focused if I write in solitude but I write in airports, the dining hall, my noisy dorm, and while watching a movie. I think the choice of solitude just depends on the individual writer. I admire Gregory for being able to pursue writing wherever she is.
So, I hope this gave you some good insight into what the writing process looks like for a published author (especially a historical one).
What you are witnessing is a look into the creation process of a writer. More specifically this is the process of creating and defining the people who make up my stories and books. This is the birth of a character.
Most of my time in the prewriting process is spent on my character(s). Once I have some idea of who I’m working with the story can take off from there. Sometimes I don’t even know what exactly is going to happen in the book, I only know that this interesting person will take charge and hopefully make things interesting by the end.
So how does one go about creating character? Well, the creation is far from easy. I usually start with physical appearance. Once I get down the four basics of skin color, hair (color, length etc), eyes, and height I usually have a start. After I have those I like to google some images to give me inspiration for what other distinguishing features the character might have (this, my dear friends, is why I have hundreds of pictures of strangers on my computer…just in case any of you looking over my shoulder have ever wondered). Sometimes I won’t figure that out til a few months down the road though when I notice someone in my life with a certain feature I like.
Of course all of this is sometimes changed when I come up with a name.
I am usually very careful in the choosing of my names. There was only one protagonist I ever slapped a name on without consideration and it turned out to work (only by God’s help my guess). Even so most of the time I spend a while researching, looking up ideas for what would be best. There are some characters who I can never find names for. The process isn’t easy. The name has to sound good, it has to be appropriate to the time and place, and for me it also has to have meaning.
That is one particular issue in creating characters for me. I have to have a name that means something. My last character ended up named Nalin which means lotus. I chose it because the lotus is symbolic of estrangement from the past and forgetfulness, two things the character dealt with. The lotus also grows in murky waters, growing beautiful even in the unclean. The symbolism of that was perfect for my novel. And it served to define my young protagonist.
After name and features have been developed the character seems to start flowing on their own. Sometimes they will seem to adjust to the story a bit over time and I may have to go back and revise beginning sections (simply because I wasn’t seeing them clearly when I started writing and portrayed them badly as a result).
I talked with two of my friends who write novels as well and both of them agreed the process of creating characters can vary from book to book. Both said that names were important to them. Both agreed that characters created in role playing were often different from one just created in their own head.
So there are many ways to go about making a character and many tools to help. Need a name? One friend said baby name sites are a good way to start. I also keep a name dictionary on hand for times I don’t have internet. Appearance? Google is full of great options. I have also been investigating online “dress up” games to get me started. It has helped immensely with defining a character’s style and often those smaller features that are harder to come up with (eyebrows, freckles, ears etc). If you are more talented at drawing you may find that a good option, but my stick figures never come close to what I’m trying to show. Role playing games can also tie up loose ends and help create a well defined character.
There is one last tool I only recently discovered. And that is self.
Just a few days ago someone was asking me about my characters and how much they are based on myself. Though most of my characters were a direct “no” to the question if they were based on me, there were a few who made me hesitate.
One of the books I finished had a lot of basis on personal things in my life. Whether I realized it or not the characters inner dialogue reflected a lot on my own thoughts and feelings. Some lines from the book were identical to journal entries a few years before.
I think this is an important tool a writer can use. The two other writers I talked to also admitted to sometimes using self for a basis. Our own experiences are often some of the most powerful. Our emotions are often the most real. And for that reason I think sometimes picking an experience or a trait from yourself for a character is not really a bad idea.
So, just a basic overview of all the possible ways to get those lovely people in your books to come to life. Hopefully using these methods will cause the character to start developing a mind of his/her own. Do any of you other writers have your own ways of finding your characters? Feel free to share. I love hearing new ideas.
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2019-04-23T00:46:31Z
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https://acupofenglishtea.wordpress.com/tag/writing-process/
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TS: Today is February 19th. I’m here in Greensboro, North Carolina with Nicki McClure, and we’re doing an oral history interview for the Women’s Veterans Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Nicki, go ahead and say the way you want your name on your collection.
BM: Okay, it would be Mrs. Bertha N. McClure.
TS: Do you want Nichols in that?
BM: Middle initial would be N for Nichols.
BM: And then, McClure is my married name.
TS: Okay, that sounds good. Now how—why don’t you start out by telling us when and where you grew up?
BM: Okay. In, let’s see, about 1924 or so we moved from Chicago [Illinois] to New Jersey, and I started kindergarten. And let’s see, from—went all through, up through to the seventh grade in New Jersey. And then the Depression years came on, and my father was laid off from work.
TS: Where was he working at the time?
BM: He was working at Western Electric [Company]. So we moved to Skowhegan, Maine: S-K-O-W-H-E-G-A-N.
TS: You don’t have to spell it for me. We can get that later.
BM: He bought a greenhouse, and he and my mother ran the greenhouse. My uncle was fireman and took care of the furnaces to keep the greenhouses going. And then they had a very severe storm and four of the five greenhouses collapsed. And they were able to save a few things, but not a whole lot. So they had to turn it back over to the owner, because they could not keep up the payments on it.
As a consequence, some of his friends hired him as a—to do civilian engineering work. And then one of his friends from New Jersey made a special trip up to Maine to find him, and told him that the Western Electric was looking for him, and about three days after he had left they couldn’t find him—they wanted him back right away. But it didn’t happen that way, so he made a trip down to New Jersey to the Western Electric and they hired him on the spot. And he came back to Maine, and we packed up and moved down to Jersey.
TS: So how long were you in Maine then?
TS: Oh wow, so they took a long time to find him.
BM: That’s right, it was. And as a consequence, my mother regained her health because working in the greenhouses—she was just like a flower, she managed to come around and she did okay. So she got her health back, and not only that, but we got a brother.
TS: Oh, because you had—there were three girls right?
BM: It was a very wonderful experience up in Maine. Let’s see, then we went back to New Jersey to the same town that we had lived in originally, but not the same house.
TS: What town was that?
BM: It was in Cranford, New Jersey.
BM: In fact, my name is on the plaque for the town of Cranford as serving in World War II.
BM: Yeah, so it was a—it was a nice experience.
BM: It was a very painful period. Everyone was having a very difficult time to go. We survived on hamburger and hot dogs mostly. My mother was very good at managing money. She was a good manager. So we did okay. We were lucky.
TS: Do you remember what your parents thought about [President Franklin D.] Roosevelt?
BM: They were for him. In fact they—we had gone back to Jersey and they had a march on Washington [D.C.], and my mother and dad went down for the march on Washington. And it’s a good thing they did, because they had to draw some money out of the bank for the trip; and, as a consequence, when they got back that was the only money that was available. People that didn’t have cash on hand were out of luck. They weren’t honoring their accounts. They were frozen.
TS: So this was during the bank crisis then, yeah.
BM: And so we were lucky, because my mother and dad were very frugal. Things were in a bad shape at that time, but things worked out very well eventually.
TS: Yeah. So you said you had two sisters and a brother then?
BM: I had two sisters and a brother.
TS: And where do you fit in there?
TS: Ah, you’re the oldest, okay. So did you have to do anything to take care of them at all?
BM: Yeah. While we were up in Maine, my mother and dad were working full time, so it was up to me to look out for them—to make sure that they had food—we ate and so forth. It was good experience. It was—Being the oldest had its advantages; you were expected to do a lot. Things worked out just fine. It was good experience for me.
TS: Yeah. So when you came back to New Jersey—so you said you’d left when you were about in seventh grade, I think, to go up to Maine? So you would have been in high school, I guess?
BM: I was a sophomore in high school when we came back to New Jersey.
BM: We were on half-day schedules because they needed new classes—more classrooms. And they didn’t have enough, so they made two sessions: morning and afternoon. And I was in the afternoon session.
TS: Did you walk to school or—did you walk to school?
TS: Shakesmere? Walking to school.
TS: Now did you like school?
BM: Oh I loved school. It was nice.
TS: Did you have a favorite teacher or favorite class you liked?
BM: Oh, I had lots of favorites. Mr. Bass was one, and Ms. Base was another, and Ms. Kingsbury was another—she was a good teacher too. Lots of good ones.
TS: What subjects did you like?
BM: I took general culture[?], preparing for college.
TS: Did you have the idea that you were going to go to college?
BM: No. I didn’t know for sure. I thought about nurse’s training and I figured that I couldn’t go wrong if I took college prep courses in high school, so that’s what I did. Prepared as much as I could for what was to come.
TS: Were there any expectations for you as a young girl, like, what you would do when you, you know, got out of the house or anything?
TS: Oh well, there you go.
BM: So that was true.
TS: Now, so you’re enjoying school?
BM: We were coming out of the Depression.
BM: And I had graduated and I put my application in for nurses training, but I was too young. So I had to wait another year, because New Jersey followed New York Board of Regents. And so, I had to wait another whole year.
TS: How old did you have to be?
BM: You had to be eighteen.
BM: And I missed the entrance date. My birthday is September 9th, and I think the cutoff date was the 5th. So I missed it.
TS: You had to wait a whole year to apply.
And I said, “Well, I can’t see any point of wasting your money. I’ll go back to high school, and just take some extra courses that I would’ve liked to have had but didn’t have time to take.” And so I did. I took shorthand, typing, and a couple other subjects, and filled out my day. And I could come and go as I pleased, because I was not a regular student.
TS: So they just let you go and take classes as you wanted to?
TS: Well, that’s pretty nice!
BM: It was nice. And as I consequence I got—I was glad later for the shorthand and typing, because that came in handy. When I was in the Army Nurse Corps they were looking for help in the office to do paperwork—get things organized for the war problems.
BM: And as a consequence, they latched on to me, since I had shorthand and typing. And I helped them out.
BM: Let’s see, I was on the basketball team for a while. And, oh, I just enjoyed most everything. My folks had a cottage at the shore. And we would go down there every summer and spend the entire summer down at the shore. And the community had—in the morning they played tennis, so I played tennis. And in the afternoon they had swimming, I swam. The evening was free; they would have movies or things like that. So we just had a good—a real good time. That was the way we used up our summer vacation.
BM: It was. My sisters enjoyed it too, all three of us. My brother was just a little tyke. He was about, oh, five years old.
TS: So now, all right, so you went back to high—you did some classes in high school, and then you wanted to get into the nursing program. Did you finally get into that?
TS: Which one was that?
BM: —put me on the register for that following year.
TS: Where did you do that?
BM: It was Muhlenberg Hospital in Plainfield, New Jersey.
TS: And how was that training?
BM: Oh, it was a wonderful hospital and a good school.
TS: How long does that training take normally?
BM: It takes four years.
TS: Four year, so, let’s see, you started when you were eighteen?
BM: Yeah. And war broke out when I was in my junior year.
BM: And I made it plain that I wanted to go in as soon as I could.
BM: So after graduation I had to take state board exams. And then when I found out I had passed state board exams, then I could put an application in for the Army Nurse Corps.
TS: Well, what did you think about the war when that came about?
BM: Well, there’s been someone in my family that has been in every war that America has ever been in. And I wasn’t about to let them down.
TS: Who else was in the military?
BM: Served in World War I.
BM: And then I served in World War II and it was a wonderful experience. I was glad that I could be a part of it.
TS: So when Pearl Harbor happened, do you remember what you thought about it at the time?
BM: Yeah, I was heartbroken about that. “It’s a day that will live in infamy”, [approximated quote from a speech made by Roosevelt to Congress December 8, 1941] and I was with Roosevelt on that, that’s for sure.
TS: Can you give—for people that didn’t live through that time, can you give us a sense of what it was like and how it felt?
BM: For me personally, I had—on the spot, I wanted to get in right away. And, of course, I couldn’t, because I wasn’t an RN [registered nurse] at that time. But they had made arrangements that if necessary they would take those that were in their last year of training and use them—put them in to help with the war effort. But they didn’t need us and didn’t take us. And I graduated, took state board exams and passed, and then I went in legally.
BM: Now where did I leave off?
TS: You were saying that the hospital declared you as essential?
So she said, “All right, we’ll let you go.” So they decided to let me go, and the story takes on from there and has a shining glowing ending.
TS: Oh good. Well, what was the reason they said you were essential? Do you remember?
BM: Just I guess they needed the help.
BM: They didn’t go into it, and I didn’t push it. I just wanted to get in.
TS: So you told—Well, go ahead. I’m sorry.
BM: No, that’s okay. They would sometimes get our name and they would call up and ask us out later, and occasionally we would do that. And it was real nice.
TS: What kind of things would you do? Like, going out on a date, what did you do? What did you do on your dates?
BM: Oh. I had a date with a couple of fellows: different ones from different parts of New Jersey. Nothing serious— just our friends.
TS: Did you go dancing or anything like that?
BM: No. It was just a social evening or something like that.
TS: So what—Nicki, what year did you sign up then, when you went into the Nurses Corps?
BM: It must have been—I don’t recall.
TS: You said the war broke out in your junior year—or, your third year of nurses training, right?
BM: But they didn’t—the military didn’t make any attempt to take you until you were—had your state board exams and were fully qualified.
BM: —because I was marked essential, and I wasn’t at all.
TS: Well, tell me about—do you want to have some of your ice cream there for a little bit?
TS: We’re going to get you in the army now. Okay. So she had a little ice cream. [laughs] Now, tell me about your experience when you joined the army, like your first impressions and things that happened with that.
BM: Okay. My first impression was when I boarded the train to get down to Atlantic City, New Jersey, for my basic training. They had taken on different hotels and they stationed the military in the hotels. We were in a hotel called Colton Manor. It was a very lovely hotel. We had classes from eight o’clock in the morning ‘til about four in the afternoon. Then on Saturday mornings, we had sort of like basic training would be—and then we had to go on hikes and things like that.
On other occasions we had what they called field training, where we were in our fatigues and we crawled in foxholes and so forth. They had wire netting over the top, and they kept yelling, “Stay down! Stay down!” And that was good experience. And then as a final sort of enticement, we had a ten mile hike with full gear. And we hiked on out for the five miles and five miles back. And they were bringing us back along the boardwalk, and as we came along the boardwalk a lot of the soldiers and airmen stretched out the whole way trying to see what condition we were in. And our instructor said, “Put on a brave front, girls!” [laughter] “Because they have to see whether you’re dragging in or if you’re coming in the way you ought to be.” So we put on a good show for them. We had a good time.
It was—we made fun of it anyway. Let’s see, after graduation we all dispersed to different assignments. And as I told you, my first assignment was at Fort Dix [New Jersey].
nationals from Italy that were—became ill and had to be taken care of. And so they sent them to the army hospital then. So we took care of all of them and tried to do the best we could.
TS: Now you’re—so you’re in the army now and you—how did you like your experience up to this point? Was it what you expected?
BM: Yeah. I didn’t have any great expectations. I just took each day as it came and enjoyed it and made the best. And I tried to talk with some of the Italian patients, because they really were sort of lonesome, you might say, for not having anybody to talk to. Since I had had Latin I could understand a little bit of what they were trying to say, but it was difficult. We used the map—we had maps on the wall, and they would point out where they were from and so forth, and tell us about it. It was a nice congenial experience.
BM: So we made do. And the [recuperated—McClure added later] patients were expected to do routine chores like scrubbing the floors. Nobody liked that. I know I was responsible for the kitchen area where the dishes were kept and so forth—the serving trays.
He looked at me and he grinned and he said he’d try.
TS: Now, how would you say your reception—did you get outside of the base and stuff very often during this time?
BM: No, because you had to have transportation, really, or money enough to provide bus fare, and so forth.
BM: But if you didn’t know the bus lines and all, it was an inconvenience because you didn’t want to get stuck out in the town and not be able to get back.
TS: Now, I forgot to ask you what your parents thought of you going into the army. What’d they think about that?
BM: Well, they just knew how determined I was, and they figured I’d make do.
TS: So they didn’t try to discourage you from it?
BM: Oh no, no, no. I told my dad, I said “You served in the army,” I said, “Herb, my brother is too young. He can’t serve.” I said, “I’m the only one old enough to serve.” And I said—Lorraine, who was my middle sister, she trained in the same hospital that I did. And I said, “She’s eligible, when she graduates to serve and I hope she does.” And so they accepted it, and I guess were fairly pleased. Because I know when I was on Iwo Jima one of the fellows stationed on Iwo came to me, and asked if I would pack some of his films that he had in my luggage going back stateside. And I told him, “Oh, I’d be glad.” He wanted to get them to his father. And his father lived in the same town we did, so it made it easy enough to do. So I think my dad contacted his dad and had him come over, and I gave him all the things that his son wanted him to have. It worked out, you know, we helped each other.
TS: That’s right. So let’s talk about how you got to Iwo Jima then. So you’re working in Fort—was it Fort Dix? Is that where you’re at?
BM: Yeah, well let’s see.
TS: You’re very popular here. I think that was your door.
BM: If they don’t open the door, they don’t know.
TS: So you were—you told me earlier that you wanted to serve overseas right?
TS: You wanted to serve overseas?
TS: So tell us how that came about. How you ended up going overseas.
BM: Well, I think I put in an application for service out in the Pacific, because things were winding down in Europe.
TS: You want me to check that for you?
TS: Okay. We’re okay so Nicki’s talking again about going as a group to—from Fort Dix to Temple, Texas, okay.
TS: Because you had decided you wanted to go overseas?
BM: Let’s see, we went from Fort Dix to Temple, Texas. And my grandmother was going from Maine down to Florida, because of her health. And I asked if I could get a leave of absence to go home to see her, because of her failing health. I’d like to see her a few times before I left. So they gave me a leave of absence and I went to see her. And, I guess, on the train trip up I sat with a little youngster. His mother was sitting behind me, and apparently he was ill. And when I got back to Texas, I picked up the mumps.
BM: So they put me in isolation.
TS: Think you picked them up from the young boy on the train?
So they did and [we] come back and I gave them the report that she was good company and that we had a good time and enjoyed it, and were thankful that they let us go. It was nothing that hurt anybody’s reputation, so it worked out very well. When we got back, she went back on duty and so did I.
TS: Did you know where they were going to send you when they—right away?
BM: We knew where our group was going "
TS: And then you can tell me how you got on that ship to get to the South Pacific there.
BM: You mean my trip to Houston?
TS: No, no, no, when you went overseas.
BM: Oh, okay. We were up in Seattle, Washington, area and under cover of darkness we moved out one night. [We] boarded the ship and we were down in the very bottom, and it smelled terrible of oil. And—it made you kind of sick to smell it.
TS: This is in the ship? I see.
BM: And during the night we could feel the motion of the ship moving. And then the next morning they had us out of our staterooms and up on deck, and the weather was really rough. They had—the dining room tables were like long boards with an edge built up around the whole area, so that when the dishes slid by one way they’d come back the other way.
TS: So they wouldn’t slide off the table, I see.
your plate, and it was a rough way to go. And a lot of people were sick to their stomach. And the fellows that were having charge of the dining room service, they’d back up and get out of their way. And as a consequence, I spent a lot of time up on deck, where you got some breeze and fresh air; because down in the basement, where our beds were, it was miserable. It was too—the smell of oil and everything was just too much. So I stayed up topside as much as I could. And we finally got to Enewetak [atoll of the Marshall Islands] after—well, that was after Pearl Harbor.
TS: Oh yeah, you told me about.
TS: Before we get to Enewetak you actually told me how you had stopped in Hawaii, remember? So tell me about that again, because that was off tape.
BM: We pulled into Hawaii in the evening time. And they told us that they were going to get us to some quarters and that our luggage would be provided to us in the morning, because they couldn’t get it to us that night. The next morning—During the night it was so bitterly cold, and we had nothing. And I told you about going down to the kitchen, before long everyone was down in the kitchen huddled around trying to get warm.
The next morning they did get our luggage to us, and I think we had slacks or field slacks that we could put on and keep warm. They had a routine plan where we had to go on a ship and— landing craft I should say—where you practice getting on and off the landing craft. This is part of our training. And then they took us on a tour of the island in a mesh bus. It had no sides on it— just wire mesh all around. We passed a pineapple plantation and one of the workers in the plantation waved to the driver to stop. And then they brought lots of pineapple out, and they gave pineapple to all of us. So we had a good taste of real Hawaiian pineapple. People were so friendly and helpful. They took us to see the—there’s what they call a sinkhole. It’s a hole in the rocks where when the water comes in, it comes splashing up and out and over, and it makes quite a sound. Something special.
TS: Now you said you also got to see Pearl Harbor.
BM: —part of Pearl Harbor.
BM: Yeah, for Hawaii. And so we spent a short time there in Hawaii, and then they boarded us on another ship and took us out to Enewetak.
TS: Did you see any of the destruction from the bombing?
BM: Oh yeah, it was everywhere.
TS: Do you remember anything in particular that you saw?
TS: [laughs] You needed more than two hours.
BM: —for the Pacific then. The captain let some of us come up to the captain’s area and you could look out and see and see all the instruments and everything. And it was real exciting to see how complicated it was. They were very good to us and made our trip very pleasant. All in all, we had a good time—a real good time.
TS: As long as you could keep up with your dish, right, you’d be okay.
BM: There you go. The sad part was when we got to Guam [site of two American-Japanese engagements in 1941 and 1944] and we asked if we could go to shore, and they said “no” and that it was “no place for a woman”. So we couldn’t argue with that. It took us up to Saipan [Northern Mariana Islands, site of a major American-Japanese battle that occurred between the dates of June 14-July 9, 1944], and discharged us to a hospital up there. And they put us in quarters and then decided that they had more nurses there than they needed. So they would send some down to Guam to work.
TS: Oh, how was that? What was it like?
BM: It was wonderful. I enjoyed every minute. It was one of the most beautiful islands in the whole Pacific. It was beautiful. We met some Marines that invited us out to dinner. And they were just real nice to all of us.
TS: Now, was there still fighting going on when you were out there?
BM: Not on Guam, not then.
TS: But the war was still going on?
BM: There was a hospital. The general was seeing his patients that were in the hospital, and that’s how we got to meet him.
TS: And then what was like—what was a typical day for you, Nicki, when you were working there?
BM: Getting up at six, being on duty at seven, getting breakfast beforehand. I can’t function if I don’t eat. Everything just worked like clockwork. It was all very well organized. You just fell into line and did what you had to do.
TS: What kind of things did you take care of for the men—for the patients?
BM: I said, “Don’t you worry about that!” I said, “You just slide over on to the bed, and they’ll get your dirty clothes off and they’ll get you scrubbed up and cleaned up and clean clothes and PJ’s [pajamas].” And I said, “Then you can relax and know you’re in good hands.” And I said, “But don’t worry about the dirt. We’re used to that. We want to get you cleaned up.” So we did. We got him cleaned up and lo and behold, he was a different fellow. But they were so appreciative of any little things we did for them. It was a joy to be a part of it. I enjoyed it immensely.
TS: Was there anything in particular that was difficult about it?
BM: When patients died, yeah. I had more of that up on—when I was on Iwo Jima. I had one young man who was standing beside me for a funeral of one of my patients that had died. And I told him about his friend being such a good, good patient. We enjoyed him. And it’s just a painful experience. And then to top it, the next day the fellow I had been talking to was killed. So I went to his funeral. It’s hard. It’s pathetic.
BM: But at least there were people there that knew each other and were appreciative of what everybody had done.
TS: What did you do to try to get yourself through that emotionally? Did you have to think about that?
BM: You just steel yourself and you do a lot of praying, at least I did. I don’t know about anybody else, but prayers have helped me a lot and still do. Even today we live in a rough world.
TS: Okay so, we can take a little break if you want. You’ve been talking for almost fifty minutes. You want to take a little break for a minute? Let’s do that.
BM: Oh, the time moved so fast.
TS: –a little bit of noise for that.
BM: Well, you’re a very pleasant young lady. It’s enjoyable talking with you dear.
BM: Anytime, anytime, you just come whenever your heart desires.
TS: I’ll have to do that. Well let me–let me get an idea of what we’re going to go forward to when we turn the tape back on. I do want to hear some more about your time on the island, and tell me how you got to be transported from island to island. That’d be–because, you know, you experienced it and the people that are going to read this and listen to this don’t really have any idea of the little–not little–the very big inconveniences that you had to go through. So any of those kinds of details are really helpful. If you just talk about–Did you take–what did you do on the ship? Did you ever have to take a plane from–you know, those kind of things.
BM: Well, they did. They took us from when I was on Guam. We had to go to Tinian, which is a neighboring island. She’s gone.
BM: You can push it closed.
TS: Okay, well, let’s go back to that. Let me start that up again. We’re still talking here, I guess [recording paused] Okay we’re on thirteen now.
BM: I was going up to Guam, and we decided that we were all going to go to our home base–which would be Iwo Jima.
BM: And they flew us from Guam to Tinian. And the girls that were on Saipan they pulled in from Saipan to Tinian, and we all went together for the first time in a long time.
TS: About how long was that?
BM: Oh a number of months.
TS: Some months that you were apart? So you were down on Guam for a number of months then, right?
BM: As a consequence we had a nice trip–a plane trip up. It was raining outside. You could see the windows were scattered with rain. And we got to Iwo and came in for a landing. And the Japs had bombed the airfield the night before, and the fellows had worked during the night to try to repair the damage as best they could.
BM: And the plane came in and would go down the runway–hit a pothole, swoop down, and we bounced until we finally–it stopped bouncing and landed.
TS: Did that make you nervous at all?
BM: No, we knew that it was a long runway.
TS: As long as you kept bouncing you’d be alright?
TS: As long as you stop.
BM: Construction battalions, they’re part of the navy. They had built Quonset huts in the nursing area for us. And would you believe they had made partitions inside the Quonset huts? And there were two beds, you might say, inside each little compartment. And between the two beds, they had a dresser that had five drawers down there, and five drawers for the girl over here. And that filled up the whole Quonset hut. And it was really nice.
TS: So they fixed it up–the CBs fixed it up real nice for the nurses.
there for us. And [there were] some about four washing machines so that we could do our laundry. They were so good to us. They spoiled us.
BM: So we got the preferential treatment, you might say.
TS: How was that different from the places that you were living in Guam? What were your accommodations like there?
BM: It was all open except for the camouflage netting around the whole outside area.
TS: I see. So, a lot more privacy in this other place that you went?
BM: They were just really good to us. They bent over backwards.
TS: What was your experience like on Iwo Jima then? How did you end up there? How was it that you got to go there?
TS: How did you feel about when President Roosevelt died, then, during the war? How did that affect you at all? Did you have any thoughts on that?
TS: Now, when you’re over here in the islands did you have any news of what was going on over in Europe?
BM: Not a whole lot, because we didn’t have a whole lot of time nor the appliances. We didn’t have TVs like you’ve got now. We didn’t have anything like that. It was mostly by word of mouth or anything that came in newsprint-wise. And that’s about all we had. But we tried to keep up with it the best we could.
And, of course, we could see our planes going over on bombing runs to Japan, and coming back with huge holes in the fuselage and landing gear dangling. I did more praying in those months and years than I ever did in my life. I prayed, “Please help them to get down safely.” They would circle the island ‘til they used up most of their gasoline, and then they would come in for what they called a “deadstick landing” [a landing with no propulsive power]. And I hoped and prayed that they had enough gas to land properly.
TS: Did you have any experience with any attacks from the Japanese while you were in any of the islands?
TS: Did you ever have any bombings happen to you when you were--?
BM: Oh yeah. They would come over on the—the Japs would come on bombing runs for Iwo Jima routinely—some even at noontime. We’d be in the dining room having our meal, and then the—you’d hear the alarm. And the instructions were that the nurses were supposed to go to the caves.
TS: What were the caves like? What were they like when you were in there during the bombing runs?
TS: How much room were there in—how much room was there?
BM: Oh. It was all packed and crowded. Nobody wanted to get in to the cave. They just wanted to stay near the opening.
BM: And that was me, I wanted to be near the front to get out.
TS: Were you afraid at all?
TS: No? Not at all?
BM: I figured that the good Lord would protect me. I felt I was doing the job that had to be done and he’d look out for me, and he did.
TS: Could you tell me any other stories what your experience was like on Iwo Jima? What else happened to you while you were on the island?
TS: Did you get any mail or anything while you were there?
TS: No, like mail—like letters?
BM: Oh yeah. My mother was a good letter writer, and she kept me well-supplied with letters.
BM: She just told me about home and my little brother and my sisters and Dad and his work, and what she was doing and all. She was a good mother. She died when she was only fifty-six years old. She had cancer that had metastasized. But she was a wonderful mother. I was very fortunate.
TS: That is nice. Did you get any letters from anybody else besides your mother?
BM: My grandmother wrote periodically to me. She was a very intelligent woman. Her husband—my grandfather—was a Methodist minister. And she went to school and she took all the subjects, and she became an ordained Methodist minister. And that was most unusual for women in those days. So she was given the church in Maine for—to pastor.
TS: What was her name?
BM: Okay. She did real well. She was constantly sought for speaking assignments.
BM: In fact, when she would come down to Jersey to visit us, the Methodist minister there in town would come over to the house and get her to agree to speak to them at church. So she was very well-liked. She was a lovely lady.
TS: Very nice. So you got some letters from her. Now did you get an opportunity to write any letters yourself?
BM: Oh, I would write to them periodically, yeah. Routine was when I could, I would write home. I think I told you about my grandmother going from Maine to Florida, and I got a leave of absence to go home, and then when I came back I picked up the mumps.
BM: Yeah. They would come over on bombing—I tell you, towards the end it was mostly on photo reconnaissance missions, where they take pictures of the air strip and then send those back to Japan; so the next bombing run they would know where to hit—to drop their bombs.
TS: Were you on Iwo Jima when the [atomic] bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
TS: You were actually still over there at that time?
BM: Oh yeah, yeah. Fighting was still going on. It was sporadic. They were coming over and pot-shooting at us. They tried to do as much damage as they could, and we tried to do as much to them as we could.
TS: How did you hear about the end of the war then?
BM: We were all grateful. Very grateful.
TS: Do you remember when you heard about it?
BM: Yeah. It was one evening. I heard about it and some of the fellows were getting a party up to celebrate, and I was the only one on the island that had a bottle of liquor. Officers were allowed a bottle a month and I don’t drink, so I would use mine as an exchange deal. I would say, “If you’ll give me a carton of Toddy”—which is a chocolate milk drink—“I’ll give you my bottle of liquor.” So that worked out just fine. So I got my Toddy and they got their liquor.
But at the very end there, I was the only one that had a bottle of liquor on the island, and everybody knew that Nicki had a bottle—nobody else did. So they tried to get my bottle of liquor, and I said “no”. I said, “I am thankful for my heavenly father that the war is over”. And I said, “I’m not going to let you spoil it by having liquor.” So I wouldn’t give up my liquor.
TS: Nobody got to drink that night?
BM: No. I kept my liquor and I didn’t put it to any bad use, so it worked out. I had a conscience.
TS: So how was the aftermath of the war then? Once that happened—what happened—what was your experience?
BM: Everything sort of went downhill real fast. And they were shipping people out real fast too. It was just a matter of months before we got down—back down to either Saipan or Guam, and then they would load us on ships to take us back to the states.
And it was such a beautiful sight on the bus looking out the window—see the houses with Christmas trees and the Christmas lights on, and you didn’t see any of that over in the Pacific at all. It was just so heartwarming. It was really good.
BM: Yeah, it was. The best was just being back. It was real nice.
TS: How much longer did you stay in the service after the end of the war?
BM: They loaded us up on a train as soon as they could. They were taking big groups at a time. And I think it took us about two weeks to get over to the East Coast. And then, soon as we got in, my destination was at—let’s see, where was it? Fort—not Fort Campbell—Fort Dix, New Jersey, I was sent to. And then they had separation papers for us. And we signed them. And I had leave of absence, so I couldn’t take a federal job. So I just enjoyed my vacation with my mother and dad.
TS: What does that mean, that you had a leave of absence, so you couldn’t take a federal job? What does that mean?
TS: And that’s when you started your work at the VA?
BM: I have a sister that’s a nurse also.
BM: They had the GI bill, so I asked if they would give me a leave of absence, then, to go to Columbia University to pick up twenty college [credits—McClure added later]—so I would have a total of twenty college credits. I already had a number built up, but I needed a few more. So I said, “If you give me a leave of absence to go, I’ll be glad to go.” So I moved home, stayed at home then, and went to school and got my college credits.
TS: Well, you were expecting that you were going to teach, right? When you came back to the VA?
TS: And what was Men’s Violent? What was that?
TS: So it was a place that was kind of—you were not comfortable in?
BM: But Men’s Violent is not a very good place to work.
TS: So where did you go after that—after the VA?
BM: So everything works out for the best.
TS: Yeah, everything does. I’m going to have to have some of your friends come and visit e. [laughter] You’ve got a revolving door.
BM: Lots of activity in and out.
TS: You sure do. That’s great. After the VA, what was it that you went to do?
BM: I worked in—I went back to Muhlenberg Hospital and signed up with the nurses’ registry—the private duty nursing.
BM: And then I was fortunate, I worked for the Stevens family. I don’t know if you’re familiar with them. They had a lot of textile mills in the south. Very well-to-do family for years and years, very well-to-do. So I was one of their private nurses.
BM: Yeah. It was real nice. They had a little son, John, and I took care of John. And one day the maid told me—she said, “He went outdoors deliberately in the cold weather to catch a cold, so that Miss Nichols would come and take care of him.” [laughter] The little rascal!
TS: Well, I know just from talking to you earlier that the end of World War II was not the end of your military service. Tell us about what happened after that.
BM: Well let’s see, I don’t know I— after it sort of disseminated, after that nothing really happened.
TS: What about the Korean War?
the train station I waited to find transportation out to Fort— to where I could sign in for my hospital work. And it worked out very well.
TS: And why did it work out very well? What happened there?
BM: Oh, not too long after that I met my husband to be. That was the best part of all. He was an army dentist, and I was an army nurse. And we just— we just had a real good time. He was a nice fellow. He was really great.
TS: And you stayed in the Army Nurses Corps then until when?
BM: Until I got pregnant and then I—they—you get forced out. They were not accepting nurses at that time to stay in if you were pregnant—out you went.
TS: Would you have liked to have stayed in? Would you have liked to have stayed in?
BM: I— Well, yes and no. Sometimes they would separate the husbands and wives, and that became a rather painful experience. So, I was just as glad to get out at that time.
TS: How long were you in the second time?
BM: Oh gosh, it must have been about a year and a half—maybe two years at the most.
BM: It was a short.
TS: Shorter time? So how long were you in the first time?
BM: First time was two years.
BM: And then the second time was about another two years.
TS: Yeah. But you didn’t go to Korea in the second one?
BM: All told it would be about four years.
TS: Very nice. So you retired as—you finished as a captain right?
TS: Did your husband stay in the service?
BM: Oh yes. And we had a good time. We enjoyed— I enjoy traveling. And he got some wonderful assignments.
BM: He stayed in ‘til he retired. Let’s see, my daughter was getting ready to go to the University of Austin, Texas [University of Texas at Austin] and he had orders to ship out to—oh somewhere on the East Coast, Maryland or somewhere. And he said he was sorry, but he had to turn it down, because he didn’t want to leave his daughter in Texas. It worked out for the best.
TS: Very good. Now since you are one of the few women, really, who served in World War II, do you have anything that you feel about your service as being a pioneer for other women that are in the service today?
TS: Would you recommend it to a young woman today?
BM: I certainly would. I think it would be the backbone of their experiences, their entire lives.
TS: There you go. And what do you think about—so today, you know, you have women who are pilots.
BM: That’s right. In fact, my good friend Louise Brown was a pilot back—way back in those days when we were young kids.
TS: During World War II, yeah?
TS: Was she a WASP [Women Airforce Service Pilot] in the service?
TS: So you don’t have any problem with the girls flying the planes today?
BM: Oh no, I think they’re just as qualified as any man.
TS: Is that right, yeah?
TS: Is there anything you think that they can’t do in the military today?
BM: They get as good training as anybody and they should use it. Of course, I think we have to fight a little harder, but keep trying—keep going.
TS: So you have any advice for them?
TS: That’s good advice, Nicki. Well, we’ve talked for quite a while. Is there anything you want to add about your World War II or the Korean War experience that you haven’t talked about?
BM: I just enjoyed it thoroughly and I think that any young woman today would find it very beneficial in her life to give it a try. It’s a wonderful experience, and I’m glad I didn’t miss any of it. I’m just real pleased that my heavenly father saw fit to protect me and let me do his will.
TS: Very good—very nice, Nicki.
BM: Yeah. He’s a wonderful heavenly father, and I just love him dearly.
TS: Well, thank you so much for this interview. I really enjoyed spending time with you.
BM: Oh, thank you for coming and for being so patient with my sputtering.
TS: Oh, you didn’t sputter at all. Here, I’m going to go ahead and turn this off.
Item description Documents Bertha "Nicki" McClure's childhood in New Jersey and Maine during the Depression and her service in the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) during World War II and the Korean War .
McClure discusses attending nursing school at Muhlenberg Hospital in Plainfield, New Jersey and the beginning of World War II during her third year. She recalls joining the ANC after her graduation in 1944, basic training at Atlantic City, New Jersey, before being stationed at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and being shipped out to the Pacific, working in Saipan, Guam and Iwo Jima until the war ended. She recalls the boat ride across the Pacific, the people in Hawaii and her reaction to seeing the devastation at Pearl Harbor, the beauty of Guam, the fighting on Saipan where Major General Patrick was killed, her typical work day at the Guam hospital on the upper respiratory ward, caring for wounded soldiers, the pain of having patients die and attending funerals, and praying as her mode of coping. Her description of Iwo Jima includes hiding in caves during Japanese bombing raids, living in Quonset huts, her thoughts on President Truman and the atomic bomb, and hearing about the end of the war."
McClure discusses leaving the army after her return to New Jersey and working for the Veterans Association (VA) until becoming a private duty nurse. She recalls using the GI Bill to attend Columbia University, rejoining the ANC at the start of the Korean War, and being stationed in Fort Campbell, Kentucky where she worked for almost two years. There she married her husband, and her first pregnancy ended her military career. Also included are her thoughts on a career for women in the military.
Veteran's biography Bertha “Nicki” Nichols McClure (b. 1921) of Greensboro, North Carolina served in the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) during World War II and the Korean War .
Bertha Nichols McClure was born on 9 September, 1921 and grew up in Cranford, New Jersey and Skowhegan, Maine during the Depression. She attended nursing school at Muhlenberg Hospital in Plainfield, New Jersey." McClure joined the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) in 1944 after her graduation from nursing school. She was sent to Atlantic City, New Jersey for basic training. Following basic training she was sent to Fort Dix, New Jersey where she worked on the gastrointestinal pneumonia ward, and then she transferred to the Pacific Theatre at Saipan, Guam and Iwo Jima as a nurse on the upper respiratory wards." McClure was discharged from the ANC in 1946, but rejoined during the Korean War in 1950 and was stationed in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. She was discharged from the ANC in 1952 after marrying and becoming pregnant.
Collection summary The February 2010 oral history interview transcript primarily documents Bertha "Nicki" McClure's childhood during the Depression in New Jersey and Maine, and her service in the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) during World War II and the Korean War.
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2019-04-22T10:37:39Z
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http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/ref/collection/WVHP/id/4352/
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For nearly two thousand years, the clearly dominant opinion among Christian scholars, teachers, chruch officials and laiety, has been that Jesus was divine as the Son of God.
Jesus often refers to himself as the son of god, but he also suggests that we are all the children of God. Recall, "Our father...". Of course, in the Gospel of Thomas, Jesus is quite clear that we are all equally the children of god, but even in the New Testament, he does disagree with those who call him good, replying that only God is good.
Considering the figure of Jesus and his message, can we be anything other than compelled to reconsider the criticisms of a number of early theologians and ask ourselves "Should a Christian necessarily view Jesus as particularly divine?"
Of course, the presentation of Jesus is but a small consideration. If we say, yes Jesus is divine, we have to say what it is to not be divine, and the nature of that difference without slipping into some sort of silly dualism. No easy task.
Interesting topic... Like you said, this one's been debated for time out of mind. I am one who believes that Jesus is God, but after you're question I'm going have to go back and look again at why it is that I believe that. It's always good to have others keep me on my toes so I don't get lazy and forgetfull.
As far as Jesus' divinity: I can't quote chapter and verse, but I do feel like I remember it being pretty hard to read John's gospel without the sense that Jesus is divine.
As far as the divinity of anyone else: I see at least a few differences in Jesus' claim as the Son of God and the idea that all followers of Christ are sons of God. Jesus was with God from the begining. Jesus was perfect, and did not need to be redeemed, but instead redeemed others. Jesus was not born to an earthly father. And there is also the idea that God has adopted others to be sons and daughters, whereas the idea of adoption is nowhere indicated toward Jeus.
he does disagree with those who call him good, replying that only God is good.
I always understood this as Jesus pointing out the belief/disbelief in the person asking the question. Jesus doesn't deny that He is good, He says "Why do you call me good, only God is good." This leaves the questioner to either decide that Jesus is not good, or that Jesus is in fact God.
You are absolutely right about John's Gospel. My only concern here is that the notion that Jesus is divine in a way others are not, and cannot be, seems to be unique to John's Gospel.
"Jesus was with God from the begining. Jesus was perfect, and did not need to be redeemed, but instead redeemed others. Jesus was not born to an earthly father. And there is also the idea that God has adopted others to be sons and daughters, whereas the idea of adoption is nowhere indicated toward Jeus."
I want to be careful because I do not want to argue issues that may be articles of faith. My interest is more in the careful evaluation of the texts we have in which the figure Jesus is presented. In other words, I am interested in the coming as close as possible to what Jesus taught; not in what his students thought of his teachings, or what the Old Testament suggests he should be. I'm not sure I see the ideas that Jesus was with God from the begining or that he was perfect presented consistently in the Gospels. Though, I do agree that Jesus' role in redemption seems clear - he did not need to be redeemed, and his teaching redeemed others; however, that he did not need to be redeemed himself seems worth considering as the gospels are, again, seem to be in disagreement. With respect to the divinity of Jesus' birth, I have two issues. The first being that the earliest texts, according to some scholars anyway, have "young maiden" which was mistranslated as "virgin". Second, that a human being exists without having a biological father defies , to say the least, a great deal of scientific understanding.
"I always understood this as Jesus pointing out the belief/disbelief in the person asking the question. Jesus doesn't deny that He is good, He says "Why do you call me good, only God is good." This leaves the questioner to either decide that Jesus is not good, or that Jesus is in fact God."
But if he says "Only God is good." isn't he limiting goodness to God by saying "Only God"? Also, why is the decision between Jesus being either good or not good, could he not be either? Then again, if Jesus is God, then Jesus would be good. Or maybe he just meant that the influence God in all of us is what is good about us.
In other words, I am interested in the coming as close as possible to what Jesus taught; not in what his students thought of his teachings, or what the Old Testament suggests he should be.
Hmm... I think I see where you're coming from. Can't say that I've ever looked at it from that perspective, but now I want to go and do some reading and get back to you. The only thought I have at the moment is to wonder if the Old Testament prophecies ought to be included in what Jesus taught about Himself, if in fact He taught or accepted that Old Testament Messianic prophecy was descriptive of Himself.
Hope to get back to you with some more thoughts in a little while.
PS, any significance between your username and this topic?
The problem of whether He was limiting goodness to God would be present no matter what He is claiming about Himself... Personally I think we might be doing a "western thought interpretation injustice" (if you know what I mean :confused: ) to the text to take the statements as a blanket theological statement. I think Jesus really is just trying to bring to the front the quesiton of whether or not the man He is speaking to believes that Jesus is God. It is a bit of a confusing passage though, and I've spent some time scratching my head about it.
The problem of whether He was limiting goodness to God would be present no matter what He is claiming about Himself... Personally I think we might be doing a "western thought interpretation injustice" (if you know what I mean ) to the text to take the statements as a blanket theological statement. I think Jesus really is just trying to bring to the front the quesiton of whether or not the man He is speaking to believes that Jesus is God. It is a bit of a confusing passage though, and I've spent some time scratching my head about it.
As you pointed out, Jesus isn't making a direct claim about himself, rather, the claim is about God, that "only God is good". As for the significance of the statement, I'm not convinced that it should be taken as a blanket theological statement that should be applied as absolute; though, the statement does have significant theological meaning, which is why it's important. Given my interest here, a philosophical rather than spiritual, I look at such statements, compare them to similar statements, and attempt to sift through the material we have to learn about the message of Jesus. Also, I wonder if you could explain why you think the passage relates to the divinity of Jesus. It seems to me that Jesus is, more than anything else, directing the focus away from himself and towards God.
The only thought I have at the moment is to wonder if the Old Testament prophecies ought to be included in what Jesus taught about Himself, if in fact He taught or accepted that Old Testament Messianic prophecy was descriptive of Himself.
A question probably best answered by examining the instances of Jesus referring to the Old Testament. Often times he does this, saying something to the effect of 'Have you not read' this or that. At the same time, Jesus does seem to hint that the Old Testament, rather, the bulk of what is today the Old Testament (as the contents of the OT varies from tradition to tradition), has at least been surpassed in importance by his teachings.
For me, the line was drawn when his disciples asked which of the commandments were most important and Jesus replied by saying that 'Love God' and 'Love thy neighbor as thyself' were most important, and upon those two commandemtns hang all the laws and prophecies. Also, we have the Pharisees again and again trying to trick Jesus by quoting Law, and Jesus always finds such issues to be irrelevant. Thus, it seems, Jesus was suggesting that we know the law and prophecies, because they can be very useful in your spiritual life; however, we should approach them with those two commandments in mind - 'Love God' and 'Love thy neighbor as thyself'.
As for the name, it's derived from the supposed author of The Gospel of Thomas, whose identity is of some debate. This Gospel should not be confused with the Acts of Thomas or the Infancy Gospel of Thomas which were written much later.
I had an opprotunity to read some of Baha'u'llah's writing, which I enjoyed and found useful. From what I can tell, Baha'i attempts to reconcile various faith traditions in much the same way Buddhism does. My only problem with Baha'i teaching is that Baha'u'llah claimed to be the future prophet of many faiths. The coming prophet spoken of in various traditions does exist - be it the second coming of Jesus or the future Buddha, the Maitreya. Baha'u'llah claimed the title Maitreya, the problem being that the Maitreya, according to Buddhist scripture, will not come until the teachings of Buddha, Gautama Buddha, are entirely forgotten. This may seem to be a quibble, but to me, the claiming of such a title, one that he obviously cannot rightly claim, is a degree of spiritual materialism that I have a hard time accepting. Maybe someone better versed in Baha'i could clear this up for me.
Just wondering, why the exclusion of John?
however, that he did not need to be redeemed himself seems worth considering as the gospels are, again, seem to be in disagreement.
I must not be seeing the same thing... where do you find the disagreement?
With respect to the divinity of Jesus' birth, I have two issues. The first being that the earliest texts, according to some scholars anyway, have "young maiden" which was mistranslated as "virgin". Second, that a human being exists without having a biological father defies , to say the least, a great deal of scientific understanding.
As far as the translation goes, I think the text of story would suggest a "fatherless" conception with or without the actual use of the word virgin. As for the possability of such an event, it would obviously fall under the catagory of being a miracle, and one unique to Jesus' life. (which by the way is one of the reasons that I would find Jesus to be a "son" in a way that others are not) If you don't believe in God's ability to do the miraculous, then I think you would really have to do away with all Biblical teaching as being any source of accurate information, and proceed to study it in an accademic way only.
As far as wether or not Jesus taught that He was the Son of God in way that others could not be (in the synoptic Gospels), I would have to say that He obviously never teaches directly on the subject. But that really does raise the quesiton that if it were our ultimate goal to be Sons of God the way Jesus is, then why would He not have taught that? And there are plenty of implications that He is something that others are not, and I believe, never would be. Mathew 16 is a good (thought not the only) example of this. Peter claims that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and Jesus responds by saying that this is right and that God have revealed this to Peter. Jesus then gives Peter his name, and says that He will build His Church on Peter. If Peter's eventual destination was to be another "the Son of God", this would seem to have been a natural time to state that.
All in all, I think that the lack of Jesus teaching about it, and the witness of the Old Testament prophecies as well as His own that point to His uniqueness, and the "fatherless" birth lead me to believe that Jesus was intended to be the Son of God in a way that no other would or could be.
As far as the Gospel of Thomas, I have never read it and don't know what it teaches. Do you know of a good website to learn about it?
I do not suggest the exclusion of John; I suggest we look at John critically, something I suggest we do with each of the Gospels.
Was Jesus not tempted by Satan? Just as Buddha was tempted by Mara, Jesus was tempted by Satan, and the result was the same in both cases - the devil, upset with the prophets wise answers, left. The story is the story of Jesus casting away the last of Satan's grasp upon his soul.
As far as the translation goes, I think the text of story would suggest a "fatherless" conception with or without the actual use of the word virgin.
Before I go much further with this, I only speak English. I am certainly no authority on translation regarding Biblical texts. I think part of the problem exists also in that the virgin birth of Jesus is not addressed in our earliest texts, and is something that appears in later texts, leading some scholars to think the notion of a virgin birth was an addition made by later Christians and not part of Jesus' own doctrine.
Also, in Isaiah, instead of using the Hebrew word for virgin, a more general term is used which means young woman. This has lead some to argue that Isaiah does not predict the virgin birth of the messiah.
However, in the time of Jesus, and to the present, the prevailing thought among practitioners is that the messiah is to be born to a virgin. This may be the reason why early Christians added the virgin birth to their accounts of Jesus (appearing in Mathew and Luke), so as to make Jesus more appealing to Jews, just as many pagan traditions were adopted by Christians to make Christianity more appealing.
If you don't believe in God's ability to do the miraculous, then I think you would really have to do away with all Biblical teaching as being any source of accurate information, and proceed to study it in an accademic way only.
Rejecting the notion of miracles does not mean one must reject all Biblical teaching. Why should it? If we reject miracles, why must we reject the notion that love for all human kind is a good thing, something to be practiced?
But that really does raise the quesiton that if it were our ultimate goal to be Sons of God the way Jesus is, then why would He not have taught that?
And I quote "Our father, who art in heaven..." If God is the father of all, then we are all His children, sons of God.
You are right to say that Jesus and the disciples see Jesus as something special - he is the messiah, their teacher and certainly was thought to be a holy man, more holy than any other perhaps. I do not argue that Jesus was no more holy than anyone else - he seems to have been far more holy. What I doubt is that this holiness which we ascribe to Jesus can only be attributed to Jesus.
As far as wether or not Jesus taught that He was the Son of God in way that others could not be (in the synoptic Gospels), I would have to say that He obviously never teaches directly on the subject.
But he seems to teach otherwise when he instructs those gathered to pray "Our father".
All in all, I think the fact that Jesus teaches us that God is "our" father is enough to show that being the son of God is not a unique title. As for the OT prophecies, I want to bring up again what Jesus says about the prophets and the laws - that the value in them is their instruction with respect to loving God and loving our neighbors as we love ourselves. I'm not convinced that Jesus was, or that we should be, concerned with the dogmatic beliefs many OT lines have spawned, as Jesus is clear that we should not let them become dogma.
If you want some background information, the wiki article is decent. You can find full versions of the text in a simple google search.
this is probably very dim and misses the point of this discussion, so apologies in advance, but has no one considered that what we know of jesus from the bible has been subject to various other agendas of the people who actually put the book together? i mean that for various different people throughout history it has been beneficial for jesus to come across as god personified ect.
Your concerns are more than valid - they're spot on.
Luckily for us scholars, the history of the Bible is well documented. This leaves us the messy job of sorting out the records we have; no easy task. For any given book of the Bible, an original copy simply does not exist. What we have instead are a number of early copies, and references to even earlier versions. Wikipedia has a decent series on Biblical scholarship of this sort.
Given the nature of the subject, no one would suggest that any amount of study and research will allow us to definitively sort out true Jesus from invented Jesus. What we can do; however, is look at the information we have and sort out what is most likely Jesus from what is most likely added.
One interesting example of this is the Jeffersonian Bible and a study done on the language of Jesus. Thomas Jefferson collected, from a wide variety of translations and versions, sayings of Jesus which he found to be spiritually valuable in his own practice. Recently, scholars and linguistic experts studied the language Jesus used to highlight sayings most likely used by Jesus. Jefferson's Bible and the teachings these experts decided can be attributed to Jesus with a degree of certainty turned out to be remarkably similar in content.
I may be mistaken here (which wouldn't be the first time) but what I find interesting is the scepticism on who or what Jesus is. Considering the "christian church example" it may be warranted, but just the same. Jesus is about the Truth and the Mercy of God. The concept of all men as son's of God was God's intention according to scripture. In other words, are we sons of God or are we suppose to become son's of God?
38: Which was the son of Enos, which was the son of Seth, which was the son of Adam, which was the son of God.
(was the son of God is also key) but Jesus is referred to as the only begotten Son of God, I think there is over 10 references to this in the NT and some in the OT. Which supports the "virgin" claim. Not of a man but of God through a woman. And why would the apostles themselves proclaim this if Mary didn't tell them so, she did hang out with them a lot.
Why there would be a conspiracy to fake the world into believing that God's mercy is no further then one turning to God to become that which God made man to be (With God and not without God), so that he can know the Living God. I don't get the motivation to deceive. If you do so, will you not know? If He is who they say He is, and one calls upon His name( in private mind you) asking Him to be one's Lord and Savior, would you not know?
If the concern is christian abuse of submission as a submission to them or the church. Oh ya that is true, they seek it from others all the time. But the true submission is to the Mercy of God through the acceptable Way ordained by God. Which is Jesus. Not religion.
It is proclaimed that He fulfilled the OT. Most jews that except, including rabbis, Jesus as the Christ, the Promised One. Usually come to that Truth when studying Isaiah.
Another thing to take into consideration is the people that wrote and maintained the OT do not consider Jesus as the Christ, but yet it prophesy's Him. So it would have to be a collaboration of two opposing beliefs. Which back in the day, where venomous towards each other.
I'd like to believe that we are all sons and daughters of God and that we can and should follow the path of Jesus. I believe that Jesus believed in many of the same beliefs taught in other religions and would not be opposed to other religions.
I think the skepticism is justified due to the nature of the information we have about Jesus. Record of him outside of Biblical literature is almost non-existent. What we do know amounts to him being some sort of Jewish spiritual teacher, in the general vicinity of where the Bible claims, and that he was executed. As for the Biblical literature, we must also be careful. What we have is an oral tradition (though a recent one) being written down, and copies being produced by hand, rarely by trained scholars. The original copy of each work is long lost to time, and even within the earliest versions we find, discrepencies appear.
As for your question about our relationship to God, I can explain my perspective. Looking at scripture, and seeing the phrases "Son of God", "Our father", ect., I found value in the following understanding: We are all the children of God, we are all of God, thus we should strive to act as children of God should act.
As for a conspiracy, I'm not sure what you mean. The point I was trying to make was that the most common perspective is that Jesus, as the only Son of God, is of a more divine nature than the rest of humanity.
Except that the Old Testament, rather, the books that compose it, predate Jesus. Of course the authors of the OT did not think Jesus to be the Messiah, Jesus was yet to be born.
You should check out Karen Armstrong's "Living Buddha, Living Christ" if you haven't already.
How can one be the son of that which he does not know? A son knows his father and the father knows his son. If one doesn't have a relationship with God then one is not a son of His.
Interesting video. (The music was a bit dramatic though...:rolleyes: ) Some of it seemed a little fabricated, or was at least reaching pretty far. (Example: I don't think any Christian scholar really thinks Jesus was born on the December 25th, we know that that was added later.) It also didn't take into account that a lot of Christians believe in Christ-types that point to the truth of Jesus (though I understand from their perspective that sounds absurd). I wish they would have expounded a bit more on how they think the story was actually fabricated, not just on what part of the story simbolizes what sign, etc.
It reminds me to a degree of some of the one-sided videos produced by Christians themselves: Far reaching claims that can't really be substantiated in 1/2 an hour, dramatic music, one-sided arguments, etc.
As far as the Gospel of Thomas goes, I am no expert, but it seems to me that it is in direct disagreement with at least two of the others. And since it seems to be the most questionable (open to debate of course), and it is outnumbered, I'd probably eventually go with a consensus of the others if I can. Of the other four Luke and Mathew clearly (to me anyway) spell out Jesus' virgin birth, and therefore His divinity. Mark gives no background whatsoever, but starts right in with the baptism of Jesus and God saying "You are my Son". And John begins with Jesus being described as devine, though again no birth details are given. So from all of that, I think I'd say that if I was going to take just those 5 books as my resources, I would come away with the idea that Jesus was the (singular) Son of God, and this was demonstrated through a fatherless birth.
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ByrnesMedia, a leading North American broadcast consulting firm, is pleased to announce it has formed a marketing partnership with famed syndicated reporter, James St. James, “The Real Jimmy Hollywood.” ByrnesMedia will offer Jimmy Hollywood’s entertainment feature to radio stations in Canada.
Jimmy has delivered the scoop on all things Hollywood for nearly 30 years and is well respected by listeners and stars alike. His blend of timely information with exclusive first-hand interviews and interesting features, peppered with just the right amount of humour, make his offerings a favourite entertainment feature of anyone who has heard his work.
Jimmy is already heard in 15 Canadian markets and ByrnesMedia is happy to offer the 3 minute program either daily (5 times a week) or three days a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday). Jimmy will phone your station and interact, live from Hollywood, with the talent. He becomes your exclusive source for entertainment and/or late breaking hard news. This show will spike your morning show ratings and will drag listeners over from other stations. How many of your current features achieve that?
For further information call ByrnesMedia at 905-332-1331. To hear a sample of the show go to www.byrnesmedia.com and click on syndication.
Did Radio Miss the Boat Again?
How did you learn about the death of Whitney Houston? It was not that many years ago that the answer would have been that your local radio station told you about it and broke the news, while television scrambled to find pictures and look for a way to break into their networked programming.
Whitney Houston died sometime after 3pm on Saturday afternoon (11/2) and I first heard about it via social media. News of her passing was first tweeted by a young Hollywood resident by the name of Britany Pullard at 4:02pm to her 799 followers with the question “Is Whitney Houston really dead?” Then some 13 minutes later someone sent a message that said “omgg , my aunt tiffany who work for Whitney Houston just found her dead in the tub.” This, by the way, was 40 minutes before any of the official news agencies ran the story, and less than 7 minutes after the Beverly Hills Police department pronounced her dead. It is still unclear how this Hollywood night clubber learned about the passing of Whitney Houston, but she is credited with breaking the story. AP News was the first news organisation to tweet the official statement from Houston’s publicist at 4:57pm confirming her death but not the cause. Houston was discovered unresponsive in her hotel room at the Beverly Hills Hilton.
I first saw news of the death flashed across websites and on Facebook on Saturday evening. So I tuned in to a few of the radio stations I can hear from my house to see if they had coverage of the passing of this talented singer. I gave up on the FM stations after an hour as they all sounded voice tracked, including most of the FM stations in Toronto, by the way, which I find most disheartening. So I switched over to the AM dial and heard coverage on the news stations such as 680 News, but they had few details at that point. I then fired up app on my iPad and tuned in to the big AC station in Los Angeles. KOST 103.5 sounded live, they were playing Whitney songs and I heard recorded imaging that was specifically written to honour Whitney. They got it and were still playing 4 Houston tunes per hour the next day when I tuned in.
What really disappointed me was the lack of coverage the following morning on radio stations in Canada – at least the ones that I tuned in to. Sure, the FM stations that run weekend news carried the story as you would expect. But what was missing was the jock talk about her death, the Whitney songs and the listener reaction via the phones. I can only assume that most stations’ music logs were created well in advance and the voice tracks had been recorded many hours or days before her death, so there was no live body in the studio to adjust the music log anyway.
Ensure you have a system in place to monitor social networks even on the weekends.
Have a plan in place so the talent goes live, or at least can record and insert tracks into your programming.
Ensure that staff can mobilize quickly to change your programming. Radio stations, especially AC stations, should have abandoned their regular programming and gone wall to wall Whitney Houston on Saturday night. By Sunday morning they should have already put together a tribute special to Whitney.
Have staff briefed that are able to write and put together a music tribute for the artist and get that to air as soon as possible.
Allow your listeners to call in with comments and memories of the artist. Radio can do this better than any other medium, given that anyone who has a telephone has a microphone to your station, providing of course there is someone in the studio who can answer the phone!
Go on the streets and capture audio from local people allowing them to talk about their memories of the artist. After all, who over 30 years of age did not see the movie The Bodyguard? Guys wished they were Kevin Kostner and girls wanted to be like Whitney. In fact Whitney was one of the most popular names for babies born in 1992 and 1993. By the way, where was Kostner when Whitney really needed him? Sadly neither Kevin nor anyone who could help Whitney was anywhere near the Beverly Hills Hotel on that Saturday afternoon.
Think about who your station could call to get a sense of what was happening in Los Angeles. Often overlooked are the local radio stations, and as already stated, KOST was live, as were any number of stations in California who would have been happy to give you a sound bite.
Ensure you can get your website updated and use it to drive listeners to your radio station.
As morbid as this sounds, you might put a list together of the artists you play that may pass on soon. I worked with a Drive jock who spent a few hours a week working on this type of thing. I remember walking into the production room one day and he was working a tribute to Mick Jagger. That was probably 15 years ago now and Mick is still going strong.
I hope this article will at least cause some discussion inside radio stations, and PD’s – oops, I mean Brand Managers – will be more pro-active the next time a huge music artist makes the news. I suspect listeners will appreciate the effort and even those who are not big Whitney Houston fans will get that radio can act quickly and pay more than just lip service to major events in the music world. Lastly how will your radio station deal with the funeral which will be broadcast live this Saturday (18/2)?
Canada’s Internet service providers aren’t bound by the country’s broadcast regulations, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled Thursday.
Cultural groups argued that companies such as Bell and Rogers that provide Internet connections to their customers should be considered broadcasters, because they distribute content.
“An ISP does not engage with these policy objectives when it is merely providing the mode of transmission,” the court ruled as it dismissed the challenge.
The CRTC has issued a status update on the Do Not Call List (DNCL). This report shows the number of registrations to the list, the number of complaints made to the CRTC about telemarketing calls, and the number of citations handed down since the list went into effect. To read this report, click here.
Now that Parliament is back in session we can expect to see the updated Copyright Bill known as Bill C-11 to make its way through the select committee, and eventually pass into law given the Conservative majority. It was actually introduced on 29 September last year.
[…] (4) The broadcasting undertaking must destroy the reproduction when it no longer possesses the sound recording, or performer’s performance or work embodied in the sound recording, or its licence to use the sound recording, performer’s performance or work expires, or at the latest within 30 days after making the reproduction, unless the copyright owner authorizes the reproduction to be retained.
Frankly, I suspect that most broadcasters are not aware of this wording or the impact it could have if the Bill passes with this clause unchanged. It is the words “or at the latest within 30 days after making the reproduction” that could cause Broadcasters problems and/or cost them a lot of money. In the worst case, broadcasters could be forced to destroy every song on their hard drives every 30 days and then re-record it all or be faced with continuing to pay mechanical rights fees.
As it is currently worded it would be up to Broadcasters to prove that they actually “own” a copy of the music or pay the mechanical rights fees. Given that most broadcasters receive their music via a digital service such as DMDS it could be a real challenge to prove that we actually own each recording. This artificial 30 day “destroy regime” is potentially expensive and administratively restrictive for broadcasters, yields no benefit to rights holders, and is probably unenforceable.
The CAB and a number of broadcasters are working with Parliamentarians trying to ensure this clause is updated so the new Bill lives up to the promise made by the Industry Minister and is workable.
Canadian broadcasters pay $65 million in copyright tariffs annually to artists (rights holders) for playing music on radio, and we are happy to continue to do this. But in the past few years a number of organisations have taken advantage of the current copyright act and Canadian broadcasters have been forced to pay a “reproduction fee” even though we receive the music digitally, store it on hard drives and play it from those hard drives. By the way, most of the $21 million that was collected last year as part of the new reproduction fees immediately went offshore to countries like Germany, Japan and England, meaning that Canadian artists and the Canadian music industry did not benefit in any way.
If the bill passes without this clause being changed, the very organisations that have been sucking money out of broadcasters for the past 2 years will continue to put their hands out for even more money and hold the 30 day destroy clause over our heads. If you can reach out you your Federal MP please do so and ask that he or she talks to both the Industry and Heritage Ministers.
While we all understand the importance that familiarity plays in our business – from music to jocks to spots. I’ve always wondered why, though. I came across a few recent studies that help shed some light on the matter.
What is it exactly that makes us desire familiarity is a question I tried exploring a couple years ago, but was unable to find research that dealt directly with the topic. I figured I would give it another go and this time did come across a study that went straight to the heart of the issue.
An article published in November, 2011 on the Public Library of Science website, PLoS ONE, gives hard evidence of the importance of familiarity in music. The paper, entitled “Music and Emotions in the Brain: Familiarity Matters” was compiled by researchers in Portugal and Finland and I’d like to share excerpts with you to help answer something that I’ve been curious about and possibly you have been, too.
Listening to music is one of the most pleasurable human experiences, and one in which we invest a considerable amount of time and money. In a survey study , most subjects stated that their investment in this activity derives from the ability of music to convey emotions. For this reason, a better knowledge of how and why emotions are generated when listening to music will contribute to our understanding of why music is so important to our species.
…in order to mimic the naturalistic situation in which music appreciation occurs, we discarded the manipulation of a single music dimension, and rather used expressive music from the pop/rock music genre, as it is the most ubiquitous in Western world… In addition, appreciation of pop/rock music does not require formal musical training, and it is consequently the most available and important instance of aesthetic enjoyment of music.
In sum, with this study, we examined the role of familiarity and aesthetic preferences in music enjoyment and in the activation of limbic and reward centres in the brain, using commercially available pop/rock songs. In an initial phase, candidates participated in a listening test, in which they listened to song extracts and decided if each song was familiar or unfamiliar and if they liked it or not. Based on this test, a unique set of stimuli to be presented during an fMRI session was selected for each participant, containing music in four different conditions: familiar liked, familiar disliked, unfamiliar liked and unfamiliar disliked.
…We found that musical preferences had only a marginal effect on the activation of limbic, paralimbic and reward system areas. On the contrary, familiarity with the music was the key factor to trigger increased blood oxygen level dependence (BOLD) response in these emotion-related regions, namely in the putamen, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus.
…To our knowledge, we provide the first functional neuroanatomical evidence for a strong effect of familiarity in the way listeners’ get emotional engaged with the music, at least within an experimental setting. Our results not only strengthen the body of evidence showing that music is very efficient in recruiting emotional centres of the brain, but also clearly provide evidence that familiarity with a particular piece of music is an extremely important factor for emotional engagement, and thus furnishes “direct access” to these emotional centres of the brain.
Admittedly, some portions of the paper are beyond the layperson (i.e. the various areas of the brain), but it’s evident that that familiarity creates a physical response (in this case, increased blood flow) in the parts of the brain related to emotion. Certainly appeal is also a factor, but it’s secondary, regardless of whether the song was liked or disliked. The following graph illustrates the differences.
The importance of music in our daily life has given rise to an increased number of studies addressing the brain regions involved in its appreciation. Some of these studies controlled only for the familiarity of the stimuli, while others relied on pleasantness ratings, and others still on musical preferences. With a listening test and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, we wished to clarify the role of familiarity in the brain correlates of music appreciation by controlling, in the same study, for both familiarity and musical preferences… Brain activation data revealed that broad emotion-related limbic and paralimbic regions as well as the reward circuitry were significantly more active for familiar relative to unfamiliar music. Smaller regions in the cingulate cortex and frontal lobe, including the motor cortex and Broca’s area, were found to be more active in response to liked music when compared to disliked one. Hence, familiarity seems to be a crucial factor in making the listeners emotionally engaged with music, as revealed by fMRI data.
The study is indeed interesting, but like many other studies is not perfect and is open to criticism. The researchers themselves cite some areas where their findings may be questioned and sample size is something that personally gives me pause.
Just the same, though, it seems to be a safe bet that familiarity in music has been grounded in science, at least to an extent that allows us a greater degree of certainty in our music programming regimen (or when answering persistent 10 year olds).
1. Juslin PN, Sloboda JA (2001) Music and emotion: theory and research. New York: Oxford University Press. 504 p.
5. Peretz I, Gaudreau D, Bonnel AM (1998) Exposure effects on music preference and recognition. Memory and Cognition 26(5): 884–902.
24. Meyer M (1903) Experimental studies in the psychology of music. American Journal of Psychology 14: 456–478.
25. Schellemberg EG, Peretz I, Vieillard S (2008) Liking for happy- and sad-sounding music: effects of exposure. Cognition and emotion 22(2): 218–237.
Their goal was $50,000; they did that and then some!
$59,142 was raised at the 2nd Annual Handbags for Hospice Friday night.
The event, in support of the VON Oxford’s Sakura House, raised about $41,000 last year and organizers were confident they could reach or even surpass their $50,000 goal this year.
The night included a silent and live auction, raffles, games, prizes and of course an evening of socializing, delicious desserts, laughter and fun.
Over 550 women bid on a variety of handbags both new and gently used from a variety of designers including Coach, Nine West, Michael Kors, BCBG Max Azria and Louis Vuitton. The live auction also included a Marie Osmond purse that Donny Osmond autographed during Heart FM’s Donny Day in July 2011.
A big hit at last year’s event returned this year; the Woodstock Firefighters! The men in uniform were there to help out throughout the evening serving drinks, assisting with the auction and even offering their services in the kitchen. As an addition to the live auction for the second year in a row, a three course dinner for eight prepared by the Woodstock Firefighters was auctioned off, bringing in $3000 on its own.
Heart FM’s Dan Henry and Paul Graham of the Woodstock Fire Department entertained the women as the co-masters of ceremonies and auctioneers, and Tracey Kaiman of Eden Bella Boutique and Roberts & Co Ladies Wear provided the fashions for the live auction.
Event Chair Leslie Farrell, along with committee members known as the “Bag Ladies of Oxford” credit the success of the event to the generosity of event sponsors, local businesses, volunteers, attendees and the community as a whole.
VON Oxford’s Sakura House is Oxford County’s only residential hospice. The home provides 24 hour end-of-life care by a team of professionals with assistance from professionally trained volunteers at no cost to the patients and their families. Their specialized palliative care focuses on living fully in comfort and with dignity until the end of life.
Feb 1 “Working Naked Day”: A day for all those who are working from home “naked” – stripped of the resources that millions take for granted in the traditional corporate workplace.
Feb 2 “Groundhog Job Shadow Day”: 12th annual. Students spend part of the day in the workplace “shadowing” an employee as he or she goes through a normal day on the job. Call 1-800-373-3174 for a kit. Email [email protected]. See www.jobshadow.org.
Feb 4 “International World Cancer Day” see www.uicc.org.
Feb 4 “Safer Internet Day”: To promote safer and more responsible use of online technology and mobile phones, especially among children. See www.saferinternet.org.
Feb 5 “Super Bowl XLVI”: Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis, IN. Call 212-450-2000. Web: www.nfl.com.
Feb 5-11 “Dump your Significant Jerk Week”: With Valentine’s Day just around the corner, there’s no time to waste. If you’re in a loser relationship, it’s time to cut the cord. So call Marcus P. Meleton for ideas at 949-413-3052, email [email protected]. Web www.sharkbaitpress.com.
Feb 12 “Man Day”: A day for celebration by friends, family and associates of the men of the world. Annually, the Sunday before Valentine’s Day. Call C. Daniel Rhodes 205-908-6781, email [email protected].
Feb 13-19 “International Flirting Week”: Recognizing the role it plays in the lives of singles seeking a mate, couples looking to sustain their love and those simply exchanging a playful glance with a stranger, acquaintance or colleague. Call Robin Newman 516-773-0911, email [email protected]. Web www.lovecoach.com.
Feb 20 “Family Day”: Annually, the 3rd Monday in February.
Feb 21 “Mardi Gras”: (Fat Tuesday). Last feast before Lent.
Feb 21-25 “Read Me Week”: National and local celebrities and other volunteers read in classrooms wearing readable clothing with school-appropriate messages. For info call 615-834-7323. See www.bookem-kids.org.
Feb 23 “Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day”: The engineering community is asked to reach more than one million girls and encourage them to pursue the fields that lead to engineering careers. Call Natl Engineers Week Headquarters 703-684-2852. email [email protected]. web www.eweek.org/site/news/eweek/girlsday.shtml.
Feb 25 “Open That Bottle Night”: 13th annual. A night to finally drink that bottle of wine that you’ve been saving for a special occasion that never seems to come. Email Dorothy J. Gaiter and John Brecher of the Wall Street Journal at [email protected].
Feb 29 “Pink Shirt Day”: A day of anti-bullying. See www.pinkshirtday.ca.
Feb 29 “International Underlings Day”: A day to recognize everyone who is neither a boss nor a professional assistant (both of whom have annual days already!) Recognized quadrennially on Feb 29 – in keeping with the esteemed position of an underling. Call Peter Morris 213-840-9879 or email [email protected]. See www.underlingsday.com.
Feb 29 “Leap Year Day”: In 2012 we add one day to bring our calendar more nearly into accord with the seasons.
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Had a pretty routine CABG x something the other day, and encountered a postoperative coagulopathy, functional platelet count at roughly 72 (Platelet Works), and instead of going down our traditional Factor VII tunnel, we opted to use Kcentra, a member of a relatively new category of drugs classified as a Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC). The results were impressive enough to spark this article for your review.
Clinical management of severe bleeding in surgery and after trauma remains a major challenge. Transfusions of allogeneic platelets and plasma are widely used to replace cellular and humoral components of coagulation. These allogeneic products appear to be lifesaving when they are utilized early in the massive transfusion protocol in which more than six to ten units of packed red blood cells (RBCs) are typically administered in 12–24 h –. On the other hand, large amounts of allogeneic plasma have been associated with both infectious and non-infectious transfusion complications, which negatively impact patient survival –.
Plasma-derived and recombinant factor concentrates are the lyophilized form of specific factor(s) indicated mainly for hereditary coagulation factor deficiencies . The use of these factor concentrates in perioperative patients without hereditary coagulation disorders has been increasingly reported in anecdotal case series, retrospective, and prospective clinical studies ,. Off-label use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) has been rampant in the management of severe perioperative bleeding until several key clinical trials failed to improve outcomes and suggested a potential increase in thrombotic complications . More recently, the FDA has approved the use of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) with therapeutic amounts of vitamin K-dependent factors for the management of bleeding in patients treated with warfarin . For the latter, prothrombin, FVII, FIX, and FX are the specific ‘targets’ of PCC for replacement. Conversely, if plasma is used to reverse warfarin, multiple unnecessary elements are infused into the patient including albumin, antithrombin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, etc. Clinical indications, efficacies, and potential complications of plasma and factor concentrates should be carefully considered before they are applied to correct bleeding diathesis. Further, it is important to understand the mechanism of action of hemostatic agents and their impact on coagulation tests so that inappropriate dosing can be avoided.
Kcntra costs roughly $1.27 per unit. Kcentra® is dosed according to Factor IX potency and is individualized based on the patient’s baseline International Normalized Ratio (INR) and body weight. The cost of Kcentra® is $1.27 per unit; a single dose of Kcentra® for an 80 kg patient costs $5,080.
A single 90 µg/kg dose of Factor VII to a 80-kg person costs US$4,500, and in some patients repeated dosing is necessary. These costs should obviously be offset against the cost of the management of severe bleeding, including costs of blood transfusion. It is conceivable that systematic cost-effectiveness analyses regarding the use of recombinant factor VIIa will be part of the decision making on the use of this agent in various clinical situations.
Kcentra is a purified, heat-treated, nanofiltered, lyophilized, non-activated plasma protein concentrate made from pooled human plasma.
Kcentra contains all 4 Vitamin-K dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX and X), and the antithrombotic Proteins C and S. These are the clotting factors and proteins that are inhibited by Vitamin K antagonist therapy.2Hanke, AA. Long-term safety and efficacy of a pasteurized nanofiltrated prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N): a pharmacovigilance study. Br J Anaesth. 2013;doi:10.1093/bja/aes501:1-9.
Factor IX is the lead factor for the potency of the preparation as stated on the vial label. Other ingredients include small quantities of antithrombin III (ATIII) and heparin, as well as human albumin, sodium chloride, and sodium citrate.
Reconstitute using aseptic technique with 20 mL (500 U kit) or 40 mL (1000 U kit) of diluent provided with the kit.
When reconstituted, the final concentration of drug product in Factor IX units will be in a range from 20-31 units/mL. The actual content of Factor IX, as measured in units of potency, is stated on the vial.
Administer Vitamin K concurrently to patients receiving Kcentra. Vitamin K is administered to maintain Vitamin K-dependent clotting factor levels once the effects of Kcentra have diminished.
The safety and effectiveness of repeat dosing have not been established and it is not recommended.
Kcentra is dosed based on units of Factor IX.
The dose is determined by the patient’s pre-dose INR and body weight.
When calculating the Kcentra dose, it is important to check each vial for Factor IX units, since each lot can vary in potency. The Factor IX content in each vial can range from 400–620 units for the 500 U kit and 800-1240 units for the 1000 U kit. When reconstituted, the final concentration of drug product in Factor IX units will be in a range from 20-31 units/mL. The actual content of Factor IX as measured in units of potency is stated on the vial.
In the USA, two types of plasma are generally used for transfusion: fresh frozen plasma (FFP; plasma frozen within 8 h) and frozen plasma (FP24; plasma frozen at 8–24 h after collection). Once thawed, FFP and FP24 can be kept in the refrigerator (1°C–6°C) for 5 days, which potentially reduces plasma wastage and increases the inventories of group AB (universal) or group A plasma for emergency transfusion . Although this has become a standard practice at large tertiary care centers in the North America, thawed plasma products may not be an option in smaller hospitals and in other countries (Japan, Germany, etc.) .
Coagulation factor levels except for FVIII appear to stable for 5–7 days after thawing as long as plasma bags are kept at 1°C–6°C –. FVIII is most labile, and its activity falls by approximately 40% in 5 days. Some thawed plasma units (particularly group O plasma) may contain FVIII levels below 50% at the time of administration . However, this is unlikely to have any clinical consequence because FVIII levels are often normal or elevated in most surgical and trauma patients ,. Anticoagulant levels including antithrombin (AT) and protein C are also preserved, but protein S is decreased to 50% in 5-day old thawed plasma .
If the donor plasma contains 80% prothrombin activity (80 IU/dl), the transfused amount of prothrombin is: 250 ml × 0.8 IU/ml =200 IU.
Thus, plasma prothrombin activity is expected to be higher after the latter set of plasma, but normal prothrombin level above 50% is not achieved in this patient at the end of plasma transfusion (12.5 ml/kg). Indeed, it was previously reported that 30 ml/kg of plasma were needed to achieve 30% increase in procoagulant factor levels in critically ill patients with bleeding . Large volumes of plasma transfusion increase not only the risk of transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) but also the risk of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), a potentially lethal complication of plasma transfusion . The pathogenesis of TRALI presumably involves leukocyte agglutination in pulmonary capillaries, which is triggered by donor antibodies against the recipient’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and neutrophil-specific antigens (HNA). Multiparous females are often sensitized to HLA antigens, and the recent switch to the preferential use male donor plasma has significantly reduced the incidence of TRALI to 1:12,000 . However, in the emergency setting, about 40% of AB plasma is still from female donors, and the risk of TRALI is presumably higher . It is also common to use ABO-compatible plasma, which is not identical to the recipient’s ABO group in the case of massive transfusion. In the retrospective matched cohort study of 568 trauma patients, the use of ABO-compatible plasma was dose-dependently associated with increased risks of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis compared to the use of ABO-identical plasma .
