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Bay Program partners established and/or reestablished nearly 1,000 acres of wetlands between 2005 and 2006, contributing to a cumulative total of more than 11,000 acres since 1998, according to recently compiled numbers. “Established” wetlands refer to forming a wetland where there previously wasn't one, such as re-shaping an upland site to make it suitable for wetland plants. “Reestablished” wetlands are areas that were historically marshes or swamps, but have been converted to another land use, such as farming. By reestablishing the land's hydrology, a wetland can form once again. In 2000, Bay Program signatories agreed to pursue a net gain of 25,000 acres of tidal and non-tidal wetlands in the Bay watershed by 2010. These wetland acres would be gained through voluntary projects. In 2005, Bay Program partners clarified this goal to track only wetland establishment and re-establishment projects, which represent true gains in wetland acreage. One such wetland restoration project was undertaken this year by Bay Program partners Ducks Unlimited, Maryland DNR, the Maryland-DC Audubon Society, the Waterfowl Festival and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Partners for Fish & Wildlife Program. Learn more about this project, which is restoring 63 acres of wetland habitat in Bozman, Maryland. While creating and restoring over 11,000 acres of wetlands in the Bay watershed is significant, there is still much work to be done to achieve the 25,000 acre goal by 2010. Note: Not all of the wetlands counted are functional; they are present but not necessarily serving as a benefit to the bay.

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Innovation is not about having a brilliant idea and then executing it flawlessly. In fact, it is a messy, iterative, and uncertain journey as well as requires you to constantly learn and adapt. And the best way to do so is through experimentation. With experimentation, you test your innovative ideas and solutions in real-world contexts, with real users and stakeholders. This way, you collect feedback and data to inform your decisions. It helps you to validate or invalidate your assumptions and hypotheses to discover what works and what doesn’t. In this blog post, we will explore the value of experimentation in innovation and how to design and run effective experiments. Importance of Experimentation in Innovation Innovation involves finding new and better ways of doing things; experimentation facilitates this process. It allows you to test ideas, concepts, and products systematically. Computer simulation and rapid prototyping also enable faster and cheaper experimentation. This way, it reduces the risks and costs of failure. Further, experimentation increases the chances of success and accelerates the innovation cycle. Experimentation fosters a culture of curiosity, creativity, and collaboration within the organization. Along with being an innovation tool, experimentation is also a mindset. By embracing it, you foster a learning-oriented and agile organization that adapts to changing customer needs and market conditions. Needless to say, experimentation is the key to unlocking the value of innovation. How to Design and Run Effective Innovation Experiments? Generate a Hypothesis The first step in the experimentation process is generating a hypothesis. We agree it’s the most challenging step, but also the most important one. It helps in understanding what you’re trying to achieve or learn through experimentation. Further, this allows you to reflect on the problem or opportunity statement. With this data, you get a clear understanding of your goals. The next step is to start listing the assumptions and questions about the idea or solution. During the ideation process, your team brainstorms and generates multiple potential solutions for the challenges identified. Assessing these ideas enables you to identify the most critical ones to test. Then, you can turn the critical ideas into specific, measurable, and testable hypotheses that undergo experimentation. A good experiment provides valuable insights even if the outcome is negative. So it’s better not to be afraid to test even the riskiest hypothesis. You might be interested in: How You Can Tackle the 4 Most Common Innovation Risks Design your Experiment Experiment design requires you to specify the key elements essential to test your hypotheses and measure the impact of the innovation. It includes prototyping and testing ideas in a low-risk environment. The key elements of design include identifying independent and dependent variables, choosing control and confounding variables, and ensuring the validity and reliability of the experiment. The independent variables are the features of the product or service, the price, the marketing strategy, etc., that you change or manipulate. Whereas, the dependent variables are the outcomes such as customer satisfaction, retention, revenue, etc., that you can only measure. Further, control variables are the target audience, time period, location, etc., that you keep unchanged in your experiment. And, confounding variables are external events, competitors’ actions, customer preferences, etc., that you cannot control. There is also a need for a relevant and representative customer sample and accurate metrics to ensure experiment validity. To ensure reliability, standardized processes, random sampling, and objective data analysis are essential. Designing the experiment after considering these key elements provides valuable insights and evidence to streamline your innovation projects. Also read: Accelerate Your Innovation Goals with Design Thinking Conduct your Experiment Before launching the experiment and testing the ideas, it is better to ensure a clear action plan. This includes defining experiment duration, outcome metrics, and communication strategy. It sets a solid foundation for the experiment to track and evaluate outcomes effectively. While having a plan is important, it is equally important to remain flexible and be prepared to adapt to changing circumstances. Also, running an experiment involves keeping records of the assumptions, decisions, actions, and observations. Analyze your Data & Iterate Depending on the type of experiment being run, it’s important to give enough time before drawing any conclusions. This stage involves analyzing the data, which includes finding patterns, trends, and insights that validate or invalidates the hypothesis. Various tools and methods such as charts, graphs, tables, or statistical tests facilitate visualization and interpretation of the collected data. The feedback and learnings from the analysis enable experiment iteration for improving the hypothesis, design, or execution. Further, conducting experiments with different variables, conditions, or audiences allows for testing different aspects of your innovation idea. By analyzing and iterating experiments, the confidence and reliability of the results increase, which helps you achieve innovation goals. Read more: 4 Reasons Why You Need to Measure Innovation Within Your Organization Conduct Experiments with the data from the StartUs Insights Discovery Platform As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to progress, data is playing a larger role in the innovation process. The good news is that you can use data to gather insights and make informed decisions. At StartUs Insights, we develop a Discovery Platform that helps companies like yours to keep a tab on emerging startups, scaleups, and technologies that matter to you. Powered by Big Data and AI, our platform covers over 3 million startups and scaleups globally! So, what does this mean for you? - Reduce/Eliminate Manual Labour — Replace weeks of desk research with just one click. You get all the information you need on startups, scaleups, technologies, and trends, all from one single source. - Access to 100x Faster & Exhaustive Scouting — Get the best results out of over 1.8 billion data points from the WWW, startup ecosystem, databases, company aggregators, publications, research, and patents! - Deep Innovation Graph — Our proprietary and unique data in combination with our fast and exhaustive search process allows you to discover hidden diamonds long before anyone else does. - Leverage Large-scale Search Capabilities — Our highly performant search process allows you to manage even the largest queries. 1000 keywords? No problem! That is not all. We also provide you with a Trend Intelligence solution that gives you access to 29 500+ trends and technologies. This allows you to: - Anticipate Future Trends & Business Opportunities — we deploy advanced analytics to hundreds of thousands of trusted sources on startups, emerging technologies, and industry trends to provide you with accurate insights into trends impacting your industry in a short amount of time. - Stay Up to Date — Monitoring the business ecosystem continuously ensures the identification of emerging technologies, trends, and opportunities. Our service provides you with regular updates on recent developments through Trend Intelligence Reports, Innovation Maps, and Real-time Databases. Are you ready to accelerate innovation by embracing the path of experimentation? It’s a dynamic and iterative process that involves continuous learning, adaptation, and rapid feedback through experiments. Start now and unlock the potential for groundbreaking discoveries!

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What is Sampling? Suppose that you would like to know the average height of the human population. It is impossible to know this because you cannot know the height of every living human being and therefore you cannot calculate its mean. Click here to see the Average Human Height Worldwide. How is it possible to know this information? Instead of measuring the height of every human being in a given country, we measure the height of a sample taken from that country. If the sample is chosen well, then the sample represents the entire population and any calculations based on the sample can be said for the whole population – this is called inference. Population – … Census – … Sample – … Methods of Sampling Simple Random Sampling Simple random sampling is a particular kind of random sampling whereby each member has an EQUAL chance of being selected. a sampling technique whereby the population is divided into strata according to given criteria and the sample that is chosen preserves the strata proportions. a sampling technique where the sampling starting point is chosen randomly and the rest of the sample is chosen periodically thereafter. similar to stratified sampling but researchers may select the units they require from the given strata. or convenience sampling, is obtained when members from a given population are willing to participate in the investigation, such as a survey. Once you have taken a sample from a given population, you would then analyse that data you have collected and gather statistics. How you present data and interpret your findings is very important – see Data Representation & Interpretation.

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A lavishly illustrated who's who of the prehistoric world. Firefly Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals is a stunning new reference to 350 of the most amazing animals ever to have roamed the Earth. More than 1,000 full-color commissioned artworks bring the prehistoric world to vivid life and make the book exciting to look at and read. The encyclopedia covers all of the dinosaurs plus the full scope of prehistoric animals, including birds, camels, fish, reptiles, porpoises, apes and many more. Timelines, family trees and hundreds of fact boxes throughout the book will engage and inform readers. Full-bleed illustrations on every page show the prehistoric world in exciting detail. Easy-to-read text presents accurate, succinct and essential information that includes: Classification of animal groups Vertebrate characteristics Common and species names Biology, anatomy, habitats and survival skills Features on animal behavior Accurate labeled illustrations and maps. This richly illustrated, authoritative reference will capture readers' imagination and provide hours of discovery. It is ideal for home and school where it will be especially useful for reports. Are you interested in dinosaurs and how they lived? Do you want to travel the world, digging through the earth's history? Then perhaps a career in paleontology is for you! Through first-hand accounts, interviews, and case studies, you'll learn what it takes to be a paleontologist. This new and significantly updated authored dictionary is a unique glossary of paleontological terms, taxa, localities, and concepts. It focuses primarily on identifying the most significant groups of fossil animals and plants in relation to their evolution and phylogeny. It also focuses on mass extinctions, on taxa that are problematic in some significant way, on the principal fossil-Lagerstätten of the world, and on historical turning points marked by index fossils. Although there are many current resources on the subject, none contains an accurate representation of the paleontological lexicon. Although well aware that the fast-changing field of paleontology will always defy any attempt at complete description, the author has attempted to provide an accurate and comprehensive set of about 4,000 entries that will be useful to professionals as well as to general readers of scientific literature without a background in paleontology. Covers 9,850 species of birds worldwide, detailing the order, family, and the species of the genus and their general distribution, physical features, evolutionary history, classification, breeding, diet, feeding behavior, social dynamics, conservation, and relationship with humans. Includes, beginning Sept. 15, 1954 (and on the 15th of each month, Sept.-May) a special section: School library journal, ISSN 0000-0035, (called Junior libraries, 1954-May 1961). Also issued separately.

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Microwave Engineering Solved MCQs Answers 1. If the S11 and S22 parameters of a common emitter operated BJT is high… A. the gain of the amplifier is high B. then the output and input ports are matched well C. there is a mismatch in the ports D. none of the mentioned 2. If a common emitter configuration BJT is treated as a two-port network, the gain of the amplifier is roughly given by the S parameter: 3. Which of the current gain of a BJT with frequency ____________? C. remains constant 4. When transistor has a short circuit current gain of 25 and the capacitance measured in the hybrid-π model of the transistor was 60 pF. Then the threshold frequency of operation of the transistor is? A. 66.3 GHz B. 34.8 GHz C. 60 MHz D. 45.6 GHz 5. What is the Advantage of HJT over BJT is that it has…? A. sophisticated construction B. higher gain C. high frequency of operation D. none of these 6. What is the range of microwave frequencies normally regarded? A. 1000 to 10000 GHz B. 1 to 1000 MHz C. 10 to 1000 GHz D. 1 to 100 GHz 7. When Microwave band of 10.9 to 36 GHz is? 8. What is the benefit of using a microwave? A. greater transmission distances B. greater transmission distances C. more spectrum space for signals D. simpler equipment E. None of these 9. Which one of the following is not a disadvantage of microwaves? A. line of sight transmission B. higher cost equipment C. circuits are more difficult to analyze D. conventional components are not usable 10. When any device with negative impedance as its characteristic property can be called… B. Energy sink C. Energy source D. None of these 12. During transistor oscillators, FET and BJT are used. Instability is achieved through… A. Giving positive feedback B. Using a tank circuit C. Giving negative feedback D. All of the above E. None of these

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Drinking, drug use or gambling are seen as fun pursuits by many in today’s society. It is because they all affect the reward system of the user’s brain. Drinking, for example, stimulates intense pleasure and it creates a craving to repeat this particular behavior. Although many people start drinking with a feeling that it is harmless, later on, if casual drinking becomes an addiction, it becomes very dangerous. However, people can recover from addiction as long as they recognize when it becomes a problem. Recovery is often hindered by denial or lack of understanding of the characteristics of addiction. Alcoholism is defined as a chronic disorder which is characterized by dependence on alcohol. When the casual amount of alcohol consumption becomes an addiction, it displays repeated excessive use of alcohol and withdrawal symptoms on reducing intake amount. People with alcohol use disorder may not see the signs as clearly as their family and friends around them. They may need people who care about them to get involved in recognizing the symptoms and be honest about them. Here are some of the symptoms: – Not being able to limit the amount of alcohol to drink – Thinking about cutting down on the amount and not being able to do so – Spending time often drinking and recovering from drinking – Feeling cravings or urges to drink between consumptions – Failing responsibilities at work, school or home – Developing tolerance to alcohol which causes to drink more each time – Experiencing withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweating, shaking when not drinking Alcohol intoxication is a result of a certain amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The higher the alcohol in the blood, the more impaired a person will be. Alcohol intoxications can cause behavioral and mental problems, including inappropriate behavior, impaired judgment, moodiness, slow speech, impaired memory, and attention. In some cases, blackouts are very common. During alcohol withdrawals, one may experience severe sweating, shaking, rapid heartbeat, nausea, and vomiting, anxiety and even seizures. Sometimes withdrawal symptoms are severe enough that one may not function normally at work or in personal life. From psychological, social and environmental factors to genetics; many external and internal reasons cause people to drink excessively. Drinking too often can lead to rewiring in brain activities and may cause addiction due to alcohol taking over and replacing brain activity that causes pleasure. People who start drinking at an early age are at a higher risk for alcohol use disorder. People who have alcoholic parents or close relatives are always at a higher risk for this addictive behavior. Most of the time, depression or other mental illnesses may cause problems with alcohol or even other substances. Social and psychological isolation and also financial issues often put people at risk for alcohol use disorder. Addiction is a life-long disease like a heart disease or blood pressure. A person with alcohol use disorder is always at risk of relapsing. Relapse occurs when a person who recovered from alcohol addiction resumes the addictive drinking, even if once. Relapse is not failing; it should be calculated within the recovery plan. Relapse can even strengthen the recovery efforts. Learning the triggers of what causes addictive behavior can prevent relapses. For the best treatment, it is recommended to consult a medical doctor or a licensed addiction therapist. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can help people with addictions to learn about their addictive behavioral patterns and how to change them. Addiction counseling may provide group therapy or programs like 12 Steps by Alcoholics Anonymous. These groups can offer a strong support system to those who are suffering from the addiction or their family members. Medications can also help controlling alcohol cravings and reducing withdrawal symptoms. The most popular medicines for alcohol use addiction are naltrexone and benzodiazepines. Disclaimer: The comments and suggestions in this article are intended to be helpful in developing a treatment plan with the guidance of a physician. Please consult a medical doctor about which options would be best for you. Do not take any supplements or medicine without discussing the effects with your physician. The author is not responsible for any effects or the effectiveness of these treatments. Elif Angel Raynor, MS., MIBA. Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern

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Which of the following statements is true when comparing humidity levels in the Sahara desert to humidity levels in Antarctica? If the water vapor above a surface of liquid water is under saturated, which of the following is occurring? Which cloud consists only of ice crystals and forms a thin veil across the sky? Which is the correct description of a dry haze? Which of the following is true about the pressure gradient force (PGF)? Why is the moist lapse rate less than the dry lapse rate? Which of the following conditions is necessary for winds to be geostrophic? In a thermal circulation what is happening at the surface of the warm column of air? Which of the following is correct about the Coriolis effect? What does the Latin word ‘cirrus’ mean? Which kind of fog forms as warm moist air moves across a cold surface? Which of the following is the cause of sea breezes? Which of the following is true about rising air parcels as they experience lower pressures? Which mechanism of forced instability is defined as “air moving into a low pressure system causes air to rise?” On a warm summer day you see cumulus clouds form due to rising thermals from the surface. If the surface air temperature is 32°C and the dew point temperature is 20°C, what is the altitude of the cloud base? Which of the following objects has the highest saturation vapor pressure, thus making it most difficult for it to grow in size when in the presence of the others? Which form of precipitation is observed if a thick layer of warm air (above freezing) is placed over a thick layer of cold air (below freezing)? Drizzle consists of small water droplets falling from nimbostratus clouds. Halos are the result of light refracting through ice crystals. The abbreviation for cumulonimbus is Cn. Air flow around a low pressure system is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The 500 mb pressure level in a warm column of air will occur at a greater altitude than in a cold column of air. Water condenses on the side of a glass of ice water because the glass’s temperature is below the dew point temperature. Relative humidity is highest in the afternoon when the air temperature is highest.

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Standards with the same topic and subject but for other grades Identify different types of scales as instruments to measure weight. Identify a ruler as an instrument to measure length. The student will identify the instruments used to measure length (ruler), weight (scale), time (clock: digital and analog; calendar: day, month, and season), and temperature (thermometer). Balances are appropriate measuring devices to measure weight in U.S. Customary units (ounces, pounds) and mass in metric units (grams, kilograms). Identify an appropriate measuring tool for a given unit of measure. Identify different types of clocks (analog and digital) as instruments to measure time. Identify different types of thermometers as instruments used to measure temperature. U.S. Customary units for measurement of length include inches, feet, yards, and miles. Appropriate measuring devices include rulers, yardsticks, and tape measures. Understand how to select a measuring device and unit of measure to solve problems involving measurement. Metric units for measurement of length include millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers. Appropriate measuring devices include centimeter rulers, meter sticks, and tape measures.

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What are cookies? A cookie is a text file that is installed on your computer, tablet, smartphone or mobile device by a website’s server when you consult a website. The cookie contains a unique code which makes it possible for your browser to be recognized when you visit the website once (“session” cookies), which are temporary; or during subsequent, repeated visits (“permanent” cookies). Session cookies are active only during the time that you visit the website and are deleted when you close your browser. Permanent or tracking cookies remain on your hard drive when you leave the website, until you manually delete them or until the browser deletes them after a certain time. Cookies can be installed by the server of the website you visit or by partners of that website. A website’s server can only read the cookies it has installed itself, and has no access to other information found on your computer or mobile device. Cookies are stored in the folder of your browser on your computer or mobile device. A cookie usually consists of the name of the server that placed the cookie, an expiry date, and a unique number code. Cookies generally make the interaction between the visitor and the website faster and easier, and help the visitor navigate between the different parts of a website. Cookies can also be used to make the content or advertisement on a website more relevant for the visitor, and can be adapted to his personal taste and needs. Most browsers are set so that they accept the cookies used on our websites. However, you can adjust the parameters of your browser to turn off these cookies. If you disable cookies it is possible that certain websites will not be displayed correctly or that some applications cannot be used. Cookies used on Be-Mobile’s websites Different kinds of cookies are used on Be-Mobile’s websites. - Necessary cookies: these cookies are indispensable for visiting our websites and using certain parts of the websites. For instance, they allow you to navigate between the different parts of the website, or fill in forms. Even when you log in with your personal account, e.g. on the demo-zone, these cookies are needed to check your identity in a secure way before you are granted access to your personal data. If you refuse these cookies, certain parts of the website will not work, or will not work optimally. - Functional cookies: functional cookies are cookies that make it easier for our websites to work, making them more pleasant for visitors, and ensure that you have a more personalized browsing experience. For example, these cookies can remember your language choice, or your user name, so you will not need to enter your login information again. You can refuse the installation of cookies via your browser settings. You can also remove cookies already installed on your computer or mobile device at any time.

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The plot of william golding's novel lord of the flies suggests that golding supports the biblical idea that every human is born tainted with evil, and that men are. Premise of a civilization motive in the lord of the flies, a novel by william golding of world war, were jack symbols evil and ralph symbols the civilization. William golding was born on september 19, 1911, in cornwall, england of the novel claimed that lord of the flies dramatizes the history of civilization. Lord of the flies study guide contains a biography of william golding, golding's emphasis on the negative consequences of savagery can be the rift between civilization and savagery is also communicated through the novel's the far more realistic premise that a passing ship will be attracted by the. A summary of themes in william golding's lord of the flies throughout the novel, golding associates the instinct of civilization with good and the instinct of. ‚lord of the flies' – a great example for natural resource use & social on the outstanding novel with the same title by william golding (1983 i focus on three distinct motives from the storyline of the movie to make that clear. Get an answer for 'why did william golding write lord of the flies' and find homework help for other william golding questions at enotes civilization, in a well-populated and highly regulated nation-state, is the more write a paragraph that best explains the symbolic meaning of the conch shell in the novel, lord. A teacher's guide to lord of the flies by william golding 2 table of of “ civilization” is called into question golding's novel and favorite contemporary titles what is happening in the text (plot) thoughts and motivations the second. Students read and discuss william golding's classic novel lord of the flies along with order vs chaos (or civilization vs savagery), loss of innocence, christianity those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme. Everything you ever wanted to know about sam and eric in lord of the flies, written by by william golding for most of the novel, the boys are simply samneric surrounded by jack's gang, they protest out of the heart of civilization.

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The rule's of society, what is acceptable and what is not acceptable in and outside the home. A number of key process affect how well we relate to others and how well we fit into our family and social worlds. Before we look at the stage's in social and emotional development we need to think about how important bonding and attachment self concept, personal identity and confidence are from the very beginning. Attachment and bonding: The development of deep feeling's between parent's or carer's and their children come's about through a process of bonding and attachment. This attachment is helped in the early months by a number of thing's including. The television show, Full House, presents an extended family unlike the ideal family. The household includes a widowed father, his daughters, his brother-in-law and a friend. Although this family is not the “typical” family, it is just as strong, if not stronger, as any other family. This is much like Guthrie’s family that is presented in Plainsong. Guthrie is left to take on both the role of the mother and father. There are a lot of different challenges which these families have to deal with, for example learning a new language or getting used to different food habits, and last but not least homesickness. Consequently, immigrants have to assimilate into the new nation and obviously, younger generations are more flexible to do so than older ones. An argument for this is illustrated by the varieties of speech; the first generation of immigrants learns the new language as a second one but keeps their mother tongue. The following generation is already bilingual and most of the times, the third generation has already forgotten its original mother In sociological terms, however, individual career development is also a product of the constraints on and barriers to choices that individuals might prefer to make. Such constraints can occur because of limitations on individual choice that arise from political conditions or from economic circumstances. Sociological effects on choice also can be seen in family and cultural influences. Families with differing educational and socioeconomic backgrounds tend to reinforce different educational and occupational goals and belief systems related to career choice. Nations and cultural groups also differ in how particular types of education, work, or family roles are valued, and these perceptions tend to be internalized by group members and reflected in their choices. Planning for the future of the disabled is an exhausting necessity. There are numerous agencies to help ease the stress of estate planning for the disabled. Disabled Child, Aging Parents, Uncertain Future “Your child is disabled,” is a sentence foreign to many. But for those whom have experienced a doctor’s diagnosis in which their child’s name and disability are in the same sentence, life changes. A parent’s role is to take care of their children until they are old enough to take care of themselves. Unit 301 Principles of communication in adult social care settings. 1.1 : People communicate for a variety of different reasons. These can be to express our desires and wishes or express our emotions. We also communicate to survive, to form relationships, socially interact and to share ideas. 1.2 : Communication can affect relationships in a variety of ways. Together, these changes contribute to advances in one’s identity. Many aspects of the life course that were once socially structured such as marriage, parenthood, religious beliefs, and career paths are increasingly left to individual decision. Emerging adults play a more active role in their own development than at any earlier time. As they explore, they often face disappointments in love and work that require them to adjust, and sometimes change, their life path. It is therefore important an individual has social support to foster resilience. Family is defined differently depending on the culture one associates the term with. Within in different cultures are different roles for each family member as well. Perhaps some of the proudest family roles come from the Japanese, American, and Mexican cultures. While family roles are similar among these three cultures, the family roles and interpretations are different, due to the evolution of then nuclear family. According to Barbara Miller, the nuclear family defined refers a domestic unit containing one adult couple married or partners, with or without children (2007 p. 218). What defines a family in our modern world? Traditionally it was comprised of blood relatives who often lived together and took care of one another, two or three generations living under the same roof. In the latter part of the twentieth century the family unit started to change. In today’s modern world with its unprecedented mixing of cultures, family units can be made up of unrelated people who sometimes don’t even share the same ethnicity or cultural background. In “Who’s Irish” the traditional roles, such as child, parent, grandparent, and wife are modified to reflect society’s modern, changing dynamic, but tensions associated with cultural/racial discrimination, generational differences, and women’s changing roles come to the surface. Upon the leaving of Jason, Kay and Arnold have begun to experience issues with intimacy and communication. They have chosen to seek outside help to deal with these issues as well as personal issues of loneliness and inadequacy. Identification of stage of development: Both Kay and Arnold lay within many family stages that transition back and forth within their cycle. This statement is supported by the two basic concepts within Family Life Cycle theory which looks at the life cycle by way of emotional and intellectual stages that one must go through and the developmental tasks that enhance level of responsibility during these stages. To be successful throughout these cycles, family members need to adapt and change to ensure survival of the family.

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Human beings have a broad range of memory which enables them to think. The thought process is categorized in various activities. Cognitive processes refer to the act of cognitive activity movement or processing that usually affects the mental contents of an individual (Rodriguez-Lopez, Hill, Hischke, Penã, & Zavala, 2009). Cryptomnesia often represents a type of intriguing mental illusion whereby people usually mistakenly believe that they have produced new and original idea when the reality is that they have simply retrieved a previous, old and outdated idea from memory. Therefore, the paper will focus on defining the term “cryptomnesia” with examples and explaining how inadvertent plagiarism occurs using Johnson’s source monitoring framework. Also, it summarizes and evaluates the findings of three different research articles, which have investigated cryptomnesia. It also describes three factors of false memory as well as the likely effects of inadvertent plagiarism with the evidence and suggests the techniques that can be used by students to minimize the risk of cryptomnesia when writing assignments. Basically, cryptomnesia is memory bias variety, when a person sometimes remembers false memories, thoughts of ideas, generating not intentionally. Cryptomnesia happens when a memory does not recognize past ideas (Lim, 2016). Under the cognitive process, thinking is mediated and generalized knowledge of objective reality. This process can be entirely called highly informative because thinking promotes the generation of new knowledge creation. On the other hand, various violations of the cognitive process, such as cryptomnesia, underlie a considerable number of the mental disorders (Lim, 2016). For example, the plagiarizer recreates the idea, which were invented earlier. However, he or she believes that the concept was firstly created. To avoid cryptomnesia, students, authors, and all people who do writing should be held accountable for their work (Strasberg, 2013). According to Mitchell and Johnson (2006), the source of monitoring framework explains how inadvertent plagiarism occurs due to the mental experiences attributed to source categories like false memory, perception, imagination, dreaming, and beliefs. The authors have pointed out that phenomena of false consciousness that lead to the occurrence of plagiarism arise when images, feelings, and thoughts from a particular source are attributed to another source. It occurs due to the mental event that has features source other than its original and actual source or due to the test situation that may discourage careful monitoring of the source. For example, the attribution may be made in a hurry while at that time the attention is focused on a different aspect of performance task, or at times, the situation may create a bias attribute. According to Mitchell and Johnson (2006), it similarly occurs because images and thoughts may come to mind associated with the source’s particular features that are not realistic and make the source unreliable. In their article about cryptomnesia, Gingerich and Dodson (2013) analyzed that cryptomnesia phenomenon happens in the individual’s life as he/she performs different types of activities. They perform determination of a personal work’s originality and inadvertent plagiarism in the evaluation as well as the accuracy of what could have happened to introduce an error in the activities. The article regularly monitors the source of error, which the authors described in the experimentation of laboratory research studies. False statements are also more spread out among ideas originally suggested by persons of the same gender, probably because the perceptual similarity of oneself with a person of the same sex enhances the confusion of the source. According to the article research of George (2016), the term “cryptomnesia” means generating an idea, song, a solution to the problem, or a word with the belief that it is either at least original or unique in the present context. The aim of the study was to prove, that the coincidence of the idea in time is also necessary. The findings showed that if another person issues an idea just before the person creates the sense, the concept of the other has a high chance of being claimed as someone’s own. Apparently, that happens because the person is too busy preparing for the own turn for accurate tracking of the source of information. The conclusions of the study showed that in reality, the item in the subject is not original, but someone has reproduced it at an earlier time. The research article by Maina and Jauro (2014) shows how a crisis of cryptomnesia usually occurs. It can happen when a memory of the person appears again without recognition by the individual believing that he creates something new and original. The aim of the study was to find out that cryptomnesia is a kind of memory impairment in which a person can not remember when there was a particular event, in a dream or reality. The conclusions of the findings showed that the source the memorized information is always forgotten. However, some factors affect the likelihood that inadvertent plagiarism will occur and evidence that suggests the following. First, students doing assignments might be tempted to finish their task by copying someone else’s work (Dow, 2015). The second common factor is that much of what the writer owns, particularly discourse and sociocultural knowledge, exists in an unofficial way. For example, ideas about the order of words in a sentence, just like cultural baggage, can be familiar to consumers of one discourse. They use this knowledge freely, unconsciously. However, unconscious copying can also concern specific citations, facts, and arguments, which are the forms of subject-specific. When this happens, a person is accused of plagiarism. With this factor, cryptomnesia can lead to plagiarism if the author does not recognize the fact of borrowing from earlier sources. This affects the likelihood that inadvertent plagiarism will occur (Foos & Keeling, 2015). The third factor is the act of copying published information into an individual paper without quoting the source of the original work (Dow, 2015). This happens with the aim of claiming that the information was their own. Also, a written material may be turned in by another student. Students are at risk of cryptomnesia when writing assignments, especially when they are of young age. It is connected with a fact that young people, of the age of twelve, for instance, have more unstable psychology which is easier to influence. Students of this age have an ability to absorb every information with which they are facing. There is also a suggestion that the wide usage of social media has a significant impact on it: students read and consume dozens of information, sometimes, even unconsciously, while scrolling the news feed (“Cryptomnesia: It’s All Social Media’s Fault” 2012). Without paying much attention at a certain informative post, the subconscious of a person absorbs this information, which a person may recall in a while without knowing that he/she has already read it. Also, it may happen when there are no clear instructions on an appropriate attribution source and when students are not properly guided through the process of revising and writing their original work (Ferrero, Agnes, Besacier, & Schwab, 2017). Another phenomenon which may serve as an explanation for cryptomnesia among the students of twelve may be connected with false memory. This notion implies the process of remembering something when in fact a person has not faced with the information. In fact, people “tend to retrieve the most accessible information, even if false” (LaBier, 2016). This is also the result of circulation of the vast amount of information. The brain of a young person may become confused, because it is difficult to differentiate what was real and what was the result of brain activity which made some logical conclusions from different informational sources. The described cases of plagiarism and explanations of the ways of avoiding it by students during their course work research projects may assist in preparing a plagiarism-free work (Shiga, 2016). In most cases, an individual plagiarizes some information if he or she does not remember how it came into the mind and believed that the data is new; however, in reality, it is not original because someone else has produced it previously. All students are supposed to learn how to prepare and do original work. This will enhance their responsibility and will help them avoid plagiarism. However, the techniques to minimize the menace such as accountability and monitoring should similarly apply. Baugh, A. B. (2013). I truly thought I’d come up with that: The effects of aging on unconscious plagiarism. Cryptomnesia: It’s All Social Media’s Fault. (2012). Defriendingtechnology.wordpress.com. Retrieved 28 April 2017, from https://defriendingtechnology.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/cryptomnesia-its-all-social-medias-fault-3/. Dow, G. T. (January 01, 2015). Do cheaters never prosper? The impact of examples, expertise, and cognitive load on cryptomnesia and inadvertent self-plagiarism of creative tasks. Creativity Research Journal, 27, 1, 47-57. Ferrero, J., Agnes, F., Besacier, L., & Schwab, D. (2017). Compiling at Semeval-2017 Task 1: Cross-language plagiarism detection methods for semantic textual similarity. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv: 1704.01346. Foley, M. A., Fried, A. R., Cowan, E., & Bays, R. B. (2014). Collaborative encoding and memory accuracy: Examining the effects of interactive components of co-construction processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(1), 25. Foos, A., Keeling, K., & Keeling, D. (January 01, 2015). Source misattribution for the sake of attitude change: A conceptualization of the role of social identity in inducing dissociative processing. George, D. J. (2016). Finding their ground: Nigerian Nursing students’ perceptions of plagiarism (Doctoral dissertation). Gingerich, A. C., & Dodson, C. S. (2013). Sad mood reduces inadvertent plagiarism: Effects of affective state on source monitoring in cryptomnesia. Motivation and Emotion, 37(2), 355-371. Hollins, T. J., Lange, N., Berry, C. J., & Dennis, I. (2016). Giving and stealing ideas in memory: Source errors in recall are influenced by both early-selection and late-correction retrieval processes. LaBier, D. (2016). New Research Shows Why People Believe False Information. Retrieved 28 April 2017, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-new-resilience/201612/new-research-shows-why-people-believe-false-information. Lim, B. H. P. (2016). A PTSD analogue study: Investigating the roles of memory and metamemory in trauma-related outcomes (Doctoral Dissertation, Northern Illinois University). Maina, A., Maina, M., & Jauro, S. (2014). Plagiarism: A perspective from a case of a Northern Nigerian University. International Journal of Information Research and Review, 1(12), 225-230. Rodriguez-Lopez, O., Hill, Z., Hischke, J., Penã, J. A., & Zavala, C. B. (2009). Cryptomnesia. S.L.: Rodriguez Lopez. Shiga, J. (2016). Copying machines. Unconscious musical plagiarism and the mediatization of listening and memory. Transposition. Musique et Sciences Sociales, (6). Strasberg, M. (2013). Wait … have I seen this before: The effects of aging and distraction on unconscious plagiarism.