Taken together, plasma transfusion should be implemented in the early phase of resuscitation for massive hemorrhage when bleeding sites are unknown, or no surgical control of bleeding has been achieved. Large volumes of required plasma (15–30 ml/kg) are usually tolerated because of hypovolemia due to hemorrhage. The risks of TRALI and other complications are theoretically increased after the exposure to multiple plasma units and donor antibodies. Newer commercial plasma products such as solvent-detergent plasma appear to have a minimal TRALI risk (i.e., anti-HLA/anti-granulocyte antibodies are significantly diluted by pooling of plasma from approximately 1,500 donors) , but it has not been widely used in the North America.
PCC is a term used for lyophilized, human plasma-derived vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor concentrate. There are a number of commercial PCC products, and their availability varies among countries. According to the contents of coagulation factors, they are categorized into three groups: 4-factor PCC, 3-factor PCC, and activated PCC (Table 1).
Other PCC products are also available in different countries. PCCs containing heparin are contraindicated in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The potency of each PCC vial is according to the FIX activity except for FEIBA, which is dosed according to FVIII bypassing activity unit. Data are shown based on the prescribing information for each product; actual factor contents may vary for each vial.
PC/PS protein C/protein S, N.Q. not quantified.
The FDA approval of 4-factor PCC for acute warfarin reversal was based on the multicenter prospective randomized study of Kcentra® (CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany) and FFP in warfarin-treated adult patients (international normalized ratio (INR) >2.0) undergoing urgent surgery or invasive procedure . This study demonstrated important differences in clinical endpoints and hematological parameters between 4-factor PCC and FFP. First, clinical hemostasis over 24 h with 4-factor PCC was non-inferior to FFP (72.4% vs. 65.4%, respectively). However, the median volume of infusion was much less for PCC than FFP (99.4 vs. 813.5 ml, respectively). Secondly, the target INR of ≤1.3 was reached after 30 min of intervention in 62.2% of patients treated with 4-factor PCC versus only in 9.6% of FFP-treated patients. It is also important to point out that the median time required to complete the treatment was much less for PCC than FFP (17.0 vs. 148 min, respectively).
Lastly, rapid recoveries of plasma vitamin K factor levels were clearly demonstrated within 30 min after infusing 4-factor PCC, while it took at least 3 h for plasma transfusion (and vitamin K) to bring procoagulant levels to ≥50% . In particular, prothrombin (FII) and FX were recovered to 80%–100% of normal activity and maintained for 24 h with 4-factor PCC compared to plasma (Figure 1). Initial recoveries of FVII and FIX to 60%–80% were also better for 4-factor PCC than for plasma transfusion, but no difference between PCC and plasma was observed after 12 h.
Coagulation factor levels in warfarin-treated patients who received 4-factor PCC or plasma transfusion. Mean plasma coagulation factor levels (% of normal activity ± standard deviation [SD]) for FVII, FIX, FX, and prothrombin (FII) are shown over 24 h after the injection of 4-factor PCC (4 F-PCC) or plasma transfusion. The elapsed time (h) from the treatment is indicated on the horizontal axis. Adapted from the reference with permission.
3-factor PCC and activated PCC (factor eight bypassing agent; FEIBA) are specifically indicated for the prevention and treatment of hemophilia-related bleeding. However, 3-factor PCC is rarely used for this indication because human plasma-derived and recombinant FIX are available for hemophilia B. The use of 3-factor PCC for acute warfarin reversal has been reported prior to the approval of 4-factor PCC –. When INR values are very high (>5.0), 3-factor PCC is less effective than 4-factor PCC because FVII content is subtherapeutic in 3-factor PCC ,. However, 3-factor PCC appears to be hemostatically effective due to high contents of FX and prothrombin –. Activated PCC (FEIBA) contains non-activated FII, FIX, and FX as well as trace amounts of FVIIa and FXa . This agent is used in hemophilia patients with neutralizing antibodies to FVIII or FIX. The off-label use of FEIBA (500–1,000 IU) was shown to be more effective than 2–4 units of FFP in acute warfarin reversal .
The manufacturing process of PCCs from pooled human plasma includes pathogen reduction steps to prevent the transmission of lipid-enveloped viruses. These steps are solvent detergent exposure, pasteurization in the aqueous phase, or exposure of lyophilized product to vapor heat. There is a remaining concern for the transmissions of non-lipid enveloped, heat-resistant viruses including parvovirus B19 or variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD; bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)), and other emerging pathogens, but strict donor screening, nanofiltration of the source plasma, and inventory hold should sufficiently lower the risk of such transmissions .
The FDA-approved indication for 4-factor PCC is limited to warfarin-related bleeding, but a number of publications have described the use of PCCs in acquired, non-warfarin coagulopathy in major trauma and surgery –. In contrast to warfarin anticoagulation in which only vitamin K-dependent factors are affected, perioperative coagulopathy often involves deficiencies of multiple coagulation factors and inhibitors. Multifactorial coagulation defects including thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and hyperfibrinolysis are important conditions that potentially decrease the efficacy of PCCs. These conditions can be quickly assessed by the use of whole blood viscoelastic tests. Thromboelastography (TEG®; Haemoscope-Haemonetics, Niles, IL) and thromboelastometry (ROTEM®, Durham, NC) are commercially available viscoelastic monitoring devices. Clot formation is assessed by the tensile (viscoelastic) force between the cup and the immersed pin resulting from the interaction between polymerizing fibrin and activated platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors during endogenous thrombin generation and, if any, fibrin degradation by plasmin (Figure 2) .
Basic tracing patterns. Changes in whole blood viscoelasticity are detected electromechanically in TEG® and optically in ROTEM®, and clot formation parameters are generated on TEG® (top) and ROTEM® (bottom). Plasmatic coagulation is reflected on R time and CT, initial clot development is shown on K time or CFT (also on α angle), and maximal viscoelasticity is defined by maximum amplitude (MA) or maximum clot firmness (MCF) for TEG® and ROTEM®, respectively. Systemic fibrinolysis is suspected when clot breakdown (>15% of MA or MCF) is observed within 1 h.
In a retrospective study of 131 trauma patients (injury severity score, 38 ± 15), Schöchl et al. utilized a thromboelastometry-based protocol to initially restore fibrinogen to 150–200 mg/dl (target fibrinogen thromboelastometry [FIBTEMMCF >10 mm]) and then corrected slow blood coagulation (i.e., enzymatic defect) by administering 4-factor PCC (target extrinsic thromboelastometry [EXTEMCT ≤80 s]) . Fibrinogen concentrate (median, 6 g or approximately 75.9 mg/kg) and 4-factor PCC (median, 1,800 IU or approximately 22.8 IU/kg) were respectively used in 96.2% and 73.7% of the subjects. On the other hand, platelet and plasma transfusions were given in 21.8% and 9.0% of the subjects, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 24.4%, which was considered to be lower than predicted mortalities (28%–34%) based on the injury scales.
In cardiac surgery with a moderate to high risk of postoperative bleeding, Weber et al. recently demonstrated that thromboelastometry-guided hemostatic intervention (n =50) was superior to the transfusion guided by conventional coagulation tests (control, n =50) . In the intervention group, 4-factor PCC (25 IU/kg) was administered in the presence of slow blood coagulation (EXTEMCT >80 s) and normal fibrin formation (FIBTEMA10 > 10 mm), while in the control group, plasma or PCC was given if INR >1.4 or after four units of RBCs were transfused when INR was unavailable. The overall use of PCC was similar between the two groups (44% vs. 52% in the control; P =0.433), but the incidence of plasma transfusion was significantly decreased in the intervention group (40% vs. 80% in the control; P <0.001). Similarly, there are two studies involving the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, which demonstrated that plasma usage could be significantly decreased by thromboelastometry-guided hemostatic intervention compared to the conventional transfusion. Girdauskas et al. reported that incidences of plasma, fibrinogen, and 4-factor PCC usages (thromboelastometry vs. control) were 33% vs. 86% (P <0.001), 78% vs. 90% (P =0.7), and 15% vs. 90% (P <0.001) in aortic surgery (n =56) . Similarly, Fassl et al. reported that plasma usage was 33% in the thromboelastometry group compared to 65% in the control (P =0.005) while there was no difference in the use of fibrinogen and 4-factor PCC between the two groups in aortic surgery . Although sample sizes were relatively small (n≤100) in the three cardiac surgery studies mentioned above, in-hospital adverse events including surgical reexploration, myocardial infarction, renal impairment, stroke, and death did not appear to be increased by the thromboelastometry-based intervention. In general, the overall incidence of PCC-related thromboembolic complications was reported to be 1.4% (95% CI, 0.8–2.1) in a recent meta-analysis of 27 studies (1,032 patients) including both 3-factor and 4-factor PCCs for the reversal of vitamin K antagonists . Taken together, the abovementioned trauma and cardiac surgery studies suggested that factor concentrates can be effectively combined with allogeneic components using thromboelastometry-based protocols, resulting in reduced plasma transfusion .
The use of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) is rapidly growing as an alternative to warfarin in venous thromboprophylaxis or stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. The direct thrombin inhibitor (anti-IIa), dabigatran, and the direct Xa inhibitor (anti-Xa) including rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban are prescribed without the need for coagulation testing. However, the lack of direct antidotes makes it difficult to manage their bleeding complications and to urgently reverse their effect for invasive procedures. Although there are specific neutralizing agents for anti-IIa and anti-Xa agents in clinical development ,, physicians presently struggle with managing bleeding complications of NOACs, particularly of dabigatran –. The use of rFVIIa and PCCs are considered to mitigate NOAC-associated bleeding, and they have been tested in animal and preclinical studies ,. However, there are few data to support their clinical applicability. A case of massive transfusion related to dabigatran was reported in a patient undergoing aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass surgery. An extremely high-dose rFVIIa (21.6 mg or 270 μg/kg) was used in parallel with large amounts of blood products (plasma 22 units, cryoprecipitate 50 units, and platelets 5 adult doses), and bleeding was reported to be decreased. Hemostasis was finally achieved after several hours of hemodialysis for dabigatran removal. Another dabigatran-associated bleeding was reported after a cardiac perforation during an attempted atrial fibrillation ablation. Hypotension due to cardiac tamponade required epinephrine infusion, 8 l of fluid administration, six units of RBCs, and two units of FFP. After more than 4.5 l of blood was drained via pericardiocentesis, activated PCC (FEIBA, 26 U/kg) was intravenously given, and “notable slowing of bleeding” was observed by the cardiologist. Epinephrine infusion was subsequently stopped. There was another episode of hypotension 30 h after the procedure, the second dose of activated PCC (16 U/kg) was administered for suspected bleeding, and no thrombotic complication was observed. In vitro studies in human plasma suggest that both rFVIIa (120 μg/kg equivalent) and activated PCC (40–160 U/kg equivalent) improve the initiation of thrombin generation which is delayed by dabigatran . Dabigatran-induced delayed thrombin generation was not improved by 4-factor PCC in human plasma ,, but several in vivo animal bleeding models support the use of 4-factor and 3-factor PCCs ,. There are conflicting data regarding the use of PCCs in rivaroxaban-induced bleeding –. Taken together, the use of rFVIIa, PCC, and activated PCC may at least partially improve hemostasis in the presence of NOACs, but there is a paucity of clinical data to suggest a specific agent and dose. It is recommended that an emergency protocol for NOAC-associated bleeding is established at each institution by combining supportive measures and pharmacological interventions .
Clinical evidence and data supporting the use of factor concentrates in acquired coagulopathy have been increasing, but choosing this approach over plasma transfusion depends heavily on the clinical context. Although certain coagulation factors may be rapidly replenished by factor concentrates, they can be depleted again if there is no surgical control of bleeding. Durila and Malosek recently described the case of a 33-year-old woman who suffered from multiple traumatic injuries (ISS, 59) after a motor vehicle collision . This patient required endotracheal intubation in the field and was brought to the hospital in hemorrhagic shock (pH 7.0, base excess −18.5 mmol/l) requiring norepinephrine to sustain blood pressure (70/40 mmHg). The obvious injury sites were an occipital open cranial wound and open fracture of the left thigh. In addition, free fluid was detected in the peritoneal cavity by ultrasound. The initial thromboelastometry traces showed delayed coagulation (EXTEMCT 112 s; normal 35–80 s), late fibrinolysis on EXTEM, and borderline fibrinogen (FIBTEMMCF 7 mm; normal 9–25 mm) (Figure 3A). The initial hemostatic intervention included 2 g of tranexamic acid, 4 g of fibrinogen (Haemocomplettan, CSL Behring, Germany), and four units of FFP and RBCs. The 1:1 ratio transfusion of FFP and RBCs was continued while intraabdominal and intracranial bleeding sources were sought and repaired by the surgical team. After an hour, the repeat thromboelastometry showed delayed coagulation (EXTEMCT 114 s), thrombocytopenia (EXTEMMCF 35 mm; normal 53–72 mm), and hypofibrinogenemia (FIBTEMMCF5 mm) (Figure 3B). The complex coagulopathy was managed with 1,200 units of 4-factor PCC (Prothromplex Total; Baxter, Austria), four units of random donor platelets, and an additional 4 g of fibrinogen. The combined hemostatic therapies normalized thromboelastometry parameters (Figure 3C,D), but the patient remained hemodynamically unstable, requiring continued norepinephrine infusion. This prompted the care team to look for another source of surgical bleeding, and splenic bleeding and intracranial bleeding sites were newly found by the contrast-enhanced computed tomography. After these were repaired, the patient became stable. Over the course of 8 h, 30 units of RBCs, 26 units of FFP, four units of platelets, 1,200 IU of PCC, and 10 g of fibrinogen were administered to this patient. In the end, the authors reported a favourable outcome of this case including no neurological deficit and no acute lung or kidney injury associated with blood transfusion . Perioperative use of fibrinogen-rich components such as cryoprecipitate or fibrinogen concentrate has not been commonly used in Japan since plasma-derived (unheated) fibrinogen concentrate was recalled over hepatitis outbreak in the late 1980s . However, Yamamoto et al. recently reported that the off-label use of (pathogen-inactivated) fibrinogen concentrate (n =25) in thoracic aortic replacement to maintain plasma fibrinogen level of 150 mg/dl was associated with a 58% reduction in the overall requirements for RBCs, FFP, and platelets when compared to the age-matched historical control (n =24) in which FFP and platelets were the only hemostatic measures . Perioperative use of fibrinogen replacement can be considered as an adjunct to plasma transfusion, and the dosing can be optimized by fibrin-specific viscoelastic testing (Figure 3).
Examples of rotational thromboelastometric tracings. (A) Pre-treatment: traces obtained from a bleeding patient who incurred major trauma. Prolonged clotting time (CT) and late clot breakdown are notable on EXTEM. Fibrinogen level was on the borderline based on FIBTEM. Laboratory coagulation results were shown, but these results were not reported until the second ROTEM measurements were completed. Normal ranges for EXTEM and FIBTEM are as follows: EXTEM-CT 42–74 s, A10 43–65 mm, and MCF 49–71 mm; FIBTEM-A10 9–24 mm, MCF 9–25 mm. (B) On treatment: traces obtained after the initial treatment with 2 g of tranexamic acid and 4 g of fibrinogen along with ongoing 1:1 transfusion of RBCs and plasma. No improvement was seen in CT and MCF values of EXTEM. Fibrin polymerization was worsened on FIBTEM. (C) Normalized coagulation: traces obtained after the combined therapies using 1,200 IU of 4-factor PCC, 2 g of fibrinogen, and four units of platelets. Despite normal traces of EXTEM and FIBTEM, bleeding continued, and additional surgical hemostasis was established over the course of 8 h. The combination of allogeneic blood products and factor concentrates was crucial for managing massive volume depletion and ongoing bleeding. (D) Dosing of factor concentrates: the dose calculations for PCC and fibrinogen concentrate used in the protocol. BW = body weight. Adapted from the reference with permission. MTP = massive transfusion protocol.
It may be argued that crystalloid and/or colloid should have been used in a complex perioperative bleeding case until surgical hemostasis is achieved instead of using allogeneic plasma. However, a large amount of crystalloid or colloid progressively worsens coagulation by dilutional effects and possibly results in endothelial damage, tissue edema, and fluid overload . Further, not all the coagulation factors and inhibitors can be replenished by currently available factor concentrates. Indeed, multiple microcapillary thrombi (in the lungs) and the signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were observed in four out of nine animals (44%) after a high dose (50 IU/kg) of 4-factor PCC (Cofact; Sanquin, Netherlands) in the presence of hepatic injury and hemodilution (70% of blood volume replacement) . In their study, all nine animals that received a lower dose (35 IU/kg) of PCC had improved hemostasis (without DIC) and survival compared to the placebo-treated control animals. A fatal thrombosis in the left ventricle was reported in another porcine hepatic injury model with hemodilution (60%–70% of blood volume replacement) after coadministration of 200 mg/kg of fibrinogen (Haemocomplettan; CSL Behring, Germany) and 35 IU/kg of 4-factor PCC (Beriplex; CSL Behring, Germany) . These preclinical data suggest that anticoagulant contents in 4-factor PCCs (mainly protein C and protein S) may be inadequate to reestablish the balance of procoagulant and anticoagulant elements in the setting of severe hemodilution (>70% of blood volume replacement). The 1:1 ratio transfusion of FFP and RBCs may not result in the establishment of hemostasis in the presence of massive bleeding. However, it is speculated that transfused plasma prevents excessive hemodilution of procoagulant and anticoagulant proteins ,, making subsequent procoagulant interventions (PCC and rFVIIa) more effective and less thrombogenic .
The goal of hemostasis is to establish adequate fibrin polymerization at the site of vascular injury in a timely fashion. Hemostatic processes are obviously complex, involving vascular, humoral, and cellular components . Perioperative coagulopathy often involves multifactorial defects in vascular (e.g., surgical bleeding), humoral, and cellular components. Transfusion algorithms based on thromboelastometry have become popular because this viscoelastic testing shows the extent of fibrin polymerization and the contributions of thrombin generation and platelet numbers to clot formation ,. Timely diagnosis and therapeutic interventions are pivotal in restoring hemostatic function and hemodynamic stability in critically ill patients after trauma and major surgery . The uses of PCCs and fibrinogen concentrate have advantages over allogeneic plasma in its rapid availability and restoration of target factor(s) and lower risks for volume overload and TRALI ,. However, there should be a careful consideration in the dosing of PCCs because the risk of thrombosis may be enhanced in a subset of trauma and surgical patients due to circulating tissue factor and decreased plasma or endothelial anticoagulant activity . In the early phase of hemostatic therapy after massive hemorrhage, plasma transfusion can be used to sustain procoagulant and anticoagulant factor levels. Once surgically correctable bleeding sites are found and nearly repaired, factor concentrate therapy can be implemented to optimize thrombin generation and fibrin polymerization under the guidance of thromboelastometry. In many countries, perioperative uses of PCCs and fibrinogen are considered as ‘off-label,’ but accumulating clinical data indicate that they are useful adjuncts in the management of preoperative coagulation.
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2019-04-24T17:50:47Z
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https://circuit.perfusion.com/2017/07/theres-a-new-player-in-town-kcentra-rx-for-postoperative-cpb-induced-coagulopathy/
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In the 1970s, as the Green Party organized, they adopted a slogan “Neither left, nor right, but in front.” It was a slogan of environmental activists and sought to promote certain neglected values in opposition to the values championed by the established political parties. Nevertheless, the Green Party has spent most of its time fighting corporations. Although not in the traditional left wing, the idea of “fighting for peace” is ingrained in its rhetoric and is, in fact, an adversarial model of peacemaking. Philosophically, this is consistent with Marx’s elaborations on Hegel’s dialectic.
Anything is made up of its parts, and if a society is made from conflict it will contain conflict in its essence. The opposite view is that unity grows out of reconciliation rather than struggle, with love and sacrifice creating the society of true peace.
Environmentalists and Marxists are not the only people who say that fighting war can bring peace. President Woodrow Wilson labeled World War I “The War to End All Wars.” In fact, most wars are fought in order to end wars and to gain peace. Today Americans are fighting in Iraq with the aim of bringing peace to that country. In his City of God, St. Augustine noted that “even when men are plotting to disturb the peace, it is merely to fashion a new peace near to the heart’s desire; it is not because they dislike peace as such.” This statement could equally refer to the plots of modern terrorists or to revolutionary movements to throw off oppressive governments—even to the American revolutionaries in the 1770s.
Sinful man hates the equality of all men under God and, as though he were God, loves to impose his sovereignty on his fellow men. He hates the peace of God which is just and prefers his own peace which is unjust…. Anyone who is rational enough to prefer right to wrong and order to disorder can see that the kind of peace that is based on injustice, as compared with that which is based on justice, does not deserve the name of peace.
Today we see people everywhere attempting to impose an unjust peace on other people. In the world order, larger and more powerful states attempt to impose their views of world peace on smaller and less powerful nations. Within states, economic, ethnic, or other social groups attempt to impose their view of peace on the other groups through control of the machinery of government. In extreme cases of injustice, like Rwanda, genocide can be the result. However, we must view the contentious cultural wars between liberals and conservatives in the United States in a like manner. Neither the liberals nor the conservatives display the big-hearted concern for the entire nation grounded in the principle that “all men were created equal,” as proclaimed at the founding of the United States.
At a time when the world is concerned about whether the United States is trying to create an unjust empire, and Americans are concerned about special interest groups controlling the Republican and Democratic parties, it is important to revisit these basic questions of peace and justice in order to pursue a more just peace.
What we should uphold is the Headwing, not the left wing or the right wing. Then what is the Headwing? It is “under Godism.” The Headwing exists under God. With Godism above Headwing, God and heaven above and the [parties of] the earthly world below are completely connected. In other words, humanists whose life is based on materialism need the concept of Headwing; they cannot object to that. Religious people need Godism; with it they cannot dispute. These two words, "Godism" and "Headwing," are persuasive to two different types of people, religious people and secular people.
Headwing is a body-centered ideology that is necessary for humans to live in this world. Godism is an ideology based on spirit. Unificationism means to join these two, Headwing and Godism, into one, making a wholesome person… Since humans came from the origin, God, as a motivation of the subject being, in order to bring total unity, we should connect that origin to our physical body. Otherwise, we can conclude that such unity is not complete.
In the teachings of Reverend Moon the characteristics of Cain and Abel symbolize the divisions within individuals and within societies. Cain represents the son without faith; he is looking toward the earth, toward his body. He is a secularist, a humanist. He tries to fashion his world and his peace out of his knowledge of the material world. Abel is the faithful son who looks upward for God’s approval. He is driven by his conscience, but is often ignorant of worldly principles. Thus he does not try to build a Kingdom on Earth but often simply waits for God’s kingdom to be miraculously imposed—to drop down out of the sky.
Neither one of these brothers alone has the big picture; neither alone is capable of building a world of true peace. Reverend Moon’s text, Divine Principle, traces these types through history, from Cain and Abel, to the Egyptians and the Israelites, to Hellenism and Hebraism, to the Emperor and the Pope, and on down to politics, ideologies, and economic practices of the modern world. God’s goal for the tragic human history since the original Human Fall is restoration of unity between the Cain and Abel types.
In the recent elections in the United States, it is apparent that voters have been given two options in some ways analogous to this Cain/Abel typology. Neither candidate represents all of the values necessary for a peaceful and just society. As a result, many of the votes cast were not “for” a candidate but “against” a worse candidate. I heard one reporter say that half of the votes cast “for” Senator Kerry, were actually votes “against” President Bush. In other words, in the eyes of many voters neither candidate was truly worthy of becoming the President of the United States. If, in fact, the results of the election meant that the winner was viewed as the better of two bad choices, then it cannot be said later by the winner that he had a “mandate” from the voters. Rather, it was a mandate to reject the platform of the loser.
In a good election, a vote should be cast for a choice between two worthy candidates. That way, whoever wins will be viewed as legitimate. This same principle applies to other elected political officials.
To understand why more worthy candidates are not placed on the ballots, it is necessary to understand the nature of the political parties that advance candidates for election. United States politics is characterized by the opposing positions of the Democratic and Republican parties. The organization and structure of both parties reflects the interests of the social groups that provide financial support for the parties, not a philosophical position adequate to the maintenance of the country as a whole. This contributes to the incivility of the so-called culture war in the United States. Both parties must broaden their partial philosophies if they are to be viewed as legitimate contenders or the door will be open for the formation of a new party that has wider voter appeal. Throughout the world, we are witnessing widespread attempts to control the politics of a nation for the selfish purposes of one group at the expense of another. There is no reason why, in principle, this polarization in the United States could not lead to widespread voting fraud, violent conflict, or a constitutional crisis.
In the United States, like Rwanda and many of the countries that have required UN military intervention, at the root of the political division is economic selfishness which places the interest of one group above the interest of the whole. In Paul Tillich’s language of “ultimate concern,” it manifests as a “false god” because it attempts to make a part more important than the whole. This concept is as politically dysfunctional as it would be for an individual person to place more value on one part of his or her body, or one appetite, at the expense of overall health.
Interest groups, including industrial lobbyists, unions, civil rights organizations, state bureaucracies, religious groups and the military, use the rhetoric of cherished values to justify their positions to the wider public. This rhetoric attracts voters who believe in the values being espoused. In an age of ill-informed voters and media sound-bytes this tactic can be easily used to sway voters to support the political privileges of one group over another. As voters have figured this out, they have become increasingly dissatisfied with the partial goals of both the Republican and Democratic parties, thus they vent their frustration by voting for whom they feel is the “least dangerous,” or in the case of Jesse Ventura’s election as Governor of Minnesota, the promise of something different. Unfortunately, Jesse Ventura’s administration failed to develop an Independent Party philosophy that was rooted in a broad enough set of values to support an enduring political system.
The primary values espoused by both parties are essential to the maintenance of a healthy society and the partial set of values espoused by either party is inadequate. Republicans tend to emphasize freedom, security, faith, and protection of private property. They promote protection against any government interference with the pursuit of happiness. Democrats, on the other hand, emphasize social justice, economic equality, and protection of the environment. They tend to promote larger government bureaucracies and legislation to accomplish these ends. Neither party advocates a full set of necessary values.
Greater peace will come when the right wing broadens its agenda to include such things as social justice, environmental protection and a safety net for the indigent, and when the left wing broadens its agenda to recognize the efficiencies of the market, the protection of private property, and the importance of humility before the Creator. Elements of both parties make these claims, but in practice veto legislation that promotes the values of the other party. When both parties are able to put forth broad-minded candidates who will represent all of the necessary values of a stable society, then voters can truly vote for one candidate over the other, instead of against the least desirable. In such a situation, most voters will be satisfied with the election of either candidate instead of dissatisfied with both choices.
Since September 11, 2001 we have become more aware of problems of world peace. We recognize the limitations of international organizations and the tendency of both state and non-state actors to use force to achieve their ends if they feel it will bring peace on their own terms.
The United Nations was established to keep world peace after the World War II, but has been unable to address either the issues of within-state conflicts or the unilateral behavior of members of the Security Council with veto power. Because of its theoretical respect for the absolute sovereignty of states, the UN cannot, according to its own founding principles, interfere in within-state conflicts. Genocide and civil war are outside its mandate, although it has acted numerous times—for example, in Bosnia and Cambodia—when the situation became unbearable from a humanitarian standpoint.
After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 as a “preemptive attack,” the world became more alarmed because (a) a preemptive attack is not consistent with prevailing just war theory, (b) there was not international support through the United Nations, and (c) it appeared to undermine the democratic peace thesis promoted by the U.S. State Department, which says that “democracies do not initiate war.” This invasion sparked lots of discussion about the behavior of the United States changing from a nation-state to an “empire.” Some recent books on the topic include The Sorrows of Empire by Chalmers Johnson at the University of Chicago, The Empire Has No Clothes: U.S. Foreign Policy Exposed by Ivan Eland at the Independent Institute, American Dream Global Nightmare by British authors Ziauddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies, and Gulliver Unbound: America’s Imperial Temptation and the War in Iraq, by Stanley Hoffmann at Harvard University.
While the United States may not be a traditional empire in terms of political integration of territories, it does have tremendous influence in the world. This can be illustrated by the fact that the 2004 presidential election had an international television audience of 268 million viewers in Indonesia, 50 million in Thailand, and 100 million in India. The Voice of America broadcast the election in 44 languages. These statistics tell us both that people around the world are concerned about who leads America and that the United States wants to influence the rest of the world by broadcasting its elections.
In my recent book, Philosophy of the United States: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness, I discuss a parallel situation which developed in Rome as it grew from a Republic based on its civil law (jus civile) developed by the patricians and the plebians on the Italian Peninsula to an empire that stretched from Spain to Israel. The civil law of Rome was not designed for or adequate to address Rome’s relations with non-Roman citizens under its sphere of influence. Eventually a body of law known as jus gentium (the Law of Nations) developed. This law established international principles of justice based on Rome’s own domestic legal experience.
The Romans spoke of the Law of Nations as being based on natural law, but that understanding of natural law was overturned by Thomas Hobbes, the “father of political science,” when he said, “The state of nature is a state of war.” Hugo Grotius, “the father of modern international law,” rescued the Law of Nations with his magnum opus, The Law of War and Peace (1625). Upset with the cruel Machiavellian politics of his day, Grotius integrated traditional Roman law with Christian ethics and natural law. This was further developed by Swiss legal philosopher Emmerich de Vattel in his work The Law of Nations, or Principles of the Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns (1758).
The Law of Nations, as understood by these Enlightenment authors, is not legally binding on the world’s governments except as they enter into agreement as sovereigns. This was also a principle of Immanuel Kant’s Perpetual Peace, which served to inspire the League of Nations and the United Nations. Like international human rights or just war theory, it is a body of discourse on the legal behavior of nations articulated variously by different authors. It is not exactly embodied in any institution, be it the United Nations or the World Court, nor is it legislation deriving from these institutions.
The works of Grotius and Vattel were read by many of the founders of the United States. In the United States Capitol a marble relief portrait of Hugo Grotius is one of several historical figures central to the principles of American law that oversee the House Chamber. The American Founders considered Grotius’ jurisprudence authoritative. Grotius’ treatise contained many Biblical references, as his source documents were from the Holy Roman Empire.
Today, when we speak of international law, we do not speak of a legal order in the sense that laws are enforced in nations. There is no international executive or legislative power to pass laws and enforce them. The International Court of Justice in The Hague decides cases only when both sides agree to accept the decision. Yet its decisions are greatly influenced by the body of law that evolved through Grotius and Vattel. It is based on principles of justice rooted in Enlightenment morality: treat all nations equally, and treat other nations as you would have other nations treat yours. The United States was a strong force behind the International Court. American Churches lobbied hard for its creation. Andrew Carnegie provided the money to build the house for the Court. Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate one of its first victories in bringing an end to a war between Japan and Russia in 1905.
But the International Court has been ineffective in keeping world peace when nations refused to agree to arbitrate. Both it and the League of Nations were powerless to stop Mussolini’s North African expansion in 1928 or to prevent World War II. Such prevention can only take place when great powers exercise their power for the sake of protecting others. This was the rationale behind the UN Security Council, and has been the stated task by leaders of most empires when they feel a responsibility to keep order within their sphere of influence.
It was not until U.S. corporations began seeking to expand foreign markets for products, about 1890, that the U.S. abandoned its isolationist policy, built a navy, and began to exercise what has been called “gunboat diplomacy.” Since that time, three philosophical traditions have sought to guide the United States’ foreign policy: (a) a return to isolationism, (b) full participation in international legal organizations, and (c) the pursuit realpolitik. After World War II, political realism, a throwback to Machiavellian politics, emerged victorious in Washington. When push comes to shove, national self-interest prevails over treating other nations as equals. Now that the United States has become the world’s sole superpower, the temptation to use that power for the continued pursuit of national self-interest is causing great alarm in the rest of the world.
The philosophy of political realism, even though not consistent with the founding ideals of the United States, has prevailed because of the failure of the other two traditions. Globalization has made isolationism an impossibility. The failure to create satisfactory international organizations, on the other hand, has caused “the Law of Nations” to become confused with injustice.
A new appeal to jus gentium must be made, and it must be made apart from an absolute embodiment in any particular state or international organization. It is my contention that the Law of Nations should be subject to no king but God, and in addition no fallible human being or political power should claim a monopoly on interpreting or representing God to others. In short, the Law of Nations should derive from a Headwing Philosophy that respects the proposition that all human beings are created with equal dignity and deserve the equal opportunity to lead happy and fulfilled lives.
Left wing ideology would promote international justice through international law backed by some international military authority. While this sounds “equal” and “fair,” it, like communism in Russia, could quickly degenerate into centralized oppression. Socialist-style laws do not allow for the new, invention, and the creativity of the human spirit that would take us beyond the world of today. Those in charge of such laws become a new class, a nomenklatura, who use their legal authority to gain benefits for themselves.
The right wing, on the other hand, tends to use power to protect its own will to pursue happiness, either by defining its own self-interest or enforcing what it believes to be the will of God. Such a pursuit often interferes with the pursuit of happiness by others who are not party to the project or marginalized by it. It could be as egregious as the Nazi elimination of Jews in the Holocaust or as mild as a good emperor in China, lacking omniscience, not thinking of what is best for people in the outlying province of Tibet. In either case, the will of a central power interferes with the pursuit of happiness by another group.
Before the United States was founded, the British thought the Americans were behaving like terrorists because they failed to obey laws that the British believed to be fair and just. However, the colonists believed that British laws prevented their own pursuit of happiness. Today the situation is reversed as the United States tries to keep peace in Iraq. In both cases there is an imperial power attempting to create a just order and marginalized people who believe that order to not be in their best interest.
Headwing ideology addresses the problems that arise by the imposition of either a right-wing solution or the left-wing solution to world affairs. What this means practically is that no human power can claim absolute legal authority, and that all legal institutions are continually in the process of perfection. The United States founders knew this, which is why they used language such as “a more perfect union” rather than the language of absolutes. The absolute is transcendent, and all governments must be subjected to it. The Founders recognized that ideally leaders should be good, but also that their powers must be checked to avoid extremes on the left like communism in Russia or on the right like National Socialism in Germany. All people and all governments must remain humble and recognize that ultimately all power derives from a higher power than any human individual or institution.
In short, neither the United Nations with some system of law based upon it, nor the United States as a sole superpower, can claim absolute sovereignty in a world created by God. Neither can be viewed as perfect or infallible.
First, we should work to improve the leadership of the United States so that its behavior in the world ever more reflects respect for the dignity of every human being and their right to freely pursue happiness. Unificationists would equate the pursuit of happiness with the right to freely pursue the fulfillment of the Three Great Blessings. The arbitrary foreign policy of the United States in the world today often impedes the ability of some people to accomplish the fulfillment of the Three Great Blessings. We must both work to perfect the Law of Nations we have been bequeathed through providential history, and to demand those people and nations that wield the power to keep order do so in accordance with the Law of Nations as we can articulate it.
The United States has rightly resisted signing some international treaties designed to compromise its legitimate sovereignty or as a covert form of theft or forced redistribution of wealth in the name of the Law of Nations as defined by secularists on the left. On the other hand, it has also arrogantly ignored actions that represent the Law of Nations as it is embodied in its own founding principles. In other words, it has often, in practice, refused to accord others the same rights and dignity it demands for its own citizens. Such internal inconsistency is wrong.
Norman Swazo in the International Journal on World Peace has recently argued a proposal that would improve this situation: The executive branch of the United States should not have the authority to violate the Law of Nations without the approval Congress. This principle is consistent with the Constitution and the beliefs of the Founding Fathers. It is appropriate, at a time when American influence in the world is analogous to that of Rome in the first century A.D., that the United States, like Rome, develop some form of jus gentium, so that its behavior in the world can be righteous and predictable, rather than the arbitrary will of the executive branch.
Second, we should work to reform the United Nations and other international bodies so that they can better function to promote the Law of Nations as a Headwing ideal, rather than as secular legal institutions manipulated by self-serving nations and alliances. Based on Headwing Philosophy, the United Nations should reform in a way that places appropriate checks and balances on the selfish use of power, but promotes the positive use of power based on a concept of true justice, one in which all people are treated with equal dignity as children of God, each with the right to pursue happiness (the Three Great Blessings). Reverend Moon’s proposal to establish a religious council at the United Nations would create a check on the vested interests of the leaders of the nation-states that currently constitute it. Such a religious council would be more aware of those who are marginalized and help insure that any UN action considers their well being. If the United Nations could not be reformed along these lines, some other institution would need to arise to accomplish this purpose. If the United Nations fails to reform, those who understand the importance of headwing ideology should be in the vanguard to bring such an international institution into existence.
Throughout human history, people out of fear and greed have sought to impose their own form of peace on others. This is not a true peace, one that treats everyone from the point of view of God or an impartial spectator.
The idea of Headwing Philosophy can be used to bridge the gaps between various interests in modern politics within nations by providing a set of values that includes the best of both conservative and liberal ideals. It also can inspire a new respect for international law by reference to universal truths that transcend all human political institutions, domestic and international.
Human beings are ultimately subject to both the laws of nature and to the just laws of society. The laws of nature—physics, biology, etc.—are given to us and can be understood by the study of science and history. The just laws of society are developed from philosophy, history, and a spiritual sensibility that views all human beings with the love a true parent has for his or her children. The Law of Nations is an expression of the philosophy of society as it has developed over centuries of human experience. It is not arbitrary and should not be violated lightly. However, no human expression is an absolute expression of truth. Every society faces new changes and developments. Therefore it is necessary at times for us, like Socrates, Jesus, Gandhi, or Martin Luther King, to stand firm for righteousness when laws are unjust, even in the face of peril to oneself.
Such leadership is needed at all times, but especially today in our world, which is looking for moorings as it faces spiritual and moral relativism.
Augustine, The City of God (New York: Image Books, 1958), p. 452.
Sun Myung Moon, The Way of Unification, Section 6, Part II, http://www.unification.net/wu1/wu1-5-6.htm.
Various interest groups including corporations, unions, state bureaucracies, the military, and NGOs try to hijack state policy for their own ends. This commonsense theory is articulated by Jack Snyder in Myths of Empire and discussed by Ivan Eland in The Empire Has No Clothes: US Foreign Policy Exposed (Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute, 2004) p. 37.
Jennifer Harper, The Washington Times National Weekly Edition, November 15-21, 2004, p.1.
Gordon L. Anderson, Philosophy of the United States: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness (St. Paul: Paragon House, 2004), pp. 12-14.
Emmerich de Vattel, The Law of Nations or Principles of the Law of Nature Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns. Available online at http://www.constitution.org/vattel This background is covered by Vattel in his Preface.
Acton Institute, Religion and Liberty, vol. 9, no. 6 (November and December, 1999), p. 1. http://www.acton.org/publicat/randl/liberal.php?id=330.
Michael Voslensky, Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class, An Insider’s Report (NY: Doubleday, 1984).
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2019-04-19T17:19:17Z
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https://journals.uts.edu/volume-vi-2004-2005/56-headwing-philosophy-and-the-law-of-nations
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In March 2008, Bear Stearns, one of the largest investment banks and securities trading firms in the world, rapidly fell apart. The firm could no longer raise private capital to fund its day-to-day activities and, with billions of dollars in liabilities, faced bankruptcy. Fearing a collapse of the investment bank would set off a chain of financial institution bankruptcies, the Federal Reserve partnered with JP Morgan Chase to provide a $29.5 billion bailout for Bear Stearns. While there were many signals in the market before this event, the downfall of Bear Stearns marked the beginning of the oncoming financial crisis that would shake the financial system worldwide and result in a global recession.
Over the past decade, we’ve seen a credit boom, leading to rapid expansion in global investment, encouraging the rise of a housing bubble, which ultimately evolved into an international financial crisis. What caused this global financial meltdown? Why did the American economy fall apart? Who is to blame? How are all of these events related? Where do we go from here? In the FAQ we offer simplified answers to these and other frequently asked questions. For a more in-depth analysis see our Economics, Bailouts, and Stimulus coverage.
What were the causes of the housing bubble?
What are mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations?
Why were lenders so careless in issuing subprime mortgages?
Why did homeowners take out mortgages that they could not afford to pay off?
How did the Federal Reserve respond to the subprime crisis?
Was the financial crisis caused by Wall Street greed?
How did the housing bubble and subprime crisis turn into the financial crisis?
Why did Bear Stearns collapse?
Why did Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac fail?
Why did Lehman Brothers fail?
How did credit default swaps destabilize A.I.G.?
What was the role of Wall Street in the crisis?
What was the role of the Federal Reserve in the crisis?
What role did deregulation play in the crisis?
What is the shadow banking system and what was its role in the crisis?
How does the Wall Street financial crisis affect Main Street?
What do “systemic risk” and “too big to fail” mean?
Why was Lehman Brothers allowed to fail while Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac were saved?
If the bailouts stopped the economy from collapsing, why are some people so critical of them?
Why did General Motors and Chrysler go bankrupt?
How much money have we spent on bailouts and stimulus packages?
How will the bailout and stimulus spending affect our national debt?
Do stimulus packages really create and save jobs?
Who has the United States government bailed out?
1. What were the causes of the housing bubble?
An “asset price bubble” occurs when particular products or assets are bought and sold at inflated values. In the case of an asset bubble like the “housing bubble,” property values were inflated. A rapid rise in demand pushed up prices, and a bubble formed as property values increased faster than income levels and the prices of other goods and services. But the ultimate cause of the housing bubble stems from what drove the increase in demand.
The government has made easy lending to low-income homebuyers a policy priority for decades. The Clinton administration, both Bush administrations, Congress, and HUD all pushed government-sponsored mortgage companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to encourage more and more subprime loans to low-income homebuyers (see Q9). In the late 1990s, Fannie and Freddie began to rapidly increase the purchasing of mortgages and securitized mortgages (also known a mortgage-backed securities) from the private sector. The banks recognized that the increased demand was because of the government directives and it meant they could issue more mortgages with lowered lending standards, collect the fees associated with origination, and then sell the loans to the GSEs without holding on to the risk. Without the directives from the government that Fannie and Freddie buy more subprime mortgages, the banks would not have been as cavalier in issuing them.
This trend of increased lending was all facilitated by a decrease in interest rates set by the Federal Reserve in the wake of the 2001 economic downturn. The decreased lending standards and various government programs promoting homeownership for low-income families combined to push demand forward. And that demand inflated property values, creating the housing bubble.
It is worth noting that there are related government policies that distort the real demand for housing, such as tax deductions for residential mortgage interest, which also fed into the housing bubble by making homeownership accessible to a wider range of individuals and families.
2. What are mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations?
Pass-through securities are similar to bonds: whoever owns the pass-through gets a pre-established, fixed payment over time. These are low-risk investments, but also provide a limited return to investors. Collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) allow investors to get a higher return. CMOs are separated into tranches (which are like uneven slices of a pie). When homeowners make payments on their mortgages the money is directed to the investors of each tranche. The highest tranche, e.g. Tranche A, receives the first stream of payments from the homeowner. Tranche B receives the next share of payments, Tranche C next, and so on. The lower tranches have last claim on payments and, consequently, carry more risk. In exchange for this higher risk, the lower tranches get a larger share of the payments.
3. Why were lenders so careless in issuing subprime mortgages?
There are three main reasons that banks relaxed lending standards when issuing subprime mortgages. The first was increased demand from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, who were under orders from the federal government to help increase homeownership for low-income families. Banks realized that Fannie and Freddie would buy almost any subprime mortgage and increased their lending to feed this demand. Fannie and Freddie took on the ownership risk of the subprime mortgages so that more of them could be issued to expand homeownership.
The second reason stemmed from this increase in demand. As some banks began making money hand over fist by issuing subprime mortgages, every other institution felt the need to compete for this business too. A feeding frenzy emerged where risk concerns were subordinated to keeping up with the success of competitors.
And finally, lenders were careless because of commission-based compensation structures that encouraged increased mortgage origination. The financial incentive for a bank employee was tied to quantity rather than quality, since the riskiness of the subprime mortgages was not the biggest concern. The mortgages could either be sold to Fannie and Freddie or securitized to spread the risk around. With housing prices continuing to rise, lenders could make risky loans with the assumption that borrowers would be able to refinance their mortgages at a later time, when interest rates reset to a higher level. Once they refinanced, homeowners would have additional cash from the appreciated value payments on their homes that they could use to make payments on the new mortgage (see Q4).
4. Why did homeowners take out mortgages that they could not afford to pay off?
More than half of securitized subprime mortgages were issued to individuals who wanted to refinance their current homes. According to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, these mortgages have performed much better than mortgages for homebuyers. So not all subprime mortgages were issued to those who couldn’t afford them.
However, it is true that many subprime borrowers willfully took on mortgages that they would probably not be able to pay off because they knew that if they were ever unable to make their mortgage payments, they would be able to sell their house for a profit in the growing housing market. The majority of subprime mortgages were issued between 2003 and 2007, at the height of the housing bubble, when prices were soaring. When the rate on a subprime mortgage increased after the initial years of the mortgage, subprime homeowners simply sold their homes and got a new low rate mortgage, pocketing the amount the home’s value had increased since the time they had purchased it. This plan, however, depended on the continued increase of housing prices. Everything fell apart when the bubble burst, leading to a surge in delinquent payments and foreclosures.
5. How did the Federal Reserve respond to the subprime crisis?
On September 18, 2007 the Federal Reserve announced that it would reduce interest rates in response to the “tightening of credit conditions.” The Federal Reserve (Fed) continued to lower interest rates, all the way to zero, which may have had some unintended consequences (see Q13). In December 2007, the Fed opened the Term Auctions Facility, the first of many credit facilities that allowed banks greater access to emergency funding. On March 11, 2008 the Federal Reserve introduced another credit facility, the Term Securities Lending Facility, to purchase mortgage-backed securities from banks (see Q3).
Ultimately, these responses would not be enough to stop the collapse of Bear Stearns in March of 2008, nor the full-blown financial crisis six months later.
6. Was the financial crisis caused by Wall Street greed?
The rise of the housing bubble was clearly influenced by the Wall Street desire to earn more money and power. Without the incentive of more earnings, banks would not have lowered lending standards to issue more mortgages. For every ounce of risk taken on Wall Street, there was a corresponding drive for more profit. The question, though, is did this desire for profit cause greedy bankers to abandon prudent risk management, or were there other causes for the excessive risk taken by Wall Street?
For greed to have been the cause of the crisis, Wall Street bankers and investors would have to have been fully aware of all the dangers they were taking. However, all current evidence shows that, while many on Wall Street realized the extent of their exuberant leveraging, very few recognized the true risk this presented. “Irrational exuberance” blinded many investors to the true risks they were taking. The herd mentality in the financial sector simply forgot that what goes up must also come down. Others believed they could out-maneuver any potential danger by selling before the market collapsed. Wall Street can be blamed for being overconfident, but there is only anecdotal evidence supporting the assertion that this was because of widespread malicious intent.
Instead, there are other factors that drove excessive Wall Street risk taking, primarily the government directives to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to encourage more mortgages issued to low-income families who had little to no collateral. Banks recognized they could lower lending standards, take on more risk, and sell that risk to Fannie and Freddie. But because of the immense profits associated with subprime mortgage-backed securities, banks built up risk within themselves as well (see Q9 & Q12).
7. How did the housing bubble and subprime crisis turn into the financial crisis?
The deflation of the housing bubble led to the subprime crisis. During the housing bubble, when the market was growing, banks began to take on excessive mortgage risk, with particular exposure to subprime securities. When home prices started to decrease and it became increasingly difficult to sell a house, subprime borrowers were unable to avoid increased interest rates and payments on their adjustable-rate mortgages. This led to the beginning of increased delinquencies, foreclosures, and home abandonments. And the defaults led to value decline for many of the mortgage-backed securities (see Q4).
As the value of mortgage-backed securities began to fall, and delinquencies and foreclosures began to rise, financial institutions became more conservative and started to accumulate reserves. No one was sure what the mortgage-backed securities in the marketplace were worth, and no one was sure how much “toxic debt” was hidden on bank balance sheets. The host of unknowns combined with lenders’ desire to remain solvent led to a freeze on interbank lending. This is called a “liquidity crisis.” Since many financial institutions depend on loans to run their day-to-day operations, this lack of liquidity pushed several banks toward bankruptcy. The inability to get a daily loan sank Bear Stearns and was the direct cause of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. The market reacted to seeing these financial giants struggling by seizing up until problems, like determining the value of mortgage-backed securities, were resolved.
Ultimately, the housing bubble led to a high concentration of risk in the financial industry, and when the extent of that risk became unknown, a crisis of confidence emerged, culminating in the financial crisis.
8. Why did Bear Stearns collapse?
Bear Stearns was one of the pre-eminent investment banks on Wall Street before its demise in March 2008. During the growth of the housing bubble, Bear Stearns set up a collection of hedge funds that began to buy different classes of mortgage-backed securities. Those firms became heavily invested in securities with subprime mortgages. When the value of homes declined and subprime mortgages began to default, the hedge funds started to see serious losses. Eventually, the hedge funds failed and Bear Stearns had to bail out its own businesses to the tune of over $1 billion. Bear was left with countless assets it couldn’t sell.
Bear Stearns, like all Wall Street investment banks, operates by borrowing money on a daily basis from other banks to fund its activities (see Q7). However, when Bear’s mortgage businesses and investments became weak, its creditors began to doubt Bear’s ability to repay its loans. One by one, lenders denied Bear Stearns the credit it needed to operate its business. By Friday, March 14, 2008, Bear Stearns was unable to raise any more money. Over the weekend, investment bank JP Morgan Chase executives negotiated a deal with the Federal Reserve to buy Bear Stearns with a $29.5 billion loan from the Fed that would cover all of Bear’s bad investments. The sale to JP Morgan Chase was announced on the morning of Monday, March 17, 2008 for $2 a share, although the price would later be increased to $10 a share.
9. Why did Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac fail?
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are public-private hybrid institutions called government-sponsored enterprises (GSE). Although they were owned privately (before the bailout), the government originally set them up as part of an effort to support the housing market by guaranteeing mortgages in the 1960s and 1970s. Fannie and Freddie backed up their mortgage guarantees by issuing debt, which was implicitly guaranteed by the government because of their government charter. The GSEs also were given directives by Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), further tying them to the government and implicit promise that if the directives led the firms into trouble that Washington would save them.
This arrangement caused Fannie and Freddie to make unsound lending decisions for two reasons. First, because of their government sponsorship, politicians pressured Fannie and Freddie to promote affordable housing. The Clinton administration, both Bush administrations, Congress, and HUD all pushed Fannie and Freddie to encourage more and more subprime loans to low-income homebuyers. The banks recognized that these directives meant they could issue more mortgages with lowered lending standards, collect the fees associated with origination, and then sell the loans to the GSEs. Banks also packaged the subprime mortgages into securities, which they sold both to GSEs and investors. Without the directives from the government that Fannie and Freddie buy more subprime mortgages, the banks would not have been as cavalier in issuing them (see Q1).
Second, government sponsorship permitted Fannie and Freddie to accumulate much higher levels of debt than other companies because investors considered their debt to be as reliable as U.S. Treasury Securities. Fannie and Freddie used this advantage to accrue enormous profits, exploiting their privileged status to rack up $1.5 trillion in mortgages and mortgage-backed securities by the summer of 2008. However, of those $168 billion were subprime mortgages. Eventually, the debt and losses from the housing market became overwhelming and the GSEs were in effect nationalized via bailout.
10. Why did Lehman Brothers fail?
Date of Failure: Monday, September 15, 2008.
Lehman Brothers collapsed in similar fashion to Bear Stearns, as mounting losses from mortgage-related investments caused “overnight lenders”—who offer short-term financing in exchange for claims on collateral in case of a default—to lose faith in promised collateral and to pull back funding. In the time leading up to its demise, Lehman was racking up massive debt to finance all of its investments. And like most investment banks, Lehman relied heavily on short-term financing. During the summer of 2008, there was a growing suspicion that Lehman had under-reported its real estate losses. This sentiment began to spread as more bad news in the financial world, like the losses at Fannie and Freddie, came to light.
As lenders lost confidence in Lehman, its costs of borrowing skyrocketed. In the end, Lehman Brothers’ creditors thought loans to the investment bank were unacceptably risky and Lehman was unable to get the overnight loans that they always had relied upon. Over the weekend of September 13, 2008, the Federal Reserve and all major Wall Street banks tried to find a way to save Lehman. Only one bank, Barclays, could afford to buy Lehman. However, Barclays was a British bank, and the U.K.’s financial regulators didn’t want Barclays to take on the risky debt of Lehman, so the deal fell through. Meanwhile Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson and Ben Bernanke had been criticized for allowing the Bear Stearns bailout and didn’t want government money to buy Lehman for public relations reasons. At the end of the weekend, there were no buyers for the troubled investment bank. Without money to operate Lehman had to file for bankruptcy early in the morning on September 15, 2008.
11. How did credit default swaps destabilize A.I.G.?
Until it was partially nationalized in September 2008, American Insurance Group (A.I.G.) was the largest insurance company in America, with over $100 billion in annual revenue. Although many of its core insurance businesses were healthy and stable, A.I.G had issued $527 billion worth of credit default swaps to support mortgage-backed securities (MBSes). Credit default swaps are a special type of insurance, where the buyer pays for a guarantee of payment if a third party defaults on a loan. Unlike conventional insurance, you don’t have to own the asset being securitized to buy a credit default swap.
In this way, buying a credit default swap is similar to betting that something will fail. So if the value of a mortgage-backed security lost value, particularly because of defaults on the mortgages in the security, the issuer would pay whoever took out insurance. These kinds of derivative products are not inherently problematic, because when they are designed the right way they can help provide valuable price and stability information to the market. But like anything, they can be abused.
Mortgage-backed securities were already losing value in 2007 and 2008 before the financial crisis. But when Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac went under, MBSes lost what little value they had left. A.I.G. had to foot the bill for losses accumulated on the subprime mortgage investments it had insured. When the housing market began to collapse, A.I.G.’s credit rating was downgraded, forcing it to quickly raise money for collateral on its debt in order to avoid defaulting on its credit default swaps, which would have completely destabilized the mortgage market. As A.I.G. rushed to figure out a way to pay its credit default swaps, investors began to doubt that A.I.G. would be able to make good on its own debt, which was dispersed all over the world. Fearing “systemic losses” in the market—and for individuals—because A.I.G. was insuring so much of it, the federal government stepped in as an investor and propped up the company with $85 billion in exchange for a 79.9 percent ownership share. Ultimately, the government would pump $182.3 billion into A.I.G. to keep it alive.
12. What was the role of Wall Street in the crisis?
Wall Street investors definitely made some poor, risky decisions that contributed to the financial crisis. Many financiers focused on short-term profit maximization rather than the long run viability of their practices. As a whole, the market got caught up in the excitement of large financial gains. With housing prices soaring, the riskiness of widespread mortgage securitization didn’t appear daunting. While some remained conservative during the massive growth from 2003 to 2007, most followed the crowd and wound up paying the price.
However, the role of Wall Street was influenced by government policy. Regulators set capital requirement levels for banks that were based on the riskiness of investments But the government’s standards for risk were not always accurate, which helped create a false illusion of security. Also, instead of paying attention to actual risk, financial institutions tried to find creative ways around the capital requirements. Some of the creativity involved manipulating the capital requirements by using securities that were guaranteed by government-sponsored enterprises. All totaled, this meant banks held increasingly riskier assets instead of more stable ones.
While no one forced the banks and investment firms to take on additional risks because of the standards, had they not been in place, brokers and bankers should have considered the riskiness of their investments to be more of a serious concern. Wall Street executives became too enamored with their own success and financial gain. Ultimately, this hubris and misplaced confidence led to poor risk management structures. But since Wall Street members were not being held accountable for their own actions, and the government’s tacit support of firms deemed “too big to fail” encouraged them to take on excessive risk, the behavior of lenders, traders, and bankers was understandable.
13. What was the role of the Federal Reserve in the crisis?
The Federal Reserve’s manipulation of interest rates contributed significantly to the financial crisis. In response to the dot-com bubble in 2001, the Fed lowered the federal funds rate target all the way down to 1 percent to boost the ailing economy. This lowered short-term interest rates, making the cost of borrowing cheaper for both banks and individuals. Because technology stock values had recently declined, investors rushed to take advantage of the booming real estate market. With an abundance of cheap credit available, coupled with federal government promotion of homeownership for low-income Americans, more and more people began to take out residential mortgages and commercial loans. The problem is that the Fed kept rates too low for too long (the federal funds rate target stayed below 2 percent until late 2004), which fed the growth of the housing bubble. By the time the Fed began to raise rates, the bubble had already formed, and when the federal funds rate hit 5 percent in 2006, the bubble burst.
In addition to contributing to the housing bubble, the Federal Reserve played a role in the formation of the financial crisis. In 2007, the Fed identified the problem of the bursting bubble and the effect it might have on banks, but misdiagnosed the problem in the market as a lack of available cash, i.e. a "liquidity problem." In response, the Fed created the Term Auctions Facility, and subsequently the Term Securities Lending Facility, to allow banks more access to funding. While there was a "liquidity problem," it was largely caused by the sudden fear that there were too many overpriced assets in the marketplace. Instead of focusing on the crisis of confidence, the Fed wasted time trying to expand market liquidity.
14. What role did deregulation play in the crisis?
In 1999, President Bill Clinton signed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, a piece of legislation that is often blamed for being one of the key deregulatory measures that allowed the financial crisis to occur. Gramm-Leach-Bliley largely repealed the regulations contained in the Glass-Steagall Act that were passed in the wake of the Great Depression. Glass-Steagall mandated the separation of commercial banks, which accept deposits and issue loans, from investment banks, which accept money for investment in commodities and the stock market. Critics argue that repealing this law let banks get too big and if it had stayed in place the crisis never would have happened.
Gramm-Leach-Bliley certainly contributed to creating an environment where banks could get larger and take on more risk. Without this deregulation, Citigroup or Bank of America would not exist today in their current form. However, European markets—which are much more strictly regulated—had similar laws to Glass-Steagall and they were not protected from the crisis. It is not a foregone conclusion that the crisis would have been prevented if Glass-Steagall were still in place. Bear Stearns was just an investment bank that could have existed the way it was when it collapsed before and after deregulation. The Federal Reserve and Treasury would still have feared the failure of Bear, even with Glass-Steagall in place. Furthermore, the excessive risk taken on by the big banks was not an inherent outcome of deregulation. The crisis was still the result of regulatory and banker failures.
Another piece of deregulation in recent history is the Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982. This bill authorized banks to compete with money market mutual funds and loosened restrictions on issuing mortgages. Although Garn-St. Germain may have contributed to the Savings and Loan Crisis of the late 1980s, it has not been implicated in the subprime mortgage crisis. Just because mortgage standards were loosened, didn’t mean that banks had to over-leverage themselves in issuing subprime mortgages. In fact, if banks had been forced to keep their loans and risk on their balance sheets, the amount of subprime lending that was done would never have happened. Instead, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were given mandates by Congressmen to increase the number of mortgages they bought that were issue to low-income families. This demand allowed banks to issue more and more mortgages with lowered standards. If anything, excessive government involvement in housing was a crisis cause, not the act of deregulation itself.
The only other significant financial deregulation bills from the last 30 years are the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, which repealed "Regulation Q ceilings" limiting the amount of interest consumers could earn from savings and checking accounts, and the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which repealed a ban on single-stock futures. Economic analysts have not found any evidence that these measures contributed to the current economic crisis.
15. What is the shadow banking system and what was its role in the crisis?
The shadow banking system is a name for the non-bank financial institutions that have played increasingly large roles in lending the money that the financial system depends upon to function. Investment banks like Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns are both part of the shadow banking system, as are hedge funds and money market funds.
Nobel Laureate economist Paul Krugman argues that the main cause of the crisis was the increasing importance and size of the shadow banking system, which was not subject to the same regulations as conventional banks. This lack of regulation, combined with the moral hazard created by a precedent of government bailouts for failed financial institutions, allowed and encouraged institutions in the shadow banking system to make especially risky deals. Because of these decisions, shadow institutions were saddled with risky, illiquid assets and were especially vulnerable to credit market disruptions, since they depended on short-term loans to fund their investments. Panic during the financial meltdown, which mimicked a traditional bank run, left shadow banking institutions unable to fulfill their increasingly large lending roles, which contributed to the freezing of credit markets.
16. How does the Wall Street financial crisis affect Main Street?
When major financial institutions cannot find adequate funding, there are ripple effects that influence almost everybody. Banks and investment firms are required to hold certain amounts of cash and assets as collateral relative to their debt. The collapse of housing prices forced financial institutions to raise more money to cover their debt as asset prices declined. The scramble for capital in a crashing market caused lines of liquidity to freeze up, stalling the ability and willingness of banks to lend. What credit was available was very expensive because of the short supply. Businesses, particularly small businesses that rely on revolving short-term loans to keep their businesses running while they wait for payments to come in, have been some of the hardest hit. The lack of available lending, relative to what was available before, has forced small business to shut down, hurting local economies and employment figures.
17. What do "systemic risk" and "too big to fail" mean?
The American financial system is a complex web of institutions. A host of regulations tie many of these firms together so that as the market goes, so go many of the institutions in the market. "Systemic risk" is the potential that the fate of one institution in the market will impact all the others. The most common fear is that the failure of a major bank or investment firm will cause the failure of many other or all other financial institutions.
“Too big to fail” is the language used to describe one of these institutions that is considered likely to cause chaos in the marketplace in the event of its collapse. Bank of America, Citigroup, A.I.G., and others were all considered to be “too big to fail” by the government, which is why a bailout was passed. The fear was that the failure of one of these institutions would put the whole system at risk.
“Mark-to-market” accounting laws in 2008 required that firms report the value of what they owned based on the going rate in the marketplace for those assets. If one bank collapsed and had to sell everything it had for a discounted price, it would undervalue all similar assets at all financial institutions, potentially destabilizing the whole market since all major financial institutions would be over exposed. That is the systemic risk feared from too-big-to-fail companies.
18. What is “moral hazard”?
Moral hazard occurs when one feels insulated from the full consequences of a catastrophic event and changes his behavior accordingly. This usually means taking less care to avoid or prevent the catastrophic event. Bailouts and stimulus programs create moral hazard problems in the financial sector. If CEOs of large financial institutions know that the government will bail them out of a bad bet, then they are more likely to make more risky investments. The government’s history of rescuing large financial institutions (for example, the government orchestrated 1998 bailout of hedge fund Long Term Capital Management) created a moral hazard problem that encouraged the risky behavior that played a role in the financial crisis.
19. Why was Lehman Brothers allowed to fail while Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac were saved?
The decision to let Lehman Brothers fail was largely made by then-Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and the British Financial Services Authority. When initial attempts to save Lehman ultimately failed, Paulson and then-New York Federal Reserve President Tim Geithner decided to trust that the economy could absorb a Lehman Brothers failure and not use taxpayer money to orchestrate a rescue.
The days leading up to the Lehman Brothers collapse were similar to those preceding the Bear Sterns failure. In March 2008, the Federal Reserve and Treasury feared a Bear Stearns failure would have devastating ripple effects throughout the economy and felt the best move for all was to partner with JP Morgan Chase to bailout the investment bank. This led to six months of media questioning of the principles of Paulson, Geithner, and the rest of the regulatory apparatus. When Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac teetered on the edge of bankruptcy, Treasury came to the rescue, instead of the Fed, but on the same logic as the Bear Stearns decision: save the system from being hit by a massive bankruptcy. But by then the voices that had been picking at Paulson grew to a loud, negative chorus.
So a week later when Lehman Brothers was at the edge, Treasury Secretary Paulson had had enough. He stated definitively that no federal dollars were to be used to save Lehman Brothers. He did not want to be known as Mr. Bailout. In addition, the Federal Reserve promised when it bailed out Bear Stearns that it was an extraordinary, once-in-a-generation event, and a Lehman Brothers rescue would have undermined that claim.
The financial community gathered for a weekend marathon session to find a private sector way to save Lehman. The only workable deal to be found was selling Lehman Brothers to the British bank Barclays PLC. However, the British Financial Services Authority vetoed the deal, arguing it was too risky for the British financial system. British finance minister Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling was emphatic: "We are not going to import your cancer." Less than 24-hours after the British government scuttled the Barclays bailout deal, Lehman filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
The decision to let Lehman fail was not treated lightly. There was an instant drop in the market because of the bankruptcy news, with the Dow Jones plummeting 504 points. This might have been bringing the market to its natural price level, but the speed at which it dropped was destabilizing to the market as a whole. In retrospect, it can be argued that the Lehman bankruptcy was not what sent the market spiraling out of control, but that was instead a series of government statements that triggered panic. However, in the moment it appeared that letting Lehman fail was a mistake.
The day after Lehman filed for bankruptcy, A.I.G. looked like it was going to fall apart. The decision to bailout out A.I.G. was largely reflexive by the embattled treasury secretary. The harsh negative reaction to letting Lehman fail seemed harder to bear than being known as the bailout secretary. The fear of systemic risk won the day, and A.I.G.—along with every major company afterwards until CIT in November 2009—was bailed out.
20. If the bailouts stopped the economy from collapsing, why are some people so critical of them?
There is a difference between the short-term and long-term effects of the bailouts. Taking only short-term concerns into account, bailing out financial institutions saved a lot of people from significant financial setbacks. Unemployment would be higher if three or four of the big financial institutions had gone bankrupt, the stock market might have fallen more than it did, and the shareholders of the bankrupt firms would have been completely wiped out rather than just suffering significant losses. However, extensive bailouts have significant negative long-term consequences: moral hazard problems mean future financial giants might think the government will rescue them and will take on excessive risk. Large amounts of government debt that must be paid back with interest will mean instead of cutting taxes for the lower and middle classes, rates will be higher and revenues that could go towards education or other social programs won’t be available. Finally, the salvation of shaky financial institutions interferes with the natural, “creative destruction” process that is a positive driver for the long-term dynamism and health of the economy. As bad firms fail, good firms rise to the top, giving our society the best products and services instead of preserving lower quality work.
Despite the initial pain the economy would have faced if the government had not rescued large banks from insolvency, there may have been considerable long-term value in the banks’ collapses. Healthy firms would have bought up Bear Stearns’ good assets during bankruptcy proceedings, and the market process would have removed Bear Stearns’ failed business model from the economy. Additionally, an A.I.G. bankruptcy would have reduced moral hazard problems by signaling to other firms that they would be responsible for the consequences of their own poor decisions.
It is often necessary in economics to endure short-term sacrifice to promote a healthy economy in the long run. Good policy decisions weigh both short-term and longer-term considerations, acknowledging the tradeoffs involved.
21. Why did General Motors and Chrysler go bankrupt?
General Motors and Chrysler went bankrupt for a variety of reasons. Bad business decisions over several years culminated in an unsustainable business model that was slow to adapt to a dynamic automobile market. Manufacturing was inefficient, and the vehicles that GM and Chrysler produced did not suit customer preferences. Also, government mandates increased production costs (although these applied to all car companies, not just GM and Chrysler), and labor agreements saddled automakers with high labor expenses and considerable legacy costs. The decline in the economy, coupled with a decline in consumer demand, pushed the companies over the edge.
22. How much money have we spent on bailouts and stimulus packages?
The government has spent, lent, or committed a total of about $12.8 trillion in response to the financial crisis. The portion of that money that has actually been spent has gone to stimulus projects, stimulus checks, and non-loan bailouts. Some portion of the $12.8 trillion will probably never be spent, because a portion is set aside as a guarantee against potential bank losses that will likely not occur. Also, $3.447 trillion is loans, and the Fed and Treasury believe they will get some of that money back with interest. This chart shows the Congressional Budget Office’s projections for how much bailout program money will be returned to taxpayers.
However, the cost of the interest the government has to pay on the loans it has taken out, plus the losses on the assets it has purchased from banks, could add up to as much as $23.7 trillion over the next 10 years, according to the Congressional Budget Office.
23. How will the bailout and stimulus spending affect our national debt?
The stimulus bill passed in February 2009 created an estimated $794.1 billion in spending programs and tax cuts. However, this understates the program’s long-term cost, because some of the stimulus spending increases will probably be made permanent. According to the Congressional Budget Office, extending 20 popular stimulus bill provisions will bring the bill’s 10-year cost, including debt payments, to $3.27 trillion.
The effect of bailout spending on our national debt is harder to predict. Many of the bailouts involve loans and stock purchases. If companies regain financial health, stock prices stabilize and loans are paid back, the government may recoup a large amount of the bailout money. However, to fund the bailout and stimulus, the government has already had to borrow, adding to the national debt, increasing the interest payments due.
24. Do stimulus packages really create and save jobs?
It is hard to tell with certainty exactly how many jobs are created or saved by any one particular spending program. Models provide good estimates, though there is a lot of debate in the economic community over the accuracy of these calculation formulas. The view of Keynesian economists is that governments can manipulate the overall level of demand for goods and services in an economy with adjustments in tax rates and government spending levels. Therefore, stimulating the economy by lowering taxes and increasing government spending will, under this theory, lead to an increase in employment.
Other economists, however, claim that fiscal stimulus cannot be used to control activity in the economy. A serious problem for fiscal policy is that even if one accepts that it can in theory be stimulative, it is difficult to effectively employ in practice because of the lag time between when stimulus is needed and when the government can authorize and begin spending stimulus fund . In the past, stimulus packages have almost always come too late; they only begin after recessions have already ended and the economy is close to full employment.
These concerns aside, although fiscal stimulus may in theory increase employment during an economic downturn, its effect wears off with time. Eventually, prices and wages increase and undo any short-term increases in economic output. Additionally, stimulus programs spend money in the present that, in their absence, would have been spent in the future. This winds up reducing overall future output.
Any government action is vulnerable to the corrupting influence that special interests have on the American political process. Stimulus bills are especially prone to political rent-seeking and deal-making. Since part of the rationale for stimulus policy is spending for its own sake to boost the economy, the standard for whether a project is worthy of funding is even lower than under normal circumstances. Hence, stimulus bills tend to be stuffed with pork—like "shovel-ready" turning lanes and a new runway for John Murtha’s airport. As mentioned above, stimulus spending involves a tradeoff, sacrificing future private sector spending for current public sector spending. In this way, stimulus projects that create jobs in the short run by funding wasteful economic activity actually destroy jobs in the long run, since the spending necessitates higher taxes and leads to lower economic growth in the future.
25. Who has the United States government bailed out?
A comprehensive list of all the banks that received TARP money can be found here.
Research assistance from Alex Schibuola.
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http://makedifferences.org/Articles/Details/1391?title=What_Caused_the_Meltdown%3A_A_Financial_Crisis_FAQ
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TouristExchange brings Explore Nepal, a free travel mobile app,that enables a user to Explore/Plan & Book their Nepalvacations with the help of local experts. The mobile app provides auser-friendly interface to explore various places in Nepal,interface to explore trip ideas crafted by locals, an inbuilt chatfeature to talk to Nepal experts and finally query based interfaceto work directly with service providers/tour operators to plan& book Nepal vacations. The mobile app has secure paymentfeature. We also provide Nepal-Tibet cross-country packages thatare great offerings from Nepal. A lot of travellers coming to Nepalvisit Tibet as well. Going via a flight to Lhasa and coming backvia land is also a popular trip among Nepal travellers. Nepal hasone international airport near Kathmandu named “TribhuvanInternational Airport (TIA)”. A lot of travelers take the flight toIndian cities due to frequency and more connectivity with the restof the world and then take a flight from Delhi to Nepal. Going viaDelhi also works out as a cheaper option. Available Explore NepalPackages Tours Tea House Trekking tours in Nepal Mini EverestTrekking tours ABC Trekking tours Best of Nepal tours HoneymoonPackages in Nepal Nepal - Tibet tours Nepal - Tibet cross-countrypackages Kathmandu - Lhasa tours from Nepal Muktinath Dham toursJanakpur Dham Kathmandu Temples Pashupatinath Temple tours HinduTemple tours Hindu Pilgrimage tours Wildlife tours in Nepal CasinoPackages Customized Nepal tours Family Group tours to Nepal CycleTours How to plan Nepal vacations? Explore main attractions ofNepal and its neighboring countries Tibet which travelers usuallyplan with Nepal & using “Top EXP” and “Places” tabs of mobileapp Using “Experts” Tab, connect with Nepal experts to define yourtravel needs Our experts will work on your request with trustedservice providers from Nepal to plan your dream vacation in NepalYou get best competitive quotes from local partner tour operatorsPay securely to confirm your booking Typically, what services areincluded in tour packages? The tour packages are broad guidelinesas planned by our experienced partner tour operators. Depending onhow your Nepal vacations is planned, you will be getting servicesas confirmed by our local tour partners as mentioned in the bookingvoucher. Typically tour packages include stay from your tripstarting point to trip end as agreed during the tour booking andmentioned in the booking voucher Our local partners make all effortto ensure all entry tickets required for key attractions are madeavailable to you on upfront payment basis. Please make sure entrytickets for which payment has been made are mentioned in thebooking voucher. Our local team makes great effort to ensure youreceive timely updates from Nepal as you get closer to yourvacations Main features of Explore Nepal Mobile App “Top Exp" Tab –Know top things to do and unique offerings from Nepal and itsneighboring country – Tibet which a lot of tourists visit when theyvisit Nepal. Nepal-Tibet land tours are very famous. “Bookings” Tab– Trip ideas crafted by our local experts that are a great startfor your trip planning. Work with our local experts to customizethese trip ideas to craft a perfect Nepal vacation for you.“Places” Tab – Our local experts have meticulously crafted list ifmain places you should know as you plan your Nepal vacations. Eachof these places also has a list of main attractions and things todo – so that you know more before you go. “Experts” Tab – Chat withour local experts – they are local, they love to travel, they lovepeople and they love to help. A sure shot gateway to your dreamvacations in Nepal “Nepal Guide” – Know more before you go. A greatsource of key concerns travellers has as they plan their vacations.All kept in one place to make you free from hassles!
TouristExchange brings Uttarakhand - Traveller's Paradise, a freetravel mobile app, that enables a user to Explore/Plan & Booktheir Uttarakhand vacations with the help of local experts. Themobile app provides a user-friendly interface to exploreUttarakhand, explore trip ideas crafted by locals, an in-built chatfeature to talk to Uttarakhand experts and finally query basedinterface to work directly with service providers / tour operatorsto plan & book Uttarakhand vacations. Mobile app has securepayment feature. Uttarakhand is accessible by road, train & airnetwork. Haridwar, Rishikesh, Kathgodam and Dehradun are maincities of Uttarakhand and well connected by train and road networkwith major Indian cities.Typically, Delhi, Haridwar, Rishikesh,Kathgodam and Dehradun works as a starting point for trips toUttarakhand. Chandigarh, Dehradun and Delhi are nearest airport.Available Uttarakhand Packages Tours - Valley of Flowers Trek ToursPackages - Hemkund Sahib Trek Tours Packages - Family TrekkingVacations Tours Packages - Badrinath Dham, Kedarnath Dham,Yamunotri, Gangotri Packages - Panch Kedar, Winter Chardham,Chardham, Panch Badri Packages - Adi Kailash Yatra Tours Packages -Tehri Water Sports Packages - Haridwar, Rishikesh Packages -Lansdown, Mussorrie Packages - Uttarakhand Hill Station Packages -Honeymoon Trips in Uttarakhand - Nainital, Ranikhet, Kumaon,Almora, Binsar Packages - Jim Corbett Packages - Jeep Safari,Jungle Safari Tours Packages - Auli, Chopta Packages - Snow, WinterPackages Tours - Uttarakhand Summer Vacations - Uttarakhand WinterVacations - Skiing Courses in Auli - Village Stays, Camping,Trekking, Cycling Holidays - Camping, River Rafting in Rishikesh -Wellness Holidays - Yoga Retreats - Himalayan Holidays How to planUttarakhand Vacations? - Explore Uttarakhand using “Top EXP” and“Places” tabs of mobile app - Using “Experts” Tab, connect withUttarakhand local experts to define your travel needs - Our expertswill work on your request with trusted service providers fromUttarakhand to plan your dream vacation in Uttarakhand - You getbest competitive quotes from local partner tour operators - Paysecurely to confirm your booking Typically, what services areincluded in tour packages? - The tour packages are broad guidelinesas planned by our experienced partner tour operators. - Our localpartners make all effort to ensure all entry tickets required fortemples / places are made available to you on upfront paymentbasis. Please make sure entry tickets for which payment has beenmade are mentioned in the booking voucher. - Our local team makesgreat effort to ensure you receive timely weather & routeupdates as you get closer to your vacations Main features ofUttarakhand – Simply Heaven App - “TOP EXP" Tab – Know top thingsto do and unique offerings from Uttarakhand - “Bookings” Tab – Tripideas crafted by our local experts that are great start to yourtrip planning. Work with our local experts to customize these tripideas to craft a perfect Uttarakhand vacations for you. - “Places”Tab – Our local experts have meticulously crafted list if mainplaces you should know as you plan your Uttarakhand vacations. Eachof these places also have list of main attractions and things to do– so that you know more before you go. - “Experts” Tab – Chat withour local experts – they are local, they love travel, they lovepeople and they love to help. A sure shot gateway to your dreamvacations in Uttarakhand - “Uttarakhand Guide” – Know more beforeyou go. A great source of key concerns travelers have as they plantheir vacations. All kept in one place to make you free fromhassles!
TouristExchange brings Kailash Manasarovar Yatra, a free travelmobile app, that enables a user to Explore/Plan and Book KailashManasarovar Yatra with the help of local experts. The mobile appprovides a user-friendly interface to know more about KailashManasarovar Yatra, to understand various travel options to performKailash Manasarovar Yatra, an in-built chat feature to talk toKailash Manasarovar Yatra experts and finally a query basedinterface to work directly with service providers / tour operatorsto plan & book Kailash Manasarovar Yatra. Mobile app has securepayment feature. Kailash Manasarovar is in Tibet (TAR – TibetAutonomous Region). You can cross Nepal-Tibet border by road, byhelicopter or fly to Lhasa - All these travel options are offeredby our local partner tour operators from Nepal. Kailash ManasarovarYatra Packages Tours Govt of India organizes Kailash ManasarovarYatra every year through two routes, namely Lipulekh Pass inUttarakhand & Nathula Pass in Sikkim. Kailash Manasarovar YatraBy Helicopter Kailash Manasarovar Yatra By Road Kailash ManasarovarYatra Via Nepal Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Via Lhasa Luxury KailashManasarovar Yatra Kailash Manasarovar Yatra with Govt. Of IndiaKailash Manasarovar Yatra with Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)Kailash Manasarovar Yatra By Helicopter from Nepal KailashManasarovar Yatra By Road from Nepal Kailash Manasarovar Yatra ByHelicopter from Lucknow Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Via Lucknow Howto plan Kailash Manasarovar Yatra? Connect with Kailash ManasarovarYatra local experts to define your travel needs Our experts willwork on your request with trusted service providers fromNepal/India to plan your Kailash Manasarovar Yatra You get bestcompetitive quotes from our local partner tour operators in NepalPay securely to confirm your booking Typically, what services areincluded in tour packages? The tour packages are broad guidelinesas planned by our experienced partner tour operators. For KailashManasarovar Yatra, one would need a visa from Chinese Authority tovisit TAR (Tibet Autonomous Region). Our selected local partnerswill ensure that you get your Visa on time for the KailashManasarovar Yatra. All stay, transport and other logisticarrangements needed in Tibet (TAR) during Kailash Manasarovar Yatrais arranged by CISPC (China India Pilgrim Service Center) and costof these arrangements is part of the package. All transport needsflight, local transport in Nepal is part of tour packages offeredby our local partners. All meals (Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner)during Nepal stay is part of tour packages offered by our localpartners. A small team of local experts from Nepal / Tibetaccompany you in Tibet. Cost of the team is part of tour packagesoffered by our local partners. Depending on how your Yatra plan isplanned, you will be getting services as confirmed by our localtour partners and mentioned in booking voucher We make efforts toensure you receive timely weather and route updates from offices ofour local tour partners to make sure you are aware of any upcomingdelays or inconveniences. Main features of Kailash ManasarovarYatra App “KMSY” tab to know most important things to do, places tovisit and various options to perform Kailash Manasarovar Yatra.“Bookings” tab to know various options of how one can do KailashManasarovar Yatra and get details of various packages as offered byour partner tour operators from Nepal and India. “Places” tab toknow about destinations/places that you will be either staying orcrossing during your Kailash Manasarovar Yatra. Chat with expertslisted in “Experts” tab - These are local experts and collectivelythey have lot of experience of performing Kailash Manasarovar Yatra“Yatra Guide” – Know more before you go. A great source of keyconcerns pilgrims have as they plan their Kailash ManasarovarYatra. All kept in one place to make your travel hassle free!