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As we’ve discussed in the context of metamorphism, Earth’s internal temperature increases with depth. However, as shown in Figure 9.2.1 (right), that rate of increase is not linear. The temperature gradient is around 15° to 30°C per kilometre within the upper 100 kilometres; it then drops off dramatically through the mantle, increases more quickly at the base of the mantle, and then increases slowly through the core. The temperature is around 1000°C at the base of the crust, around 3500°C at the base of the mantle, and around 5,000°C at Earth’s centre. The temperature gradient within the lithosphere (upper 100 kilometres) is quite variable depending on the tectonic setting. Gradients are lowest in the central parts of continents, higher in the vicinity of subduction zones, and higher still at divergent boundaries. Figure 9.2.1 (left) shows a typical temperature curve for the upper 500 kilometres of the mantle in more detail, along with the melting curve for dry mantle rock. (Mantle rock will melt under conditions to the right of the dashed red line.) In general the mantle is not molten because the temperature lies to the left of the melting curve, but within the depth interval between 100 and 250 kilometres the temperature curve comes very close to the melting boundary for dry mantle rock. At these depths, therefore, mantle rock is either very nearly melted or partially melted. In some situations, where extra heat is present and the temperature line crosses over the melting line, or where water is present, it may be completely molten. This region of the mantle—the asthenosphere—is also known as the low-velocity zone because seismic waves are slowed within rock that is near its melting point. Below 250 kilometres the temperature stays on the left side of the melting line; in other words, the mantle is solid from here all the way down to the D” layer near the core-mantle-boundary. The fact that the temperature gradient is much less in the main part of the mantle than in the lithosphere has been interpreted to indicate that the mantle is convecting, and therefore that heat from depth is being brought toward the surface faster than it would be with only heat conduction. As we’ll see in Chapter 10, a convecting mantle is an key feature of plate tectonics. The convection of the mantle is a product of the upward transfer of heat from the core to the lower mantle. As in a pot of soup on a hot stove (Figure 9.2.2), the material near the heat source becomes hot and expands, making it lighter than the material above. The force of buoyancy causes it to rise, and cooler material flows in from the sides. The mantle convects in this way because the heat transfer from below is not perfectly even, and also because, even though mantle material is solid rock, it is sufficiently plastic to slowly flow (at rates of centimetres per year) as long as a steady force is applied to it. As in the soup pot example, Earth’s mantle will no longer convect once the core has cooled to the point where there is not enough heat transfer to overcome the strength of the rock. This has already happened on smaller planets like Mercury and Mars, as well as on Earth’s Moon. Why is the inside of the Earth hot? The heat of Earth’s interior comes from two main sources, each contributing about 50% of the heat. One of those is the frictional heat left over from the collisions of large and small particles that created Earth in the first place, plus the subsequent frictional heat of redistribution of material within Earth by gravitational forces (e.g., sinking of iron to form the core). The other source is radioactivity, specifically the spontaneous radioactive decay of the isotopes 235U, 238U, 40K, and 232Th, which are primarily present in the mantle. As shown on Figure 9.2.3, the total heat produced that way has been decreasing over time (because these isotopes are getting used up), and is now roughly 25% of what it was when Earth formed. This means that Earth’s interior is slowly becoming cooler. - Figures 9.1.1, 9.1.2: © Steven Earle. CC BY. - Figure 9.1.3: © Steven Earle. CC BY. Based on R. Arevalo, W. McDonough, M. Luong, , The K/U ratio of Earth: insights into mantle composition, structure and thermal evolution, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, V 278, p. 361-369, 2009.

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Social-Emotional Learning Facilitator Training Guide Upon completing the facilitator training, facilitators will be able to: 1) Understand the importance of social emotional learning for children affected by crisis 2) Use the social emotional learning tools effectively. 3) Design active and fun learning activities for students to build their social and emotional skills. 4) Develop social and emotional skills in children through active-learning strategies, modeling social and emotional skills, and responding to their students’ needs, 5) Demonstrate effective use of the SEL weekly lesson plan format. The proposed SEL training schedule is for 3 days with 6.5 hours of content each day totaling 19.5 hours of training. The schedule can accommodate 1.5 hours for lunch and tea breaks for a total of 8 hours per day.

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The Science Behind Aircraft Flight The power of flight has inspired us since we first saw birds flying in the sky. However, the physics behind flight eluded us for millennia. Today, we have mathematics to describe the principles behind this phenomenon, and it no longer confuses and eludes us. Instead, we're constantly finding new ways to push flight to the limits, and we have several major types of aircrafts. Each craft has its own method of flight and thus a different mathematical background, yet they all achieve flight! Airplanes can be placed in two major categories: jet planes and propeller planes. They both work in the same way; however, there are some minor differences that apply to their overall aerodynamic design. Airplanes achieve flight by using lift, drag, thrust and weight. They use a specially designed wing to generate high pressure below the craft and low pressure above it. By using a mechanism to generate thrust, such as a propeller, the wing gets enough airflow past it to overcome the weight and drag of the aircraft. Weight is caused by gravity, and it pulls down on the aircraft; drag is produced by the friction created by the air particles passing Helicopters use the same design principle as planes do, but in a different way. Instead of having wings on the side of the craft and a propeller in the front, the helicopter has a directional rotor on the top. The pilot has to learn how to angle the rotor in order to alter how it generates lift and thrust. If the rotor is angled down, the helicopter will move forward. Angling it in an upward motion will cause the helicopter to fly backwards. Right and left motions go in their respective directions. All helicopters require a stabilizing rotor on the wing to prevent them from spinning in circles. By adding another rotor the pilot can chose to yaw left or right, while the pitch and roll are controlled by the main rotor. Out of all the different types of aircrafts, rockets are by far the easiest to understand how flight is achieved. However, the actual mechanisms are difficult to replicate on a large scale. If a rocket is going to be designed to transport a human to space, it must be very aerodynamic in design so as to decrease the amount of drag it encounters in flight. It also must have enough thrust to break Earth's atmosphere; otherwise, the rocket would be incapable of storing necessary equipment onboard. Additionally, to prevent the rocket from spiraling out of control it must have stabilizer wings placed in the correct position, which depends on the weight distribution of the rocket. A huge amount of thrust is required, backed by a stable source of fuel, if the craft is going to make it into space. Although many people confuse the two aircrafts, there is a definite difference between a blimp and a zeppelin. The latter is a rigid aircraft that uses a sturdy ribcage to retain its shape. In contrast, a blimp uses gases that are lighter than air, like helium or hydrogen, to inflate the material that it's designed out of. Because the gases that both zeppelins and blimps use are lighter than air, they naturally want to rise above heavier gases, like oxygen and nitrogen. Think of a submarine toy that's placed under water. If you trap air in the toy before submerging it, the submarine will push through the water as the air tries to escape. When it reaches the surface it just sits at the top. In the case of a blimp, the weight prevents the craft from sitting on top of the air; it is propelled from the rear by a propeller and the yaw is controlled by a rudder near the propeller. To visualize the way a kite works, think of a giant wing. Unfortunately, their design makes it very difficult to control them if there is an insufficient amount of air flow surrounding the craft. Stabilizing strings are used to influence the direction the wing takes, and the kite depends on the wind for thrust. Because of this, it has to be constructed out of light enough materials that it remains in flight, but strong enough in design so that it doesn't break under the force of the wind. The tail end of the kite is used for drag, and without it the kite would not work properly; it would be unable to generate lift. Hot Air Balloons Hot air balloons were one of the first flying machines invented, and in many ways they are the most primitive air craft we still use – aside from the kite. The balloon is used to hold hot air and prevent it from escaping. It gets its shape from effectively holding the circulating air inside. When the hot air reaches the top of the balloon, it cools down. This causes the air to fall back to the bottom of the balloon, where it's heated up again from the heat source. Hot air rises, and the only way to bring the balloon back down is to shut off the heat source or allow the hot air to escape the balloon. The former method is not recommended. Controllable flaps are used to let the hot air out. Unfortunately, there is no way to steer the balloon, which means calm, cool weather offers the best flying conditions. General Aircraft Science

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Explain how the evolution of Earth has been driven by interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Earth and Space Sciences Earth Structure, Processes and Cycles No resources have been tagged as aligned with this standard. Describe the absolute and relative dating methods used to measure geologic time, such as index fossils, radioactive dating, law of superposition, and crosscutting relationships. Classify Earth’s internal and external sources of energy such as radioactive decay, gravity, and solar energy. Interpret geological evidence supporting evolution. Apply knowledge of radioactive decay to assess the age of various earth features and objects.

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Masks made ‘little to no difference’ to Covid infection or death rates, according to one of the most comprehensive meta-analyses of face coverings. The research – carried out by the Cochrane Institute, the ‘gold standard’ of evidence-based reviews – looked at 78 global studies involving over a million people. Results indicated that surgical masks reduced the risk of catching ‘Covid or a flu-like illness’ by just five percent – a figure so low it may not be statistically significant. The researchers said harms caused by masks – including hampering children’s schooling – were poorly measured in the studies, meaning any small benefit on infection rates may be outweighed. Professor Francois Balloux, a professor of computational biology at University College London, who was not part of the analysis, said it showed that the benefit of wearing masks is ‘at best small’. In total, the researchers looked at 78 studies involving more than a million people across the world. Results indicated that surgical masks reduced the risk of catching ‘Covid or a flu-like illness’ by just five percent – a figure so low it may not be statistically significant While initially viewed as a virus prevention measure, masks have become a prominent symbol of the Covid culture wars in the US. Officials issued mixed messages about their effectiveness at the beginning of the pandemic. Studies that came later failed to show definitively that masks prevented Covid — yet millions of Americans were forced to abide by mandates. Some of the researchers involved in the Cochrane review previously analyzed the evidence on masks in November 2020. That review was criticized because it did not include any studies from the Covid pandemic due to limited research at the time. A separate Danish study in the spring of 2020 with over 6,000 participants found that wearing a mask made no statistical difference to whether or not people got Covid. But its researchers struggled to find a prominent journal willing to publish the results. The Cochrane researchers updated their review with 11 additional studies involving more than 600,000 people, bringing the total number of studies to 78. The analysis was published this week in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews journal. Some of the additional studies looked at Covid, while others were conducted before the pandemic and looked at flu and other respiratory illnesses. They included Covid pandemic trials – two from Mexico and one each from England, Norway, and Bangladesh, plus the Danish study. The researchers only added randomized controlled trials (RCTs) looking at the effect of physical interventions to protect against illness, including mask-wearing. RCTs are the optimal method to prevent systematic differences between participants affecting results. In RCT studies, the mask and control groups are randomly chosen from the same eligible population. The main outcomes the Cochrane researchers measured were the number of flu- and Covid-like illness cases and any adverse events that came about from the intervention. The Cochrane researchers calculated risk ratios relating to mask-wearing. A value of below one indicates the intervention improved the outcome and a value above one shows it made it worse. The nearer to one the risk ratio value is, the less of an effect it had. The researchers noted a high risk of bias in the studies and a ‘relatively low adherence with the interventions’, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. But Professor Balloux tweeted: ‘Cochrane reviews are the “gold standard” in evidence-based medicine. ‘They follow a rigorous methodology and only consider high-quality evidence. As such, the review included a limited number of studies and has moderate power to detect small effects. ‘Irrespective of the limitations of the study, its results indicate that the true impact of medical/surgical masks and N95/P2 respirators on the transmission of respiratory viruses is at best small.’ To compare the effect of masks on preventing the spread of Covid and flu, the Cochrane researchers looked at 12 trials — two in healthcare workers and 10 in the community. They found that in the community, wearing a face mask reduced the risk of catching either flu or Covid-like illness by five percent. The study suggested that there is actually a one percent increased risk of testing positive if you wore a mask, but the margins are too small to say this for certain. The team said both these results were ‘moderate certainty evidence’. They also looked the effect of higher grade masks such as N95s compared to standard surgical masks but were less sure of their impact. The CDC only recommended that people wear N95s two years into the pandemic. This part of the analysis looked at five studies — four in healthcare workers and one in households — with 16,000 participants in total. They found that wearing a mask reduced chances of clinical respiratory illness by 30 percent. But Professor Carl Heneghan, of the University of Oxford, who was an unlisted author on the paper, recognized that ‘harms were rarely measured and poorly reported’, meaning it was ‘very low‐certainty evidence’. N95 masks are even more uncomfortable than surgical masks because of their thick material and tight fit. Nurses who wore them for long periods of time during the pandemic reported cuts and scarring on their faces as a result. But this also makes them better at preventing infections than regular surgical masks, which are too porous to block microscopic viral particles passing through. The debate around masks first turned sour in 2020 when health officials flip-flopped on their effectiveness. Then-NIAID director Dr Anthony Fauci said in 2020 that masks were ‘not providing the perfect protection that people think that it is’. He later suggested people should wear masks as a mark of ‘respect’ for others, and admitted to lying to the public about masks’ effectiveness to prevent panic buying and preserve masks for healthcare workers. The CDC website currently states that masks can help protect the wearer and others from Covid. The agency is still recommending Americans wear masks in places with high transmission levels, such as on public transport. Critics of masks claim they have hindered communication and children’s development and progress at school. Rises in RSV and flu this winter were partly attributed to face-covering mandates because they prevented children from gaining natural immunity to other illnesses. Read more at DailyMail.co.uk

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Word Document File Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing. This multiple choice grammar test includes 100 questions. The pre-test includes 50 questions, and the post-test includes 50 questions. The grammar assessment includes standard concepts that high school students should know. ★ Parts of speech ★ Parts of a sentence ★ Phrases (gerund, infinitive, participial, prepositional, appositive) ★ Dependent and independent clauses ★ Types of sentences (sentence structure for simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex) ★ Common writing errors (subject-verb agreement, pronoun problems) An answer key is included, and this grammar test is completely editable. These grammar tests are part of the Grammar Curriculum Bundle: Parts of Speech, Verbals, Types of Sentences, & More

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Unlike most animals, guinea pigs have very endearing sounds and they all mean different things. It is important to understand what your guinea pig is saying so that you can determine whether they are happy, sad, stressed or upset. Or perhaps something is wrong and you need to get it checked over by the vet. Guinea pig noises are basically- wheeking, burbling, rumbling, teeth chattering and in very rare cases, chirping. Every guinea pig owner knows the demanding sound of a guinea pig squeaking for his tea! Most guinea pigs will learn when it is veggie time and start wheeking very loudly for food. This noise is used mainly to get the “human slave’s” attention, or to call out to other guinea pigs in the room. It is the loudest out of all the sounds that you will hear from your guinea pig. Otherwise known as purring. Guinea pigs make this low, contented burble when they are especially happy or relaxed. Rumblestrutting is a dominance behavior involving the swaying of the hips, stiffening, and a vibrating noise. When guinea pigs are angry or annoyed, they chatter their teeth! Two or more pigs that don’t get along may both chatter at each other before a fight. Chirping sounds exactly like a bird and is a very rare sound that can’t be heard very often. In fact, it is so rare that many people get a shock when they hear it for the first time. I thought there was a bird in the room when I first heard it! Nobody knows exactly why some guinea pigs do this, perhaps they are extremely happy! Now you know what your guinea pigs are saying!

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3 edition of Our own school arithmetic found in the catalog. Our own school arithmetic |Statement||by S. Lander| |Series||Selected Americana from Sabin"s Dictionary of books relating to America, from its discovery to the present time -- 38833| |The Physical Object| |Pagination||vi, 223 p.| |Number of Pages||223| There is a new and increasing emphasis on the importance of teaching arithmetical skills in primary schools. This text outlines what is meant by arithmetic and enables trainee teachers to build their own confidence in teaching arithmetic. It covers all aspects of arithmetic including recall of number facts and traditional pen and paper methods. Free online 1st grade books! Teachers use our high quality, affordable books in o schools. Parents love our "Learn to Read" collections for kids. Basic Arithmetic - Chapter Summary and Learning Objectives. During this chapter, our instructors will teach you the basic operations used when performing arithmetic. Arithmetic is most probably one of the first few subjects that you learned at school. It deals with numbers and numerical computation. It is the foundation for studying other branches of mathematics. Topics in Arithmetic include whole numbers, place values, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, factoring, fractions, decimals. Excellent arithmetic skills (developed through consistent practice) can play a key part in helping pupils succeed in the KS2 SATs. Here are our insights into why arithmetic matters, plus tips on how your class can practise their arithmetic skills daily to achieve success in SATs – not just in the arithmetic paper but for the reasoning papers too! - Old school reading book schemes from schools in 50's, 60's, 70's and 80's. See more ideas about School reading, School books, Books pins. Some milling parameters in particular of rubber mixes. green revolution and the growth of the informal sector in Bangladesh The ghost on the ramparts, and other essays in the humanities Room to Spare But Nowhere to Go Children and youth at the midcentury. Garfield cooks up trouble The passing show Approaches to pest management in museums. The lean belly prescription theory, significance and prevention of corrosion in aircraft. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Our Own School Arithmetic ISBN Isbn at the best online. Genre/Form: Early works Early works to Additional Physical Format: Online version: Lander, S. (Samuel), Our own school arithmetic. Greensboro, N.C. COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this ’s WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle. item 1 Our Own School Arithmetic (English) Hardcover Book Free Shipping. 1 - Our Own School Arithmetic (English) Hardcover Book Free Shipping. $ Free shipping. About this item. Condition. Brand New. Quantity. 1 available. Format. Hardcover. EAN. Publication Year. ISBN. Our newfound freedom from the chore of hand computation makes it both possible and, Paul Lockhart argues in this wonderful new book, desirable to step back and reflect on the entire development of arithmetic over several millennia/5(34). software All software latest This Just In Old School Emulation MS-DOS Games Historical Software Classic PC Games Software Library. Internet Arcade. Top Kodi Archive and Support File Community Software Vintage Software APK MS-DOS CD-ROM Software CD-ROM Software Library. Full text of "Our own school arithmetic". Our own school arithmetic Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. EMBED. EMBED (for hosted blogs and item tags) Want more. Advanced embedding details, examples, and help. No_Favorite. share Pages: School Arithmetics by George Wentworth and David Smith is a series of math books written in for the elementary years. The series has been favorably compared to the Practical Arithmetics series by Strayer-Upton that has found a resurgence in some homeschool Arithmetics is in the public domain and free. An effort has been made to avoid. This is an old rare copy of a nonfiction Mathematics text book called Grammar School ARithmetic, copyrighthard cover, no dust jacket, written by David Eugene Smith. The book is in fair condition with some bumped corners and edge wear, previous owners name written on first end page, pages browning due to aging, 2 pages are becoming loose. Condition means everything in a book’s value. A book that has significant damage is likely not worth much. A book collector wants an attractive copy. Dust jackets. Most hard cover books published since the early 20th century were sold with a dust jacket. The dust jacket is both the most decorative part of a book, and the most delicate. “As to the need of improvement there can be no question whilst the reign of Euclid continues. My own idea of a useful course is to begin with arithmetic, and then not Euclid but algebra. Next, not Euclid, but practical geometry, solid as well as plane; not demonstration, but to make not Euclid, but elementary vectors, conjoined with algebra, and applied to. Activities for Junior High School and Middle School Mathematics: Readings from the Arithmetic Teacher and the Mathematics Teacher, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, and Teaching Children Mathematics by Kenneth E. Easterday, F. Morgan Simpson, Tommy Smith, Loren L. Henry and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. For grade 1 you will need The Charlotte Mason Elementary Arithmetic Series, Book 1, and a Math Notebook for your child (3/4″ or 1/2″ grid recommended). Add the optional Book 1 Kit for a handy and ready-to-go collection of objects recommended in the lessons. This book combines the Elementary Math and the Intermediate Math of the fifth editions into a single volume. The arithmetic topics include whole numbers, fractions, decimals, the percent symbol (%); ratio, proportion, areas, perimeters, scientific. The next year, he wrote his first book, Sideways Stories from Wayside School. He was working Louis Sachar (pronounced Sacker), born Mais an American author of children's books. Louis was born in East Meadow, New York, in /5. In the s almost all U.S. school students aged ten years or more who studied school arithmetic were expected to prepare cyphering books. There was a well-defined curriculum that historians have called the abbaco curriculum, and the topics in Abraham Lincoln’s book, as well as the order of dealing with those topics, reflected that Author: McKenzie A. Clements, Nerida F. Ellerton. German Translation of “arithmetic” | The official Collins English-German Dictionary online. OverGerman translations of English words and phrases. drawing has helped us gain further insights in our own work. It was our close analy-sis of children’s mathematical graphics that alerted us to the significance of their marks. It is the meaning in their mathematical marks that enables children to make connections between their own mathematics and abstract mathematical symbolism. Try And Let me know your opinion about this 2 books This are for pre-college level. How Math Works is a cleverly engaging introduction to the genesis of math, having the energy and freshness of aspect any good book should own, truly a great story with great writing. I believe mathematics is more attractive because of the history of humankind’s endeavor to perfect it.5/5(4). Great question. To try to compare apples to apples, I only used Book A from Right Start and Book 1 from Elementary Arithmetic. This isn't really fair to either book, but I think this fact emphasizes the difficulty in evaluating a program for .Quick-Flip Arithmetic is designed to strengthen speed and accuracy in calculating simple to complex math equations. Using a standard deck of cards (not included) students create a personalized set of mental drills as they play with different equations. Students can progress at their own pace from the four basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and Brand: Classical Conversations.Ginn, - Arithmetic. 0 Reviews. Preview this book School Arithmetics: Book One-three George Albert Wentworth, David Eugene Smith Full view -

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Posted: March 18th, 2023 Tax Revenue Analysis Project Tax is a fee levied by the government on income, property, sales and other activities. New York is one of the few states in the United States having its own incomer tax as well as having the highest property taxes. In New York, every income-earning individual, trust or estate residing in the New York city are required pay personal income tax, and the government calculates taxes to be paid by tax payers based on the number of day an individual resides in the states. In New York City, tax rate on personal income range from 4% to 6.85% depending on the level of income. Pennsylvania also has its own personal income tax, which is about 3.07% on taxable income. Additionally, New York City has property tax system levied on all properties. New York Department of Finance values all the residential and commercial properties located in the New York City, and the assessment of the properties for taxation is based on the percentage of market value of residential or commercial properties. Although, it is possible for property owners to challenge the taxes levied on the property if the owner does not agree. In New York city, property tax rates is between 10% and 17% and the rates depend on the type of property, and the government sent property bill in two semi-annual. In Pennsylvania, the state does not levy taxes on properties rather the taxation on property is reserved for the local government. Pennsylvania levies property tax on real estate, building or land. Unlike New York City, property taxes are based on millage rates where one mill is equal to $1 on every $1,000 of the property. More importantly, New York City imposes sales tax on goods and services and the government imposes taxes on tangible goods such as food, clothing, and footwear. The government also imposes taxes on intangible goods such as barbing, credit reporting services or credit rating. Sales tax in New York City is 4.5%. Unlike the New York, Pennsylvania sales tax rate is 6.0%. Although, Pennsylvania does not levy sales taxes on items such as food, textbooks, most clothing apparels and drugs. Typically, both New York City and Pennsylvania derive significant amount of revenues from income taxes, sales taxes and property taxes. Fundamental objective of the study is to provide Tax Revenue Analysis Ratios of New York City and Pennsylvania. Overview of the State Revenue System Government revenue is a source of fund for the government. It is a method by which government acquires funding for all projects. In the United States, government could raises revenue from the personal income tax, sales tax and property tax. While there is a difference in the total population of each state in the United States, the revenues accrued from the personal income taxes, sale taxes and property taxes are different based on the population of each state. In 2010, the total population of New York is 19,378,102, and the total population of Pennsylvania is 12,702,379. Based on the total population of New York and Pennsylvania, the ratio of population of New York and Pennsylvania is 1 to 0.52. The result shows that the population of New York is 45% higher than the population of Pennsylvania. (See Table 1). Table 1: Population of New York and Pennsylvania Total Population in 2010 Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2012). Based on the data provided in table 1, the study provides tax revenue analysis ratio for the New York and Pennsylvania. Tax Revenue Analysis Ratios The total operating revenue for the New York at the end of 2009 fiscal year was $17,209 million, which was approximately $17.2 billion. In New York, the operating revenue for 2010 fiscal year was $22,490 million, which is approximately $22.5 billion. As being revealed Table 2, the operating revenue consists of revenue derived from ticket, employer contribution, tuition and fees. The detailed of New York operating revenue is revealed in the Table 2. Table 2: New York Operating Revenue 2009 ($ Million) Operating Revenue ($ Million) New York 2010 New York 2009 Ticket and video gaming sales Tuition and fees, net Government grants and contracts. Private gifts, grants and contract Hospitals and clinics Ratio: Operating Revenues/Population Source: State of New York (2010), State of New York (2009). Based on the data collected, the ratio of operating revenue with the New York population is presented as follows: At the end 2009 fiscal year, New York Operating Revenue and Population ratio is 17,209,000,000/19,378,102=888/1 At the end of 2010 fiscal year, New York Operating Revenue- Population ratio 22,490, 000,000 / 19,378,102= 1160/1 Based on the calculation, results of the Operating Revenues/Population for the New York at the end of the fiscal year 2009 reveals that New York provides operating revenue of $888 per each person resident in the New York. However, in 2010, New York has been able to increase the operating revenue by $1,160 per each person resident in the New York. Between 2009 and 2010, New York has been able to increase the operating revenue of each person resident in New York by 30.63%. Table 3: Operating Revenues/Population of Pennsylvania ($million) State Lottery Fund Unemployment Compensation Fund Tuition Payment Fund Sales and services NET OPERATING REVENUES Ratio: Operating Revenues/Population At the end of 2009 fiscal year, the Pennsylvania Operating Revenue and Population ratio is equal to 10,508,600,000/12,702,379=827/1 At the end of 2010 fiscal year, Pennsylvania Operating Revenue and Population ratio is equal to 18, 245, 600,000/12,702,379=1436/1. From the data presented Table 3, the results of the Operating Revenues/Population for the state of Pennsylvania at the end of the 2009 fiscal year shows that Pennsylvania provides operating revenue of $827 per person resident in Pennsylvania However, at the end of 2010 fiscal year, Pennsylvania has been able to increase the operating revenue by $1,436 per person. Between 2009 and 2010, Pennsylvania has been able to increase the operating revenue of each person resident in the state by 73%. Ratio: Cash + Short-Term Investments/Current Liabilities In accounting term, the current liabilities are the debts or obligations due within one year. Typically, current liabilities are the debts that an organization must pay within one year. In New York, $24,672 millions are recorded for current liabilities at the end of 2009 fiscal year. In the New York financial statement, current liabilities are recorded as liabilities due within one year. At the end of 2009 fiscal year, $9,631 million is recorded for cash and short-term investment and $10,715 million is recorded for cash and short-term investment in New York. Table 4: Ratio: Cash + Short-Term Investments/Current Liabilities ($Million) Cash+ Short Tem Investment Ratio: Cash + Short-Term Investments / Current Liabilities Cash and short-term investments Ratio: Cash + Short-Term Investments / Current Liabilities Source: State of Pennsylvania (2009), State of Pennsylvania (2010), State of New York (2010). Based on the data presented in Table 4, the ratio of Cash + Short-Term Investments / Current Liabilities in the New York at the end of the fiscal year 2010 and 2011 is almost the same. At the end of fiscal year 2009, the ratio is 1: 0.39 while the ratio of Cash + Short-Term Investments/Current Liabilities at the end fiscal 2010 is 1: 0.37. However, at the end of the 2009 and 2010 fiscal years, the cash position is less than one. The major factor leading the cash position to be less than one at the end of the fiscal year 2009 and 2010 is that the government has issued debts, which is not resulting in a capital asset and not related to the government activities. These outstanding debts include future tobacco receipts, state borrowing to finance bridge project and local highway. Typically, the cash position will be less than one in the state as long as the state continues to pursue other obligations rather than the acquisition of capital assets. Additionally, the cash position is less than one because there is an increase in unemployment within the state making the New York state government to increase the payment of the unemployment benefits. Typically, the “unemployment benefit payments for the Unemployment Insurance Fund exceeding employer contributions.” (State of New York 2010 P. 22). Contrary to the data presented for New York with reference to the Ratio: Cash + Short-Term Investments/Current Liabilities, Pennsylvania recorded very close results on the ratio of Cash + Short-Term Investments/Current Liabilities for the 2009 and 2010 fiscal year, and the cash position is greater than one. Per Capital Operating tax Revenue This section examines the ratio of per capital tax revenues for the New York and Pennsylvania. The study evaluates whether per capital operating tax revenue is increasing or decreasing. Thus, the per capita tax revenue is presented in Table 5. Table 5: Ratio: Per Capital Tax Revenue ($Million) Ratio: Per Capital Tax Revenue Ratio: Per Capital Tax Revenue The findings from table 5 reveal that both states record increase in per capital tax revenue at the end of the fiscal years 2009 to 2010. In the New York, the government realizes ratio of $2,880 per person in 2009. However, the par capital tax revenue increased to $2,995 per person in 2010. Thus, the per capita tax revenue is increasing in the New York. Similarly, Pennsylvania recorded ratio of $2,173 per person in 2009 however, the ratio per capital tax revenue increased to $2,228 at the end of the fiscal year 2010. Answering the Research Question Overview of the total revenue of the New York reveals the state increased the total revenue from $129 billion in 2009 to $149 billion in 2010 making the state to record the 15% increase in the total revenue. Despite the increase in the revenue, the state total expenses are greater than the revenue at the end of the 2009 fiscal year and at the end of the 2010 fiscal year. “The State’s governmental activities had total revenues of $125.9 billion, which were less than total expenses of $126.7 billion, excluding transfers to business-type activities of $2.2 billion, by $760 million” (State of New York 2010, P 19). Basically, the increase in the government expenses at the end of the 2009 and 2010 fiscal years was due to the increase in the unemployment benefits payments. Moreover, the government has the obligation to finance largest programs such as education, public welfare, public health, transportation, public safety and others. Similarly, Pennsylvania also recorded the increase in the total revenue at the end of the 2009 and 2010 fiscal years. The state revenue in 2009 was $61.2 billion. In 2010, the state revenue increased to $73.1 billion which was $11.9 billion increase in the revenue between 2009 and 2010. Likewise the New York, Pennsylvania also recorded higher expenses than revenue. In 2009, the total expenses were $65.9 billion which was higher than $61.2 billion of 2009 total revenue. In 2010, the Pennsylvania also recorded $74.6 billion as total expenses which was higher than the $73.1 billion of 2010 total revenue. Based on the budget deficits recorded by the New York and Pennsylvania, there are strategies that the two governments could employ to increase the revenue in order to balance the budget. One of the strategies to employ is to increase the taxation levied on wealthy people. There are several thousands people who are very rich in both states. The increase in the taxation on the rich will not affect their disposable incomes because of their income levels. Moreover, the two states should increase taxation on tobacco. In both states, million of people smoke cigarettes. Increase in the taxes on cigarette will not make people to change their smoking habits. Thus, the increase in cigarette taxations will address the problem of government deficits. Extent the tax meet or the nine criteria of the National Conference of State Legislature National Conference of States Legislature states that high quality tax system should be complementary rather that contradictory. This means that the revenue system should minimize inconsistence. Based on the tax system of the New York, it is revealed that the tax system is not contradictory. From the financial record of the New York, all the revenue and expenses are listed and very easy to understandable. The only shortcoming of the tax system is that the financial record of New York only reveals that the government realizes revenue through taxation; the government does not provide comprehensive explanation on the amount realized from each category of tax such as income tax, sales tax, and property tax. Additionally, Pennsylvania tax system is also similar to the New York tax system, which does not provide the details of each category of tax in the state. Equity: The equity refers to the individual ability to pay tax. New York and Pennsylvania taxation levy tax on individual based on the income. With the increase in the personal income, there will be an increase in the personal income taxation. Despite that the direct tax system reflects equity; there is no equitability in the indirect taxation charged by the two states. For example, a wealthy person within the state pays the same indirect taxes with low-income earners. Thus, there is no equity in the indirect taxes charged in the states. Additionally, there is a general believe that there is no 100% equity in the personal income tax in both states because there is a general opinion that wealthy people are paying lesser taxes because they are not being taxed based on their income. Accountability: A high quality tax system should reflect accountability to taxpayers. Accountability in the sense that the tax law should be explicit and not hidden. Typically, the in-taxation policies should be written in a clear language with clear written notice, and notice to taxpayers of the increase in taxation should be in a clear method to enhance accountability. In the New York and Pennsylvania, there is accountability in the tax system because the tax system within the states is written in a very understandable language. Additionally, the states do not arbitrarily increase the taxes on an individual without the prior notice. “Tax neutrality is sometimes used to describe a tax system that does not create a bias that could influence a taxpayer to choose one investment or course of action over another. As used in this context, a neutral tax provision is one that permits the choice of investment or action to be made on the basis of market or personal considerations without influence from the tax laws.” (Kahn, 1990 P1). While New York and Pennsylvania are doing all their best possible to implement tax neutrality, tax bias could not be totally eliminated. Kahn (1990) argues that the concept of neutrality in the state taxation is only used for political purpose. The author further argues that virtually all states in the United States implement tax bias. Typically, Pennsylvania does not implement tax neutrality with reference to property tax because the tax on property is based on millage rates. In the present global economic crisis, there have been drastic declines in the value of housing properties in the United States and despite the decrease in the value of the properties, tax policy makers may ask a property owner to pay the same tax paid before the decline in the market value of the property. Based on these criteria, Pennsylvania does not totally demonstrate element of neutrality in the property tax system compared to New York that imposes tax on properties based on the market values. Competitiveness: With reference to the concept of competitiveness, the tax policy makers should use tax system as means of inter-state competition or international economic competition. Typically, the tax policy should be used for economic development. The tax systems in Pennsylvania and New York show that the states are conscious of the tax system of other states and they are trying to implement tax policies similar to other states. The tax policy makers in the two states know that the number of population of each state affect the level of revenue that the government would derive from taxation. Based on these criteria, the two states are trying to implement tax policy similar to other states so that they will not drive out taxpayers to other states. Ranking of New York and Pennsylvania tax system to other similar jurisdictions Tax systems of the two states are similar with other jurisdiction because all the states in the United States levy taxes on income, property, and sales. Despite the similarities of the tax systems of New York and Pennsylvania with other jurisdictions, the two states still implement little difference in the tax system with some jurisdictions in the United States. The states of Delaware implements tax system that is fair to the business organizations. . Typically, many businesses in the United States prefer to incorporate their business in Delaware because the tax policy in the state favors business owners. Based on the findings of the tax policies in the two states, there is a need to modify the tax policy to be well acceptable to business and residents of the two states. Typically, there is no evidence that the balance of tax and fees are appropriate because wealthy people in the states are paying lesser taxes than what they ought to have paid. Thus, there is a need to implement changes in the tax system in the two states. Income taxation should be reduced in the two states due to the present economic crisis in the United States. The taxes paid by wealthy people should be increased, and there should be an increase on tobacco tax to raise revenue. The study evaluates tax system in the New York and Pennsylvania. Part of sources of revenues in the two states is from the taxes levied on personal income, properties and sales. Based on the analysis of the tax system in the two states, it is revealed that the governments are still recording deficits because the expenses are higher than the revenues. The study recommends that the two states should increase taxes paid by wealthy people and there should be an increase in the taxes imposed on tobacco. Kahn, D.A. (1990). The Two Faces of Tax Neutrality: Do They Interact or are They Mutually Exclusive?. Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol. 18, p. 1. State of New York (2009). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for Fiscal Year Ended 2009. New York State Government. State of New York (2010). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for Fiscal Year Ended 2010. New York State Government. State of Pennsylvania (2009). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2009. Pennsylvania State Government. State of Pennsylvania (2010). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2010. Pennsylvania State Government. U.S Census Bureau (2012).State & County QuickFacts. United States Government. Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent? Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments. Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists. Do you struggle with finance? 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An endangered carnivorous plant that only grows in the Great Southern region of Western Australia is under threat from poachers. The Albany pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis) is a rare species that grows almost exclusively in the Albany and Walpole areas on WA's south coast. It lives off a diet of insects, such as ants and flies, swallowing them in its pitcher-like trap before drowning and using enzymes to slowly dissolve the prey. But the plant's uniqueness has attracted the wrong kind of attention, with some people reportedly digging it up from its natural habitat in the hope of recultivating it at home. Curtin University restoration ecologist Adam Cross said such poaching was a pervasive threat for carnivorous plants like the Albany pitcher plant. "Not only are we dealing with species that are highly specialised … but we're dealing with species that are commonly cultivated in nurseries around the world, because they're horticulturally unique and amazing," Dr Cross said. Poached plants unlikely to survive Dr Cross said the chances of an Albany pitcher plant surviving the upheaval of being poached were low. "It basically requires just the right amount of water, in just the right kind of soil, and often growing in and among just the right other species of plants," he said. The Albany pitcher plant is found in swampy land around the Albany region and has been around for 55 million years. Its diminutive size and the fact there are thought to be only around 20 populations left in the wild makes it difficult to locate. An appetite for meat It is possible to feed the plant prey, although the process is far slower and less dramatic than what is depicted in the cult movie classic The Little Shop Of Horrors. "Some people will use forceps to feed small insects to their plants," Dr Cross said. "They'll really take anything that will fit inside the trap and that is not strong enough to either eat their way out or escape." And yes — in case you're wondering — you can even feed tiny pieces of steak to an Albany pitcher plant. It was none other than Charles Darwin, Dr Cross said, who in 1876 first proved that many species of carnivorous plants were in fact carnivorous by doing exactly that.