TouristExchange brings Israel - Land of Creation, a free travelmobile app, that enables a user to Explore/Plan & Book theirTrip to Israel with the help of local experts. The mobile appprovides a user-friendly interface to explore Israel, explore tripideas crafted by locals, an in-built chat feature to talk to Israelexperts and finally query based interface to work directly withservice providers / tour operators to plan & book Trip toIsrael. Mobile app has secure payment feature. Tel Aviv, Jerusalem,Haifa, Dead Sea and Upper/Lower Galilee are main cities of Israeland well connected by road network with major Israeli cities.Typically Ben gurion Airport in Israel, Amman in Jordan & Cairoin Egypt act as a starting point for trips to Israel. AvailableIsrael Packages Tours - Pilgrimage to Holy lands - Holyland Tourswith Jordan - Best of Israel - Purely Israel - Israel with Jordan& Egypt - Family Group Tours - Heritage of Holyland Tours -Cycle Trails –Pedal in Footsteps of Jesus - Jesus Trail – On Footor on Cycle How to plan Israel Trip Vacations? - Explore Israelusing “Top EXP” and “Places” tabs of mobile app - Using “Experts”Tab, connect with Israeli local experts to define your travel needs- Our experts will work on your request with trusted serviceproviders from Israel to plan your dream vacation in Israel - Youget best competitive quotes from local partner tour operators - Paysecurely to confirm your booking Typically, what services areincluded in tour packages? - The tour packages are broad guidelinesas planned by our experienced partner tour operators. - Dependingon how your Israeli Trip vacations is planned, you will be gettingservices as confirmed by our local tour partners as mentioned inthe booking voucher. - Typically tour packages include transportand stay from your trip starting point to trip end point as agreedduring the tour booking and mentioned in the booking voucher - Ourlocal partners make all effort to ensure all entry tickets requiredfor places are made available to you on upfront payment basis.Please make sure entry tickets for which payment has been made arementioned in the booking voucher. - Our local team makes greateffort to ensure you receive timely weather & route updates asyou get closer to your vacations Main features of Israel – Land ofCreation App - “Top Exp" Tab – Know top things to do and uniqueofferings from Israel - “Bookings” Tab – Trip ideas crafted by ourlocal experts that are great start to your trip planning. Work withour local experts to customize these trip ideas to craft a perfectIsrael vacations for you. - “Places” Tab – Our local experts havemeticulously crafted list if main places you should know as youplan your Israel vacations. Each of these places also have list ofmain attractions and things to do – so that you know more beforeyou go. - “Experts” Tab – Chat with our local experts – they arelocal, they love travel, they love people and they love to help. Asure shot gateway to your dream vacations in Israel - “IsraelGuide” – Know more before you go. A great source of key concernstravelers have as they plan their vacations. All kept in one placeto make you free from hassles!
TouristExchange brings Tirupati Balaji Darshan Yatra, a free travelmobile app, that enables a user to plan and book Tirupati BalajiDarshan Yatra with the help of local experts. The mobile appprovides a user-friendly interface to know more about TirupatiBalaji and other famous South India Temples, explore trip ideascrafted by local Tirupati Balaji experts, in-built chat feature totalk to Tirupati Balaji & South India temples experts andquery-based interface to work directly with service providers /tour operators to plan & book Tirupati Balaji Yatra. Mobile apphas secure payment feature. Tirupati Balaji temple is in Tirumalawhich is approx. 20km from Tirupati city of Hyderabad. Pilgrimstypically reach Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad or Tirupati directlyfor Tirupati Balaji darshan.Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad arewell connected by road with Tirupati. Many transport options areavailable from these cities for Tirupati. Tirupati Balaji DarshanYatra Packages Tours - Tirupati Balaji Yatra - Tirupati BalajiDarshan - Tirupati Balaji Yatra from Chennai By Car - TirupatiBalaji Yatra from Bangalore By Car - Tirupati Balaji Yatra fromBangalore By Bus - Tirupati Balaji Yatra from Delhi By Flight -Tirupati Balaji Yatra from Delhi - Tirupati Balaji Yatra fromTirupati - Tirupati Balaji Yatra from Hyderabad - Tirupati BalajiYatra and South India Temples - Tirupati Balaji Yatra withRameshwaram - Tirupati Balaji Yatra with Kanyakumari - TirupatiBalaji Yatra with Panch Bhuta Temples - Tirupati Balaji Yatra withNav Grahe Temples - Tirupati Balaji Yatra with Sri Kalahasti -Tirupati Balaji Yatra with Rahu Ketu Puja Dosa Nivaran - TirupatiBalaji Yatra with KSTDC - Tirupati Balaji Yatra with APSTDC -Tirupati Balaji Yatra by Car - Tirupati Balaji Yatra by Bus -Tirupati Balaji Yatra with Kanchipuram, Pondicherry, MahabalipuramPlanning Tirupati Balaji Yatra - Connect with local Tirupati Balajiexperts to plan your Tirupati Balaji Yatra - Our experts will workwith trusted service providers fromBangalore/Chennai/Hyderabad/Tirupati/Delhi depending on your travelneeds - You get best competitive quotes from our partner touroperators - Pay securely to confirm your booking Typically, whatservices are included in tour packages? - Depending on how yourYatra plan is planned, you will be getting services as confirmed byour local tour partners and mentioned in the booking voucher -Typically tour packages include transport & stay from yourYatra starting point to Yatra end point and should be mentioned inthe booking voucher - Our local partners make all effort to ensureall entry / Puja tickets required for temples are available on theupfront payment basis. Please make sure entry tickets / Pujabooking tickets for which payment has been made are mentioned inthe booking voucher. Main Features of Tirupati Balaji Yatra App -“Tirupati" tab – Most important things you need to know as you planyour Tirupati Balaji Darshan - “Bookings” tab – Trip ideas fromChennai/Bangalore/Tirupati/Hyderabad/Delhi crafted by our localTirupati Balaji & South India temples experts. Work with ourlocal experts to customize these trip ideas to craft a perfectTirupati Balaji Yatra for yourself & your loved ones - “Places”tab – Our local experts have listed all major places and templeswhich one should know as they plan their Tirupati Balaji Yatra -“Experts” tab – Chat with our Tirupati Balaji Experts – they arelocal, they love travel, they love people and they love to help. Asure shot gateway to your blissful Tirupati Balaji Yatra - “YatraGuide” – Know more before you go. A great source of key queries& concerns pilgrims have as they plan their Tirupati BalajiYatra. All kept in one place to make you free from hassles!
Tourist Exchange brings Magical Ladakh, a free travel mobileapp,that enables a user to Explore/Plan & Book their tripstoLadakh with the help of local experts. The mobile app providesauser-friendly interface to explore various places inLadakh,interface to explore trip ideas crafted by locals, aninbuilt chatfeature to talk to Ladakh experts and finally querybased interfaceto work directly with service providers/touroperators to plan& book Ladakh trips/holidays or vacations. Themobile app has asecure payment feature. Azure Lakes in the middleof epicbarrenness, smooth roads cutting through snow-cappedmountains andhigh passes, ancient monasteries holding onto narrowcliffs forcenturies, strenuous treks through surreal valleys,Ladakh has manydelights and many of them are well-known to peoplealthough it wasnot always the case. Ladakh is remote as it is andtill a fewdecades ago the roads used to be nearly impossible todrive on andseriously risky. Only serious adventurers with theluxury of timeand resources bothered to go that far. However, withmoderninfrastructure and dedicated effort, Ladakh has been slowlyturnedinto a tourist hotspot. Leh, the capital of Ladakh nowhasyear-round connectivity through the airport. Road trips toLadakhfrom Manali and Srinagar are also very popular but they areonlypossible during the brief summer because the roads get closeddueto the snow in the winter and the high passes remain shutevenduring the spring. Major attractions in Ladakh include Leh,NubraValley, Pangong Tso, Tso Moriri, and numerous scenicmonasteriesandvillages along these routes. More eclectic andoffbeat travellers,who have time at hand, can explore the mythicalZanskar Valley, andthe mysterious Aryan Valley. Available MagicalLadakh PackagesTours Best of Ladakh Tours Winter Ladakh TourBuddhist PilgrimageTours Ladakh Bitking Tours Ladakh TrekkingHolidays How to planKarnataka vacations/holidays? Explore mainattractions of Karnatakausing “Top EXP” and “Places” tabs of mobileapp Using “Experts”Tab, connect with Karnataka experts to defineyour travel needs Ourexperts will work on your request with trustedservice providersfrom Ladakh to plan your dream vacation oradventure in KarnatakaYou get best competitive quotes from localpartner tour operatorsPay securely to confirm your bookingTypically, what services areincluded in tour packages? Depending onhow your Ladakh trip isplanned, you will be getting services asconfirmed by our localtour partners as mentioned in the bookingvoucher. Typically tourpackages include stay from your tripstarting point to trip end asagreed during the tour booking andmentioned in the booking voucherOur local partners make all effortto ensure all entry ticketsrequired for key attractions are madeavailable to you on upfrontpayment basis. Please make sure entrytickets for which payment hasbeen made are mentioned in the bookingvoucher. Our local teammakes great effort to ensure you receivetimely updates fromKarnataka as you get closer to your vacationsMain features ofMagical Ladakh Mobile App “Top Exp" Tab – Know topthings to do andunique offerings from Ladakh. “Bookings” Tab – Tripideas craftedby our local experts that are a great start for yourtrip planning.Work with our local experts to customise these tripideas to crafta perfect Ladakh vacation for you. “Places” Tab – Ourlocal expertshave meticulously crafted list if the main places youshould knowas you plan your Ladakh vacations. “Experts” Tab – Chatwith ourlocal experts – they are local, they love to travel, theylovepeople and they love to help. A sure shot gateway to yourdreamvacations in Karnataka “Ladakh Guide” – Know more before yougo. Agreat source of key concerns travellers has as they plantheirvacations. All kept in one place to make you free fromhassles!
Tourist Exchange brings Heavenly Himachal, a free travel mobileapp, that enables a user to Explore/Plan & Book their Himachalvacations with the help of local experts. The mobile app provides auser-friendly interface to explore various places in HimachalPradesh, interface to explore trip ideas crafted by locals, aninbuilt chat feature to talk to Himachal experts and finally querybased interface to work directly with service providers/touroperators to plan & book Himachal vacations. The mobile app hasa secure payment feature. We also provide trekking and adventurebiking packages not only around Himachal but also to Ladakh viaManali. Our local experts are capable of organizing trips to almostall locations in Himachal. Himachal has three airport near Shimla,Manali, and Dharamshala. It is also well-connected with Delhi andother major cities of North India. If you have time, you can alsotry out the iconic toy trains of Shimla and Kangra. AvailableNaturally Himachal Packages Tours Shimla- Kufri- Narkanda ToursKullu Manali tours Lahaul and Spiti Valley Tours Dharamshala-McLeodganj Tours Dalhousie- Khajjiar Tours Bir Billing paraglidingtours Tirthan and Banjar Valley Tours Kinnaur (Sangla, Kalpa,Chitkul) Tours Himachal Village Trails Himachal Trekking HolidaysHimachal Temple Tours Customized Himachal tours Family Group toursto Himachal Ladakh and Spiti Biking Tours How to plan Himachalvacations? Explore main attractions of Himachal using “Top EXP” and“Places” tabs of mobile app Using “Experts” Tab, connect withHimachal experts to define your travel needs Our experts will workon your request with trusted service providers from Himachal toplan your dream vacation or adventure in Himachal You get bestcompetitive quotes from local partner tour operators Pay securelyto confirm your booking Typically, what services are included intour packages? The tour packages are broad guidelines as planned byour experienced partner tour operators. Depending on how yourHimachal trip is planned, you will be getting services as confirmedby our local tour partners as mentioned in the booking voucher.Typically tour packages include stay from your trip starting pointto trip end as agreed during the tour booking and mentioned in thebooking voucher Our local partners make all effort to ensure allentry tickets required for key attractions are made available toyou on upfront payment basis. Please make sure entry tickets forwhich payment has been made are mentioned in the booking voucher.Our local team makes great effort to ensure you receive timelyupdates from Himachal as you get closer to your vacations Mainfeatures of Heavenly Himachal Mobile App “Top Exp" Tab – Know topthings to do and unique offerings from Himachal and its neighboringcountry – Tibet which a lot of tourists visit when they visitHimachal. “Bookings” Tab – Trip ideas crafted by our local expertsthat are a great start for your trip planning. Work with our localexperts to customize these trip ideas to craft a perfect Himachalvacation for you. “Places” Tab – Our local experts havemeticulously crafted list if main places you should know as youplan your Himachal vacations. Each of these places also has a listof main attractions and things to do – so that you know more beforeyou go. “Experts” Tab – Chat with our local experts – they arelocal, they love to travel, they love people and they love to help.A sure shot gateway to your dream vacations in Himachal “ HimachalGuide” – Know more before you go. A great source of key concernstravelers has as they plan their vacations. All kept in one placeto make you free from hassles!
The Saudia Holidays app provides you everything you need for yourpackage holiday -anytime, anywhere at amazingly low prices. TheSaudia Holidays app is the fastest and easiest way to book yourdream holiday package on your mobile, which includes flighttickets, hotels, amazing offers and more. Packaging saves you more,no need to book your flight and hotel separately, by bookingtogether you save way more than you imagine. Take advantage ofthese handy features: o Fully bilingual, English & Arabic withbuilt in live chat o Easy registration - use your email or sociallogin for quick access o Instantly search millions of packageoptions across the Saudia network o Browse and book our extensiverange of Hotels, Car Rentals and Excursions o Sort by price, dealsor reviews to find your perfect escape o Simple 3 step bookingprocess with instant confirmation o Your full holiday summaryincluding easy access to detailed flight and hotel information oBook your meals and seats for an even more comfortable experienceas well as adding your AlFursan membership number to your holidaybooking o Get instant push notifications to all the latest specialdeals, so you never miss out Download the app now and startbrowsing from the best destinations, the most amazing hotels anddon't forget to check out our latest holiday deals.
Enjoy your trip, live, twice.Bubboe Tour enhances your travelexperience with real time travel updates and information about theactivities planned on your trip.Everyone has once experienced beingout of touch with the activities you participate in wether on acompany tour or travel agency tour. Bubboe Tour reminds you whichactivity you are in, what the next one is and provide youcomplementary information about the full itinerary.After a long daytouring around, you can revisit what you did and discuss with yourtravel companions how interesting today is. It is perfect fortrips, museums, destinations, or any places worthy of a good story.Bubboe Tour for Travel Agency and Tour GuideBubboe Tour is the mostcost effective way to elevate the tourist experience for small tomidsize museums or visitor centers. Without the traditionalinvestments, logistics, and hassle of electronic tour guideequipment, unlimited visitors can use Bubboe Tour on theirsmartphones to get the full story about all the exhibits.
What is JUST as exciting as going on that incredible vacationyou’ve had planned for so long? The days and moments leading up toit! Here is something that is going to build an even strongerexcitement- The Vacation Countdown App! This FREE VacationCountdown App gives you the EXACT date and time until you embark onyour adventurous journey! Just input the starting date and timealong with your special trip destination and watch the magichappen. Going surfing in Hawaii? Sightseeing in Paris? Exploringthe Grand Canyon? Hiking in Colorado or Skiing in Switzerland? Thisapp was specifically made for you! Some of our incredible FEATURES:⁃ NEW: More than one trip coming up? Great news globetrotter- setup a second and third countdown easily! ⁃ CUSTOM BACKGROUND THEME:Set your favorite background theme from our many exciting choicesor use your very own image! ⁃ Some of our Beautiful BACKGROUNDPICTURES include: ⁃ A Lush Hawaiian Waterfall (ideal for trips tothe tropics) ⁃ Stunning Beach Scenes ⁃ An Adventurous Hiking Trail⁃ A Pure White Snow Landscape ⁃ A Picturesque Sunset ⁃ An excitingmountain scenery with a clear blue lake ⁃ A rare desert landscapewith desert vegetation ⁃ A Calm campground with tents ⁃ Anunforgettable honeymoon theme ⁃ A map of Europe ⁃ The icon is LasVegas sign ⁃ The powerful Statue of Liberty in New York ⁃ A sightstheme with different sights in Italy, France, London and otherexciting places! ⁃ An adventurous Mountain Valley ⁃ ItalianVineyard landscape for wine tasting trips ⁃ A fun Cruise Ship theme⁃ Exciting Theme Park / Amusement Park ⁃ The world famous EiffelTower in Paris, France ⁃ The picturesque Mount Fuji In Japan ⁃ TheSpanish Steps in Rome, Italy ⁃ The magnificent Yosemite NationalPark ⁃ The famous Kangaroo sign in Australia ⁃ Famous whiteBuildings and amazing ocean view in Santorini Greece Island ⁃ ThePicture perfect Taj Mahal in India ⁃ The Talk Big Ben tower and redtelephone booth in London, UK ⁃ The Massive Golden Gate Bridge inSan Francisco, USA ⁃ The Remarkable Great Wall of China ⁃ TheTequila Mexican beach ⁃ Adventurous New Zealand ⁃ Trendy LosAngeles ⁃ Seoul in Korea ⁃ Majestic Blue Lake ⁃ Massive Sand dunesQUOTE OF THE DAY: ⁃ Get inspired! Our vacation Quote of the dayfeature serves you a daily fresh vacation quote. You can even sharethe quote with your friends! CHOOSE YOUR FAVORITE COUNTDOWN STYLE ⁃Display or hide a cute suitcase icon along with your destinationand official vacation start date with our Classic Countdown Design!⁃ Our Modern Countdown Design keeps it clean with just theremaining time until your adventure displayed in clean boxes in themiddle of your screen! ⁃ You hold the power. You can always choosewhich units you want to see. Days/Hours/Minutes/Seconds. Which oneswill you pick? VACATION PACKING CHECKLIST ⁃ Dont forget yourvacation essentials! Our packing list feature makes sure youremember which items you need to back for your trip. Never miss adetail again! VACATION GAMES ⁃ Keep yourself entertained with ourfun and educational Quizzes (Flags of the world, Europe, etc. ) andCard Matching Games while counting down the ways until your specialtrip! SHARE THE EXCITEMENT - SHARE YOUR COUNTDOWN ⁃ Tell yourfriends about your amazing trip! Share your countdown via Facebook,WhatsApp, Email, and many more options!
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Warm the first couple days, then cold leftovers.
Thanksgiving and Black Friday will be NICE days-- 60 or so most areas, give or take a few degrees, MAYBE 65 on Friday.
Strong cold front passes late Friday evening and we DRASTICALLY cool off Saturday. 40-45 for a high will be the norm with some upslope snows in the Mountains for those travelling west and north.
November will end up colder than normal-- we are running a -4 in LYH and w couple warmer days won't shave much off and then we go back into the "cooler".
What does the crystal ball say about December?
Cold air has been building up in Canada nicely. I often blog about high latitude blocking. We've had SOME blocking, but not a ton in November and we are WELL below normal. There are SOME signs of some blocking developing, some could be strong. The issue is WHERE the block sets up. A key issue in my outlook talked about the problems with the pacific and regarding the pdo and how that COULD lead to less blocking out west. In this case, if we don't get that blocking the strongest of the cold will be in the mid west and then into the NORTHEAST up near Boston and that region.
However, whenever there is arctic air in the northern tier, all we need is a day or so of the a trigger to pull down colder air and a properly timed storm. Those TEND to be more ice events, so we are on the lookout. The first 15 days or so of December have potential for cold, snow and ice, but this is not a lock.
Hope all enjoy a great Thanksgiving- 2012 has been a great year for me and hope the same for you and your friends and family.
For a time, it seemed the winter outlook would fall on the easy side of things with a close to moderate el nino . Those for winters have pretty strong correlation to cold and snow, at least relative to our norms. The Nino faded and now we are left making strong judgement calls to what this winter holds.
1. Won't be as mild as last winter.
2. Won't be as snowy as 09-10.
Winter temp average 1-2f colder than normal.
Snowfall- Take your local and subtract 5. Your range will be in that 5.
Example- Lynchburg is listed as 18 inches - so 13-18 inches. Roanoke is 21 so lets go 16-21 for the winter.
Losing the El Nino hurt-- as that seems to usually trump other global patterns. This will be a neutral warm el nino, meaning it's not a nino, but temps are above normal in that region.
QBO- Has been very negative and should begin to move towards positive. This should allow for some blocking towards the North Pole.
PDO- Negative to very negative. This isn't a good sign for cold and snow, especially south of the mason dixon line. Oddly, when the trend is negative, but spikes positive for the winter they trend to be snowier. This will NOT be the case.
Long range model- Both the CFSv2 and ECMWF have been all over the place, but both don't see VERY cold winters.
SOI- Index that measures pressures in Darwin and Tahiti- More La Nina like, than El Nino.
Snow cover- snow cover in Eurasia has been demonstrated to be a harbinger of the Arctic oscillation, where as when the snow cover advances rapidly, the chain of events leads to more blocking at the pole. This year was THIRD on the list behind 09-10 and 1976-77, both that had TREMENDOUS cold snaps. The biggest difference in those two was the EL Nino in 09-10 leading to all the snow cover. I weighted this the most.
The biggest issue with snowfall will NOT be cold, but lack of a sub tropical jet. My guess is 4-5 days out systems may look to have potential but unless we have strong blocking, these will end up being events NORTH of DC-- or we get much less than modeled due to downsloping, etc. (Especially east of the Blue Ridge) I can see several events where we get 2-4 inches of snow with the nice glaze of sleet and freezing rain on top.
Due to time constraints ( due to a new puppy) I won't post TOO many maps.
ECMWF phases the two vorts sooner and the the storm is closer and more negative tilt. Here is a shot of it as the snow/rain has BARELY scraped LYH. If something CLOSE to this happens, will be a dicey forecast for our region. I'll assume this is more right then wrong, but give the other models 25% weight and move everything 50 miles Northeast at this time.
Temps are BARELY below freezing and a couple degrees either way could make a huge difference.
I almost long for the days when I was breaking events 5-6 days out before the media. Social media and just the net in general have quickly added to the avenues people can find medium range thoughts and speculation.
Sandy was nothing short of a spectacular event with catastrophic results, especially in the Northern Jersey/NYC area. Despite the quick "labeled" transition to extra tropical the system had a HUGE storm surge and like a landfalling tropical system, strongest winds on the north side. I LOVE interesting weather events, but seeing that level of human suffering his just horrific. Having numerous friends in the region and chatting on FB makes it interesting.
Perhaps I owed my loyal readers a quick update about this event. I was on the fence with some models far enough west for a couple days to bring meaningful precipitation back into our region. The models have trended a little east and the best precipitation slides basically Charlottesville/Famville east.
Do I think that's accurate? As of now-- Yes. I don't think we need will see much rain (or snow) from this event. Best chance for snow will be north well north of Harrisonburg from Winchester up 81 to NY. And, honestly maybe even NOT into VA.
Can this change? sure-- weather forecasting is always fluid. We need a faster phasing of the jet to slide this thing west AND it to BOMB further south, lets say as it passes Cape Hatteras. I'll update quickly in the AM when I see the overnight data.
My winter outlook will be out later this week. Sean Sublette had a nice one for WSET.
Hope to get my final thoughts by Friday.
Leg one of my landfall at Atlantic City has verified well- Needing a Philly to just north of Hagerstown and we've won the triathlon.
Crazy storm reports-- Winds on the north side of the storm WELL over Hurricane force gusts-- verified at 94, a few unverified reports OVER 100 in the NYC,Long Island area.
Crazy rains from New Jersey SW to DC area. 5-8 inches common with more on the way. Coastal regions have had historic flooding, beach erosion and much of NYC proper has MAJOR water issues.
For the bulk of our region- occasional light to maybe moderate rain continues. Winds will pick up with gusts over 60 in the Mts and 50 elsewhere. I don't think we see MUCH rain.. under a half inch near LYH and under a quarter inch Danville, Martinsville and Roanoke. These are hedged HI-- I think LESS rain.
IF, IF , IF we can get heavier bands in the region after 2 AM-- it will be mixed with snow. My doubts are we DON'T get heavier bands in.
Snow map on short term model-- sees 2 feet by noon tomorrow MUCH of WV.
Here is the Lynchburg profile at 6 am-- I highlighted the last three layers, or about 1500 feet of the atmosphere that's above freezing. However, it's only a few degrees, like 36-37 so if it comes down hard we COULD hoover around around 33 with some snow. My hunch is the rain stays BARELY east of us and once it cools we are basically dry.
Near miss with moisture and temps... don't be shocked to see a few flurries.
Sandy has done pretty much as expected-- she swung out east to near 70 longitude and is not making the shift west. My thoughts were Atlantic City to near Philly to near Hagerstown, MD.
That's going to be rather close-and she's gotten stronger with pressure down to 942 MB.
We've had light to moderate rain region wide over night and the snow change has been sooner than anticipated with snowfall into Blackburg and Hot Springs already.
Rain region wide today with temps steady or even falling slowly. Winds should be increasing as the day goes on.
I'll update with some model data at noon. With the snow change earlier, will have the evaluate. If you look at this radar look..
snow in the mountains and MAYBE already west of Martinsville.
I see no drastic changes to any forecast you are going to see out there. The bottom line is-- does it land in the Delmarva OR some where in New Jersey.
I've posted a few times on Facebook that I see a landfall of Sandy near Atlantic City--moving to Philly and then sitting just north of Hagerstown. This doesn't meant THOSE areas will get the worst. More like 125 miles to the SOUTH of the landfall point and upwards of 250 miles NORTH will get big rains and strong and long duration tropical storm winds. Outside the immediate coast of DE and NJ, I don't think there will be "Hurricane Force" winds very far inland. (like as in a few miles) However, Billions of damage via erosion on the coast and down trees, power outages, etc will extend far and away from the "landfall" point. Pretty dangerous anywhere along the coast for flooding and winds.
Sandy actually had a good bit of weakening last night and was down graded to a tropical storm. She's looking better and back up to a Hurricane. I can see it peaking at a cat two before the slingshot to the west as she approaches the coast.
For the Lynchburg-Roanoke area specifically.
For our area- we'll have some lighter showers tomorrow into Monday and heavier rains will begin to move in from the NW and E. Don't be shocked if SOME areas-- don't see much rain, especially West of Lynchburg west to Roanoke and Martinsville.
Winds- Highest elevations will see the worst with gusts over 50, where the west of the world lives will be a duration of 20-30 miles with gusts to 40.
Snow- EPIC event for the MTS of West Virginia. Still very up in the air where some models pull the storm so far W that Garret County actually changes back to rain on a WARM FRONT out the NE while lewisburg and Beckley areas get 12+ inches of snow. If it takes the PERFECT tract-- Don't be shocked for a remote place like Snowshoe or Davis to get 3-4 feet.
My PERSONAL plan is to work Monday and then shoot up to Lewisberg WV Monday night-- My office is in Roanoke right off 220 and it's 75 miles. Only about 20 of those miles would be snow covered getting back Tuesday morning.
One crazy snow map-- 19+ inches most of WV and some of the snow sneaks east of the mts. ( Don't be shocked if some place gets a coating to a slopping inch or two Tuesday.
After another 24 hours of model runs, there has been a modest switch towards the ECMWF with the more southern route of Sandy. The GFS or American model really had moved in that direction for a couple runs but then went back to a more northern landfall.
1. She's coming-- no doubt.
All coastal regions need to be aware and plan ahead. The watches have been extended up past Cape Hattares for Tropical Storm conditions and they should be extended north. Because it jogs west NORTH, I suspect Hurricane watches issues from near Virginia Beach to Long Island or something like that.
2. For our region, some lighter rains out in front of the storm late tonight into tomorrow then the waiting game starts. We need the southern track for the rain to really impact us and the **possible ** change to snow. Ironically, the ECMWF has moved so far south, as modeled the snow actually misses Lynchburg MOSTLY to the south and west. We do get a good bit of rain in the lines of 2-3 inches. Roanoke gets some snow and the NRV and Highlands get a nice snow. (After a little rain) The other models that are further north have the backside snow, just little or no rain.
3. This is still extremely fluid where the smaller changes matter. With that, despite this being a large system, the worst impact will be along coastal regions. The further south the landfall, the better shot of seeing decent rainfall in our region.
4. Snowfall will impact the higher grounds. As said before, the models were CRAZY with bringing heavy snow into Roanoke, Lynchburg, Danville and Richmond. The last 2 runs of the ECMWF have been so far south that Lyncburg actually is too far north and east and the best snows chance past to our west, south southwest and south east. Don't over obsess because as stated before, my suspicions are the model is a little to cold on the back side of the storm.
First map- 12z run of the ECMWF snowfall-- CRAZY 4 feet totals over mountains of WV. This assumes a 10-1 ratio which likely isn't correct (the entire storm at least) plus the snow/no snow line is VERY close to LYH. The snow that falls to our south and east wraps around the city later. I'm not forecasting this, but it's been some of the craziest model outputs ever. Other models have crazy 1-2 foot solutions over the Mountains of WV, with coating to a couple inches east of there. Those are MUCH more reasonable.
This last map shows how if the coldest models verify, how Lynchburg could miss snow, but Roanoke and Danville get snow. Because of the warm core nature of the a hurricane, if you are too close to the center, the warn nature keeps you RAIN. As the storm moves WEST the cold air wraps around the south side of the low. The grid on the bottom shows how the first true shade of blue STOP around the Blue Ridge and show up lets say south of the Staunton River. With that, I've stated before the models are very likely too cold top to bottom, but crazier things have happened. For LYH to have any shot of seeing accumulating snow, Sandy comes ashore near Southern New Jersey and crosses the Delaware Bay and heads into Northern Maryland coming to a point near Hagerstown, MD or slightly north.
Bottom line- if you want to see snow drive to the Ski resorts of West Virginia!
I was expecting to wake up and the ECMWF had backed away from the EXTREME event in our area. We know this is already a significant event as it crashed into Cuba as Cat 2 ALMOST cat 3 event.
Sandy crashes ashore near Rehobeth, DE (Props to my Mom, that's where she lives) and retrogrades as it transitions from tropical to non tropical(moves backwards) and goes over DC and then up in Pennsylvania.
I'm still very skeptical that EVEN if track verifies as shown that we get the snow as shown east of the Mts. I'm half joking, but I think the MTS may sink a few inches from the weight of 2-3 feet of snow.
This shows 2 feet plus in the MTS to our west, and close to a foot in Lynchburg. 4-8 inches all the way down to Danville and Richmond. I doubt anything close to this verifies, but WOW on the consistency.
So, landfall still seems to be somewhere between VAB and Cape Cod and then it moves WNW. The further south, more rain/snow our region gets. There are models that show other solutions with landfall further north. One thought in my mind is the magnitude of the block and how this will impact the overall track of Sandy as she transitions from tropical to extra tropical. Further updates later today!
When the statistically best model hasn't wavered..
It may be time to update my blog..
The ECMWF is the best model-- hands down. All models have shortcomings, but when you crunch the numbers it sits on top. It's been fairly consistent with the overall track of Sandy.
2. As the storm wraps around, we sit on the SW side of the low in cold air and HEAVY snows fall in the Mountains. Some flurries and snow showers make it east of the Mts.
Here is the snow map- Looking at the model data, this would be HEAVY wet snow. Some of these locations could see HUGE amounts but between the wet nature of the snow and warmer ground I don't think anyone sees 20 inches.
1. The storm is forced NW by blocking to the east and a short wave diving in from the west. Sometimes blocking is under done and as a result, a more southwest landfall is possible. Conversely, sometimes blocking is OVERDONE and a more north landfall is very much on the table.
2. VERY often cold is overdone. It's common in the winter to see a cold snap 5 days out and you think low teens is possible over night and then it's not as strong and it's nowhere near that. So, with that-- even the perfect track that COULD bring a little snow as modeled COULD end up being to warm. Further, models struggle with very moist large systems with latent heat release-- I'm not sure how to quantify this impact just saying that it will have an impact.
3. Rain could have a sharp cut off-- Could see places east of LYH get close to 4 inches and places SW of SML get a quarter inch.
4. We are still 5 days out. With the tropical nature and the more difficult nature of those tracks combined with an extreme block, we may not have something nailed until we see the white of it's eyes.
5. What can you promise me, Keith?
This will be a huge event. I just read a report of 2 dead already from the impact in Jamaica. Further, it may not make landfall to near Boston, but it will be huge for someone. And, some snow will fall on the backside-- I'm about certain Snowshoe, Garrett county and Somerset PA will have accumulating snow.
The media will be all over this and it will be a fascinating storm to watch-- regardless of it's impact here locally.
In the era of easy access computer models, about everyone heard of the "possible" mega event In short, a tropical system has formed well south of Jamaica and will move north towards the Bahamas. At the same time, a STRONG STRONG arctic front approaches from the west and a block forms to the north in NE Canada. As a result, the upper energy grabs the tropical system and quickly transfers it to a non tropical storm and as the cold air undercuts and HEAVY snow falls over much of WV, VA, MD and PA. Pretty wild stuff on the modes and about 99.8 % unlikely. It would be a once in 500 year even if anything remotely close happened.
My long time reads now I love eye candy-- and here is the snowfall map based on 10-1 ratio over the area.
Pretty extreme map-- year, that is 48 inches over that inner circle and the 1-6 inch line is south fo 460. Because of the dynamics of the system, it was near Virginia Beach and ends up near Lake Erie per this model run. Amazing thing is as the storm moves NW our cold air is riding in on south and southwest winds.
I'd say the odds of a BIG event is likely, but nothing remotely close to this. It's rare, but snow on the backside of Hurricanes does happen as moisture over runs or lingers behind as colder air comes in. There was an event in fall 2005 that had backside snow over central PA from a hurricane and I can recall another storm in the 80's.
Take out the tropical part and the November 1950 is the closest event to what was modeled last night. NWS Blacksburg did a nice write up on this event in a newsletter last fall. There was a very tight gradient of snow to no snow where Roanoke and Martinsville had 5-6 inches and Danville and Lynchburg had a coating to an inch.
Winter Outlooks are on the way..
I'm holding off a little more on my personal because there are many variables that have not resolved itself yet.
Many outlooks I have read are promising if you are a snow lover, and I read a TON of them. However, it's early in the fall to be convinced and the "signals" we look for are not as strong as other years. However, the fall pattern is much different than this time last year.
One key point- snowcover in Eurasia/Siberia has grown rapidly and that's a good harbinger going into winter. It ultimately helps displace the arctic jet AND weaken the polar vortex. With that, I'm not sold on the SUPER snow winter at this point.
Here's a link to an outlook from a Virginia forecaster. DT is a longtime friend of mine and a mix of a mad scientist and Trump the insult dog of forecasting. It's pretty technical but the bottom line is he's leaning colder and snowy, but not 100% sold yet. Enjoy-- DT is on FB as well, he's a good follow.
September was a very benign month with it being a little on the dry side and temps averaged to VERY close to normal. Lynchburg, VA was .1 degrees warmer than normal and Roanoke, VA was .2 degrees warmer than normal.
A west based El Nino that peaks as moderate late fall/early winter is our BEST chance of seeing an above normal snowfall winter. I've cited this over and over, but had we reached that point I'd be looking at predicting 150-200% of our normal snowfall. In our region, it tends to trump any other factors in the winter months. With this NOT being the case, we have to weight each global scale and I'm not ready to commit yet. With that, I'm not hedging cold and snowy at this point. One key factor will be Eurasian snow cover-- based on research by JL Cohen states that rapid snow cover increase in Eurasia in October is harbinger of a colder winter in the USA. In simple terms, the snow cover impacts the arctic jet, which weakens the polar vortex. This sounds backwards, but a weaker polar vortex allows for cold air to drift away from the pole while a stronger polar vortex tends to keep it bottled up.
So, I'm going to monitor the snow cover, keep reading processing data and punt until late month.
October 10 will be the 33 year annivesary of an amazing early season snowfall in the Lynchburg and Roanoke region.
In Roanoke, almost a half inch of snow fell with the mounts to the north getting upwards of 6-10 inches. I've read a report of 10 inches up in Covington/Hot Springs area. Lynchburg, VA was hit even harder with 2.4 inches of snow falling. Some places along and near Skyline drive had 12-17 inches.
A slow moving cold front moved across the state while a low pressure formed along the front. The air was VERY cold for the time of year and the combination of a slow moving front along with the "upper air energy" creating strong lift pulled the cold air ALL the way down to the surface. Temps on the 9th had a high in the mid to upper 70's and the temp had cooled to only 53 degrees at midnight as the cold front approached the area. Moderate to almost heavy rain continued to near sunrise (While the higher elevations to our north had mainly snow) and as the upper air approach (with VERY cold air) Thunder and lightning was VERY common as heavy rain switched to heavy snow. VERY impressive for October 1979.
Rain in Lynchburg with thunder and some gusty winds, changes to snow around 8:30. Heavy snow continued till about 11 am with maximum depth of 2.4 inches.
Another link to some photos from the snow on the east coast.
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2019-04-25T06:39:21Z
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http://virginiawx.blogspot.com/2012/
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"If the president can arbitrarily shut down the government now, he will do it time and again," Warner said.
Exactly. If he gets his own way using the shutdown he will do it every time to get his own way.
Like a child throwing a tantrum, he needs to be taught that others will not give in and let him have his way.
Trump has become the boy who cried wolf. He lies so much that no one can believe one word he says. If the Democrats accepted the deal, he could easily take the DACA and TPA deal away. That's what liars do.
If you add Obama’s IQ and Trump’s IQ you get Obama’s IQ.
Donny boy letting Coulter decide for him.
Amnesty will be used only on a much bigger deal.
Better run it through Coulter, she’s not going to like this one bit.
When a hater, who even other haters think hates too much, dictates government policy, it’s a sad sad day.
..... this seems to be his "little world".
Trump got slapped around by the right wing MSM again.
Trump's changing position poses a problem for resolving the border security issue.
The master negotiator made a rookie negotiator mistake - he made a deal, then reneged on it before it was signed.
On a one-time deal, that kind of move can be made, as there is no need for a future relationship with the other negotiator. It's sneaky, but it can work. In this case however, the Republicans will always have to deal with the Democrats. Pulling the rug out from under the deal right as it's about to be signed damages all future negotiations, as it can never be trusted that what you say you are agreeing to is something you will actually agree to.
For those intelligent enough to understand the above, it's enough reason to oppose Trump on the wall, in and of itself. The original deal must be respected. However, as we all know, the general American public is not particularly informed nor intelligent, so they will not understand this particularly reason as to why the Democrats should react so strongly to Trump's underhanded maneuvering. Fortunately, the people don't want the wall, and have been clear on that, so the Democrats are on the side of the people. Particularly as Trump claimed the shutdown himself, and campaigned on Mexico paying for a wall.
Look for the typical Trumper responses here - "this is all Nancy and Chuck's fault" - BS. This is all about Conservatives.
Trump said he "owns" the Shutdown - it's his "mantle". To get out, he has to offer the Democrats something. Yet every time he tries, the far right will turn on him and call him "Jeb" and a "Loser" offering "amnesty".
And the great Conservative civil war erupts again.
Who's side are you on Trumpers? Trump? Or Coulter, Ingram, Malkin, Limbaugh, et al?
I'll be very surprised if any of them manage anything like a straight answer and don't go off again on their favourite pet rant topics.
I can't imagine this fake counter will do much to move the needle. An overwhelming number of Americans will still blame him and the GOP for the shutdown.
For those not intelligent enough to understand SL's post- I'll make it even easier to understand. Trump wants wall for security. Trump shuts down gov to get wall. Gov shutdown means even less security. So Trump dimishes US security for a wall supposed to enhance US security. Make sense?
During the 2020 campaign, I hope the Democrats take a cue from Trump and pick an appropriate epithet with which to smear the incumbent. I suggest "Shutdown Don."
With a lawyer like Giuliani, who needs prosecutors? Every time that guy opens his mouth, he digs deeper Trump's hole. Watching him retreat mile by mile is entertaining.
As for Trump's "compromise," it's a non-starter. Dreamers are already guaranteed a two-year extension of their residency, and Dems will not abide hostage-taking.
And nor should they. The precedent it would set would be permanently damaging to America. This president has already eroded the norms enough.
The President has put forth initial offers to get negotiations underway.
Dems refuse to even come to the table.
Dems have withdrawn from the governing process.
They believe negotiating with the President indicates a political failure for them.
In reality, withdrawing from negotiations is their political failure.
When does he ever make clear what he's referring to.
And if he might read something correctly from the teleprompter (why was it bad when Obama read from one?), it's likely he'll veer off on a tangent, then the next day flip-flop, then say he didn't say that, then get Rudy G. to say he didn't say what the tape recorder and video showed until Rudy later says he never said that.
And it could be once again he's waiting to be told what to say by Coulter, Limbaugh, Hannity, Carlson, Bannon, Ingraham and his other right wing media handlers in the US, or perhaps by RT/Sputnik and others 'abroad'.
I swear, the same photo of Pence is always photoshopped into the background of every photo of Trump. You know, with the "I'm happy because I'll be POTUS soon" look.
The extreme-right media erupts, Trump walks it back. That's how this mess began, with his taking orders from Hannity and Coulter. Who voted for them?
Dump's Motto: Fake it Until You Make It.
Pelosi will straighten this guy out by tomorrow. The talking point now is that the barriers she voted for in the past are now immoral.
President Trump has indicated again that he is willing to go against his base for a big immigration deal. Pelosi and the 12 angry Dem Senators and half a dozen US House members that are running for president will never sacrifice the wedge issue and the anger they can generate by pretending to support immigrants while simultaneously voting against compromises that would provide them relief. It's why Obama never bothered to address the issue during the nearly two years he had a fiilibustor proof majority in Congress. It's cynical but effective in running up blinded anger from the Leftist base.
President Trump has indicated again that he is willing to go against his base for a big immigration deal.
As the wishes for a wall go against the wishes of the American people, he's right to ignore his base who are anti American.
In exchange for $6 billion and an agreement that Dreamers will be deported in three years, "Putin's Puppet" will release his stranglehold on the American economy. What a deal.
That's how this mess began, with his taking orders from Hannity and Coulter.
Coulter described Trump as “a shallow, lazy ignoramus”. Anyone with a shred of honesty can see this when he attempts to speak about anything of substance. She also noted, with many others, his habit of agreeing with the last person who spoke to him.
It is no surprise that he is so easily manipulated.
The barriers voted for in the past have been built. Where has she even considered the idea of these being immoral?
You can't even compare the barriers designed in the past to what Trump's wall is projected to be.
compromises that would provide them relief.
What relief? He's offered no amnesty with a 3 year extension over an already agreed 2 year extension. Makes absolutely 0 difference in the grand scheme of things.
Btw, I feel comfortable saying most of the anger generated in America is a result of Trump's acceptance of xenophobic morals and yearnings for an isolated America. Seems like the MAGA caps are more and more becoming a symbol for white supremacy than "Nationalism" if that is what you would like to call it.
...but Trump's changing position poses a problem for resolving the border security issue.
More than a bit disingenuous, isn't it?
It was Trump who stormed out of a meeting with the Democrats, are you referring to that withdrawal?
Negotiation is about understanding your strengths, which Donny boy obviously doesn't.
He offers concessions which are already guaranteed by law, goes back on his word when his hater base revolts.
Wouldn't it be better if the democrats cut out the middleman and directly negotiated with Coulter?
A president who doesn't give a crap about the common man.
Can't wait to see Trump lose re-election, be impeached, resign or whatever.
What kind of a president shuts down his own government? Putin's only a phone call away, so maybe the Donald has been crying on his shoulder and asking for advice.
How else can you explain this craziness?
Trump has become the boy who cried wolf. He lies so much that no one can believe one word he says.
Ok, so we have TRUMP lies and Democrat lies, which is worse. I’ll say this, Democrats lies are better constructed, lame, but better layered nonetheless.
If the Democrats accepted the deal, he could easily take the DACA and TPA deal away. That's what liars do.
Yes, but it’s a starting point, Trump cares about as much for the DACA recipients as much as the Democrats care about border security.
What good is it if Ann Coulter doesn't want it?
It takes time, years, for economic policies to have an observable effect. What we generally are seeing now is a result of Obama's era, outside of the stock market (That I'll give to Trump, a little bit uneasy but not doing bad currently). I imagine we will begin to see the effects of Trump's policies on the economy in the next 1 to 3 years...and you can be assured that if the shutdown continues, the effects on the economy won't be too great.
Have you ever taken a class on economy or business? It's a pretty general concept, results don't usually happen over night.
Donny boy can barely manage a coherent thought, his lawyer needs to be in the loony bin, now his hater base is turning his back on him.
Can things be any worse for this sorry excuse of a President .
@deadgood there's no point teaching economics to the unlettered.
The only argument the haters have is 'what if he doesnt have a brain , at least the economy is doing well'.
I understand that, but the man was horrible when it came to the economy and job creation particularly within the private sector.
Really? Is that what the media is telling you guys again?
In the words quoted by Democrat James Carville, it’s always about the economy stupid.
but the man was horrible when it came to the economy and job creation particularly within the private sector.
Then we should have voted for Bill Gates if you wanted a real Billionaire. He would be creating even more jobs than Trump since Gates is 50-80x richer. Right? It shows that Trump was a poor choice.
What is the shutdown going to do to it? What if it is 2007 all over again and there is a crash like in 2008? Whose fault is it? Hillary's?
The real trick to illegal immigration is to make the USA less inviting, harder to live in if you aren't there legally.
Extending the Dreamer's protection wasn't much of an offer from a Democratic standpoint. They won't accept anything less than 100% amnesty and those here today and for all future children under 18 brought into the USA illegally. That won't exactly help with making the USA less inviting for illegal immigration.
Typical Democratic non-solution. Expand the roles of very poor voters, so they can increase taxes for govt programs, to help the low-end economy.
BTW - Chip - according to Pew, 60% of Americans earning under $30K/yr either are democrats or lean towards the democratic party. http://www.people-press.org/2016/09/13/2016-party-identification-detailed-tables/ 32% lean republican.
The Republicans have a tax no more than necessary philosophy, even if they've forgotten that the last 30+ yrs.
It is up to the American voters to beat into our representatives the core ideas we want followed.
Fu, I agree. E-Verify would go a long way towards accomplishing that. Sadly, the business lobby opposes it.
You brilliantly blew this out of the water by pointing out that still unnamed non-partisan historians regard the Bush 2 years as a success, despite the fact he blew a surplus before seeing the economy fly off the cliff on his watch.
Clearly economic success isn’t the only metric by which you judge a president.
No, by the economy primarily. I’m happy.
So why do you and your still unnamed non-partisan historians regard Bush 2 as a success?
This just goes to show you how far out from reality Trumpers are - Bush Jr and the Repubs withdrew all the restraints for their buddies on Wall Street so they could merge their bank and investment businesses and bundle all their bad debt into consolidated debt obligations. Then bam - it all goes bad and the entire economy craters. Obama inherited the worst economy since Roosevelt.
Without Obama there would be no GM, no Ford, no Chrysler...the Repubs wanted to let them all go bankrupt (Ford couldn't survive without the other two). Millions of auto workers, and millions more auto suppliers out of work - and a depression.
That must be why even with the sitting POTUS Obama and the media and Hollywood campaigning for Hillary, Trump won the election.
You guys looooove trying to re-write history.
Various reasons, wasn’t a wimp that’s for sure.
Personally, I never the bailouts or Tarp, that’s why we have bankruptcy laws, if they fail, let them use the laws and restructure themselves. GM is already once again in the dumps and all a waste and for what?
If The previous President were President now, he would have finished completing cutting off international and private investments, tax code, and the private sector would have been completely destroyed.
So finally the haters hate Trump!!!
When their fantasy walls and immigrant cull dreams turn to dust they turn on each other.
The only point our hillybilly economists have is 3.0 GDP, without barely a clue about what that actually means!
What is so interesting is, Democrats could care less what goes on around the border, they say they care, but never give us detailed information or proof to show us how they care. They think, they just say, “we care” and the rest of us just say, “that’s great.” And no one is buying it. At least Trump is throwing something out there and some of the DACA recipients are at least open to hearing the details.
Thank God The President is doing and polling better with Hispanics, at least they see he cares about the border and while the Democrats are completely incognito on the issue, let’s hope that they can put their money where their mouth is and give us a real detailed plan as to how they would secure our open borders. If they don’t want to make a deal, then the President under any circumstance should try and take the next initiative step.
By rejecting President Trump's reasonable plan, the democrats have shown they do not care about: (a) the 800,000 government workers not getting paychecks that they’ve been whining about, and (b) the million DACA recipients.
They have also shown they have no willingness to work with the President. Our POTUS didn’t even have to play them; in their vile hatred and stupidity, they played themselves. Nan-Chuck now officially own the shutdown.
Yes please explain to me why a 3.0 GDP is bad, but only after Trump gives it to us.
I think what Trump fans have two basic positions in this debate: Trump never went on national TV and claimed ownership and Trump didn't back out of the original agreement to make additional demands.
So when you debate a Trump fan, remember that those two events have been scrubbed out of their history.
They also scrubbed him being very clear during the shutdown during Obama’s presidency that a shutdown is the responsibility of the president.
The haters with their short term memory forget that it was Donny Boy who stomped his feet, banged on the table , hollered and screamed and stormed out of a meeting with the Democrats .
Also, though not surprising considering they are not the brightest of the bulbs, they forget that Democrats offered Donny Boy $ 25 Billion a year ago but leader of the single digit IQs did not understand what he was getting and stalled.
Maybe peddling hillbilly economics is much better, reposting old links is not difficult, especially if you just read the headline and not the content.
Someone should explain to them what the Forbes article really means.
So much intellectual dishonesty on their side.
Hear about the new 2020 mid-engined Corvette?
You mean the amnesty bill? The one all the right wing media talking heads call "a loser"? You guys support that?
And how come no Trumper will answer my question - who is right - Trump (deal) or Coulter (amnesty)?
es please explain to me why a 3.0 GDP is bad, but only after Trump gives it to us.
He's taking it away because of the shutdown. All because Ann Coulter told him to. Fine, keep the Trumps going for the next 20 presidencies if we can keep the GDP at 3.0. But if Ann Coulter keeps ordering Trump to shut the government down the economy will contract. We cannot sustain a GDP 3.0 with Ann Coulter in charge.
Trumpists: Trump should shut down the government, like he said he would, it’ll be great!
Also Trumpists: How dare Nancy shut down the government by (checks notes) passing bills in the House to reopen the government.
So why do Democrats have a problem with honesty?
Pelosi and the Democrats are beyond stupid if they think they can do remotely better. Need to set aside the political rhetoric and focus for once on policies that benefit the entire country and not to keep Dems and big government in office.
But Ann Coulter is killing Trump's 3.0 GDP economy. Fine, let Barron Trump run if the Trump magic works. But what's the point of Ann Coulter keeps ordering Trump to shut down the government. Trump made the forever 3.0 GDP growth and Ann Coulter is taking it away.
Yada, yada, yada, still waiting for answer; And how come no Trumper will answer my question - who is right - Trump (deal) or Coulter (amnesty)?
Could, but at this pace and as long as you don’t allow the Democrats to get their socialist greedy mitts on it, then it shouldn’t happen.
Depends, but the Democrats haven’t created jobs in rece;t memory, that’s how Trump could pull voters from reliable blue States, States that voted for Obama.
but at this pace and as long as you don’t allow the Democrats to get their socialist greedy mitts on it, then it shouldn’t happen.
Look at what Ann Coulter is doing. How can we continue the economy if air traffic controllers cannot control planes which are the highway of the US economy. Ann Coulter is in control of Trump and it's taking down the US.
Is Trump creating more jobs than Obama because he's a good businessman. Then should have elected Bill Gates or Bezos because those real billionaires would have created many many more jobs than Trump. Trump is a joker's billionaire compared to the genius (and billions) of Bill Gates. And now Ann Coulter is bringing it all down.
Bass:. So why do Democrats have a problem with honesty?
Your boy Trump backed out of the deal and went on national TV and said he will own the shutdown.
That happened. It was a real thing.
Democrats aren't socialist. It was republicans and their greedy mits and ignorance that caused the economy to tank under Bush II. Trump and his people are far more ignorant than Bush II and his people, so your faith is utterly misplaced.
Obama grew the private sector whilst shrinking the public sector and kicked off the current bull market. Hyper-partisan conservatives wouldn't remember this job and wealth creation under Obama though. ROFL! Smh. Kudos. Oh my . . . Unicornverse. Lol! HAR!
Try doing a little research instead of drinking the nonsense you're fed in the bubble.
It was Democrats that ignored the private sector and were completely content with an under performing GDP, ignored the corporate tax rate, international business investment and focused only on the government sector.
Reality does not support these assertions.
My post was quite clear.
But then there are true believers (cult members and others born-to-follow), fundamentalists and partisan extremists who can only see reality in black-white, opposing poles, zero-one, either-or terms.
Fortunately they're a minority in most cultures.
Still waiting for answer; And how come no Trumper will answer my question - who is right - Trump (deal) or Coulter (amnesty)?
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2019-04-21T14:15:33Z
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https://japantoday.com/category/world/update-2-trump-says-no-amnesty-for-'dreamers-'-signals-support-in-broader-deal
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Türk Hepato-Pankreato-Bilier Cerrahi Derneği , Üye - 2015.
Organ Nakilleri Bilinçlendirme Ve Geliştirme Derneği, Üye - 2014.
Türk Cerrahi Derneği, Üye - 2014.
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2. TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,ARIKANOĞLU ZÜLFÜ,ÜLGER BURAK VELİ,GÜL MESUT,USLUKAYA ÖMER,OĞUZ ABDULLAH,TAŞ İLHAN (2013). PP 106 A Situation leading delay in diagnosis Non traumatic intestinal perforations. The 48th Congress of the European Society for Surgical Research.
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9. ARIKANOĞLU ZÜLFÜ,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,ÜLGER BURAK VELİ,USLUKAYA ÖMER,YÜKSEL HATİCE,TEKİN RECEP,KELEŞ AYŞENUR (2012). PP 639 The Role of Curcumin on Bacterial Translocation and Inflammatory Response in an experimental intestinal obstruction Models of Rats. XVI. Annual Meeting of the European Society of Surgery.
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12. KILIÇ ELİF,GÜMÜŞ METEHAN,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,KELEŞ AYŞEGÜL,EKİNCİ AYSUN (2014). Cod 1281 ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF POMEGRANATE EXTRACT IN A MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION MODEL. IFCC WorldLab Istanbul 2014.
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10. ALİOSMANOĞLU İBRAHİM,GÜL MESUT,TEKEŞ FIRAT,ÜLGER BURAK VELİ,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,ÇETİNÇAKMAK MEHMET GÜLİ,BÜYÜKBAYRAM HÜSEYİN (2013). İnce Barsak Mezosundan Köken Alan Dev İntraabdominal Miksoid Liposarkom. Selçuk Tıp Dergisi .
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15. ALİOSMANOĞLU İBRAHİM,GÜL MESUT,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,ÜLGER BURAK VELİ,USLUKAYA ÖMER,OĞUZ ABDULLAH (2012). Surgical treatment results of acute necrotising pancreatitis and affecting factors on mortality. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 3(4), 500-504., Doi: 10.5799/ahinjs.01.2012.04.0209.
16. GİRGİN MUSTAFA,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,AYTEN REFİK,ÇETİNKAYA ZİYA,MULLA MUSTAFA,BİNNETOĞLU KENAN (2011). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Turkish Journal of Surgery, 27(3), 141, Doi: 10.5097/1300-0705.UCD.1019-11.02.
17. ÇETİNKAYA ZİYA,ÇOLAK RAMİS,ÖZKAN YUSUF,İLHAN YAVUZ SELİM,AYTEN REFİK,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET (2010). Adrenalektomi Sonuçlarımız 27 Olgunun 21 i Laparoskopik Analizi. Endokrinolojide Diyalog Dergisi.
18. OĞUZ ABDULLAH,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,GÜMÜŞ METEHAN,BOZDAĞ ZÜBEYİR,BAHADIR MEHMET VEYSİ,TEKE FATMA,BUDAK HIDIR,BÖYÜK ABDULLAH (2015). Trephine stoma Outcomes in a single center. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, Doi: 10.5799/ahinjs.01.2015.02.0200.
19. USLUKAYA ÖMER,YILMAZ ERDAL EDİP,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,HATİCE GÜMÜŞ,GÜMÜŞ METEHAN (2015). A rare case of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis associated with erythema nodosum. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 6(1), 84-85., Doi: 10.5799/ahinjs.01.2015.01.0494.
1. TÜRKOĞLU AHMET (2014). Postkolesistektomi Sendromunun Nadir Bir Nedeni Remnanat Safra Kesesi Olgu Sunumu. Türk HPB Cerrahi Derneği Gaziantep Bölgesel Toplantısı.
2. TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,GÜL MESUT,ARIKANOĞLU ZÜLFÜ,GÜMÜŞ METEHAN,TAÇYILDIZ İBRAHİM HALİL (2014). PS 1062 Karaciğer Metastazlı Kolon Tümörünü Taklit Eden Fasciola Hepatica Enfestasyonu. 19. Ulusal Cerrahi Kongresi.
3. TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,BÖYÜK ABDULLAH,TANRIVERDİ MEHMET HALİS,GÜNDÜZ ERCAN,DUSAK ABDURRAHİM,KAPLAN İBRAHİM,GÜMÜŞ METEHAN (2014). PS 0182 Akut Pankreatit Şiddetinin Erken Tahmininde Vücut Kitle İndeksi Plazma Leptin Nesfatin 1 ve Grelin Düzeylerinin Potansiyel Rolü. 19. Ulusal Cerrahi Kongresi.
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5. ÜLGER BURAK VELİ,YAMAN GİZEM,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET (2017). Kolonik Psödo-Obstrüksiyon Sendromu(Ogilvie Sendromu):Olgu Sunumu. XVI. Türk Kolon ve Rektum Cerrahisi Kongresi (Özet Bildiri/Poster.
6. USLUKAYA ÖMER,BOZDAĞ ZÜBEYİR,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,GÜMÜŞ HATİCE,HAMİDİ ARİF,GÜMÜŞ METEHAN (2015). S 007 Folliküler Neoplazide Lobektominin Yeri. 7. ULUSAL ENDOKRİN CERRAHİ KONGRESİ (Tam Metin Bildiri.
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8. ERBİŞ HALİL,ALİOSMANOĞLU İBRAHİM,AY ENVER,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,OĞUZ ABDULLAH,ÜLGER BURAK VELİ (2014). PS 0731 Mean Platelet Volume Nekrotizan Pankreatitin Tanısında Yeni Bir Prediktör Faktör Olabilir mi . 19.Ulusal Cerrahi Kongresi.
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10. OĞUZ ABDULLAH,USLUKAYA ÖMER,ÜLGER BURAK VELİ,TÜRKOĞLU AHMET,BAHADIR MEHMET VEYSİ,BOZDAĞ ZÜBEYİR,BÖYÜK ABDULLAH (2014). PS 0586 Superior Mezenterik Arter Wilkie s Sendromu Dört Olgu Sunumu. 19.Ulusal Cerrahi Kongresi .
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2019-04-21T03:08:42Z
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https://www.medicalpark.com.tr/ahmet-turkoglu/d-9216
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2019-04-26T11:54:57Z
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http://zimmyszoo.com/book/ebook-The-Alpine-Journey-1998/
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Patrick (Domer) brought this up in another thread and I think it's interesting enough to discuss on its own. Numerous examples exist of paints, single-pigment colours and mixes, that don't mix quite as one would expect from casually looking at the basic appearance straight from the tube (the masstone or toptone). Most people who have used paint for a while will be familiar with this even if they don't realise it, we've all seen at some point a mixture that looks like another colour yet just doesn't behave the same way when brushed out thinly or mixed with other colours. The most common being mixtures compared to a single-pigment colour that looks the same.
There are a host of reasons for this effect I suspect but I think variations in opacity and undercolour are likely to be the two major factors. Another will be subtle a difference in their reflectance spectra - two colours can appear indistinguishable but actually have quite different reflectances, an effect called metamerism.
To get to specific examples, some of the simplest are tints; if we take a handful of colours and mix them with white we see there are some striking contrasts. Cobalt Blue mixes pretty 'linearly' with white, the tints basically following a straight line (i.e. the hue doesn't alter) as you add more white. Phthalo Blue GS on the other hand has a distinctly cyan undercolour and this shows up in its tints as well, so as you add white the hue shifts noticeably in the direction of cyan. Another difference between these two is that the tints of Cobalt Blue are relatively dull, while those of Phthalo Blue GS are much more vivid, the phthalo colours being members of a rare group of paints where the chroma increases as you add white (up to a certain point) and consequently remains higher for a given value. To pick two colours that look very similar, a common colour used in Cadmium Red Hues is a naphthol red, PR112, and superficially it looks very close to a medium shade of Cad Red. But if you check the undercolours you can see that Cadmium Red's looks much like its masstone (sometimes shows a small move to orange), while PR112 shifts in the direction of magenta; when you add white the difference is more obvious, Cadmium Red's tints keeping to about the same hue, PR112's markedly more magenta. As with the previous example the tints of the first colour are relatively dull, while those of the latter are noticeably higher in chroma. See note*.
Another one I'd like to mention here is something Bill (WFMartin) has mentioned a couple of times, the unusual tint he observed in his Grumbacher Cadmium Orange, which were noticeably pink (instead of the roughly salmon-through-to-peach colours one would expect). At the time he mentioned this first I had one Cadmium Orange - a middle orange in comparison to the more red-orange of the Grumbacher colour - and it didn't share this characteristic, which just goes to show how variable a given colour can be on more than one level. I have a Perinone Orange in acrylics now and when I was testing it I found its tints are very evidently pinker and pinker as you add more white, so the effect is not isolated to just Cad Orange either.
Any of us can examine this sort of thing by just picking a tube colour that one could mix from others - e.g. Cobalt Blue, Cerulean Blue, the siennas, Chromium Oxide Green. When you have a good match compare the imitation with the real thing in tints and mixtures with other colours - add yellows to the blues to compare their mixed greens for instance. Bill mentioned this in relation to testing his mixed imitation with Cadmium Orange itself and their completely different tints.
As Patrick mentioned in the other thread the most common class of mixtures that don't follow a straight line between the two starting colours are greens - if you plot the positions of the yellow and blue accurately on a colour wheel and draw a line between them it's instantly obvious that what you actually get is very different. Another type of colour pairing that doesn't follow a straight line when plotted in this way are certain complementary pairs; there are many colours that mix good neutrals with another that is not even remotely opposite in hue. Probably the earliest example of this I learned (with no idea of the significance) is very simple and clear illustrates the principle - the very different earths that mix adequate neutrals with a number of different blues.
*In case it escaped notice, the examples in this paragraph are clear illustrations of the fallacy that adding white always cools - while it's very obvious that tints of the naphthol red mentioned are 'cooler', you can see that at best it's an oversimplification by just comparing the tints of a very similar starting colour. But a complete disproof is also right there - cyan is 'warmer' than blue, hence the tints of Phthalo Blue GS are warmer than the starting colour! So it's actually a little more accurate to say that white cools warms colours and warms cool colours as a general rule of thumb, but there are exceptions, as there are to most 'rules' in colour mixing.
It is unfortunate that such an obvious truth can become a hot potato at WC.
One of the craziest unpredictable colors I have used is Green Gold Azomethine (PY129). It appears green in masstone but when you mix it with reds you get some nice oranges. Then if you mix it with a cool yellow you get a nice light lime green. It's a great mixing color that gives all kinds of unique hues.
You make some excellent points here, and I certainly agree with your assessment of this phenomenon, that occurs when mixing colors, or white with colors.
From purely an academic standpoint, I'd sometime like to find explanations for some of those overtone phenomena, for no other reason than to satisfy my own curiosity regarding just why that happens.
Perhaps, then, the results could be made to be a little more predictable, and therefore a bit more "teachable" with it comes to explaining just what to expect, and why, to beginners. For now, all I can ever explain to others is that it happens, and is quite unpredictable regarding in what direction the hue will swing when mixed with white.
Me too. The physical traits that affect it - pigment particle size(s), transparency and undercolour/masstone differences I think are almost certainly the factors of note - and these can be so variable, along with any differences that might pertain to diff. media, I suspect we'll never get to an absolutely concrete understanding except with specific paints from a specific maker. Thank goodness the bulk of paint mixes are a little more consistent eh?
Yep, know just what you mean :) For now at least we can use the tried-and-trusted approach of passing on the oddballs we know from practical experience and from reading but the variability of the same colour from one paint to another makes this one of those things I suspect will have to remain in the "this may happen..." category!
Cerulean blue has a sharp peak at the far red end. Does this mean that it is surprisingly good (considering it's somewhat dull colour) at mixing violets with magenta or rose?
They don't have PB35...maybe it's the 'regular' cerulean blue.
I don't know about cerulean, but cobalt blue also has a peak at the red end, and it makes gorgeous violets with quinacridone rose. In fact, I'm almost certain it makes higher chroma violets than ultramarine blue. I suppose this is sort of paradoxical, since ultramarine is closer to rose on the color wheel.
1) one with maximum reflectance at the far violet end and nowhere else?
The first would be more spectrally pure but very dark. The second would be less spectrally pure but lighter...probably easier to see its violet colour. Which one would be higher chroma?
I'm not sure about the answer in the abstract (and perhaps it depends somewhat on what you plan to do with your single pigment), but since I had various violets in my initial eBay purchase, I read Handprint.com carefully on this specific hue before giving away my "extras": Dioxazine (Winsor violet) was a more definite, brighter, purer color than the ultramarines and others.
I have Golden Cerulean Blue deep, which I think is darker than the normal pigment. I also have the Michael Harding Cerulean Blue, which is PB35 and this is lighter. I prefer the lighter pigment as it seems preferable not to have to mix with white, or at least keep that to a minimum.
Einion, I'm not sure where to post this, but thought here rather than resurrect an old thread. I took your advice and bought the Trans red Oxide. It is a nice clean mixer as would be expected, good for grounds, and the surprise it makes a very deep, solid black with Ultramarine. Although we might expect the black, I guess the strength of the pigment gives it extra measure.
I've also bought Magneta and Unbleached Titanium Oxide. An experiment with the Magenta and Yellow Ochre proved the usefulness of that combination for flesh tones. I was always pleased with Unbleached Titanium using Golden Acrylics, especially for flesh tones. Genuine Naples Yellow Light is an unexpected pleasure straight from the tube being so light, it also makes very intense light colours without any white.
I have Michael Harding oils, except for the Cobalt Blue and Napthol Red, which are Old Holland.
Einion, I'm not sure where to post this, but thought here rather than resurrect an old thread. I took your advice and bought the Trans red Oxide. It is a nice clean mixer as would be expected, good for grounds, and the surprise it makes a very deep, solid black with Ultramarine.
That must be a delicious black / near-black...probably much like the kitty in your signature.
It is delicious and with a small amount of turps like black acrylic ink. What did surprise me was the opacity and covering power from two transparent pigments.
Yes, as I noted in an earlier Watercolor forum thread, combining granular (or flocculating) pigments cuts down considerably on the transparency of mixtures made from them. Ultramarine and your oxide (I assume that's what some manufacturers use to make some earth colors -- granular ones) would therefore, both being granular, produce quite an opaque mix even though individually they are seen as transparent.
Yes, that would seem to make sense, although I think you'd find that opaque Red Oxide makes for a rather less black. I could try that with acrylics. However, the Trans Red Oxide very often makes a mix which is too black for practical use. BTW I'm using high pigment loaded paints, both oil and acrylics.
i've noticed that two bright colors, pthalo green and dioxazine purple, when mixed together give a lovely dull blackish-blue.
I've never tried it, but a nice and useful colour I bet. Who's ever tried mixing Chrome Green Oxide with Violet? Yuk!!!
I just stick to single pigments…but they come off with a little turps.
Who's ever tried mixing Chrome Green Oxide with Violet? Yuk!!!
I've never had chromium oxide green, but when I need a greyish blue, my favorite method is to mix a violet with a green. (I much prefer this to taking a blue and greying it down with it's complement). Adding white to the mix reveals the beautiful smokey blue.
I sometimes think of the colors I use as opaque vs transparent.
Opaques seem to almost always mix in a linear way, whereas the more transparent a colors have different shifting undertones.
I bought a half pint once of Payne's gray from a certain manufacturer, and it seemed to me not to be a true Payne's, but was just a mix of dioxazine and pthalo green.
Are spectra available from paint manufacturers?
I'm sure that most of the big ones will have them as part and parcel of their internal testing procedures, at least a couple certainly do, but they are not routinely included in their publications and on their websites. Part of this may be because it is perceived that they would be of limited, if any, use to their customers and part could be due to protection of what they see as proprietary info. You can understand the reasoning in the second case, it wouldn't do to have it made obvious how similar certain colours are from one maker to another, even in what amounts to a superficial way.
Not that spectra alone will precisely predict how a substance will appear to shed photons when mixed with other substances.
That's correct. We've talked about this a few times over the past years and most of the regulars here agree that this is the case and there are some clear examples to support the idea if anyone were in doubt - the simplest being colours with uniform reflectance interacting with others in a way that doesn't appear to make sense.
Basically it comes down to paints being frequently unpredictable and they can be idiosyncratic in how they react in mixes with others, appear when brush out thinly/glazed etc.
About the fact that cerulean and phthalo blues make better purples than ultramarine does even though ultramarine is theoretically closer to crimson on the color wheel: if you take cyan and magenta and yellow as your primaries, rather than red, blue, and yellow, you'll realize why. Ultramarine is not a primary in an additive scheme, but phthalo is (or at least closer to one)--thus phthalo gives a cleaner, less neutralized mix.
The usual additive primaries are red, green, and blue. Cyan, magenta, and yellow are subtractive primaries.
Pthalo blue green shade is closer to a primary cyan than pthalo blue red shade. Therefore, according to your argument, pthalo blue gs should make better purples than pthalo blue rs. It doesn't work that way. It would also follow from your reasoning that magenta and yellow should give better oranges than, say, naphthol red and yellow, since magenta is a primary, not naphthol. I really think you are mistaken.
i think einion made a good overview of some of the phenomena. i posted an explanation in part under cunparis' thread on tints of orange, won't repeat it here.
in schema the problem comes down to this.
students need to start with the understanding that what they mix are substances, usually paints. "colors" are sensations in the mind that can be induced by paints viewed in normal situations, as by many other things in life. so by titling the thread "colours that give unexpected mixing results," einion has perpetuated rather than confronted the basic problem.
to martin's point about teaching: teach it. show them the difference in tinting strength between phthalo blue and ultramarine, then show them the difference in tinting strength across different brands of paint. same for oil index, etc. show them the difference between a tint produced by a white mixture and a tint produced by glazing over a white ground. explain all these things to them. show them the physical qualities of the materials they build with.
artists have somehow gotten snookered by the "color theory" lobby into teaching completely fatuous, bogus, meretricious, useless "color facts" to students who then flail around with material substances as if they were born blind, because they look only at the single quality of the substances that is least dependent on them: the interior skull buzzing we call "color."
they then erect arbitrary, ritualistic geometric icons as "ways to help students think about color," driving them ever farther into their interior skull buzzing and ever farther away from looking at what happens to paint.
anyway, back to the thread: what is "unexpected" about *paint* mixtures is that they don't conform to an expectation, and the best way to dispel the expectation is to get in there and mix. so the final piece here is just teaching students to mix and paint, mix and paint, and let the experience take care of the misconceptions.
what is unexpected about *color* mixtures is that anyone would believe you could draw a circle, make a triangle inside it, and with this dumbed down color icon explain the multidimensional, multicontextual, vibrant, complex and substance dependent process of mixing paints.
it's amazing how a completely useless "primary" color dogma has usurped a completely simple color wheel rule: all else equal, the farther apart two paints are on the color wheel, the duller their mixture will be.
it doesn't matter which two paints, or where they are on the color wheel.
forget primary colors. just forget them. they don't exist, and never did. they are completely useless ideas.
just read the color wheel like a clock face, and count the numbers between cyan and magenta. ok, now count the numbers between ultramarine and magenta. which two paints are closer together?
ok, well, mix the two pairs of paints and compare the results. what do you see?
if students were taught in this way for one week, they would have one opinion about color theory: "why bother"?
Hey Bruce, good to see your posts.
While this is true I do think there's a place for primary colour as a basic idea for painters. I know it's all to easy to get drawn down a path that leads to nothing very useful but from discussing colour ideas and mixing over the years here and elsewhere I can see the benefit to many people in having them as cornerstones in a working palette. As well as this the different gamuts of various choices are interesting and can make for some good work from those who can handle the mixing chore.
.....I do think there's a place for primary colour as a basic idea for painters.
Even Bruce uses the "p" word a lot at the Handprint site ;) , but he has a tendency to enclose it in parentheses, which I suppose serves to distinguish his usage of the term from the common misconceptions.
It seems to me that color theory has been quite useful to me -- but I've learned to add in dimensions other than hue as my 'theory' becomes more sophisticated. I say this because my 'complete' palette consists of about 21 colors/pigment mixtures (things in tubes) at this point -- without any theory to guide me, experiencing what's possible could take up all the time I have available!
So, as a w/c painter, I understand hue (chroma, value, etc.), but also learn the characteristics of my pigments (transparency, granulation, tinting strength). From these characteristics, I am able to predict quite well what will happen if I mix certain colors. Then, if I'm planning a palette I haven't used previously (which, btw, usually consists of about 4 colors, but varies between 2 and 7), I do usually make color squares first -- but only for any combinations that happen to be 'new' to me.
If I only had experience to guide me, I hate to think how 'at sea' I would be in trying to put together a palette to achieve certain effects!
So, if someone were teaching me about color (if I went to art school or had a tutor), I would want to be shown a decent 3-dimensional model, just to get the basics (not more than an hour on that!), then I would want to be told which characteristics of pigments were also relevant (another hour or two) with how these affect mixing. Finally, maybe give out a list of pigments with varying characteristics and have me experience for myself how it all works.
But don't give me no theory at all! :( As a tech writer, I learned that 'narrative structure' helps even for the driest material -- it seems to give humans a hook-structure from which to hang facts. Cognitive theorists would phrase it differently, to do with chunking and other memory strategies, I think.
If you mix burnt umber with Pthalo blue, you get the most gorgeous inky green/blue (indigo), it's very very nice..
I get brown or very deep neutral when mixing with ultramarine, so i didn't expect this lovely reSULT!
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2019-04-25T02:33:59Z
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http://www.wetcanvas.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-233460.html
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PALM BAY, Florida - Four candidates have currently filed to run for the Brevard School Board, District 5 (which encompasses parts of Melbourne and Palm Bay). Brevard Times submitted the same four questions to each candidate – with a 150-word limit for each answer. Incumbent Andy Ziegler replied after the deadline that he did not receive the email request due to SPAM issues. The election will be held on August 26, 2014.
Denise Coyle - At this time, it is difficult to support this referendum as this is a double-edged sword. We cannot afford to ignore the underlying issues. Issue one is to “trust” that BPS will perform in a fiscally responsible manner. Issue two is, “Haven’t we been taxed enough?” BPS need to change the message and develop a new structure that is more transparent and accountable to the taxpayers by providing them with the benefits of passing this sales tax rather than highlighting the punishments if not passed. I propose that an independent critical needs committee evaluate the needs of every school, along with an independent oversight board to ensure that these needs are being met and that the money is being spent on priorities, capital repair and maintenance rather than on capital additions and wants. It is then that you will have a YES vote. Students, teachers and schools must be our priority.
Dale Davis - No I do not support the Half-Cent sales, surtax. Why not?
First: Duration. The ballot language will be required very soon. I heard Superintendent Dr. Binggeli while at a forum quote six to ten years of surtax. That is not defined. Wildly guessing from $210 to $350 million, shows no planning.
Secondly: Accountability. With deferred projects totaling and estimated $105-134 million, why are they asking for two, three times what is needed to rectify past capital projects? I could support a three year half-cent tax only if we had a blue ribbon citizens advisory committee, and publicly accounted line item spending of each dollar given by Brevard County taxpayers.
Thirdly: Lack of vision. There was no plan, there is no plan. We are back to budget levels prior to the 2004-2007 bubble. We do not have a revenue problem, we continue to have a spending and planning problem.
Dean Paterakis - Absolutely not! I do not like our taxes spent frivolously. Our schools continue to misspend millions of our tax-dollars. Why would I, or anyone, want to give the board members more money to waste? How can our schools justify principals and administrators having salaries over $107,000 and then give several of them over $500,000 each just because they had worked for the school board? How can the board justify giving a no-bid contract for $8 million when they supposedly don’t have money. Why isn’t anyone prosecuted when there is an investigation done and found that the facilities department misspent over $3 million in no-bid contracts to friends and family? Why do we continue to employ the CFO that put us in this mess to begin with? No, I am not supporting a ½ cent sales tax until the senior staff is held accountable for these actions.
Coyle - BPS needs a list of cuts that addresses past errors without compromising our future. Developing concrete strategies with these budget cuts that benefit our students, teachers, and schools is necessary. Rather than placing 10 Campus Monitor Positions on the list to save $247,000, an alternative is to eliminate the excess in allocated Assistant Principals/Deans positions as BPS is overstaffed. This creates a larger savings, thus narrowing this list.
Davis - Absolutely. Once again the top heavy Administration wants too many cuts to school related budgetary items that would affect our kids, teachers, and school staff. Honestly, our State legislature should reinstate the PECO dollars, and give us back one of the quarter mills taken from the capital budget.
Our State Constitution requires and mandates we have class size limits. It also states in Article IX Section 1a. that it is a paramount duty of the State to provide a high education, a free education, and one that is safe, secure, and efficient.
By law the STATE must provide for maintenance and operations of established schooling within its boundary's. Priorities I would change would even out the required cuts at roll back levels, to include the top heavy Administration operations budget, and minimize cuts to school administrations, staffs, and programs for the kids.
Paterakis - Yes, I would. This list is more of a manipulation list, than a priority list. “Give us more money, or else!” Our school leaders’ cuts cause children and families to suffer but have not made any sacrifices themselves. I have been a proponent of cutting the fat at the top. I have been to the community forums and have asked Dr. Binggeli tough questions. I specifically asked him to provide the names, positions, and salaries of the cuts he made at the top publicly at these forums in February. It is now the end of April and he has yet to produce evidence of any cuts at the top. Senior staff members continue to give themselves raises to the tune of 15%+ increasing individual salaries by $15,000 while teachers pay scales are frozen this greatly concerns me.
Coyle - Often, the most cost-effective solution is internal management reform rather than outsourcing. My concerns - Will this cause a reduction in pay for some of our citizens? Will it put community members out of work? How will this affect our economy?
Sports are just as important as the arts and music programs. School-based sports programs can bring out noticeable positive reactions and behaviors in teens with unlimited benefits. Many of our students depend on sports for scholarships. We will save $400,000, but how much could we save if district staff drove their own cars, or board members paid for their own benefits?