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The importance of medicinal plants in primary health care systems to treat and manage various disease conditions cannot be underestimated. Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov (Family Canellaceae); whose common name is ‘pepperbark tree’, is one of the highly commercialized medicinal plant trees. It has been documented in many folkloric and ethnobotanical studies conducted in east, central and southern Africa, in which the species is greatly used as one of the primary sources of traditional medicine. The specific epithet salutaris is Latin meaning ‘healthful’, referencing its medicinal properties. The common name, ‘pepper-bark tree’, relates to the pungent inner bark that tastes peppery. It is an endemic plant in sub-Saharan Africa in a number of countries including South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia. Traditionally, extracts and products produced from the Warburgia salutaris species are regarded as important natural African antibiotics and have been used extensively as part of traditional healing practices for the treatment of fungal, bacterial and protozoal infections in both humans and animals. It is an evergreen tree with a dense, rounded crown growing to about 5-10 metres in height, but can occasionally reach 20 metres. The stem is covered by a rich brown bark, marked with corky lenticels, that is also bitter and peppery. It has a thick canopy of aromatic, shiny green leaves. The evergreen leaf blades are lance-shaped, measuring up to 11 cm long by 3 wides. It has small, white to greenish flowers, up to 7 mm in diameter. The fruit is a berry, leathery purple or black in colour when ripe, measuring up to 4 cm wide. For centuries, the Warburgia salutaris (pepper bark) tree has been traditionally used to treat many varied disease conditions. It’s commonly harvested from the wild and widely sold in local markets for medicinal purposes. Medicinally, the pepper-like, bitter stems and root bark are used to cure many ailments in traditional medicine including cough, cold, bronchial infections, oral thrush, and cystitis among other ailments. The stem bark is used to treat diseases such as malaria, stomach ulcers, and colds. The decoction prepared from the harvested root bark of the Warburgia salutaris tree is used to treat coughs and the leaves used to alleviate skin irritation. The inner bark has many uses as a treatment for chest pains, coughs, diarrhoea, muscle pains, and general body pains. The stem bark is also used in traditional medicine as an expectorant and smoked to alleviate coughs and colds. The stem bark powder is also topically applied for treatment and management of body sores and inflammation. The powdered stem bark is mixed with fat and applied externally as an ointment. The stem and root bark are both taken as a remedy for malaria. Powdered and mixed with water, they are used as a cure for sores in the mouth. As an expectorant or smoked, the root bark is a widely used remedy for common colds. Dried and ground, they make a snuff used to clear the sinuses. Taken orally they are believed to cure spots in the lungs. In addition to the medicinal uses, some communities use the bitter, peppery, aromatic leaves of the pepper-bark to flavour food, and also to make tea. The wood is sometimes used in building. A resin can be extracted from the bark. The bark is also a source of tannins. Muzigadial, which is one of the major phytochemicals found in Warburgia salutaris, has been observed to possess a potent antibacterial activity. In some communities, Warburgia salutaris is grown as an ornamental hedge and in some cases used as a shade tree in plantations. Warburgia salutaris is over-harvested in the wild for medicinal use and is popularly sold in the local markets throughout its distribution range. The plant has been classified as ‘Endangered’ in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (2011). In fact, the pepper-bark tree is already extinct in some areas and considered critically endangered in some countries in southern Africa where the plant is endemic.

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Throughout the course of global history, river valleys assisted to the growth and birth of civilizations. A specific civilization was Mesopotamia, the name derived from the fact that it was surrounded by two rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris River. They had a well-organized and social-scaled society. The river valleys as a fact helped the civilization to exceed; they began in the Ubaid Period and were located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, where modern-day Iraq is. Mesopotamia was a civilization ruled by different kings during different time periods. All the kings were Hammurabi, Nebuchadnezzar, Sargon, Gilgamesh and Ur-Zababa. But only one king constructed a form of laws that lasted long and best organized. Hammurabi’s Code was laws that decided what happened when you do something against the law. One of the laws was “An Eye for an Eye,” if you were to commit a crime, you would be faced with an equal punishment. For example, if you were to commit murder, your punishment would be death. The economy in Mesopotamia was based on farming and trade. Trade and commerce developed in Mesopotamia because the farmers learned how to irrigate their land. They could now grow more food than they could eat. They used the surplus to trade for goods and services. Ur, a city-state in Sumer, was a major center for commerce and trade. Temples were the chief employer and location for commercial activity. Their religion is quite interesting based on the fact they are Polytheistic. The Mesopotamians believed in more than one God. In Mesopotamia, each town and city was believed to be protected by a god. Their temples were believed to connect them to the heavens. Everyone was expected to sing hymns, say prayers, make sacrifices and bring offerings to the local temple (ziggurat) for the gods. There were four major Gods which were believed to have created the universe. An was the god of heaven, Enlil was the air-god, Enki was the water-god, Ninhursag was the mother earth-goddess. They were believed to create lesser gods which were important to the Mesopotamians. The Mesopotamians had a Social Scale, which means there are people who are more “special than others.” At the top of the scale was the absolute power, other than their Gods, their king. Under the king would be the Priests. Priests were important because they have connections with the Gods. Beneath the Priests would be the Scribes. Scribes are important because they keep track of items and they write about the history of their civilization. Underneath the Scribes were the Merchants. They were important because they produced the wealth of civilizations. After the Merchants would be the Commoners, they were they lower-class laborers. At the bottom of the scale would be the slaves, they were mostly treated well. Mesopotamia was a land between two rivers, they were very known for their attributes and achievements. River Valleys in Mesopotamia indeed assisted the civilization to survive over thousands of years. The people of Mesopotamia relied heavily on fairly regular spring floods that spilled the rivers over their banks, leaving behind extremely fertile soil when the waters receded. This allowed them to farm multiple crops. The crops gave the people necessary nutrients to live longer. Without the fertile soil, the Mesopotamians would have no food. Not only were they supplied with fertile soil, they were supplied with easy transportation. Instead of having to cross the deadly desert land, they used the rivers to help them move items. Copper, tin, and timber were imported goods exchanged for dried fish, wool, wheat, and metal goods. This made more trade at quicker speed. The river valleys also gave protection; ships which tried to cross to conquer Mesopotamia would have to go through the tide. The river itself is a large supply of water used for multiple things. The water was also used for, cooking and cleaning. Finally it allowed them to have a source of drinking. Without water you could only survive 3 days, after that you would die from dehydration. Animals need water also, but animals wouldn’t realize that when they were slurping the water from the river, hunters were awaiting them. Hunters would wait near the water source and then attack anything they could bring back for their family and king. Enki is the god of the fresh waters known as ‘apsu’ on which the Earth floats. He is a god of wisdom, farming, building, magic, and arts and crafts. Enki appears as a bearded man surrounded by flowing water. The river valleys also provided faster ways of communication by allowing them to send boats for communicating with other civilizations like Egypt. Without the river valleys civilizations would perish and disappear like the Niya. Mesopotamia was a society in-between the two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris rivers. They advanced in writing, the wheel, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and technology. In fact, they used a number system with a 60 base, us Americans use a base of 10, but they gave us the way we tell time, with the 60 seconds in 1 minute and the 60 minutes in one hour which we still use today. It was thanks to the river valleys protection that gave the Mesopotamians time in order to develop all these skills. It could be said that river valleys were not merely important to early civilizations, but were, in fact, a necessary prerequisite to their existence.

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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. ...Menkaure—correspond to the kings for whom they were built. The northernmost and oldest pyramid of the group was built for Khufu (Greek: Cheops), the second king of the 4th dynasty. Called the Great Pyramid, it is the largest of the three, the length of each side at the base averaging 755.75 feet (230 metres) and its original height being 481.4 feet (147 metres). The middle pyramid was... accuracy of measurement The accuracy of the cubit stick is attested by the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Giza; although thousands were employed in building it, its sides vary no more than 0.05 percent from the mean length of 230.364 metres (9,069.43 inches), which suggests the original dimensions were 440 by 440 royal cubits. construction by Khufu second king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575–c. 2465 bce) of Egypt and builder of the Great Pyramid at Al-Jīzah, the largest single building to that time. Snefru’s successor, Khufu (Cheops), built the Great Pyramid at Giza (Al-Jīzah), to which were added the slightly smaller second pyramid of one of Khufu’s sons, Khafre (more correctly Rekhaef, the Chephren of Greek sources), and that of Menkaure (Mycerinus). Khufu’s successor, his son Redjedef, began a pyramid at Abū Ruwaysh, and a king of uncertain name began one at Zawyat... development of Egyptian architecture The great Pyramids of Giza, the tallest of which rose to a height of 147 metres (481 feet), are a marvelous technological achievement, and their visual impact is stunning even today; it was not until the 19th century that taller structures would be built. But they also represent a dead end in massive stone construction, which soon moved in the direction of lighter and more flexible stone frames... For the Old Kingdom the most characteristic form of tomb building was the true pyramid, the finest example of which is the Great Pyramid of King Khufu (Cheops) of the 4th dynasty, at Al-Jīzah (Giza). The form itself reached its maturity in the reign of Snefru, father of Khufu. Subsequently only the pyramid of Khafre (Chephren), Khufu’s successor, approached the size and perfection of the... use of quarried stone One of the earliest evidences of building with quarried stone was the construction (2600 bce) of the great pyramids in Egypt, the largest of which (Khufu) is 236 metres (775 feet) along the base sides and contains approximately 2.3 million blocks of two types of limestone and red granite. The limestone is believed to have been quarried from across the Nile. Blocks weighing as much as 15,000... What made you want to look up "Great Pyramid"? Please share what surprised you most...

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|Historical Study - Previous |Next | Page 4| |FROM HIEROGLYPHS TO HOME PAGES| With such discoveries it was beginning to appear that Christianity's view of nature and the world could not stand up to the tests of experimental reason. When the Diests maintained the architect of Nature could have only the qualities manifest in his handiwork, many Christians took the view that their religion did not need to submit to the debasing tests of rationality. Again, when the Diests, and later the Skeptics and Atheists dismissed biblical prophecy and revelation as offensive to the rational mind, the church fought back with John Wesley's assertion that reason could not produce the love of God. The Enlightenment was a flow of ideas which formed and shifted under the impact of new evidences, insights and philosophies. Nature, which had once been considered visible proof of the existence of God and His benevolence, now became an object of scientific curiosity, and a theatre in which to practise rational thinking. When the Industrial Revolution began in the mid 18th century it marked the passage of an agrarian, handicraft based economy, to an economy based on machines and commerce. At the heart of the Industrial Revolution was the application of knowledge to the devising of methods of efficient production. With the expansion of scientific knowledge inventors began to apply practical innovations to the making of goods and the division of labour. Steam was the new source of power. Innovations in iron and steelworking ended the artisan workshops of towns and villages. In the field of textiles, machines such as the spinning jenny of James Hargraeves in 1765, were built so large they had to be driven by inanimate power. The old technology on the medieval model of workshops relying on human power in rural cottages could not compete with work that was efficient, centralized, organised and distributed in factories and mills. When the machine loom displaced the hand loom weaver, records of the time showed productivity increases of the order of 10:1. Cotton fibres lend themselves well to mechanical handling, as compared with wool and the value of exports of these textiles was correspondingly higher. Between 1769 and 1829 wool exports from Britain doubled while that of cotton grew eighteen fold. Between 1801 and 1851 economic output in Britain tripled. By the middle of the 18th century the governments of Europe were actively seeking to promote Industrial Development by providing subsidies in the form of low cost loans, exemptions from taxes, technical assistance, and monopoly privileges to innovators of new products or processes. An assured supply of labour was granted from prisoners, vagabonds, serfs and orphans especially in Western and Central Europe. In some cases, particularly in the manufacture of armaments, the government itself went guarantor, at once securing employment and income. State sponsorship of industry proved to be a political masterstroke and in the British Empire and New World, opportunities for advancement and wealth opened up. The late 19th century saw stunning growth in transport technology, particularly in the building of railways and steamships, where there was a need for steel in far greater quantities than ever before. The social consequences of the Industrial Revolution were a deterioration in housing brought about by thousands of migrants pouring into urban centres along with the extensive reliance on women and children for cheap labour in factories. In Britain the factory act of 1833 set a minimum age of nine years and limited the hours of children to eight per day. In 1859 Charles Darwin presented the principal of evolution, in which it is theorised that lasting and beneficial change comes about by slow and small degrees. Examples of evolutionary change were to be found in plant cultivation, animal domestication, selective breeding and the mutations of bacteria and viruses. That species might change into other species was the underlying concept of evolution and the starting point for the science of anthropology and the search for the origin of mankind. In 1808 Dalton's study of the atom provided the basis for organic chemistry which was to lead, in the century to follow, to Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA or the buildings block of life. In the 19th century most people in the Western World held to an underlying faith in the reality of all the things materialistic science denied. Religious belief, moral responsibility, and mankind's status in the universe, was that of a being created in the image of God. The 20th century reversed this kind of thinking. Science showed the world was made out of atoms which obeyed natural laws. Discoveries in physics and chemistry began technological advances in the 20th century the like of which the world has never seen. When books were first printed in the 16th century, new knowledge suddenly entered the public consciousness, bringing about a spurt of growth, and a significant increase in the knowledge base, education and literacy of the masses. |Click for more|

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Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisonings May Occur Even Within Hotels, Motels and Resorts CO has two hundred to three hundred times greater affinity for hemoglobin than that of oxygen It displaces oxygen from its combination with hemoglobin and forms a relatively stable compound known as carboxyhaemoglobin. It thus reduces the oxygen content of the blood, and hence that of the tissues. It acts as a chemical asphyxiant and produces death due to anemic anorexia. CO is a potent cellular toxin. It effectively and firmly binds to hemoglobin and myoglobin. It inhibits the electron transport by blocking cytochrome A3 oxidase and cytochrome P-450, and therefore intracellular respiration. The presence of COHb in the circulation interferes with the release of the oxygen from what little oxyhaemoglobin remains. Normally, after somatic death, the cells near the capillaries continue to function, extract oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin and cause blue staining. In CO poisoning this cannot occur, because the cells cannot break the COHb compound. Potent cellular poisons, e.g. cyanide, fluoroacetate and freezing, block the metabolism of the cells so fast and completely that they cannot extract oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin. In these cases, the blood under the skin and in the tissues will be cherry-red due to oxyhaemoglobin. About fifteen percent of CO is present in extracellular tissues combined with myoglobin and haemoproteins. The affinity constant of CO for myoglobin is forty. It is eliminated through lungs. The half-life of COHb at room temperature is four to five hours. It is not metabolized and is not lost through the skin, bile, perspiration, urine or faeces. CO is not absorbed by a body after death. The common sources of CO include coal gas, smoke from fires and the fumes from defective heating appliances, e.g., furnace, stove, water heater, burning oil lamps. It is also found as a component of the fumes of coke kilns, lime kilns, explosion in mines, detonation of explosives, and the exhaust fumes of internal combustion engines. The exhaust gas of motor cars contain one to seven percent of CO, which causes the air of a small garage poisonous in five to ten minutes. Diesel engines produce far less CO than petrol engines. During hemoglobin catabolism 0.4 to 0.7% COHb is produced in the body endogenously. In hemolytic anemia, COHb levels may reach 8%. Signs and-Symptoms : The development of symptoms has a progression, roughly parallel to the rise in the saturation of the blood by CO. Similarly, regression of symptoms corresponds with the clearance of CO from the blood. The effects of CO are simply those of suboxia. Damage to the CNS may produce monoplegia or hemiplegia. Impairment of higher intellectual functions, personality changes, cerebellar damage, and severe Parkinsonism may occur and may be delayed by several weeks after apparent recovery. The saturation required to cause death varies with the age and health of the person. Death usually occurs when eighty percent of hemoglobin is saturated with CO. Senility, or the co-existence of any respiratory or circulatory deficiency, or of anemia or in association with depressive drugs like barbiturates, and alcohol result in a significant reduction of maximum lethal saturation and death can occur from as little as thirty percent saturation. CO can pass from the maternal to the fetus blood, and can produce intrauterine death, even though the mother survives. The rate of CO combining with hemoglobin depends on the atmospheric concentration and rate of respiratory exchange. Physical activity during exposure increases rate of saturation of blood. Children saturate their blood more rapidly than adults because of their relatively high rates of respiratory exchange. Symptoms of CO according to COHb concentration: - COHb concentration ranging between 0 to 10% : No appreciable symptoms. - COHb concentration ranging between 10 to 20% : Breathlessness on moderate exertion, mild headache. - COHb concentration ranging between 20 to 30% : Throbbing headache, irritability, emotional instability, disturbed judgment, defective memory and rapid fatigue. - COHb concentration ranging between 30 to 40% : Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, dimness of vision, confusion. - COHb concentration ranging between 40 to 50% : Increasing confusion, sometimes hallucinations, severe ataxia, rapid respirations and collapse with attempts at exertion. - COHb concentration ranging between 50 to 60% : Syncope or coma with intermittent convulsions, rapid respirations, tachycardia with a weak pulse and pink or red discoloration of the skin. - COHb concentration ranging between 60 to 70% : Increasing depth of coma with incontinence of urine and faeces. - COHb concentration ranging between 70 to 80% : Profound coma with depressed or absent reflexes, a weak thready pulse, shallow and irregular respirations and death. - COHb concentration ranging between 70 to 80% : Rapid death from respiratory arrest. Carbon monoxide poisonings at hotels and motels may not be common, but they're not becoming rarer with time either, according to a new study. Using databases of news reports and court cases, researchers were able to document 68 incidents of carbon monoxide poisoning at U.S. hotels, motels and resorts between 1989 and 2004. The incidents sickened 772 people, 27 of whom died, the researchers report in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Based on these figures, the odds of any one person suffering carbon monoxide poisoning at a hotel are quite low, said lead study author Dr. Lindell Weaver of LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah. However, he told Reuters Health, "when it happens, it can be serious and lethal." Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas found in combustion fumes, such as those from cars, gas ranges and heating systems. Carbon monoxide can build up indoors if a furnace, water heater or other fuel-burning appliance is in poor condition or not properly vented. Some symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include dizziness, nausea, chest pain and confusion. Exposure is particularly dangerous when people are asleep, since the gas may prove fatal before they awake. In the U.S., federal law requires hotels, motels and resorts to have smoke detectors in every guest room, but there are no national laws regarding carbon monoxide detectors. In a search of state government Web sites, Weaver and colleague Kayla Deru found that a few states require hotels to have carbon monoxide alarms on the premises. No state, however, requires detectors in all guest rooms. It "makes sense," according to Weaver, for these businesses to have carbon monoxide detectors, which cost about $25 each. Yet, of the 43 sites the investigators were able to contact after their poisoning incidents, only 12 percent had since installed carbon monoxide detectors. There was also no sign that carbon monoxide poisoning in hotels has become less common over the 15-year study period. For frequent travelers who are concerned about carbon monoxide, there is one solution, however. Weaver said he carries his own carbon monoxide detector when he's on the road. The risk of poisoning may be low, but "why take chances?" he said

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This is a Plant and Seed Mini-Unit for grades K-2. This unit includes: - Activities and Lessons connected to 3 read alouds (The Tiny Seed, The Giving Tree, From Seed to Plant). The lessons cover reading, writing, science, and art. - A Seed Recording Sheet for Observations. - Emergent Reader - Phonics/Word Study Activity (Making Words) - Science Experiment (capillary action) - Math worksheet (graphing) - Two Poems

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Metabolic syndrome is a group of factors considered to increase the risk of a person developing Heart Attacks and Stroke. [paralysis]. It is also called Syndrome X.The factors which comprise the Metabolic Syndrome are: - High blood sugar level [Diabetes Mellitus] - High Blood Pressure [Hypertension] - Excess Weight [Obesity] - Increased Blood cholesterol levels [Hyperlipidemia] The presence of more than one of these factors simultaneously increases the risk of developing serious diseases exponentially. As Bapu had stated during his seminar, we never see the word, “Obesity” appearing on the Death Certificates, instead it’s “heart attack”, “heart failure”, “stroke”, “diabetes”, “cancer”, “dementia”, or “cirrhosis of liver”. But we must always remember that ‘These are diseases that “travel” with obesity.’ This means that many of the diseases which cause serious health problems in us are caused due to the presence of obesity. Now let us take a brief look through the various factors which make up Metabolic Syndrome. How many of us are overweight? Is the flab that we see on our body the only indicator of obesity? Why were people living just a few decades ago not as obese as we are now? These are just a few of the questions that we have been facing repeatedly over the past few years and we need answers to these questions soon. Here we shall get a brief introduction of obesity and we shall oublisg detailed article in a few days. India is in the grip of the Obesity epidemic. It has been reported across many publications that junk food among other factors is a major factor contributing to Obesity. The factsheet on Obesity and Overweight published by WHO states the following: - Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. - In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese. - 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2014, and 13% were obese. - Most of the world’s population lives in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. - 42 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2013. - Obesity is preventable. [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/] This describes the significant problems that Obesity and Overweight pose to all of us. Body Mass Index The Body Mass Index is a good indicator of the body weight status of a person. BMI=weight in Kg/(height in m)2 Underweight = <18.5 Normal weight = 18.5–24.9 Overweight = 25–29.9 Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater |Height in Feet & Metres||Weight in kgs||Weight in kgs| |5′-0″ (1.523 m)||51-54.5||50.8-54.5| |5′-1″ (1.548 m)||52-56||52-55.5| |5′-2″ (1.574 m)||56-60||53-57| |5′-3″ (1.599 m)||57-62||54.5-58| |5′-4″ (1.624 m)||59-63.5||56-60| |5′-5″ (1.650 m)||61-65.5||57.5-62| |5′-6″ (1.675 m)||62-66.5||59-63.5| |5′-7″ (1.700 m)||64.0-68.5||61-65.5| |5′-8″ (1.726 m)||65.8-70.8||62.2-66.7| |5′-9″ (1.751 m)||67.5-72.5||64.0-68.5| |5′-10″ (1.777 m)||69.5-74.5||66-70.5| |5′-11″ (1.802 m)||71-76||67-71.5| |6′-0″ (1.827 m)||73.0-78.5||68.5-74| |6′-1″ (1.853 m)||73.5-81.5||73.5-81| |6′-2″ (1.878 m)||77.5-84||77.5-83.5| |6′-3″ (1.904 m)||80-86||80-85.5| People having High sugar levels are called Diabetics.Interpretation of Blood Glucose Levels |Category||Fasting Blood Glucose Level||Post-prandial (2hours after Food) Glucose Level| |Normal||70 – 100 mg/dl||<140mg/dl| |Impaired Glucose Tolerance||100 – 126 mg/dl||140 – 200 mg/dl| |Diabetes mellitus||>126 mg/dl||>200 mg/dl| Diabetes Mellitus is broadly classified into - Type I Diabetes Mellitus - Type II Diabetes Mellitus Type I Diabetes Mellitus earlier known as Juvenile onset Diabetes which is caused due to inability of the body to produce sufficient Insulin in the body. In this condition the insulin levels in the body are lower than normal. This is mostly seen to occur at very early ages hence also referred to as childhood diabetes. Type II Diabetes Mellitus earlier known as Adult Onset Diabetes is caused by inability of the cells in the body to use the insulin it produces. This is called Insulin Resistance. In this condition the insulin levels in the body are higher than in normal persons but this cannot be used by the body. - Globally, as of 2010, an estimated 285 million people had diabetes, with type 2 making up about 90% of the cases. - In 2013, according to International Diabetes Federation, an estimated 381 million people had diabetes. - By the year 2030, there will be an estimated 100 million diabetics in India alone. [http://ccebdm.org/news.php] Systolic BP is the pressure of the blood within the arteries when the heart is in a phase of contraction. Normal range of Systolic BP is 100-140 mm Hg. Diastolic BP is the pressure within the arteries when the heart is in a phase of relaxation. Normal range of Diastolic Pressure is 60-90 mm Hg. Abnormally increased blood lipid [fat] levels, is the crude definition of Hyperlipidemia. This refers to the fats in the blood. These levels are independent of body fat which means that these levels may be abnormal even in a thin person. The blood lipid test reveals details about the good and bad cholesterol in our blood. - LDL [Low Density Lipoproteins] - VLDL [Very Low Density Lipoproteins] are bad cholesterols which mean that their presence in excess of normal levels is bad for the heart. HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol and this is generally found in lower amounts in many patients. |Total Cholesterol||Upto 200 mg/dl| |LDL Cholesterol||Upto 100 mg/dl| |Triglycerides||Upto 150 mg/dl| |VLDL Cholesterol||2 to 30 mg/dL| |HDL Cholesterol||More than 40-60 mg/dl|

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Improper waste disposal poses grave threats to both public health and the environment. The careless handling of waste materials can lead to a myriad of health risks, with detrimental consequences for individuals and communities alike. One significant concern in waste management is the reliance on indiscriminate methods like skip-hire, especially in regions like Macclesfield. Despite being a convenient waste disposal option, skip hire Macclesfield can contribute to water and soil contamination, air pollution, and the proliferation of infectious diseases. Hazardous substances and toxic chemicals can infiltrate water sources and jeopardize aquatic life, while open burning of waste releases harmful pollutants into the air, compromising respiratory health. Moreover, improperly discarded waste becomes a breeding ground for disease-carrying pests, further heightening the risk of vector-borne illnesses. Here are some tips to avoid the health risks of improper waste disposal: 1. Air Pollution Open burning of waste, such as plastics and rubber, releases harmful pollutants and toxins into the air. Breathing in these toxic fumes can cause respiratory issues and aggravate existing conditions like asthma and bronchitis. 2. Long-term Health Effects Improper waste disposal can have long-term health effects that lead to chronic and persistent health problems. These issues can develop over time due to prolonged exposure to hazardous substances and pollutants. Such effects may result in an increased risk of cancer, neurological disorders, and endocrine disruption. Hazardous chemicals and toxic substances from improperly disposed waste can accumulate in the environment, leading to ongoing exposure for individuals and communities. Such chronic exposure can have serious and lasting impacts on human health. 3. Water Contamination Improper waste disposal can contaminate water sources, such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater. The impact of this could be severe for both the environment and public health. Hazardous chemicals and toxic substances from improperly disposed electronic waste, industrial waste, and household waste can seep into the water supply, leading to waterborne diseases and other health problems. 4. Occupational Health Risks Occupational health risks are hazards and dangers that workers may encounter in their workplace. These risks can adversely affect their physical and mental well-being. These risks may include exposure to harmful substances, repetitive motion injuries, ergonomic issues, noise pollution, and accidents. Employees across multiple industries, including construction, manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture, are susceptible to potential hazards. Occupational health risks can result in injuries, illnesses, and long-term health problems, affecting productivity and quality of life. Implementing robust safety protocols and providing a safe work environment is crucial for safeguarding workers’ health. 5. Soil Contamination Dumping waste inappropriately can contaminate the soil, making it unsuitable for agriculture or other uses. Toxic chemicals from waste can be taken up by plants. If these plants are then eaten by humans, the harmful substances can enter the food chain and cause health issues.s. 6. Food Contamination Food contamination occurs when food contains harmful substances or pathogens which make it unsafe for consumption. Contaminants can include bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, chemicals, and allergens. Contamination can occur at various stages, from production and processing to transportation, storage, and preparation. Improper handling, inadequate cooking, and cross-contamination can also lead to foodborne illnesses. Consuming contaminated food can cause a range of health issues, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and in severe cases, organ failure or even death. To prevent food contamination, proper hygiene, storage, and cooking practices, as well as regular monitoring and regulation of food production, are crucial. 7. Infectious Diseases Pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites can invade the human body and multiply, causing infection. These infections are commonly known as infectious diseases. These microorganisms can be transmitted from person to person, through contaminated food or water or via vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. Common examples of infectious diseases include the flu, tuberculosis, malaria, and COVID-19. The spread of infectious diseases can be controlled through vaccination, good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and timely medical treatment. Global efforts to prevent and manage infectious diseases are crucial for safeguarding public health and reducing their impact on communities worldwide. 8. Birth Defects and Developmental Disorders Some hazardous chemicals and heavy metals found in certain types of waste can pose severe health risks to pregnant women and developing fetuses, potentially leading to birth defects or developmental disorders. Proper waste management practices, including recycling, safe disposal methods, and waste reduction strategies, are essential to mitigating these health risks and protecting both public health and the environment. Governments, communities, and individuals must work together to promote responsible waste disposal and sustainable waste management practices.

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High blood pressure is diagnosed when blood pressure readings are consistently higher than the normal level. However, the readings are affected by when the measurements are taken. According to the Mayo Clinic, blood pressure is highest in the mid-afternoon and lowest during the night. “Blood pressure has a daily pattern,” the America-based clinic wrote online. “Your blood pressure starts to rise a few hours before you wake up, and continues to rise during the day. It usually peaks in the middle of the afternoon before starting to drop again.” High blood pressure: Does BP change during the day? When is it highest? Guidelines produced for the NHS state blood pressure should be measured twice a day, “ideally in the morning and evening”, before a diagnosis of high blood pressure can be made. “The recording should continue for at least four days, ideally for seven,” continued the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). “For each blood pressure recording, two consecutive measurements should be taken, at least one minute apart and with the person seated.” This will detect whether a person’s blood pressure fits the pattern for high blood pressure, or if they have a separate condition. “Having an abnormal pattern, such as high blood pressure during the night or early in the morning, can mean you have a health problem,” said the Mayo Clinic. High blood pressure: This can be highest around the mid-afternoon and lowest during the night High blood pressure: This can be highest during the mid-afternoon Individuals are more at risk of developing high blood pressure if they are overweight, don’t exercise regularly, or drink lots of alcohol. The Mayo Clinic added working the night shift, smoking, and anxiety could all cause an “abnormal blood pressure pattern”. “Taking blood pressure medications that don’t last 24 hours”, can also have an effect. “Your doctor can tell you if an abnormal daily blood pressure pattern may need treatment,” the Clinic continued. “He or she may recommend a 24-hour blood pressure monitoring test.” High blood pressure: Diet changes can help lower blood pressure such as eating healthy foods only Hot weather and drinking coffee shortly before a test can also impact the blood pressure reading. The Mayo Clinic says you should test your blood pressure 30 minutes after drinking a beverage containing caffeine, to find out whether it had an effect. “Caffeine can cause a short, but dramatic increase in your blood pressure, even if you don’t have high blood pressure,” said the Mayo Clinic online. Being in hot weather for long periods of time, however, can actually lower blood pressure, they added. Sheldon Sheps, a former member of the Clinic’s Department of Medicine said, “blood pressure is generally higher in the winter and lower in the summer”.