No school should be closed unless there is substantial data to support it, and yes; any school set for closure should be made public. Those who it will affect (students, teachers, staff, parents, community) have a right to know, prepare, and make decisions that will affect their future.
Davis - I have addressed minimizing cuts to the capital budget, schools, staff, including custodial. As for pay to play, I say, no way! If elected, I will not vote to keep cutting programs intended for the excellence of kids being, and staying in school, so the District Administration can keep padding the Operations budget.
No, I do not agree. One, that three votes on that dais decide what gets implanted". Two, I have addressed the priority's in my campaign, kids first, then our teachers, then taxpayers and parents.
We are compelled to educate our children, with the best schools, Principals, Teachers, and staff. The efficiency thereof has top priority, then we can talk District Administration and Operations.
Lastly, if elected, my school closure list is right here ".............." for everyone to see. No school closures, period.
Paterakis - Again, let’s not be fooled. The schools must not be hurting for money if they continue to misspend our money. If they can vote to spend $8 million on an unnecessary NO-BID program then obviously they have extra money. When senior staff continue to collect six-digit salaries and get another $ ½ million on top of that then it is hard to convince me that school closures, outsourcing of custodial services, and pay-to-play is needed. If you want to be misled then listen to the school leaders who continue to misinform the public. I never agreed with these priorities. We need to hold those accountable for the misspending of our tax-dollars. Until they fire and prosecute these overpaid-incompetent administrators I will not trust them with any more money. Citizens shouldn’t be manipulated by these so-called school leaders who use our children’s schools as ransom for their own agenda.
Coyle - Students need to develop critical thinking skills so that they can apply, analyze and evaluate. Critical thinking is significant in the learning process whereby the learner builds on a basic idea and eventually develops problem-solving skills. This will serve them well, not only in their academic career but in their chosen career field and in life. It is unfortunate that current Florida State Standards will not help students achieve this goal. Standards should be developmentally appropriate for each grade level. Those standards should also be developed based on research and implemented so that students can be active learners in the classroom and become productive members of society. Implementation of these standards should also include proper teacher evaluations, responsible school funding and school calendar requirements so that these goals can be met.
Davis - I have a very low opinion of Common Core lite. The Florida Standards through A.I.R.* is little more than a shrunken pea under a new shell.
One: Since the elimination of PARCC, the State DOE has forgotten to replace the testing. As of yet, we have no test. We've had to "lease" testing from another State to fill the void.
Two: I am against teachers PGP's and benchmark protocols. Our teachers should be able to teach. This is their profession, they love what they do, and we've had the top teachers in the Nation right here. I trust they know how to do their jobs. We don't need to teach robots. Let kids excel. Don't hold one back, because another is having difficulties. Allow the teachers the time to help each student help themselves, not promote a cookie cutter education.
Paterakis - What a waste of millions of taxpayers’ dollars. This is just a marketing technique, only a repackaging of old standards that will do very little to improve education. It gives the perception that politicians are improving education, but they are really harming it. Now it will be harder for teachers to focus on the child’s unique gifts and will create a hostile learning environment. If we truly want to improve education then we need to put the very best teachers in the classroom and allow them to teach and exploit the gifts that each child has. Instead trying to make children’s education common, it should focus on making children extraordinary. It saddens me to see what the profession of teaching has become. I just hope I can get on the school board to help stop the insanity and help the teaching profession get back to being respected and effective.
Looks like a sad bunch of Republicans with no ideas; no workable policies; and filled with disinformation and hate. Too bad for the schools and the District's students.
Couldn't have said it better. Did you notice how one of these Teabaggers couldn't help but insert 'Obamacare' into his answer. Truly pathetic, but leave it to the Brevard voters....he'll probably win.
Please do not judge Republicans by Dale Davis. He is in a class of his own. We don't want him either.
I would like the question of curriculum and standards to be addressed by all candidates in all areas. Currently we are "toughening" up the standards to CCSS levels and crushing our youngest children with them. I would like every single candidate to think of what was required of them when they were Kindergarten and 1st grade students, then talk to any parent of a child in those grade levels. What we are doing to our youngest children in the system is horrendous. Yet every candidate running for office is likely unaware of what is expected of 5 and 6 yr olds. The county has wasted millions of dollars over the years for garbage curriculum that often sits on a shelf in the classroom, while teacher use other resources. Let's address that issue and save some money. As for the standards for K children, they must leave K reading 55 sight words and a level 4 reading book. And it can't be just 55 words; they are specific words that some expert chose to indicate the child is a reader, but in the meantime, many truly cannot read as we are committed to whole word curriculum that does not work for many children especially boys.
I am very much aware of what is expected with the new standards with or students and even more aware as I get out into the community and speak with parents and teachers. I actually came on here to post a letter that was sent along from a teacher ( one of many) that hopefully will shed some light on this issue! Looks like a sad bunch of Republicans with no ideas; no workable policies; and filled with disinformation and hate. Too bad for the schools and the District's students.
He looked at me with sadness and confusion. “I don’t know what to do, Mrs. _________,” he said with frustration that was bringing him to tears. “It says to read this but I don’t know these words.” And his head went down and he looked away. He couldn’t bear to look at the screen that glared at him with a passage of nearly twenty words. As I comforted him with encouragement to continue and do the best that he could, I knew he was defeated and I didn’t do anything to help him.
This is a kindergarten student who reads regularly in class. A student who writes complete sentences often with ending punctuation and capitalization. A student who can re-tell a story with explicit detail and accurate sequence of events. This six year old and his classmates have been tested for now the fifth time with our district’s literacy assessment and evaluation tool and it has succeeded in not only providing “data” on his growth in literacy and numeracy but it has taught him that he can’t count on his teacher to help him when he needed me the most. I am ashamed of myself.
Remember this is a six year old. This is a child saying, “I don’t understand. Help me.” Teaching and learning is about helping. It is about trust. What we are doing in the name of “accountability” and “data driven” education is harming our students. I’ve been aware of it for some time but I lived it today. I can't do this to my students. It is not who I am as a teacher or a person."
Seeing the above responses is frightening. This is not abouy reps or dems. This is about the education of our young people. The examples you are showing them via these ridiculous discussions helps nothing. Seems to me the ENTIRE system stinks.
Stick a fork in him.....he's done.
This is what happens when socialists get control of organizational management.
Pretty sure Denise Coyle has been trespassed from two Brevard schools in her time for various reasons, mostly having to do with harassing teachers and admin alike. Paterakis is a failed teacher substitute teacher. Both are riding the coat tails of the anger against the board for failing to foresee that the tax base would drop out from under them in 2008, like most of Palm Bay did as well if you notice the foreclosure rate.
Dear Anonymous, They have tried to trespass me; in fact just again recently 4 months ago when Andrea Alford showed up at my door! That being said, I am pleased that her position will be replaced by the BCSO. As for you comment to harassing teachers and Administration, call it what you want. When it comes to the protection of students I will fight, I will speak out and I will demand accountability! Threats of banning me from campus, or performing illegal searches of my purse at a Board Meeting will not keep me from being an advocate for my child or any other child that has been abused in our schools!
I actually think it is about time that people speak up for what they believe in…... There are many issues that need to be addressed at BPS, but many people have kept silent. It is about our children and I for one believe it is our obligation as a community to stand up for them. New leadership is needed ….. someone who is willing to PUT our students first and not just wave a banner about it. I think Mrs. Coyle will bring the student focus back to our school board. The incumbent , Mr. Ziegler, in recent statements about NOT letting the public know about possible school closures has proven once again that HE does not represent the students and community. My guess is that they are considering a PALM BAY closure and he is playing politics….. He answers to no one and that has got to stop ! He may have the support of those that do not know all the issues and simply fall for his political expertise…. but do we really want our district to continue on this downward spiral. I plan on giving my vote to someone new ….. Mrs. Coyle is my pick for seat 5.
Thank you, I truly appreciate your comment, your support and your vote.
Mr. Davis knows no boundaries. He is vulgar, rude and a racist. While the race card, in my opinion, is being overplayed in many cases, racism in its true form is in the heart of Dale Davis. Dale attacks anyone who has the slightest deviation from his position. He is cruel and frankly mentally ill. He needs anger management therapy.
Denise ... is that you? Sounds just like your terminology!
I have seen both Coyle and Paterakis in action. I would be very concerned of either were elected. Both are bullies who scream, curse and bluster in an effort to get their way (a little like children). They appear to have little ability (or willingness) to act in a professional matter. Bill Mick even said "He was rude, demeaning and, honestly, frustrating. He is not elected official material. It actually got to the point where I am likely to not cover the school board race unless someone competent steps up to challenge Andy Ziegler. Why would I subject my audience and myself to more of this?" In fact Paterakis wants to be elected to the board so bad he moves every two years so that he will be eligible to run, a practice that is just a little dishonest. While I am no fan of Ziegler and know nothing about Davis, I know that if either Coyle or Paterakis were elected to the board this school system would only suffer and the board would become mired in political retributions.
I totally agree with you on this one. I know Denise Coyle and SHE IS A BULLY!!!! She has the dirtiest mouth in the history of humans! Has anyone even done a background check on her? Several battery charges against her! She is more interested in having kids for friends than she is in actually helping and guiding them. Anyone would be better than that woman! Do your homework!
I am sure that people who give knowledge to young generation are not ordinary ones. There are some that have a sparkle inside and they feel that it is their mission to teach, so they get real pleasure and fantastic results. The don`t only give the information they help to reveal talents that each child has and to help them to see that they can create outstanding things (look for outstanding written papers here pro thesis help ) Such teachers and leaders can not be found in every school or other educational establishment. And we have to beleive we will get such ones.
I did research on these three candidates and I tell you Denise Coyle, she is a hoot! In the past this woman conspired with Ronda Sweet and were accused of cyber bulling, were noted for civil violations specially to make the CEO of USA Taekwando David Akinas an innocent life hellish. She also in the past pretended to be a lawyer and defended a Ms Mandy Meloon and my Gosh. Mandy Melon among other things was accused of publishing on her website, materials of pornographic nature she wrongfully associated with USAT. She defended a woman who made disparaging sexual references to CEO Askinas such as, "Davey do! You can Monitor my nutts on your chins." I think Denise Coyle worked together with Mandy to make USAT life hell. She is not getting my vote!!!
Rất mong các bạn ủng hộ dịch vụ vận chuyển đi Đà Nẵng của công ty Shuttle Cargo chúng tôi nhé.
Thông điệp cậu đăng tải tôi cảm nhận có lý, chắc phải bookmark lại xem tiếp.
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Ngoài ra bên mình cũng chở thang máy gia đình nhập khẩu, thang may tai khach mitsubishi từ HCM để van chuyen hang hoa sang Campuchia, vận chuyển hàng hoá đi Lào hoặc vận chuyển hàng hoá Trung Quốc.
Có gì nhắn tin cho tui, cảm ơn bạn nhiều nhé.
1 số công nhân tại đơn vị Kim Quý đang khiến công tác nhúng trái sầu riêng vào hóa chất ép chín trái cây thì bị chóng mặt, mẩn ngứa, cay mắt, nôn ói.
Sau lúc công an thị xã can thiệp thì chủ hạ tầng mới cho đoàn liên ngành nghề vào. đồng thời, điều khó hiểu là lúc địa chỉ với những người bị dị ứng hoa chat PAC xu ly nuoc thì họ đều chối từ xúc tiếp.
Về lý do tại sao phải tiêu dùng hóa chất ép chín trái cây, ông Luận đề cập do trái cây ko cộng chín 1 lúc nên phải sử dụng thuốc để cho trái chín đều, đẹp.
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2019-04-19T12:56:31Z
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http://cp.opinion.brevardtimes.com/2014/04/first-look-school-board-district-5.html
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This week, I am featuring Amina Altai about mindful eating and more on the challenges of eating well and healthy living.
Amina’s Bio: Wellness expert and business advisor, Amina Altai knows what it means to be a millennial on the move! She began her marketing career at Cartier and Vera Wang, then co-founded her own marketing agency and worked with clients such as Samsung and Mercedes Benz Fashion Week, and later led the marketing teams of wellness leaders BLiss and Spafinder Wellness. She was balancing an incredible business adn an enviable career! She was also making herself terribly sick.
In 2009, when the stress of her “hustle and grind” lifestyle led Amina to be diagnosed with two autoimmune disease, she began to search for solutions for her own wellness, and discovered that she was not alone when it came to sacrificing self for success. After studying nutrition at IIN, fitness through NCCPT and Mindfulness Training under Charlie Knoes to get herself healthy, she decide to combine her 12 years of marketing strategy experience with her wellness training to teach other entrepreneurs and brands to create healthy businesses that they thrive in!
This mini course covers so many things, including how to figure out and deal with your biggest stressors. There are even guided meditations and worksheets included so that participants can really incorporate those changes into their lives.
Mathea Ford: [00:00:00] Hi there. It’s Mathea. Welcome back to the Nutrition Experts Podcast. The podcast featuring nutrition experts who are leading the way using foods starts today right now with our next guest. It’s great to have Amina Altai on the show today. Amina, welcome to Nutrition Experts. I’m excited to have you on the show and share your expertise with my tribe.Amina Altai: [00:00:26] Hi Mathea! Thank you so much for having me. It’s such an honor to be here and an honor to share my expertise.
Mathea Ford: [00:00:33] Great! So, we were talking and you tell me that you’ve kind of done some research in nutrition, done a little bit studying, kind of an all around, different focuses but mainly towards Integrative Nutrition. What is it about food that most people are missing that causes some issues or problems?
Mathea Ford: [00:02:23] A really great observation. Thinking through like [you know] I sometimes have ideas about food even of the dietician just little words that come into my brain when I’m eating something that I know with said to me as a child. For example, potatoes will make you fat! I mean that seems like a strange thing but I specifically remember being told that and so that comes into my mind and potatoes are [you know] they can do different things but the food in of itself is not bad. So [it’s] it’s just funny because that is something that most of the time were probably not even conscious of. So, what are some of those things that we can do to kind of do better with that?
Amina Altai: [00:03:16] Yeah that’s a great question and I love that anecdote that is shared and that so many of us right. So we’re programmed from a young age to think that certain foods are acceptable and certain foods are bad or what have you have or they’ve been labeled and we internalize that and that becomes our thinking and the way we move through life and through every meal. One of the biggest things that I can recommend is really being mindful at every meal. I do a lot of corporate wellness work and two weeks ago I lead a mindful eating lunch for one of my clients. And it was really an opportunity for us to get really present with what we put on the plate and how food even tastes for us and what was so interesting was you know I had basically participants [you know] you know plate themselves some food in them. I walked them through a process of eating mindfully and everything from the way we put the food in our mouth to the way that we chew, how much we chew, when we swallow. And by far and away the biggest comment that I got afterwards was most people put things on their plate that they don’t enjoy because they think that they should eat it. And it’s so interesting even if it’s you know something healthy and they think “OK, let me in abundance of spinach.” Well. Actually I don’t like spinach at all but I really like arugula. But we were not conscious enough.
Amina Altai: [00:04:26] We don’t take enough time and really spend time with our food to ingest it and assimilate with it and chew it properly to really understand what it is we need and what we like even.
Mathea Ford: [00:04:36] So what do you think is at the core of that dissatisfaction. I mean is it something that we learn as a child or is it somehow that we… Cause I know, we spend most of our life distracted. So, how does that play into this or affect it?
Amina Altai: [00:04:57] Yeah I think that’s a great question and I think it’s really two-fold. I think it’s that lack of consciousness so we’re moving through life so fast we often don’t take time to think and really choose and be present in the moment. And then I think it’s that programming too. So those two combined it’s like well, as a child I always ate this and I was told lthat this was good. I’m not present right now, et me just do this. But if we stop for a moment and we check in with ourselves and we say “OK, am I really hungry? Do I actually want to eat this? Is this what my body needs?” It’s a very different experience than just moving through life on autopilot. What’s interesting too is you know the amount of food we eat is really [has] has implications for that consciousness piece if we’re not really checking in with our bodies and saying “Am I really hungry? Is this what I really need?” We tend to overeat, right? We just sort of eat what’s on our plate or what’s been put in front of us.
Amina Altai: [00:05:44] So I think the being present and aware and sort of overcoming that programming are two pieces to really pay attention to.
Mathea Ford: [00:05:54] So what are some you know like I said “oh I have this voice in my head like hey that will make you fat!” So, what are some typical blocs or issues that people have regarding food or nutrition, like what are some common things you come up and here over and over?
Amina Altai: [00:06:13] Yeah, I think one is that [you know] fat is bad. That’s a really common one and of course there are good fats and there are bad fats. It’s about finding the right ones and working them into your diet. And then with people that have adhered to a particular way of eating for a long period of time, a lot of the times they think [that] that eating can’t be joyful or that healthy eating can’t be joyful. So you know for example, I have two autoimmune diseases – I have celiac disease and they have Hashimoto’s – and I have to eat in a particular way to support those two diseases. And along the way and along my journey I’ve found ways to incorporate little fun into those particular diets. But one of the things that I do encounter is that [you know] if somebody is on the autoimmune protocol for example or is eating gluten free or you know a Ketogenic diet, they think that it can’t be fun and it can’t be joyful but sort of being present and finding ways to get creative and bring joy back into that experience. It can be done for sure. I think it’s just reframing our thinking and again getting present and finding new and exciting ways to embrace the challenge.
Mathea Ford: [00:07:17] So that just plays right into my next question because you’re making a think what steps can people take to get out of a rut in their health or in what they’re doing.
Amina Altai: [00:07:28] Yeah! Another really great question Mathea. [You know] one of the interesting things is that most people come to me when they’ve already had, they’ve taken a hit for example like maybe they’ve taken a health hit [you know] where maybe their cholesterol has gone up or they’re not feeling very well or they’re super lethargic or they’ve taken a career hit let’s say where they can’t show up for their big and juicy job and career and they need someone to kind of infuse new life into their wellness routine. And so, I would love it if people would come to me before that point right because it’s a little you don’t want to see people experience tough times or pain or what have you. So, you know if people can get conscious and aware you know and just check in with their bodies every day you know meditation is such a powerful tool. And even just a simple body scan noticing if there’s places you’re holding tension or discomfort. [You know] places where you need to be kinder to yourself or take care of yourself a little bit more. We wouldn’t get to that point of burnout we wouldn’t take that big hit first so that would be I mean my biggest wish is that people come to me before that big hit. But I think one of the best things that we can do is and I keep saying this over and over again but it really does bring consciousness and awareness to the way that we move through our days.
Amina Altai: [00:08:46] So a lot of us start the day, we fly out of bed [you know] maybe we hit snooze on the alarm and [you know] we don’t really take time for ourselves and our morning routines are hurried. But what if we designed a morning routine that really supported our health and wellness. [You know] we get up at a certain time and instead of just having coffee on an empty stomach maybe we make ourselves a beautiful breakfast the night before. [You know] maybe we take some time to dry brush our skin and use some great body oils and really just like honor our bodies and take care of them and just be really aware about what we’re putting in and on our bodies and approaching every meal the same way you know not just grabbing what’s most convenient on the way to the office but really thinking ahead and designing something that’s going to support you in your highest potential.
Mathea Ford: [00:09:31] So what created your interest in this topic, Awareness of mindfulness and Nutrition and what kind of sparked your interest and wanting to know more about it?
Amina Altai: [00:09:45] Yeah I’m exactly the client I needed myself 10 years ago. So, I had a really crazy marketing career. I had my own agency for about seven years and I was working 80 hour weeks and I had no boundaries and I wasn’t taking care of myself whatsoever. I was skipping meals and [you know] fueling myself only with coffee, pulling all nighters. One too many unhealthy team outings, you name it. I was doing it and I was sabotaging my body in the process. And I eventually [you know] started to feel so sick I was. My memory was going, my hair was falling out and I was just so tired at one point I could barely lift myself off the sofa and I went to seven different doctors before I was diagnosed with the two auto immune diseases and Chronic Iron Deficiency Anemia. And at that point like I basically had no choice. It was you know eat healthy and take care of yourself, manage inflammation, manage these two diseases. Otherwise, you’re going to continue on this trajectory of feeling terrible and not being able to show up for the life that you really want. And that was a crossroads for me and the decision became very very clear. And at that point I felt like well my mission is to mitigate the learning curve for everybody else because we’re not taught how to take care of ourselves. We’re not taught how to eat. We’re not taught how to be conscious and mindful about designing what our bodies need. We don’t learn that in high school you know some people learn that in their families and that’s amazing. But it’s not necessarily something that we’re taught. But I think it you know desperately needs to be learned and that’s what I seek to teach. So, [you know] professionals or people that are entering the workforce they don’t have to [you know] have that crash and burn. I want to mitigate the learning curve for them so that they can take care of themselves and flourish because when we feel good so much more is available to us. Right? In terms of our families, our careers, who we are out in the world like when we feel good we shine so bright and then everything around us shines so bright.
Mathea Ford: [00:11:43] So what you mentioned [you know] I think that’s a great example of a crossroads. But when I think of my life like I know what to eat. I know better. But I have two children. I’m busy. I do lots of things. So how [you know] we have this hyperactive world. We live in this world where we’re constantly connected on our phones, where you know we come home and maybe you know you’re you want to disconnect from all that being connected so you can next to the TV or whatever. But I just I don’t. I need a little bit more about how I could because even I struggle with creating a meal plan for the family for the week. So, then I go to a grocery store and buy the right foods. Now if you don’t have them in your house and you don’t have them available. It’s hard to eat them. [You know] when you have no fruits and push hard to have a pizza food. So, what can’t people do [you know] I mean have that change? What sort of shift do they need to do in their life, in their day, in their plans whatever that would you know create that ability to improve this part?
Amina Altai: [00:13:05] Absolutely. So I think the first thing is reframing thinking and reframing the role of food in our lives. What is the role of food for you in this hypothetical. [You know] Is it a functional role? “I just need calories and I just need to maintain my blood sugar so I can move through the day.” Is it a joyful role?
Mathea Ford: [00:14:43] So this is something that your client had basically made a priority. There like I’m done being sick, tired, whatever else.
Amina Altai: [00:14:52] Totally! Totally and you know it also is [you know] how much of a priority can you make it right. So some people might be like I’m done being sick and tired and they’re like “Hey! I want to do this to 100 percent. I want to live my best life. I never want to feel sick etc.” And those are like my type A plus plus students. People that are like you know “Hey, I want to feel less crappy. I want to feel a little bit better. I can’t do everything to the letter of the law and I want to have fun and you know 80/20 or 70/30 feels good for me and that’s about doing the best with what we have and where we are. So it really depends on the client.
Mathea Ford: [00:15:28] I think you know on a good thing there like the 80/20 rule because you can totally change a small thing, just one thing and see that 80 percent improve.
Amina Altai: [00:15:41] 100 percent and it’s so interesting and astounding to see and of course everybody and their bodies and their biochemistry are so different. So [you know] the change that one person might make will be very different results than somebody else of course. But you know I had a client who simply gave up soda and lost 20 pounds and fell markedly different.
Amina Altai: [00:16:03] And then I’ve had clients that are you know for all intents and purposes have a really healthy BMI, they’re doing really well but they have maybe three to five stubborn pounds and that type of client generally has to work a little harder, do a little bit more to see more of a change because they’re already within [you know] a really really healthy space so it totally depends on the client. But yes even tiny changes like swapping soda for water you can see a big result.
Mathea Ford: [00:16:29] What would you say is next? Like what in this field that you work in, [you know] what’s kind of the next thing that are coming out?
Amina Altai: [00:16:39] What’s so interesting and I encountered this company last year. So, obviously in the world of nutrition and functional medicine, genetics are a big area of study as is the micro biome. [You know] with genetics basically 2 percent of our DNA is fixed. Ninety eight percent is expressed via environment and lifestyle. So you know you’ll see the emergence of a lot of genetic testing and you know giving people diet plans and healthy lifestyle plans based on that but they’re not specific enough because you don’t know, you know they say for example I have a gene for Alzheimer’s and so do you. But we don’t know if I will express mine at 40 and you’ll express yours at 80. We don’t know. Right? So, you know they’re giving us recommendations based on a what if. But there is an emerging field of study called MetabolomX which basically studies the metabolites our bodies produce. So based on the metabolites they can recommend a particular way of eating and moving and managing stress which is very very specific.
Amina Altai: [00:17:38] So it’s looking at our microbiomes and the metabolites produced by your specific microbiomes and it’s a snapshot and then they’ll give specific dietary recommendations so I think that you know the area is in or the the category in the market is getting really specific. It’s about nutrition and wellness advice that specific to me and my needs and it’s getting even more and more and more specific so I think gone are the days of the one size fits all this is good and this is bad. It’s really about what’s going to work for you and the current state of your body your microbiomes etc..
Mathea Ford: [00:18:13] Yeah I’ve seen some testing that people can do basically saliva, blood, whatever where it kind of tell you what allergies and what kind of foods your reacting to. And you can adjust those in your diet to see that reduction inflammation there [you know] affected change. So that’s awesome! I love that example!
Amina Altai: [00:18:38] Isn’t it exciting?
Mathea Ford: [00:18:40] That’s exciting! I mean, just to think how well we can measure on an individual level and make recommendations on an individual level or what you can do and it will make a difference.
Mathea Ford: [00:18:57] Not like you exercise more, eat this differently because people react to to foods differently.
Amina Altai: [00:19:04] 100 percent. 100 percent. And it also really democratizes health care at the same time, right? You have the emergence of a lot of these companies that are trading at home testing kits that are really specific to you and your body. And so instead of going to your healthcare provider and them giving you this really templated approach. We’re basically putting it in everybody’s hands which is amazing and so empowering I think. We’re more empowered to make healthy decisions now than ever.
Amina Altai: [00:19:28] And you know we know which foods to choose for our specific body and our needs states and our disease states. And I think it’s really empowering.
Mathea Ford: [00:19:38] That is great. I’m so excited about that. Who would you say is best suited kind of for this type of change? Who do you find is like your A plus plus student like what type of person is going to be best to adjust to these types of things?
Amina Altai: [00:20:00] Yeah. So I would say. My clients really kind of fall into two buckets. So it’s somebody who is potentially just being diagnosed with a particular disease – be it autoimmunity or IBD or what have you. And then somebody who is that type A that feels like [you know] they have last five pounds to lose and they really need some fine tuning because they haven’t been able to get it right themselves. So, they really fall into those two buckets. [You know] as I mentioned before, I do wish that we could get to some people before they got to those disease states. That’s my big juicy wish to the universe. But you know that’s that’s why a lot of people have a wakeup call right? Because we’re moving through life and we think things are fine. And what’s interesting is actually [you know] a lot of people think that certain things are normal and they’re not normal like the idea of [you know] not going to the bathroom every day, [you know] chronic constipation something like that. Most people live with it and think that it’s entirely normal and it’s not. So, [you know] a lot of people are going through life and they think they’re fine.
Amina Altai: [00:21:01] But until you make some changes and they feel really great they have no idea how it even feels to feel great which is such an interesting thing and I was the same way. I had gone through life feeling fine you know getting headaches every couple of days thinking that was totally normal and it wasn’t until I [you know] adjusted my approach to eating and movement and my whole approach to wellness and I was like “Whoa! This is actually what it feels like to feel well?” That’s very different than the way I’ve been living. So, [you know] I do wish we could get to people earlier on but you know we get to people when we get to them – when they’re ready for it.
Mathea Ford: [00:21:33] Yeah go ahead of the pan and how ready they are for it too.
Amina Altai: [00:21:36] Exactly. Exactly.
Mathea Ford: [00:21:38] So Amina, I have one more question for you. What is your favorite food?
Amina Altai: [00:21:45] So this is a tough one of them. Do I have to pick just one?
Mathea Ford: [00:21:50] No. Pick a couple.
Amina Altai: [00:21:51] OK. OK. So I think I basically live on a diet of Cruciferous vegetables and dark chocolate.
Mathea Ford: [00:21:59] So, I love the Cauliflower Rice is my absolute favorite it’s so versatile. Broccoli also so versatile. What I love about those two is that you can have them as whole vegetables or you can Rice them where you can even make your own pizza crust from them they’re so versatile and filling and full of nutrients and then dark chocolate because I do have a sweet tooth and if I’m going to have something sweet it’s also going to be something that has you know great health benefits so that’s where my dark chocolate comes in.
Amina Altai: [00:22:28] But I’m like I can’t go a week without it.
Amina Altai: [00:22:48] So versatile. I agree. I actually recently made a Cauliflower Paella and that was I think hands down one of my favorite dishes so instead of using Rice like you would in a traditional Paella, I used the cauliflower rice and oh my gosh the way that it picks up the flavors of the saffron are just incredible. I think it was better than traditional Paella. Don’t tell any of my Spanish friends.
Mathea Ford: [00:23:12] Well just our little secret number nobody’s listening. OK so thanks Amina for being on the podcast today. I have so enjoyed talking to you. Is there anywhere that people can find you? How can the you know learn more about you and what you do?
Amina Altai: [00:23:29] Yes absolutely! Mathea thank you so much for having me today. It has been so much fun. You can learn more about me by going to aminaaltai.com. That’s A-M-I-N-A-A-L-T-A-I.com. And I also have a little gift, a little give away. That is all about helping people get unstuck in their daily lives and in their businesses and you know feeling well in their businesses and getunstuck.aminaaltai.com. So if you want to check that out that’s my little goody bag for you guys.
Mathea Ford: [00:23:58] OK I’ll put that in the show notes for everybody to be able to click on and go over there and get more information about you.
Mathea Ford: [00:24:06] Alright. Thanks Aamina!
Amina Altai: [00:24:08] Thanks so much Mathea. It’s been such an honor.
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2019-04-18T13:09:30Z
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https://www.nutritionexpertspodcast.com/nutrition-experts-podcast-episode-02-mindfulness-and-embracing-the-challenges-of-eating-with-amina-altai/
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The telephone company, at police request, installed at its central offices a pen register to record the numbers dialed from the telephone at petitioner's home. Prior to his robbery trial, petitioner moved to suppress "all fruits derived from" the pen register. The Maryland trial court denied this motion, holding that the warrantless installation of the pen register did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Petitioner was convicted, and the Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed.
The installation and use of the pen register was not a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and hence no warrant was required. Pp. 739-746.
(a) Application of the Fourth Amendment depends on whether the person invoking its protection can claim a "legitimate expectation of privacy" that has been invaded by government action. This inquiry normally embraces two questions: first, whether the individual has exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy; and second, whether his expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as "reasonable." Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 . Pp. 739-741.
(b) Petitioner in all probability entertained no actual expectation of privacy in the phone numbers he dialed, and even if he did, his expectation was not "legitimate." First, it is doubtful that telephone users in general have any expectation of privacy regarding the numbers they dial, since they typically know that they must convey phone numbers to the telephone company and that the company has facilities for recording this information and does in fact record it for various legitimate business purposes. And petitioner did not demonstrate an expectation of privacy merely by using his home phone rather than some other phone, since his conduct, although perhaps calculated to keep the contents of his conversation private, was not calculated to preserve the privacy of the number he dialed. Second, even if petitioner did harbor some subjective expectation of privacy, this expectation was not one that society is prepared to recognize as "reasonable." When petitioner voluntarily conveyed numerical information to the phone company and "exposed" that information to its equipment in the normal course of business, he assumed the risk that the company would reveal the information [442 U.S. 735, 736] to the police, cf. United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 . Pp. 741-746.
283 Md. 156, 389 A. 2d 858, affirmed.
BLACKMUN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C. J., and WHITE, REHNQUIST, and STEVENS, JJ., joined. STEWART, J., post, p. 746, and MARSHALL, J., post, p. 748, filed dissenting opinions, in which BRENNAN, J., joined. POWELL, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Howard L. Cardin argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief was James J. Gitomer.
Stephen H. Sachs, Attorney General of Maryland, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were George A. Nilson, Deputy Attorney General, and Deborah K. Handel and Stephen B. Caplis, Assistant Attorneys General.
On March 5, 1976, in Baltimore, Md., Patricia McDonough was robbed. She gave the police a description of the robber and of a 1975 Monte Carlo automobile she had observed near the scene of the crime. Tr. 66-68. After the robbery, McDonough began receiving threatening and obscene phone calls from a man identifying himself as the robber. On one occasion, the caller asked that she step out on her front porch; she did so, and saw the 1975 Monte Carlo she had earlier described to police moving slowly past her home. Id., at 70. On March 16, police spotted a man who met McDonough's description driving a 1975 Monte Carlo in her neighborhood. Id., at 71-72. By tracing the license plate number, police learned that the car was registered in the name of petitioner, Michael Lee Smith. Id., at 72.
The next day, the telephone company, at police request, installed a pen register at its central offices to record the numbers dialed from the telephone at petitioner's home. Id., at 73, 75. The police did not get a warrant or court order before having the pen register installed. The register revealed that on March 17 a call was placed from petitioner's home to McDonough's phone. Id., at 74. On the basis of this and other evidence, the police obtained a warrant to search petitioner's residence. Id., at 75. The search revealed that a page in petitioner's phone book was turned down to the name and number of Patricia McDonough; the phone book was seized. Ibid. Petitioner was arrested, and a six-man lineup was held on March 19. McDonough identified petitioner as the man who had robbed her. Id., at 70-71.
Petitioner was indicted in the Criminal Court of Baltimore for robbery. By pretrial motion, he sought to suppress "all fruits derived from the pen register" on the ground that the police had failed to secure a warrant prior to its installation. Record 14; Tr. 54-56. The trial court denied the suppression motion, holding that the warrantless installation of the pen [442 U.S. 735, 738] register did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Id., at 63. Petitioner then waived a jury, and the case was submitted to the court on an agreed statement of facts. Id., at 65-66. The pen register tape (evidencing the fact that a phone call had been made from petitioner's phone to McDonough's phone) and the phone book seized in the search of petitioner's residence were admitted into evidence against him. Id., at 74-76. Petitioner was convicted, id., at 78, and was sentenced to six years. He appealed to the Maryland Court of Special Appeals, but the Court of Appeals of Maryland issued a writ of certiorari to the intermediate court in advance of its decision in order to consider whether the pen register evidence had been properly admitted at petitioner's trial. 283 Md. 156, 160, 389 A. 2d 858, 860 (1978).
The Fourth Amendment guarantees "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." In determining whether a particular form of government-initiated electronic surveillance is a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, 4 our lodestar is Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967). In Katz, Government agents had intercepted the contents of a telephone conversation by attaching an electronic listening device to the outside of a public phone booth. The Court rejected the argument that a "search" can occur only when there has been a "physical intrusion" into a "constitutionally protected area," noting that the Fourth Amendment "protects people, not places." Id., at 351-353. Because the Government's monitoring of Katz' conversation "violated the privacy upon which he justifiably relied while using the telephone booth," the Court held that [442 U.S. 735, 740] it "constituted a `search and seizure' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment." Id., at 353.
Consistently with Katz, this Court uniformly has held that the application of the Fourth Amendment depends on whether the person invoking its protection can claim a "justifiable," a "reasonable," or a "legitimate expectation of privacy" that has been invaded by government action. E. g., Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143 , and n. 12 (1978); id., at 150, 151 (concurring opinion); id., at 164 (dissenting opinion); United States v. Chadwick, 433 U.S. 1, 7 (1977); United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 442 (1976); United States v. Dionisio, 410 U.S. 1, 14 (1973); Couch v. United States, 409 U.S. 322, 335 -336 (1973); United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 752 (1971) (plurality opinion); Mancusi v. DeForte, 392 U.S. 364, 368 (1968); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 9 (1968). This inquiry, as Mr. Justice Harlan aptly noted in his Katz concurrence, normally embraces two discrete questions. The first is whether the individual, by his conduct, has "exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy," 389 U.S., at 361 - whether, in the words of the Katz majority, the individual has shown that "he seeks to preserve [something] as private." Id., at 351. The second question is whether the individual's subjective expectation of privacy is "one that society is prepared to recognize as `reasonable,'" id., at 361 - whether, in the words of the Katz majority, the individual's expectation, viewed objectively, is "justifiable" under the circumstances. Id., at 353. 5 See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S., [442 U.S. 735, 741] at 143-144, n. 12; id., at 151 (concurring opinion); United States v. White, 401 U.S., at 752 (plurality opinion).
This claim must be rejected. First, we doubt that people in general entertain any actual expectation of privacy in the numbers they dial. All telephone users realize that they must "convey" phone numbers to the telephone company, since it is through telephone company switching equipment that their calls are completed. All subscribers realize, moreover, that the phone company has facilities for making permanent records of the numbers they dial, for they see a list of their long-distance (toll) calls on their monthly bills. In fact, pen registers and similar devices are routinely used by telephone companies "for the purposes of checking billing operations, detecting fraud, and preventing violations of law." United States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S., at 174 -175. Electronic equipment is used not only to keep billing records of toll calls, but also "to keep a record of all calls dialed from a telephone which is subject to a special rate structure." Hodge v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., 555 F.2d 254, 266 (CA9 1977) (concurring opinion). Pen registers are regularly employed "to determine whether a home phone is being used to conduct a business, to check for a defective dial, or to check for overbilling." Note, The Legal Constraints upon the Use of the Pen Register as a Law Enforcement Tool, 60 Cornell L. Rev. 1028, 1029 (1975) (footnotes omitted). Although most people may be oblivious to a pen register's esoteric functions, they presumably have some awareness of one common use: to aid in the identification of persons making annoying or obscene calls. See, e. g., Von Lusch v. C & P Telephone Co., 457 F. Supp. 814, 816 (Md. 1978); Note, 60 Cornell L. Rev., at 1029-1030, n. 11; Claerhout, The Pen Register, 20 Drake L. Rev. 108, 110-111 (1970). Most phone books tell [442 U.S. 735, 743] subscribers, on a page entitled "Consumer Information," that the company "can frequently help in identifying to the authorities the origin of unwelcome and troublesome calls." E. g., Baltimore Telephone Directory 21 (1978); District of Columbia Telephone Directory 13 (1978). Telephone users, in sum, typically know that they must convey numerical information to the phone company; that the phone company has facilities for recording this information; and that the phone company does in fact record this information for a variety of legitimate business purposes. Although subjective expectations cannot be scientifically gauged, it is too much to believe that telephone subscribers, under these circumstances, harbor any general expectation that the numbers they dial will remain secret.
Petitioner argues, however, that, whatever the expectations of telephone users in general, he demonstrated an expectation of privacy by his own conduct here, since he "us[ed] the telephone in his house to the exclusion of all others." Brief for Petitioner 6 (emphasis added). But the site of the call is immaterial for purposes of analysis in this case. Although petitioner's conduct may have been calculated to keep the contents of his conversation private, his conduct was not and could not have been calculated to preserve the privacy of the number he dialed. Regardless of his location, petitioner had to convey that number to the telephone company in precisely the same way if he wished to complete his call. The fact that he dialed the number on his home phone rather than on some other phone could make no conceivable difference, nor could any subscriber rationally think that it would.
Because the depositor "assumed the risk" of disclosure, the Court held that it would be unreasonable for him to expect his financial records to remain private.
This analysis dictates that petitioner can claim no legitimate expectation of privacy here. When he used his phone, petitioner voluntarily conveyed numerical information to the telephone company and "exposed" that information to its equipment in the ordinary course of business. In so doing, petitioner assumed the risk that the company would reveal to police the numbers he dialed. The switching equipment that processed those numbers is merely the modern counterpart of the operator who, in an earlier day, personally completed calls for the subscriber. Petitioner concedes that if he had placed his calls through an operator, he could claim no legitimate expectation of privacy. Tr. of Oral Arg. 3-5, 11-12, 32. We [442 U.S. 735, 745] are not inclined to hold that a different constitutional result is required because the telephone company has decided to automate.
Petitioner argues, however, that automatic switching equipment differs from a live operator in one pertinent respect. An operator, in theory at least, is capable of remembering every number that is conveyed to him by callers. Electronic equipment, by contrast, can "remember" only those numbers it is programmed to record, and telephone companies, in view of their present billing practices, usually do not record local calls. Since petitioner, in calling McDonough, was making a local call, his expectation of privacy as to her number, on this theory, would be "legitimate."
This argument does not withstand scrutiny. The fortuity of whether or not the phone company in fact elects to make a quasi-permanent record of a particular number dialed does not, in our view, make any constitutional difference. Regardless of the phone company's election, petitioner voluntarily conveyed to it information that it had facilities for recording and that it was free to record. In these circumstances, petitioner assumed the risk that the information would be divulged to police. Under petitioner's theory, Fourth Amendment protection would exist, or not, depending on how the telephone company chose to define local-dialing zones, and depending on how it chose to bill its customers for local calls. Calls placed across town, or dialed directly, would be protected; calls placed across the river, or dialed with operator assistance, might not be. We are not inclined to make a crazy quilt of the Fourth Amendment, especially in circumstances where (as here) the pattern of protection would be dictated by billing practices of a private corporation.
[ Footnote 1 ] "A pen register is a mechanical device that records the numbers dialed on a telephone by monitoring the electrical impulses caused when the dial on the telephone is released. It does not overhear oral communications and does not indicate whether calls are actually completed." United States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159, 161 n. 1 (1977). A pen register is "usually installed at a central telephone facility [and] records on a paper tape all numbers dialed from [the] line" to which it is attached. United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505, 549 n. 1 (1974) (opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part). See also United States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S., at 162 .
[ Footnote 2 ] "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." U.S. Const., Amdt. 4.
[ Footnote 3 ] See Application of United States for Order, 546 F.2d 243, 245 (CA8 1976), cert. denied sub nom. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. United States, 434 U.S. 1008 (1978); Application of United States in Matter of Order, [442 U.S. 735, 739] 538 F.2d 956, 959-960 (CA2 1976), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. United States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159 (1977); United States v. Falcone, 505 F.2d 478, 482, and n. 21 (CA3 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 955 (1975); Hodge v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., 555 F.2d 254, 256 (CA9 1977); id., at 266 (concurring opinion); and United States v. Clegg, 509 F.2d 605, 610 (CA5 1975). In previous decisions, this Court has not found it necessary to consider whether "pen register surveillance [is] subject to the requirements of the Fourth Amendment." United States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S., at 165 n. 7. See United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S., at 554 n. 4 (opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part).
[ Footnote 4 ] In this case, the pen register was installed, and the numbers dialed were recorded, by the telephone company. Tr. 73-74. The telephone company, however, acted at police request. Id., at 73, 75. In view of this, respondent appears to concede that the company is to be deemed an "agent" of the police for purposes of this case, so as to render the installation and use of the pen register "state action" under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. We may assume that "state action" was present here.
[ Footnote 5 ] Situations can be imagined, of course, in which Katz' two-pronged inquiry would provide an inadequate index of Fourth Amendment protection. For example, if the Government were suddenly to announce on nationwide television that all homes henceforth would be subject to warrantless entry, individuals thereafter might not in fact entertain any actual expectation of privacy regarding their homes, papers, and effects. Similarly, if a refugee from a totalitarian country, unaware of this Nation's traditions, erroneously assumed that police were continuously monitoring his telephone conversations, a subjective expectation of privacy [442 U.S. 735, 741] regarding the contents of his calls might be lacking as well. In such circumstances, where an individual's subjective expectations had been "conditioned" by influences alien to well-recognized Fourth Amendment freedoms, those subjective expectations obviously could play no meaningful role in ascertaining what the scope of Fourth Amendment protection was. In determining whether a "legitimate expectation of privacy" existed in such cases, a normative inquiry would be proper.
I am not persuaded that the numbers dialed from a private telephone fall outside the constitutional protection of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Nevertheless, the Court today says that those safeguards do not extend to the numbers dialed from a private telephone, apparently because when a caller dials a number the digits may be recorded by the telephone company for billing purposes. But that observation no more than describes the basic nature of telephone calls. A telephone call simply cannot be made without the use of telephone company property and without payment to the company for the service. The telephone conversation itself must be electronically transmitted by telephone company equipment, and may be recorded or overheard by the use of other company equipment. Yet we [442 U.S. 735, 747] have squarely held that the user of even a public telephone is entitled "to assume that the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world." Katz v. United States, supra, at 352.
The central question in this case is whether a person who makes telephone calls from his home is entitled to make a similar assumption about the numbers he dials. What the telephone company does or might do with those numbers is no more relevant to this inquiry than it would be in a case involving the conversation itself. It is simply not enough to say, after Katz, that there is no legitimate expectation of privacy in the numbers dialed because the caller assumes the risk that the telephone company will disclose them to the police.
I think that the numbers dialed from a private telephone - like the conversations that occur during a call - are within the constitutional protection recognized in Katz. 1 It seems clear to me that information obtained by pen register surveillance of a private telephone is information in which the telephone subscriber has a legitimate expectation of privacy. 2 The information captured by such surveillance emanates from private conduct within a person's home or office - locations that without question are entitled to Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment protection. Further, that information is an integral part of the telephonic communication that under Katz [442 U.S. 735, 748] is entitled to constitutional protection, whether or not it is captured by a trespass into such an area.
The numbers dialed from a private telephone - although certainly more prosaic than the conversation itself - are not without "content." Most private telephone subscribers may have their own numbers listed in a publicly distributed directory, but I doubt there are any who would be happy to have broadcast to the world a list of the local or long distance numbers they have called. This is not because such a list might in some sense be incriminating, but because it easily could reveal the identities of the persons and the places called, and thus reveal the most intimate details of a person's life.
[ Footnote 1 ] It is true, as the Court pointed out in United States v. New York Tel. Co., 434 U.S. 159, 166 -167, that under Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. 2510-2520, pen registers are not considered "interceptions" because "they do not acquire the `contents' of communications," as that term is defined by Congress. We are concerned in this case, however, not with the technical definitions of a statute, but with the requirements of the Constitution.
[ Footnote 2 ] The question whether a defendant who is not a member of the subscriber's household has "standing" to object to pen register surveillance of a private telephone is, of course, distinct. Cf. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128 .
The Court concludes that because individuals have no actual or legitimate expectation of privacy in information they voluntarily relinquish to telephone companies, the use of pen registers by government agents is immune from Fourth Amendment scrutiny. Since I remain convinced that constitutional protections are not abrogated whenever a person apprises another of facts valuable in criminal investigations, see, e. g., United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745, 786 -790 (1971) (Harlan, J., dissenting); id., at 795-796 (MARSHALL, J., dissenting); California Bankers Assn. v. Shultz, 416 U.S. 21, 95 -96 (1974) (MARSHALL, J., dissenting); United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 455 -456 (1976) (MARSHALL, J., dissenting), I respectfully dissent.
Applying the standards set forth in Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring), the Court first determines that telephone subscribers have no subjective expectations of privacy concerning the numbers they dial. To reach this conclusion, the Court posits that individuals somehow infer from the long-distance listings on their phone bills, and from the cryptic assurances of "help" in tracing obscene [442 U.S. 735, 749] calls included in "most" phone books, that pen registers are regularly used for recording local calls. See ante, at 742-743. But even assuming, as I do not, that individuals "typically know" that a phone company monitors calls for internal reasons, ante, at 743, 1 it does not follow that they expect this information to be made available to the public in general or the government in particular. Privacy is not a discrete commodity, possessed absolutely or not at all. Those who disclose certain facts to a bank or phone company for a limited business purpose need not assume that this information will be released to other persons for other purposes. See California Bankers Assn. v. Shultz, supra, at 95-96 (MARSHALL, J., dissenting).
The crux of the Court's holding, however, is that whatever expectation of privacy petitioner may in fact have entertained regarding his calls, it is not one "society is prepared to recognize as `reasonable.'" Ante, at 743. In so ruling, the Court determines that individuals who convey information to third parties have "assumed the risk" of disclosure to the government. Ante, at 744, 745. This analysis is misconceived in two critical respects.
Implicit in the concept of assumption of risk is some notion of choice. At least in the third-party consensual surveillance cases, which first incorporated risk analysis into Fourth Amendment doctrine, the defendant presumably had exercised some discretion in deciding who should enjoy his confidential communications. See, e. g., Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427, 439 (1963); Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 302 -303 (1966); United States v. White, supra, at 751-752 [442 U.S. 735, 750] (plurality opinion). By contrast here, unless a person is prepared to forgo use of what for many has become a personal or professional necessity, he cannot help but accept the risk of surveillance. Cf. Lopez v. United States, supra, at 465-466 (BRENNAN, J., dissenting). It is idle to speak of "assuming" risks in contexts where, as a practical mater, individuals have no realistic alternative.
More fundamentally, to make risk analysis dispositive in assessing the reasonableness of privacy expectations would allow the government to define the scope of Fourth Amendment protections. For example, law enforcement officials, simply by announcing their intent to monitor the content of random samples of first-class mail or private phone conversations, could put the public on notice of the risks they would thereafter assume in such communications. See Amsterdam, Perspectives on the Fourth Amendment, 58 Minn. L. Rev. 349, 384, 407 (1974). Yet, although acknowledging this implication of its analysis, the Court is willing to concede only that, in some circumstances, a further "normative inquiry would be proper." Ante, at 740-741, n. 5. No meaningful effort is made to explain what those circumstances might be, or why this case is not among them.
In my view, whether privacy expectations are legitimate within the meaning of Katz depends not on the risks an individual can be presumed to accept when imparting information to third parties, but on the risks he should be forced to assume in a free and open society. By its terms, the constitutional prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures assigns to the judiciary some prescriptive responsibility. As Mr. Justice Harlan, who formulated the standard the Court applies today, himself recognized: "[s]ince it is the task of the law to form and project, as well as mirror and reflect, we should not . . . merely recite . . . risks without examining the desirability of saddling them upon society." United States v. White, supra, at 786 (dissenting opinion). In making this [442 U.S. 735, 751] assessment, courts must evaluate the "intrinsic character" of investigative practices with reference to the basic values underlying the Fourth Amendment. California Bankers Assn. v. Shultz, 416 U.S., at 95 (MARSHALL, J., dissenting). And for those "extensive intrusions that significantly jeopardize [individuals'] sense of security . . ., more than self-restraint by law enforcement officials is required." United States v. White, 401 U.S., at 786 (Harlan, J., dissenting).
[ Footnote 1 ] Lacking the Court's apparently exhaustive knowledge of this Nation's telephone books and the reading habits of telephone subscribers, see ante, at 742-743, I decline to assume general public awareness of how obscene phone calls are traced. Nor am I persuaded that the scope of Fourth Amendment protection should turn on the concededly "esoteric functions" of pen registers in corporate billing, ante, at 742, functions with which subscribers are unlikely to have intimate familiarity.
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2019-04-22T21:58:16Z
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https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/442/735.html
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Do you want to create a simple HTML website?
If yes, read this complete and easy to understand guide on HTML. If you know nothing about website creating and starting just now, it should take about one week time for you to get hold of it. But after that you would be able to easily create static websites on your own.
Learning HTML is really easy and you do not require any previous knowledge of web designing or programming.
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language (Not a programming language, but a mark-up language) for creating web pages.
HTML is just a simple text file which is read by web browsers (like Internet Explorer and Google Chrome) and displayed as web page.
With HTML, you can create your own website. This tutorial on html is intended for beginners.
You do not need any special software or web server to follow this tutorial. For creating simple, static websites, there is no need of any special software. Although there are several programs like Visual Web Developer, Dream weaver, FrontPage, etc. available for generating HTML codes; I strongly recommend that you start with notepad for writing and editing HTML files. Alternatively, you may use any other text editor of your choice.
Optionally, You may also use our HTML Tester for writing your codes and testing it online.
Start by creating a new folder at any place in your computer for storing html codes (preferably on desktop for easy access). Rename it as ‘html’ for clarity. Keep all the codes you learn here to this folder for your ready reference.
Make sure you save the files with either ‘.html’ or ‘.htm’ extension (in place of default ‘.txt’ for text files). Both these extensions are one and the same; you may use whatever you like!
Type the following code in the notepad. I recommend that you actually type (no copy-paste here!). These HTML codes may look like a little bit strange to you. But don’t worry; we will come back to that just in a moment.
Save the text file as ‘myfirstwebpage.html’ or ‘myfirstwebpage.htm’ in html folder. Remember to change the extension as ‘.html’ or ‘.htm’ in place of default ‘.txt’ or your html code will not work! Now go to ‘html’ folder where you have just saved your web page and double click to open it.
Wow! You have just created your first web page. Congratulations…!
Now let’s get into the html codes and learn some interesting things.
In the example above, <html>, <head>, <title> and <body> are all HTML tags. HTML tags are code words surrounded by angle brackets. Tags are used by web browsers to mark-up the web pages. There are many types of tags nested in HTML document, each having different meanings. Most of these tags come in pair – starting tag and end tag. End tag is different from starting tag by a forward slash “/”.
Web pages are made of a series of elements. Elements consist of start tag, end tag and some content in between. In the example above, “<title>My First Web Page</title>” is an element. At this time, the things may look a little difficult to you, but keep Reading on!
As of now, treat <html> tag as the starting and end tag of any HTML document. The html codes between <html> and </html> makes the web page. All other tags come in between these parent tags.
<title> tag describes the web page title. The content between these tags appear at the title bar of the page.
Putting right and appropriate title for your web page is very important. Search engines like ‘Google’ and ‘Bing’ give a lot of importance to the title of the page in their search results. Make sure to put an appropriate title to all of your web pages.
<title> tags are put in between <head> tags. The content between the <head> tags does not directly appear in the main content of web page. However, it is primarily used for providing information about the page apart from some other functions. <head> tags are placed before <body> tags in html structure.
The text between <body> and </body> tags are the main contents visible on the web page.
The tags used in this example will be used in almost all your HTML documents. Make yourself familiar with these html codes.
Starting tags must be accompanied with respective end tags. It is a good idea to write starting tag and end tag first and then add content in between.
HTML tags are not case-sensitive. It means browser will equally treat <html> and <HTML>. However, the correct practice is to always use lower-cases for html codes.
Well….it was a lot of theory. However, these are the basics and must be understood clearly for building strong foundation. Repeat from top, if you are not comfortable before moving ahead!
HTML Headings are just the same as you have expected – ‘Heading’ or ‘Title’ of the webpage.
Headings are defined with <h1> to <h6> tags, ‘h1’ being the most important and prominent. The size of the text between these tags reduces with ‘h2’, ‘h3’ and so on. By default, headings are displayed in bold text.
Now let’s write some HTML codes to test the headings in browser. Open notepad or any other text-editor and type the following html codes.
Save this webpage as ‘headings.html’ in html folder. Open this file in your web browser to see the difference between various html headings. Did you notice the gap between the html headings? This is because browsers add some empty space just before and after headings to make these more prominent.
HTML headings are important part of the web page and should be used only when actually required.
Most prominent heading i.e. ‘h1’ should ideally be used only once in a web page, other may be used multiple times.
As far as possible, less prominent headings should be nested within the more prominent headings.
Headings are used by search engines to correctly index the structure of your page. Don’t use headings to merely make text bold or prominent.
Now that you know how to put a heading, it’s time now to know about the HTML paragraphs! Both html headings and html paragraphs are put in between <body> tags. These are used to publish your written contents.
HTML paragraph is defined with <p> and </p> tags. As with heading tag, some gap is left before and after the paragraph tag.
Here is the paragraph for this heading.
Save the file and open in your web browser. As you can see, it is pretty simple to use the html paragraphs!
You may have expected a line break in the second line of the paragraph; however, web browsers will eliminate all line breaks and extra spaces automatically when the page is displayed. So what to do?
Headings and paragraphs are the basic elements of any html document.
You may use <br> in place of <br /> to get the line break, however, it is not the right practice.
web page more readable and professional!
We now know that the websites are made in HTML. So, how do you see the HTML source code of any web page?
It’s really simple. Just right click on the web page you are currently viewing and select ‘view source’ or ‘view page source’ or anything similar. If you see the HTML source codes of large web pages, it may seem to be little complicated and confusing. But don’t worry; as you progress you will start understanding it easily.
For HTML documents stored locally (without web server) like yours; you can edit and save the source code file directly. After that just click ‘Refresh’ or press ‘F5’ in your web browser to view the changed content.
I am sure, you will be enjoying and applying your new learning now and doing experiments by building web pages. Till now, all of your web pages were in plain black & white. Let’s fill some colors and spice it up!
As you see, the background of the paragraph has changed.
You can do a lot more with style attribute.
Save the file and open in your web browser. Wow…Quite Colorful…No?
In the example above font-size, color and background-color are the values of the style attribute. font-size is preferably defined in pixels, e.g. – 20px.
Note the spelling of the ‘color’ (US English); ‘colour’ will not work. So be careful!
We will learn more about the style attributes in details soon.
However, there are few attributes which are associated with only one particular tag. Some tag does not require any attribute, like <br />.
It may sound little complicated, but don’t worry. Once you get accustomed to attributes, it will look logical and much easier to learn and apply.
<b> and </b> tags are used to make text bold.
<i> and </i> tags are used to make text italic.
<sub> and </sub> define subscripted text.
<sup> and </sup> define superscripted text.
As you see, there tags are quite useful in formatting the text.
Two types of lists are commonly used in web pages: Ordered and Unordered.
Lists tags are defined with <ol> (Ordered list) and <ul> (Unordered list). Between starting and closing tags of ‘ol’ or ‘ul’, elements of list items are placed with <li> and <li> tags.
Sometimes, you may have the requirement to put a list inside an existing list (e.g. ordered list inside unordered list). This can easily be done with nested lists because within list items, you can place any text, image, link, line-breaks and even lists.
A definition list is used for list of terms with descriptions of each term (like in a dictionary). This is less popular and not used commonly. The definition list is defined by <dl> and </dl>. List of terms are defined with <dt> and </dt> and description with <dd> and </dd>. It will be clear with following example.
Now you have learned a lot of tags and also how to apply that. You may starting creating few web pages about the topics of your choice like yourself, your home, friends, etc.
With this, we come to the end of the basic tutorial on HTML. Congratulations, now you can create simple web pages on your own!
So, are you ready to start the next level of tutorial on HTML? Great! In the intermediate level, you will learn about placing the HTML images in web pages, linking other pages and documents, tables and HTML forms.
HTML Images are one of the most important and interesting part of world Wide Web. Images are used to make web pages attractive and help to get the message across. Placing HTML image in web page is quite easy.
We use <img> tag to place image in HTML document.
The ‘alt’ attribute in html images means the ‘alternate text’. Once you mouse hover to the image, it will displayed as a small pop-up. It is recommended to always place ‘alt’ attribute along with html images. Height and width attributes are optional, where you can decide the height and width of the image to be displayed in web browser.
Be careful while putting both the attributes (height and width) of html images together. If the ratio of width and height of original image is not same as defined with attributes, the image may appear stretched in web page. It is recommended to use only one of the attributes at a time, if you are not sure about image dimensions. However, if you know the exact width and height of the image, you should place both the attributes. This helps the web browser to display the web page correctly even before the image is loaded.
Image size is proportional to its width, height and quality. Images may take a lot of space on web server if their size is bigger. It will also take more time to download and display on user’s browser. It is therefore; wise to have the size of image just as per requirement. If the actual width and height of the image is smaller than what is being displayed, it will look pixilated. You need to compromise between image size and quality while using html images.
There are currently three formats widely used in web pages to display html images – ‘JPEG’, ‘GIF’ and ‘PNG’ which are all compressed format and best suited for websites.
Use ‘JPEG’ format for the photographs while displaying html image. Compressing the JPEG image will slightly distort it.
‘GIF’ has the limitation of 256 colors only. However, it maintains the original colors. Use ‘GIFs’ for clip-arts, buttons, etc.
‘PNG’ is best suited for icons, banners and diagrams as it retains the transparency also. It is getting more and more popular as standard html image.
So far, we were focused just to make stand alone web pages. It’s time now to link these with each other with html links. You will find html links in all web pages. HTML links have a great role to make internet so successful. Remember ‘hyper-text’ of HTML, it means the linked texts. HTML Hyperlinks (or links) are click active items (generally words, group of words or images) used to go to some other document or at any new section of the same document. When you move your cursor to any html link, the cursor will change into a little hand.
HTML links are defined with <a> and </a>tags (anchor tags).
Please note that the linked document need not necessarily be a web page, it may be the file of any other kind also. In case browser is not able to display, it will automatically be available for download to the user. You may like to place an image thumbnail in place of text as an alternative.
With target attribute of html links, you can direct the browser, where you want to open the linked document. If you want to open the linked document in a new window, use ‘_blank’ for target attribute.
Many of the Web Pages uses ‘name’ attribute for book-marking, however, it is recommended to use ‘id’ instead. This is because upcoming HTML5 standard suggests using ‘id’ and all modern browsers support it.
Note that subject and body are optional. You may like to place subject or body already filled for your visitors.
Basic html tables are created by using <table>, <tr> (Table Row) and <td> (Table Cell) tags. It may seem to be a little difficult at the beginning, but as you complete this part of tutorial on html, it will be all simple. HTML tables are used for ‘Web Page Layout’ by many web designers. <tr> and <td> tags are placed inside <table> tag. Let’s quickly make a simple html table.
As you can see, there are two rows in the table, each containing two cells. Contents are placed in cells (<td> tags). We have used border attribute to define the thickness of the table border. If you don’t want a border, specify it as zero. We will now look at some other common attributes like ‘cellspacing‘, ‘cellpadding‘ and ‘width‘ of html tables.
Table headers are defined with <th> & </th> tag. You can place these tags inside <tr> tags, just like <td> tags. Most browsers display the headers bold and centered.
As we have already discussed, html tables are widely used for creating web page layouts. If you are planning to do a simple layout, tt’s important to have good knowledge of html tables.
You can place any content inside cells: images, texts, paragraphs or even another table.
HTML Forms (or web forms) are used to collect the data from users. These are an important and integral part of all modern websites for two way communication. By providing forms to your web-page, you get input from the user for various purposes like storing the information in a database, check user’s credential, do some financial transaction, send emails, etc.
HTML Forms have the ability to collect the information from user’s browser, however, for processing this information you need some server side programming. We will cover that in details in our tutorials on ASP.NET. As of now, we will focus on how to create the form for interaction with users and will not get into much detail.
A form consists of input elements like text fields, textarea, checkboxes, radio-buttons, select lists, submit buttons, etc. The input elements are placed inside <form> and </form> tags.
Input elements are used to gather the information and are most important elements of HTML forms.
We use various types of input elements for ease of gathering data. Let’s create our first webpage with a form now.
Attribute ‘type’ determines the type of input field (like textbox, radio button, checkbox, etc.).
Name attribute is unique identification for any input. Other useful attributes are ‘value’, ‘size’, ‘readonly’ and ‘maxlength’.
Full Name: <input type="text" name="Name" size="40"
Use ‘Radio Buttons’ if you want your user to make one choice out of many (generally max. 4-5).
Use ‘select’ if you want your user to make one choice from a drop-down list.
Use ‘checkbox’ if you want your user to make multiple choices from a list of items.
We are not discussing more input elements here. This is because HTML forms, without background programming is of no use.
There are three primary colors in HTML web pages – Red, Green and Blue (RGB). All the other colors displayed in a website are made of only these three primary colors.
The primary colors are blended with each other in varying amount to build millions of colors. The saturation of primary colors (RGB) is defined in numeric values from 0 (lowest) to 255 (highest). If you want to get red color output, the numeric value of ‘R’ (Red) will be 255, while each of ‘G’ (Green) and ‘B’ (Blue) will be 0. For white, the numeric value for all three colors will be 255 and for black it will be 0.
Red – #FF0000, Green – #00FF00 and Blue – #0000FF.
Let’s now create a few color codes!
Second method to define HTML color in a webpage is to use the values of primary colors which is represented as rgb(RED, GREEN, BLUE) with range from 0 to 255 for each color. For example, Red is defined as rgb(255,0,0).
However, I do not recommend using this format because still there are many web browsers which do not interpret ‘rgb’ values.
As already mentioned, the most common way to define HTML color is to use hexadecimal system. It may look a little difficult at the beginning, but it is very flexible and used widely.
Good news is that you do not need to remember the color name or experiment with color values or hexadecimal codes. There are plenty of tools available which allow you to select the color of your choice and get the hexadecimal code.
These HTML Tips will help you create effective website and guide you about what is a must and what should be avoided.
For learning HTML, simple text editor like notepad works best. Other software may help you create your WebPages quickly, but you will not have the full command over your webpages.
If you do not want to use text editor, try our HTML Code Tester.
Use lowercase for writing tags. Although Uppercase will work fine in web browsers, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in HTML 4 and XHTML.
Standardize font-color, font-size, background color, etc. and keep it same for all pages of your website.
Strandardize the structure of your webpages. This will help you to add and edit contents easily.
Keep good quality content in your WebPages. If your website does not have good information, visitors will not return back to your website.
Keep the font-size of your paragraph at least 12px.
For viewing the HTML code of any webpage, right click on it and select ‘View Source’, ‘View Page Source’ or similar.
You may add comments anywhere in your HTML code between comment tags (<!– Comments –>). The comments between comment tags will not be displayed in webpage.
Avoid using depreciated tags and attributes like <font>, <center> and <u>.
Unless it is absolutely required, I do not recommend to use framesets.
Although you may use tables for your webpage layout, I recommend using CSS for this purpose. After completing HTML lessons, must go through CSS tutorial also.
You may use readymade templates, search for ‘free website template’.
Spend time on selecting proper title for your webpage. This decides how your webpage will be index by search engines.
Must use meta description tag for all your WebPages. It increases the visibility of your website in search result.
Meta keywords tag is no more important. However, you may like to add one in your webpage.
View your webpage with all popular web browsers as some browsers may display your page differently.
Use images on your webpage carefully. Reduce the size of images with image optimizers. Putting bigger images will increase the time taken to load your webpage.
Define width and height for images. In case the image does not load correctly, the page-layout will remain unchanged.
Last but not the least – Keep practicing with HTML.
19 Responses to "How to create a static website with HTML"
This tutorial is for absolute beginners. HTML4 recommends using XHTML wherever possible.
I am a new student web design. I learned that from what I’ve designed two local websites. However, from your post I got a lot of help. It is a perfect post for a new web designer. Thank you to share such posts.
It is very easy to create static HTML webpage with the help of this information because it is perfect for beginners.
hii, I am learning HTML ans CSS, this post is Most important for me because, very useful data in this Post.
This very important point when creating a static web pages and really will hep to beginner .
thank you, thank you, thnak you and thanks a lot… i an extremely grateful.
thanks for your article regarding how to create a static website with basic fuctions of html.
I am in the initial stage of learning how to create a website.It is the best and very clear for beginners to understand.Thanks a lot…..
I have developed my first static website in HTML back in 2012 when a small networking shop owner approached me for job and told me to prepare such website. I developed website within a day and he got impressed. Now a days many developers directly starts high level language but they should learn basic HTML first.
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2019-04-23T06:20:35Z
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http://www.webtutorialplus.com/html-tutorial-for-static-website/
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Ohio is a gateway connecting the Northeast and Midwest and is within a one-day drive of 70% of North America’s manufacturing capacity. In addition to hosting a wealth of industries, Ohio also has an excellent choice of top financial advisors.
Whether you live in Columbus or Cleveland, putting your hard-earned money to work for you is much easier with the help of one of Ohio’s experienced wealth management firms.
A good wealth manager can help you with saving for a comfortable retirement, planning for a child’s college education, and protecting and growing wealth through family generations.
But, knowing which financial advisor in Ohio to trust with your financial future can be a daunting task. There is a lot of industry jargon to learn and with so many financial planning firms out there, how do you narrow down your choices?
AdvisoryHQ helps by researching hundreds of firms and narrowing down the options for you. We’ve ranked 12 top-rated financial advisors in Ohio based upon their fee structures, services offered, and reputation for excellence.
This list should provide you with an excellent jumping-off point in your search for the perfect Ohio wealth management firm to work with in 2019 and beyond.
When you’re evaluating financial planning firms in Ohio, there are typically two types of fee structures they work under: fee-only or fee-based. Either of the two types of firms can also be a fiduciary.
How do you know which type of Ohio wealth management firm is right for you? We’ll give you a primer below on these industry terms to get you up to speed so you’ll know what to look for when choosing a financial advisor in Ohio to trust with your money.
When an investment firm or a financial advisor in Ohio says that they are “fee-only,” this means that are paid by client fees only and do not accept any commissions or third-party referral payments.
This type of fee structure minimizes the inherent conflicts of interest that come along with recommending investment products for a commission. This means a fee-only financial advisor in Ohio is in a better position to act solely in the interest of their clients.
When an Ohio financial advisor or investment firm is “fee-based,” it means that in addition to direct compensation from client fees, they are free to accept commissions from the companies who provide their financial products.
Because a fee-based structure can create some potential conflicts of interest, many fee-based firms are also fiduciaries, which often counteracts the potential for conflict.
Ohio wealth management firms that adopt a fiduciary commitment are legally responsible to fully disclose any conflicts of interest, be transparent about all compensation, and are required to put the interests of their clients ahead of their own.
Below, please find the detailed review of each firm on our list of 2019 best financial planners in Ohio. We have highlighted some of the factors that allowed these Ohio wealth management firms to score so highly in our selection ranking.
Based in Columbus, Ohio, Budros, Ruhlin & Roe is a fee-only, independent wealth management firm that takes a unique and proactive approach to financial planning. They focus on assisting high-net-worth clients with customized financial strategies.
This Ohio wealth management firm was founded in 1979 and has grown over the years by making client satisfaction and building long-term relationships top priorities.
Divorce can bring a lot of uncertainty when it comes to finances and Budros, Ruhlin & Roe provides a specialty financial advisory service that is especially for those going through the divorce.
This Columbus, OH financial advisor has a Senior Wealth Manager on staff that is a Certified Divorce Financial Analyst® and Certified Financial Planner™ to provide expert assistance during this financial transition.
Ultimately, the goal is to help each client transition to life after divorce with a plan for financial success.
Those looking for a trusted financial partner in Ohio for the long-term will enjoy BRR’s expert wealth management and financial planning strategies that are flexible and geared for long-term success.
The firm’s fee-only structure and fiduciary commitment promote transparency and trust and their wide array of comprehensive services ensure every facet of financial life is well cared for.
These factors helped to earn Budros, Ruhlin & Roe a 5-star rating as one of the best financial advisors in Ohio that you may want to consider partnering with this year.
Founded in 1974, Carnegie Investment Counsel provides wealth management services and serves as a fiduciary for individuals and businesses throughout the U.S. They have four offices in Ohio, two in Pennsylvania, and one each in Florida, California, and New York.
They are an exclusively fee-only financial advisory firm in Ohio and are committed to operating under a fiduciary standard, maintaining transparency and acting in the best interests of their clients at all times.
Carnegie Investment Counsel is a Cincinnati, Dayton, Toledo, and Cleveland wealth management firm that provides highly customized portfolio management services for its clients.
They do this by emphasizing the human element of financial planning, taking the time to listen to and really get to know their clients to meet emotion-based needs with expert advice.
Managing retirement benefits for employees can be a complicated and time-consuming process. And employers that aren’t up to date with recent Department of Labor (DOL) legislation can have personal liabilities that they aren’t prepared for.
Carnegie Investment Counsel is a wealth management firm in Ohio that helps employers navigate the terrain of employee benefits plans. They provide tailored 401(k) plans for businesses, serving as a fiduciary and ensuring that each retirement plan is DOL-compliant.
Employers won’t have to worry about being left with a plan to administer themselves, as this Ohio wealth management firm is there every step of the way working with you diligently towards crafting a plan that leaves everyone involved happy.
For clients looking for the utmost level of trust and client commitment from their financial advisor in Ohio, Carnegie Investment Counsel represents the ideal relationship due to their exclusively fee-only structure and fiduciary obligation.
The firm’s in-depth, comprehensive services to help both individuals and businesses meet a variety of financial needs and goals help solidify the Carnegie Investment Counsel’s 5-star ranking among the top Ohio financial advisors you’ll want to consider in 2019.
Cornerstone Capital Advisors is committed to providing clients security and peace of mind. This Ohio financial advisor was founded in 1984 and they’re located south of Akron, in Uniontown, Ohio.
The firm has a fee-only structure and they are a fiduciary, with a passion and commitment to act in their clients’ best interests. This wealth management firm in Ohio serves individuals and families, high-income professionals and entrepreneurs, and retirement plans.
Financial planning is about making your money align with your goals so that you can successfully achieve them. A holistic approach ensures that all facets of your finances are working together to give you the best results.
Cornerstone Capital Advisors values an integrated strategy to financial planning, ensuring that all areas of your finances fit together and work in harmony with each other.
Employers providing retirement plans have an extra level of responsibility when administering investment plans for their employees, which adds another level of stress and complexity to their position.
This Ohio wealth management firm offers fiduciary assessments, reviewing employer-sponsored retirement plans to ensure that they are compliant with the federal ERISA statute.
Their holistic approach to wealth management ensures that clients of Cornerstone Capital Advisors enjoy personalized and seamless financial planning and investment strategies.
A specialty service of this Ohio financial advisor, providing fiduciary assessments, makes them a great resource for businesses wanting to ensure their retirement plans are both comprehensive and compliant.
With a dedication to client success, a fee-only structure, and a fiduciary commitment, Cornerstone Capital Advisors solidifies their 5-star rating as one of the best financial advisors in Ohio to consider partnering with this year.
Fairport Asset Management has been serving clients for over half a century, being founded in 1963. Their mission includes providing the high-net-worth community with a wide array of customized investment management and wealth management services.
This Cleveland, Ohio financial advisory firm is fee-only and a fiduciary. Their expertise lies in assisting executives, business owners, women in transition, and other affluent individuals with reaching their goals in life through a unique set of wealth management strategies.
Fairport knows that when it comes to money management, its clients expect the best. They stand out from other financial advisors in Cleveland, Ohio with their listing of core values: Respect, Discipline, Resolve, and Accountability.
With these values as a foundation, Fairport encourages a collaborative relationship with its clients that prioritizes listening to their ideas.
They promise discipline in making the best investment choices for their clients to continue fostering ongoing trust. They are resolved when it comes to pursuing the best outcomes for clients.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly of all, they promise accountability and to continually measure and improve overall outcomes as one of the best financial advisory firms in Ohio.
You know you’re in good hands with Fairport because their team has over 100 years of combined experience and expertise.
The firm also boasts an internal investment committee dedicated to developing strategies that consider growth, income, and risk management, providing unique financial services to each and every client.
For affluent clients looking for a financial advisor in Cleveland that operates from a solid foundation of values, ethics, and experience, Fairport Asset Management is an excellent fit. Their fee-only fiduciary structure promotes both trust and transparency.
With a wide array of services, expertise in serving the high-net-worth community, and an internal investment committee, Fairport Asset Management scores a 5-star rating and is one of the best Cleveland financial advisors—and a top Ohio financial advisor—to consider partnering with this year.
The seasoned team of trailblazers at, Foster & Motley are based in Cincinnati, Ohio and provide financial planning and wealth management services to clients in the Tri-State region and across the country.
This Ohio financial advisory firm is fee-only and they offer three customized tiers of financial advisory services which include clients with investments below $1,000,000, those investing $1,000,000 to $5,000,000, and investors starting at $5,000,000 and up.
When you work with this Cincinnati wealth management firm, you’ll never be lacking for any type of financial care. They offer an extensive array of services geared toward offering clients a fully integrated approach to financial and investment planning.
The financial industry is always evolving and this wealth management firm in Ohio ensures their staff stay up to date on all the latest rules, regulations, and trends so you can benefit from their experience and knowledge.
They also support a culture of continuing education and foster employee growth, which in turn keeps their team fresh and dynamic and able to provide innovative financial solutions.
As a fee-only RIA, Foster & Motley makes a fiduciary commitment to foster transparency and to always put their client’s best interest at the forefront of everything they do. This supports trust between clients and advisors, an integral element in any successful financial plan.
With an extensive range of comprehensive financial services, a well-seasoned and educated team, and a client-centric approach, Foster & Motley solidifies their 5-star rating as one of the best Ohio financial advisors to consider partnering with in 2019.
Founded on fiduciary values, Johnson Investment Counsel is one of the largest independent wealth management firms in the country. This Ohio financial advisor is 100% employee-owned and has been serving clients since 1965.
As a top-rated financial advisor in Ohio, Johnson Investment Counsel assists ultra-high-net-worth families with customized and personalized financial services. Their Family Office Services include a sophisticated investment approach to help families navigate the most complex of situations.
Families can trust that Johnson Investment Counsel will integrate all aspects of estate planning and will work alongside their attorney to protect their legacy for generations to come.
These expert Columbus, Ohio financial advisors offer specialized trust services for individuals, charitable organizations, foundations, endowments, and retirement plans. Their goal is to align your estate plan and your future so you can meet and exceed your goals.
For those in the high and ultra-high net worth group, Johnson Investment Council offers the expertise and services customized to meet their unique financial needs. Their advisors consider themselves true partners to the clients they serve and foster long-term collaboration.
With a fee-only structure, clients can feel secure that all services and fees will be provided with the utmost transparency, supporting trust and solidifying the firm’s ranking as a top Ohio financial advisor with a 5-star rating.
Partnership Financial LLC works to create a coordinated, tailored financial plan for their clients that addresses all their financial needs and that is clear and concise.
This top financial advisor is based in Columbus, Ohio and they are a fee-only fiduciary that puts their client’s interests above all else. Their ultimate goal is to be your “go to” team for any money matters that impact your life.
The team at Partnership Financial knows that financial planning can be complicated, so they strive to streamline and simplify the process with an organized and comprehensive approach.
When it comes to choosing a financial planner in Columbus, Ohio, it’s important to know that you are partnering with a financial advisor that you can trust—after all, it’s more than your money on the line, it’s your future.
As a fee-only firm, Partnership Financial does not accept outside commissions or any compensation other than what they receive from clients. This means that these Ohio financial advisors are free to choose the best financial assets for your portfolio without any conflicts of interest.
The combination of a fee-only structure and a fiduciary commitment supports trust throughout each step of the wealth management process, solidifying the high standards of client service and ethics that Partnership Financial maintains.
For clients that want a comprehensive approach to their financial health, Partnership Financial is a great fit.
The firm’s small size and client-centric approach support trustworthy, long-term relationships, ensuring that clients can utilize these financial services over time.
With a fee-only structure, a fiduciary commitment, and financial services tailored to address a variety of needs, Partnership Financial is one of the best financial advisors in Columbus, Ohio—and across the state—to consider partnering with this year.
PDS is a fee-only firm and also a fiduciary and takes pride in forming long-term relationships with their clients that span 24 states. Their mission is centered around helping people eliminate the stress that typically comes with planning personal finances.
Something that helps PDS Planning stand out from other top financial advisors in Ohio is their ability to make wealth management accessible and, most importantly, easy to understand.
For those that are just beginning to gain control over their finances, this is a huge benefit, as it gives everyone, no matter their wealth level, the same chance to work with a seasoned professional team of Ohio financial advisors to grow their money.
With a mission of making financial planning, simple to understand, accessible and convenient, PDS Planning is an excellent financial advisor in Columbus, Ohio to consider partnering with.
The client-facing approach that is designed to reduce stress and help people make more informed financial decisions sets them apart and earns PDS Planning a 5-star rating as one of the top financial advisors in Ohio to consider working with this year.
Founded in 1995, Summit Financial Strategies is an Ohio financial advisor that believes in cultivating strong relationships and developing custom financial plans that are tuned to the needs, goals, and dreams of their clients.
This top-rated Columbus, Ohio wealth management firm takes on a fiduciary commitment to their clients and is fee-only. They believe in the power of collaboration and forming lifetime relationships with their clients.
Everything that Summit does revolves around you. This financial advisory firm in Ohio ensures that their wealth management services evolve to your changing needs. They continue to adjust strategies as needed to help clients achieve success.
Summit Financial Strategies is a wealth management firm in Ohio offers a disciplined, strategy and customizable investment mix.
During their first meeting with a client, your Ohio financial advisor collects necessary data and discusses portfolio development. This conversation also touches on the importance of comfort levels and risk tolerance.