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Origami can be a wondrous hobby for kids. This paper craft requires beginning with a square of paper, making some folds, and having a beautiful end result. However, that is an oversimplification because origami is a precise art form. Origami for kids is a complex activity steeped in history and tradition. It also has multiple physical and cognitive benefits for children. In this guide, we’ll share 12 easy origami projects for beginners with video instructions. - Origami improves fine motor skills, brain development, and teaches problem-solving skills. - Simple origami projects can teach math concepts like fractions, geometry, and measurements. - Creating origami requires following instructions and understanding sequencing, valuable life skills. - Practicing origami can build self-esteem and help children learn to deal with failure. Easy Origami Projects for Kids To help you and your child enjoy the benefits of origami, we have put together a list of 12 starter projects. These are simple enough that your child should be able to do them. Fish Origami for Kids This super simple origami fish tutorial for kids, takes you, slowly, through every fold. It is an excellent first project and is useful for teaching the concepts of halves and quarters. You can create this fish with a single standard 6-inch square. If this is your child’s first project and they are still quite young, consider using a slightly larger square to make it easier for them. Aitoh 9.75 x 9.75 inch paper is great for this. Butterfly Origami for Kids There are many origami butterfly tutorials available, but we like this one. It takes less than three minutes to create a butterfly, and the final model has a pleasing 3D quality you do not find in some other models. Flower Origami for Kids This simple and clear video walks you through a lily in about three minutes. Practice with fish and butterflies a few times and then move onto this origami. These papers from Kool Krafts have some patterned sheets which are especially nice for these lilies. Origami Games for Kids These games deviate from the strictest definition of origami because they use items other than a single square of paper. However, they do require the same folding techniques. This video has three games: - Cockroach Climbers: You will need two 8×8 inch squares of slightly thicker paper, two lengths of thread, string, or similar, and glue. - Jumping Bunnies: You will need two strips of paper measuring 2×12 inches, markers, and stick on eyes to decorate, if you wish. - Caterpillar Race: You will need one strip of paper 2×12 inches for each caterpillar, scissors, and a marker for decoration. Origami Puppet for Kids Many of the origami puppets you see are multicolored or have teeth or tongues inside the mouth. These are fun, but if you don’t make the folds perfectly, the different colors or patterns do not line up correctly. That means the puppet doesn’t look right, which can be frustrating for kids. So we have chosen this fish origami puppet for kids. It is fun to make and to play with. Best of all, you only need a square of paper in a single color. Boat Origami for Kids This origami boat will truly float in the water, which ups the fun element for kids. For this traditional-styled cute boat, you’ll only need a single square of paper. A six-inch square works well, but larger sheets make for bigger boats, which can be more fun if you plan to sail them. Origami House for Kids For this house, you will need two square sheets of paper. If you plan to make a number of houses, different colors are fun. This one is for more advanced folders or children who are older. There are so many folds involved, it would prove too difficult and frustrating for younger children. Frog Origami for Kids This frog origami project is easy to follow along with, and it results in a frog that can truly hop. So, your child will end up with an origami project they can play with when the folding is done. Only one sheet of origami paper is needed, and a six-inch square is best for a good, springy frog. Origami Birds for Kids There are two birds for your child to decide between. Or, they can make both if they have enough time on their hands. These one-sheet swans are fun to make and have the added advantage of being cute gifts. This bird is also a good choice because of the fun flapping wings. As they require a single sheet, it is easy to make an entire flock. Origami Dinosaurs for Kids Dinosaurs are animals kids seem to love, especially in the early elementary years. There is something so fascinating to them about these big, extinct creatures. They can make a variety with these three picks. To make this T-Rex, you need a sheet of A4 paper. There are many folds to make, so this is best suited for more experienced crafters. To make this brachiosaurus, you need a 6-inch square and some experience doing origami. For this pteranodon, you also need a single 6-inch square. Bunny Origami for Kids These simple bunnies are made with a 4-inch square in the video but work equally well with a six-inch square. There are some intricate folds to make, so you may have to supervise if you have some free time. Paper Hearts Origami for Kids Many origami hearts are flat shapes, but this version is “inflatable.” A six-inch square works for the basic heart, but these are fabulous when made with an 8-inch square. What Is Origami? Origami is the art of making folds in a square of paper to create a sculpture. The sculpture must be made without making any cuts to the paper, nor can any form of sticky tape or glue be used. It’s essentially paper-folding for kids or adults. True origami does not allow any marking of the paper. However, in many origami tutorials for children, the addition of a dot for an eye or a line for a mouth can often be found. What Is the Purpose of Origami? Paper, as we know it today, was invented by the Chinese approximately 2,000 years ago (1). Initially, paper was a rare and expensive item. Therefore, it was used primarily by royal households, monks, and religious leaders for recording important texts. It is thought that religious leaders and monks were the first to practice origami. These paper sculptures were made for ceremonial or religious purposes. Origami was also used to teach some basic principles of mathematics. As paper became more widely available, origami was also practiced to create decorations and purely for the purposes of artistic enjoyment (2). Is Origami Japanese Or Chinese? While it is assumed by many that origami is a strictly Japanese pastime, it is most likely to have originated in China (3). However, in the 1600’s it became a popular artform in Japan and it is here that the first known written origami instructions were recorded in 1797. At this stage, the practice was called orikata, meaning “folded paper.” In the meantime, the Moors brought a form of mathematically-based paper folding to Spain. Here it was further developed into a practice known as papiroflexia. The term origami emerged in Japan in the late 1800’s. As origami is a Japanese word, it became primarily seen as a Japanese activity. Is Origami An Art Form? Great minds have debated about what qualifies as art. However, if you believe art is creation of something purely for the pleasure of creating it, then origami can be considered an art form. Why Is Origami Called Origami? The name origami is generally thought to originate from two smaller Japanese words. First is ori which means to fold and second is kami, meaning paper. Although this explanation is thought to be likely, it is by no means the only possibility as to why this craft got its name. It could also be a direct translation of the German word papierfalten, which means to fold paper. This theory arose because German educator and inventor of kindergarten, Friedrich Froebel, was a proponent of paperfolding. Froebel used what became known as Froebelian folds to teach basic principles of geometry and this technique was introduced to Japanese schools in 1880. It was about this time the term origami first became used to describe paper folding as a pastime. Consequently, it is up for debate whether the word is strictly Japanese or was influenced by Frobel’s papierfalten. What Is Origami Paper Called? In theory, almost any piece of paper can be used for basic origami. There is no single specific “origami paper” although you often see packs of paper squares marketed as such. Here are three types you might see. These “traditional” squares of origami paper are commonly referred to, in the west, as kami. However, this is a distinctly Western use of the word. Kami is the Japanese word for paper, so if you are conversing with a Japanese speaker, kami can refer to any kind of paper. Kami is a relatively new form of paper which was created in the early 20th century, specifically for use in schools. Usually found in six- or ten-inch squares, it can be found in squares of as large as 15 inches or as small as one inch. To begin with, kami was colored on only one side, because it was cheaper to make that way. However, today you will usually see these common origami squares colored on both sides. Washi paper is handmade from local plant fibers, and paper mulberry is the most frequently used. True washi paper can be expensive and many of the commonly seen ones are actually “washi style” regular paper with traditional washi patterns printed on it. You will also see foil origami sheets, which are paper with a layer of foil on one side. These are primarily for those who have moved past the beginner’s stage of origami and want to create more complex models. Benefits of Origami for Kids Origami is more than just a nice way to pass some time. It has physical, mental, and even emotional benefits for children of all ages. Origami benefits include: Fine Motor Skills In order to make folds and create models, you need to have a reasonable level of hand control. Practicing origami helps to improve this fine motor skill, and this improvement benefits other areas requiring physical dexterity. Not only does origami improve a child’s fine motor skills, but the process of using your fingers to create folds, shapes, and models stimulates both sides of the brain. This promotes brain development in multiple areas. Following Instructions And Sequencing To create a specific model in origami from instructions, a child must follow a series of directions, step by step, in the correct sequence. If your child doesn’t follow the instructions in the correct order, they will not be able to re-create the model. This is an extremely valuable life skill. Origami can be used to teach that there may be multiple solutions to a single problem. To illustrate this, show your child a finished origami model and ask them to recreate it. Your child will then have to apply their existing knowledge to come up with a way to make the model (4). Origami can be used to help teach basic concepts of math such as 2D and 3D shapes. However, it doesn’t end there. Origami can also be used to demonstrate basic concepts of measurements, length, width, geometry, and fractions. This is especially useful for children who are visual and tactile learners. The concept of a half can be difficult for a child to grasp, but by folding a piece of paper in half a child has a visual and physical reference for understanding. Physics And Engineering Origami is an excellent tool for learning how a simple art material can have different levels of strength depending on how you use it. A thin, light piece of paper can become a strong, load-bearing item just by folding it in the correct way. Learning To Fail In school, we are usually taught that to be successful you must have the correct answer to a question. We learn that there is one correct answer and that you must not fail when seeking it. However, failure is a part of life. Learning how to fail gracefully, how to learn from your failure, and how to move on is a critical life skill (5). Origami provides a way to fail without consequence, allowing your child to learn to deal with failure in a more positive, healthy way. On the flip side of learning to fail in a healthy manner, there are the self-esteem benefits of being successful. Any child can derive pleasure from taking a piece of paper and folding it to create something else. However, for children who are struggling in any way, the apparent simplicity of origami is non-threatening. This makes it more accessible and a great medium for building a child’s confidence. The benefits of art and creating something purely for the pleasure of it can be severely underrated. Using origami to express yourself creatively can benefit all children, but especially those who struggle to express themselves through language. Origami a fabulous activity for children of all ages, as well as adults. It’s even more special when you join your child in this ancient art. Taking your first step into the world of origami can feel intimidating, but don’t worry. All you need are some clear instructions, a sheet of paper, and some patience. Once you have these three, you can start learning this fascinating and still evolving art form.

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Last Updated on February 19, 2022 by Allison Price You would think that oats are just oats. All oats may not be created equally. Oats that are fed to horses are usually whole. This means that each kernel is protected in a hull, or fibrous sheath. Oats are often processed, such as rolling or crimping which cracks the shells and increases their digestibility. The hulls make up a significant portion of the grain. They can be found in between 23 to 35%, depending on the variety. Whole oats are a safer feed for horses than other cereal grains like corn due to their high fiber content. Plant breeders developed varieties of naked or hull-less oats to enhance the nutritional properties of traditional oats. Although hulls cover the kernels during maturation, they are not necessary. They are thin and easily separated from the rest of the kernel when harvested. Hull-less oats, in essence, are self-milling. Dehulled oats, and hull-less oats can be confused. Dehulled oats have their hulls removed mechanically from the kernel. This can cause the kernel to be damaged or unpalatable. Some varieties of naked oatmeal were discovered to have higher levels of other nutrients during intensive plant breeding trials. These included protein, fat and phosphorus. Traditional oats have approximately 9-12% protein while hullless oats typically contain around 15-20% protein. There are also differences in the amino acids profiles. The naked oats contain 62% more Lysine (0.65% in naked oatmeal and 0.0.40% for conventional oats), and almost twice the amount of methionine (0.40% and 0.20% respectively in conventional and naked oats). This is great news for horsemen who care for young horses. For proper muscle development and maintenance, methionine and lysine are essential amino acids. A lack of either can cause slow growth and poor performance. Hullless varieties have 9-12% fat, which is significantly more than the 5% in hulled oatmeal. Hull-less oats have an additional calorie source in the kernels, which is natural oil. Hull-less oats have a lower risk of causing digestive problems in performance horses because they are made from fat, not starch. Horse owners can save money by feeding fewer oats and still meet their basic nutritional needs. Hullless oats are more phosphorous-rich than hulled. The phosphorus content of naked varieties could be as high as 30%, making them an excellent addition to diets that are high in high-calcium legumes such alfalfa. A combination of naked oats and alfalfa may keep the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio in balance, an important factor to consider when formulating diets for young horses. Horsemen might be reluctant to feed hull-less oatmeal because they believe that the hulls increase horse fiber intake. Fiber is essential for the proper functioning of an equine digestive system. To meet fiber needs, horse owners should consider roughages, such as pasture and hay, and not grains like oats. In cases where the horse’s calorie needs are not met by roughages, grains can be fed to increase the energy content. Whole oats are rich in fiber, but they are not easy to digest by horses. Because of their higher physical density, consumers will often get more value for their money when they buy hull-less oatmeal. One bushel premium-quality heavy oatmeal would weigh in at 36 to 44 pounds. A bushel of hullless oats, for example, would be 50 to 55 pounds. There are some drawbacks to hull-less oatmeal, despite their nutritional benefits. The main problem is the tendency to feed them too much. Due to their higher energy content, hullless oats don’t offer the safety margin that horsemen associate whole oats with. Naked oats have 20-30% more calories per pound than traditional oats. Therefore, for a horse to consume 10 lbs of traditional oats every day, they may only need 7 to 8 lbs of naked oatmeal to meet their caloric requirements. Cost is another disadvantage. Horsemen might initially be reluctant to pay 20-25 percent more for hullless oats than for top-of-the-line crimped oats. Horsemen need to realize that they get about the same value for every dollar when the energy levels of the dietary ingredients are taken into account. One final problem is the nutritional profile of diets solely made up of oats, regardless of their hulling or non-hulling. A vitamin and mineral supplement should also be added to horses to ensure they are getting the best nutrition. I’m Allison, born and raised in San Diego California, the earliest memory I have with horses was at my grandfather’s farm. I used to sit at the stable as a kid and hang out with my Papa while he was training the horses. When I was invited to watch a horse riding competition, I got so fascinated with riding!

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UAV and unmanned vehicle SATCOM is primarily used for providing BVLOS (beyond visual line of sight) capabilities. Standard line-of-sight datalinks will be rendered unworkable at great distances due to the curvature of the earth, and drones may also fly out of range of ground networks such as 5G and other cellular services. A satellite can be used to relay and amplify radio or microwave frequency signals between the vehicle and its base station. SATCOM satellites are usually in geostationary orbit, where they appear at a constant position in the sky, or in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), where they appear to move. LEO satellites are at a lower altitude than geostationary satellites, meaning that they will provide less latency, but geostationary satellites have the advantage of not needing to be tracked. Satellite communications are split into different frequency bands. In increasing order of frequency and decreasing order of wavelength, these are L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. Higher frequency bands usually provide greater bandwidth, but are also more susceptible to signal degradation due to signals being absorbed by atmospheric rain, snow or ice. X-band is typically used by the military as a compromise between these two factors. Drone SATCOM is often used to transmit critical ISR (intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) data from faraway UAVs, in situations where decision-makers require real-time or near real-time access to the data and cannot afford to wait for the aircraft to return. It is also used to create secure, reliable C2 (command and control) links between unmanned vehicles and GCS (ground control stations), allowing users to monitor status, remotely control the vehicle, and switch between remote control and autonomous operation. Unmanned vehicle and drone SATCOM can utilise a variety of different services, such as Inmarsat and Iridium, which have different global coverages, uptime percentages and bandwidth capabilities. UAV SATCOM terminals provide an all-in-one solution for transmitting, receiving, and satellite acquisition and tracking. Lightweight, compact terminals are available that have been specially designed for the SWaP (size, weight, and power)-conscious needs of UAVs. Satellite communication antennas for drones are designed so as not to create significant aerodynamic drag or add excessive mass to the aircraft. They must have sufficient gain to support high enough data rates for a required application.

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On July 30, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs Medicare, a health insurance program for elderly Americans, into law. At the bill-signing ceremony, which took place at the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri, former President Harry Truman was enrolled as Medicare’s first beneficiary and received the first Medicare card. Johnson wanted to recognize Truman, who, in 1945, had become the first president to propose national health insurance, an initiative that was opposed at the time by Congress. The Medicare program, providing hospital and medical insurance for Americans age 65 or older, was signed into law as an amendment to the Social Security Act of 1935. Some 19 million people enrolled in Medicare when it went into effect in 1966. In 1972, eligibility for the program was extended to Americans under 65 with certain disabilities and people of all ages with permanent kidney disease requiring dialysis or transplant. In December 2003, President George W. Bush signed into law the Medicare Modernization Act, which added outpatient prescription drug benefits to Medicare. Medicaid, a state and federally funded program that offers health coverage to certain low-income people, was also signed into law by President Johnson on July 30, 1965, as an amendment to the Social Security Act.

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In English grammar, "a" and "an" are determiners, meaning they specify the identity or quantity of something, and for both words, that quantity is "one"—the word from which they're derived. Really, the only thing that sets this pair apart is the pronunciation of the first sound of the word that follows them. It's pretty simple, except when it ... an meaning: 1. used instead of "a" when the following word begins with a vowel sound: 2. connected with or…. Learn more. Designed to recognize and assist veterans, active duty military personnel, and other related individuals. Awards up to $18,000/yr. Military Benefits. Additional Grants. – Business Partnership. – Fast Track. – Opportunity. – Partnership for International Education. – All Scholarships & Grants. The meaning of AN is a. How to use an in a sentence. A vs. An: Usage Guide. A vs. an: Usage Guide. Indefinite article. In speech and writing a is used before a consonant sound. a door a human Before a vowel sound an is usual an icicle an honor but especially in speech a is used occasionally, more often in some dialects than in others. Find the latest AutoNation, Inc. (AN) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing. An definition, the form of a before an initial vowel sound (an arch; an honor) and sometimes, especially in British English, before an initial unstressed syllable beginning with a silent or weakly pronounced h: an historian. What to Know. Choosing between the indefinite articles a and an is determined by the sound of the following word. If the word begins with a consonant sound you would use a, such as "a dog" and "a balloon," as well as "a one" and "a unicorn." If the word begins with a vowel sound, use an, such as in "an honorable man," and with spoken acronyms ... Kênh Giải Trí và Bình Luận Games ( PUBG Mobile , CF Mobile/CF Legends ) Cùng những Tựa Games Khác ! ★ Chúc Mọi Người Có Những Phút Giây Thư Giãn Vui Vẻ Trên Kênh ... Usage: An was formerly often used before words that begin with h and are unstressed on the first syllable: an hotel; an historic meeting.Sometimes the initial h was not pronounced. The Importance of SOUND. Normally, we pronounce consonant letters with a consonant sound, and vowel letters with a vowel sound. But there are some exceptions. The rule about a or an is still the same. You just need to think about the SOUND, not the WRITING. Look at these examples: vowel LETTER but consonant SOUND. a Eu ropean country. 2022.01.24 20:03 growinguptweaking living in an apartment |submitted by growinguptweaking to Chattanoogans [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 Patrice_77 Duplicati on NAS (Docker install) I'm looking into a backup solution to backup some data of my Mac to my NAS. I stumbled upon Duplicati. Now I was wondering, to avoid having another service running on my Mac, can I install Duplicati on my NAS (Docker-container) and set it up to backup my Mac when it's connected to my home network? I hope someone can give me some info or point me in a direction to where to find the info what I need and or how to configure it all. Thank you in advance for the help. submitted by Patrice_77 to qnap [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 StormsRider [For Hire] I will do your Java homework/exams/programs. Respond 24/7, ready for urgent requests. I have a lot of experience helping students with their Java programming courses including: 2022.01.24 20:03 erniemartinezink Found it at the beach what could it be |submitted by erniemartinezink to whatsthisrock [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 LickMyWalls How big is the Glaser poster included in the Greatest Hits vinyl? 2022.01.24 20:03 lilcrime69 Augot MSK, Los Angeles 2007 |submitted by lilcrime69 to Bombing [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 Tritonian214 Question from a new user regarding stripe card Hi, when setting up my cards within the app it asked for the numbers on the cards. My Marquetta card went through no problem. My stripe card I accidentally mistyped the number after when it asks for the # after "CORNERSHOP" On the card. I'm assuming this is like the number that associates the card with me. I did enter in the actual card # itself I haven't been able to contact support to solve this, I just am worried about ending up at the register with a card that doesn't work Does anyone know if this will matter or if there is a chat to fix something like this? I haven't been able to find any support on the app Thanks for the help submitted by Tritonian214 to CornershopByUber [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 hauntedstorm I feel like I’m the ONLY one who sees this |submitted by hauntedstorm to 90DayFiance [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 DarkArtsLaw Couldn't Resist. About $11,000 in Options-- 95 strike price, July 22, 2022; Jan 2023; Jan 2024 expirations. |submitted by DarkArtsLaw to Superstonk [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 ReignSZN21 NEW PS4 FANTASY DRAFT FRANCHISE LEAGUE Newly created franchise fantasy league that has not yet drafted and that i am looking to fill before doing so. League will have rules in place to prevent spamming , cheating and repetitive gameplay. Also plan on using real draft classes so league can be ran for multiple seasons. if interested join discord below submitted by ReignSZN21 to MaddenFranchise [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 LalisaMakesMeSoHard Momo is so hot 😍 |submitted by LalisaMakesMeSoHard to TWICExNice [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 Jrw2998 HELP ME FIND MY FAVORITE SONG EVER THAT WAS PLAYING AT STARBUCKS TODAY It is a girl singing and it sounds “newer” as in not from the 90s or 00s and the only lyrics I know are “please, please” but in a long drawn out way that gets higher in pitch as it gets towards the end of the word. Think its the hook too I have been driving myself crazy trying to find this song that was playing at starbucks today, I was busy doing work and meant to ask a barista before I left but forgot and now have spent 4 hours searching every corner of the internet for it and no luck. It was played right before or after “one dance” by drake and I checked all their spotify playlists and one dance isnt on any so figured a genius on reddit could help me out. Thank you and if someone finds it I will love you forever submitted by Jrw2998 to starbucks [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 ags_87 IG Live 2022.01.24 20:03 nygration Luckily this culprit has been apprehended |submitted by nygration to illegallysmolanimals [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 IsDaouda_Games LLVM Clang Now Defaulting To The DWARFv5 Debug Format 2022.01.24 20:03 ElementalMystery Ah, the concrit war... It really struck a nerve, didn't it? I'd argue that there seem to be two camps: those that think that giving and receiving concrit should be the default position unless otherwise stated, and those that say that the default position should be not giving concrit unless asked for or permitted by the author. I also seem to see that the pro-concrit users seem to have been in the fanfic scene back when FFN was the most popular site 10-15 years ago. Whereas the more anti-concrit users seem to generally be newer writers that have started out in the AO3 age. Now, I won't pretend to be unbiased. I am fairly new to the scene but I a spent a year or so passively consuming fic on FFN, that happened to be back from the age of concrit. So, of course, that culture was ingrained in me even though it's apparently a relic of another time. I want to point out that the anti-concrit users do have a point - to an extent. We aren't here to be harming each other and saying upsetting things to one another is just wrong. Leaving concrit where authors have specifically asked to not receive it is violating their boundaries, so of course we shouldn't so that. But at the same time, I don't think that concrit is actually harmful. Many of the harmful things that anti-concrit users have described are just not actually concrit. If something is offensive and abusive, that isn't concrit. That's just toxicity. If something is invasive, that isn't concrit. If something is trying to shove one reader's preference down the writer's throat, that sure as hell ain't concrit. That's just someone being an asshole. Concrit is, by definition, helpful and kind advice. It isn't hateful and rude, nor is it unsolicited verbal smackdowns. Genuine concrit is something that hopefully doesn't upset the writer, but inspire them to improve. Concrit should be nestled within a wider review praising the work overall, so it isn't solely negativity either. The commenter is putting their thoughts out there for the writer to see and offering advice for next time, and the writer can either take it or leave it. They aren't forced to listen. But yeah, I can understand why so many people are anti-concrit when they misunderstand what concrit actually is and misrepresent it in their arguments. Now, I can understand why many writers would not like to receive true concrit also. Perhaps they aren't looking to improve and are simply having a bit of fun. Perhaps they often misunderstand well-intentioned concrit as attacks and would rather not receive any whatsoever. Perhaps they want to see where they should improve for themselves instead of having others point it out. That's fine. They should just mention that they don't want concrit in the author's notes. But I don't think that it's fair to say that a comment is rude when leaving concrit on the work of a writer who hasn't specified either way. The default understanding should be that concrit is fine (remember, it has to be *con-*crit) unless otherwise specified. An opt-out system. The truth is, no matter how you try to frame it, people generally post their works online because they want other people to read them and leave their thoughts, or else they would keep it to themselves and maybe their friends. So they clearly want other people to have an opinion on what they have written. If the writers don't want to hear that opinion, that's their choice. But is seems logical to me that the default way of doing things should be one where those opinions are shared with the writer. And back in the early days of fic, this was the case. I honestly feel as if there was a more cosy atmosphere because people could be honest with each other and could build up strong relationships over time. There should be this mutual respect. Readers should respect that the writer has put a lot of time and effort into creating content for them to consume, and so their comments should be respectful. The writer should appreciate that the reader has chosen to read their work and leave their thoughts, and so they should be appreciative of what the reader has to say even if they ultimately choose to ignore it. Finally, I've seen this sentiment that pro-concrit is ableist or discriminating against people with mental health difficulties. I would like to add that if your mental health is adversely affected by receiving criticism, you need to be the one to step away and protect yourself because it's not the responsibility of others to do that for you. Like, I understand what it feels like to have fragile mental health. My years of narcissistic abuse form my parents left me with abyssal self esteem and severe depression as a result. I developed an anxious/avoidant personality disorder and executive dysfunction. But I understand and accept that I risk having my mental health affected when participating in spaces such as these. I don't expect others to tiptoe around my issues because it's not their problem. If you personally cannot deal with the possibility of having your mental health affected adversely, you need to think about your wellbeing and step away, because it's your job to. You cannot expect others to do that for you. So I find that it's a moot point to say that delivering concrit is insensitive to the mental health of the writer, because if a writer is already on that tipping point, maybe they aren't ready be exposing a vulnerable part of themselves to the world. Also, can we keep it civil in the comments? They might be against concrit to prevent hurtful comments, but I've still seen so many anti-concriters being just as hurtful in their arguments. And even though pro-concriters know that being polite is the only acceptable way to offer it, they have been arguing their points in upsetting ways also. So please, try to be better than the very people you condemn, or live up to the same standards that you purport to? Thanks. submitted by ElementalMystery to FanFiction [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 DaveNikju90 Nighfall rotation next season So what nightfalls do you guys hope for the most next season? even though we dont have that many strikes anymore. For me, the only one i'd hope for is Scarlet keep, only because of the elevator music. submitted by DaveNikju90 to DestinyTheGame [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 cautionsignal renjun fools cover my beloved |submitted by cautionsignal to memeculturetechnology [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 alforo_ Repsol, en el punto de mira por uno de los mayores desastres ambientales en Perú |submitted by alforo_ to podemos [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 TimsCreepyArt Lake of sorrow, regrowth. Oil on canvas Completed 25/01/2022 I wanted the show my feelings of grief. |submitted by TimsCreepyArt to oilpainting [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 OrdinaryFootwear What should i barter for using a 314 marked key? 2022.01.24 20:03 TheChrisLambert (Will delete) Anyone know what the weight amounts should be here? It’s a Body Master machine |submitted by TheChrisLambert to weightlifting [link] [comments]| 2022.01.24 20:03 Hokeko2003 el edgy cuando juega genshin y se la mete a paimon submitted by Hokeko2003 to latesitoo [link] [comments] 2022.01.24 20:03 MY-NAME-IS-NOT-RICKK Hello there 2022.01.24 20:03 wal_king_disaster Eric Trump says Trump family will take legal action against Trumpcoin |submitted by wal_king_disaster to CryptoCurrency [link] [comments]|