Once a general outline for the portfolio is set, this team of financial planners in Ohio implement the plan and monitor it continually to keep things on track.
Whether you’re a seasoned investor or just starting to get a handle managing your money, Summit Financial Strategies is a great financial planner in Columbus, Ohio to consider.
The firm offers enhanced financial management strategies, a large team, and a low ratio of clients to advisors, ensuring that each client gets the dedicated, one-on-one attention they need.
With a goal on maintaining positive, long-lasting relationships and a completely collaborative approach, Summit Financial Strategies scores a 5-star rating and is one of the best financial advisors in Ohio to consider partnering with this year.
The Joseph Group was founded in 1999 with a mission of helping people live great lives and achieve their dreams through inspiring financial management. This Ohio wealth management firm is based in Columbus, OH.
The firm takes on a fiduciary obligation to put their client’s best interest ahead of their own and operates with a fee-only structure. They strive to help their clients live great lives, one story at a time.
This Columbus, Ohio wealth management firm starts by matching the right portions of your wealth to the key strategy that will be the most productive. They use four investment strategies in their process, which allows them to customize the best investment assets for each client.
The Joseph Group refers to their personalized investment process as the Wealth Allocation Framework, it provides an organized approach to match each client with one of their core portfolios.
The Ohio financial advisors at The Joseph Group believe that administering great retirement plans means partnering with both their employer clients and their employees. Their experienced team of financial professionals works with retirement plans of all sizes to make them effective and compliant.
This financial advisory firm in Ohio typically works with locally owned companies that have between 10 and 100 employees and a retirement plan that has at least $1 million.
If you enjoy a well-structured and thoughtful approach to wealth management and financial planning, then The Joseph Group Capital Management will fit your style like a glove.
The firm’s client-centered approach revolves completely around each client’s needs, goals, and financial situation to match them with the most successful financial strategy.
With a fee-only client commitment and a philosophy based on a foundation of trust and responsibility to their clients, The Joseph Group Capital Management scores a 5-star rating and is one of the best financial advisors in Ohio to consider partnering with this year.
Founded in 1990, Truepoint Wealth Management is one of the region’s first fee-only firms. They are based in Cincinnati, OH and provide financial advisory services to clients across 39 states.
In addition to being a fee-only Ohio financial planning firm, they are also a fiduciary and 100% employee-owned. They handle 2.7 billion in assets under management and provide multiple financial services to a wide variety of clients.
When you work with a firm that has a large range of financial services, it streamlines your financial management and ensures all the different aspects of your financial life are integrated into a complete plan.
For those that are working with a financial planner in Ohio for the first time, it can be difficult to identify what types of services you may need.
For each investor type, they provide common wealth management questions and concrete examples of how the Ohio financial advisors at Truepoint Wealth Counsel can help clients overcome specific financial challenges.
With a fee-only structure and a fiduciary commitment, Truepoint Wealth Counsel gives clients peace of mind that they will be receiving unbiased and transparent advice throughout their wealth management and financial planning process.
Truepoint Wealth Counsel also makes it simple for potential clients to evaluate their services by providing easy-to-understand, detailed descriptions of their services, scoring the firm a 5-star rating and a spot among the best financial advisors in Ohio.
Wellspring Financial Advisors believes in doing more than just managing wealth, they engage their clients in a way that positively shapes their lives now and in the future.
This Cleveland, Ohio top wealth management firm is fee-only and upholds a fiduciary standard of trust and transparency. They also recognize the importance of human capital and work toward fostering multi-generational relationships.
Clients that work with Wellspring Financial Advisors will recognize their unique approach to financial planning. They believe that the foundation of any good financial advisory firm is their people.
They look at capital a bit differently than other Ohio wealth management firms, believing there are five distinct types of capital and that a successful financial strategy requires focusing on all of them.
Wellspring Financial Advisors provides holistic financial services to high-net-worth individuals and families and they offer a full suite of financial, estate, and tax planning services.
This Cleveland wealth management firm’s expertise extends to clients’ financial and non-financial needs, offering families a trusted professional for handling an array of requirements to make their lives easier.
With a holistic approach and fee-only structure that ensures unbiased and conflict-free advice, Wellspring Financial Advisors scores a 5-star rating and is one of the top Ohio financial advisors to consider partnering with in 2019.
Whether you’re searching for financial advisors in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, or elsewhere in Ohio, you have multiple options on this list for experienced and personalized financial guidance.
Using this list as a starting point, you can further narrow down your options by comparing each Ohio wealth management firm’s areas of expertise, location, specialties, and client types.
Once you’ve found some firms that are serious contenders for your business, contact each advisor in turn to set up a consultation. Most financial advisors in Ohio and elsewhere offer a free initial consultation.
Meeting in person will allow you to get a better feel for each firm’s advisors and help you choose the perfect financial partner to help you reach your future goals in life.
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2019-04-20T07:08:23Z
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https://www.advisoryhq.com/articles/top-advisors-and-wealth-managers-in-ohio-columbus-cleveland-toledo-cincinnati/
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Website Builder: Build a Website without Code. How to Build a Website?
Socrates once said “Speak, so that I may see you.” It has become one of the most quoted phrases throughout history. In the digital world, the equivalent to these wise words would be “Show me your website, so that I may see you.” Nothing makes a statement like a neat and a professional website. It is now a natural thing for any business, a project, a public figure, or an influencer to have a website. In the beginning, building a website was a mission that only those with a solid technical background could accomplish. As more and more non-tech savvy people needed to build websites, a website builder became the perfect solution. In the upcoming pages, you shall find out the answers to all your questions about a website builder. In other words, we will go through all the steps to set up a website for your business from scratch, regardless of your technical skills.
What Does a Website Builder Offer?
Is a Website Builder the Rich Choice for Everyone?
We always love to start by clarifying why we think this topic is important. Before talking about how to build a website, one needs to know: why does a business need a website?
Ever since social media marketing became a trend, many businesses have relied on different social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, as alternatives for having their own website. Many businesses now use their business social pages as the main channel of communication and brand awareness. The reason why that happens often is due to the simplicity and effortlessness of managing social media pages. Creating a business page on Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn literally takes minutes. Unlike a website, even a user with zero technical background, he/she can still manage to run the page without a trouble. That makes many companies believe that a social media page can replace a website.
Social media pages are designed to suit the quick scroll. Users do not go to social platforms to find products or services. For that reason, business pages on social media are meant to give your audience a brief about your business, but not the full range information. In fact, many businesses have more to offer than their customers realize. Your own website allows you to showcase all your products and services, main ones and side ones.
In addition, your website is the perfect channel for creating long and valuable content. Social media users are not into long posts, they like their content straightforward and short. Sometimes you will have to sandwich your content to fit the busy newsfeed. On the contrary, on the website, you would never have to compromise. There is no limit to the amount of content you want to share or specific dimensions and restrictions. In other words, creating a business page on social channels is like setting up a booth at a busy neighbor’s house, at the end of the day, you are merely one of the guests. Meanwhile, having your own website is like being in your own house.
All business pages on different social platforms share the same design and look. That is why it is harder to establish a unique and distinguishable brand image on social media, especially among your competitors. On a website, however, you will have control over design, user interface, and navigation process. Everything you use in your design has something to say about your business. Therefore, a website gives you more capacity to display the identity of your company boldly. There are much more ways to express your brand on a website: fonts, colors, display, loading time, and the friendliness of navigation, especially on mobile devices. Social media limits those options, and therefore, your own website is the ideal way to make a brand statement and tell the world what your company identifies itself with.
If your business is a product-based one, then you have all the right reasons for creating a website that functions as an online store. This expands your market and opens up more opportunities for nation-wide, or even international, sales. We shall explain later the best website builder for creating an online store.
Your business page is for everyone, your website is for the best calibers. Think about that as a good reason why you need a website. Let’s say someone found your business page on Facebook, he/she liked what he/she saw and wants to know more. If you do not have a website, the only option for them would be either to comment or message you a question and wait for your reply. In either of the cases, you may find yourself bombarded with random comments and messages on different posts that may eventually get lost and your potential leads end up as lost leads. Even if you manage to reply to every message and comment, the information provided will never cover all the details. They must be brief and short. In very rare cases, one of your audience on Facebook ends up calling you to get the full details.
Building a website allows the refinement of your social media audience. Following the last scenario, if the announcements lead to your website, the outcomes could be much more efficient. The biggest percentage of your audience on social media are window shoppers. By designing your announcements in a way that leads those interested to your website, you can separate between window shoppers and those willing to act. Think of the website as the destination for interested customers who are ready to walk with you for an extra mile.
Instead of leaving a comment or a message, they can give you their contact information and schedule a call-back. This will help you organize responding to each one to minimize the number of lost leads, and to avoid any miscommunication which often happens on social media. It will also help you create a database for those who get in touch with you. You can use that information later for email marketing in the form of newsletters and new offers. Moreover, it will personalize the way you communicate with your audience which will keep your business unique and memorable.
People are spending a bulky amount of time on all digital platforms. More online presence means more chances for your business being found. A website also has the benefit of potential customers finding you at their own pace, instead of you interrupting their route. It gives them more time to build their trust in a business. Moreover, a website saves them the hassle of finding information about your business. All your contact information, your portfolio, your products, and everything they need to know in one place. A website makes your customers’ lives easier.
Now, you already realized that a website is crucial for your business. Assuming you are someone who does not know a thing about building a website. We shall explain first how websites are built the traditional way. Then, we will explain how a website builder is a savior for those who cannot afford the traditional way. It is good to understand how the traditional way for building a website goes, even if you will not use it at the time being. It gives you an idea about the bigger picture and can be useful to help you make the choice of whether a website builder is suitable for your business.
A web development process is a set of well-defined steps which organizes the way a team works to create a website. It starts with understanding the requirements of the website. “Requirements” are the website’s functions and its intended use, these are fundamental for the execution and planning of the web development process. The requirements vary according to the nature of the business; its goals, target audience, and features. A personal website, of course, has different requirements than those of a bank’s website. The bigger the project/business, the more complicated the development process will be because it will include more features. Throughout that process there are three main phases, and for every phase there is a specialist with a specific role to fulfill. Sometimes, the roles intertwine; a specialist could have more than one role. However, bigger corporates usually have specialists for each role.
The Design phase involves transforming ideas suggested in the planning phase into a well-structured and tangible visual representation. The goal of the design phase is to establish a shape and an interface for the website. While the features, content, and most other functions will still be missing, one can still identify the site’s visual outline.
Basically, a web designer starts with a pen, a paper, along with his/her imagination and experience. Using information gathered from the client (the website owner in this case,) the designer should create the best shape for the website to meet the objectives. This shape is called a Wireframe. A Wireframe lacks typography style, color, or graphics, as it only focuses on shape as a concept. At this point, “shape” is like the skeleton of the website; its bare bones. The next step is creating a mockup via Adobe Photoshop. A mockup is “used to represent the structure of information, visualize the content and demonstrate the basic functionalities in a static way.” Unlike wireframes, mockups provide visual details, and this is their advantage. They help the designer identify any errors and allow him/her to view the design from the user’s perspective. Then, a cycle of reviewing, editing, and tweaking follows until the client and the web designer reach the most satisfactory outcome. Once the design is ready, it’s coding time.
A web designer’s job involves a lot of creativity pumped up with technical skills to be able to know how the suggested shape will serve the function. The web designer also needs to master using design programs such Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. In addition, a web designer must understand the basics of coding languages such as HTML and CSS. We will give definitions for those later. After all, a web designer is a part of the development process which includes both the technical and creative aspects. Market research is also a good source of inspiration for the designer. Keeping an eye on the latest trends and the competitors’ websites keeps the designer updated with the latest user perceptions. As mentioned earlier, the website is aims to deliver a strong brand image. The more appealing a website is, the more professional the brand looks.
Developers are the backbone of the web development process. They are the geeky brains who write code for a living. Most of the work done in this phase involves programming and creating code templates for the several pages a website has. A website usually has different pages: home, general, content, blog post, form, careers, etc. For each one of those, a template should be created. Obviously, the tasks and the amount of time needed to program vary according to the nature of the website and the number of developers working on the project. Filling the website with content is also a part of the development process. Although developers do not write the content, they are the ones responsible for inserting it to the website. A useful remark here to mention is that developers are in continuous communication with designers, software testers, and even the client in some cases. If anything needs to be fixed, the developers are the ones for the mission.
The testing phase is the one is the last before launching the website. Now that the design, the code, and the content are ready, the website should be ready for hosting visitors. Before real users come to the website, the development team must make sure that there are no bugs, errors, or any mistakes whatsoever. The software tester’s job is to assess code and to fish for bugs. To do so, a software tester must come up with different user scenarios, design testing plans, run manual and automated tests, write bug reports, and document results to the development team. There are different scales to measure a website’s efficiency such as stress testing, performance testing, functional testing, and security testing.
A software tester is the eye of the hawk in the web development process. He/she must be detail-oriented, problem-solving, and methodical. From a technical point of view, a software tester needs to be aware of using coding languages and programming. A software tester is also prone to work pressure, especially while working with huge and multinational projects. An undiscovered bug may cost a company millions of dollars. Therefore, software testers are always looking for and purifying bugs throughout the project. In addition, testers must have analytical skills and an ability to document and communicate issues clearly and precisely.
The goal of the testing phase is to ensure that the website is in the most perfect condition before it launches. Therefore, the tester works with the developers to fix any software issues. Once they reach the final outcome, deployment and training starts where the development team hands in the project and explains how the website is used. Of course, if the website is a basic one, those who use it will need almost no training since most of the functions will be obvious and easy to use. Deployment and training takes more time in case there is an entire system built or a larger website.
Non-specialists who want to build a website, whether through a website builder or the traditional way, often stumble upon terms that make them feel discouraged. That sometimes leads them to abandon the idea of having their own website altogether. While some people teach themselves programming and coding languages, most people find it difficult to do so. Today, we will not be discussing coding, however, we will highlight some frequently repeated terms surrounding the web development process. That will give anyone a clue whenever one of these terms are mentioned.
This is probably the first term you may face once you mention building a website. The domain name is the address that people type in their browser URL bar to visit your website. A good question is: how does the Internet work? The Internet is a giant network of computers connected to each other through a global network of cables. These computers can communicate with each other and each one has a specific series of numbers called an IP address for identification. The problem with an IP addresses is that they are hard to remember. Domain names were made to solve that problem. It is much easier to remember a domain name like profiletree.com than a series of numbers. To build a website, you must buy a domain name. Domain names are sold by many companies, called domain name registrars, for varying prices. Two popular domain registrars are GoDaddy and Namecheap. Furthermore, domains are available in different extensions; the most popular one is .com which is used by most business websites.
This one usually goes hand in hand with a domain name, yet they are not the same thing. Web hosting is another must have for building a website. In the simplest form, if a domain name was like the address of your house, web hosting would be the actual house that the address points to. That brings us back to the question of how the Internet works. All the data, content, and files of your website are stored on special computers called web servers. Supposedly, these web servers belong to your web hosting companies. Once a user enters your domain address to his/her browser, the browser translates the domain name into the IP address of your web hosting company, that is where your website’s files are stored . The user’s computer needs to connect to the web hosting’s server to be able to view your website. In other words, web hosting is like booking a hotel room for your website’s files and data to be stored, so that users may eventually find them.
Those three musketeers are the pillars upon which the front-end part of the website is built. Front-end development comprises the parts that visitors see in a website; how the website looks like and functions. In other words, these are the three languages that websites speak. A web browser is the tool that translates these three languages into the real website that a user deals with.
While HTML constructs the structure of a web page, CSS constructs its visual layout. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and it is the language that defines to your browser how the website will look like. That includes color, font, and layout. It was created to allow web professionals to separate the content and structure of a website’s code from the visual design. Before CSS was created, both aspects were written in HTML. That separation between design and content has allowed more flexibility during the web development process. However, there is quite a lot to learn about CSS, it is more complicated than HTML. Even though it is rather complicated, the results were surely worth the trouble. Therefore, CSS is now a widely used standard in web design and you would be hard pressed to find anyone working in the industry today who did not have at least a basic understanding of this language.
CMS stands for Content Management System. That is defined as a web-based application that provides capabilities for multiple users with different permission levels to manage web content often without the need to have HTML knowledge. In some cases, depending on the website’s nature, some HTML knowledge is still required to use the CMS. Capabilities to manage content include creating, editing, publishing, and archiving pages, articles, press releases, blogs, etc. For e-commerce websites, content management involves adding and editing inventory, description, product specifications, prices, and photos. All different tasks done on a website on behalf of the business such as: adding reports, viewing orders, creating slips and invoices are done through the content management system. The CMS is a major part of a business website since it is the basic system which defines the process of continuously updating and creating new content for the website.
Now that you have understood how the traditional web development process evolves and the terms which frequently surround it, it is time to introduce website builders. What does a website builder do? What role do they play in the web development process? And for what purposes were they created?
A website builder is a tool or an application that lets users build a website quickly and without needing to know any coding, or site design skills. That means that a website builder is a shortcut, or an alternative way for non-specialists to get around the dilemma of web development. Although teaching yourself coding in order to build a website is a noble act, to be fair, it is quite a long task. Furthermore, mastering all the skills needed to create a website requires resources and time. Hiring someone to do the job for you is a great option, however, small and medium-sized businesses may not afford it. Why can’t building a website become as easy as creating a Word document? Well, it can. That is a website builder’s job. In the beginning, a website builder produced amateurish websites which did not qualify to be presented as business websites. Over time, website builders have become more reliable and more advanced.
An offline website builder comes as a software program to install on your computer. It allows you to entirely build your website and save its files on the computer. Once it is ready to be launched, all you need to do is upload all the website’s files to a web host. Although an offline website builder gives flexibility to build a website without needing an Internet connection, it also compels you to purchase a web hosting account, in addition to purchasing the website builder itself. Moreover, it requires a tiny technical experience to be able to upload your website to the web host.
An online website builder, on the other hand, lives and dwells on the Internet. It is a web-based tool which means that your website will run on the provider’s service. This gives you the flexibility to work on your website project from anywhere and on any device. There is no need to download the website builder. Seriously, all one needs is an Internet connection and a web browser. For these attractive reasons, an online website builder is a darling to non-specialists who have always been intimidated by the traditional web development process. Using a drag-and-drop editor, an online website builder is the wizard which makes creating a website as easy as moving icons on your desktop. No coding, no designing skills, just click and drag.
Remember when we said that these two are the first must haves to build your own website? Nobody can escape that rule. But fortunately, many website builders can help you get that done.
Website builders offer different packages for providing a domain name. Some providers allow you to use a cheap domain name, such as yourname.websitebuilder.com, instead of yourname.com. Meanwhile, another website builder may offer one year of free domain name registration if you choose to subscribe for an annual plan with them.
Then you are one step ahead, nobody can steal away your name. Of course, if you already purchased a domain name, you can still register with it to any website builder. That gives you two options: 1) You can replace your old domain name provider with the website builder’s. 2) You could stay with your current domain name provider and forward the domain to your website builder account. Your current domain registrar can help you set this up.
Next, you need to shelter your files in that “room” called web hosting. That means you need a web hosting service. Luckily, most website builders come packaged with one or more web hosting plans, so you can select the one that suits your needs the most.
Templates are ready made designs for how the visual structure of a website will look like. Think of them as the fast-food solution for the designer’s job. Each website builder has a collection of different designs and shapes ready to be used. Moreover, these templates are anything but rigid, you can always change your mind about the template you choose. This can be done at any time, even after you have launched the website and filled it with content. The content you added will be reshaped to fit the new design. If your company has a logo and a specific color palette, you can easily merge them with the templates. That way you would not have to sacrifice your brand’s identity. What if none of the designs are worthy of your admiration? That is no problem. You can create your own custom-made template style, however, that will require some HTML and CSS skills.
Tip: Use the design template that matches the nature of your website. For example, if your website will have exceptional visuals, make sure you pick the design which highlights them the most.
Websites differ in the size and number of their pages and sections, yet even the smallest website needs some standard pages. Standard pages are those found on almost every website: home page, about us, contact information, and services. Some businesses include some extras like a portfolio, careers, products, case studies, FAQ, and much more. Using a website builder, you can easily add as many pages and sections as you want.
Excuse me? Hint: Look at the Profile Tree logo at the corner of this opened tab. A Favicon is the picture that shows at the corner of a visitor’s tab once he/she opens your website. This makes visitors distinguish your page if they have many tabs opened on their browser. It also makes a unique bookmark on the list of saved websites. A website builder does not even miss those small details to build a website that stands out.
Tip: Most businesses select their logo, or something strongly associated with their brand.
Whoever created a website builder knew that e-commerce is the latest shopping trend worldwide, and its popularity will only increase in the future. While a website builder will not be able to create a website like Amazon’s, we will explain why later, small and medium sized businesses can still build a reliable website that serves their smaller circle of customers. An e-commerce website must contain specific items that other websites do not require. A shopping cart, payment tools, and a checkout page are all essential for the visitor to make an order online. On the back-end, an inventory management is essential for you to know the products in-stock, those on backorder, and the sold-outs. A website builder has all those elements to support your budding online store.
Every website builder delights itself in presenting those two. Images and videos gives a website its glamour and style. One always finds the best and most appealing web designs full of motion, color, and images. 360 images are also the new thing to make a website stand out. Therefore, your website builder should have a library of high quality images that you can use as headers and backgrounds.
Tip: On your side, you should prepare an HD video, a 360 photo, or a virtual tour for your business if you have a unique one and embed them on your website. Videos for products tutorials, events, or customer reviews are a great way to market your business online. In addition, they also enhance your SEO score, so your website ranks higher in Google results.
We have mentioned earlier that social media business pages should go hand in hand with your website. None of them alone is enough to establish a strong brand awareness. For that reason, a website builder allows you to connect your social media page to your website. It goes without saying that you should later add your website to all your pages on different social platforms. Combining the two helps achieve the marketing goals we mentioned earlier when we drew that comparison between a business page and a website.
SEO is the lifeblood of your website. This is the channel that will get you the best visitors with the highest purchase potential. It is a fact that effective SEO does not rely solely on the website builder you are using, however, it does play a part. Any website builder empowers its users with the right features for better SEO results. A good website builder will provide you with features such as: SEO title, meta descriptions, page level heading tags, backlinking, and mobile optimization. Some of them give you the benefits of connecting to Google Analytics and Google Search Console. SEO is an essential ingredient in the recipe of building a website. If you give enough attention to your SEO, it will have a great impact on your number visitors, and sales.
The editor in any website builder is the tool that allows you to edit or add new content whenever you like. It is as easy as using a Microsoft word document. You do not need to write text in HTML. It gives you the same options of linking to another page, and reshaping your text differently.
A treasure that people simply fail to notice. Choosing to build a website through a website builder means that you do not have enough technical experience to do the whole thing on your own. Now the best part is: with a website builder, you would not have to be alone. Website builders have a team of tech support that you can contact for questions and inquiries. They also have FAQs and articles on how to build a successful website. You get to share experience with people who have gone through this process successfully before.
So, is a website builder perfect? No. We will later give examples of the best cases where a website builder makes a great solution. Let’s go through the pros and cons of a website builder in brief.
Easy to use: no technical or programming skills are needed from you to build it, or even from your staff to work on it or update it.
It is the Walmart for building a website. Your domain name, hosting space, email address, etc. all in one place.
Cost efficiency: a website builder is much less expensive than hiring a web designing team.
Security updates: your website builder will automatically install all the necessary security updates. You would need to worry about security which is a great feature.
You will not waste time dealing with bugs, compatibility issues, or broken functionality.
Tech support: as mentioned earlier, if you face any issue, you can easily find plenty of support and tips.
Not suitable for large business websites: website builders are simply not designed to support a complex web design. Businesses who need full-functioning websites that perform difficult tasks must stick to the traditional web development process.
Limited flexibility: some people cannot give up flexibility. After all, a website builder will only provide you with a limited number of layouts to pick from. Depending on the nature of the business, some cannot sacrifice to limit their choices in return for ease of use.
Relying on one provider: building a website through a website builder means that their business is your business. If the website builder is unstable or, for any reason, shuts down, then your website will go with it too. Some businesses cannot tolerate being independent.
Website would not be able to handle higher levels of traffic.
Is a Website Builder the Right Choice for Everyone?
Let’s say you are trying to build a relatively small online portfolio for your work, a basic website for your business, or a simple online presence for an event or a project. A website builder will be the best tool for that mission. With little to no experience needed, a website can be a lifesaver for beginners. It guarantees that you website will have an amazing appearance, and it will take the least amount of time to launch. In addition, you will be able to adjust the site’s SEO scores to reach more relevant audience.
With an insightful drag-and drop editor, Weebly and Jimdo are the best choice for beginners. Their simplicity and broad range of features, they can be the oasis for creating a portfolio or small website to introduce your business. For photographers or businesses relying on captivating visuals, Wix is known for its artistic touch.
Like we said, having a website that functions as an online store has its features that differ from a regular website. For that reason, a website builder is a great way to start a small to a medium-sized e-commerce platform. Traditionally, a big content management system, such as Magento or Prestashop, is required to create an e-commerce focused website. In that case, a website builder is a great alternative since the traditional method is technically demanding and expensive.
Shopify is a powerful e-commerce builder that combines all the features to create a functioning e-store. It allows you to process online payments, take orders, display products, and manage tax options without a hassle. Weebly is another good option. While it offers less features than Shopify, its advantage is that it is much simpler to use.
Compared to professional blogging platforms, such as WordPress, a website builder can have its limitations. Although a powerful blogging tool, beginners find WordPress too complicated. Therefore, it is not always a suitable choice for all. On the other hand, the best website builder will allow you to schedule posts, enable comments, create post categories, and tweak SEO.
Squarespace is the best website builder for blogs. It provides all the needed features to make a good looking blog which engages your audience. Compared to Weebly, which is known for being the most straightforward website builder, it is slightly complex. However, it is still less complex than WordPress and it puts your blog on the right path.
Directory websites are those dealing with lists and catalogs. Usually these are associated with real estate websites where people search for properties, or job advertising ones where many parties share data and forms. For that amount of data, these websites require a proper database system. Unfortunately, a website builder is not made to handle similar websites, they require a more advanced management system.
To create this kind of project, you had better look into more traditional web designing methods. Meanwhile, WordPress is a fairly good option if you need to minimize your expenses. WordPress is a powerful platform that can do the job while needing the minimal technical assistance. Yes, you may need to hire a developer for some customized tasks, but it is still a flexible tool to use.
Social network websites are huge projects. Companies like Facebook and Twitter have army of the best developers, designers, and testers in the world to achieve these enormous networks. A website builder would not be able to have your back in this case.
BuddyPress, a plugin for WordPress, would be a reasonable solution if your goal is to create a smaller social network. Like its cousin, it needs a degree of technical knowledge. Yet, it does a good job building a small social network.
There are many medium sized businesses which serve more than one location across the globe, or sometimes, one multilingual location. They all find it crucial to build a multilingual website. Online stores precisely need to be multilingual since e-commerce often targets customers beyond borders. This is another area where a website builder may fall short. Most website builders ask you to create separate websites for each language you want to translate to. It is quite expensive and not as efficient as having all your visitors in one place. While there are workarounds to get over this issue, a website builder remains a less appealing option for this mission.
Duda is a website builder which gives you the ability to create a “built-in” multilingual website. So, if your goal is to build a website with more than one language, Duda is the right builder for the mission. However, Duda cannot create a multilingual online store. For that, you will have to go back to Shopify. Shopify cannot build a built-in multilingual store, however, a third-party app interferes to save the day. Other than website builders, a more traditional alternative would be WordPress’s plugin: WooCoomerce.
Wix is the Master of Design. Therefore, often recommended for businesses relying on visuals such as fashion, photography, and restaurants. Prices start at $5.00 monthly for the Connect Domain plan. It goes up to $25.00 a month if you opt for the VIP upgrade. As the price goes up, additional features are added. When creating an online store, Wix’s fees are at least $17.00 per month. Wix also has a free plan where you can use a subdomain. A subdomain is, for example, profiletree.wix.com instead of profiletree.com. Of course, a subdomain is less professional than a stand-alone domain.
Starter costs 8 dollars and is great for basic projects.
Pro costs 12 dollars and includes extra features such as video and audio players, and phone support.
Business costs 25 dollars and is the perfect plan to run a smaller online store.
Performance costs 38 dollars and it is suitable for a bigger online store with better options and higher stability.
Jimdo is known for its simplicity and good SEO features. For that reason, we have recommended it for small projects and portfolios. The free plan is similar to that of Weebly and Wix, it restricts you to a subdomain. The paid packages are JimdoPro and JimdoBusiness. JimdoPro is for websites which do not need an online store and it costs 7.5 dollars. JimdoBusiness is for relatively larger websites and e-stores and it costs 20 dollars.
Duda is the website builder recommended for multilingual websites. Although more expensive than the others previously mentioned, Duda is a problem solver to multilingual businesses. Duda is also unique because its creators were visionary about the importance of mobile websites. When they created this website builder, they made sure it builds responsive websites. Responsive websites are those where visitors will see an optimized site whether they are looking at it on a computer, a tablet, or a smartphone. Duda has a free trial plan with a subdomain and limited support which you can upgrade to Business+. Business+ costs 14.25 dollars per month. Uniquely, Duda offers a Site for Life package where you can purchase a lifetime subscription to Business+ for 299 dollars. To build an online store with more than ten products, you should subscribe to the Business+ Ecommerce plan for 22.5 dollars per month.
Basic Shopify costs 26 dollars per month. It will allow you to sell unlimited products and charge a 2% transaction fee unless you use Shopify Payments.
Shopify costs 71 dollars. It has more e-commerce features like gift carts and abandoned cart recovery. Transaction fees are 1% unless you use Shopify Payments.
Advanced Shopify costs 266 dollars per month. That one gives you advanced reports and automatically calculated shipping rates with transaction fees about 0.5%, unless you use Shopify Payments.
Personal costs 12 dollars per month. If you do not need an online store, then this package is good enough to create a good portfolio.
Business costs 18 dollars. It offers an online store with a transaction fee of 3%.
Online Store (Basic) costs 26 dollars where you can build an online store with no transaction fees.
Online Store (Advanced) costs 40 dollars and is only recommended for those who need advanced e-commerce features.
This is your starting point. Good planning is key to success, especially when building a website. In fact, this phase should take more time than the execution phase. That is because the decisions you are going to make during planning will be the basis for the final outcome.
This is the scale which will measure your website’s success after it is published. How can you determine that a website is a success if you do not know what it should achieve? Ask yourself: what do I want my website to achieve? The more precise your answers are, the more successful your website will be. Besides, you will never get lost in the process if you know exactly what you want. A business website can have different goals to achieve depending on the nature of the business and its position in the market. It could be set to attract new customers, increase the number of customers during quiet seasons, or create a new stream of online sales to boost your profit. Meanwhile, a portfolio’s goals may putting up presentable samples of your work to encourage managers/clients to hire you. These goals are called “business requirements” in the web development dictionary. Each goal corresponds to a solution or the means to achieve it. These requirements will be translated into features, pages, and sections on your website.
An average website means an average business. That is a problem, because nobody on the web is looking for an average business. Every user starting a search query wants to find a trustworthy business that meets his/her needs and fits the budget. To stand out amid thousands of businesses, you need to build a website with a story. In other words, a strong brand that gives an unmatched vibe of trust, creativity, and professionalism. To build a website with these qualities, you need to establish a personality for it. The tone, the design, the sections, the pages, and the titles all should express one theme which is relevant to your brand. It should all be consistent and exclusive. You must consider all those aspects in advance to have a clear vision of how your website will look like. That will make the execution phase more organized.
Where should you find inspiration? Other business websites, in particular, your competitors’ websites. Your competitors and other impressive websites are a great source of inspiration. From their pages, sections, titles, and designs, you can get great ideas. You can choose to add those ideas as they are, or do some tweaks and touch-ups to make them match your theme. This review also keeps you updated with the latest web design trends. It is worthy to mention that we have intentionally listed that step as the second. Many people rush into that step before creating their own vision. They may end up copying ideas from here and there, and that makes their website less genuine and unoriginal. While it is beneficial to keep an eye on businesses who have a strong online presence, you should not let that limit your own version. Look for inspiration, but do not copy-paste concepts.
Mind mapping is a brilliant way to boost creativity during brainstorming and planning. Mind maps are often used in the web development process. They are useful when it comes to filtering the best thoughts about how you want the website to look like. As shown in the picture, mind maps start in the center of the page with the central theme highlighted. This is the cornerstone that all other elements will revolve around. Surround that theme with the all the website’s categories, menus, pages, gallery, subpages, and sections. Create this mind map after the first two steps in the planning phase, then as you review other websites, add new ideas and refine your website’s mind map. Remember that your mind map should cover all the requirements you have set for the site.
Attract new customers – A website builder with strong SEO features to increase your website’s visibility on search engines.
– An online store with advanced e-commerce features, like gift cards, and promo codes.
A portfolio with a gallery of photos of your previous work. – A website builder with a visual appeal and amazing graphics for high quality photos.
The right website builder should be the one that offers the best solutions for your requirements.
Design: Design is the silent soldier in any website. Think of the website as if it is a real store, how do you want a visitor to feel when they step inside your store? Comfortable, friendly, and hyped? Formal, professional, and classic? That all depends on your business’s vision, the kind of product you sell, the audience you target, etc. Choose the background and font type, size and color under your website builder’s layout or style menu. Try out several ones until you find the perfect one.
Navigation: Navigation is creating menus for your visitors to move from one place to another. From your mind map, you should be able to know where these menus will lead to. A website usually has a main menu and sub-menus. Make sure the navigation menus are clear and easily understood by all typed of visitors.
Outlined Pages: After the structure is built, it is time to add bullet points and short sections to each page. These are called outlines. Outlines do not comprise content yet, only the main headers and sub-headers. You may also add image ideas, even if you do not have the actual images yet.
Content is like cheese; everyone loves extra cheese on their plate. You can add it to almost any dish and it would taste great. Content starts with filling the blank spaces under all sections, bullet points, footer, and headers with text. For bloggers, this will be the deal breaker of your website. You need to show off your style throughout your blog. For others who know that writing is not their strong suit, consider hiring a copywriter for that project. Content makes all the difference. In addition, creating content only starts before publishing, but it is the one aspect that you should always be updating and enhancing all the time. By that we mean adding more valuable posts, articles, news to your website regularly. This is the way to gain loyal visitors to your website.
SEE ALSO: What Is Content Writing and How to Be a Content Writer?
Now everything should be ready for publishing. The last thing you should do before publishing is go through every detail on your website.
Proofread your website for spelling and grammar errors.
Make sure all the pages and buttons are working; there are no bugs or broken links.
Test your contact form and make sure it is working properly.
Make sure you have included relevant keywords in your titles and descriptions.
Make sure you fulfill all the legal requirements by clarifying your site’s policies. Those legal requirements differ from one country to another.
It is now ready to become part of the World Wide Web. Register you website with search engines: Google and Bing. Search engines are like the stage for an artist. If an artist has never been on stage, his/her art will never come to the light. The same rule applies to a website. Secure that with good SEO techniques to guarantee a good flow of potential customers. On a side note, installing Google Analytics would be a good advice. It’s a free tool that gives you insights about your website’s visitors. These statistics are important to determine what is paying off, and what is not. Google Analytics tells you the number of visitors, page views, and where your visitors are located. One great insight that the tool gives you is the number of people who have come to your website via search engines. That gives a good indication of how well your SEO is doing.
If you have finally reached this part, then you got a great deal of information about building a website. You have understood why it is crucial to have a business website, and it can be a huge milestone in your business’s progress. It is also clear that social media pages and your website, go hand in hand and should build each other up. The question of whether to go for the traditional method, or choose a website builder instead, all comes down to the business requirements of your website. Large businesses prefer to select the traditional method since it offers the best and most stable websites. However, it is recommended for start-ups to start their web project using a website builder since it is faster, easier, and cost efficient.
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2019-04-20T19:32:57Z
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https://www.profiletree.com/building-a-website-without-coding/
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Actually, Printful also falls into the category of dropshipper, or a supplier that stores the products for youpersonally, packages themand ships them out to your customers after a purchase. So, essentially, all you have to do is upload your own layouts and start posting them onto your website to start selling. In this Printful review, we’ll outline the benefits of the service and reveal the reason why many users choose Printful over the alternatives.
The short story Is that Printful does not have as big of choice of products when compared with the competition. If I wished to publish and dropship some designs on coasters, then I’d need to look elsewhere. The same is true for more specific items like yoga mats and jewellery. However, there’s an onslaught of consumer reviews out there which say Printful is that their go-to printing press because of the quality of merchandise. And that’s a major deal.
You may have to Cut down on the range of items you sell on your website, but you know that the tops are hardy, the printing isn’t going to wash off fast, and clients aren’t going to get ticked off due to a late delivery.
Of course, not All printing and dropshipping companies are perfect. I have seen users post dreadful Printful reviews, speaking about the way the customer service is lacking or how the print did not come out as smart as they believed. On the other hand, nearly all retailers seem to agree that Printful is your leader in this market.
One thing to Remember is the fact that it often depends on the sort of product that you’re printing on, the provider you choose, and the quality of graphic you upload. So, one type of shirt may seem fantastic from Printful, however the tote bags might not look exactly right. The primary way to figure out whether Printful is for you is to upload a few of your layouts and purchase samples. This way, you can compare pricing, quality, and shipping rate to additional printing companies and determine which one is for you.
For This Printful inspection, we’ll avoid the quality of its products, since that requires you to order some samples. But, we’ll talk about pricing, ease-of-use, client support, and the choice of goods. That way, you’ll get a clearer idea of just how Printful can work for you and if the design and integration tools are sufficient for your industry.
Printful provides the products, Prints on the goods, packages and fulfills the order and transmits it directly to your clients, all you need to do is send orders to them and also the order information and they will manage the rest. To find out more about how their process works, have a look at the Printful Printing Order Lifecycle.
They are in the business Of helping you create products to your business, and they provide all the necessary tools and resources to help you easily integrate the dropshipping process in your ecommerce site so you can provide a seamless experience for your clients. They offer plenty of ecommerce integrations so you’re able to utilize their service no matter which platform you decide to sell on, they are transparent about their product and delivery pricing so you can easily understand their prices and apply it to your product markups, they supply design, photography and branding services so your merchandise can appear their best and they are located in North America as well as Europe to be able to easily reach the largest consumer markets.
Another cost to Consider is the sample order. As I mentioned before, the only way to really determine whether the quality of the merchandise from Printful are perfect for you is to send a sample to yourself.
Should you order a product which comes from a European Printful facility, the shipping is free for many locations in Europe.
For each of These sample orders, you get just two products. In addition to this, the sample orders are limited to one per month.
This may cause Problems for those attempting to test new products on a regular basis. But the firm does have some techniques to acquire extra sample orders–like by integrating having the ecommerce platform or generating over $300 in the prior month.
Another large Question most retailers have is whether it’s quick and easy to walk throughout the print design centre. Also, what is it like trying to get those goods on your website?
I would choose The size which I’d love to sell, then upload the printing file that’s going to go onto that picture.
Generally, the Direct from Printful is quite clear about what you may want to change with your upload. For instance, most random JPGs you upload from your computer are going to be too small for printing on a canvas. You are going to want a massive JPG or PNG that you exported from a RAW file in something like Lightroom or Photoshop.
Printful Is for ecommerce entrepreneurs who want the simplicity of selling dropshipped goods without losing quality or their branding at the process. Whether you’re trying to find a way to sell your designs to your customers be it on custom t-shirts, canvases, telephone cases, pillows and much more, or if you’re considering starting any sort of product-based business without the annoyance of owning inventory or manufacturing materials, then Printful is for you.
They’re continually Growing their services and product offerings, and because they’re so receptive to their customer’s needs and desires their number of vendors keeps growing. Their efficiency, transparency, high quality product offering and diverse selection are part of the reason they’re so successful, and their capacity to work with businesses to help them provide the best service for their customers is what keeps them growing.
You do not Need to have Any prior business experience when it comes to working with Printful. The services they offer are accessible to both seasoned entrepreneurs as well as new small business owners, so if you’ve never started your own business or have not sourced products from a supplier before then provide Printful a try! There is no minimum order requirement, no monthly fees, you only pay for orders as your clients make them it’s a low-risk method to start your own business.
What they supply sellers Goes far beyond their product offering and standard dropshipping services. Those are both a massive part of what makes their service so valuable but they also offer other resources and tools that enable sellers to set up their shops more easily, create more beautiful products or just generally help vendors use Printful’s service to its fullest extent.
There are several Different printing methods but those who Printful sticks to are Direct-to-Garment (DTG) printing since it’s a cost and labor efficient approach to print single sequence items (and the reason they don’t require minimum orders), but they also offer all-over sublimation printing for a few clothing items, screen printing in certain instances (for large orders only) and embroidery for hats and coming soon for attire.
When it comes to Printing, Printful makes it effortless for you. You don’t have to worry about picking the best printing method for the product you are printing on, every product offered on their site is published in the way which best suits the item, so you don’t have to explore different printing methods and their pros and cons, Printful’s got it covered.
For more information About their products and product pricing, check out Printful’s Custom Products page. If you’re interested in dropshipping something that you don’t find offered on Printful yet, check out their Upcoming Product & Features page to find out whether it is coming shortly. They listen to their sellers and they add new products frequently, so if there is a product that you need to see just inform them via their New Feature Requests page.
Printful also offers a Warehousing and fulfillment service at which they are able to store, pick, pack, and ship goods on behalf of retailers — they don’t even have to be Printful merchandise! Printful has created a sophisticated community of transport, fulfillment, and logistics solutions they now hire out to retailers who need access to these resources.
As Printful provides a Dropshipping service, there is no need for one to ever handle or handle any of this solution or stock, and you do not handle the packaging, shipping or fulfillment aspects . Printful shops, prints, picks, packs, ships and fulfills every product, which means you don’t ever need to.
This Is the Reason Why dropshipping Is such an appealing business model for entrepreneurs who are starting their first shop or don’t have a massive budget to invest in product inventory or manufacturing tools. It provides a low-risk method for vendors to supply great products to their customers, and it enables sellers to focus on other features of their stores like the layouts, branding, customer service or promotion without needing to worry about the technical aspect of things such as printing products and transport them.
That can, of course, Imply that you are paying for Printful’s services and for providing warehousing, shipping, and satisfaction so as to ensure it is a high-value business version for you. While you do not pay for their service in monthly fees or minimum orders, then your profit margins will be impacted and will be smaller than in case you were manufacturing products . This disadvantage is not exclusive to Printful, it applies to the dropshipping business model as a whole. It is, however, an important aspect of dropshipping to remember so you may prepare your margins so.
Printful’s seasoned Team may also help you with the design requirements you might want to get your ecommerce shop off the floor. Not only will they assist you to prepare printing files for Printful products, but they are also able to assist you with any design needs like redesigning logos, creating sublimation print files, color-matching print files, which makes minor adjustments to publish files, creating new graphics, creating custom art and more. Even when you’re starting on different programs such as TeeSpring, Society6 or even Kickstarter, the Printful design team can help you with the production of any layouts, artwork or graphics you want.
This is an Perfect Support For the ecommerce merchant who has an notion about what designs they want to print on their merchandise but aren’t certain how to make it the shop owner who would like to outsource the art creation so they could spare some time to take care of other aspects of building their business. Together with Printful’s dedicated design team you are going to be in great hands, so if this is really a service you might require, check out Printful’s Design Services page here for more information.
As one of those many Services Printful supplies beyond just offering excellent products and a fulfillment service, they also supply design and branding services to help you take your business to another level.
These choices help Detract from the impersonal impression that dropshipping can give and helps to maintain your brand consistency from the website to the goods your clients receive. To learn more about the branding solutions Printful offers, check out this page.
As we have mentioned before What makes Printful this kind of valuable service to use is they’re dedicated to not only providing excellent service through their product offering and fulfillment duties, but they also go the extra mile to assist sellers use Printful to its fullest extent.
· Printing Tips: They provide lots of posts that are readily available through their site to help sellers understand the various printing benefits and disadvantages such as DTG print document transparency, fabric details, sublimation printing facts, garment printing facts, and information on the best way to create embroidery files.
· Mockup Generator: Use their mockup generator to apply your designs to their merchandise to either get a feeling of what the final product will look like to create product pictures for your ecommerce store.
· Profit Calculator: As we have mentioned, the dropshipping business model essentially means you are going to be working with slender profit margins, therefore use their gain calculator to determine exactly what your margins will be for each item so that you can budget your markup so.
Samples: To be able to sample items for yourself or check their products, they provide discounted goods and shipping prices to sellers.
· Checklist: Have a look at their checklist that will help you install your store with Printful in the fastest and most ready way possible.
· Website: Printful’s blog is a valuable resource to visit if you’re interested in learning more about their products, services, integrations or how to actually construct your shop the way you desire it. They are experts on their products and services, so if you need any more information about what they do, check out their blog articles.
· YouTube Channel: For video walkthroughs and demonstrations, take a look at their active YouTube channel to learn more about their products, just how their products are created, new product or service offerings and more.
Printful Integrates with all the most widely used ecommerce platforms, and installation for most of these platforms is easy and fast. Integrating Printful along with your ecommerce store means that you don’t have to manually deal with each client’s purchase and submit them to Printful yourself. When you integrate Printful along with your ecommerce platform every time your customers place an order it automatically gets sent to Printful so that you don’t have to handle it whatsoever. It follows that orders get sent to Printful instantly and there’s no chance of losing the purchase or making an error on the order details during the transition.
Delivery is Quite fast, and the return policy is satisfactory, since it covers many situations where Printful is at fault.
Even though Printful offers many different services, resources and tools that are valuable for their vendors, there are still some elements of the services that they are working to enhance. Let’s dive into the advantages and pitfalls of utilizing Printful as a dropshipping service provider.
Finally, Printful Provides the best dropshipping service when it comes to apparel, accessories and homeware printing and distributing. They may not have a massive product offering but what they do provide is top quality, and they strive to get it right every time. They also work with their vendors to always improve the services and products they provide whether that is getting new types of products in or adding more choice to what they currently offer. Their drive to offer high quality services and products and to continuously improve their products, resources, and resources is why so many sellers decide to work together.
However, the Primary ones which also provide dropshipping include Printify (easy to get confused with Printful,) Print Aura, and Gooten. Some other ones exist, but there are not many dropshipper/printers in the game.
So you’re Basically registering for a free account, designing your products, and listing them on your own website–all for no charge.
Printful makes Cash when you make a sale. The same goes for the supplier you’re purchasing from. What happens is you choose a product to sell, and Printful lists a starting retail price for the item.
Thus, let’s say I Wanted to sell some t-shirts together with my own custom layout printed onto them. Printful includes a massive group of tops from various brands and made out of different materials. Each item has the information recorded for pricing, colors, shipping locations, and reviews.
As you walk Through the item creation process, you’ll find an choice to make your own pricing and see the possible profit. I figure most t-shirts go for around $10 to $15, so that I list mine as $14.99.
While I make a Sale, my gain is just over $6. This may be achieved for all of the products on Printful.
Among the main Reasons I like Printful so much is because it focuses on certain products, but does them well. As an example, t-shirts sound so simple, but some of the t-shirts are of incredible quality, and that means that you may turn your shop into somewhat of a high-end provider.
I’d argue The Printful base prices are someplace in the middle compared to the competition. I have seen some fairly cheap prices from rivals like Printify and Gooten, but once again, those two options appear to have more trouble with shipping and overall quality.
I’m convinced You can definitely turn a profit for most of your earnings through Printful, as long as you are not pricing items above what people would usually pay. Folks know that habit printing is more expensive, so they are typically ready to pay a premium. Additionally, you have to see the possible gain before publishing it to your site, so if a product doesn’t yield a fantastic return, simply search for a more affordable model or hike up the price a bit.
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2019-04-24T18:05:24Z
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https://camelandbirdie.com/printful-live-rates-printful-review-2019/
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Serbia has developed a specific regulatory framework governing PPP Procurement. This framework primarily consists of: 1) PPP and Concession Law ("Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia" no. 88/2011, 15/2016 and 104/2016) [hereinafter "PPP Law"]; 2) Rules of Procedure on the Operation of the Commission for Public-Private Partnerships, issued by the Commission for Public-Private Partnerships in accordance with Article 65(6) of the PPP Law [hereinafter "PPP Commission Rules"]; 3) Law on Public Procurement ("Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 124/2012, 14/2015 and 68/2015) [hereinafter "Public Procurement Law"]; 4) Law on Investments ("Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 89/2015) [hereinafter "Investments Law"]; 5) Law on Public Utilities ("Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 88/2011 and 104/2016) [hereinafter "Public Utilities Law"; and 6) Decree on the Supervision of the Implementation of Public Contracts on PPPs ("Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia", no. 47/2013) [hereinafter PPP Implementation Decree"]. These regulations shall shape the regulatory framework governing PPPs in Serbia for purposes of this analysis.
Republic Commission for the Protection of Rights in Public Procurement Procedures (http://www.kjn.gov.rs/en/regulations.html).
Two amendments to the PPP Law (Law on Public-Private Partnership and Concession) in 2016 (January 2016 and December 2017). The amendments did not appear to change the overall substance of the Law.
3) the subject of that partnership was the use of a public telecommunications network or the provision of telecommunications services."
Contributors confirm thus that telecom is excluded from PPP contracts.
"A public body can independently initiate a procedure for the implementation of a PPP project with elements of concession for the use of natural resources or assets in general use or performance of activity of general interest from within its scope of activity.
4) a public enterprise, or a legal person authorized by special concession granting regulations."
If yes, please indicate its name, and its website (if available): The Commission for Public Private Partnerships, http://www.ppp.gov.rs/en [hereinafter "PPP Commission"].
3) gives its opinion in the procedure of approval of proposed PPP projects without elements of concession and in the procedure of proposing the concession document to the relevant authorities for approval.
7) at the request of the public body, or of the concession granting authority, provides recommendations on projects.
11) performs also other tasks in accordance with this law.
1) to the Government, when the public partner is the Republic of Serbia or another public body of the Republic of Serbia." This approval permits the procuring authority to proceed with the procurement process, according to Article 28 of the PPP Law. Contributors confirm that the "Government" in this provision shall refer to the Ministry of Finance.
1) the Government, if the authority granting the concession is the Republic of Serbia, when the public bodies and the subject of concession are within the competence of the Republic of Serbia." Contributors confirm that the "Government" in this provision shall refer to the Ministry of Finance.
Article 68 of the PPP Law provides that the PPP Commission, "3) gives its opinion in the procedure of approval of proposed PPP projects without elements of concession and in the procedure of proposing the concession document to the relevant authorities for approval." Article 27 of the PPP Law further provides, "In the process of collecting permits/approvals, the project proposal is submitted to the PPP Commission and Concessions for its opinion and assessment as to whether the specific project can be implemented in the form of a PPP."
Article 20 of the PPP Law provides, "If the public body for the purposes of implementing a PPP project is engaging advisors, their selection shall be according to the law regulating public procurements." Article 27(9) of the same Law also provides, "9) the project team of the public body which will monitor the project as a whole and perform the function of the tender committee which will select the bidder or the best bid, including external advisors."
Practice in PPP projects in Serbia is still being developed, and no clear consistency has been evident, according to contributors.
1) the Government, if the authority granting the concession is the Republic of Serbia, when the public bodies and the subject of concession are within the competence of the Republic of Serbia."
Moreover, Article 31 of the PPP Law provides, "In the preparation of the feasibility study for granting the concession the public body shall especially take into consideration the public interest, the environmental impact, working conditions, the protection of nature and cultural values, and the financial effects of the concession on the national budget of the Republic of Serbia or the budget of the autonomous province and the budget of the local self-government unit."
Contributors provide this is necessary for guaranteeing the project receives the necessary approvals and proceed to the procurement process.
4) types and amounts of instruments of security to be provided by the public and private partner."
Article 31 of the PPP Law provides, "In the preparation of the feasibility study for granting the concession the public body shall especially take into consideration the public interest, the environmental impact, working conditions, the protection of nature and cultural values, and the financial effects of the concession on the national budget of the Republic of Serbia or the budget of the autonomous province and the budget of the local self-government unit."
Contributors provide this is necessary for guaranteeing the project receives the necessary approvals and proceed to the procurement process in application to provisions of the PPP Law and issued methodology.
If yes, please elaborate The Value for Money Methodology specifically provides for a risk matrix on p. 6, 13-15, and Annex 2 (p.22).
2) the business plan, including the conditions of the PPP, the cost estimates and the analysis of the calculated value in relation to investment made (value-for-money, in accordance with the Methodology adopted by the PPP Commission), specification on the financial viability of the PPP for the public body, specification in terms of the project financing (from the budget, funding by international financial institutions, private financing and the costs of financing) and the availability of funding, the planned distribution of risk.
The Value for Money Methodology specifically provides detailed analysis about the public sector comparator in comparison with alternative models in pp. 5-6.
If yes, please elaborate The Value for Money Methodology provides such guidance on financial viability on pp. 6-12 specifically.
"7) requirements in the field of environmental protection, regarding working conditions, security and public health protection and safety of staff engaged by the private partner."
Article 29(5)(4) also provides that the project proposal must include, "data on the environmental impacts of the concession, its impacts on infrastructure and other economic activities, and on the efficient functioning of the technical-technological systems."
Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Gazette No. 135/2004 i 36/2009) defines environmental impact assessments in Article 2(5) and elaborates on the subject of such assessments in Article 3 and in Chapter II provides for the procedures that this assessment embodies and phases it undergoes.
Contributors provide this is necessary for guaranteeing the project receives the necessary approvals and proceed to the procurement process in application to provisions of the PPP Law.
Socio-economic analysis, affordability assessments, risk identification and allocation, financial viability, comparative assessments, and environmental impact assessments.
Article 34(1) of the PPP Law provides, "The tender documents shall consist of the bid form, the contents of the bid, the validity of the bid, the description of the subject of concession (technical specifications), the model of public contract for concession, the conditions and evidence that the bidders are obliged to provide in order to prove their qualification, the request to provide a full list of related enterprises, the deadline for the decision on the selection of the best bid, and all other requirements that the bidder shall fulfill."
"The identical text of the public invitation shall be published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, as well as in a daily paper widely distributed in the whole territory of the Republic of Serbia, on the web page of the public body and on the public procurement portal, stating the date when the invitation is to be published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia.
The public notice shall, if necessary, be published on one international newspaper and electronically on the internet pages of the Tenders Electronic Daily, the Internet publication attached to the Official Journal of the European Union. This is mandatory for projects whose value exceeds five million euros."
5) any assistance that the public partner may extend to the private partner in acquiring permits and approvals necessary for the implementation of the PPP or of the concession."
7) ownership over the assets relevant to the project and, if necessary, the obligations of other contract parties in terms of acquiring project assets and possibly the necessary rights of easement."
Article 30 of the PPP Law mentions the Technical team of the public body but does not include any qualifications for members of the team, rather provides their tasks.
Article 54 of the Public Procurement Law provides, The Committee (Public Procurement Committee from the contracting authority) shall have at least three members, out of whom one is public procurement officer or person with law faculty degree, the second degree studies (master academic studies, specialized academic studies, specialized professional studies), or the basic studies in duration of at least four years.
In public procurement procedures whose estimated value is three times higher than amount in Article 39, Paragraph 1 of this Law, president of the Committee shall be public procurement officer.
For members of the Committee shall be appointed persons with adequate professional education in the area involving the subject of public procurement.
Where contracting authority does not have an employee with adequate education in the field involving the subject of public procurement, it may appoint a non-employee person as a member of the Committee.
Persons employed or working for the contracting authority and tasked with drafting tender documents cannot be appointed to the Committee.
Persons that may be involved in conflict of interests for the specific subject of public procurement cannot be appointed to the Committee.
After making decision, members of the Committee shall sign a statement confirming that they are not involved in any conflict of interest in given public procurement.
"The procedure of awarding a PPP public contract with or without elements of concession shall be launched by means of a public invitation in the Serbian language and in a foreign language commonly used in international trade.
The identical text of the public invitation shall be published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, as well as in a daily paper widely distributed in the whole territory of the Republic of Serbia, on the web page of the public body and on the public procurement portal, stating the date when the invitation is to be published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia.
The public notice shall, if necessary, be published on one international newspaper and electronically on the internet pages of the Tenders Electronic Daily, the Internet publication attached to the Official Journal of the European Union. This is mandatory for projects whose value exceeds five million euros.
The costs associated with the publishing of the public invitation shall be borne by the public body implementing the procedure."
Article 37 of the PPP Law provides, "The period for the submission of bids shall not be less than 60 days of the date of publication of the public invitation notice in the “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia."
8) low-value public procurement procedure.
Contract is awarded in open procedure or in restrictive procedure.
Contract may also be awarded in other public procurement procedures, provided that the requirements prescribed for that by this Law are met.
Article 32 of the Public Procurement Law provides, "Open procedure is procedure wherein all interested persons may submit bids."
Article 33 of the Public Procurement Law provides, "Restricted procedure is procedure conducted in two phases and wherein all interested persons may submit bids.
In the first phase, contracting authority invites all interested parties to submit applications and recognizes qualifications to applicants whom it finds to meet previously set requirements for qualifications.
After having recognized qualifications, contracting authority publishes notice from Annex DJ of this Law.
In the second phase of restricted procedure, contracting authority invites all applicants with recognized qualifications (candidates) to submit bids.
Contracting authority may initiate second phase of restricted procedure provided it has at least three candidates.
Contracting authority shall initiate second phase of restricted procedure within no more than six months of the final decision on recognizing qualifications."
In accordance with the aforementioned Articles 22 of the PPP Law and 31 of the Public Procurement Law listing the different available procurement procedures, the "qualification procedure" touches on the main elements of multi-stage tendering. Article 34 of the Public Procurement Law provides, "Contracting authority may conduct qualification procedure where it is not possible to foresee public procurement beforehand from the aspect of volume, quantity and time, and the subjects of such procurement are occasional services or consumables, or occasional repairs or works in regular maintenance, to be delivered or performed according to the standard and usual specifications rather than according to some specific specifications of contracting authority.
In qualification procedure, contracting authority invites all interested persons to submit bids and recognizes qualification to applicants whom it finds to meet previously set requirements for qualifications.
Within the deadline set in invitation to apply, contracting authority makes decision on recognizing qualifications that contains a list of at least 5 candidates and the period of validity of recognized qualifications, which may last up to 3 years, and the reasoning of the decision must state the reasons for rejection of other applications.
Contracting authority shall deliver decision referred to in Paragraph 3 of this Article to all applicants within three days from the day of decision.
Contracting authority shall update the list of candidates every six months by recognizing qualifications to each applicant who fulfills requirements and who has in the meantime submitted application for qualification recognition.
Procurement Portal and on its website, so that they are available to all interested parties during the entire period of validity of the list of candidates.
Contracting authority will exclude candidate from the list of candidates where a candidate ceases to meet requirement for qualification recognition, or where a candidate acquires negative reference, and will make a decision thereon which will contain in its reasoning the reasons for exclusion of candidate, and has to deliver it to all candidates within three days from the day of making that decision.
During the period of validity of the list of candidates, contracting authority invites all candidates from the list to submit the bids, and at the same time it publishes its invitation at the Public Procurement Portal.
At the moment of sending invitation to submit bids, the list of candidates must contain at least five candidates."
Article 37 of the Public Procurement Law provides, "Contracting authority may conduct competitive dialogue in cases where public procurement subject is particularly complex, so that public procurement contract cannot be awarded through open or restricted procedures.
2) legal or economic structure of public procurement; Contracting authority invites all interested parties to submit applications and recognizes qualification to applicants based on previously set requirements."
8) the planned time schedule for project development, from the contract award procedure to the beginning of provision of services or to started operation of the facilities or other infrastructure."
Article 34 of the PPP Law provides, "In the concession granting procedure, any legal or natural person interested in participating in the concession granting procedure is entitled under equal conditions to have access to the tender documents necessary for the preparation of the bid or the right to purchase such tender documents."
Article 35 of the same Law provides, "The public invitation notice shall contain information regarding the type of procedure based on which the concession shall be granted (with or without pre-qualification)." Article 35 also requires procuring authorities to notify all bidders and make such tender documents public in accordance with Article 22 of the PPP Law (aforementioned).
Article 34 of the PPP Law provides, "The tender documents shall consist of the bid form, the contents of the bid, the validity of the bid, the description of the subject of concession (technical specifications), the model of public contract for concession, the conditions and evidence that the bidders are obliged to provide in order to prove their qualification, the request to provide a full list of related enterprises, the deadline for the decision on the selection of the best bid, and all other requirements that the bidder shall fulfill."
If yes, please specify and provide the relevant legal/regulatory provisions (if any): Consensus from contributors that specified criteria in tender documents are respected in practice.
PPP Law Article 34(10)provides that relevant provisions of the law regulating public procurements apply to all other issues pertaining to the contents of the tender documents in case of awarding concessions for public works. Article 63(2) of the Public Procurement Law provides, "Interested persons may request from contracting authority, in writing, additional information or clarifications concerning the preparation of bid up to five days before the expiry of time limit for bid submission."
publish this information on the Public Procurement Portal and on its website. Communication concerning additional information, clarifications and answers will be made as set forth by Article 20 (specifies the means of communication) of this Law."
"When the best bid is selected on the basis of economically best bid, the concession granting authority shall state in the tender documents and in the public invitation notice all the selection criteria for the selection of bids which it intends to use in respect to the relevant significance attached to such criteria. The significance of the criteria can be expressed by determining a series of maximum values in a given range. If this is not possible for justified reasons, the concession granting authority shall state the criteria in the public invitation notice in the sequence of their importance from the most to the least important criterion.
The concession granting authority shall determine, define and in appraising the justification of granting the concession also implement the criteria prescribed by special regulations indicating the long-term sustainability of the bidder during the period of implementing the concession for the duration for which the concession is granted."
"The concession granting authority may annul the concession granting procedure if by the expiration of the deadline for the submission of bids only one bid has been received or if after the exclusion of bids during the concession granting procedure only one acceptable bid remains."
Article 40 of the PPP Law provides, "The decision selecting the best bid, accompanied by the minutes on bid opening and bid evaluation, shall be forwarded by the concession granting authority to every bidder without delay by registered return mail or by other means ensuring that the delivery can be proven."
Article 108 of the Public Procurement Law also provides, "Contracting authority shall send the decision on awarding contract to all bidders within three days from the day of making such a decision.
Contracting authority shall send the decision on awarding contract so that bidders receive it in the shortest notice possible.
Article 40(4) of the PPP Law provides, "The concession granting authority may not sign the public concession contract before the expiration of the period of stay of proceedings, which is 15 days of the day of submitting the decision on the selection of the best bid to all bidders."
If yes, please specify: Contributors provide that such restriction is always respected in practice.
"Public contracts shall be recorded in the Public Contracts Register (hereafter: the Register) which shall be maintained by the ministry in charge of finance as a unique electronic data base on the public procurement portal – as sub-portal.
The public body shall submit to the ministry referred to in paragraph 1 of this article the concluded public contract with all appendices as well as all amendments to the contract and all appendices for the purpose of inscription into the Register. The minister in charge of finance shall prescribe the contents and manner of maintaining the Register, the time periods within which public contracts and appendices referred to in paragraph 2 of this article, the manner of inscription and the persons authorized to have access to the Register, as well as the data that may be accessed, in accordance with special regulations regulating data protection and confidentiality.
The Register shall be public."
Article 116 of the Public Procurement Law also provides, "Contracting authority shall publish notice on concluded public procurement contract or framework agreement within five days from the day of conclusion of contract or framework agreement.
Contracting authority may publish notices on public procurement contracts concluded pursuant to framework agreement or in dynamic procurement system, quarterly, within 15 days following the end of the quarter."
Article 3 of the PPP Implementation Decree provides, "Supervision over the implementation of public contracts is performed by the ministry responsible for finance, ie the body of the autonomous province or the local self-government unit in charge of affairs finance. The Ministry in charge of financial affairs supervises the implementation of public contracts when a public partner is the Republic of Serbia or another public body of the Republic of Serbia. The autonomous province authority oversees the implementation of public contracts when it is public partner autonomous province or other public body of that autonomous province or unit local government when it is a public partner of a local self-government unit or another public body of that municipality units of local self-government. The powers of the public partner and the authorities referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article in exercising supervision shall not excludes the right of other state authorities and bodies to supervise the implementation of public contracts in accordance with regulations. In addition to the mandatory supervision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the public partner may, in accordance with the public by contract, to establish a special system of supervision and monitoring of the delivery of public works, or public ones service for a concrete public-private partnership project."
Article 63 of the PPP Law provides, "According to this law, the public partner shall monitor continually the work of the private partner and the execution of his obligations under the public contract, and to monitor regularly the performance of all payments in accordance with the public contract.
1) at least once a year request from the private partner special periodical reports on his operations, activities and execution of his obligations, according to the public contract."
Article 2 of the PPP Implementation Decree provides, "Supervision over the implementation of public contracts is carried out to monitor the fulfillment of contractual obligations , compliance with agreed deadlines, costs, quality levels of services provided, respectively the quality of the constructed facilities and the fulfillment of other obligations stipulated by the public contract."
Article 6 of the PPP Implementation Decree provides, "The report on the realization of a public contract is compiled by a public and private partner. The report referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall contain data on: 1) the public-private partnership project; 2) public partner; 3) private partner; 4) contracted fee; 5) execution of obligations; 6) disputes and 7) contractual penalties / penalties."
Article 46 of the PPP Law provides for the contents of a PPP contract, where, "In drafting the provisions and the conditions of the public contract, the public partner shall regulate the following issues: 10) the mechanism for the increasing or reducing the fee (irrespective of the legal form) to the private partner depending on the good or poor quality of his services/facilities."
Article 4 of the PPP Implementation Decree provides, "Supervision over the implementation of public contracts includes: 1) review and analysis of reports by public and private partners (regular reports, extraordinary and special)."
Article 50(1) of the PPP Law provides, "At the request of the public partner, or of the private partner or the bank, or of other financial institutions, the contract may be amended."
Article 47(4) of the PPP Law provides, "Any amendments and additions to the signed public contracts amending the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract, shall be subject to the procedure according to this article." Paragraph 1 of the same Article provides, "Before making the decision on the selection of the private partner and the signing of the public contract, the public body shall submit to the authority referred to in Articles 27 and 30 of this law (including Ministry of Finance and PPP Commission) the final draft of the public contract including all appendices which are integral parts of thereto, for approval."
1) the subject of the contract."
Article 50(3) of the PPP Law provides, "If changes to the public contract are made at the request of the financier, in addition to the limitations referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, these changes must not disturb the balance of risk sharing at the expense of the public partner in the fund with Article 7, paragraph 2, item 6) of this Law, nor the value of the public contract can be increased for more from 3%."
2) the time period for which the contract is signed."
3) in case of public contracts for concessions, the offered concession fee."
Article 50 of the PPP law specifically prescribes that the unilateral modifications of the PPP contract cannot affect the risk distribution at the expense of the private partner, if the alterations of the PPP contract affect the reward to be paid by the private partner the Ministry of finance must give its opinion first before any amendment is to be made.
Article 46 of the PPP Law provides that the PPP contract may contain, "19) the measure in which either party to the contract may be exempt from liability for non-execution of obligations under the contract due to circumstances objectively beyond its control (force majeure, changes in legislation, etc)."
Article 55 of the PPP Law provides, "The private partner may unilaterally terminate the public contract according to this law, the public contract and the general legislation on contracts and torts, if the public partner acts in a manner which makes their contractual relations untenable or fully disrupts the capacity of the private partner to perform the public contract.
Reasons for such termination shall be defined in the public contract.
1) expropriation, pledge or seizure of property or of the share of the private partner by the public partner."
Article 52 of the PPP Law further provides, "In case of change of regulations after the signing of the public contract which have negative consequences on the position of the private or public partner, the contract may be changed without any limitations, in a scope necessary to reinstate the position of the private or public partner which existed at the moment of signing of the public contract."
Article 49(2) of the PPP Law provides, "With the prior consent of the public partner, the private partner shall be authorized to assign, put under mortgage, or pledge, for a time period and scope that is in accordance with this law, or the law regulating public property, any of his rights, or obligations from the public contract or other project related property in favor of the financiers and for the purpose of securing payment of any existing or future claims related to construction and financing, or refinancing of the PPP."
Sub-contracting is possible only if the proposed sub-contractor meets the requirements for performing professional activity with regard to economic and financial status, as well as technical and/or professional capacity to perform its part of contractual obligations.
In the case referred to in paragraph 1 of this article the bidder shall have unlimited joint and several liability for the performance of contractual obligations.
If sub-contracting is not stated in the bid in the manner stipulated in paragraph 1 of this article, the sub-contract cannot be signed without the prior consent of the public partner."
Article 46 of the PPP Law provides that the PPP contract may contain, "26) the applicable law and the dispute settlement mechanisms."
Moreover, Article 60 of the PPP Law provides, "The parties to the contract may agree to resolve any disputes between the parties resulting from the public contract by arbitration before national or international arbitration.
Arbitration with the seat abroad cannot be agreed, when as private partner occur domestic legal entity or physical person, or the consortia consisted exclusively of domestic legal or physical persons.
If the parties to the contract have not agreed to resolve disputes by arbitration, the court of exclusive jurisdiction shall be courts of the Republic of Serbia.
In the procedure referred to in paragraph 1 to 3 of this article the applicable law shall be the law of the Republic of Serbia."
Article 64(1) of the Law on Arbitration ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 46/2006) provides, "A domestic arbitral award shall have the effect of a final judgement of the domestic court and shall be enforced in accordance with provisions of the statute regulating enforcement procedure."
court after being recognized by the competent court in the Republic.
A foreign arbitral award is an award made by an arbitral tribunal, the place of which is outside the Republic, as well as an award made by an arbitral tribunal in the Republic, if a foreign law was applied to the arbitral proceedings."
2) with the death of the private partner, or with the liquidation or bankruptcy of the private partner.
Notwithstanding paragraph 2 item 2) of this Article, PPP with or without elements of concession need not be terminated with the liquidation or bankruptcy of a consortium member\ if at least one consortium member, with prior consent of the public partner, assumes the unlimited joint and several liability to fulfill the part of the public contract of the consortium member that was liquidated or over which the bankruptcy procedure was completed."
Article 155 of the Serbian Law on Bankruptcy (‘Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia’, No 104/09 of 16 December, 2009) furthermore provides, "Reorganisation shall be conducted if this ensures more favorable settlement of creditors in relation to compulsory liquidation, and especially if economically justifiable reasons exist for the continuation of the debtor’s business.
Reorganisation shall be conducted in accordance with the plan of reorganisation that shall be prepared in writing.
The plan of reorganisation may be filed concurrently with the petition for bankruptcy or after the opening of bankruptcy in accordance with this Law.
If the plan of reorganisation is filed concurrently with the petition for bankruptcy, it shall be referred to as a prepackaged plan of reorganisation, and its content and the associated procedure shall be determined in accordance with appropriate provisions of this Law."
Article 49(3&4) of the PPP Law provides, "At the request of the financiers and the private partner, the public partner may accept to give certain reasonably requested security and accept to undertake certain liabilities necessary to the private partner with respect to any obligation from the public contract.
1) that the financiers are authorized, instead of the private partner, to exercise temporarily all rights from the public contract and to remedy any failure of the private partner, and that the public partner shall accept all such actions as if undertaken by the private partner."
While Article 53 of the PPP Law provides for the procedures for terminating PPP contracts, Article 54 addresses "Premature Termination of the Public Contract due to Default of the Private Partner" and Article 55 addresses "Premature Termination of the Public Contract due to Default of the Public Partner".
Article 57 of the PPP Law provides, "After the termination of the concession relations, the facilities, equipment, plants and other assets from the scope of the concession shall become the property of the Republic of Serbia, the autonomous province, or the local self-government unit, unless provided otherwise by the direct agreement referred to in Article 49 of this law.
The concessionaire shall hand over the facility, equipment and plant referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, as well as other assets that are the subject of the concession, and which are the property of the Republic of Serbia, the autonomous province, or the local self-government unit, free of any encumbrance and in a state which ensures their unhindered use and functioning."
Article 19(1) of the PPP Law provides, "A public body may consider and accept a self-initiated proposal of third parties interested in implementing a PPP project with or without elements of concession, on the basis of a procedure stipulated in the present article, provided that such proposals do not refer to a project for which the public contract award procedure has been initiated or for which a public invitation to tender has been published."
Article 19(3&4) of the PPP Law provides, "Within 90 days of the receipt of the specific self-initiative proposal, the public body shall determine whether it considers the project to be in public interest and shall notify the proposing party accordingly. A public body may discuss any aspect of the project thus proposed by the proposing entity, including the justification of the costs of preparing the documents referred to in paragraph 2 of this article.
If it is considered that the self-initiated proposal is in public interest and if the public body decides to initiate such a project, this body shall act according to the procedure provided for in Article 26 of this law (regular procedures for solicited proposals apply) and provisions of this law regulating the concession granting procedure. If a procedure for public contract award for the proposed PPP with or without elements of concession is initiated, the public body shall state in its invitation that the project was proposed by private proposing entities."
Article 19(4) of the PPP Law provides, "If it is considered that the self-initiated proposal is in public interest and if the public body decides to initiate such a project, this body shall act according to the procedure provided for in Article 26 of this law (regular procedures for solicited proposals apply) and provisions of this law regulating the concession granting procedure. If a procedure for public contract award for the proposed PPP with or without elements of concession is initiated, the public body shall state in its invitation that the project was proposed by private proposing entities."
The aforementioned periods for solicited proposals apply. Article 37 of the PPP Law provides, "The period for the submission of bids shall not be less than 60 days of the date of publication of the public invitation notice in the “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia."
Article 19(2) of the PPP Law provides, "When submitting a self-initiated proposal, the proposer shall inform the public body of the value of the documents prepared, which the public body or the private partner shall be obliged to compensate in the case of awarding the contract to a person other than the person submitting the self-initiated proposal."
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2019-04-19T06:51:24Z
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http://bpp.worldbank.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/serbia/2017
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Your stance in darts is one of the most important aspects of good form. After all, we aren’t baseball players they can miss by half a foot and still be a hall of famer.
Nope, darts is a game of millimeters and accuracy at that level requires highly tuned fine motor skills.
A proper darts stance is the foundation of your entire game. And it literally starts by putting one foot in front of the other. Right foot forward for right handers and left foot forward for left handers.
Your lead foot should be somewhere between 45 and 90 degrees in relation to the toe line.
Your shoulders should be aligned with your hips. The elbow of your throwing arm should be toward the board, we are throwing darts not javelins.
Everything should be in perfect vertical alignment from your ankle to your wrist. So working from the floor up you should have your ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow, and wrist all on the same vertical plane.
The majority of your weight should be resting on the heel of your front foot. Pretend you are a tree and roots have sprouted from your lead foot into the ground.
And remember to stay off of those toes!
Your back foot should follow the natural angle of your hips and lead foot angle. This foot should remain on the ground but not bearing near the weight of the front foot. A good ratio is 80/20 with the lead foot carrying the majority of the load.
Lean in a comfortable amount. Remember don’t bend at the waist. Your spine should be on the same diagonal plane as your lead foot. Keep your back straight and concentrate on feeling a solid base.
Make slight adjustments to accommodate your body type and center of balance. The main aspects of a solid darts stance are balance and alignment.
If done properly, when you deliver a dart throw there should be no lower body movement.
I first started really using visualization techniques while participating in martial arts competitions. This consisted of meditation, breathing techniques, and visualization prior to a competition or a big match. Meditation is a common technique used to center and calm the mind. This has provided real benefit to me when applied to darts.
Obviously having a calm and centered mind is a great benefit when competiting in any stressful situation. Proper breathing techniques can help create a even energy balance throughout the competition, which is essential when playing over the long haul. It really helps to avoid those hot one match cold the next type scenerios.
Visualization adds another benefit. I like to think of it and convey the idea as practice for the mind. Everyone seems to focus so much on mechanics that they tend to lose track of their mental training. The human mind has a very difficult time distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined. Visualization is a great technique to train your mind to accept positive and successful outcomes. In short, you are training yourself to be a winner.
I like to concentrate on “seeing” winning shots, overcoming situations that have been difficult for me in the past. Winning the particular tournament or event I will be involved in. Visualization will be a much more powerful tool for you if you take it past the level of just imagining yourself hitting a target.
One thing to remember when discussing “the zone” is that we are dealing with the brain, emotions, and personality. As with any other time you deal with these types of variables it is very difficult to accurately teach and explain for all audiences. Everyone thinks a bit different, feels a bit different, and learns a bit different.
I first developed a technique to create “the zone” through martial arts training, specifically kata training. For those not familiar kata is a sequence of predefined moves similiar to a dance.
The movements are actually fighting techniques and to truely embrace kata is to be able to visualize combat within the sequence. At higher levels, kata performance is meditation in motion, an exercise to unite mind and body with the goal of killing ego. This isn’t a martial arts article so I’ll end it there but I thought some background was needed.
The zone created is best illustrated through kumite or sparring however. The fact is if you tried to consciously think about each block or punch or kick you would be very ineffective. If you react its too late, you need to be able to meld into the combat, to act without thinking.
In essence, to truly express yourself by letting go of thought and expectation. If you allow distraction, anger, ego, expectation, or doubt into your mind you simply will not be able to preform.
The idea in all of this is you have to let yourself go to be who you are. I always reference letting oneself win rather then making it happen. Like a sculptor that starts with a block of granite and chisels away to the statue, so we must strip the excess off to find our true selves.
Darts is the same thing. We have to eliminate all of those thoughts that hold us back. The idea is to create a tranquil mental state. Once the mind is free from distraction we are able to operate on a different level, often achieving goals we wouldn’t think possible.
I know this article is alot of philosophy rather then technique. But I really think its most important to control your inner mind before trying to deal with your external enviroment. Blocking out secondary distractions is actually pretty easy once you have conquered that noisy beast inside your head.
One aspect of practice that is often overlooked is a proper warm-up period. Many people assume because its just practice they will warm-up as they go. Because I believe in building as much realism into practice sessions as possible a good warm-up period is essential for me.
My idea is to actually practice warming up. Sounds weird right? Well not really. The concept is to practice the exact same routine you will use to loosen up prior to competition. As with everything in darts consistency is key. And by becoming comfortable with the methods and time required to prepare, you will much more confident and ready at the start of each tournament day.
My warm-up routine takes me through a progression of steps until I feel both my mind and body are ready for the day. I never time or count darts for any stage, but rely on how I feel to tell me when its time to move to the next step in the chain.
Next lets take a look at the specific steps. Keep in mind, these are things that work for me personally. As we all function differently you may want to tailor the routine to better fit your personal needs.
I like to perform basic stretches to loosen up the major muscles and tendons associated with the dart throw. This greatly reduces the time required throwing aimless darts at the board in order to get loose or “feel the dart”. Stretching is also a great way to relax and ease any performance anxiety you may experience. This is a widely overlooked important step, but believe me if you get in the habit of stretching you will warm-up faster, more accurately, and with more confidence.
In this phase I generally just throw darts at the bullseye or 20 wedge. Im not pushing to throw great darts. Basically, all I am lconcentrating on is getting the proper feel of my throw. I don’t move from this phase until my stroke feels loose and fluid.
After I feel loose and everything is meshing properly physically I work on grouping darts. Again I am not stressing to hit strategic targets only to get the darts close to each other.
Generally, I throw the first dart at the 20 wedge and no matter where it lands I then attempt to land the next two darts as close as possible to the first. Once I feel good about my ability to repeat my stroke in this manner I move on to step four.
During this step I concentrate on increasing my focus and picking off targets. The specific target priority changes according to the next event. But for 501 I will generally throw at the common doubles, bullseye, and the 20 wedge. I have no real set goal, but I will generally hit all the targets multiple times in random order. Again I dont move to the next step until I feel comfortable and confident with this phase.
I rarely will play other players competitive games during my warm-up period. Instead I like to focus on specific shot combinations during this time. My goal is to simulate crucial situations in matches.
I mentally draw a scenerio for myself before each shot and shoot with all the intensity of an actual match. As my accuracy and confidence grow I gradually increase the difficulty on the scenerios. I stay on this step until I feel confident I can overcome any shot that may be presented through the day.
At this point my stroke feels loose and fluid, and I am confident I can hit any target and shot required. This is the time I use to take a mental inventory.
I use alot of positive self-talk and set my mind to the competitive mode. In competition, I try to time this to peak immediately before my first match. In practice, Im going to move directly into more advanced routines depending on the day.
Piano players stretch their fingers before performing, and singers warm up their vocal chords, so why wouldn’t dart players stretch their arms/hands? Stretching only makes good sense and provides many benefits to darters of all ages and levels.
First lets take a look at some of the benefits of stretching, various types of stretching, and then dive into some specific exercises for dart players.
By stretching and loosening up muscles prior to throwing darts we can reduce our warm-up period. In addition, because we are no longer starting out cold we will warm up with more accuracy which leads to increased confidence and a superior state of mind. Wave goodbye to those early morning blues where you feel like you’ve never thrown a dart before!
Stretching reduces stress, anxiety and fatigue. If your a tournament dart player you know well the effects those factors can have on your game. The physical and mental demands of a weekend long dart tournament can wear down even the more seasoned pros.
Stretching helps create a better awareness of one’s body. The more we understand our individual physical makeup the better we can prepare and train for competition. Darts is a fine motor skill activity, being able to create and maintain a consistant and repeatable motion is paramount to success.
Relaxed Stretching – This is the most commonly known and practiced type of stretching. It consists of slowly relaxing your body into a stretch, slighty past the point of tension, and then holding the stretch for a time. This type of stretching is relaxing and does not fatigue the muscle. Perfect for those early morning aches and pains.
Isometric Stretching – This is performed by stretching the muscle, applying resistance, and then holding for a short time (5seconds) before releasing. The stretch is repeated several times until maximum range of motion is achieved. Think of a ballerina stretching her leg against a bar. The major benefit to this type of exercise is it builds strength throughout the entire range of motion. For dart players this means firmer dart strokes and a more aggressive follow-through.
100 Darts to Better Scoring?
The magic of this practice game lies within its simplicity. All you have to do is throw 100 darts at the twenty and count how many you hit. Triples count for three, doubles for two, and singles for one.
This is a great diversion from more popular practice formats. It helps to develop a baseline of consistency and focuses on the most important scoring area – the 20 wedge. Over a period of time you will gain a quantifiable means of tracking your progress.
Another exciting element of this simple game is setting a personal best. There is nothing more invigorating during the long hours of practice then reaching new heights in accuracy. It is this aspect that also helps to infuse an element of pressure into your practice routine.
Some interesting benchmarks have already been set. Most World Class dart players will score consistently between 150-170. The highest score I am aware of was posted by Bob Anderson with a remarkable 191.
This game is virtually guaranteed to improve both your accuracy on the 20 wedge along with your scoring average.
When it comes to practice I am a major proponent of infusing as much reality as possible. I firmly believe that practice does not make perfect, but rather perfect practice makes perfect.
It is important to keep in mind the ultimate goal of practice is to improve our competitive game. With that in mind, I constantly try to come up with creative ways to push the boundries of traditional practice session.
Only by mimicking the pace, pressure, intensity, and distractions of competitive tournament play are we able to get the full benefit of practice. Any training that ignores these factors will not fully prepare us for what it actually takes to win tournaments.
Here are a few suggestions to help you get the most out of your practice time.
A common mistake most players make is not taking time inbetween turns during solo practice. It is important to set the pace of what you would expect in competition. Allow time in between throws for an imaginary opponent to complete their turn.
Another common pitfall is becoming complacent in your practice. Remember one hour of intense practice will provide more benefit then 3 hours of just chucking darts at the board. When you play practice games shoot with all the focus and will to win you would at a tournament. This way you are also practicing winning rather then accuracy alone.
Every top player will tell you that a match is decided in only a few crucial situations. Among equals, the player best equipped mentally for these situations will always have the advantage. This is why experience plays such a big part in tournament success. Practice these scenerios and do so with full focus and intensity.
Try not to only practice in the perfect enviroment. Introduce elements that distract you and are commonly found in competition. The closer your practice enviroment resembles actual competition settings the more comfortable you will become.
There is always alot of discussion about getting to the next level and getting the most out of practice in general. With that in mind I wanted to share something that has worked for me with some success and may work to help others improve their competitive game.
Im not sure how much value this will have to a league shooter but it may be modified in some way. Perhaps the extreme jump in caliber of competition will induce even faster results.
I had an idea that playing to the level of my competition was stunting my development. With that in mind I quit league and playing local blind draws etc. Instead I played against DVDs of the world championships, and dramatically increasing my solo practice time.
Basically, I assume the role of one of the shooters in the DVD. You will not be able to play every game to completion as the assumed role shooter may outshoot both you and the other competitor. In this case, I normally just skip ahead to the next game in the match. Although, sometimes I will credit the player with what I think he would likely shoot in that scenerio.
I keep score by games rather then matches or sets, because not all games will be eligible for a win/loss. Normally I will play approximately 20 games in a session, keeping track of my win/loss record.
What this has done is change my perception of usual scores. No longer is it normal to see alot of 45’s and 60’s. Rather scores of 100 and 140 are the standard fare. In addition, the greatest improvement I have seen is in my finishing. No longer can I subconsiously expect to get 6darts at a double.
I have to think these principles can improve everyones game. The concept of normalizing your ideal game has strength. Over time you will simply come to expect 15darters rather then hope for them. It builds confidence, increases mental stamina, and improves consistency. Plus what other game and you compete against the worlds best with even this degree of accuracy, at home, and any time you like?
The man who thinks he can and the man that thinks he cant are both correct.
This practice game was invented by World Champion Bob Anderson. It is a game focused on practicing the doubles and is invaluable in the increasing accuracy of finishing. I have enjoyed this game for many years and always find it a fun challenge.
– Start with 27 points.
– Shoot at doubles in order 1-20 then the Double Bullseye.
– Each turn you will throw all 3 darts at the same number.
– For every double hit add that doubles value to your total.
OR your score goes negative.
– A perfect score is 1437.
Sometimes you are in the mood for a quick practice game. This next game is extremely fast taking a maximum of 24 darts and an excellent warm-up game before league play or tournaments. It is modeled after American football and is extremely easy to learn making it a great game to play with friends.
– You start on your own 20 yard line.
– Throw one turn of 3 darts for score.
– A score of 40 or more moves you into field goal range.
possession you recieve 0 points for that possession.
– A game consists of 4 possessions – high score wins!
– A perfect score is 32.
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2019-04-25T17:58:55Z
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http://955thegame.com/playing-darts-mental-and-physical-preparation/
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We provide Premium Newbie Hosting Too!
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If illegal content or usage is found, the account will be suspended and/or terminated. YOU agree that WHSG-HOST.COM may disclose any and all YOUR information including assigned IP numbers, account history, account use, etc. to any law enforcement agent who makes a written request without further consent or notification.
Regardless of the place of signing this agreement, YOU agree that for purposes of venue this contract is entered in Fremont, California, and any dispute will be litigated or arbitrated in Fremont, California. Defendants further waive all objections to venue and acknowledge that venue in any such litigation will be held in Fremont courts. IN NO EVENT SHALL WHSG-HOST.COM'S MAXIMUM LIABILITY EXCEED FIVE HUNDRED ($500.00) DOLLARS.
WHSG-HOST.COM follows the strict guidelines of our customer privacy statement. Please make sure you understand this statement fully.
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2019-04-21T07:14:35Z
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https://whsg-host.com/terms-of-service.php
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Online shopping has grown a lot in India. Better Internet availability has made it a very compact way to shop; now millions of Indians are shopping online. In fact, some of them completely depend upon online shopping for their daily needs.
When you shop online, you have thousands of products to choose from. Moreover, you don’t need to step out to get the product, it will be delivered directly to your home.
You must have placed multiple orders online or yet to place one. If you are looking for options where you can place your order at the cheapest price. I will help you out. I have listed top 10 online shopping sites to help you out.
It’s obvious that we need something which can deliver genuine products on time and has a quick responding customer support which can help when needed. Other factors can be available payment options, return policy and all. Cash on delivery as a payment option can be a big factor for some peoples who have no credit/debit card available.
While shopping all we expect is a quality product at a reasonable price and an easy return policy so you can simply return the product if it is not as per your need or not as described.
The flexibility we get with online shopping is unbeatable, same goes for availability. As there are not just a few products to choose from, rather you have a big number of products available in every category, almost every product have its alternative.
That’s something you will not get anywhere, no matter how big mall you are going to visit.
Considering user friendliness, product availability, customer support, and other factors I have a list of cheapest online shopping sites in India. You can see the list below and can shop from below sites without any hassle.
Amazon is my first choice for any order I place. Unless and until other stores have a better price than Amazon with a big price difference, I won’t even look at them. If you analyze my online orders than you will be surprised to see that my over 60% of orders are placed on Amazon only, while the rest of all comes in 40% only.
Except for a few things, everything is available on Amazon. Their logo defines that they have everything (A2Z) available and it really makes sense. Just plan what you want to buy and simply search for it on Amazon and it will serve Hundreds of products for you, at a better price than others.
If you are still wondering why it is in the first place then let me tell you one thing that no other online shopping site can beat Amazon in term of Customer Support. Their customer support is top notch. You can contact them through Live Chat, Email & Call. I can guarantee that if you ever contact Amazon customer care you will not have to wait more than 2 minutes. In fact, I don’t remember when I waited for more than 1 minute last time.
This applies to live chat and call both.
While they take around 4 hours to reply email (Better than others). But you can always contact them through live chat or call, 24×7. They also have provided a toll-free number so their customer doesn’t have to pay for calling charges from his own pocket.
Along with that Amazon’s return policy is quite customer friendly. With Amazon, you can return your product easily as you don’t have to send it back to them. Instead, they will send an agent from their team to pick up your order from your address. At Amazon, you get up to 30 days to return your product. However, most of the categories have a 10-day return policy and some electronic products are eligible for replacement only.
At Amazon, you also get a symbol of quality and guarantee that you will be surely getting a genuine product as they have marked most of the products as Amazon Fulfilled and they take care of them on their own.
If you place an order worth Rs.599 or above then there will be no delivery charge on your order but if order value is below that then you will have to pay Rs.50 for delivery charge. However, you can also opt for prime membership by paying just Rs.499 and then all delivery charges will be taken off.
With prime membership, you get a lot of benefits including free delivery on all orders without any minimum order value requirement. Also whenever Amazon comes with a sale, you will get 30 minutes early access to all deals along with prime exclusive deals.
You also get unlimited free fast deliveries such as One Day, Two-day Delivery along with discounted same day delivery.
So, considering such user-friendly service we can easily rank it on #1 in this list of top 10 online shopping sites in India.
Flipkart is the only site which can compete with Amazon. It is India’s in-house product which is providing e-commerce service in India since 2007. In term of quality and customer satisfaction, there’s no big difference between Amazon and Flipkart.
but some products are exclusive with Flipkart and while some are exclusively available on Amazon only so you have to make a choice at that time.
Practically you are going to have a good shopping experience with Flipkart but make sure you also check the same product on Amazon as well as you may find a better price for that product. Most of the high priced electronics are available at Flipkart than Amazon so I also prefer Flipkart for such orders.
Customer support at Flipkart is very good but it can’t match with customer support Amazon provide. However, you will not have to contact their customer care as they aim for a good service rather than a good customer support.
At Flipkart, you get free delivery if your order is Flipkart Assured and total cart value is over 500 rupees. At this point, Flipkart seems good than Amazon as you have to order for 99 rupees less than Amazon for getting eligible for free delivery.
Same as amazon prime Flipkart also have a yearly subscription named as Flipkart First under that they offer fast deliveries for free for one year. You can also become a Flipkart First User by paying Rs.499 for a year.
Along with such good service, Flipkart has started manufacturing quality products under their own brand Flipkart Smart buy and providing a decent product quality at a very compact price. You can choose any product from the available ones and I am sure that it is going to satisfy you for sure as the quality of products is very good.
Flipkart is also popular due to their timely discount sales and an epic yearly sale named as Flipkart Big Billion Day. They organize big billion sale once every year and they have grabbed a lot of attention due to that as they offered as huge as 99% discount on various products. Many shoppers managed to grab some products for just Rs.1 and some high valued items for just Rs.99.
If you haven’t explored the sale yet, then make sure you register yourself with them and wait for the big sale. The sale is expected to come during mid-September or in the first week of October.
Paytm is the most popular name in mobile wallet and payment gateways. They have more active users than any other mobile wallet in India. During demonetization in India, they got huge growth as they provided seamless customer service at the time of need.
However, they were already on top in the industry but as they took the right steps during demonetization and grabbed the opportunity they got their user-base doubled in a few days.
Let me correct you, paytm is not just a mobile wallet anymore, now they are full-fledged online shopping marketplace. They sell stuff from all categories, from electronics to small accessories. They are backed by China’s biggest eCommerce company Alibaba and now they have become Alibaba of Indian Marketplace.
Recently, they launched a separate platform for shopping, named as PaytmMall.
But, paytm lacks a quick responding customer care so I don’t like their service much. If you want to contact them then you will have to wait around 24-48 hour to get your problem solved that is totally disgusting. However, their service is very good so you will not have to contact customer support but a good customer service is a very needful thing with an online shopping site. You can also reach paytm through their social media channels on Facebook or Twitter to get a quick support.
Another thing I don’t like about them is that they have very bad shopping policy as they charge huge as shipping charge and sometimes it appears to be more than the actual cost of the product. Even if you order high-value item there will be no exemption on the shipping charge. Moreover, if you order more than one product or multiple quantities of a single product than also you will have to pay the separate shipping charge for each quantity.
Paytm is not limited to mobile recharges or shopping, rather they are providing numeric services to their users. It includes bus, train, flight, movie ticket booking, hotel booking, bill payments for all major services and so many other services. With this many facilities, it is alone enough to do so many tasks.
Overall, paytm is one of the cheapest online shopping sites. The only drawback I see is a delayed customer support. So it deserves to be on this list.
No so long back, they were better than any other online shopping site in India.
In fact, they were ranked number one in online shopping marketplace.
All because of unbeatable customer support and quality services they used to provide.
However, they are having a tough time right now due to high competition with other shopping portals like Amazon, Flipkart etc. But, still, you can’t say that their serving is bad. After all, they know how to make customers happy.
If you are looking to shop at discount in a sale than snapdeal will be a good choice for you, I can guarantee that you will not have to face something if you go with snapdeal. They have a customer friendly refund policy along with a bunch of payment method so you will not have a hard time while making payment for your order.
As other major shopping sites, they also have Cash on Delivery so you can pay for your order at the time of delivery which seems very good choice if there’s something wrong with payment gateway or you prefer to pay at the time of delivery.
Let it be any festival or special moment. They don’t leave any chance, you can visit them anytime there will be a sale running for you with a lot of discounts so your shopping is going to be very cost effective for you.
They have over 300,000 sellers registered with them which ensure that you are not going to run out of choices. There are thousands of products in stock at Snapdeal which let you make the best choice.
If you need low priced items than Snapdeal is the best option out there.
I am definitely sure that it is the cheapest online shopping site in India.
With weekly sales named as Sunday Flea Market, they are always on trend.
Oh yes, I forgot, they also organize a sale on every Wednesday which is named as Wednesday Super Saver Bazaar.
In such sales, they provide a large number of products from all the categories at a very cheap price. As they provide items at cheap rates so you can’t expect a quality product from them. But if you are tight on the budget than it is the best place to shop.
Quality of product is not up to mark but good at the price you gets.
Mostly such sales feature only basic essentials at a very affordable price but you also get multiple products from categories such as fashion, clothing, electronics and basic mobile phone as well.
BUT, They also have the same problem as paytm.
Shipping charges are high, sometimes even higher than product’s cost with no exemption, even if you are purchasing multiple products at once.
Also, you can’t expect a quality product, but the amount you mostly pay makes it completely okay as quality & price both are cheap (Yeah, both).
Sometimes we also get defective products delivered which can be or cannot be returned as per their policy for that specific product.
I have included them in the list because of their low budget products so I don’t recommend you to place an order for a high-value item from them unless seller rating is good.
TATA CLiQ is the new name in the industry.
Since launch, they are providing quality services for online shoppers.
It was launched nearly one year ago and they proved to be best. Within a short span of time, they are in the Top 10 online shopping sites in India.
They also have a luxury shopping portal named as TATA CLiQ Luxury; if you care about brands than it should be the first place you to check.
TATA CLiQ is mainly focused on fashion and clothing products but you can also shop for the latest launched electronics from them.
They aim to sell only ‘C.A.M.E.L.S. (‘Certified Authentic Merchandise Everybody Loves’) and makes sure that you get a quality product delivered. Customer satisfaction is their first priority. I can’t say much about their customer care as I never got a chance to contact them because whenever I placed an order with them I was totally satisfied with the quality and delivery of the product.
Myntra is the best place to be updated with the latest fashion trend. You can get branded products at a very reasonable price without compromising on quality. They always try to sell authentic products so you don’t have to return it back unless there’s some fitting issue.
Need best deals on branded products? You should go with Myntra.
A few years back flipkart bought myntra and now it’s running its operations as part of flipkart. But, it is still providing the best shopping experience for fashion lovers as it used to provide.
They provide a guarantee of 100% original products so you will not feel like cheating, still, you can return your order within 30 days of receiving which is more than enough for you to decide whether you want to keep the product or not.
Their shipping policy is quite good but if you want free delivery on your order then you will have to order products worth Rs.1199 or more. If your total order value is less then Rs.1199 than you will have to pay Rs.149 as shipping charge.
It seems that they charge more than any other online shopping site for shipping charge as paying Rs.149 as shipping charge is something which I never want to do. However, you can place an order of Rs.1199 or more to avoid this shipping charge.
Moreover, if you are first time user of myntra than you will not be charged anything as shipping charge on your order, even if your total order value is less than Rs.1199. This seems a good offer for a new user.
Mostly, whenever we order from Myntra it gets over Rs.1199 as we are buying branded products so it doesn’t bother me. But they should reduce their shipping charges to around Rs.100 or below which will be very fair.
If you return your order than a courier partner of myntra will pick up from your address. But this pickup facility is not available in all locations so you might need to ship it on your own by paying shipping cost from own pocket. But the best thing is that myntra will refund shipping charges as well.
It is something which no other site provides (As far I know).
With this service, you can try-out your purchase at the time of delivery and can keep the thing you like with you. Rest of things will be returned back to myntra and you will receive a refund back to your account which you used to pay while placing an order.
This service is available on most of the in-stock products and available in 31 cities. You can check the availability of service for your area by entering your pin code on the product page.
Try & Buy facility is available only if your total order value is over Rs.1199 and order contains more than three products in order. If you are going to use this service then make sure you tick on Try and Buy service.
The service is not available during big sales days and you will have to pay Rs.99 as service charge which is not refundable even if you are going to return all the products you purchased.
Midnight Deals with over 2000 brands, 200000+ styles.
The perfect place for anyone who wants to purchase fashion and clothing products online.
Daily whenever you open jabong you will find a deal running there which you can use to buy branded clothes online.
A few times back Flipkart owned Myntra which is also one of the best sites for ordering clothing online purchased Jabong. But still, jabong is providing great services to its customers as it was used to provide.
At Jabong there are over 200000+ products available for sale from top brands. They have products available for sale from almost all big brands, they claim to sell products from over 2000+ brands.
There are a lot of payment methods available including COD (Cash On Delivery) so you will not find it trouble to make payment for your order.
Clearly, there are multiple reasons, why this site is there in the list of top 10 online shopping sites in India.
One best thing about Jabong is that they provide next day delivery at a very low cost. You can avail next day delivery for selected pin codes for a minimal cost of just Rs.49 only which is less than any other site for speedy delivery.
You can check the availability of next day delivery for your pin code on the product page itself. Not all products are eligible for next day delivery and if you want to avail this faster delivery service than you will have to place your order before 6 PM and through jabong app only as this service is available from jabong app only.
You need to download jabong app if you want to place an order for next day delivery.
This service is also not available on Saturday, which means if you place your order on Saturday then you will not get any option to place your order on speedy delivery. In that case, it will take it’s slandered time to deliver your product. In most of the cases, it never takes more than 3-5 days to deliver your product so that is also not a larger amount of time.
If somehow your product doesn’t get delivered next day then you will get refund credited back to your payment method if it is a prepaid order while for orders placed on COD you will get an email to enter your account details where you want to get your refund.
If you receive a big sized product than you can easily exchange it while if you want you can also return it easily as jabong offers an easy refund policy of 15 days.
When it comes to baby products shopping, FirstCry is the best platform to shop online.
At FirstCry you can find over 2 lac products from 2000+ international brands.
I don’t think, there’s any top brand whose products are not available at FirstCry, that’s why it has over 2 Million Happy Customers. It is a complete solution for your Baby’s shopping needs, it has everything for your baby.
From Baby Essentials to clothing, books everything you can find there.
It has Toys, Skin Care Products, Health Care Products, School supplies and many more things that your baby needs. You can find almost all the baby products listed there so you don’t have to look at any other site.
Keep one thing in mind that most of the products available there are not eligible for return so choose carefully what you really want to order.
India’s most popular site to purchase home furniture products online. Probably the most trusted as well. There are over 3.5 million registered users who trust Pepperfry for home furniture shopping. They claim to sell a new item every 25 seconds which indicates how popular they are.
In actual, most of the online shopping sites don’t ship big furniture products to most of the locations, except a few. Because it is very hard to handle and deliver such big products. But, Pepperfry serves in over 500 cities of India and they have over 1 Million + products available for sale which gets shipped from their 17 fulfillment hubs.
For affordable furniture Urban Ladder is the best place, which you should visit first.
You can save on your home furniture products with Urban Ladder, it makes it really affordable to shop.
Along with furniture Urban Ladder provides a special service for its customer. With this service you can select a design for your home can leave everything on Urban Ladder.
They will choose the best products for you on their own according to your selection and most importantly they will send their home decoration experts to your home to decorate it. It will save you from the headache of finding a decorator for your home & most importantly they are giving you the exact same design as you want.
BigBasket is India’s number one site to order groceries online.
At BigBasket you can place an order for Fruits, Vegetables, Grocery, Bakery, Household Products, Personal Care products, and many other products from multiple categories.
As of now, they provide their services in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Delhi, Noida, Mysore, Coimbatore, Vijayawada-Guntur, Kolkata, Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar, Lucknow-Kanpur, Gurgaon, Vadodara, Visakhapatnam, Surat, Nagpur, Patna, Indore, Chandigarh Tricity, Jaipur, Bhopal, Ludhiana, and Jalandhar.
They are going to expand their coverage to other cities as well.
Forget one day or two-day delivery, with grofers you can get your orders delivered within a few hours.
Right now grofers is providing its speedy delivery in Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Noida, Pune, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Bhopal, Indore, Bhubaneswar, Kochi, Madurai, Ranchi, and Vadodara. Larger service area makes it possible to be on the list of top 10 online shopping sites.
You can buy groceries, fresh fruits & vegetables, cakes & other bakery items meats & seafood, cosmetics, mobiles accessories, electronics, and baby care products, online using grofers at a very efficient price.
All the things will be delivered directly to your address within a few hours and the amazing part is that it all comes with the best price as grofers provide multiple offers on grocery shopping.
So ultimately you are going to save your time and money both if you place an order for households through grofers.
Lenskart is the best website in India to buy eyewear online. It offers amazing customer sanctification and offers, also with lenskart First frame is always free. Along with that most of the times, you can find a buy one get one offer running there which make eye-wear shopping very cheap.
Also, there’s a 3D glasses testing tool which is called as DITTO, this service allows you to test over 1000 frames directly on your face so you can check which frame will suit your face.
Moreover, you can also book an appointment on Lensekart and a specialist from lenskart will bring 100+ bestselling frames to your home so you can choose a perfect one for you from them.
Currently, this service is available in Delhi-NCR, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Hyderabad.
CoolWinks was founded in 2016 only and now with great services, it takes place in this list of best online shopping site in India for eyewear purchase.
Right now they are providing best offers on Glasses so I must recommend you to check them out. They are providing huge discount currently so make sure that you don’t miss the offer.
Heathkart is largest online shopping store in India for Health & Fitness products. You can purchase 100% authentic medical products from many brands at Healthkart.
So, guys, this was the list of our preferred best online shopping sites in India 2019. Let us know which is your favorite site among these top 10 shopping sites in the comment section. Most of the sites on the above list have multiple payment options including Cash On Delivery so you can place your order instantly.
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2019-04-23T04:31:54Z
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https://dealgyan.com/top-best-online-shopping-sites-india/
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Previously in TacticalGamer University courses have been conceived and written for specific games. The content from a Battlefield franchise does need a different variation than that of Planetside or of ArmA. However, the TG Primer instructs all gamers who choose to play at TacticalGamer.com that one of our primary aims is to utilize real world tactics in our gameplay. It is in this light that all course material is being rewritten and course material standardized across the board. Basic tactics and procedures don’t often change very much from game to game. How to work together as a team and cover your sector is the same.
Thus while the basic four man fire team we will cover in this course may have a significant deviations based on your game, there are some basic lessons we will gather from this example that will be applicable to all our games.
So while the game you came to learn about at TGU may not have your fire teams move in wedge formation very often, you will learn a lot about how knowing what a wedge is and get into detail about what it’s strengths and weaknesses are. Learning how you fit into one becomes such a good stepping off point to learn the previous bullet points above.
This has been formatted for the forums and if you wish to print this then click on "Thread Tools" near the top of the page and "Show Printable Version".
We hope you enjoy this course and find the information fun and useful within your team work here at TacticalGamer.com.
Thank you for your interest in TGU’s Basic Infantry course. The first place we must start is with The Primer. As you progress through TGU courses you will find a review of The Primer again once you get into the leadership courses. Please take the time to read it again, even if you have read it before.
This is the first full release of the written course material. What will follow is short videos demonstrating some of the basic concepts from many of our different games. Those videos will be available in the TGU Reference Library and linked here beside the appropriate supporting content.
Your training now at TGU is going to expect that you have read this material, watched the videos and when a class is scheduled you will arrive to it having digested this material in large part. Classes will now involve instructors to help you understand the finer points and walk participants through drills. You will be quizzed on your knowledge of this course material and coached based on your answers. The intent is to move TGU away from long lectures, have you actively participate more in your class, standardize our basics across all our games and free our instructors to have the time to get into the details specific to your game because these “basics are in the can”.
Infantry is often misunderstood by the gamer. The ability to spread out small arms fire from many covered positions; the ability to get to those positions with stealth; the ability to swarm a target; the ability to travel and clear difficult terrain; these abilities and more give infantry a capability on the battlefield that larger equipment can not duplicate.
It does not matter if you are an automatic rifleman, crewman, galaxy pilot, platoon leader, logistics driver, or if you play a futuristic game where your life is “restored” after you go down or a near-simulation game of a cold war conflict. Every man on the battlefield is fundamentally a rifleman. As such there are some basic trades to learn.
These are the basic trades of a rifleman. An infantryman must be able to shoot and destroy the enemy. He must be able to move and seize ground. He must be able to effectively communicate his movement, intent, situation and needs. He must be able to survive and sustain his combat effectiveness.
We are going to talk about the idea of combat power. Combat power is created by teamwork and coordination. It is created in groups. A lone infantryman does not create combat power. It is by working together through organization that combat power is created. This course will teach you the basics of how this is put together.
The application of the basic trades of an infantryman toward the goals of the team create combat power. You will see these same basics applied again and again throughout your progress from basic infantryman to platoon leader.
The goals of infantry are simple. To defeat enemy forces and seize ground. To do this, infantry who are moving are attacking. Those that are not moving are preparing to attack.
We will see why basic fire team discipline is essential to the creation of Combat Power. We will discuss how different formations give us different advantages. How fire discipline is essential to success. We will talk about communications on possible enemy positions and how to ask for what you need to stay combat effective.
We will discuss the four basic roles within a traditional four man fireteam. The fireteam leader, the grenadier, the automatic rifleman and rifleman. There is a large degree of variation in this team in different games. We will discuss the current and real world aspects and your videos and instructors will apply those principles to a specific game.
There is always a basic assault class or a rifleman. For the purpose of this example we have allowed this rifleman to carry a backpack with additional ammunition for the Automatic Rifleman (or AR for short). He will be a buddy team with the AR, assist him to correct fire and spot targets. They will move together in most situations and the Assistant Auto-Rifleman (or AAR for short) will also prepare a full magazine to cover for when the AR must reload. Since his primary role is rifleman he also has the lesser firepower of the team but can provide accurate point fire on targets. The AAR will not be equipped with a long range optical sight in most situations. He will be counted on to provide close quarters support to the fireteam. This person will most often be designated to cover the teams rear or location of least expected enemy contact. He reports to his Fire team Leader.
A typical loadout for an AAR may be a medium gauge rifle with a close quarters sight such as an ACO or a holopoint. He may have another optic if there is an optional iron sight available. Obviously a holopoint or ACO is preferred because you can acquire targets that might otherwise be obscured by an iron sight.
Is also a rifleman who carries an under-slung grenade launcher. He will buddy up with the Fire team Leader. He will also be prepared to take lead if the leader is not combat effective. This Grenadier (or GL for short) has the second greatest firepower in the team. Not only can he provide accurate point fire on targets with his rifle but we will see how much more he can do with the grenade launcher. His rifle will most often have a close quarters sight such as an ACO to allow as much unobstructed view as possible for situational awareness. He reports to his Fire team Leader.
The USGL or under-slung grenade launcher is a very flexible and powerful weapon for the squad. Using high explosive rounds (or HE for short) this fire team member can provide area denial, enemy elimination and even indirect fire options. The HE rounds have a large area of effect compared to bullets and can be devastating even to enemies that are behind concealment. In addition, the rounds travel in an arc due to the effect of gravity which can allow the fire team to hit an enemy that may be hidden in a defilade where direct fire can not reach.
In addition the GL may be used by the team to provide signals such as marking enemy positions with red smoke or vector in a transport chopper with a flare. He may also use smoke rounds to put down an effective screen much further than is possible than by throwing smoke grenades by hand.
The Automatic Rifleman (or AR for short) provides the greatest amount of firepower of the team. The large capacity of the belts or boxes or rounds for an automatic rifle allow the AR to suppress an enemy. Once an enemy is suppressed by the AR`s large volume of fire, the rest of the team has more opportunity to get their accurate point fire on the enemy targets for elimination shots. He reports to his Fire team Leader.
In most formations the AR will be positioned directly on the flank of most likely enemy contact. This is often equalized out by the placement of the grenadier and AAR as we will see when we discuss formations in more detail. The important point to remember about the AR is that his most important job is to win control of a firefight by laying down aggressive suppressive fires. Once fire superiority is achieved, the team is in position and on target, the AR can scale back his fires to conserve ammunition.
The fire team leader provides Command and Control. He leads by example using the mantra, ``Do as I do``.
His role is to have authority over and responsibility for his team members. He will direct the teams movements and fires with minimal direction from his leader. He will report to his Squad or Section Leader (or SL for short). He will communicate to his higher authority his situation, intent, capabilities and take his direction from higher. He is responsible to maintain the combat effectiveness of his unit and for this he is responsible for all men, weapons and equipment for the team. He requires immediacy in all actions and must understand the mission two levels up. He must have complete situational awareness at all times. However, this is not the TGU Basic Leadership course and we only touch upon these items so you understand what your team leader is up to.
To accomplish this the fire team leader (or FTL for short) requires the support of the team in many ways. Your team leader may need to halt to check a map, get orders from higher, or give any number of reports. In situations like these your team may take a halt and pull a 360 security. Your team will have to cover your leader’s sector if he is required on the radio. This is more important when we are talking about a SL but your team leader will have some organizing to do that will take his attention away from you.
When your leader is on the radio stay off the coms unless you have a priority contact report that can’t wait. If your leader asks for a, “Break Coms”, then best to just zip it and wait. If you have to (like an enemy is danger close and about to fire on your team) then a quick, “Break break” spoken over the radio will suffice to get your leaders immediate attention if needed. More on radio procedure in the TGU Advanced Infantry course.
It’s your leader’s job to know where you are at all times and it’s your job to help that happen. When the chaos starts this needs to be known. It is these fundamental organizations at the fireteam level that the rest of our organization structure depends on.
Fire teams are made up of infantrymen. It is only by the organization that we create COMBAT POWER.
Squads are made up of fire teams. Squads multiply their combat power by having these teams work in tandem to maximize their fires and coverage.
Platoons are groups that are made up of squads. Lets examine the next level up from the fire team, the squad or section.
A section is very similar but used in the British or Canadian forces. It is made up of two fire teams and the Section Leader may be one of the fireteam leaders. If he is, then his job is a little more difficult in that he commands 3 fireteam members and another fireteam leader. This adds a burden to his communications since he now has 4 elements under his control and report to his PL.
A squad or section leader uses each fire team to move and maneuver as distinct elements. Just as a fireteam leader uses his team infantrymen, the squad leader uses his fire teams in control and formations to suit the situation at hand.
In a squad one fireteam usually carries heavier weapons such as heavy AT and a machine gunner. This team is used as a base of fire which is responsible for overwatching the other teams in the squad. Their superior firepower is used to allow the other fire team or teams to be more maneuverable on the battlefield.
A platoon is made up of 2 or more squads. The normal limit of a platoon is 3 squads. This is is an extension of a rule of three`s where any leader only commands 3 subordinates and reports to his leader.
A platoon leader will give his squads objectives and assign assets as appropriate to the situation to those squads. There are additional platoon level assets such as medics, mortar teams, recon elements and many others that can be utilized in addition to the standard fire teams that make up the basic structure.
We need to mention other fireteam members briefly. We can also have a Rifleman/AT who may carry a disposable shoulder launch anti-tank missile. There are AT Specialists who may carry heavier shoulder launch missile systems that can lock on target and have reusable launchers. Other platoon level assets such as engineers for explosive ordnance disposal (or EOD for short) or engineers who are repair specialists may also be assigned a team by the PL. Sometimes there may be a radio telephone operator (or RTO for short) that is there to help the leaders manage their communications. Machine Gunners are like Automatic Riflemen but have a heavier projectile and are used mainly in fireteams who act as a base of fire.
Using these additional roles is beyond the scope of this Basic Infantry course. You are invited to attend a Tactical Gamer University Advanced Infantry Course or request that one be scheduled when you have completed the basic course.
A fireteam succeeds or fails by the actions of the fireteam members. The FTL, the AR, the GL and the AAR begin to create combat power by their organization. They each have different weapon systems that create interlocking lanes of fire that when utilized appropriately have tremendous effect on the battlefield.
A squad is made up of fire teams and the success of a squad or section is dependant on the actions of it’s fire teams. The squad leader is separate from the fire teams and is responsible for those fire teams much as the fire team leader is responsible for his 3 infantrymen. One fireteam in a squad is designated as a base of fire element.
A platoon is made up of squads or sections and it’s success is dependent on the actions of it’s squads. The platoon can have other assets such as a medical team or other supports available to it. How these assets are organized and attached is up to the Platoon Leader.
The basic to take away from this part of the Basic Infantry Course is: You have a role to play in this organization. Your job will be defined by the role you accept in a fireteam. Take this role to heart and stay with it. There is much to learn beyond the basics but you will have to drill to master your role in a fireteam before advancing properly.
Every game has different stances, speeds and controls for moving around the game world as infantry. The basics controls for your game are assumed for the purpose of this written course. It is important that you know all the key combinations and have mastered your basic movement before you get to your “check out class” for your TGU Basic Infantry Pin.
Whether you choose to stand, crouch or go prone; if you choose to walk, run or crawl; if you choose to lean or not - all these choices should be made as an individual in service to your team.
When you need to move from one area to next you want to move from cover to cover.
Find the best possible route/s.
Reload before you move. Do not reload while on the move.
How do you decide the duration of the exposed run?
Think of the phrase; " I'm up, I'm running, I'm seen, I'm down"
This is roughly translates to 5 seconds rush/exposure.
Also, when order is given to move. You must move as a group not as an individual. Move with the fire team/Squad/Section. Never move ahead of your teammates, unless it is needed and/or required/ordered. This prevents possible fratricide and maintains the sector coverages of the group.
Movement is done as a team. Teams moving together are travelling. We will come back to this later.
Cover provides protection from bullets and fragmentation. Cover also conceals you from enemy observation and it could be man made or natural. Being inside an impenetrable building is great cover. Being behind a very large rock or behind a large hill is good cover.
Is anything that will hide you from enemy observation but does not protect you from enemy fire or fragmentation. Being behind a bush may conceal you but bullets may penetrate through and harm you. A very large tree or a rock that gives you just enough space to hide behind may protect you from bullets but you are still able to be reached by fragmentation. In this case you are only in concealment.
Increasingly games are rendering destructible environments. Remember an interior wall made of drywall is not going to stop most bullets and provide no cover if your position is known.
When the enemy is spotted we must learn how to effectively communicate this to our team. We give a report giving direction, distance and a description of the enemy. We do so in that order for good reason. Lets look at each of these in order as we have some techniques to help us do each of these elements.
The first element to call out is the direction. This is very hard to do but is essential. We naturally perceive what we see first and would like to give a description right away. As we will see later, each team member is assigned a sector to watch. If a description is given first, all of your team begins to look around for your description. Your teams 360 degree security is now compromised. Give a direction first and in most cases before you can even finish your Three D’s report (Direction, Distance, Description) your team already has guns on target.
You will hear many different ways of calling direction but there is one that is most effective at the basic fireteam level. That is “directionals”.
Your direction of movement may be reported by your team leader or set by your squad leader as your “Axis of Arc”. At the fireteam level, we just call it our direction of movement. Your leader will let you know, “Alpha team, we are moving out direction 010, walking pace, ranger file, weapons yellow, prepare to move…”.
A “directional” is called based on your teams direction of movement. When your team has been moving north you can call a sighting “RIGHT”. This indicates an enemy to your right and everyone will look to the east. If you call out “EAST” you may have team members who are unsure they are moving north and which way east is.
HALF LEFT or HALF RIGHT is the entire region between your 90 degree flank and forward. It does NOT mean 45 degrees.
These directionals are the best means for calling out direction while travelling because everyone knows your direction of movement. The the times it is not effective are is when you are at a long halt or defending a static position.
Giving a cardinal direction is more often used when a game gives a permanent HUD with a compass. It takes longer for a team to process but can give a greater deal of accuracy for when targets are at range or are difficult to spot.
Calling out a direction of east is 90 degrees. It is spoken as, “090” so that it can not be confused as either “190” or “290”. It could also be spoken as, “Direct east”, but be prepared to be asked for confirmation it is not off slightly by a few degrees.
Compass readings may be used sometimes between fireteam leaders when their positions are close and well known. Compass readings are not used for reports to a squad or platoon leader when your map location is not known to be accurate.
North/North-East - is 23 degrees or between North and North-East.
East/South-East - is 113 degrees or between East and South-East.
South/South-East is 158 degrees or between South and South-East.
The clock ray method of calling a direction comes in two forms.
This method is overused by infantry gamers. It is slow to process for team members and thus not as useful as the directional. It requires that you visualize a clock centered on your team with 12-o-clock pointing towards your teams direction of movement. Calling out a direction of “2-o-clock” would take longer to process than calling “Half Right”. It is most often used as a casual reference to 6-o-clock or “To our 6” which means to the rear from the teams direction of movement.
This method works well when you are calling out a target that is far and difficult to see. It is easiest to visualize by example.
Imagine we have spotted a sniper in a field of rocks 800m away. Calling a cardinal direction and saying the sniper is “by a rock” is not going to help your team spot him quickly.
Lets say that there is a building not too far from the sniper with a red roof. We can superimpose a clock on that building with 12-o-clock being the straight line between us and the building going forward. We then read the clock for the direction the sniper is from the building.
For example, “Half-right, red roof, 7-o-clock…”. This directional gives us a much more accurate position in a short time. It also makes it easier for your leader to get an accurate map location to send to other leaders.
In most games the standard measurement used is in meters. It doesn’t matter much what unit of measurement is used as long as the team understands it. Thus sticking to meters is a common world wide standard.
There are three ways of judging distance in a game and are worth mentioning. They are Unit of Measure, Appearance Method, and Bracketing.
Unit of Measure is simply knowing a distance within your mind. If you know the length of a football field in your minds eye (approx 100m) you can use that to visualize how many football fields away your target is. IMPORTANT: Do not use this method over 400m if you can not see all the ground between you and the target. A slight defilade will make your estimation inaccurate!
The Appearance Method is when you know the size of a common object such as a jeep or common building type. You can judge by it’s appearance or size how far it is. Look for common objects near your target for a reference. You may know the size of a man at 600m well and use this method.
Bracketing is where you make two guesses and choose the middle ground. What is the furthest the target could be? 600m? What is the closest the target could be? 400m? Split the difference down the middle and call the distance at 500m. No need to get picky about it.
Whether you call a “Contact” or a “Sighting” is going to make a big difference in how your team will react.
Call a “Sighting” when you have spotted an enemy that is not about to reach out and touch your team. The enemy may be unaware of your presence and you are indicating to your team there is no reason for everyone to abandon their own sectors to take a “look see”. Your leader also knows there is a tactical decision to be made to engage or not.
Call a “Contact” when you have been spotted by an enemy or are about to be. Normally when an enemy is danger close but unaware you would still call “Contact” depending on your mission. This may not be the best reaction if your mission is to sneak past enemy guards. Calling “Contact” indicates to your team that you will be getting ready to react to contact. This generally means you will get on line formation facing the contact, as we will see later, and begin immediately and aggressively suppressing the enemy with overwhelming fire.
As you can see, mixing up the two types of reports puts your team at a tactical disadvantage. Make sure you call the correct type of report.
Lets put the whole report together in some examples.
As you can see the description comes last. If you have the time you can add more information to the end of the description once the important first facts are out.
Depending on your game, your reports may need to be made in direct or by voice. Important contact reports should be made in your group channel or “radio” to ensure they are heard and known. If your leader is on your “radio” and you have a priority contact report you can step over his traffic. Calling, “Break, break...contact report”. Will clear the channel for your follow up priority contact report. More on radio procedure in the TGU Advanced Infantry and also leadership courses.
It may be silly to think this as a requirement, since we are in a simulated environment. However, the repercussions of bad weapon safety could jeopardize your teammates and your platoons movements, maneuvers and even the plan itself. If one of your guys in your fire team, squad/section misfire (negligent discharge or ND), in or near the AO the whole planning process is down the drain and everyone must think on their feet. This is no fun nor fair at all when someone took their time to focus on meticulous planning, while someone else was not paying attention eating a packet of cheetos and mistakenly tapped the left mouse button (essentially the trigger for all weapons).
Don’t be that guy! No one appreciates nor likes it when they have their game faces on.
Basically keep your fingers off the trigger (mouse button).
Each game may have a version of a safety or the ability to unload your weapon. Make use of it. Make sure you don’t alt-tab out of your game and fire while in another application.
It is also a good practice to keep your characters weapon down when a game allows for it. Especially when talking to your own teammates. Accidental fires are just that. It happens without a warning!
Sometimes, some leaders may say “Guns/Weapons up”. Meaning you are either in a close proximity of the enemy (be on hyper alert and ready state), or entering the AO.
But this should happen naturally, by using your own common sense and judgement.
Point fire, Area fire, Suppressive fire, Indirect fire, Recon by fire.
Point fire is used at a slow and deliberate pace. It is the most common type of fire used. It uses carefully aimed shots.
Area fire is used when the enemy location is suspected to be in concealment or cover. The team will fire on the area.
Suppressive fire is not much different than area fire but for it’s intent. Suppressive fire is called on known enemy positions and is used to keep them from returning effective enemy fire and/or to cover friendly maneuver.
Indirect fire is using a round that travels in an arcing trajectory so that you can effectively hit targets that are in cover of direct fires. For example, using mortars to hit targets that have retreated behind a hill. A grenadier can lob grenades over low walls when the enemy thought they were in cover.
Recon by fire is often under utilized within games. This is where you place fires to provoke the enemy into returning fire. This gives their position away so you can eliminate them.
The rules of engagement (or ROE) are sometimes referred to as the “Weapons Condition”. There are generally three states used at TacticalGamer.
WEAPONS RED - means do not fire. In this state your team will not return fire unless in serious danger. The way in which your team can transition from Red to Green when under fire is different to your situation and mission.
WEAPONS YELLOW - means you can only fire when you have targets that are positively identified and you are cleared by your leader. You may also hear this referred to as “Return Fire Only”. Still, your leader may call weapons yellow if you have friendlies in the area and he wants the time to check known friendly positions before your team will be cleared to engage.
WEAPONS GREEN - means you are clear to fire on enemy targets as spotted. It is assumed that team members will report contacts and also recognize situations where a “Sighting Report” may be best.
Remember, no matter what state you are in and when your team is in danger you can transition to Green as is required in most situations.
In almost all simulations your stance and stamina have a degree of influence on your ability to fire accurately.
The more stable your stance the more stable your weapon. When you are standing you are more susceptible to involuntary movements. You are also more recognizable as an infantryman from a distance. Taking a knee whenever at a short halt will improve your aim, sustain your stamina and reduce your silhouette. Being in a prone firing position is the best for your weapon, your stamina and exposure to enemy fire.
How you move in most games also affects your stamina. Run for a long time in a crouched position holding your rifle up in ArmA 3 and then try to keep your target in the sight. You will find it difficult. You will have to manage your stance and gait to be prepared to fire effectively at the enemy when the time comes.
It is important also to utilize breath control options within your game well. Many times a game will simulate holding your breath to take a carefully aimed shot. Hold your breath too long and your marksmanship will suffer badly.
Buddy teams will also control their fires together. Stagger your shots with your buddy so you always have rounds going downrange and are adding to the suppressive effects of the team. Stagger your reloads and increase your rate of fire when your buddy is reloading to cover for his missing gun. The AAR will always prepare a full clip for when the AR is about to reload. This will prevent losing the suppressive fires the AR is responsible to throw downrange.
Within this TGU Basic Infantry Course we are primarily concerned with fire team disciplines. We will discuss the basic formations used at the standard fire team level. How these will be used for your game will vary. However, knowing how it fits together is essential to you passing the course and applying the principles within TG’s games.
Which formations will be used are up to your leadership. It is outside the scope of this course to get into great detail as to how formations are chosen but we will discuss the basics as a means to understanding how the individual contributes to the team’s combat power.
In our basic four man team we know we have two basic buddy teams. The FTL and the GL are one team. The AR and the AAR are the other. If your team is to move out in a file then your FTL may give the order of march in two standard variations.
You can see how the buddy teams will stick together. In Variation 1 we have a leader who wants to see what the team is walking into in the front. The FTL in this case could also call for the AR and AAR switch if contact from the rear was likely.
In Variation 2 if enemy contact from the front is likely then you already have the AR ready to suppress. Unfortunately, your FTL is going to have a harder time knowing exactly what you’ve walked into. It’s all questions of balance and expectations.
Most of the time, your order of march at the fireteam level is dependant on what formation you are in a who the leader orders to take point. If you don’t know who your buddy is then ask your leader asap!
File formation is where the point man leads and each follows in his footsteps. It is excellent for moving quickly and maintaining control of the team. Each man must only keep an eye on the one he is following and that is the direction he is moving. Number 1 watches forward. Number 2 watches left. Number 3 watches right. Number 4 watches left and scans around to the rear every few steps. Spacing is set by the leader but is generally 8-10m. This allows for a good spread in case of incoming high explosive (HE) rounds.
The weakness of the file is if you take enemy contact front then your team is unable to return fire without maneuvering around the point man. The enemy may drop each of your team one after the other without you being able to return fire.
When enemy contact comes from either left or right flanks, then the file is very strong. You simply turn each man to face the contact and you are on line facing your enemy.
Line formation is where your team lines up side by side with spacing generally 8-10m and facing the direction of most likely enemy contact. The enemy must fire and drop each target then reacquire a new target in order to shoot. Your team now has all four shooters able to effectively fire on the enemy position. Line formation maximizes your fire towards the front.
The weaknesses of line formation are that it’s firepower to the flanks is very poor. The only way to balance that is to put the AR on the side of most likely enemy contact and the GL on the opposite side as the AR. This leaves the FTL in the middle to be able to maintain situational awareness and perhaps use the radio. The AAR will have the responsibility of checking teams rear now and then.
The other weakness is that this is the most difficult formation to control or to travel in. You must watch where you are going, and each man on either side to maintain your line. This is difficult and takes your attention away from your sector. When one man moves forward of the line he will obscure everyone’s ability to fire forward. Keeping a line straight is a must.
Wedge formation provides a balance between file and line formations. In this case the FTL takes point and calls two qualifiers.
When a wedge is heavy right and AR is left it means that the AR will take a position to the left and behind the FTL. The AAR will take up a parallel position to the right and behind the FTL. The GL will take a position to the right and the rear of the AAR. You have in effect the firepower of the AR balanced out by the two guns on the right side. You also have your maximum firepower weapons on either flank and they can both fire over 300 degrees around the team. FTL watches forward. AAR watches half-right. GL has right and rear. AR has the whole left flank.
You may also call a heavy right with AR right. In this case the most likely contact is forward and the AR would take either the far right or the center right depending on the leaders wishes.
While playing in this formation you are able to keep the man you are following in the top corner of your screen and continue to watch your sector. It is fairly easy to control will provide decent speed of movement. It has decent firepower to the front and flanks but is not good coverage to any one area. This formation should be the default formation but is often left to file in the game environment due to file being easier to control.
We need to understand the difference between movements and maneuvers.
A movement is the movement of a unit assigned a tactical mission under combat conditions when NOT in direct ground contact with the enemy.
When contact is made, movement ends and maneuver begins. The distinction is important as how you will move under fire is very different than how you will move when enemy contact is only “possible”.
There are four main types of movement.
We will consider the use of two fireteams for the purpose of discussing these movements.
Travelling is the movement of two fireteams to the same direction of movement where one follows the other closely. This is a smooth and continuous movement. And example from the squad leader may be, “Alpha on point, Bravo follow closely”.
Travelling overwatch is the same except you increase the distance the second team is following. Imagine being back 30m instead of 10m. The following team has much more ability to shoot around the point team and has the ability to provide a moving overwatch with that distance.
Bounding Overwatch - Successive is where one team will bound up while another covers their movement. Once the first team has moved it becomes the base of fire while the second team moves up on line with the first team. The order sequence will sound like this.
Team One FTL - “Team One”.
….and so it goes until the SL calls a halt to the bound.
Bounding Overwatch - Alternating is almost the same but each team will move up to a line and beyond the team that is a base of fire element. The advantage is that you can cover more ground faster. The disadvantage is that the bounding teams are exposed to enemy fire for a longer time for a longer run.
Maneuvers are movements done under enemy contact. The only one we are going to cover in basic infantry is a fireteam battle drill: Fireteam Reaction to Contact.
The basic thing that will happen when your fireteam comes under contact is to drop prone and find where the contact is coming from. If you can determine a basic direction and you know you don’t have friendlies that way then you immediately begin spraying the area with fire until you locate the enemies actual location.
This is when the AR is used most. The AR will be ordered to fire a rapid volume of fire on the enemy position. This should fix the enemy in position. The rest of the team will move on line to face the enemy and maximize the firepower of the team forward. Once the full team is firing on the enemy and you have won fire superiority the enemy is considered suppressed. Now the AR can begin to scale back the rate of fire to conserve ammunition.
This is the most important part of the fireteam reaction to contact. The team must get on line and win the battle of “who has the most bullets downrange”. The rest of the fight gets easier from there. Continuing on to flank and follow through will be part of the TGU Advanced Infantry Course.
The important points are that you have a role to play within the basic fireteam. Take this role to heart and do your best with it. Your team depends on each one of you to pull all these pieces together. Without this solid base to work from all the rest of infantry procedures from leadership to combined operations depend on you knowing these fundamentals.
Congratulations. There will be diagrams, animations and video to watch that will demonstrate a lot of this content. Please take the time to view this material as well. When you are ready, head to the TacticalGamer University forums and request a class so an instructor can schedule a time to check yourself and a few other students out. You will be asked to take a written test and demonstrate your knowledge of this subject in game. Don’t worry if you have questions still. The instructor will use the time to clarify how these principles apply to the game you are interested in. Remember, you are encouraged to take the course again periodically.
Thanks for your interest in TacticalGamer University.
Last edited by Unkl; 07-05-2017, 07:18 PM.
Note: Fireteam Formations video is added to the above post.
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2019-04-20T19:08:01Z
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https://www.tacticalgamer.com/forum/general-forums/tactical-gamer-university/tactical-gamer-university-library/131219-tactical-gamer-university-basic-infantry-course
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Before diving into the Amway business, what it is and deciding if there is an Amway scam, it’s important to read comprehensive Amway reviews. This gives you detailed information pertaining to the company and the Independent Business Owner opportunity that they offer.
So we set out to do that and to read what others says about Amway and to give our own opinion.
In this comprehensive article you will learn about whether there is an Amway pyramid scheme or an Amway scam. You will also get the facts regarding income potential and see what others have to say about the company.
One of the most important elements of any Amway review is getting the facts about what the business is about, how it started, and if there is money to be made.
This also helps you to determine if there is an Amway pyramid scheme or Amway scam.
Amway is a multi-level marketing company. They allow people to become Independent Business Owners. This gives them access to Amway products that they sell independently.
The IBOs ( Independent Business Owners), also have the opportunity to sponsor others into the business and this allows for an additional income stream.
There are also multiple affiliated companies that contribute to the Amway brand. They sell a variety of products. Most of these products fall under the health and beauty and household goods categories.
Amway is a privately held company. The parent company is Alticor. Alticor is run by the same people who developed Amway. This includes the Van Andel family and the DeVos company.
Learning more about the history of the company is important. Did the founders develop an Amway pyramid scheme? Did they devise an Amway scam?
In 1949, two childhood friends, Richard DeVos and Jay Van Andel, learned about the Nutrilite Products Corporation. They became distributors for this company. They eventually lost interest.
However, they went to Chicago to a Nutrilite seminar. They went back to selling the product and became successful as distributors. This is where the duo was introduced to the multi-level marketing business.
This partnership and becoming distributors for Nutrilite resulted in the birth of Amway, referred to as the American Way Association, in 1959. An Ohio scientist created the first product. It was a type of concentrated organic cleaner.
In 1994, Amway assumed full ownership of Nutrilite. They continued to expand into countries throughout the world. As of 2017, the company was selling products in over 100 territories and countries throughout the world.
In 2017, the Amway business stated that their global sales were approximately $8.6 billion. This figure makes this direct-selling company the largest one in the world. This was earned by Independent Business Owners selling and buying their household cleaners and health and beauty products.
All Amway reviews should provide details regarding how the Amway business works. This helps you to determine if it is an ideal business for you. It also gives insight into whether Amway is a pyramid scheme or a scam.
Those who are interested in starting an Amway business will first need to sign up to become an Independent Business Owner (IBO). From here, they have access to the products that they will sell.
Amway has over 450 products that sellers can choose from. Everything has a Satisfaction Guarantee, so if buyers are unhappy, the company says they will help their sellers to make it right with their customers.
By selling the products, people can earn money. The company does not appear to make any guarantees regarding how much money someone may earn by selling the products. Most reviews state that making money definitely takes effort and work.
The company provides their Independent Business Owners with skill building opportunities. Once someone signs up to sell the products, they will get access to offline and online learning plus business tools.
There is not a lot of information regarding what these tools and resources include. However, the company says that people can learn practical skills that will help them in their business.
It is assumed that the learning resources involve information about selling the Amway products. It may also help people to learn about sales tactics, business operations and similar topics that will aid independent sellers to create a foundation for their business.
Amway uses a direct selling approach to provide their products to the public. Those who sign up to sell the products will be selling to individuals and not in a retail environment.
The products are only available through Amway Independent Business Owners. They typically buy the products at a reduced rate and sell them. They profit from the difference between the selling price and the price they paid to purchase the products.
The real money is made by sponsoring other IBOs and building a network of distributors. You will then get a percentage of the entire network you help create. This is what is referred to as MLM (Multi-Level Marketing).
It’s this type of marketing that leads people to think that Amway is a pyramid scheme. However, just because the shape of the business structure is a pyramid does not mean much. The shape of the business has nothing to do with whether something is a pyramid scheme.
A pyramid scheme is when someone promises payment for enrolling others in to the scheme but supplies no real product or service.
Amway does not do this. You must have product sales to to build the business. It’s built on product sales and recruiting others to buy and sell products and then to help others do the same.
How Much Does Amway Cost?
It is relatively inexpensive to get started as an Independent Business Owner with Amway.
Those who want to become Independent Business Owners for Amway will invest approximately $100 for the startup cost. Annually, the fees are said to be less than $100. It appears that the annual fee is around $60.
Within 60 to 180 days of becoming an Amway Independent Business Owner, if you change your mind, the company states that they will offer a full refund of the startup fee.
There does not appear to be any additional costs with getting started. However, you will need to buy the products that you sell. The associated costs vary depending on the products you choose and their total cost.
The fees listed above are not from Amway and are part of most sponsoring organizations. All the fees are optional.
How Much Can be Made with Amway?
When people talk about a possible Amway scam, it is usually associated with the income potential for Independent Business Owners. It is important to get an idea regarding the income potential before you decide to sign up and become an Amway Independent Business Owner.
“The average monthly Gross Income for “active” IBOs was $207. Approximately 48% of all IBOs were active. U.S. IBOs were considered active in months in 2016 when they attempted to make a retail sale, or presented the Amway IBO Compensation Plan, or received bonus money, or attended an Amway or IBO meeting.
Depending on the monthly expenses that sellers have, those who earned an average of $207 may not have actually earned anything at all. The $207 was their gross profit before any associated expenses. It is unknown what the average monthly cost was for Independent Business Owners during this time.
By law Amway “must” disclose the average monthly income of IBOs. However, this really means nothing. This means that most IBOs who get in the business do nothing. Like most business opportunities, the average person does very little which is why they fail.
We have a unique viewpoint of the Amway opportunity. Scott the founder of VETTED OPPS spent 7.5 years building the Amway business. From the years 1991 to 1998 Scott built a business that at one point reached what is called the “direct distributor” level.
“I spent almost 8 years building Amway. I was totally committed to the business and spent 5 days a week building my network.
Amway is more than just the product side of the business. That is one aspect. You get your product from Amway.
The other side is the organization you are sponsored into. These are the people who will help you learn what it takes to build a successful organization.
I was in an organization called ‘The Britt System’ or what was later called ‘BWW – Britt Worldwide’. This was a group led by Amway Founders Crown Ambassadors Bill and Peggy Britt. Bill and Peggy had one of the largest and most successful organizations in the business with well over 1.5 million IBOs in their organization.
Many people get upset because their ‘upline’ encourage them to go to ‘functions’ These are conferences that are planned and run by the leaders in the organization to help train and motivate IBOs.
When I was involved there were four major functions a year. These were held once a quarter. These were the largest conferences and were held in the spring (Spring Leadership), summer (Family Reunion), fall (Free Enterprise), and winter (Dream Night). The major functions were weekend conferences starting on Friday evening and ending on Sunday afternoon.
Then there was a local one day conference held once a month.
On top of this there was a local open meeting one day a week. This was a meeting where you would bring new prospects to see the business opportunity from someone who had some success in the business and usually had a group of other IBOs in attendance. These could be from a few people to hundreds.
The remainder of the time was spent building the business. Calling people, contacting new people, showing the plan, and buying and selling products.
The organization had an educational system where IBOs could be tapes and books that would help with education.
This was called standing order where a new tape was produced each week and distributed to all IBOs who were enrolled in the standing order program.
Many people get upset about the educational system saying they are being brainwashed and that they are pressured to buy tapes and go to functions.
I can only say that no one every pressured my to do anything. I did it because I truly wanted to succeed.
So, even though I did not reach the level of success I had hoped, I never regret my years spent in the Amway business. I learned so much about myself. I always say I received a PHD in dealing with people. It may be hard to believe but through Amway I overcame all my fears of talking to people and speaking in front of others. In fact, I learned to speak in front of more than 5,000 people! I would never have overcome that fear if it were not for the Amway business.
What I loved most about the business was the incredible people I met. They were some of the most kind and loving people I have had the pleasure of knowing.
Now I know, there are people who have had horrible experiences with Amway. It was not actually Amway they had a bad experience with, it was their sponsoring organization or ‘upline’. I have heard the stories of IBOs being pressured into buying tapes, going to functions, and even being lied to about the success of their upline. It’s sad to hear this but anywhere you have an organization made up of people, you’re going to have bad apples.
As I said, I never experienced any of this.
On ConsumerAffairs.com the Amway business has mostly positive reviews at the time of this writing. The majority of Amway reviews were posted by people that have purchased Amway products and most liked the products. There were some reviewers who feel the products work well but, they are more expensive than products you can purchase in stores.
There are a few Amway reviews from buyers who felt pressured to become a distributor. A few reviewers were upset by those trying to sponsor them or a family member.
Those who sell the products state that they are difficult to sell due to the high prices. One reviewer stated that the compensation plan for Independent Business Owners is unfavorable.
Overall, people seem to be happy with product quality. However, those selling the products seem dissatisfied with the earning potential.
On TrustPilot, Amway has four reviews at the time of this writing. This contributes to a four-star rating. The reviews largely support the quality of the products. One reviewer said the company provides an excellent network marketing opportunity. Two others make a similar claim about the opportunity.
Amway is accredited by the Better Business Bureau. They have an A+ rating on this website. There are 16 customer Amway reviews that contribute to a five-star rating at the time of this writing.
The reviews on this website are largely from those who purchase and use the products. Most are positive and state the products are of high quality. One reviewer stated that the sellers may become too aggressive to sell the products.
There are numerous reports about Amway on RipOffReport. These Amway reviews are a mixture of people who sell the products and those who purchased from Independent Business Owners.
Reviewers who bought products state that they felt overly pressured to make a purchase. Those who sold the products state that they did not earn much money from their efforts.
No one on this website states a direct Amway pyramid scheme or Amway scam, but they state that making money can be incredibly difficult.
Amway does have a Facebook business page. They do not have reviews enabled on this website. They do allow visitors to post on their page.
There is a mixture of comments on Facebook about the Amway business at the time of this writing. These range from happy sellers and buyers, to those who were dissatisfied with the products or selling opportunity.
The Amway reviews on Indeed.com are mostly from those who work for the corporate office. This company has 4.1 stars on this website at the time of this writing.
Most reviewers state that culture and work-life balance are excellent with this company. Most appear to be satisfied with their compensation, management and job security.
The reviews of the Amway business on Glassdoor are a mixture of Independent Business Owners and people who work for the corporate office. This company has 3.9 stars from 480 reviews at the time of this writing.
Most sellers appear happy with the opportunity, but many say that they are not earning as much as they initially thought they would. Those working for the corporate office appear mostly happy with their job and work environment.
Is There an Amway Scam?
After reading hundreds of Amway reviews and getting the details about the company, there does not appear to be an Amway scam. It is not easy to make money, and this opportunity will not make you rich overnight though.
However, those who sell the products do earn money. Amway does appear to pay their Independent Business Owners as promised. Since 1959, Amway states that they have paid out more than $58 billion to those who sell the products.
None of the Amway business reviews stated that sellers did not receive the compensation that they earned. Getting paid on time was one of the positive points that was frequently mentioned by sellers.
Is There an Amway Pyramid Scheme?
The Amway business is sometimes referred to as the Amway pyramid scheme. This is due to the multi-level marketing approach the company uses to sell their products.
Multi-level marketing is not a pyramid scheme. The confusion comes in due to the sellers sharing the opportunities with other people. However, the sellers make money from selling the products and not from participating in an Amway pyramid scheme.
In fact, the FTC ruled in 1979 that Amway WAS NOT an illegal pyramid scheme.
Our verdict on the Amway business is recommend with caution. There is no Amway pyramid scheme and there is no Amway scam. The Amway reviews do not indicate anything nefarious.
However, it is important to note that this is not an easy opportunity, and it likely will not replace a regular job for most people. We added the “with caution” part because while making money is definitely possible, it may not be sufficient to support you financially without another income source.
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2019-04-21T15:00:32Z
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https://www.vettedopps.com/amway-scam/
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Interview on The indoubt Show: Is the Bible Reliable?
Many questions arise when one considers the Bible. For example, “Why are there contradictions?” “If this is really the Word of God, why isn’t it clearer?” and “Why are we putting so much trust in these books when they’re not even the originals, but copies of copies of copies?” These are valid questions that many people ask. They’re also questions that many get hung up on. This is the second part of an interview I did on The indoubt Show, a radio show hosted by Isaac Dagneau. You can also listen to the first part here. We’re especially grateful for our friends at indoubt who provided the transcript to our interviews, which you can read below. You can also follow their podcast here.
Isaac: : With me today again is Andreas Köstenberger. Andreas is senior research professor of New Testament and biblical theology at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. He’s also written many books, like we said last week, Greek Lexicons, commentaries, different things like that, very smart guy. And it’s great to have you again with us today, Andreas.
Andreas: Thank you very much, Isaac. Wonderful to be with you.
Isaac: If you didn’t catch last week’s show, to listeners, I encourage you to do that. We sort of introduced the structure of our two conversations, but I’ll briefly say that again. But before we jump back in, Andreas, could you just give us a quick, short summary of who you are? I know listeners who listened last week have got a fuller picture, but for those just listening maybe in the radio right now, who is Andreas Köstenberger?
Andreas: Absolutely. Well, I’ve always been inquisitive. As I college student, I loved to ask hard questions. And so first of all, as a Christian, I’m a sinner saved by grace, and I’m just deeply grateful for what Christ has done for me on the cross. I also am a scholar, as you mentioned, I love to write, I love to research. And God has just given me a real passion for the word being preached with authority and with accuracy, and so I teach at a seminary where I have the privilege of equipping others to serve Christ in a variety of ways, whether in a teaching profession or in the preaching ministry. I also am a husband and a father. My wife is Canadian, she is also a professor and an author, has written a book, Jesus and the Feminists. We’ve co-written a book, God’s Design for Man and Woman. And we have four children, ages mid-twenties to the teens, who are at various stages of their college or high school career.
Isaac: That’s awesome. Thank you so much. And again, if you’re listening and you want to hear maybe about his salvation, his testimony, you can go back last week and listen to that as well. So anyways, Andreas has written a book with a couple co-authors, called Truth Matters: Confident Faith in a Confusing World. It’s sort of a shorter overview summary, or a simpler kind of summary of another book that they’ve written together, called Truth in a Culture of Doubt. And this book, Truth Matters, is divided into these six sections that help debunk or explain some commonly held notions of an inability to trust in the Bible or the historical Jesus and things like that, that a scholar named Bart Ehrman has made popular, and many people believe these general skeptical. So what we’ve been doing is going through these. Last week we sort of looked at, very briefly, the problem of evil and God’s existence. We also looked at the assortment of New Testament books and how they came together as well. And this week, we’re going to look at four more, just again, very brief kind of a scrape of some of the evidence, some of the beliefs, so that hopefully it will make us think about it more and dive more into it. But anyways, let’s continue on to this. Let’s focus a little bit onto contradictions in the Bible. So I’m going to get a quote from Bart Ehrman that starts chapter four of his book. It says this, and this is what Bart says, “At about the time I started to doubt that God had inspired the words of the Bible, I began to be influenced by Bible courses taught from a historical critical perspective. I started seeing discrepancies in the texts. I saw that some of the books of the Bible were at odds with one another. I became convinced by the arguments that some of the books were not written by the authors from whom they were named, and I began to see that many of the traditional Christian doctrines that I long held to be beyond question, had moved away from the original teachings of Jesus and his apostles.” Reading something like that, or hearing that is very convincing to someone that maybe hasn’t dug into it. So help us through this a little bit, Andreas.
Andreas: Absolutely. I once heard someone say, “So what if the Bible has errors in it? I can still believe in Jesus.” And my response to the statement is, first of all, that Jesus didn’t believe the Bible has errors in it. In the Gospel of John, for example, he says Scripture cannot be broken. So when you look at Jesus in the gospels, our listeners can check this out, you look at the gospels, Jesus refers to Adam and Eve as historical characters, he refers to Jonah, the people of Nineveh, he refers to Elisha, and lots of other Old Testament characters. So he obviously read the Bible as historically accurate. And I just want to point out, those people who say the Bible is full of contradictions disagree with Jesus’ own assessment of the veracity of the Bible. Secondly, I’d say that ironically, skeptics like Bart Ehrman are usually too rigid. I say ironically because people who say the Bible is full of contradictions often claim to be more critical and scholarly, like we talked about last week, than those who believe the Bible is true. But often, when you take a close look, those so-called contradictions involve what I’d rather call diversity, that is different but equally legitimate ways of looking at things. So people say you may look at a glass half-full or half-empty. Both would be equally truthful. Or think about the story of how I met my wife or how you met your wife, I could tell you how, but if you ask her, she’d probably tell the story rather differently. Does that mean that one of us is lying? No. So that’s what I call legitimate diversity, as opposed to actual contradictions. And I think the difficulty comes in when people like, or skeptics like, Bart Ehrman blur the lines and collapse the two. So then, every time you have a diverse way of presenting things from one’s own vantage point, as the four gospel writers regularly do, people jump to the conclusion that you actually don’t just have diversity, you have actual contradictions. And so I would say the Bible has plenty of legitimate diversity, but it doesn’t actually contradict itself.
Isaac: Yeah, and that’s really good to make a difference there with those words. Because I know that just the word ‘contradiction’ has such a negative tone, so when different scholars or professors in maybe a college or university will say, “The Bible’s full of contradictions,” to someone that’s kind of shaky on their faith, that can be a very heavy weight. And also, you just used the word ‘vantage point’, and I know there was a movie that came out, I don’t know, probably about five to ten years ago now, I’m not sure when, but it was called Vantage Point, I think it was called. It was fascinating, because it was some attack, I think it was on the White House or something, and the movie was done in these four different views, and it was really fascinating to see which views picked up different pieces of the puzzle. And also, this is really interesting, it’s a quote from your book, and it’s talking about the Bible, and it says this, “It’s God’s work in real life, in the real world, with real people living in a real time, not a carefully managed sheet of talking points designed to keep any of its writers from going off message.” And then you kind of go on to this idea of it being this harmony of different things coming together. So I think it’s really beautiful how you’ve talked about that.
Andreas: Yeah, I mean you see that … you read the quote at the beginning of this segment, from Bart Ehrman, where he talks about the historical critical scholarship, and they would label the relationship between the four gospels in our Bibles, or at least the first three, the synoptic problem. And so you already see that it’s slanted toward skepticism. You know, I sometimes just playfully, in my classes, talk about it as a synoptic opportunity, to give it a bit more of a positive ring, because I feel like in many ways, the scholarship is already biasing, to say that diversity is necessarily something bad. And yet, as you know, when you are in court, and you have multiple witnesses to a car accident, if anything, if the accounts are too similar, you wonder if there was any collusion taking place. Sometimes with skeptics like Bart Ehrman, you can’t win, because if the gospels are too different, he says look, they’re contradictory. If they’re too similar, he would say look, I mean you can’t take it seriously, they were obviously comparing notes and they’re colluding and giving you some sort of a sanitized account, just making sure that they’re lining up. So again, in a court setting, you would say that it’s actually a strength if witnesses present a given account, like of a car accident each in their own way, because then you know that they didn’t necessarily conspire to fool the jury.
Isaac: Yeah, you’d expect there to be slight differences, and that boosts its reliability as well. Before we jump on to the next point, because we only have so much time, I wanted to just make this point, I wanted you to elaborate on it slightly, this idea that ancient literature … and I’m quoting from your book … ancient literature from the period of the gospels was consistently less worried about putting things in chronological order than arranging them by theme and topic. And being in sort of the post-modern scientific age that we’re in, chronology is very important to us. So I think when we read of some of these differences in the gospels about when things happened, it can be very damaging to someone’s faith or thinking about it. So could you kind of elaborate on that a little bit?
Andreas: Absolutely. I think a lot of apparent contradictions are explained when we understand the genre of gospels. They were written in the first century, of course, many centuries ago. So we need to understand ‘how did people in the first century write an account of a well-known person like Jesus’? And on the one hand, they would rely on eyewitness testimonies. As you know, Luke introduces his gospel by saying that, candidly, he was not an eyewitness, but he based his account on the report of those who were. And at the same time, those writing those gospels would feel free to arrange matters topically in some cases, just for the sake of helping the readers get an accurate understanding of the significance of a given event. In John’s case, he’s selective, he selects just a few events and elaborates those in great detail. He gathers Jesus’ miracles, calls them signs. And again, something that Bart Ehrman would label as a contradiction, while I would argue no, this is just what theologians do all the time to put their imprint on the material that they’re narrating, in order to help the readers understand more fully the theological significance, in this case of Jesus’ miracles.
Isaac: Yeah, and that’s so important to recognize. Because I think for a lot of us, a lot of young adults too, they look at the Bible without all this knowledge of the way things were written, and the different genres and things like that. So it’s very helpful to hear this, Andreas. Before we jump on to the next section, I’ll just finish with this, and I love this question that you ask in the book. It’s just simple, “Why can’t we hear the Bible sing with just a little harmony?” And I think that’s just a good question to ask, sort of a rhetorical question. So alright, let’s move onto the next, this idea of the copies of copies of copies of manuscripts. Maybe a young adult’s watching the History Channel or the Discovery Channel, and they hear some scholar being interviewed just say this in passing about the copies of copies. How can we trust it? This is what Bart Ehrman says at the beginning of this chapter, in chapter five of your book. “One of the things that people misunderstand, of course, especially my 19-year-old students from North Carolina, is that when we’re reading the Bible, we’re not actually reading the words of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John or Paul, we’re reading translations of the originals of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John or Paul, because we don’t have the originals of any of the books of the New Testament. What we have are copies made centuries later, in most instances, many centuries later.” So I mean, when you read that, or if you heard that, it sounds very convincing to be like, ‘well I guess I can’t trust this’. So help us with this, Andreas.
Andreas: Absolutely. And like you said, there’s a certain rhetorical surface plausibility until you look a little deeper. For example, just picking up on the quote that you just mentioned, I mean, who says that if you have something in translation, that it’s necessarily inaccurate? It doesn’t logically follow at all. If it’s an accurate translation, then you don’t need necessarily the words in the original language. By that token, we would all have to read the Old Testament in Hebrew, and the New Testament in Greek. Few of us are able to do that, right? We all are very grateful for our accurate English translations. So again, I think unless you have a highly-exaggerated standard for accuracy, and I think that’s exactly what we find, and I think that’s more a result of skepticism than having reasonable concerns with the Bible. But that said, it’s true, we don’t have the original autographs, that is, we don’t have the actual, say, letter Paul wrote to the Romans, for example. I think that’s probably a good thing, because if we did, some people would probably worship the actual document. So I think what Ehrman overlooks here is what we have in our Bibles, we don’t need the physical papyrus or codex manuscript, all we need is a reliable text. And the text that we have is reliable, because it has been faithfully passed on and copied from the originals. Of course, some might say that we have a variant reading, so-called variants, so we can’t know what the original readings were. But I think certainly early in his career, Bart Ehrman seemed to be very confident that he knew what the original was, so much so that he speculated as to the motives that led some scribes to change the original reading to a variant reading. So I think that’s very interesting. I think he just fell into skepticism a bit later in his career, and most of those variants, of course, are completely inconsequential. We’re talking about spelling errors, some might be skipped words if scribes had manuscripts that they copied in front of them, or some other inadvertent copying mistakes that can easily be spotted. So I think saying that we don’t know what was in the original manuscripts just because we have certain variants is again, vastly exaggerating the problem. In fact, we have a vast number of manuscripts, we have almost 6,000 manuscripts of the entire New Testament, or at least parts of the New Testament, just to focus on the New Testament for a moment. So I think again, the reason why we have so many variants is because we have so many manuscripts to begin with. And again, it’s one of those situations, you can’t seem to win. If we only had few manuscripts, skeptics like Ehrman would say, ‘well look, how come you have so few manuscripts’, right? But because we have so many, and so there’s more variants, somehow that’s turned into a liability as well. The fact is, we can trust our Bibles, we can trust the translations, we can trust the process that was used in copying. Of course, you would imagine scribes who believed they were copying sacred Scripture to make every effort to be accurate in what they copied. And of course, copying is a human process, so error occasionally crept in. But of course, in most cases, we are easily able to reconstruct the original reading behind those inadvertent mistakes that some scribes occasionally made.
Isaac: Of course. And that’s super helpful to know. And just to say this too, people like, maybe Bart Ehrman or others as well, will really put a lot of their … kind of throw their weight in saying things like 200,000 to 400,000 of these variants are among the biblical manuscripts. But then, like you just said though, with almost 6,000 manuscripts, of course you’re going to have this many variants. And when you understand that these variants, for the most part, for the majority, are simple things like maybe a double word or missing a letter or what have you, which totally makes sense if you’re literally copying, word-by-word, thousands of words. Right?
Isaac: The next one is kind of about what Christianity was about, what it was made of, what is the orthodox Christian truths, the beliefs. And this is what Bart Ehrman says at the beginning of chapter six. “There were lots of early Christian groups. They all claimed to be right. They all had books to back up their claims, books allegedly written by the apostles, and therefore representing the views of Jesus and his first disciples. The group that won out did not represent the teachings of Jesus or his apostles. The victorious group called itself orthodox, but it was not the original form of Christianity, and it won its victory only after many hard-fought battles.”Reading something like that, Andreas, it can … as someone who is kind of shaky on their faith, that could definitely steer them away.
Andreas: Absolutely. And it’s again, this postmodern, almost cynical view of history, that as Ehrman and others would say, that history was written by the winners. You see feminists make that same argument, that somehow the Bible is just a result of a male conspiracy to suppress and silence women, often arguments from silence themselves. And so I’ve actually written an entire other book, The Heresy of Orthodoxy, that deals specifically with this argument. It has the subtitle, How Contemporary Culture’s Fascination with Diversity Has Reshaped our Understanding of Early Christianity. So some listeners who are interested specifically in this question of ‘did the early Christians somehow suppress the truth, and is truth merely a function of sociology’, might want to pick that book up. I co-wrote that with my good friend, Mike Kruger.
Isaac: Cool. That’s great. So what would you say to … and I’ll link that also to the episode page, but what would you say to those who’ve been taught by the Discovery Channel or their professor that what we believe to be orthodox Christianity wasn’t really the truth of what the disciples taught, let’s say, until it was made most popular by Constantine and things like that? How would you convince someone that these truths that we call orthodox today really were the teachings of Jesus and so on?
Andreas: Well one thing I would point out is that, again, skeptics like Ehrman base a lot of their arguments on a book written by a German scholar, Walter Bauer, it’s called the Bauer Thesis, Heresy and Orthodoxy in Earliest Christianity, where he makes the point that early Christians in the first century were diverse, there was no such a thing as Christianity the way you and I look at it today as historic traditional Christianity, there were only Christianities in the plural. And Ehrman has called Bauer’s book the most important book on early Christianity in the 20th century. So what I would point out though in response is that despite the title of his book, Bauer doesn’t even deal with the first century, and he is biased against the New Testament writings as historical evidence themselves. Because if you look at the New Testament, you see that the Christians from the very beginning were extremely concerned with the gospel and with orthodoxy. You look at Acts chapter 2, verse 42, and it says there that the earliest Christians, immediately after the birth of the church at the Pentecost, right after the resurrection and the ascension of Christ, devoted themselves to the apostles’ teachings. Or think of Galatians chapter 1, verse 6, that’s the first letter that Paul wrote among the 13 of his letters in the New Testament canon. And Paul says there, ‘if anyone preaches a different gospel than the one I’m preaching to you, even if it’s myself or an angel, let him be cursed’. So people were extremely concerned to safeguard what Paul later would call the good deposit, when he wrote Timothy. So to say that somehow the apostolic gospel or the core of Christianity was just a second, third or fourth century invention is just manifestly untrue if the New Testament books have any value as historical documents.
Isaac: Right. And then I guess we could understand that things like Gnosticism or something like that, sure they came to be popular, and then they sort of fizzled out, because obviously they were not true.
Andreas: Exactly. So Gnosticism was probably the first serious Christian heresy, but it is parasitic on apostolic first century Christianity. It arose, I think virtually all scholars would agree now, only in the second century, and was still fairly localized. I think in the Heresy of Orthodoxy, chapter 3, we point out that only what you and I today would look at as historic Christianity was widespread all across the first century world, and then heresies would crop up just more locally. But none of those had anywhere near the geographic distribution, and were anywhere near as widespread as orthodox Christianity.
Isaac: Yeah. That’s fascinating. Andreas, we’re going to have to wrap this up sooner now, and we’ve missed one of the most important, and that is the idea of Christ being risen from the dead, or not, as some may skeptically assert. So maybe we’ll have to do a whole other conversation just on that. But anyways, to our listeners and myself, we do want to thank you, Andreas, for taking time out of your day, out of these two weeks really, to help explain to us some of these skeptical assertions that again, you walk into a college or university class, and your professor or a book you might read as a textbook, these statements are sort of flung at you with a sort of rhetorical way to make you really question your faith and think that it’s really based on illogical or not based on good evidence, but the fact of the matter is if you just dig a little deeper under, I should say, you will find that there is much evidence and much scholarly work on these things. So if that interests you more, and if what we’ve talked about these last two weeks, I’d really encourage you to pick up Truth Matters: Confident Faith in a Confusing World. We’ll have this book linked on our episode page as well. But anyways, also biblicalfoundations.org is a great resource library that Andreas has started, so check that out as well. But anyways, Andreas, thank you so much for your time, and I hope to have you back on the show again soon.
Andreas: Absolutely. Great to be with you. Thanks so much.
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2019-04-25T10:08:17Z
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https://www.biblicalfoundations.org/interview-indoubt-show-bible-reliable/
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Different colorings are associated with different emotions and meanings. All colors obtain negative and positive meanings and certainly each colour is more or less fashionable in line with the instant. For this reason the propensity of using various shades change over time (Consumer Behaviour, Martin M Evans).
Kotler used and described atmospherics first. Regarding to him, atmospherics refers to store environment that may be designed or manipulated to make psychological and behavioural responses in consumers.
Atmospheric influence on buying behaviour draws from the Stimulus-Organism-Response Model. Here atmosphere refers to the stimuli (S) that results consumers' emotional point out (O) causing a change in their activities (R). Atmospheric stimuli relates to colour, music, fragrance, layout etc. These either cause way (positive response) or avoidance response in buyers. Positive respond can result in consumers discovering and spending more time in the surroundings.
Stimulus is something that produces a certain reaction in a human (an animal or a herb), maybe it's sensory, verbal or visible stimuli. These stimuli include exterior as well as internal stimuli. Exterior stimuli identifies anything in the environment that can cause effect in someone. While inner stimuli derives from the internal state of an individual.
Belk divided stimuli into aim and situation stimuli. Object stimuli stands for the conception of external environment by consumers through their senses. Whereas situation stimuli are aspects discussing time and place that are not in relation to any personal characteristics, such as time of your day and the existence of other individuals.
However, we should remember that not everyone understand certain stimuli similarly. That's the reason we have to consider the next factor, which is Organism.
Individual's environmental bordering affects their emotional state, which determines how they react and behave. Pleasure and arousal will be the two emotional state governments effected by environmental stimuli.
Mehrabian and Russell developed the PAD platform, to analyze environmental results on individuals. Elements of the framework are nonverbal responses by customers and refers to pleasure, arousal and dominance.
"Pleasure identifies the amount to that your person seems good, joyful, happy or satisfied in times versus displeasure. "
Pleasure was identified as "happy rather than unsatisfied, pleased (irritated), satisfied (unsatisfied), contented (melancholic), hopeful (despairing) and laid back (bored)".
"Arousal identifies the amount to which a person seems excited, activated, alert or lively in a situation versus nonarousal. "
Arousal can be identified as" stimulated (laid back), ecstatic (quiet), frenzied (sluggish), jittery (dreary), wide-awake (sleepy) and aroused (unaroused). "
"Dominance identifies the amount to which the individual feels in control of, or absolve to action in, situation versus submissiveness. "
Finally dominance relates to "controlling (governed), influential (influenced), in charge (cared-for), important (awed), prominent (submissive) and autonomous (led). "
Donovan and Rossiter mentioned that dominance does not play an important role on in-store behavior.
Emotions can be evoked by a meeting or by some events that occurred to us. These thoughts can be divided into four categories: Affective emotions (love, sympathy, take great pride in, anticipation), Well-Being feelings (enjoyment, joy, good luck, relief), Aversion thoughts (disgust, annoyance, fear, hate) and Discomfort Feelings (pity, guilty conscience, boredom, stress).
Emotions generally are obtained for a limited time frame. Usually emotions state governments that know about a person is maintained from a few minutes to a few hours. Moods previous for longer than feelings, they make reference to how one seems.
It has been explained that mood has an important affect on consumer behavior. However, whenever a customer gets into a retail environment they do that with a previously obtained mood condition. This disposition can be shifted either into a good or a negative way, thru environmental stimuli.
It is important to consider mood stimuli into account, since in case a customer's mood have been improved by way of a certain shopping environment, it is possible that they can make some small purchase.
Cognition has been proved to be effected by disposition. In general positive disposition is thought to donate to efficiency and also to the likelihood of helping others, whereas negative feelings reduce this.
Factors environmentBehaviours related to emotional says created by environmental factors can either be approach or avoidance reactions, in form of your energy, exploration, communication and satisfaction. The issue between these two are outcome of three different stages of purchase-making process. Shopper's feelings and thoughts, meaning their feelings and mood, then the environment and finally the nature of the merchandise are the source of approach- avoidance turmoil.
Approach an avoidance behaviours can be put into four categories(time, exploration, communication, satisfaction). First of all type of behaviour is the desire to stay longer and actually spend additional time in the environment. Then the wish for discovering the shopping space. Communication refers to actually phoning others in the environment or with the sales personnel. Finally satisfaction pertains to the ability of performing, rewarding ones wants and needs.
Essential elements of a retail store atmosphere are external surfaces, general interior, store structure and exhibits. Through this department managers may easily form their retail environment so that consumers respond in the desired way also to present a brand or company corresponding to their image. However it should be noticed that each individual rectos to physical atmosphere in another way depending on the individual characteristics. For instance the age of each person depends upon their effect, since a teenager almost certainly have a different reaction to a certain stimuli then an older person.
The exterior of your retail store is one which interacts with the consumers first, and is an essential factor for the shopper in choosing joining a store or not. . . .
The exterior of any shop can have vital effect on perceived brand image and must be organized ahead. Storefront includes the actual external surfaces of the shop itself. It could be provided as a tool or connecting certain images such as trendy, classy, glamorous or even discount rates. Consumers often examine a store by its outdoor image and can, in most cases, give rise to certain feelings. So that it is curtail to create the storefront consequently.
Marquee is the sign that presents the brand's name. One of the most famous marquees is McDonald's golden arch. Store access needs to be looked at in 3 ways. The amount of entrances should be placed first which in case of big shops may differ from four to eight. Then the kind of entrances need to be determined, meaning it is self-opening, push-pull or weather operated. And thirdly walkways are designed, how big is them can evoke various moods.
Display windows are created for just two reasons, firstly to identify the store and its own goods, secondly to persuade visitors to come in. Good planning is required to produce creative display glass windows. That's the reason oftentimes retailers employ outdoors specialists, who choose colour, number, form, size and styles of display glass windows.
Researchers have proven that outside window exhibits can have results on consumers as well as the location and the car parking conditions could results just how consumers judge the grade of a brandname or retail store. External surfaces elements must evoke strategy behaviours and become perceived as pleasing in order for consumers to type in.
Free-form structure is the next form of structure that is often used in retail spaces. In cases like this, merchandise is put randomly all around the available shopping environment permitting the customer maneuver around more widely, since there is no pattern that needs to be followed. This sort of layout can be used in smaller spaces where customers plan to look through the whole store (Patric Dunne, Retailing). With free-form layout customers are provided with continuous wonder effects, but if the retail space is too large some system must be employed in order not to confuse buyers (Retail Product Management, Rosemary).
Boutique layout is used where personal offering is required. Customers are surrounded with merchandise, which is positioned on wall fixtures. Where retail space is relatively big a guided walkway shows the keep track of that needs to be followed directing purchasers through different kinds of items. (Retail Product Management, Rosemary).
It has been proven by analysts that with time constraints and in undiscovered areas unplanned spending was higher, in the same way brand switching.
A vendors' tool for attraction could be POP exhibits, since it includes information and enhances a warm atmosphere. These shows can also encourage purchasers to buy. Nowadays with modern technology a variety of exhibits can be created, ones that move with air, electronic digital shows providing product presentations and answers questions integrating all sorts of multimedia capabilities.
This category includes things like scent, music, colour, lighting, flooring, wall membrane texture and cleanness.
Music is the most frequent aspect of standard interior that has been studied concerning its effects on consumers, since stores presume there is an association between time spent in a store and amount of buying. These studies have proven that music performs an important role in sales, time spent in the surroundings and arousal.
So the impact of music on various psychological expressions can be related to the tempo, size, mode and tranquility of the music. (Consumer Behaviour, Hoyer/MacInnis) Just how that music effects us is also directly related to inspiration, engagement level and needs of the task performed. However. different age ranges react diversely to music in a retail environment.
The familiarity of music was also proven to have an effect on consumer behaviour. Given that identified shopping time could be elongated with playing familiar music to customers, as product analysis can increase anticipated to familiar music performed within an environment. Ornstein claims that this is due to the fact that, if you can remember the time period of a situation, it looks longer. Consumers also have reported to be less aroused in an environment where unfamiliar music was participating in.
Background music, also known as ambient music is employed for creating feeling and persona for an environment or service. In marketing, the goal of managing ambient music is to manage a company's major point of contact with its customers, meaning in the retail or service place. The most frequent process is through the addition of music in to the shopping experience, which often happens in span of company's control and in the physical retail space.
Tempo of the music has been shown to have a romantic relationship with the tempo of shopping. Consumers exposed to slower music also shop at a lower pace. Since this poor pace ends in longer time put in in the store, it is evident that slower music creates greater shopping opportunities and comes with an effect on actually quantity used.
It has been proven that whenever music tempo is manipulated in a supermarket, people spend more time and profit the gradual retail atmosphere and sales respectively increased by 38%, same impact has been seen in a restaurant setting resulting in increased drink utilization and 41% in drink revenue.
Music tempo also gives associative information in what kind of schemas, products and ultimately purchases are generally right. Unconscious way of thinking of consumers can occur through these relationship, for example consumers do not think they are in need of spending additional time in an environment where slow-moving ambient music is performed. Research showed that many consumers can't remember the sort of music that was participating in or can't even understand that music was playing at all. Furthermore likely is the fact consumers connect poor music with comforting feelings, which can create a relaxing effect.
At once fast tempo music can create arousal for consumers. A study exhibited that consumers which spent time in a host with fast music performing reported greater willingness to say hello or smile.
Yalch and Spangenberg established that young customers (under 25) experienced they have put in more time in the easy listening vocals environment, however, old consumers felt they have spent more time when being exposed to Top 40 music. Consumers time awareness is inspired by the familiarity of the music.
The type of music can also affect consumer's product choice through associations made by them. North et al. evaluated the association aftereffect of French and German music played out in a wines store. The effect was that if the music could be associated with a certain region, then the linked nation's wines was purchased in a greater quantity with respect to prior occasion when no associative music had not been performed. French and German music could be heard on various days and nights, German music played in the store led to German wine beverages outselling of French wine beverages and vice versa. Surprisingly consumers reported to be unacquainted with this music affect on their use. A different study revealed that consumers bought more costly wine when traditional music was playing with esteem to Top 40 music.
The choice of music in a retail environment is related to the prospective consumers' taste and is wanting to build associations between a firm, its brad and its customers. On this setting retailers become a distributer route for music and use cross- promotional strategies. Stores, such as Starbucks, give a variety of music generating extra revenue with it. Music is also a great cross-promotional tool since it can support brand identities and hook up brands with similar goal customers. Victoria's Top secret for example released a Compact disk with Spice Young girls: Greatest Hits. Both Victoria's Top secret and the Spice Young girls tries to represent the image of alluring and powerful women, and this connection benefits both of them. In addition to this Spice Women made their reunion concert on Victoria's Hidden knowledge total annual fashion show.
Just as music can improve consumers mood and drive sales up, additionally, it may have the opposite result and drive people away. For instance in London Underground traditional music was performed which drove offences, such as mugging and vandalism of subways, down by a significant amount.
The volume of music can likewise have an effect about how long a person continues to be in a retail environment. Reviews show that buyers spend less amount of time in a store where noisy music exists, however it does not have an effect on sales or the level of satisfaction.
Behavioural reactions to scents can lead to either strategy or avoidance, according to the pleasantness of these. In recent years scent had become an important factor when differentiating brands in a retail environment or develop consumers pleasure and accomplishment available on the market. Scent marketing as such is concentrating on setting fragrance to effect mod, support products or position a brand. Quite simply scent can be used as a primary product feature like in case of room deodorants and personal perfumes and in cases like this scent is the primary reason why the product is purchased. Nevertheless scent is more often used as secondary product attribute. That is when the primary reason for the purchase of the merchandise is not the smell but it might e used to help us recognise the brand and differentiate it from the competition.
A significant growth can be seen in aroma marketing with respect to the use of ambient scents, which is described by releasing scent into the environment of shops, hotels or casinos as part of the environment's atmospherics. Ambient fragrance is supposed to own positive influence on consumers' evaluation and enhance positive feeling creating higher sales income. Interestingly the sort of scent didn't impact the outcomes. Improvement in evaluation was more effective when scents were integrated with seasonal vocals(Xmas music with Christmas scent). A number of suppliers use ambient scents such as Samsung and Sony, so already there are a few companies that attempts to fulfil the requirements of such suppliers and provide them with alternatives. There is a growing dependence on exclusive modifications of scents to serve as "signature scents" and provide competitive differentiation choices.
"A couple of over 5 million olfactory neurones inside our sinus cavity with which we're able to find over 10, 000 different scents". Liking or disliking of certain scents are discovered through experience, so if we are in progress of a pleasurable activity we will like the scent felt during this time period. It is also important that different cultures obtain scents differently, for instance in case there is cheese.
Many of us would think that scents could improve consumers' moods, since it affects them, however not many studies could actually support this concept. Still research confirmed that emotional claims can work as well as scent and also have considerable reaction on memory. Overall dates until now states that relation between ambient scent and consumer spirits is rather weakened.
It has been also looked into whether ambient scent in retail environment impacts genuine spending, or not. What they have found is that under certain circumstances it does have an effect and a lovely fragrance can increase spending. Some have discovered that consumers spent more when a matching scent premiered into the environment that might be associated with the sort of clothes sold there (e. g. female scent - women's section). A key simple truth is that, however, if both aroma an music exists in the atmosphere purchasers spend minimal amount of time in it. So it is important never to over encourage customers with way too many features.
A variety of different studies discuss reasons behind the preference of one fragrance over and other one. They state that associative learning is behind all this, meaning that an event or item is related to another through a person's past recollections or experiences. Which is connected to the actual fact that during being pregnant or lactation if a kid is subjected to a certain scent or flavour, down the road in his / her life they'll show a desire towards those impressions. Mental link with these happenings also play a important role in the choice of particular scents.
Research demonstrates similarly nice aromas, such as perfume or baby powder, improved feeling and removed some components of depressing psychological state governments. And on the other palm upsetting smell, for example garbage smell, added to less enjoyable mood. In the same way when people were subjected to a scent during a stressful situation, later they reported to feel demanding again when being the same aroma again in a non demanding environment.
As stated before, scents can remember old memories, regarding to researchers memories recalled by scents are being kept in mind more emotionally then those brought on by other sense organs.
Colours are able to influence perceptual and mental reactions in purchasers and achieve certain reactions. A colour's hue and order is made matching to its wavelength. Brief wavelengths stand for 'cool' colorings, such as violet and blue. Long wavelengths are related to 'warm' colour including red and orange. Research signifies that cool-coloured shopping atmospheres are in favour against warm-coloured environment. As a consequence blue surroundings may donate to improved feelings instead of orange ones.
Babin et al. state governments that violet/blue can impact purchase plans more than red/orange would. Others believe blue is a relaxing colour, while red is a stimulating colour that could work as well as other adjoining factors. It is also thought that blue works in a manner that it seems further, whereas red things appear to be closer. People throughout a study, noted to be quiet while being in a blue room and reported that red room possessed the same effect. However yellowish or neutral rooms did not have these results, but oddly enough some believes that yellow is a great coloring for libraries and classrooms, since yellowish supposed to stimulate the intellect. Research workers pointed out that red atmospheres provided less misunderstandings then inexperienced or white surroundings.
Colour alone makes up about about 62 to 92 percent of original consumer reactions. Since consumers add signifying to colours it is vital to determine and clear their meanings.
The shade white in North America and European countries is the colour of weddings, while else where it presents mourning, for example in China and SOUTH USA. In India, where spiritual links to certain shade are very important and respected, white can be an fundamental colour for priests.
Sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, elitismBlack in Europe and North America associated with funerals. Commonly dark is related with high quality for consumers everywhere.
In Europe red colour is employed for prohibition and alert. This coloring is admired since it signifies communism to them, however in Ireland it less popular meanly when used with blue and white reminding them of the United kingdom flag. red is also the symbol of Hinduism in India and represents life, action and pleasure.
Pink is interesting to check out since it offers opposite meaning in several countries. In britain it signifies baby young girls, while in Belgium baby boys. In Japan it is the colour of men.
Blue works the other way around (baby guy in UK and baby Woman in Belgium). In India blue symbolises fact, however dark blue is not popular because it represents the cheapest castes.
The shade of extreme care is yellowish in Europe, while in China it is the colour of grandeur and puzzle. For Indians yellow represents sanctity and merchants.
Careful attention to light environment must be achieved, since light makes it possible for consumers to start to see the merchandise. Shops must be inviting to attract purchasers and light can have a great impact in that. Moreover light settings can be used to highlight a certain display in the environment. Light can also enhance the color of products and improve different mood says (Retail Product Management, Rosemary). With modern tools there are numerous ways to set-up lighting designs and merchants will need to have a deep understanding of electrical anatomist (Patric Dunne, Retailing).
The level of light shown must be carefully selected, since too bring equipment and lighting can discourage sales. For instance researchers say that too glowing lighting can provide an image of the discount store (Patric Dunne, Retailing).
Innumerate all results, give number and title of figure, together with the page.
Innumerate all desks, give number and subject of table, alongside the page.
Babin, Barry J. , and William R. Darden. 1996. Bad and the good shopping vibes: Spending and patronage satisfaction. Journal of Business Research 35 (3):201-206.
Babin, Barry J. , David M. Hardesty, and Tracy A. Suter. 2003. Color and shopping intentions: The intervening aftereffect of price fairness and identified affect. Journal of Business Research 56 (7):541-551.
Bckstr¶m, Kristina, and Ulf Johansson. 2006. Creating and eating experiences in shop environments: Comparing dealer and consumer perspectives. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 13 (6):417-430.
Foxall, Gordon R. , and M. Mirella Yani-de-Soriano. 2005. Situational affects on consumers' behaviour and behavior. Journal of Business Research 58 (4):518-525.
Grossbart, Sanford, Ronald Hampton, B. Rammohan, and Richard S. Lapidus. 1990. Environmental dispositions and customer response to store atmospherics. Journal of Business Research 21 (3):225-241.
Kim, Min Gyung, and Anna S. Mattila. 2010. The impact of disposition states and wonder cues on satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management 29 (3):432-436.
Schumich, Martina. 2008. Feelings, Wirtschafts Universitat, Vienna.
Turley, L. W. , and Ronald E. Milliman. 2000. Atmospheric Results on Shopping Action: A Review of the Experimental Facts. Journal of Business Research 49 (2):193-211.
Wagner, Tillmann. 2005. Consumer Shopping Desire as a basis for Retail Differentiation: A Cross-Contextual and Hierarchical Analysis: Difo-Druck GmbH.
Wastlbauer, Christina. 2006. Methodology -Avoidance Conflicts in Consumer Tendencies, Wirtschafts Universitat, Vienna.
Yalch, Richard F. , and Eric R. Spangenberg. 2000. The Effects of Music in a Retail Setting up on Real and Perceived Shopping Times. Journal of Business Research 49 (2):139-147.
Yildirim, K. , A. Akalin-Baskaya, and M. L. Hidayetoglu. 2007. Effects of indoors color on feelings and cognitive performance. Building and Environment 42 (9):3233-3240.
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2019-04-19T19:18:10Z
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https://studybay.com/blog/customer-response-to-store-atmospherics-cultural/
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While there is no formal definition of a makerspace, they are typically designed as catalysts for hands-on building and tinkering with old and new technologies, exciting projects and cutting-edge media. Making is characterized by interest driven engagement in creative production at the crossroads and fringes of disciplines such as science, technology, engineering, art and math. Students can play around with ideas, create things together and experiment with tools, materials and techniques while they investigate how things work, discover how things are used, and learn new processes and skills. Makerspaces give students the opportunity to deeply engage and innovate in science, engineering and tinkering as they discover creative ways to design, build and invent.
MAKESHOP is often asked to guide educators and organizations in the design of new maker spaces and programs. In particular, educators often want to know how to approach the task of designing for particular audiences, and what tools and materials emerging makerspaces should invest in.
Here, you will find our recommendations for the design and development of making experiences for learning. The information is broken down by aspects of design that we consider to be important considerations for designing making experiences for learning. These include age of your audience, the duration of time spent in your space or program, the learner arrangements in your space or program, and additional considerations about staffing, space, and safety. Since the conversation about making as a designed learning experience is growing, we consider these recommendations to continually evolve as we learn about new programs, approaches and products.
The staff of MAKESHOP has been engaged in the process of identifying, refining and articulating the “Principles of Practice” which guide design, development and facilitation of making as a learning process within our space and through our programming. Through this work, we have been able to develop shared understanding and a “language of learning” for our work as designers and facilitators of making. These Principles of Practice are at the heart of our recommendations for the design, development and facilitation of making experiences.
Guided Inquiry: Our facilitation team is comprised of self-identified makers with varied areas of specialty, all of whom work closely and collaboratively. Through formal and informal conversation, we work to identify key actions, language and learning associated with different activities, and to find areas of similarity between disciplines. With these in mind, we aim to create fully-scaffolded experiences which a visitor may enter at any ability level and discover a knowledge and support structure necessary to develop deeper understanding and develop more advanced skills.
Facilitators engage with visitors through a guided inquiry approach, using conversation and open-ended questioning to learn about visitors, their interests and backgrounds. Visitors are prompted in casual ways that ask them to reflect, asses their own progress, and make decisions that will affect outcomes. Their responses, in turn, help the MAKESHOP Team refine activities and approaches in order to provide engaging, challenging and exciting experiences for each individual.
Entry Points: As a permanent exhibit of Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh, MAKESHOP serves children and families of diverse ages, compositions, and experience in making. We intentionally design to encourage learning experience in MAKESHOP that are varied, flexible and open-ended, which includes opportunities for engagement with real materials, tools, processes and ideas. We have learned that visitors approach making experiences in MAKESHOP through these three general points of entry. Makers engage, mess around with and integrate each of these aspects through their participation.
Materials and Tools: Exploration and use of the real materials and tools of making.
The MAKESHOP Team is always happy to assist designers and educators in the development of their space and programs for making. Please contact us at [email protected] for more guidance, including consultation and site visits.
Age is an important factor to consider when designing or facilitating any making experience. Thinking critically about the age of your audience will help you design and determine activities, tools, materials and processes that are developmentally appropriate.
Very young children are still learning about the world. Rather than focusing on outcome or product-based making, we believe it is valuable to expose children to a variety of materials and processes and allow them to explore and experiment. Handling many textures (wood, fabric, plastic, etc) can help expand an understanding of materials properties and grow vocabulary. Reading about, discussing and trying tools and processes can give context that helps them make connections to other elements of their lives.
The best types of tools, materials and processes for young children are those that do not necessarily require a “right way” to use safely or effectively. Consider avoiding overly-complex or dangerous materials, such as hot soldering irons that are difficult to hold, or 3D printers with exposed, delicate, moving parts. When working with young children, use the same precision of language that you would with an adult, such as calling tools and materials by their proper names.
Keep an eye out for this icon, which indicates tools, materials and processes that are appropriate for young children.
Early elementary-aged children are building skills related to working in teams, taking turns, being patient, listening carefully and following multi-step directions, while older children should already be able to do these things without prompting.
Children of this age are able to follow along with repetitive processes to improve their fluency and dexterity. With prompting or encouragement, some children will be able to extrapolate and apply these learned skills to projects of their own design, and design a plan to accomplish the required tasks. Depending on the child(ren), certain hot, sharp or dangerous items may not be advisable without close supervision..
While most children will have some level of reading comprehension, written signage may not be the primary means of transmitting critical information. Adding in elements of spoken/discussion-based, pictorial and/or role-playing communication of key learning moments, discoveries, and makerspace rules may be more effective.
Elementary-aged children can be expected to properly care for, clean up after and maintain the space, with some amount of guidance or assistance. Older children may also be able to act as mentors, monitors or helpers for younger or less-experienced kids.
While skill-building, process practice and exposure to new materials are still important even to older audiences, some middle- and high-school aged children may have an existing understanding of introductory-level skills. Educators may wish to consider offering a way for learners to demonstrate existing knowledge in order to advance to more complex processes or mentor beginner-level students’ development.
Older children should be able to think critically about the steps needed to achieve a self-determined goal and, with input, identify possible processes, tools and materials that may be required. We believe that mature individuals with proper training should be able to safely and effectively use all tools and materials available.
With more dangerous tools and materials, think critically about if, how, and in what ways young people in the space will be allowed access to items that require specialized training.
In self-directed environments, a sense of “ownership” of the space, tools, etc, is important to keep the makerspace functional. Involving teens in the discussion of rules, regulations and expectations may help impart a larger sense of responsibility for the space’s well-being. Leadership, steward or mentor roles can also play a part in instilling good habits and best practices across a youth peer culture.
Spaces that cater to multiple ages, like the MAKESHOP, have a few special concerns and opportunities for learning to keep in mind. Tools and materials should be stored in a thoughtful way that allows older or more advanced learners’ access but restricts use by younger, or less-experienced children, to prevent injury to or damage. This can be through simple physical methods such as the height at which items are placed, through complexity of access by use of things like combination locks, or via “request-only” availability of items as monitored by a facilitator in the space.
Scale and scaffolding is also important to multiple-age spaces. Important questions to ask: What adjustments can be made so that all activities are accessible to all users? What are the core concepts, ideas, processes or skills needed to engage in an activity? How can those skills be deconstructed to make them engaging for all audiences, even those who are not yet advanced enough to master technically complex activities?
Additional considerations include: the height of tables and seats, the size of objects and the ease with which they can be held, the location of different activities in relationship to one another and the entry points of the space, whether some areas will need to be limited in access.
Making provides wonderful opportunities for people of many ages to work together, or co-learn. In MAKESHOP, we often see family members engaged collaboratively the making process.
Keep an eye out for this icon, which indicates that a material, tool or process is particularly recommended for use in multi-age or family spaces.
When working with adult or educator audiences, be considerate of multiple learning styles: while making is very hands-on, many educators are used to receiving training or professional development in more lecture-like settings and may require prompting and support to explore and try new things (just as their young learners do).
We have found that they best method of professional development in making for educators, is direct experience with the materials, tools and process of making. Educators should be encouraged to explore many different tools, materials and processes and communicate their findings to one another. Consider ways to encourage discussion or documentation in the space itself, such as Post-It walls, cameras to record findings, etc. Co-learning is a great way to develop skills, practice facilitation techniques and discuss possible pathways to integrate processes into the classroom.
The length of time in which your audience is able or willing to engage in the space or experience will greatly influence what they are able to do and achieve. Designing activities within known parameters or anticipating expected ranges of engagement will help you create a space or experience that feels useful and supportive instead of rushed or lagging.
For spaces that are scheduled for short visits, such as lunchtime recess groups or early childhood activity centers, activities should includes relatively little set-up or clean-up. Consider simple, well-defined activities that require relatively little instruction and do not have definitive stopping points. Single-material exploration-focused activities are a good choice for short sessions. Processes with many steps may not be a good fit, and activities that rely on extended timelines to see results may feel frustrating for learners, unless spread out over the course of many sessions..
Patience and process are excellent learning goals, and so multi-sessions projects should be encouraged; contexts that offer opportunities for multiple experiences over time or repeat visits (such as classrooms) should consider setting aside a dedicated space where projects can be safely stored between sessions.
Keep an eye out for this icon, which indicates that a tool, material or process is more easily adapted for use during short-duration engagement.
More time per session increases your ability to offer processes or activities that involve multiple-step preparation or more extensive clean-up, and allows more time for exploration, and discussion. Possible arrangements can include rotating between several short-engagement stations, or focusing deeply on one set of processes or materials.
Medium-length sessions are also appropriate for working incrementally on projects. As with short sessions, consider providing storage options for frequent visitors to or users of the space.
Keep an eye out for this icon, which indicates that a tool, material or process requires a slightly longer period of engagement, but can yield satisfying results in a limited time span.
Long sessions give a great deal of flexibility to the design of the experience. Depending on the age and maturity of the audience, they can engage in several shorter activities or spend time and effort focusing deeply on a single process.
Teaching complex processes, practicing skills multiple times or attempting variants on single process are all appropriate for longer timespans. Workshop-style classes or lessons which hope to go in-depth into background, history, design, or intensive skill-building are best suited to these lengths of engagement. Given more time, learners can be guided through more reflective practice about their experience.
Consider methods by which to schedule or suggest breaks or changes in focus, especially for younger children or physically intensive processes.
Consider a variety of different-length engagement activities that provide opportunities for self-directed exploration. Think about the flow through the space, and how your audience chooses to engage upon entry: will they need to be eased into your space with some quick, easy options? Do they want to be challenged by complex processes immediately? Are you hoping that all visitors to the space will approach in the same way, or is it okay if some choose to explore for short periods while others engage deeply or for a long time?
When designing making experiences, it’s useful to consider the ways in which learners will interact and engage on another in their making experiences. Are the learners in your space or program very similar in their life experiences or very different? Do they know one another or are they strangers? The ways in which they interact with each other can dramatically influence the ways in which they interact with your space as a learning environment. This is also informed by the age, duration and frequency of their visits.
In spaces where people may-or-may-not know one another, establishing that individuals feel welcome and ensuring a system for the safety of people, tools and other things is important, since there may not be an inherent sense of trust among the visitors to the space. Some important questions to ask yourself: Do you have a way to greet or talk to every visitor who comes in to make sure that everybody is on equal ground when it comes to the expectations of the space? What expectations do you have about where these people are coming from and what shared history they may have? Are your assumptions correct? Is it clear who can be approached for help, or how to report unsafe or unsavory behavior? Is it easy to do these things? How frequently are these individuals in the space? Can you leverage frequency to create community? Are all visitors equally welcomed or are there barriers to participation? If you are a space that frequently welcomes groups or classes, how does the experience change for an individual? Are there still activities that can be participated in without additional help or hands?
Composed of diverse ages and genders, families bring to their collaborative learning experience practiced methods of cooperation and communication, systems of shared beliefs and values, and recognized motivations and agendas for participation. Through making experiences, families may relate and reinforce past experiences, family history, and develop shared understanding and interest (e.g. Ellenbogen, Luke & Dierking, 2004). A family’s agenda, or goals, can be multiple, shared or conflicting, and motivate families to purposefully chart individual and collective pathways of experience. In this way, it is important to recognize that family learning through designed experiences, such as making, is a negotiation of parent and child interest, knowledge, and choice (e.g. Crowley & Jacobs, 2002).
In family units, all family members are learners.. Each person, from the eldest to the youngest, brings desires and knowledge, which can be leveraged and should always be respected and celebrated. When facilitating a family group, be sure to include every family member in the conversation.
Not all adults may be comfortable with the tools, materials or processes that you may be using, and may be hesitant ask questions or admit their lack of knowledge. In these cases, explaining the basics to the younger family members can also be done in a way that informs all family members without causing embarrassment. Try to identify tasks and behaviors that even novice adults can model for children; with guidance they can be positioned as both facilitators and co-learners of their children.
Questions about the family’s previous experience in engaging with the tools, materials and processes can help provide insight into both the family dynamic as well as their existing knowledge. “Have you ever done this before?” may prompt different answers from the adults and from the children, and they may even surprise one another.
Keep an eye out for this icon, which indicates that a material, tool or process is recommended for use in multi-age or family spaces.
Crowley, K., & Jacobs, M. (2002). Islands of expertise and the development of family scientific literacy. In G. Leinhardt, K. Crowley, & K. Knutson (Eds.), Learning conversations in museums (pp. 333–356). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Ellenbogen, K. M., Luke, J. J., & Dierking, L. D. (2004). Family learning research in museums: An emerging disciplinary matrix? Science Education, 88(51), 48-58.
One of the benefits of a group or class is that they likely already have a level of familiarity with one another. While this is not always the case, activities that are appropriate for collaboration — processes that require multiple assistants, are large in scale or that require many pieces — may prove ideal.
Spaces that typically welcome individuals or families may have trouble adjusting to the scale and collective actions of groups. If activities and processes offered are not collaborative, are there enough tools and space for everybody in the group to work at once? If not, what will the others do while they wait their turn? Is there a way to make the process of turn-taking productive or effective?
Other considerations include: How do you communicate the intention of the space and activities to a large number of people at one time? Are there certain rules, limitations or expectations that define the correct or safe use of tools and materials? How will these be enforced? What happens if one individual or sub-group needs extra support or assistance?
Keep an eye out for this icon, which indicates that a tool, material or process is NOT recommended for use with groups.
Makerspaces come in all shapes and sizes, each one distinctly suited to the needs of its goals. When considering, planning, designing or maintaining your space, these are a few of the elements we suggest you keep in mind.
Training: Orientation, education and professional development is essential for ensuring that facilitators know how to safely manage the environment, but also to establish shared understanding about the goals and objectives of the space or program. How is your staff trained? Take the time to design an orientation, education or professional development plan that you honestly feel you are able to implement with the people who work in your space, whether they are there every day, once a week, or only to set-up and tear-down.
Sharing and Reflection: Providing or establishing routines for sharing and reflecting on experience are important to maintaining a cohesive and collaborative learning environment. How do you support staff to share and reflect on their practice as facilitators of making?
Fit and Capacity: Does your staffing model align to the objectives of your program? Be critical in prioritizing your desired outcomes and balancing them against your means. What do you want to achieve? What do you need to get there? Is that realistic? If not, what can be modified about your aims or about your current situation?
Who is responsible for keeping your tools in working order? Are they skilled enough to do so? Who cleans your space? Are they familiar with the special needs or restrictions of the items that may be around?
There are makerspaces that fill entire buildings, with a place for everything and room to spare. There are makerspaces that are a couple of boxes and a folding table that change location every few hours. And, of course, a wide range in between.
What is your space used for? Do you need to share it? If so, with whom? What are their needs? What, if anything, can you share or leave out? What needs to be put away after every use, and where does it get put? Is that location secured?
Do you need electricity? Do you have outlets, extension cords, and gaffer tape to secure wires that may become tripping hazards? Do you need to clean up after yourself? Do you have cleaning materials, drop cloths, or a good relationship with the janitorial staff? Will you need access to water for activities, or for washing hands?
How is your space arranged, monitored, facilitated? Are there are any limitations on the number, age, size or ability of users? How do you indicate and enforce those requirements or restrictions? Are others allowed to observe? If so, from where?
Safety is, understandably, a major concern for all makerspaces, particularly those working with children.
The best way to ensure safety is to hire and train knowledgeable facilitators or monitors of the space who are able to give input on, make adjustments to and oversee safe use of the space. As a general rule, anybody using an object that may be a safety hazard should be able to articulate why it is dangerous — this goes for adults as well as young people.
For example: A child using a saw should be able to understand that a saw’s job is to cut, and it cuts with the sharp teeth on the bottom. This particular saw is designed to cut wood. Therefore, the teeth should only touch the wood — not other people, not the table legs, not the other tools. Rules should be clear and understandable, and access to the tools should depend on appropriate adherence.
Young children will, of course, still require reminders of the rules and supervision of the tools. Because their motor skills are not fully developed, power tools which move very fast or items that get very hot and can burn on contact are not recommended. The more mature and physically capable the child, the more responsibility they can be allowed, at the discretion of a knowledgeable mentor.
A safe makerspace culture is one in which nobody is above the rules, but none of the rules are arbitrary. Adults and facilitators in the space should always model best practices, such as wearing protective goggles, using clamps or holding scissors appropriately. In spaces with repeat visitorship, such as classroom or school makerspaces, involving the users of the space in the rule making process will give them a reason to monitor one another and adhere to their self-designed regulations.
The following page contains a curated list of tools and materials in the categories of general materials, digital media, simple electronics, fiber, and wood. Before planning to purchase items for your makerspace, we highly recommend you look at the information contained on this page about the age of your audience, the duration of time spent in your space or program, the learner arrangements in your space or program, and additional considerations about staffing and space, and safety.
This key can help guide you in your decision about designing, developing and maintaining making spaces and experiences for learning.
Please let us know if this information is helpful, and suggest improvements we can make. Email [email protected] with any feedback.
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2019-04-24T15:47:30Z
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http://makeshoppgh.com/resources/make-a-makerspace/
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ABSTRACT | The effect of methylene blue on oxidative stress and neuronal injury in rats following acute malathion intoxication was examined. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with malathion at 150 mg/kg body weight along with methylene blue at 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight, and euthanized 4 hr later. The levels of lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)], nitric oxide, and reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were measured in the brain tissue. Histopathological examination and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining were also carried out in this study. Malathion induced a significant elevation in brain lipid peroxidation (MDA) by 32.8% associated with an increased nitric oxide level by 51.4%. Following malathion exposure, brain GSH level fell by 67.7%, and brain AChE and BChE activities decreased by 25% and 60.4%, respectively. Malathion exposure also inhibited PON1 activity by 39.6% and decreased brain glucose level by 30%. Neuronal degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus and strong GFAP immunostaining in the hippocampus were observed in malathion-exposed animals. Methylene blue co-treatment at 10 mg/kg body weight decreased brain MDA by 17.8%, and at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, decreased nitric oxide level by 29.2% and 35.8%, respectively. There was no significant effect on the GSH level, but PON1 activity was increased by 22.9%–30.9% upon methylene blue co-treatment. BChE activity did not change but that of AChE increased after co-treatment with the lower dose of methylene blue. Rats receiving methylene blue co-treatment at 10 mg/kg body weight showed no degenerating neurons in the cortex, and occasional degenerating neurons and weak GFAP immunostaining in the hippocampus. Taken together, our results suggest that methylene blue is neuroprotective in acute malathion intoxication, and the neuroprotective effect is likely due to inhibition of oxidative stress and decreased glial cell activation.
Poisoning due to organophosphates, widely used as insecticides in the household, farm, and agriculture, constitutes an important health problem. One of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides is malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate). Malathion was introduced as a commercial chemical in 1950 and is used as a broad spectrum insecticide in agricultural and nonagricultural applications (e.g., the control of lice) . Organophosphate insecticides target the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which exists in the brain, endplate of skeletal muscle, and erythrocyte membrane. The most important function of AChE is to hydrolyze acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft, terminating its role in neurotransmission . The symptoms and signs of acute organophosphate toxicity, including malathion poisoning, are principally due to inhibition of AChE both in the brain and in the peripheral tissue . Long-term effects have also been described for organophosphate insecticides in the form of peripheral neuropathy and cognitive changes . Moreover, epidemiological evidence implicated exposure to organophosphate insecticides in the increased risk for developing Parkinson’s disease . Besides their effect on AChE, malathion and other organophosphates have been shown to induce brain oxidative stress [6, 7]. The latter develops when the cell’s antioxidant mechanisms are overwhelmed by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and other radical and non-radical species with the resultant oxidation of membrane lipids, cellular proteins, and DNA . Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease .
Methylthioninium chloride or methylene blue is a reduction-oxidation agent with potent antioxidant properties, which prevents the formation of mitochondrial oxygen free radicals . It also acts as an enhancer of the electron transport chain, thereby promoting oxygen consumption . The dye has a number of clinical applications, and is used to treat methemoglobinemia, cyanide poisoning, as well as encephalopathy induced by the alkylating agent ifosfamide [12, 13]. Methylene blue readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, reaching high concentrations in the central nervous system . The dye has recently been a focus of interest in view of a possible role in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, methylene blue has been shown to increase neuronal survival and decrease neurodegeneration in both in vitro and in vivo models of Huntington’s disease . In a genetic mouse model of Alzheimer disease, methylene blue is reported to reduce Aβ levels and improve learning and memory deficits . This dye has also been demonstrated to prevent retinal neurodegeneration induced by intravitreal injection of rotenone in mice and to decrease spinal cord injury due to ischemia-reperfusion . The present study thus aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of methylene blue in rats following acute malathion intoxication.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 130–140 g of body weight, obtained from the Animal House of the National Research Centre (Cairo, Egypt), were used in the study. The rats were housed under temperature- and light-controlled conditions and provided with standard laboratory food and water ad libitum. The animal procedures were performed in accordance with the Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre (Cairo, Egypt) and followed the recommendations of the U.S. National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Publication No. 85-23, revised 1985).
Malathion was from Naser Chemical Company (Egypt). Methylene blue and other chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Rats were randomly allocated into four groups with 6 rats in each group. Group 1 (normal control) received saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.2 ml/rat). Group 2 received malathion (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). Groups 3 and 4 received malathion injection (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) along with methylene blue at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight (i.p.), respectively. Rats were euthanized 4 hr later by decapitation under ether anesthesia for tissue collection. The brains were then quickly dissected out on an ice-cold plate, washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), weighed, and stored at ‒80°C. The brain tissue was homogenized in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4 to give a final concentration of 20% (20 g per 100 ml) for the biochemical assays.
The lipid peroxidation level in the brain tissue homogenates was determined by measuring the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) according to the method of Ruiz-Larrea et al. . In this assay, MDA (along with its equivalents) reacts with thiobarbituric acid to produce a red colored complex that exhibits a peak absorbance at 532 nm.
The level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the brain tissue homogenates was determined using the method of Ellman et al. . The method is based on the reduction of Ellman’s reagent by the sulfhydryl group of GSH to form 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzoic acid, which is intense yellow in colour and determined spectrophotometrically at 412 nm.
Nitrite, a relatively stable end product of nitric oxide, is mostly used as an indicator for the production of nitric oxide in biological systems. The nitric oxide level in the supernatants of the brain tissue homogenates was determined indirectly by measuring the level of nitrite using the Griess reagent, according to the method of Moshage et al. .
The arylesterase activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in the supernatants of the brain tissue homogenates was measured spectrophotometrically using phenyl acetate as a substrate, as described previously . In this assay, PON1 catalyzes the cleavage of phenyl acetate, resulting in the formation of phenol. The rate of the formation of phenol is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 270 nm.
The AChE activity in the supernatants of the brain tissue homogenates was measured according to the method described by Ellman et al. . The principle of the method is based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the thiocholine formation resulting from the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine by AchE.
The butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in the supernatants of the brain tissue homogenates was measured spectrophotometrically using a commercially available kit (Ben Biochemical Enterprise, Milan, Italy). In this assay, BChE catalyzes the hydrolysis of butyrylthiocholine to give rise to butyrate and thiocholine. The resulting thiocholine reacts with 5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), forming a colored compound that absorbs light maximally at 405 nm. The increase in absorbance per unit time at 405 nm is proportional to the activity of BChE in the sample.
The level of glucose in the supernatants of the brain tissue homogenates was measured according to a standard glucose oxidase method . In this assay, glucose, in the presence of glucose oxidase, is converted to hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid. The produced hydrogen peroxide reacts with phenol and 4-amino-antipyrine in the presence of a peroxidase to yield a colored quinoneimine, which is measured spectrophotometrically.
Brain tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, dehydrated in graded ethanol, and embedded in paraffin using standard procedures. Sections of 5 μm thickness were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histopathological examination under a light microscope.
Serial brain sections cut at 5 mm thickness were mounted on positively charged glass slides using a secondary ultravision detection system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Sections were deparaffinized, hydrated, and incubated (in humid chambers at room temperature) with hydrogen peroxide blocking solution for 15 min. Slides were then washed twice in phosphate buffer, incubated with pepsin digestive enzyme, and then washed 4 times in phosphate buffer. Ultra violet block was applied and incubated for 5 min. Primary antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, Thermo Fisher Scientific) were then applied on the serial sections. Sections were then washed and biotinylated with goat anti-polyvalent antibody. Secondary antibody was applied for 10 min, washed, then followed by incubation with streptavidin peroxidase for 10 min and washed again. To develop color reaction, one drop of diaminobenzidine (DAB) plus chromogen was added to 2 ml of DAB plus substrate, mixed, and applied on tissues for 5–15 min. Sections were then counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin. Coverslips were applied using mounting media. Positive reaction appeared as brown color.
Quantitative analysis of the degenerating neurons in the cortex was performed to determine the labeling index, which denotes the percentage of degenerating cells. Briefly, labeling index = [(number of degenerating neurons in 5 high power fields) ÷ (number of all neurons in these fields)] × 100 . The degenerating cells in 5 random high power fields were counted on the screen using Leica Qwin 500 Image Analyzer (LEICA Imaging Systems Ltd, Cambridge, England,) in the Pathology Department at the National Research Centre (Cairo, Egypt).
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test using SPSS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Rats treated with malathion alone exhibited elevated lipid peroxidation, as assessed by the MDA level that showed a significant increase by 32.8% compared with the saline-treated group (29.2 ± 1.2 versus 22.0 ± 0.62 nmol/g tissue, p < 0.05) (Figure 1A). The nitric oxide concentration in the brain, as assessed by measuring the nitrite level, was also increased by 51.4% in malathion-exposed animals compared with the control group (27.4 ± 1.3 versus 18.1 ± 0.65 mmol/g tissue, p < 0.05) (Figure 1B), whereas the brain GSH level was reduced by 67.7% after malathion treatment (1.59 ± 0.11 versus 4.92 ± 0.40 mmol/g tissue, p < 0.05) (Figure 2A). Meanwhile, the brain PON1 activity was significantly decreased by malathion exposure as compared with the control group (p < 0.05) (39.6% decrease: 7.0 ± 0.16 versus 11.6 ± 0.38 kU/L, p < 0.05) (Figure 2B).
The co-administration of methylene blue at 5 mg/kg body weight had no significant effect on the brain MDA level of malathion-exposed animals (27.9 ± 1.8 versus 29.2 ± 1.2 nmol/g tissue, p > 0.05). Co-treatment with methylene blue at 10 mg/kg body weight, however, decreased the brain MDA level by 17.8% in malathion-exposed animals (24.0 ± 1.3 versus 29.2 ± 1.2 nmol/g tissue, p < 0.05) (Figure 1A). The brain nitric oxide level in malathion-exposed animals was also significantly decreased by 29.2% and 35.8% after co-administration of methylene blue at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively (19.4 ± 0.72 and 17.6 ± 0.43 versus 27.4 ± 1.3 mmol/g tissue, p < 0.05) (Figure 1B). Methylene blue co-administration had no significant effect on the brain GSH level in malathion-exposed animals (Figure 2A). In contrast, the brain PON1 activity in malathion-exposed animals was significantly increased by 22.9% and 30.9% after co-administration of methylene blue at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively (8.6 ± 0.31 and 9.16 ± 0.22 versus 7.0 ± 0.16 kU/L, p < 0.05) (Figure 2B).
FIGURE 1. Effect of co-treatment with methylene blue (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) on (A) malondialdehyde (MDA) and (B) nitrite (an indicator of nitric oxide) levels in the brain tissue of malathion (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.)-exposed rats. *, p < 0.05 versus corresponding saline group; +, p < 0.05 versus malathion only group.
FIGURE 2. Effect of co-treatment with methylene blue (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) on (A) reduced glutathione (GSH) level and (B) paraoxonase 1 activity (PON1) in the brain tissue of malathion (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.)-exposed rats. *, p < 0.05 versus corresponding saline group; +, p < 0.05 versus malathion only group.
The brain AChE activity was significantly decreased by 25% (7.2 ± 0.31 versus 9.6 ± 0.22 mmol SH/g/min) after malathion injection. The brain AChE activity in malathion-exposed rats was increased by 32.5% after co-administration of methylene blue at 10 mg/kg body weight (Figure 3A). This dose of methylene blue completely reversed malathion-induced inhibition of the brain AChE activity. In contrast, methylene blue at 5 mg/kg body weight showed no effect on the brain AChE activity in malathion-exposed animals (Figure 3A). Malathion exposure caused a 60.4% decrease in the brain BChE activity. Co-administration of methylene blue to malathion-exposed rats, however, showed no significant effect on the brain BChE activity (Figure 3B).
FIGURE 3. Effect of co-treatment with methylene blue (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) on (A) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and (B) butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in the brain tissue of malathion (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.)-exposed rats. *, p < 0.05 versus corresponding saline group; +, p < 0.05 versus malathion only group.
A significant 30% reduction in the brain glucose concentration was observed in malathion-exposed rats compared with the control group. Methylene blue at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight given to malathion-exposed rats resulted in 62.1% and 50.4% increments in the brain glucose concentration, respectively (Figure 4).
FIGURE 4. Effect of co-treatment with methylene blue (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) on brain glucose in malathion (150 mg/kg body weight, i.p.)-exposed rats. *, p < 0.05 versus corresponding saline group; +, p < 0.05 versus malathion only group.
The normal histology of the cortex from rats in the control group is shown in Figure 5A. The cortex of rats treated with malathion showed numerous degenerating neurons which appeared shrunken and dark (Figure 5B). Rats that received malathion plus methylene blue at 5 mg/kg body weight still showed many degenerating neurons, clumped neuropil, and some dilated blood vessels (Figure 5C). With the higher dose of methylene blue co-administration (10 mg/kg body weight), sections from the cortex of malathion-exposed rats showed no degenerating neurons. Neurons appeared normal with their basophilic cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli in a fine fibrillary background. However, some dilated blood vessels were still seen (Figure 5D).
Quantitative image analysis of sections from the cerebral cortex showed that there were no degenerating neurons observed in the cortex of the saline-treated group. Malathion-exposed rats had a labeling index of 89% compared with labeling indices of 73% and 1.2% in malathion-exposed rats co-treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight of methylene blue, respectively (Figure 5E).
FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of representative brain sections from the cortex (A-D) and quantitative analysis (E). In (A), saline-treated group showed normal neurons with prominent nuclei (arrows) in a fibrillary background. In (B), malathion-exposed group showed numerous degenerating neurons, which appeared shrunken and dark (arrows). In (C), malathion plus methylene blue (5 mg/kg body weight) group showed many degenerating neurons, which appeared shrunken and dark (arrows). Some dilated blood vessels were also seen (V letters). In (D), malathion plus methylene blue (10 mg/kg body weight) group showed normal neurons (arrows) in a fine fibrillary background and dilated blood vessels (V letters). All images are 400× and H&E staining. In (E), quantitative estimation of the degenerating neurons in the cortex.*, p < 0.05 versus corresponding saline group; +, p < 0.05 versus malathion group.
Figure 6A shows the normal histology of the hippocampus from the saline-treated rats. The hippocampal region of malathion-exposed rats showed numerous degenerating neurons and clumped neuropil in the molecular layer (Figure 6B). The hippocampus of rats treated with malathion plus 5 mg/kg body weight of methylene blue showed compact arrangement with some degenerating shrunken neurons. The molecular layer showed dilated congested vessels, indicating increased vascularity and clumped neuronal processes forming clumped neuropil (Figure 6C). Sections from rats treated with malathion plus 10 mg/kg body weight of methylene blue showed occasional degenerating neurons, which appeared shrunken and dark (Figure 6D).
FIGURE 6. Photomicrographs of representative brain sections from the hippocampus of the rats. In (A), saline-treated group showed normal neurons and fine fibrillary molecular layer (ML). In (B), malathion-exposed group showed numerous degenerating neurons (dark neurons) (arrows). The molecular layer showed clumped neuropil. In (C), malathion plus methylene blue (5 mg/kg body weight) group showed some degenerating neurons (arrows). The molecular layer showed dilated blood vessels (V letters), and clumped neuronal axons (N letter). In (D), malathion plus methylene blue (10 mg/kg body weight) showed some degenerating neurons, which appeared dark and shrunken (arrows). The molecular layer showed some dilated blood vessels (V letters). All images are 400x and H&E staining.
Malathion treatment of rats resulted in a marked increase of the GFAP staining in the molecular layer of the hippocampus compared with faint staining in the saline-treated group (Figure 7A and 7B). Strong GFAP expression was still observed in animals treated with malathion plus 5 mg/kg body weight of methylene blue (Figure 7C). In contrast, there was weak GFAP expression after co-treatment of the malathion-exposed rats with 10 mg/kg body weight of methylene blue (Figure 7D).
FIGURE 7. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining of the hippocampus of the rats. In (A), saline control group showed faint staining for GFAP in the molecular layer. In (B), malathion-exposed group showed strong diffuse positive staining of GFAP. In (C), malathion plus methylene blue (5 mg/kg body weight) group showed strong staining of GFAP in the molecular layer. In (D), malathion plus methylene blue (10 mg/kg body weight) showed weak staining of GFAP in the molecular layer. All images have a magnification scale of 200.
In this study, acute administration of malathion to rats resulted in increased oxidative stress in the brain tissue as indicated by an increase in the lipid peroxidation product MDA and by the markedly reduced GSH level. Oxidative stress ensues when the brain antioxidant defenses are unable to cope with exceedingly generated free radicals. Oxidative stress results in damage to cell membranes, enzymes, and DNA as well as disruption of redox signaling and other cellular physiological processes. A number of non-protein antioxidant molecules (e.g., ascorbate, tocopherols, carotenoids) and enzymes constitute the cell’s antioxidant machinery . One important free radical scavenger in the brain is GSH, a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. In addition to a direct scavenging action, GSH participates in reduction of free radicals and reactive oxygen species and oxidized sulfhydryl groups via acting as a co-substrate for antioxidant enzymes (e.g., GSH peroxidase, glutaredoxin), and the ratio between its reduced and oxidized forms determines the redox state of the cell . The observed decrease in the brain GSH level is thus likely to be the result of increased free radical generation by malathion with the consequent consumption of the antioxidant. This notion is supported by other studies in which intraperitoneal injection of malathion into rats at doses of 50–150 mg/kg body weight resulted in increased brain lipid peroxidation and decreased GSH peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in the cerebral cortex . Rats administered malathion orally also showed increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes . Malathion increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and GSH peroxidase, in human erythrocytes in vitro . Moreover, antioxidant treatment with vitamin C or vitamin E conferred partial protection against the changes in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation induced by malathion in erythrocytes [27, 28]. The results of the present study showed that co-treatment with methylene blue at 10 mg/kg body weight was capable of reducing brain MDA formation in malathion-injected rats, indicating decreased lipid peroxidation by the dye. Methylene blue, however, showed no effect on brain GSH level in malathion-injected rats, suggesting that the decrease in lipid peroxidation by this dye was not due to changes in GSH level.
The current study also showed that malathion exposure resulted in a marked increase in brain nitric oxide level. Nitric oxide is derived from L-arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which exists in three isoforms: neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS), and inducible form (iNOS). Nitric oxide is an important intercellular messenger, involved in neuronal signaling, neural activity, and blood flow modulation . On the other hand, iNOS expressed in microglial cells and astrocytes after proinflammatory cytokine stimulation can generate high fluxes of nitric oxide for periods of hours to days and has been implicated in neuronal energy failure and the development of neuronal injury [30, 31]. The toxic effects of nitric oxide are mediated by reactive nitrogen species derived from the interaction of nitric oxide with superoxide or oxygen. Of particular importance is the reaction between superoxide and nitric oxide to form the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOOˉ), resulting in nitrosation of amines and thiols, nitration of tyrosine residues, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA base oxidation [29–31]. The results of the present study showed that after methylene blue co-treatment at 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, the brain nitric oxide level in malathion-injected rats was decreased by 29.2% and 35.8%, respectively. Studies showed that methylene blue acted as a direct inhibitor of cerebellar NOS in vitro , and also inhibited brain (hippocampal) NOS activity in vivo . Moreover, the neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects of methylene blue in experimental cardiac arrest were attributed to the effect of the dye on NOS and guanylyl cyclase [34, 35]. Methylene blue reduced cerebral tissue nitrite/nitrate content, blood-brain barrier permeability, and the number of cortical cells showing iNOS and eNOS activation . Inhibition of NOS and decreased brain nitric oxide levels might be an important mechanism through which methylene blue provides neuroprotection against malathion-induced toxicity.
We also demonstrated a significant inhibition of the brain PON1 activity in malathion-exposed rats. The paraoxonase family of enzymes, which comprise three members, is involved in the hydrolysis of the active metabolites of a number of organophosphate insecticides, nerve agents, and many other xenobiotics . Studies showed that PON1 is important in the detoxication of diazoxon, paraoxon, dichlorvos, and chlorpyrifos oxon [36–38] and a low PON1 status appeared to increase the susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity in humans . The decrease in brain PON1 enzyme activity by malathion in the current study is in line with the finding of decreased PON1 activity following acute intoxication with organophosphates and in farm workers exposed to anticholinesterase pesticides [40, 41]. Moreover, in subjects handling organophosphate agricultural pesticides, low plasma PON1 activity and low PON1catalytic efficiency were both significantly associated with greater BChE inhibition . The low PON1 activity in the brains of rats exposed to malathion in the present work might be due to inactivation of the enzyme by malathion itself or secondary to increased free radicals and nitric oxide resulting in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been shown to cause inactivation of PON1 . Thus, it is possible that the methylene blue-induced increase of PON1 activity in the brains of the rats receiving malathion is due to a decrease in oxidative stress.
Organophosphate insecticides are irreversible inhibitors of AChE . This action leads to an increased concentration of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in neuronal synapse and neuromuscular junction, resulting in excessive cholinergic stimulation both centrally and peripherally . There is evidence that methylene blue inhibits cholinesterase activity [44–46]. Methylene blue inhibited the esterase activity of acetylcholinesterase of human plasma (also known as pseudocholinesterase or BChE) and bovine acetylcholinesterase . Küçükkilinç and Ozer found that methylene blue acted as a complex inhibitor of human plasma BChE. Recently, Petzer et al. reported that methylene blue and also its metabolite azure B, acted as a reversible and competitive inhibitor of AChE and BChE. In the present study, methylene blue co-treatment did not alter the brain BChE activity in malathion-exposed rats. The brain AChE activity of malathion-exposed rats, however, was increased by the dye. Similar observations were reported in rotenone-exposed rats where methylene blue prevented the decline in brain AChE activity induced by the neurotoxicant .
In this study, the histopathological examination of the brain tissue indicated a clear neuroprotective effect of methylene blue in malathion intoxication. Administration of the dye at 10 mg/kg body weight to malathion-exposed rats was associated with normally appearing cortex while degenerating neurons were occasionally observed in the hippocampus compared with marked neuronal degeneration in the malathion-exposed rats not receiving methylene blue. These observations were confirmed by quantitative analysis of the number of the degenerating neurons in the cortex. The results of the present study demonstrated increased expression of GFAP in the hippocampus following malathion injection, which was in contrast to weak GFAP expression after co-treatment of the malathion-exposed rats with methylene blue at 10 mg/kg body weight. GFAP is a major protein constituent of glial filaments in astrocytes, which is important in cytoskeleton support. GFAP is a marker for glia cell activation and reactive gliosis, where the central nervous system insults (e.g., ischemia, trauma, or toxins) result in the activation of microglia and astrocytes into their activated phenotypes with increased GFAP expression. GFAP might be a useful marker for various types of brain damage, and measurement of GFAP could be used to monitor glial pathology Astroglial cells have a role in tissue repair via the formation of the glial scar. These cells also secrete a number of growth factors (e.g., nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1, interleukin-6) and are thus involved in the local inflammatory response. Astroglial cells express iNOS, and the high amounts of nitric oxide produced by iNOS could be neurotoxic. Under pathological conditions, astroglial activation thus could result in neuronal death . Inhibition of glia cell activation by methylene blue might therefore account for its neuroprotective effect observed in the present study.
In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that co-administration of the redox active dye methylene blue protected the brain against malathion-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The neuroprotective effect of methylene blue likely resulted from the decreased formation of nitric oxide, reduced oxidative stress, and inhibition of glial cell activation in the brain of the malathion-exposed animals.
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Durak D, Uzun FG, Kalender S, Ogutcu A, Uzunhisarcikli M, Kalender Y. Malathion-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and the protective effect of vitamins C and E in vitro. Environ Toxicol 2009; 24(3):235–42. doi: 10.1002/tox.20423.
Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2007; 87(1):315–424. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2006.
Boje KM. Nitric oxide neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Biosci 2004; 9:763–76.
Mayer B, Brunner F, Schmidt K. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by methylene blue. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45(2):367–74.
Volke V, Wegener G, Vasar E, Rosenberg R. Methylene blue inhibits hippocampal nitric oxide synthase activity in vivo. Brain Res 1999; 826(2):303–5.
Wiklund L, Basu S, Miclescu A, Wiklund P, Ronquist G, Sharma HS. Neuro- and cardioprotective effects of blockade of nitric oxide action by administration of methylene blue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1122:231–44. doi: 10.1196/annals.1403.016.
Miclescu A, Sharma HS, Martijn C, Wiklund L. Methylene blue protects the cortical blood-brain barrier against ischemia/reperfusion-induced disruptions. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(11):2199–206. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f26b0c.
Costa LG, Li WF, Richter RJ, Shih DM, Lusis A, Furlong CE. The role of paraoxonase (PON1) in the detoxication of organophosphates and its human polymorphism. Chem Biol Interact 1999; 119–120:429–38.
Sozmen EY, Mackness B, Sozmen B, Durrington P, Girgin FK, Aslan L, et al. Effect of organophosphate intoxication on human serum paraoxonase. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21(5):247–52.
Hernandez AF, Gil F, Lacasana M, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Gomez-Martin A, Lozano D, et al. Modulation of the endogenous antioxidants paraoxonase-1 and urate by pesticide exposure and genetic variants of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:164–70. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.039.
Hofmann JN, Keifer MC, Furlong CE, De Roos AJ, Farin FM, Fenske RA, et al. Serum cholinesterase inhibition in relation to paraoxonase-1 (PON1) status among organophosphate-exposed agricultural pesticide handlers. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117(9):1402–8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900682.
Nguyen SD, Hung ND, Cheon-Ho P, Ree KM, Dai-Eun S. Oxidative inactivation of lactonase activity of purified human paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1790(3):155–60. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.11.009.
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Petzer A, Harvey BH, Petzer JP. The interactions of azure B, a metabolite of methylene blue, with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274(3):488–93. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.014.
Abdel-Salam OM, Omara EA, Youness ER, Khadrawy YA, Mohammed NA, Sleem AA. Rotenone-induced nigrostriatal toxicity is reduced by methylene blue. J Neurorestoratol 2014; 2:65–80. doi: 10.2147/JN.S49207.
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2019-04-26T00:21:31Z
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https://www.aimsci.com/ros/html/?page_id=184
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This article is about demonstrating Auto-Capture baseline behavior, which I was surprised that many people are not aware.
This proves that even when optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines parameter is set to false we can have baselines captured for our old SQL.
If we think about this feature, this is perfect.
Imagine you are rolling out a new module and new queries are going to run against new tables.
At first, initially you will not be having enough data in new tables and your queries will go with FTS (Full Table Scan) and will not use index, even if you create them. This is because based on value of optimizer_index_cost_adj parameter optimizer might make a decision to get data from table rather than going to index and than table.
If you have optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines set to TRUE, this is going to create baselines on those queries (which will be automatically accepted as first baselines are automatically accepted).
At later point when data grows and you really want the indexes to get used, your query will still be doing FTS (because of the auto-capture baseline in ACCEPTED state). So even if new baselines are getting captured, they are not getting used.
So you have to manually (or automatically) evolve those baselines to correct the plans.
Instead, my approach would be to enable optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines parameter when your database is really baked and you have enough data available. This way it will create baselines which will be first time right.
If your database is still not baked enough and you are looking for plan stability, I would suggest getting baselines from other similar prod database which is baked for long time.
Once you have baselines in place for almost all queries turn off optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines parameter. This will prevent baseline capture for new queries, at the same time this doesn’t stop new baselines from getting captured for old SQLs.
SQL Plan Management or SPM is a new feature introduced in 11g. We will take a detailed look at SPM in the following sessions.
Before starting with practical example lets see some theory.
Why do we need SPM?
SPM is basically used for plan stability. If you have a database environment with several queries running, you always want your queries to run the way they are running irrespective of the changes that you make in your environment.
Example, If you upgrade your database, your queries might behave differently because of the change in optimizer or change in environment and at initial run you have to fix many queries in your production DB because of the upgrade or change in the env.
To avoid this, SPM is introduce to give you plan stability. So even after change in the environment, your queries will use same plan as it was before. More plans (Better or worse) could exists in the new environment, but optimizer is not allowed to use those plans without you confirming the plan change.
What was wrong with outlines?
Well, outlines are more about fixing the plan for a query that optimizer will use. So if there is change in environment, the plan would still be the same.
Intially you had 100 of entries for month “DEC” out of total 150 entries. So it was using FTS. Now with increase in the data, there are 1 million records and entries for month “DEC” are around 1000. In that case it makes sense for optimizer to change plan and start using Index scan instead of FTS.
But since you used outline, you are forcing optimizer to go for a FTS. This is just an example situation and things can change in your environment and so outline is not a very good approach for such situations.
What was wrong with profile?
Profile is another feature introduced in 10g and can be implemented at SQL level. Profiles are better than outlines in that they are not fixing a plan through out the life of SQL. With change in the environment the plans can change even if the profile is used.
So whats the difference between profile and SQL plan baselines?
Finally how baselines are different then outline then?
Well, baseline always keeps the optimized plans for your SQL. If there is a change in the environment you will have a new baseline created for the same SQL. Oracle will stop that baseline in the baseline history.
Depending on the baseline parameters setting in your environment, new plan will be automatically used or you have to evolve the new plan for optimizer to use it.
So in a way SQL baselines are combination of outlines and profiles. It gives the stability of plan similar to outlines and it also allows capturing better plans in case the environment changes.
This parameter is responsible for automatic capturing the baselines for SQLs. If we set this parameter to TRUE we are asking oracle to automatically gather the baselines for the SQL.
When you run the query for the first time (and parsed version is not present in shared_pool), oracle consider that as a fresh new query and does not create a baseline.
When you run the query for second time, oracle will consider the query as repetative and will automatically create the baseline.
These baseline are stored in DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES table.
If this parameter is set to FALSE, then we (DBA) has to create baselines for the SQL manually. There are 2 procedure available for creating baselines manually.
This procedure is usually used when we create SQL tuning set and store our SQLs into the tuning sets. Normally done before we upgrade the database to 11g. In our 10g database we create SQL tuning set and store all our SQL. Once we upgrade to 11g, we can create baselines for all our plans in SQL tuning set. That why what ever plans were effective in 10g, same will be used in 11g and there wont be any plan flips.
This is used when we want to fix one of the SQL currently running in our 11g database. We just load the plans from cursor cache (shared_pool) and create baseline out of that. We need to give SQL ID as input to this procedure.
We will see how to create baseline using manual method at later point of time.
This parameter will allow optimizer to use the baselines present in DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES table. If you set this parameter to FALSE, then your 11g DB will start behaving same as 10g DB.
If there is any change in environment then it might flip the plan. Keeping this parameter TRUE is important in 11g.
How to use SQL Plan Management baselines ?
Lets take an example in a test database.
Table T with 1540 records.
Data is skewed and distribution is as given below.
Currently I dont have any baseline.
My baseline parameters setting is as below.
Let us first consider the auto capture utility for baselines.
As mention earlier, we need to run the query 2 times in order to automatically create the baseline.
If we check DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES we will see a sql baseline created.
Following statement gives the plan stored in the baseline. DBMS_XPLAN has a new procedure DISPLAY_SQL_PLAN_BASELINE which will display the baseline.
Origin: AUTO-CAPTURE shown above tell us that this baseline is captured automatically.
Lets now create an index and gather stats over index.
Run the same query now, since the index is created, we expect the query to use the index.
Since we have a baseline created for this SQL, it will not allow the plan to be changed. This is the kind of stability that SQL Plan baseline gives.
But using an index will be beneficial in our case.
If we check DBA_SQL_PLAN_BASELINES we can see a new plan has been created (PLAN_NAME = SYS_SQL_PLAN_1d83920fae82cf72), but it is not yet ACCEPTED. The plan is enabled though.
As seen above, new plan uses index. Lets evolve this plan now.
Evolving a plan includes evaluating the cost of the plan and accepting if the plan seems to be better than all accepted plan for this query.
Plan was verified: Time used .01 seconds.
Sometimes, your plan may not get evolved because oracle see that there are other already ACCEPTED plans which are better than the plan you are trying to evolve.
But if you know your plan will be better and still want to deploy the same, you can do so by manually changing the attributes ACCEPTED and ENABLED as shown below.
ENABLED – ‘YES’ means the plan is available for use by the optimizer. It may or may not be used depending on accepted status.
ACCPETED – ‘YES’ means the plan will be used by optimizer while running the query. ‘NO’ means optimizer will not use the plan.
FIXED – ‘YES’ means the SQL plan baseline is not evolved over time. A fixed plan takes precedence over a non-fixed plan.
Once you evolve the plan, you can see that plan is ACCEPTED now.
Now if you run the explain plan you can see Index T_IDX is getting used.
One of the difference I noticed about analyze index command and gather_index_stats procedure is that when we use analyze index command if updates the index statistics with number of leaf blocks equals the number of leaf blocks below HWM.
However if we use gather_index_stats statistics shows number of leaf blocks equals number of leaf blocks that actually has the data.
Here is the illustration for the same.
I intentionally created table with pctfree as 99 so that each block will have 1 row and it uses 10000 blocks to store 10000 rows.
Delete rows from table, which will also delete entries from index and some of the leaf blocks will get empty.
Now if we see the number of leaf blocks reported are 18. This plays quiet a big role for optimizer in creating plans for queries. If we don’t have correct stats for the index, it may lead to expensive explain plans.
So its better to use gather_index_stats rather than analyze index.
If you notice poor performance in your Oracle database Row Chaining and Migration may be one of several reasons, but we can prevent some of them by properly designing and/or diagnosing the database. Row Migration & Row Chaining are two potential problems that can be prevented. By suitably diagnosing, we can improve database performance. The main considerations are: What is Row Migration & Row Chaining ? How to identify Row Migration & Row Chaining ? How to avoid Row Migration & Row Chaining ? Migrated rows affect OLTP systems which use indexed reads to read singleton rows. In the worst case, you can add an extra I/O to all reads which would be really bad. Truly chained rows affect index reads and full table scans.
Header contains the general information about the data i.e. block address, and type of segments (table, index etc). It Also contains the information about table and the actual row (address) which that holds the data.
Space allocated for future update/insert operations. Generally affected by the values of PCTFREE and PCTUSED parameters.
FREELIST, PCTFREE and PCTUSED While creating / altering any table/index, Oracle used two storage parameters for space control.
PCTFREE – The percentage of space reserved for future update of existing data.
PCTUSED – The percentage of minimum space used for insertion of new row data. This value determines when the block gets back into the FREELISTS structure.
FREELIST – Structure where Oracle maintains a list of all free available blocks. Oracle will first search for a free block in the FREELIST and then the data is inserted into that block. The availability of the block in the FREELIST is decided by the PCTFREE value. Initially an empty block will be listed in the FREELIST structure, and it will continue to remain there until the free space reaches the PCTFREE value.
When the free space reach the PCTFREE value the block is removed from the FREELIST, and it is re-listed in the FREELIST table when the volume of data in the block comes below the PCTUSED value. Oracle use FREELIST to increase the performance. So for every insert operation, oracle needs to search for the free blocks only from the FREELIST structure instead of searching all blocks.
We will migrate a row when an update to that row would cause it to not fit on the block anymore (with all of the other data that exists there currently). A migration means that the entire row will move and we just leave behind the «forwarding address». So, the original block just has the rowid of the new block and the entire row is moved.
The forwarding addresses are ignored. We know that as we continue the full scan, we’ll eventually get to that row so we can ignore the forwarding address and just process the row when we get there. Hence, in a full scan migrated rows don’t cause us to really do any extra work — they are meaningless.
When we Index Read into a table, then a migrated row will cause additional IO’s. That is because the index will tell us «goto file X, block Y, slot Z to find this row». But when we get there we find a message that says «well, really goto file A, block B, slot C to find this row». We have to do another IO (logical or physical) to find the row.
A row is too large to fit into a single database block. For example, if you use a 4KB blocksize for your database, and you need to insert a row of 8KB into it, Oracle will use 3 blocks and store the row in pieces. Some conditions that will cause row chaining are: Tables whose rowsize exceeds the blocksize. Tables with long and long raw columns are prone to having chained rows. Tables with more then 255 columns will have chained rows as Oracle break wide tables up into pieces. So, instead of just having a forwarding address on one block and the data on another we have data on two or more blocks.
That is our table. The char(1000)’s will let us easily cause rows to migrate or chain. We used 5 columns a,b,c,d,e so that the total rowsize can grow to about 5K, bigger than one block, ensuring we can truly chain a row.
We are not interested about seeing a,b,c,d,e – just fetching them. They are really wide so we’ll surpress their display.
Now that is to be expected, the rows came out in the order we put them in (Oracle full scanned this query, it processed the data as it found it). Also expected is the table fetch continued row is zero. This data is so small right now, we know that all three rows fit on a single block. No chaining.
Note the order of updates, we did last row first, first row last.
Interesting, the rows came out «backwards» now. That is because we updated row 3 first. It did not have to migrate, but it filled up block 1. We then updated row 2. It migrated to block 2 with row 3 hogging all of the space, it had to. We then updated row 1, it migrated to block 3. We migrated rows 2 and 1, leaving 3 where it started.
So, when Oracle full scanned the table, it found row 3 on block 1 first, row 2 on block 2 second and row 1 on block 3 third. It ignored the head rowid piece on block 1 for rows 1 and 2 and just found the rows as it scanned the table. That is why the table fetch continued row is still zero. No chaining.
This was an index range scan / table access by rowid using the primary key. We didn’t increment the «table fetch continued row» yet since row 3 isn’t migrated.
Row 1 is migrated, using the primary key index, we forced a «table fetch continued row».
Row 3 no longer fits on block 1. With d and e set, the rowsize is about 5k, it is truly chained.
We fetched column «x» and «a» from row 3 which are located on the «head» of the row, it will not cause a «table fetch continued row». No extra I/O to get it.
Now we fetch from the «tail» of the row via the primary key index. This increments the «table fetch continued row» by one to put the row back together from its head to its tail to get that data.
The «table fetch continued row» was incremented here because of Row 3, we had to assemble it to get the trailing columns. Rows 1 and 2, even though they are migrated don’t increment the «table fetch continued row» since we full scanned.
No «table fetch continued row» since we didn’t have to assemble Row 3, we just needed the first two columns.
But by fetching for d and e, we incemented the «table fetch continued row». We most likely have only migrated rows but even if they are truly chained, the columns you are selecting are at the front of the table.
So, how can you decide if you have migrated or truly chained?
Count the last column in that table. That’ll force to construct the entire row.
Three rows that are chained. Apparently, 2 of them are migrated (Rows 1 and 2) and one is truly chained (Row 3).
Total Number of «table fetch continued row» since instance startup?
The V$SYSSTAT view tells you how many times, since the system (database) was started you did a «table fetch continued row» over all tables.
You could have 1 table with 1 chained row that was fetched 31’637 times. You could have 31’637 tables, each with a chained row, each of which was fetched once. You could have any combination of the above — any combo.
how many rows is this as a percentage of total fetched rows.
For example if 0.001% of your fetched are table fetch continued row, who cares!
Therefore, always compare the total fetched rows against the continued rows.
How many Rows in a Table are chained?
The USER_TABLES tells you immediately after an ANALYZE (will be null otherwise) how many rows in the table are chained.
PCT_CHAINED shows 100% which means all rows are chained or migrated.
How to avoid Chained and Migrated Rows?
The ALTER TABLE … MOVE statement enables you to relocate data of a nonpartitioned table or of a partition of a partitioned table into a new segment, and optionally into a different tablespace for which you have quota. This statement also lets you modify any of the storage attributes of the table or partition, including those which cannot be modified using ALTER TABLE. You can also use the ALTER TABLE … MOVE statement with the COMPRESS keyword to store the new segment using table compression.
1 33.33 3687 20 40If the table includes LOB column(s), this statement can be used to move the table along with LOB data and LOB index segments (associated with this table) which the user explicitly specifies. If not specified, the default is to not move the LOB data and LOB index segments.
Using the CHAINED_ROWS table, you can find out the tables with chained or migrated rows.
analyze table DUMMY list chained rows into CHAINED_ROWS;Table analyzed.
Migrated rows affect OLTP systems which use indexed reads to read singleton rows. In the worst case, you can add an extra I/O to all reads which would be really bad. Truly chained rows affect index reads and full table scans.
Row chaining is typically caused by INSERT operation.
SQL statements which are creating/querying these chained/migrated rows will degrade the performance due to more I/O work.
To remove chained/migrated rows use higher PCTFREE using ALTER TABLE MOVE.
In oracle 10g we can have multiple block sizes at the same time. When a tablespace is created we can assign a block size for the objects that will be created in that tablespace.
The DB_BLOCK_SIZE parameter in your initialization parameter file determines the size of your standard block size in the database and frequently is the only block size for the entire database.
The DB_CACHE_SIZE parameter in your initialization parameter file specifies the size (in bytes) of the cache of the standard block sized buffers. Notice that you don’t set the number of database buffers; rather, you specify the size of the buffer cache itself in the DB_CACHE_SIZE parameter.
You can have up to five different database block sizes in your databases. That is, you can create your tablespaces with any one of the five allowable database block sizes.
But before you use non standard block size, you have to define the cache size for these non standard block size. We have a paramter called DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE for setting the cache size for non standard block size.
Another classification for buffer cache is depending on the algorithm used to keep the contents into the cache. We have basically 3 types in this catagory.
DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE is where the object are always present when they are loaded. The objects which qualifies for this cache are those which are very frquently accessed and which has to be retained in memory. For example, frquently used small lookup tables. This cache is a subset of default cache defined by parameter DB_CACHE_SIZE. For any database we need to have DB_CACHE_SIZE set.
DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE is where you dont want to store the object. You want to clear off the object from cache as soon as it is used. You have to be careful while using this, since this may incure performance hit in case you allocated a frequently used object to this cache.
DB_CACHE_SIZE is the size for default cache.
block size. Non-standard block-size caches have a single default pool.
size will be taken again from physical memory RAM and hence the RAM consumption with go up. This memory wont be allocated from existing db_cache_size.
Now we have 200M set for DB_CACHE_SIZE and db_keep_cache_size and db_recycle_cache_size is not set.
Lets now try to create a tablespace with 4K block size.
Oracle in not intelligent enough to translate the block size of 4k into 8k buffer size. Because it cannot load the content of this datafile created for this tablespace having block size of 4k into buffer buffer of 8k.
So we need to create a buffer of 4K block size, after that only we can create a tablespace for 4k block size.
If we see the parameter db_4k_cache_size is not set.
You can get more stats and information on you buffer pool using the view v$buffer_pool_statistics.
Here is the small article on how to restore the statistics on a table. Sometimes we gather stats on a table which causes it to flip the plan of a query accessing that table. It can lead to a great performance for some queries but there are situations where the query performance can degrade.
Certain tables in every databases are “Hot” tables and a DBA should not play around the statistics of those tables as there could be quiet a huge impact of the same.
In case if a stats are gathered and you need to restore the previous stats in order to bring everything back to normal, here is what one should be doing.
STATS_UPDATE_TIME tells us when the stats were last updated.
Timestamp could be any timestamp in STATS_UPDATE_TIME column of dba_tab_stats_history table.
After restore, Check the last_analyzed date from dba_table and you should see the old date.
Following is a short FAQ on statistics.
Where does oracle store the statistics?
Oracle DBA_OPTSTAT_OPERATIONS table contains a log history of statistics collected.
How does Oracle maintain the Statistics History?
We can check the oldest statistics that can be restore using GET_STATS_HISTORY_AVAILABILITY procedure.
Usually Oracle retains stats for 1 month (31 days).
You can change the retention using ALTER_STATS_HISTORY_RETENTION procedure.
Step 3) Export the table STATS_TABLE using exp utility.
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2019-04-23T16:32:36Z
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https://avdeo.com/category/database-10g-performance-tuning/
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As regular (and probably irregular) readers of Eric’s Blog know, I’m a bit of a Southern California wonk and a big part of my focus is writing about the culture, character and history of the many diverse communities of Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Although so far there have been around 800 votes from readers I thought it would be fun (and hopefully entertaining) to focus on the regions and provide a brief summary of the districts within with the hope of encouraging informed voting. First I’d like to focus on the center of the southland, Downtown Los Angeles.
Before I moved to Los Angeles, a Chicagoan told me that LA had no downtown. I could see the cluster of buildings although it wasn’t that much different from the many others that rise above the sprawl. Having visited it in the late ’90s I disagreed with my acquaintance but could see her point. During the day the western portion was a commotion of be-suited bankers and accountants. The middle was absolutely bustling with Latino businesses and I found a great source for white denim and pupusas. The eastern portion was covered with tents and I saw people performing acts in exchange for crack that should only be done in private… and not for crack. When the sun set, metal doors and gates closed and it was desolate. I was occasionally threatened although I never was robbed or assaulted and to me it seemed that most visitors were from safe middle or upper class backgrounds who needed a bit of danger and prescribed, structured, punk rock rebellion to feel alive.
A decade later it’s greatly changed, with a large influx of residents and businesses returning to the city’s core. Downtown Los Angeles is home to 21 (or 22) distinct districts and now home to around 64,000 Angelenos. It’s a highly diverse region with a 44% Asian (mainly Chinese, Korean and Japanese with large numbers ofCambodian, Vietnamese and Thai) plurality with the remainder breaking down as 31% Latino (mostlyMexican), 13% black and 10% white (based on 2008 estimates by the L.A. Department of City Planning).
None of this is meant to suggest that all is now well and functioning at its peak potential. Downtown is still the epicenter of homelessness, has a lack of sufficient green space (why aren’t green roofs more popular?) and I probably wouldn’t suggest raising children there just yet. It is, however, coming up, with LA Live bringing entertainment, abandoned buildings being repurposed as beautiful lofts and the imminent return of trolleys all drawing visitors and new residents. Here’s a short history.
El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles was founded by the Spanish in 1781 in a small neighborhood colloquially known as “El Pueblo,” between Chinatown and the Civic Center. In the 19th Century the area around it evolved into Sonoratown and later Little Italy, Dogtown and (old) Chinatown.
In 1894, architect John Parkinson moved to Los Angeles and opened an architecture office on Sprint Street between 2nd and 3rd Streets. In 1896 he began designing many of the buildings in what’s now known as the Historic Core. In 1904 he designed the city’s first skyscraper, the Braly Block. In 1905 his new firm, Parkinson and Bergstrom, became the dominant architectural firm in the city. In 1920 he was joined by his son, Donald B. Parkinson and Parkinson & Parkinson designed many of the structures of the era. Numerous banking institutions moved into the new digs around Spring which came to be known as the “Wall Street of the West.” At the same time, many grand hotels also sprang up, as did the entertainment districts along Main and then Broadway. Just a little east, nearer the LA River, several railroads encouraged the development of Downtown’s industrial core.
By 1920, Los Angeles’s extensive rail lines encouraged early suburban flight, connecting at the time four counties with over 1,100 miles of track. By 1925 Los Angeles had the highest rate of car ownership, further encouraging outward sprawl from the old Victorian Downtown suburbs like Angeleno Heights, Boyle Heights, Bunker Hill, Crown Hill, Lincoln Heights, and Victor Heights. Although marginalized by the WASP establishment, Jewish Angelenos owned and operated many department stores and businesses in the Jewelry District. When Hollywood, Midtown and the Westside opened their doors to their dollars, many of them took their business, culture and clout with them and Downtown went into a steep decline.
Efforts were made by the downtown establishment to bring life back to the region. In 1930 Olvera Street in El Pueblo was redeveloped as a sort of Mexican theme park. A similarly touristy Chinatown opened in 1938. Where Chinatown had been, Union Station opened in 1939. Many of the older, increasingly non-white neighborhoods like Dogtown and Bunker Hill were razed in the name of slum clearance and the latter was redeveloped with skyscrapers to entice financial institutions to return (height restrictions were lifted in 1957). Partially successful, the “New Downtown” became home to a new Bunker Hill and Financial District. Meanwhile in the rest of downtown, the region evolved more organically. Broadway became a bustling Latino shopping and theater district. The gay scene found a degree of sanctuary around main and east of Skid Row, artists squatted in then-empty warehouses in what came to be known as The Artists’ District.In the 1960s, several high culture institutions were added to downtown. The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion was completed in 1964. The Ahmanson Theatre and Mark Taper Forum both opened in 1967. MOCA‘s new home on Grand was built in 1986. The helped make Grand Avenue a somewhere that visitors would head after work. The Los Angeles Mall and Triforium, installed nearby in 1975, were less successful in attracting tourists.
It wasn’t really until 1999, when the Los Angeles City Council passed an adaptive reuse ordinance which allowed for empty commercial and office buildings to be repurposed as luxury lofts and condo complexes, that Downtown really began to feel truly alive again. Staples Center opened the same year. Construction of the Walt Disney Concert Hall also began in 1999. The first lofts in the Old Bank District opened in 2000 and were followed by many more. The first phase of LA Live opened in 2005. Yuppie gentrifiers poured in and although many cranky old haters still characterize downtown as a no man’s land full of pimps and crackheads, the reality today is — for better or for worse — almost completely unlike their dated characterizations suggest.
The Downtown Los Angeles Arts District was previously just another corner of the large, old Warehouse District. After much of the industry left the area, in the 1970s it began to attract artists and became known as the Artists District. Venues like the now-gone Al’s Bar and parties held in abandoned buildings coexisted with drug abuse, homelessness and prostitution. Around the turn of the 21st century, real estate developers began to convert many of the old buildings to attractive (and expensive) residences that commodified a slightly gritty, artist lifestyle whilst pricing out many of the area’s resident artists. To read more about The Arts District, click here.
The Broadway Theater and Commercial District is located in downtown’s Historic Core region. Within six blocks there are twelve former nickelodeons, vaudeville theaters and picture palaces, making it the first and largest historic theater district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today most of old theaters operate as churches, swap meets and flea markets, although several of the theaters participate in special movie programs and are open to the public as part of LA Conservancy‘s walking tours.
Bunker Hill is a small hill that was originally covered with lavish Victorian homes in the 19th century. After most of the neighborhood’s wealthy moved further from LA’s center, the homes were subdivided and rented by large numbers of Native Americans, Filipinos and other disenfranchised Angelenos. In the 1940s the hillside slum was a frequent setting for many film noirs. In 1955, the neighborhood was demolished and replaced with skyscrapers. Today it’s an important center of LA’s fine arts scene, home to the Ahmanson Theatre, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, LA Opera, Los Angeles Philharmonic, MOCA, Performing Arts Center of Los Angeles County, Walt Disney Concert Hall and Redcat. To read more about Bunker Hill, click here.
Modern Day Chinatown is located at the former site of LA’s Little Italy. The first Chinatown was demolished to allow for the construction of Union Station and the new one opened in 1938. Although most of LA’sChinese-Americans now live in the sprawling San Gabriel Valley, Chinatown is still the cultural heart of the Chinese-American community where several Chinese festivals take place throughout the year. It’s also notable for the large number of art galleries. To read more about Chinatown, click here.
The fancifully named Civic Center is LA’s administrative core and beaurcratic core; a complex of city, state, and federal government offices, buildings, and courthouses. Civic Center has the distinction of containing the largest concentration of government employees in the United States outside of Washington, DC. Nestled amongst the large buildings are a number of public art pieces and… I guess you’d call them office gardens or something.
Civic Support is a district north of the Arts District… It’s kind of the Roger Clinton to Civic Center’s Bill, the Lore to the latter’s Data, the Evan to yours truly. Although it’s home to beautiful Union Station (and lots of train tracks), it’s also where visitors can find the less glamorous Twin Towers Correctional Facility,Housing Authority of the City of LA, the LA Recycling Center, the LA County Public Defender, the Los Angeles County Jail and the art gallery, Jail Gallery. Oh yeah, there are lots of bail bonds places for some reason.
The Downtown Auto District was officially designated in 2010. It refers to a stretch of Figueroa that’s home to a whopping five car dealerships. This wasn’t the result of a grassroots effort or organic development. Rather, the fact that auto sales are the city’s top sales tax revenue generator ( $3.3 billion in revenue in 2009 — netting $271 million for public coffers) convinced Mayor Villaraigosa and First Deputy Mayor Austin Beutner to play booster for big car companies.
The Downtown Industrial District is, along with Skid Row, part of what the city refers to a Central City East. Bordering Skid Row, Little Tokyo, The Arts District, The Wholesale District, The Produce District and The Fashion District, its character is predictably a hybrid of wholesale, lofts, homeless andJapanese-owned businesses.
The design, distribution and warehouse center of the clothing, accessories and fabric industries used to be known variously as the Textile District, the Fabric District and the Garment District. In a bit of clever re-branding it became known as The Fashion District. While counterfeit goods, bootleg DVDs and the illegal trade of animals that happen around Santee Alley seemingly have little to do with fashion, events likeUnique LA at the LA Fashion Market reflect the other end of the spectrum. Still, it’s not exactly Milan orParis.
The Financial District is a gleaming neighborhood to the south of Bunker Hill that’s dominated by upscale corporate office skyscrapers and grand hotels. It’s also home to the Los Angeles Central Library. The 73 story US Bank Tower is the tallest building west of the Mississippi River.
The Flower District is the country’s largest wholesale flower district; a six block area consisting of nearly 200 wholesale flower dealers. In 1910, 54 Issei organized a flower market that was incorporated in 1912. It usually opens around two in the morning with flowers arriving from around the world and is a site of hectic activity until the later hours of the morning, usually winding down around 10:00 am.
Gallery Row is a district in the historic core that began with the existence of three art galleries in the area:Inshallah Gallery, bank and 727 Gallery. Artists Nic Cha Kim and Kjell Hagen as well as members of theArts, Aesthetics, and Culture Committee of the Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council(DLANC) lobbied for the official establishment of Gallery Row, which was designated as such in 2003 by City Council. Today there are many more art spaces in the area and frequent Downtown Art Walks attract art and wine enthusiasts.
The Historic Core was the original center of downtown LA. After World War II, the center shifted west. Within the Historic Core’s borders are the more specific neighborhoods of The Old Bank District, Gallery Row, Broadway Theater District and the Jewelry District. In the 1950s it was a center of Latino business and entertainment. Since 2000, it’s undergone significant redevelopment, reuse, revitalization and restoration although there are still millions of square feet of unused property in the upper floors of many buildings. Click here to read the California Fool’s Gold exploration of the neighborhood.
The Jewelry District is a neighborhood of downtown that, according to the Los Angeles Convention Center and Visitor’s Bureau, is the largest jewelry district in the US. Nearly 5,000 businesses report a combined annual sales of almost $3 billion. In the middle of the bling is the hokey and charming St. Vincent Court, an almost hidden block of Middle Eastern and Persian shops and patrons in a Disney-like simulacrum of an old European street.
Little Tokyo is one of only three official Japantowns in the US (all in California and with several unofficial ones in SoCal). Beginning around the turn of the 20th century, it was a large neighborhood and home to thousands of Japanese-Americans. During World War II, the residents were relocated to concentration camps and the vacated area became home to many black Angelenos and was known as Bronzeville. After the internment of Japanese-Americans ended, they returned in much reduced numbers to Little Tokyo. Even though most Japanese-Americans moved elsewhere, its status as the cultural heart of Japanese Los Angeles was restored and in 1995 it was declared a National Historic Landmark District. In more recent years, many of the businesses and residences have become increasingly Korean-American although they’ve, for the most part, preserved and even restored much of the neighborhood’s Japanese charm and character. To read more about Little Tokyo, click here.
North Industrial District is also known as Naud Junction and Mission Junction after two railroad intersections in the area. It’s also known as Dogtown for its proximity to LA’s first dog pound. TheChinatown-adjacent North Industrial District is a district of old, mostly Chinese-owned warehouses. What few residents there are mostly reside in the William Mead Housing Projects. With just one elementary school, Ann Street, it’s one of the most obscure corners of downtown. To read more about Dogtown, click here.
The Old Bank District is an Historic Core neighborhood of early 20th century commercial buildings, most of which have been or are in the process of being converted to residential lofts. The bottom floors often boast fashionable eateries and boutiques. The 1999 passage of the city’s adaptive reuse ordinance was followed by the 2000 opening of the first repurposed lofts, which sent ripples throughout downtown and spurred much of the area’s revival.
The Piñata District is an informally recognized area centered around the intersection of Olympic Boulevardand Central Avenue that is known for the preponderance of candy-filled papier-mâché containers. It’s neighbored by the Electronics, Fashion and Produce Districts.
The Produce District centers around the massive 482,258 sq. ft. 7th Street Produce Market. One of the largest produce markets in the US, numerous vendors and markets within provide most of the fruits and vegetables for Southern California‘s restaurants and stores.
El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historic Monument, centered on Olvera Street, is the oldest part of Downtown and is often referred to as “La Placita Olvera.” There are 27 historic buildings including the Avila Adobe, thePelanconi House and the Sepulveda House. In 1930, the area was opened as a tourist-targeting Mexican marketplace, much in the manner that nearby Chinatown was eight years later. It’s the setting for many Mexican and Mexican-American holiday celebrations and observances.
This small but smelly Seafood District is home to several Asian fish markets, canneries and commercial fishing warehouses near Little Tokyo. When the wind is right, the fishy smell carries to the expensive lofts of the Arts District.
The area contains one of the largest stable populations of homeless persons in the US, estimated to be around 7,000 to 8,000. It’s long been a nexus of poverty and, despite the squalor, is full of small, beautiful residential hotels built around the turn of the 20th century that contrast with the numerous tents and cardboard boxes on the sidewalk. There are also many missions and other services targeted toward the homeless population. To read more about Skid Row, click here.
The original South Park is a neighborhood in South Los Angeles centered near the intersection of 51st Street and Avalon Boulevard. However, since 2003 the area around Los Angeles Convention Center, the Staples Center,L.A. Live, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising (FIDM) and the Bob Hope Patriotic Hall has for some reason co-opted the South Park name. The city is also mulling over dropping an American football stadium into the mix in an area already choked by some of the city’s worst traffic in a bid to draw more tourists and money to downtown.
The Toy District emerged in the 1970s, thanks to the four Woo brothers. Shu Woo (who started ABC Toys),Charlie Woo, (who started Mega Toys Inc) and their two brothers established the neighborhood’s character when they began importing cheap novelties and electronics, mostly from China. In the decades that have followed, more toy stores have joined them but the neighborhood’s not exactly a whimsical world overseen by an improbably named and dressed eccentric.
To vote for downtown or other Los Angeles neighborhoods to be the subject of blog entries, vote here. To vote for Los Angeles County communities, vote here. To vote for Orange County neighborhoods, vote here.
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2019-04-22T21:04:21Z
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https://ericbrightwell.com/2011/03/15/california-fools-gold-a-downtown-los-angeles-primer-2/
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Fix dell inspiron 1501 wont turn on?!!
dell inspiron 1501 wont turn on?!!
Preferred Solution: dell inspiron 1501 wont turn on?!!
Answer: dell inspiron 1501 wont turn on?!!
Does your PC completely shut down or does it stay on with the fan running and black screen (no P.O.S.T)?
My Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop, which is about four years old, won't turn on. I was away for 10 days and left it off and unplugged. The battery has been dead for about a year, so it always has to be plugged in when I use it. When I plug in the adaptor to the wall, the light indicating activity turns green, but when I connect it to the laptop, the light goes off and nothing happens to the laptop. I've tried using different adaptors and different batteries (that work) and the result is always the same.
If it matters, the computer runs windows vista, and has had some issues with graphics in the past.
Anyone know how to fix this? I really need to get information from the computer. Thanks!
Have you tried removing the battery and trying to power up on the AC adapter only?
Question: Dell Inspiron 1501 usb 2.0?
i have got a Dell Inspiron 1501 and have just done a reinstall using the Vista Premium dvd that came with it. I have also downloaded and installed the drivers from the dell website and SP1 and SP2 for vista.
im not sure if my usb is installed correctly as some times when i plug in a device it tells me it would preform faster if plugged into a 2.0 port. also when checking the device manager it says "Standard OpenHCD USB Host Controller". should this not say 2.0 or enhanced?
my SD card reader (built in) also appears to be running slow, with a max data transfer of about 2.4MB/s. the same card used on my brother in laws laptop, preformed a lot lot faster.
Answer:Dell Inspiron 1501 usb 2.0?
I friend of mine left his laptop on the floor and their dog pissed on it frying the motherboard. Took it apart and found the board corroded and dead.
Bought the whole bottom part from eBay which included the board, CPU, casing, etc.. it did not however include peripherals & RAM.
Assembled unit and here's my problem.
1) The unit fires up OK.
2) As soon as it does, there's no display on the screen.
3) The CAPS, number & scroll lock indicators start blinking rapidly... over & over never stopping or shutting down.
4) System stalls here and won't do anything else.
5) No beeps or anything else for that matter.
I've tried reseating RAM & using different slot, powering without power adapter/battery & booting without HDD... to no avail.
Any input or suggestion would be greatly appreciated.
I check BIOS & the drive is being detected. I thought the problem was due to a fresh hard drive so I went ahead & installed my old drive & I got ?Operating System not found? again. I don?t know what to do. I would like to have my new HDD working. Does anybody know what I can do?
Okay people! i need help!
my friend game me an old dell inspiron 1501.
its slow and clunky but it worked great online.
now suddenly it refuses to connect to the internet. it shows a perfect connection. it finds the internet, but then it says some garble about the ip address not working.
now i am lost. i dont know what to do.
all other laptops in the house work just fine.
along with the Playstations connection to the same router.
Your commands ipconfig/renew ipconfig/release -- those are typos? There is a space between the ipconfig and /, meaning ipconfig /renew is the proper command.
On a laptop that is working, can you run ipconfig /all and copy/paste the result here.
On the laptop that isn't connecting, can you run ipconfig /all and copy the result for the wireless here please. Be sure to include the wireless card info, it should say something like Dell Wireless 1505 Draft 802.11n WLAN.
Lastly, is the network different now? Different name, different encryption? You might need to try WEP encryption or turning off encryption TEMPORARILY, just for testing. I fought with an older dell until I discovered that the wireless card only connected to WEP.
When I was using my Dell today something happened to the screen: first green zebra-like stripes, then white, then I completely lost power. When I've tried to turn the power back on, the computer lights up for a couple of seconds and then disappears.
Any idea what caused this? Should I just take it to a local repair shop now?
That sounds like a dead or dying power supply. Smell anything burning? If you take the power cord out and swich it off on psu(if that crap has a switch) then press the power button for 5 seconds. Then sit for about a half hour and plug it in and try to start again, what happens?
My Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop can only support 2.4Ghz.
Hi there i used to use my desktop with an nvidia graphics card (low spec) with 3d blender and worked fine, but ever since i got my inspiron 1501 it is slow and sluggish, works but very slow and makes it hard to do anything. It has an ati 1150 graphics chip, is there anything i can do to help it run bettet.
The right side of the keyboard only shows the keys in the <function mode. Letters m,j,k,l,;,u,i,o,p,/, and 0 all show up as if the function key is locked on. What should i do?
I have no idea how this turned on and I can't get it turned off! Please help.
You may have to replace the keyboard.
What operating system. What connectin. On what were you working when the change occurred.
You might try turning the computer upside down with the screen open flat, and use a can of Dust Office to clean out all the debris embedded under the keys. That often works. Do not just untreated compressed air.
I keep getting back to this message.
A RAMDISK drive is available for this boot cycle as C : It contains several Hard Drive setup tools. Please use these tools only under the direction of Dell Support Staff.
what do I type in at the prompt after F:\> ???
Is the a disk in the CD/DVD drive? If so, remove it and try again.
Im looking to add more memory to my Dell Inspiron 1501, what reccomendations do you have? I need to have at least 4 gigs, Right now, I only have 1 gig. I will eventually replace, but need help adding more memory.
I always run the Crucial scanner to see what slots I have, what the maximum is, and what size chips can be added. Having low confidence in my ability to buy the correct product elsewhere I also buy from them, but I understand that they are far from the least expensive.
When i start it my pc write ''battery not identified,this system will anable to charge this battery;press F2 two times to enter set up''. But when i press F2 two times it asks a password and i don't know what to enter.Thanks to help..
There is no factory default password for accessing the BIOS Setup as it has no password until the owner sets one up. You will need to contact the previous owner since we have no idea what it is.In any event, it will make no difference to the battery problem. You'll have to buy a genuine battery from the makers of your laptop.
The screen shuts down after a minute or less. I shut the lid, wait a bit, open it back up and it comes on and shuts off again (screen) in less than a minute. The screen does looks like it wiggled or vibrates before it goes off. This started right after Norton added.
Uninstall Norton and install an alternative.
hi,does anybody know if a 2.3 GHz AMD Turion II Dual-Core Mobile Processor M520 will fit and work in inspiron 1501?
looking to upgrade a friends laptop and trying to find the best(and cheapest) way to give it a boost.
The above processors are tested and compatible with Inspiron 1501.Please reply for further questions.
My dell inspiron 1501 laptop is a bit over 2 years old. My 1st power adapter broke after about 2 years. I bought another one ( a dell one on ebay) which broke after a month. I am now using a 3rd party one. It worked fine for a few weeks, but now the battery won't charge, the laptop will only run on AC power. I get an error message during boot up saying the Ac adapter type can't be determined and that the battery will not charge and I will not get optimal performance. I am running winXP home, and I also have ubuntu 8.10 installed as a dual boot. Any help resolving my issue will be greatly appreciated.
99% cases of "unknown AC adapter" issues are connected with wrong or broken PSU. 1% is max8731 faulty(i repaired 2 laptops with this warning, and the problem was with faulty PWM-charger).
Hiya guys can anyone help me please ive been banging my head trying to load a new os on this "Dell INSPIRON 1501" it came with XP and now its time for W7, when i go into the boot to change the boot order its a absolute nightmare to change! i cant seem to grasp the way in which u make the alternative devices change so i am able to make the CD burner number one? i know its the arrow keys and numbers 123 but i cant figure out how to get the CD burner to the number one/Priority boot device??
Its using an old BIOS version (1.7.0) and the new one is 2.3.0 and all i am trying to do is to Flash the BIOS is there another way to flash it.?
My original question is what method does Dell use to provide password protection on this Inspiron 1501. Why is that considered asking for a password? If I asked where the CMOS is stored on a (you pick a name) motherboard, I bet someone could answer that. I am interested for a purely technical reason.
Hi,im using windows Xp laptop and when I on it,it says operating system not found.Should I call computer admin?
It's either booting to the wrong drive, or the hard drive has failed or become corrupted.
I have had to install Windows XP after my computer crashed?In my Device Manager there is exclamation marks next to Network Controller, SMBUS Controller, Video Controller. I cannot get on to my internet connection but can access my friends internet connection. I have looked for downloads on the Dell website for Inspiron 1501. I've pressed the download button but when I've tried to update the driver it is saying it can't find anything. I'm not very computer friendly. Can anyone help.
Question: Dell Inspiron 1501: best way to get most from battery?
What's the best power configuration to get most out of a battery? I even bought the long life one, and while I don't believe marketing copy that I can get 9 hours out of it, I'm getting only 2.
Answer:Dell Inspiron 1501: best way to get most from battery?
Check out the power options in the control panel. There are settings for when idle, the lappy will turn off the monitor and hard drive.
Depending on your OS, there may be a setting for maximum power conservation.
Anyway, a lot depends on what your are doing with the laptop. If watching videos, you'll get maximum time if you use headphones instead of built in or external speakers. Anytime you use the optical drive, you are using quite bit of power, this includes videos and games.
If the battery was rated for 9 hours, you really should be getting more than 2 hours, unless you are playing videos, games, or music.
Recently, I am having issues with my Inspiron 1501 (running Windows XP Pro with service pack 3) blacking out the screen and locking up the computer while I am in the middle of doing something or doing nothing (computer sitting idle). There is no rhyme nor reason that I have been able to determine. The computer could have been on for hours or a relatively short amount of time. The only way to get this to clear is to hold the power button down until the computer shuts down. I can then press the power button again and the computer comes right back up with no errors or messages or hard drive check for shutting down improperly. There is nothing there, it isn't a matter of it just isn't visible (some threads have suggested looking at the screen with a flashlight or hooking up an external monitor, neither changed the issue). I have checked power management settings and it isn't set to go into hibernation, do anything when the lid is closed, and to ask what to do when the sleep button is pressed.
Also, when I shut down (Window logo key -> Turn off computer -> Shutdown), it starts out as normal and then gets to a point and freezes/locks up. I seem to recall this at the final step before the computer should shut off. Again, the only way to shut down is to hold down the power button. Same thing applies...I can press the power button and the computer comes right back up with no errors or messages or hard drive check for shutting down improperly.
I have a dell inspiron 1501 that has a lot of issues. The two major issues were the keyboard not fully working, not being able to reset the entire thing since I don't have the win xp sign in password and the battery. When I first got it it took it awile to charge up. Eventually it did charge up but then it would not charge up as effectively. It reached the point were it would not charge at all. I got a third party battery for it that had some juice from its factory of origins and that turned her back on. It also charged her up once too. I am thinking the issue is the device that works as an intermediary between the battery and the battery socket connector/jack. The computer is expendable so I am willing to experiment here so I am okay with the risks. I need to find out what areas on the battery correspond to. I have been told the little connectors in the battery correspond to a pos, a 2ns pos, neg, something that verifies the brand of the battery and a few other things. I want to just wire my charger to the right clips on the battery but have no schematics. I used an alt meter on it but I guess maybe the battery was so dead there was nothing to pick up on. I hope someone here is familiar enough with this to help me then I will tackle its other issues. My main laptop my cq56 just died on me so I gotta fix my dell and fujitsu on the cheap so I can not by an external charger and will not. Thanks for reading guys.
First, I'm assuming the PC works properly when it is connected to AC power. If this is not the case, the problem may be either your power adapter or internal power jack.
If the PC does stay on when plugged in, I suspect the new battery may be defective. If you can return it for a refund, I would do so.
I upgraded my Dell laptop to Windows 7 32 bit from Vista 3 weeks ago. I had no problems with the touchpad before the upgrade or after until 3 days ago. I started the laptop up and the touchpad was frozen.
Get driver from Dell: only thing is, Dell doesn't have Inspiron 1501 touchpad drivers for Win 7. I got the Vista one and installed it. Didn't help.
Checked to see if a Function key disables the touchpad. No key like that exists.
I did a Safe Mode reboot, tried no AC adapter, nothing worked. Suddenly, after just another shutdown and start up, it worked again. For a day. Just as suddenly, it stopped working after a sleep mode. Nothing I tried such as reboots etc. brought it back. For 2 days it stayed that way until again it suddenly came back. Last night, it stopped working twice and then suddenly came back. Sometimes it would work in safe mode, some times it wouldn't.
I did not install any software right before this began. I didn't touch the hardware of the touchpad, I didn't knock out the connection. It worked fine for weeks after the Win 7 install, so I don't think that can be it.
I have a Dell Inspiron 1501 Laptop - the original Dell AC Power Adapter crapped out and was replaced with a universal Targus adapter. This powered the laptop well for approximately two weeks, however the laptop stopped working overnight and now refuses to boot.
When I plug in the adapter, no lights appear. The laptop does not respond in any way when I push the power button, it doesn't matter if it's plugged in, not plugged in, battery in, battery out. The charging port on the machine does not appear to be loose. The adapter comes with a handful of different tips, and was tested on my Acer Aspire and is in good working order.
I've read that this model laptop (or maybe just Dells in general) has issues with universal/aftermarket chargers, but in those cases the laptop will generally still run off AC power even if the batteries won't charge. I read somewhere else that these symptoms point to a fault with the internal power supply board, but I don't even know what that is or what it looks like.
If anyone has any information on this problem, or on troubleshooting and repairing a PSB fault (if that even matches my symptoms) it's very greatly appreciated.
I have a Dell Inspiron 1501 and the right-hand side of the keyboard types as if it's in <function> mode. That is, the j, k, l, ;, m, u, i, o, p keys, when typed, come up with the blue function numbers. Only on the right-hand side of the keyboard, though.
I bought a new keyboard, swapped out the old one thinking this would solve the problem but it did not. Does anyone have any other suggestions?
Before I start, I should mention this. My battery is dead, so I rely on my charger to keep my laptop turned on. If it gets unplugged, it shuts off without warning. Also, I'm using a third party ac adaptor.
A few hours before this happened, my laptop shut off randomly. Apparently the metal part on the charger itself got waaaaay too hot. Now, when I try to turn it on, it won't even light up the green light saying that the ac is plugged in! What's wrong with my laptop? Thanks for the help.
If you're lucky, the AC adapter is bad. Worst case scenario would be a bad motherboard. My advice is take it to a shop that has a universal AC adapter and a tip that works with your Dell and have it checked. Otherwise, you really have no way of troubleshooting the problem.
Screen resolution (I am unable to adjust this other than to either min 800x600 or max 1024x768. There is no middle adjustment like on my wife's laptop.
Okay, I'm new to this forum and only moderately computer literate. I have a Dell Inspiron 1501 that I had to completely reformat after a failed Vista update completely shut down my computer. After a good friend help me get my stuff using DOS, we had to completely reinstall with the CDs that came with the computer. Now when I view something like a video the screen will either go black or look like wallpaper and not come back on. I have to completely shut down and then turn it back on. Can anyone help me with this problem? I have updated the graphics driver.
Question: Dell inspiron 1501 hdd password reset?
when i turn on the laptop it says "please enter hdd password"????
DELL wont help! can anyone else generate a password for this system???
I have a dell inspiron 1501 laptop running windows vista. I would like to format the hard drive and bring the computer back to its original condition. I do not have a copy of the operating system on a cd but there is a partition on the hard drive labeled "recovery" The manual I have tells me to hold down the <ctrl> and <F11> keys at boot up when I see www.dell.com appear. I have tried this several times but it does not work. Is there another way?
Question: Dell inspiron 1501 crashing, Ati related, HELP!
Answer:Dell inspiron 1501 crashing, Ati related, HELP!
sounds like graphics driver, you can get the driver from ati.amd.com/support you need to know what card you have eg x300 mobility.
that you anyone can lend ...........I truly need this computer before I go back to school.
I have a Dell Inspiron 1501 and i cannot connect to the internet from wireless and dsl line. It says the connection has limited or no connectivity. I have already called the guys from my internet service provider, and everything is working on their end , they suggested that i call dell but i'm out of warrenty and was wondering if anyone could help me here.
My computer is Dell Inspiron 1501.
I have problem with battery. My battery has three different pieces which are necessary to work properly as battery and charge the computer.
In computer shows that battery is not charging properly and it stays at 3% power and never raise up. If I take off the battery, computer shuts down in 2 seconds. After that, in one screen (but not in monitor), where shows if computer is charging, lights up and now it shows it is charging. After 1 minute it stops and still stays at 3% power.
Computer Power (current): 3%. Baterry is plugged.
Battery is removed from computer charging, then: computer shuts down immediately.
then it won't start till I plug battery into computer again.
Battery is plugged into computer after shutting down, then: charging a computer for a while and then stops (at 3%).
Computer status while "charging" and computer is working: button (which shows when battery is charging the computer) does not light up.
Computer status while "charging" and computer is shutted down: button lit up for 1 minute.
Who is fault: charger; it's components; battery; system (?!); something else?
It may be your power jack that somehow got dislodged. Is your Dell still under warranty? I would give it a RMA if still under warranty.
I have a Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop, yea its pretty bad but it does the job.
My Dell Inspiron 1501 (out of warranty and running XP Pro if that matters) has stopped recognizing the AC adapter. The adapter is a recent genuine Dell replacement for an older one that would no longer charge the battery, the second one I had had to replace because of the "AC adapter not recognized" error. It worked fine for a few weeks, and its green LED still goes on when plugged into the outlet, but now the icon in the system tray is the battery icon, not the AC icon, and the remaining battery time keeps decreasing. There is no error message; it just acts as if the AC adapter isn't there. The plug feels wobbly in the socket, so something is loose.
Googling around for information suggests that depending on what's wrong, it could be fixed with a bit of soldering, or the motherboard may need to be replaced (i.e., time to get a new computer). I've done minor repairs inside desktops, swapping out memory, drives, etc., but nothing that involved soldering. I'm also considering getting a spare battery and an external charger and swapping between batteries to keep it running -- it's a decent machine apart from its power problems and I'd rather not have to replace it just yet.
- How can I tell whether the socket can just be re-soldered or the motherboard really would need to be replaced for the AC adapter to be recognized again?
I just installed Windows 8 Release Preview. I tried to install the AMD ATI Catalyst Legacy Display Driver, which installed fine, but I have no display settings in the app or the ability to change the screen resolution normally through Windows. I also cannot plug-in my external monitor. I plug it in, select Devices from the new Windows sidebar on the right side of the screen, and nothing shows up. I also try connecting through the Windows Mobility Center, and it says "Your PC can't project to another screen. Try reinstalling the driver or using a different video card." Can someone help? I am using a Dell Inspiron 1501 with the 32 bit Release Preview.
Question: dell inspiron 1501 touchpad replacement ??
Answer:dell inspiron 1501 touchpad replacement ??
Question: My dell inspiron 1501 DVD/RW drive isn't recognized.
i think it's when i tried to install windows vista service pack II, my dvd drive dissappeared. i bought a new drive and installed it. still nothing, so it has to be a software problem. i tried the regristy upper/lower filters delete. there was only the lower filters there. still nothing. i still havent been able to install service pack 2 either. always and error. i tried the readyness updater installer tool too. that wont work either. the drive doesn't show up in my computer nor the device manager. HELP!!!
Answer:My dell inspiron 1501 DVD/RW drive isn't recognized.
First things first, Dell Inspiron 1501 NOT 1505. Ok? Now, this computer is pretty used, and long lived somewhat at 3 years, one battery. Last year, it completely accpeted no charge. I am on it, using AC power. I wouldn't mind AC power too much, but the power cord providing AC power, is sooooo mucked up. (will it stay in long enough to post this message???) I COULD buy a new battery (100$!!?!?), yet my dad has no job ATM. Any suggestions? PLEASE!
I also want to say it's been a long time since I've been here, which in a way is a good thing seeing as I've been able to diagnose and solve all problems on my own...until now.
I have a 2007(?) Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop. I have Windows 7 Ultimate 32 bit installed for quite a while now and it's been working fine. However, a few days ago the wireless stopped working.
I've checked the Device Manager to see if there was anything wrong with the driver, and there wasn't any red X's or yellow exclamation points. I uninstalled it anyway, shut down my computer, and rebooted. Driver is reinstalled but wireless card isn't picking up any networks.
When I hit Windows Key + X, it brings up the Windows Mobility Center and under the Wireless Network box, the button to "Turn wireless on" is greyed out. Weird.
As it stands now, the ethernet port still works and when I have it unplugged, the icon shows the wireless bars with a red X in the corner.
I've disabled my Avast! anti-virus program as well. It is not running after I rebooted my computer again.
Also, going to cmd and typing ipconfig shows the "Media State....Media Disconnected".
I have also taken my laptop apart using the Dell Support Guide, checked the connections, and nothing looked any different from previous teardowns (when I have had to clean the fans).
what happens when you press FN+F2 key?
I purchased a Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop today and I'm having trouble connecting it to my wireless network. I have a D-Link router and it lets me log onto the network and says I have an excellent signal, but it won't let me access the internet.
I am a novice to repairing hardware but have been expanding my skills recently... tried repairing a broken dc jack on my mom's Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop. I had no previous soldering experience but thought I'd done enough research and watched enough YouTube videos to get the gist... problem is I tried out 3 different soldering irons and couldn't really make a dent in getting the existing soldering off of the component and board! The 3rd iron I used was an Elenco 40-watt soldering station, temp turned to max. I tried soldering wick, Chipquick, adding new solder... you name it I tried it. Nothing would get this stuff to budge like in any video I'd watched. What am I missing? In doing research for a better iron I have only seen suggestions to NOT go over 40 watts... yet this didn't do the trick. What gives?
Rather than replace the motherboard, isnt' there some kind of external attachment that I can buy that will give me power for usb's so I can print and back up data? The local computer store has sold me 2 different ones, neither one worked. One I saw in an old string was for a pc not a laptop. The place I was told it would be inserted is where there is a small blank plastic tray that pops out.
Next time, rather than spend an extra $500 on a Dell, I'm just going to buy a cheap computer since they only last 2 years no matter what. But for now, I just want to be able to back up my files on a chip and print.
Hi, I have an old Dell Inspiron 1501 lap top that has Vista. (I also have a Desktop with Windows 7). I have several old Iomega Zipdrive disks that have info on them from years ago that would be fun to resurrect. However, the laptop (I am assuming that Windows 7 cannot be used with the Iomega external zip drive) does not have any printer parallel ports - only a monitor port and several USB ports.
I purchased a cable on Amazon that transitions from the male end on the Iomega cable (the other end is the "Zip" end attached to the Zip Connection on the Iomega Drive)to a USB connector. I have hooked everything up and plugged it into a USB port on the Laptop, but the drive is not being recognized by the laptop. When I click on "Computer", the device is not there (although when I plugged it into the Laptop, it did show downloading the drivers).
What am I doing wrong? Thanks for any/all help!
I've never had any luck with "conversion" cables. So it doesn't surprise me that it doesn't work. And even if it does recognize hardware connected, I doubt it has the drivers needed to interface with hardware that is not natively USB.
I'd say you need a PC with a parallel port and an older OS with the proper drivers for it to work properly.
The right side of the keyboard only shows the keys in the <function mode. Letters m,j,k,l,;,u,i,o,p,/, and 0 all show up as if the function key is locked on. What should i do.
I think i had this problem once before on my 1501 i forgot how i fixed it exactly but i would try hitting the function key and see if there' an f lock or something like that that will take function lock off.
i have a dell inspiron 1501 notebook. Everytime i try to start my computer a blue screen comes up that reads..
"A problem has been detected and Windows has been shut down to prevent damage.
Technical Information: ***STOP 0x00000ED (0x84BCEE30, 0xC000006C, 0x00000000, 0x00000000)"
I have tried to restart it in safe mode and this screen with not go away. I ran diagnostics then I tried hitting ctrl and f11 to restore my computer to the point when i purchased it but i dont know the command that i need on the dsrreset command prompt. any help would be greatly appreciated.
When powering on the laptop the caps lock button is the only thing that shows any signs of life. I tried booting it without any ram and heard no beeps. I'm convinced that the motherboard is shot. Is there anything else I should try?
Is your screen shot? do u hear it loading?? if so try plugging in a screen.
College son dropped off the laptop (xp media edition) saying since he dropped it, it hasn't booted up. Testing reveals the laptops boots to various points and hangs. Once I got into the bios and it froze. mostly it hangs before bios (set up) or boot menu. But its strange inconsistant.
Its also hung on DOS screen 'battery cannot be identified System will be unable to charge' and also some Broadcom/ PXE messages.
I've tested the power supply (cord and adapter) and it works on another pc. I haven't checked the hard drive.
My research has found some sketchy information indicating this laptop has problems with the power connector on the chassis. This makes a little since since he dropped the computer (and possibly damaged this part).
Does anyone have some information to share conserning the power connection issue for Dell 1501's? Could the above symptoms be related to power?
I'm getting stuck at "Acquiring network address." After a few minutes it gives me the error saying that it wont work because an IP wasn't assigned and such.
I've tried many, many things. I tried using the ethernet cable the computer I am on now is using. No luck.
I've tried switching ports on the hub I'm using to known working ports. No luck.
I've tried release/renew, no luck.
I've tried releasing the IP of the computer I am on now, and setting that IP as the static IP on the laptop. Here it says "connected" but I still cant connect to anything.
Note: I downloaded and installed the latest drivers from Dell's website for the ethernet adapter (obviously this was the first thing I tried).
I've done lots of fiddling with TCP/IP properties, to no avail.
Please let me know the best way to solve this issue.
My Dell Inspiron 1501 recently encountered a resolution problem. The native resolution used to be 1280x1024, but now i only have a choice of either 1024x768 or 800x600. Can anyone tell me which driver I would have to replace, or where I would have to look to fix this problem?
A friend told me to find my start up disc and just reinstall the drivers through there, that is now my first choice plan of action.
try going into device manager and removing the entry for the video card, then reboot, windows should find and reinstall the drivers for it, do the same for any monitors listed in device manager.
Question: Dell laptop Inspiron 1501 CD player not working?
I have a DELL Inspiron 1501 about 5 years old and CD/DVD player opens and closes but doesn't work when I put a CD or DVD in it. Just spins and trys to read the CD or DVD but doesn't do anything? Does anyone know what the problem could be or what type of troubleshooting I can perform on it?
My friend has a Dell Inspiron 1501 that works fine on Battery Pwr but when you plug in the AC charger to run it, the screen goes black with no warning. Unplugging the AC pwr does not return the screen. He must reboot the computer to get it back up. Any ideas on what could be causing? We have checked all the power settings and sleep settings and everything seems to be fine. Help!
Question: connect dell inspiron 1501 to Older television ???
Answer:connect dell inspiron 1501 to Older television ???
Quote from: samp on June 20, 2010, 04:11:52 PM...I have a Dell Inspiron 1501 laptop and an old television that works A1 but only has an antennae connection and the antennae cable connector.Can I somehow connect my laptop (which only has a VGA output and an output for headphones) to my television? If so I would like to play DVD's from my laptop and also .avi files if possible...Sorry, no.
*UPDATE* there has been a change in circumstances, the cd-drive now opens when ever i push the eject/load button, but is still not part of the setup and the driver package still says that the drive does not exist ??
new system WIN XP sp3 installed. Could not find solution..
Pointing out today is my first day with linux. so I know nothing .
I was reading somewhere that I have to use Ndiswrapper (I think thats how you spell it).
I downloaded it on my Windows Desktop and transfered it to my laptop via usb.
I tried follwing the install instructions but to no prevail.
the install guide says I should have at least 'include' directory and '.config' file.
I then tried (tar zxvf ndiswrapper-version.tar.gz) and (tar zxvf ndiswrapper-1.56.tar.gz) and told me no such file or directory.
This is all over my head and would like to get my laptop up and running online so I can start learning more about linux.
Im thinking I need to update my kernal. but at a lost. Your Informative feedback is much appreciated.
I never could get ndiswrapper working on my notebooks.
I have a dell inspiron 1501 for about a year but now when i turn it on it says begining physical memory dump preparing for crash. After a wile it says physical memory dump complete.
Hello. I'm hoping for some insight with my problem computer besides buying a new one at this time. It is a Dell Laptop Inspiron model 1501. A number of posts have mentioned similar problems to mine, but each situation is different. I bought this one as a 'refurbished' model thru Dell, and it has always had unexplained instability issues and rebooting itself after locking up with the screen. Aside from this, it has been a good machine.
Error Code 0221, Message Error Code 2000-0221, MSG: Chipset Interval Timer Failed!
Another diagnostic test did not produce any errors.
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2019-04-21T00:21:17Z
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http://postthreads.org/support/1541263/dell-inspiron-1501-wont-turn-on.html
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This document describes Mimix version 1; an anonymous message transfer protocol that delivers messages using electronic email and is designed to provide resistance to traffic analysis.
Mimix is heavily based Mixmaster which, in turn, is based on Dr. David Chaum's mix-net concept. A mix (remailer) is a service that forwards messages, using public key cryptography to hide the correlation between its inputs and outputs. Sending messages through sequences of remailers achieves anonymity and unobservability of communications against a powerful adversary.
Mixmaster uses SMTP as a transport, both for inter-remailer communication and final delivery. Mimix uses a very similar packet structure but employs HTML for inter-remailer communication. This enables Middle remailers to operate anonymously, as Location Hidden Services within the Tor network.
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 5, 2014.
This document describes a mail transfer protocol designed to protect electronic mail against traffic analysis. Most e-mail security protocols only protect the message body, leaving useful information such as the identities of the conversing parties, sizes of messages and frequency of message exchange open to adversaries.
Message transmission can be protected against traffic analysis by the mix-net protocol. A mix (remailer) is a service that forwards messages, using public key cryptography to hide the correlation between its inputs and outputs. If a message is sent through a sequence of mixes, one trusted mix is sufficient to provide anonymity and unobservability of communications against a powerful adversary. Mixmaster is a mix-net implementation for electronic mail.
The mix-net protocol [Chaum81] allows one to send messages while hiding the relation of sender and recipient from observers (unobservability). It also allows the sender of a message to remain anonymous to the recipient (sender anonymity). If anonymity is not desired, authenticity and unobservability can be achieved at the same time by transmitting digitally signed messages.
This section gives an overview of the protocol and messaging pattern. The mixing algorithm is specified in Section 3, and the message format is specified in Section 4.
Viewed from a high level, Mixmaster is like a packet network, where each node in the network is known as a "remailer." The original content is split into pieces, and an independent path is determined for each piece, with the only requirement that all paths must end at the same remailer. Each piece is multiply encrypted so that any intermediate remailer can only decrypt enough information to determine the next hop in the path. When all pieces have arrived at the final remailer, the original content is re-created and sent to its final destination.
In this section the terms "sender" and "user agent" are used informally.
The user agent splits the original content into chunks of 10236 bytes; if the last chunk is shorter, random padding is added. Each chunk has a four-byte length prepended, and the result is called the packet body. If sender anonymity is desired, care should be taken to not include any identifying information (such as headers or unique content from the original plaintext message) in the packets. The content may be compressed before splitting.
The sender next chooses a chain of up to 20 remailers for each packet. Each path is independent, and can be of a different length, but all paths must end at the same remailer. This final remailer is responsible for detecting and discarding duplicate packets, reconstructing the message, and doing the final delivery.
Each packet is next prepared as follows (the full details are in Section 4.3.1). For a chain of "n" remailers, headers "n + 1" through 20 are filled with random data. For headers "n" down to one, the sender generates a symmetric encryption key. This key is used to encrypt the packet body and all the following headers. The key, and other control information, is then encrypted with the public key of the "n"'th remailer in the chain.
The process is repeated, working backward through the chain until the first packet has header information encrypted for the first remailer, and the packet body has been encrypted "n" times. The packet is then sent to the first remailer on its chain.
When a remailer receives a message, it uses its private key to decrypt the first header section. The Packet ID (see Section 4.3.1) can be used to detect duplicates. The integrity of the message is verified by checking the packet length and verifying the message digest in the packet header.
All header sections, as well as the packet body, are decrypted with the symmetric key found in the header. This reveals a public key-encrypted header section for the next remailer.
The first header section is now removed, the others are shifted up, and the last section is replaced with random bytes. Transport encoding is applied to the new message as described in Section 4.4.
In order to prevent an adversary from determining the relationship between incoming and outgoing messages (i.e., traffic analysis), the remailer must collect several encrypted messages before sending the message it has just created; see Section 3.1.
When a packet is sent to the final remailer, it contains an indication that the chain ends at that remailer, and whether the packet contains the complete message or if it is part of a multi-part message. If the packet contains the entire message, the packet body is decrypted and after reordering messages, the plain text is delivered to the recipient. For partial messages, a message ID is used to identify the other parts as they arrive. When all parts have arrived, the message is reassembled, decompressed if necessary, and delivered. A final remailer may discard partial messages if all packets have not been received within a local time limit.
Note that only the final remailer can determine whether packets are part of a specific message. To all of other remailers, the packets appear to be completely independent.
To obfuscate the link between incoming and outgoing messages, Mixmaster uses a pooling scheme. Messages to be forwarded are stored in a pool. At regular intervals the remailer sends some random messages from the pool to either the next hop or their final recipients.
Let "n" be the number of messages currently in the pool.
Let "count" be the smaller of "n - min" and "n * rate", or zero if "n - min" is negative.
Select "count" messages from the pool at random and send them.
In its default configuration, Mixmaster has a mixing interval of 15 minutes, a minimum pool size of 45 messages, and permits a maximum of 65% of the pool to be sent in one round.
Dummy messages (see Section 4.1) are multi-hop messages with four randomly selected remailers as the chain. The chain must be selected such that no remailer will appear twice unless two other remailers separate them.
Every time a message is placed in the pool, the remailer chooses a random number from a geometric distribution and creates that many dummy messages which are also placed in the pool.
Similarly, prior to each execution of the mixing algorithm described in Section 3.1, the remailer selects a random number from a different geometric distribution and adds that many dummy messages to the pool as well.
The parameters should be chosen so that on average the remailer creates one dummy for every 32 inbound messages and one every nine mixing rounds.
The message payload can be an e-mail message [RFC2822], a Usenet message [RFC1036], or a dummy message.
Mail and Usenet messages are prefixed with data specifying the payload type. An additional, more restricted method of specifying message header lines is defined for reasons of backward compatibility.
Dummy message. The remailer will discard the message.
Usenet message. The remailer will post the message to Usenet.
Usenet message. The remailer will add a "Newsgroups" header with the specified content, and post the message to Usenet.
E-mail message. The remailer will add a "To" header with the specified content, and send the message as e-mail.
If no destination field is given, the payload is an e-mail message.
Message headers can be specified in header line fields. Each header line field consists of a string of up to 80 ASCII characters, padded with null-bytes to a total size of 80 bytes.
A compressed user data section begins with the GZIP identification header (31, 139). This header contains an additional user data section. The data are compressed using GZIP [RFC 1952]. The GZIP operating system field must be set to Unix, and file names must not be given. Compression may be used if the capabilities attribute of the final remailer contains the flag "C".
An RFC 2822 user data section begins with the three bytes "##[CR]" (35, 35, 13). It contains an e-mail message or a Usenet message.
A user data section not beginning with one of the above identification strings contains only the body of the message. When this type of user data section is used, the message header fields must be included in destination and header line fields.
The payload is limited to a maximum size of 2610180 bytes. Individual remailers may use a smaller limit.
Remailer operators can choose to remove header fields supplied by the sender and insert additional header fields, according to local policy; see Section 5.
The asymmetric encryption mechanism is RSA with 1024 bit RSA keys and the PKCS #1 v1.5 (RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5) padding format [RFC2437]. The symmetric encryption mechanism is EDE 3DES with cipher block chaining (24-byte key, 8-byte initialization vector) [MENEZES]. MD5 [RFC1321] is used as the message digest algorithm.
A Mixmaster packet consists of a header containing information for the remailers, and a body containing payload data. To ensure that packets are indistinguishable, the fields are all of fixed size.
The packet header consists of 20 header sections (specified in Section 4.3.1) of 512 bytes each, resulting in a total header size of 10240 bytes. The header sections (except for the first one) and the packet body are encrypted with symmetric session keys specified in the first header section.
The KeyID of the RSA Public key used to encrypt the AES session key.
The RSA data always occupies 512 bytes. This comprises the actual data appended with random padding. This parameter records the actual data size in bytes.
To generate the RSA-encrypted session key, a 32-byte AES key is encrypted with RSAES-PKCS1-OAEP, resulting in up to 512 bytes (4096 bits) of encrypted data. This AES key and the initialization vector provided in clear are used to decrypt the encrypted header part. They are not used at other stages of message processing.
Header components unlocked with the AES session key and IV. Details of these components are described later in this section.
SHA2-512 digest computed over the preceding elements of the header.
Randomly generated packet identifier, used to prevent replay attacks. A Remailer maintains a log of processed Packet IDs and will not repeat process one.
Used to encrypt the following header sections and the packet body.
The timestamp defines the number of days since January 1, 1970 (00:00 UTC), in little-endian byte order. A random number between one and three, inclusive, may be subtracted from the number of days in order to obscure the origin of the message.
SHA2-512 digest computed over the preceding elements of the encrypted header part.
For packet type 1 and 2, the IV is used to symmetrically encrypt the packet body. For packet type 0, there is one IV for each of the 19 following header sections. The IV for the last header section is also used for the packet body.
E-mail address of next hop.
Identifier unique to (all chunks of) this message.
Sequence number used in multi-part messages, starting with one.
In the case of packet type zero, header sections two through twenty, and the packet body, each are decrypted separately using the respective initialization vectors. In the case of packet types one and two, header sections two through twenty are ignored, and the packet body is decrypted using the given initialization vector.
The message payload Section 4.1 is split into chunks of 10236 bytes. Random padding is added to the last chunk if necessary. The length of each chunk (not counting the padding), is prepended to the chunk as a four-byte little-endian number. This forms the body of a Mixmaster packet.
A message may consist of up to 255 packets.
The length field always contains the decimal number "20480", since the size of Mixmaster packets is constant. An MD5 message digest [RFC1321] of the packet prior to Base-64 encoding is encoded in Base-64.
The packet itself is encoded in Base-64 encoding [RFC1421], with line-breaks every 40 characters.
The identifier consists of lowercase alphanumeric characters, beginning with an alphabetic character. The identifier should be no more than eight characters in length.
The key ID is the MD5 message digest of the representation of the RSA public key (not including the length bytes). It is encoded as a hexadecimal string.
The version field consists of the protocol version number followed by a colon and the software version information, limited to the ASCII alphanumeric characters, plus dot (.) and dash (-). All implementations of the protocol specified here should prepend the software version with "2:". Existing implementations lacking a protocol version number imply protocol version 2.
The date fields are optional. They are ASCII date stamps in the format YYYY-MM-DD. The first date indicates the date from which the key is first valid; the second date indicates its expiration. If only one date is present, it is treated as the key creation date. (The date stamp implies 00:00 UTC).
The version, capabilities, and date fields must each be no longer than 125 characters.
The encoded key part consists of two bytes specifying the key length (1024 bits) in little-endian byte order, and of the RSA modulus and the public exponent in big-endian form using 128 bytes each, with preceding null bytes for the exponent if necessary. The packet is encoded in Base-64 [RFC1421], with line-breaks every 40 characters. Its length (258 bytes) is given as a decimal number.
Digital signatures [RFC2440] should be used to ensure the authenticity of the key files.
This section discusses various implementation issues.
Some remailers may understand multiple remailer protocols. In the interest of creating a unified anonymity set, remailers which speak multiple remailer protocols should attempt to remix messages that use the older protocols whenever possible.
When a remailer receives a message in the older protocol format, it should determine if the message destination is another remailer which also speaks the Mixmaster protocol. If the remailer knows the Mixmaster public key for the next hop, it should process the message normally, but instead of sending the message to its next hop, treat the processed message as opaque data which will comprise the body of a Mixmaster message. The remailer should then create a Mixmaster message with this body to be delivered to the next hop remailer.
Ensuring that a remailer's keyring contains up to date copies of the public keys for other remailers is the responsibility of the given remailer's operator. Utilities such as Echolot [Palfrader03] can be used to assist in automating this task.
If the remailer receives a Mixmaster message that, when decrypted, contains a message in an alternate protocol supported by the remailer, it should process the message as though it had initially been delivered in the alternate protocol format.
Returns information about using the remailer. The remailer may support a suffix consisting of a dash and a two-letter ISO 639 country code. For example, remailer-help-ar will return a help file in Arabic, if available. Supported languages should be listed at the beginning of the "remailer-help" response.
Returns the remailer's public key as described in Section 5. It may also return the keys and attributes of other remailers it knows about.
Returns information about the number of messages the remailer has processed per day (again, a day starts at 00:00 UTC).
Returns local configuration information such as software version, supported protocols, filtered headers, blocked newsgroups and domains, and the attribute strings for other remailers the remailer knows about.
Returns the OpenPGP [RFC2440] key of the remailer's operator.
Older versions of Mixmaster (2.0.4 through 2.9.0) allowed for the creation of dummy message cover traffic, but provided no automated means for introducing this dummy traffic into the system. Beginning in version 3.0, Mixmaster employs an internal dummy policy.
Beginning with version 3.0, Mixmaster offers automatic key rotation. Care must be taken to minimize the possibility for partitioning attacks during the key rotation window.
Keys are generated with a validity date and an expiration date. User agents should only display valid keys which have not expired.
Keys are valid for a 13 month period. A remailer must generate a new key when the existing key's expiration date is one month or less in the future. When queried, a remailer must report the most recently generated key as its key, effectively giving each key a 12 month service period.
Remailers must continue to decrypt and process mail encrypted to expired keys for one week past the expiration date on the key. One week after expiration, an expired remailer key should be securely destroyed.
When anonymous messages are forwarded to third parties, remailer operators should be aware that senders might try to supply header fields that indicate a false identity or to send unauthorized Usenet control messages. This is a problem because many news servers accept control messages automatically without any authentication.
For these reasons, remailer software should allow the operator to disable certain types of message headers, and to insert headers automatically.
Remailers usually add a "From:" field containing an address controlled by the remailer operator to anonymous messages. Using the word "Anonymous" in the name field allows recipients to apply scoring mechanisms and filters to anonymous messages. Appropriate additional information about the origin of the message can be inserted in the "Comments:" header field of the anonymous messages.
Anonymous remailers are sometimes used to send harassing e-mail. To prevent this abuse, remailer software should allow operators to block destination addresses on request. Real-life abuse and attacks on anonymous remailers are discussed in [Mazieres98].
The security of the mix-net relies on the assumption that the underlying cryptographic primitives are secure. In addition, specific attacks on the mix-net need to be considered; [Moeller98] contains a more detailed analysis of these attacks.
Passive adversaries can observe some or all of the messages sent to mixes. The users' anonymity comes from the fact that a large number of messages are collected and sent in random order. For that reason remailers should collect as many messages as possible while keeping the delay acceptable.
Statistical traffic analysis is possible even if single messages are anonymized in a perfectly secure way: an eavesdropper may correlate the times of Mixmaster packets being sent and anonymized messages being received. This is a powerful attack if several anonymous messages can be linked together (by their contents or because they are sent under a pseudonym). To protect themselves, senders must mail Mixmaster packets stochastically independent of the actual messages they want to send. This can be done by sending packets at regular intervals, using a dummy message whenever appropriate. To avoid leaking information, the intervals should not be smaller than the randomness in the delay caused by trusted remailers.
There is no anonymity if all remailers in a given chain collude with the adversary, or if they are compromised during the lifetime of their keys. Using a longer chain increases the assurance that the user's privacy will be preserved, but at the same time causes lower reliability and higher latency. Sending redundant copies of a message increases reliability but may also facilitate attacks. An optimum must be found according to the individual security needs and trust in the remailers.
Active adversaries can also create, suppress or modify messages. Remailers must check the packet IDs to prevent replay attacks. To minimize the number of packet IDs that the remailer must retain, packets which bear a timestamp more than a reasonable number of days in the past may be discarded. Implementors should consider that packets maybe up to three days younger than indicated by the timestamp, and select an expiration value which allows sufficient time for legitimate messages to pass through the network. The number of packet IDs that the remailer must retain can be further minimized by discarding packet IDs for packets encrypted to a key which has expired more than a week in the past.
The use of a link-level encryption protocol with an ephemeral key, such as STARTTLS with SMTP [RFC2487], provides for forward secrecy and further aids against replay attacks. Remailer operators should be encouraged to deploy such solutions at the MTA level whenever possible.
Early implementations of Mixmaster did not generate a timestamp packet. Implementors should be aware of the partitioning attack implications if they chose to permit processing of packets without timestamps. Mixmaster versions 2.0.5 and greater in the 2.0.x tree as well as Mixmaster 3.0 in the 3.x tree do not permit processing of such packets.
Message integrity must be verified to prevent the adversary from performing chosen ciphertext attacks or replay attacks with modified packet IDs, and from encoding information in an intercepted message in a way not affected by decryption (e.g. by modifying the message length or inducing errors). This version of the protocol does not provide integrity for the packet body. Because the padding for header section is random, in this version of the protocol it is impossible for a remailer to check the integrity of the encrypted header sections that will be decrypted by the following remailers. Chosen ciphertext attacks and replay attacks are detected by verifying the message digest included in the header section.
The adversary can trace a message if he knows the decryption of all other messages that pass through the remailer at the same time. To make it less practical for an attacker to flood a mix with known messages, remailers can store received messages in a reordering pool that grows in size while more than average messages are received, and periodically choose at random a fixed fraction of the messages in the pool for processing. There is no complete protection against flooding attacks in an open system, but if the number of messages required is high, an attack is less likely to go unnoticed. Additional work has been done in the field of active flooding attack protection; future mix-net protocols may wish to take advantage of this work [Danezis03].
If the adversary suppresses all Mixmaster messages from one particular sender and observes that anonymous messages of a certain kind are discontinued at the same time, that sender's anonymity is compromised with high probability. There is no practical cryptographic protection against this attack in large-scale networks. The effect of a more powerful attack that combines suppressing messages and re-injecting them at a later time is reduced by using timestamps.
Manipulation of the distribution of remailer keys, capabilities, and statistics can lead to powerful attacks against a remailer network. Sensitive information such as this should be distributed in a secure manner.
The lack of accountability that comes with anonymity may have implications for the security of a network. For example, many news servers accept control messages automatically without any cryptographic authentication. Possible countermeasures are discussed in Section 6.5.
Several people contributed ideas and source code to the Mixmaster v2 software.
"Antonomasia" <[email protected]>, Adam Back <[email protected]>, Marco A. Calamari <[email protected]>, Colin Tuckley <[email protected]>, Bodo Moeller <[email protected]>, and Jon Orbeton <[email protected]> suggested improvements to this document. Rich Salz <[email protected]> contributed significantly to this document by XMLifying it and rewording many ambiguous sections. Myles Conley <[email protected]> also reworded many ambiguous sections and contributed important suggestions for improving clarity.
[Chaum81] Chaum, D., "Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms", Communications of the ACM 24:2, 1981.
[Palfrader03] Palfrader, P., "Echolot: A Pinger for Anonymous Remailers", 2003.
[Mazieres98] Mazieres, D. and F. Kaashoek, "The Design, Implementation and Operation of an Email Pseudonym Server", In the Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 1998) , November 1998.
[Danezis03] Danezis, G. and L. Sassaman, "Heartbeat Traffic to Counter (n-1) Attacks", In the Proceedings of the Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society (WPES 2003), Washington, DC, USA , October 2003.
[Moeller98] Moeller, U., "Anonymisierung von Internet-Diensten", January 1998.
[trickle02] Serjantov, A., Dingledine, R. and P. Syverson, "From a Trickle to a Flood: Active Attacks on Several Mix Types", In the Proceedings of Information Hiding Workshop (IH 2002) , October 2002.
[MENEZES] Menezes, A., van Oorschot, P. and S. Vanstone, ""Handbook of Applied Cryptography", CRC Press", 1996.
[RFC1036] Horton, M. and R. Adams, "Standard for interchange of USENET messages", RFC 1036, December 1987.
[RFC1421] Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures", RFC 1421, February 1993.
[RFC1952] Deutsch, P., Gailly, J-L., Adler, M., Deutsch, L. and G. Randers-Pehrson, "GZIP file format specification version 4.3", RFC 1952, May 1996.
[RFC2311] Dusse, S., Hoffman, P., Ramsdell, B., Lundblade, L. and L. Repka, "S/MIME Version 2 Message Specification", RFC 2311, March 1998.
[RFC2437] Kaliski, B. and J. Staddon, "PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.0", RFC 2437, October 1998.
[RFC2440] Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H. and R. Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 2440, November 1998.
[RFC2487] Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over TLS", RFC 2487, January 1999.
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Honda will demonstrate the great personalization potential of the all-new 2015 Fit through an ambitious project vehicle program and interactive Tumblr experience launching today and culminating at the 2014 SEMA Show in Las Vegas.
Honda has selected six build teams, Bisimoto Engineering, Kontrabrands, MAD Industries, Spoon Sports USA, Tjin Edition and the award-winning Kenny Vinces, who will each have the opportunity to customize a 2015 Honda Fit leading up to the SEMA Show. To further support enthusiast interest in the Fit project car build process, Honda is initiating the Fit Performance Project (#ProjectFit) on the brand's Tumblr page, which will keep track of the teams' progress with each vehicle.
"Personalized Honda subcompacts were the foundation of the original import tuner revolution, and the all-new Fit upholds that legacy with a great powertrain, an engaging chassis and renowned Honda quality, all at an affordable price," said Jeff Conrad, senior vice president and general manager of the Honda Division. "Our Fit project vehicle program and our Tumblr initiative, #ProjectFit, together offer a unique, fun way to demonstrate the personalization potential of this great new car."
The build teams will each bring their personalized Fit to life with modifications such as aerodynamic body kits, wheels, custom paint jobs and more. Photos of the transformations in progress will be posted throughout the campaign at hondaloves.tumblr.com. The program will conclude with all six customized Fit project vehicles being displayed at the SEMA Show in Las Vegas in November.
From Aug. 21 through Oct. 22, Project Fit content, including photos, animated GIFs and video, will be aggregated on Honda's Tumblr page where people can vote for their favorite customized Fit by liking and reblogging posts tagged with #ProjectFit. The shop with the highest total likes and reblogs will win and receive an award from Honda. This effort will be promoted on automobiles.honda.com, in Honda newsletters and on the brand's Facebook and Twitter profiles.
The Fit Performance Project posts will feature several themes including: "Preview," revealing design illustrations or renderings; "Show Us Your Mods," highlighting five modifications made to the vehicle; "In Progress," revealing headway on the design; and more leading up to the vehicles on display at the SEMA Show.
Honda could have just let it go, but they didn’t.
When the 2015 Honda Fit originally went through the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety’s crash tests back in March, it of course scored top marks in the four tests that have been around forever, but it was only granted a score of “Marginal” in the newer small front overlap crash test that has stymied so many automakers across the industry.
"Honda's deep-rooted commitment to safety and to our customers is perhaps best demonstrated by the fact that we were not satisfied with anything but a TOP SAFETY PICK for the new 2015 Honda Fit," said Art St. Cyr, vice president of auto operations at American Honda. "Vehicle by vehicle, our engineers are passionate about developing safety technologies that consumers have come to trust and expect from Honda."
Already the benchmark subcompact in terms of passenger and cargo space and innovative features, occupant safety for the 2015 Honda Fit is further enhanced through the next-generation Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body structure. The next-generation ACE™ body structure improves frontal crash energy management through a wider range of offset and oblique collision modes. In addition, other body reinforcements work in tandem with the strengthened body structure to better maintain the occupant compartment volume during frontal collisions by providing additional crash energy pathways to help mitigate the forces transmitted to the passenger compartment.
In addition to including the next-generation Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body-structure, the 2015 Fit features a host of standard active and passive safety features and includes many standard and available driver-assistive technologies.
Standard safety equipment on all 2015 Honda and Acura models includes the next-generation of Honda's ACE™ body structure, Vehicle Stability Assist™ (VSA®) with traction control; an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS); side curtain airbags (some vehicles equipped with a rollover sensor as well); dual-stage, multiple-threshold front airbags; and front side airbags.
Based in part on advancements to Honda's Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body structure, American Honda today leads the industry in third-party crash test ratings, with more models achieving top safety ratings from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) than any other automaker. The company also is broadly applying advanced driver-assistive technologies such as LaneWatch, Forward Collision Warning and Lane Departure Warning to its product lineup. Also, Honda has applied rearview cameras as standard equipment to all of its light truck models and 95 percent of its passenger cars for model year 2014, and will achieve 100-percent application by 2015.
Honda has really taken its time in getting an aftermarket supercharger kit for the CR-Z to enthusiasts in the US. It's finally on sale, though, and it makes you wonder if the hybrid hatchback shouldn't have had it from the day it went on sale.
air filter for $5,495, before installation. However, the setup only works for six-speed manual transmission models from the 2013 and 2014 model years. If you want to take things even further, HPD is also offering an optional limited slip differential for $1,375 and sport clutch for $640, according to Howell.
Development of the supercharger kit has been ongoing for years. We first saw it on the CR-Z Mugen RZ in 2012 in Japan, in which it barely bumped power to 153 hp. Later at SEMA, Honda improved things to a more respectable 185 hp. Then in 2013, we actually got to drive an early version boasting 190 hp and found it a solid improvement over the stock powertrain. It appears Honda had some further tweaks to get things to the current 197 ponies. More good news: assuming you get the package installed at a dealer, the car maintains the balance of its 5 year/ 60,000 mile Honda limited powertrain warranty.
Is this too little too late, though? The CR-Z is already dead in Europe, and it makes you wonder how much longer it can stick around here. In the meantime, the supercharger kit does give the hybrid hatch something that it really needs – power to back up its sporty looks, though no mention is made of how the modification impacts fuel mileage. Scroll down to read HPD's full announcement about the supercharger.
Supercharged performance for the street is now available in the Honda CR-Z Sport Hybrid Coupe through a new dealer-installed Honda Performance Development (HPD) supercharger kit. Best known as Honda's North American racing company, HPD developed a full line of street performance accessories for the CR-Z and first revealed them at the 2013 SEMA Show. With the debut of the supercharger kit this month, all of the HPD street performance components for the CR-Z are now available at Honda dealers in the United States.
Available for the 2013 and 2014 CR-Z, the HPD supercharger kit boosts total powertrain output to 197 hp1 (vs. 130 hp in the stock 2013 and 2014 CR-Z with manual transmission) and includes the HPD air-to-air intercooler, high-flow fuel injectors, an ECU calibrated to meet CARB AT-PZEV regulations with 91 octane fuel and the HPD air filter system. Honda's Suggested Retail Price of the kit is $5,495, not including dealer installation, which is priced similarly to popular aftermarket supercharger kits but is engineered and backed by Honda. The HPD supercharger kit maintains the balance of customer's 5 year/ 60,000 mile Honda limited powertrain warranty when installed by a Honda dealer. The HPD supercharger kit is available exclusively for CR-Z manual transmission models and HPD has developed an optional limited slip differential and HPD sport clutch for those customers looking for an even higher level of performance.
Honda vehicles have a reputation as being sturdy, reliable, long-lasting cars, which has helped them to become one of the most successful auto brands in the history of the industry. However, “sturdy, reliable and long-lasting” aren’t often synonymous with “cool,” so some people get the mistaken idea Honda vehicles aren’t trendy enough to compete with other brands whose modus operandi centers solely around the cool factor of their automobiles.
The inclusion of the 2014 Honda Civic Coupe on Kelley Blue Book’s list of “10 Coolest Cars Under $18,000” proves that these aren’t just beige boredom-mobiles intended only for people over the age of sixty. Quite the contrary; with recent redesigns in a lot of Honda models and a tremendous influx of cutting-edge technologies, these automobiles are cooler than they’ve ever been, and the new Civic Coupe really helps to bang that point home.
SiriusXM services require a subscription after any trial period. If you decide to continue your SiriusXM service at the end of your trial subscription, the plan you choose will automatically renew and bill at then-current rates until you call SiriusXM at 1-866-635-2349 to cancel. See our Customer Agreement for complete terms at www.siriusxm.com. Fees and programming subject to change. XM satellite service is available only to those at least 18 years and older in the 48 contiguous United States and D.C. ©2013 Sirius XM Radio Inc. Sirius, XM and all related marks and logos are trademarks of Sirius XM Radio Inc.
Honda is no stranger to accolades, as a quick perusal of the automaker’s “awards and recognition” page will prove, but while sometimes those awards are for one specific model or one general feature, we here at Pacific Honda particularly enjoy the accolades that just praise a model for being top-to-bottom wonderful. Sometimes, like in the case of the Edmunds Top Rated Car Awards, we get to bask in the glow of several Honda vehicles being honored in such a way.
In a month of bests, Accord, the brand's top-selling model, finished its best July in five years, CR-V posted its best July sales ever and the all-new Fit had its best month of the year so far.
Accord had its seventh straight month above 30,000 sales with 35,073 July sales, up 11.3 percent.
CR-V, the nation's best-selling utility vehicle through June, broke a July record for the second consecutive year, bringing its year-to-date sales to 183,214, up 5.9 percent.
With dealer supplies continuing to build, the all-new 2015 Fit posted its strongest monthly sales so far this year with 5,115 units, up 1.3 percent vs. July 2013 and up 38.3 percent over June 2014 sales.
"The CR-V continues to cement its place as America's favorite and best-selling SUV with yet another record month of sales," said Jeff Conrad, Honda division senior vice president and general manager. "Combined with Accord, which is on its way to become the most popular car in the U.S. for a second straight year, Honda once again has the vehicles of choice in two of the biggest market classes."
Overall Acura sales reflect a virtual sell out of prior TL and TSX models as the company prepared for launch of the 2015 TLX line of luxury performance sedans, which is now underway nationwide. MDX, America's all-time best-selling 3-row luxury SUV, was the brand's best-selling model, besting a year-old July record.
"Our July sales were definitely impacted by a lack of sedan availability as we sold out of TSX and TL," said Mike Accavitti, Acura division senior vice president and general manager. "We're confident that the all-new TLX luxury performance sedan, arriving at dealers now, will quickly remedy the situation and drive Acura sales growth through the second half of the year."
The Odyssey received a host of powertrain, styling, interior, feature and safety equipment upgrades for the 2014 model year, including the acclaimed in-vehicle vacuum cleaner, the HondaVAC™, featured on the Odyssey Touring Elite. Other upgrades designed to meet the needs of active families included the addition of a standard 6-speed automatic transmission resulting in class-leading EPA fuel-economy ratings, enhanced safety equipment and connectivity upgrades.
The 2015 Odyssey features a 3.5-liter, 24-valve V-6 engine producing 248 hp at 5,700 rpm and 250 lb-ft of torque at 4,800 rpm. Honda's i-VTEC® enhances power delivery while Variable Cylinder Management™ (VCM®) helps maximize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The engine is paired with a 6-speed automatic transmission for EPA fuel-economy ratings of 19/28 mpg3 city/highway and California Air Resources Board (CARB) ULEV-2 emissions certification4.
The 2015 Odyssey EX, EX-L, Touring and Touring Elite models have a wiper-linked headlight system that automatically turns on the headlights when the front wipers are activated. In addition, standard one-touch turn signals provide convenience for the driver when making routine lane changes. With this system, one flick of the turn-signal lever provides three blinks of the turn signals – ideal for changing lanes. Pressing the lever past the "click point" provides continuous blinking.
A keyless entry system with push button start on EX, EX-L, Touring and Touring Elite allows the driver to approach the vehicle, open the door and start the engine – all without touching a key. The system only requires the driver have possession of the key fob. The system also simplifies opening the sliding side doors and tailgate – locking all doors when leaving the vehicle requires only touching the lock button on any door handle.
All 2015 Odyssey models and trim levels include an Expanded View Driver's Mirror. The driver's side mirror provides a 19-percent increase in visible area, offering an enhanced view of objects that might otherwise be hidden in the vehicle's blind spot. Included on Odyssey EX, EX-L and Touring models, the Honda LaneWatch™ display provides an expanded rear view of the passenger side roadway. The system uses a camera mounted on the bottom of the passenger door mirror, which when activated by the right turn signal or the signal-stalk LaneWatch™ button, displays a live, 80-degree view of the passenger-side roadway, compared to 18- to 22-degrees typical of a standard door mirror.
A rearview camera is standard on all Odyssey models. Odyssey LX, EX and EX-L models feature a single-angle "Normal View" display, while EX-L Navi, Touring and Touring Elite models have a Multi-Angle Rearview Camera with wide, normal and top-down views – all with improved optical quality. All rearview camera systems feature guidelines.
The Odyssey Touring Elite features the first minivan in-vehicle vacuum cleaner system, HondaVac™ which is designed to help families keep the minivan interior neat and clean. Engineered for dry use, the HondaVAC™ operates on the vehicle's 12-volt electrical system, and its performance easily surpasses that of a handheld rechargeable vacuums.
When paired to a compatible cellular phone, Aha™ and Pandora® interfaces are available on EX, EX-L, Touring and Touring Elite models. XM® Radio is included in EX-L, Touring and Touring Elite models, a HDD audio system comes on the EX-L Navi, Touring and Touring Elite models, and a rear DVD player is standard in EX-L RES, Touring and Touring Elite models. The Touring Elite also features HD Radio™ and new Neural 5.1 Surround™ audio.
HandsFreeLink® is included on all models, and Bluetooth® audio streaming, SMS and email functions are available with compatible smartphones. Additional features include a phonebook, call history, speed dial and contact picture. Odyssey EX, EX-L, Touring and Touring Elite include HondaLink™ featuring Aha™ which offers content from hundreds of channels through a tethered compatible smartphone.
The Odyssey utilizes the next-generation of Honda's Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body structure and makes extensive use of high-strength steel in the A-, B- and C-pillars, roof rails, floor rails, front body area, and front subframe. This results in a very strong front door opening with less chance of deformation in a frontal collision.
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Solution First, analyze the one-step mechanism: This process is analogous to the reaction frex NO and discussed in Section 15-1. inserted text 9 Sep 2003 4:48 p. 02. Shift to top right corner. Thus one formed a variational ground state of form (r1,σ2;r2,σ2) 1 ψ1s(r1 rα)ψ1s(r2 rβ) 1 A2 2SA Aψ1s(r2 rα)ψ1s(r1 rβ) χ(1,2) (8.
Grune Stratton, Orlando, FL. Line 13 resizes the vector to no coje. However, during the first five seconds a single compound, 3-phosphoglycerate, contained forfx of the radioactivity. And Voigt, W. 01 10 12 2843. 012008:0643 TECHNETIUM (99mTc) SUCCIMER INJECTION Technetii (99mTc) succimeri solutio iniectabilis DEFINITION Technetium (99mTc) succimer injection is a sterile traring of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid labelled with technetium-99m.
These characteristics of tumor cells are to be considered as interactive control boxes From: Cancer Drug Discovery and Development: Cell Cycle Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Current Strategies Edited by: A.
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