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“Human activity is draining resources and destroying natural habitats.” By Linn Smith February 6, 2018—–Besides being a successful author, Jotstein Gaarder works to support both human rights and a sustainable environment. Gaarder clearly states our current world condition concerning the cause and effect of climate change in the following article, which is the foreword to his 20th addition of Sophie’s World. Sophie’s World is a novel he wrote in 1995 which became a best seller around the world. This exerpt is from the article, “Sophie’s World in Danger: Living as though everything centres on our time is just as naïve as thinking the Earth is flat” from http://www.independent.co.uk: “Two decades ago, a history of philosophy by an unknown Norwegian teacher became a most unlikely phenomenon. But how has time changed the writer? And how might he change his book now, if he could? Jostein Gaarder takes up his own story. However, by far the most important philosophical question of our time must be this: how are we going to save our civilization and the basis of our existence? From time to time I am asked a question. If I had written Sophie’s World today, is there something important I would have added? Is there something I would have placed more emphasis on? The answer is a resounding yes! If I were to write a philosophical novel today, I would have focused a lot more on how we treat our planet. It is strange to look back after only 20 years and realize that Sophie’s World doesn’t really address this question. The reason may be that over the course of these 20 years we have gained an entirely new awareness of climate change and the importance of biological diversity. An all-important principle in the study of ethics has been the golden rule, otherwise known as the reciprocity principle: do to others what you would like them to do to you. Over time, we have learnt to apply this rule more widely. In the Sixties and Seventies, people came to realize that the reciprocity principle must apply across national borders, both to the north and to the south. But the golden rule can no longer just apply across space. We have begun to realize that the reciprocity principle applies across time, too: do to the next generation what you would like them to have done to you, had they lived on the planet before us. It’s that simple. Love thy neighbor as thyself. Obviously, this rule must apply to the next generation and to everyone who lives on the planet after us. They are human beings, too. Therefore, we should not leave behind a planet which is less valuable than the one we have enjoyed. A planet with fewer fish in the sea. Less drinking water. Less food. Fewer rainforests. Fewer coral reefs. Fewer species of animals and plants… Less beauty. Less wonder. Less splendor and happiness. The 20th century has taught us that people need conventions and obligations which go beyond national boundaries. The question we are left with at the beginning of the 21st century is: for how long can we claim human rights without accepting they come with fundamental obligations. The time is ripe for a Universal Declaration of Human Obligations. It no longer makes sense to think about an individual’s rights and freedoms without also thinking about the responsibility of individuals and individual states – not least our responsibility to safeguard the rights of future generations. At this very moment we are experiencing the consequences of man-made climate change. They are dramatic. However, opinion polls indicate that the people of this world are not particularly concerned. One day in the future, global-warming denial may be considered one of the greatest conspiracies of all time. The era we live in is exceptional in every way. On one hand, we belong to a triumphant generation, which can explore the universe and map the human genome. On the other, we are the first generation seriously to lay waste to the environment. Human activity is draining resources and destroying natural habitats. We are changing our surroundings to such an extent that people think of our time as an entirely new geological era. Huge volumes of carbon are contained in plants, animals, the sea, oil, coal and gas. The carbon is just itching to be oxidized and released into the air. The atmosphere on dead planets such as Venus and Mars is mostly CO2, and that would also be the case here if the Earth’s processes didn’t hold the carbon at bay. But from the end of the 18th century, fossil fuels have tempted us like the genie in Aladdin’s lamp. “Release us,” they whispered. And we gave into that temptation. Now we are trying to force the genie back inside the lamp. If all the remaining oil, coal and gas on this planet is extracted and burnt, our civilization will not survive. But many people and many countries see this as their divine right. Why shouldn’t they use the fossil fuels on their land? Why shouldn’t countries with rainforests chop them down? What’s the difference? What difference will it make to CO2 levels or to biodiversity if one country stops while the rest carry on? Over the past few centuries, most people here in Norway have been lifted out of poverty. The same is true in many regions of the world. We should not forget that. But this prosperity has come at a high price, a debt we are only now beginning to pay off. Before the Industrial Revolution, the atmosphere contained 275 CO2 parts per million. At the moment of writing, that figure is 400 ppm and it is still rising. Devastating climate change is unavoidable at this rate. Sooner or later we must attempt to return to pre-industrial CO2 levels. According to Dr James Hansen, considered by many to be one of the world’s leading climate researchers, we must – initially at least – get this level down to 350 ppm. Only then can we feel reasonably secure that we will escape the worst catastrophes for this planet and for our civilization. But the figure is not going down. It is going up. If we are to save biodiversity, we need to revolutionize our thinking. Living as though everything centers on our time is just as naive as thinking the Earth is flat. Our time is no more significant than future times. It is only natural that our time is the most significant to us. But we cannot live as though our time is also the most important one for those who come after us. We must respect future times as we respect our own time. In relationships between individuals and between nations, we have emerged from our “natural state”, characterized by the survival of the fittest. But when it comes to the relationship between generations, unbridled lawlessness still reigns. Everyone has the right to practice their beliefs, and everyone has the right to hope that our planet can be saved. But that does not guarantee that there will be a new heaven and a new earth awaiting us. It is unlikely that supernatural forces will bring about a Judgement Day. But it is inevitable that we will be judged by our descendants. Climate change comes down to greed. The destruction of biodiversity comes down to greed. But greed does not trouble the greedy. History is our witness. The ethical question is not difficult to answer – what is difficult is living by the answer. But if we forget our descendants, they will never be able to forget us. The question of how widely we should apply the reciprocity principle comes down to identity. What is a human being? Who am I? If I were merely myself – that is, the body sitting here writing – I would be a creature without hope. But my identity goes deeper than my own body and my own short time on Earth. I am a part of – and I take part in – something which is bigger and greater than myself. Humans tend to have a local and short-term sense of who they are. We used to have to scan our surroundings, wary of dangers and prey. That gives us a natural tendency to defend ourselves and protect our own. But we do not have the same natural tendency to protect our descendants, not to mention species other than our own. Favoring our own genes lies deep within our nature. But we don’t have the same instinct to protect our genes four or eight generations down the line. That is something we must learn – just as we had to learn to respect human rights. Ever since our species emerged in Africa, we have fought a determined battle to prevent our branch of the evolutionary tree from being cut off. That battle has been successful, for we are still here. But we have become so prosperous that we are threatening the basis of our own survival. We have become so prosperous that we are threatening the basis of every species’ survival. As clever, vain and inventive as we are, it is easy to forget that we are simply primates. But are we really so clever if we put our cleverness and inventiveness ahead of our responsibility for the future of the planet? No longer can we think only about one another. The planet we live on is an essential part of our identity. Even if our species is destined to die out, we still carry an important responsibility for this unique planet and for the nature we leave behind. Modern humans think we are almost entirely shaped by our cultural and social history, by the civilization which produced us. But we are also shaped by our planet’s biological history. There is a genetic heritage as well as a cultural one. We are primates. We are vertebrates. It took billions of years to create us. Billions of years to create a human being! But are we going to survive the next millennium? What is time? First we have the horizon of the individual, then of the family, of culture and of literary culture, but there is also geological time – we come from tetrapods that crawled out of the sea 350 million years ago – and finally, there is cosmic time. Our universe is almost 13.7 billion years old. But in reality, these periods of time are not as distant from one another as they may seem. We have reason to feel at home in the universe. The planet we live on is precisely one third of the age of the universe, and the class of animals to which we belong, the vertebrates, has existed for a mere 10 per cent of the time our solar system and life on Earth have existed. The universe is no more infinite than that. Or conversely: our roots and our kinship are intricately and deeply woven into the universal soil. Human beings may be the only living creatures in the entire universe who have a universal consciousness. We have a staggering sense of the immense and mysterious cosmos we are part of. Therefore, not only do we have a global responsibility to save our planet. We have a cosmic responsibility.” This is the foreword to the 20th anniversary edition of ‘Sophie’s World’ (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, £8.99) published 8th October 2015. Translation © Paul Russell Garrett 2015 is published 8th October 2015. Also visit us at: https://www.facebook.com/planetearthweekly/

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The Suurupi Peninsula lies on Estonia's northern coast about 20 km west of Tallinn. On the initiative of Russian Rear Admiral Mordvinov a lighthouse 20 meters high was built on the peninsula in 1760. After some rebuilding, the stone tower received as a glass lantern room. As a result the light stood at 16 meters from the base with a focal plane of about 41 meters. As such the lighthouse stood until 1944. In 1859 another, front lighthouse was built at 1.2 miles from the rear one: a three-storied wooden truncated pyramid with a gable roof. Its focal plane was 15 meters, 11 meters from the base. When German forces withdrew from Estonia in 1944 they set fire to the stone Suurupi lighthouse. Its restoration and reconstruction work began soon: the burned timber ceilings were replaced by reinforced concrete ceilings supported on steel girders, metal stairs were built into the tower and electricity replaced earlier gas in the lantern. Later a cylindrical floor of a narrower diameter was built up top of the stone tower and the lantern room was lifted on the roof. The light now stood at 22 meters from the base with a focal plane of 66-meters as the lighthouse stand on a cliff 44 meters high. In 1971 also the lights of the front lighthouse were switched to electricity. The leading lights mark a shipping lane of 10-meter depth leading west out of Tallinn Bay. The front lighthouse is a white quadrangular wooden truncated pyramid, while the rear lighthouse is a white cylindrical stone tower with a balcony and a black lantern room. In 2009 the front Suurupi light marked its sesquicentennial, while the rear lighthouse marks its 250th anniversary this year.

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Endometriosis is a painful condition in which endometrial cells are similar to the cells that normally line the uterus, growing outside of the uterus. Mostly in ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other parts of the body. Endometrium usually grows thickened and breaks apart and bleeds during a period. In endometriosis, cells that are similar to cells present in the uterus, act like endometrium and bleed apart but this blood has no way to go and surrounding areas may be inflamed or swollen and leave scars and lesions. There are three types of endometriosis: • Superficial peritoneal lesion. • Ovarian region. • Deeply infiltrating endometriosis. 1. Superficial peritoneal lesion: in which cells grow in the peritoneum. (peritoneum is a membrane that lines the abdomen and pelvis). 2. Deeply infiltrating endometriosis: in this type organs near the uterus can involve such as bladder and bowels. 3. Ovarian region (endometrioma): tissue deposited in the ovarian region (ovaries) which is also called a chocolate cyst. 1. Retrograde menstruation: in retrograde menstruation, during menses, blood flows back to the fallopian tube and into the pelvic cavity. These endometrial cells stick to pelvic walls where they grow and bleed over in each menstrual cycle. 2. Immune system disorder. 3. Cellular transformation: in which cells change from one form to another form. Cells outside of the uterus transform into cells like endometrial cells. 1. Severe pain in lower abdomen and back during menses. 2. Pain while urinating and passing stool during menstruation. 3. Menorrhagia (heavy bleeding during menses). 4. Pain during sexual intercourse. Other symptoms like: • Bloating during menstruation. 1. 1st period in early age. 2. Heavy bleeding during menstruation for prolonged periods of time can lead to anemic conditions. 3. Family history of endometriosis. • Cancer: endometriosis for a prolonged period of time can cause cancer if proper treatment is not taken. Stages of endometriosis: 1. Stage 1 ( minimal): few superficial lesions found on the pelvis or abdomen. 2. Stage 2 ( mild): more tissue deposits can be seen as compared to stage 1. These lesions are deeper and may leave scars tissues. 3. Stage 3(moderate): many tissue deposits and cysts with a thick band of scar tissues can be seen in both ovaries. 4. Stage 4(severe): large cysts in both ovaries with the deepest scar tissues (multiple) can be seen in this stage. • Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI: to determine the thickness of endometrial layers or abnormal tissues, cysts, or deposits in ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes. • Laparoscopy: a long thin instrument i.e. laparoscope, inserted into the abdomen via small surgical incision.it is used to diagnose endometriosis. Preventions and management: • Lowering of estrogen levels can reduce the risk of endometriosis. • Eat healthy. • Avoid smoking and alcohol. • Do exercise on a daily basis. • Avoid caffeine. 1. Xanthoxylum: it is well indicated in early and profuse menses. Pain in loins and lower abdomen extending down to the thigh. Neuralgic dysmenorrhea. severe pain in the back. Menses thick, almost black. 2. Sabina: sabina can be given where menses are long and copious and stay for next periods begins. Blood is bright red with clots. Labour pain in the abdomen and sacrum. Menses are profuse and early. 3. Hamamelis: is well indicated in profuse menses. Bleeding between periods . blood is dark profuse and clotted. Severe pain in back and lower abdomen before menses.

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A capon is a rooster that has been castrated before reaching sexual maturity. The reason a rooster is made into a capon has mostly to do with the quality of the meat. The lack of testosterone creates a more tender, flavorful meat, that is a delight compared to regular chicken. In the United States today, it's uncommon to see capon on a dinner menu or in the grocery store, but it was once considered a luxury. During the early part of the 20th century, the capon was the chosen bird for Christmas feasts, especially for the wealthy. Working class families saw capon as a rare treat because it was quite expensive. Capons Make Better Meals Compared to rooster meat, which can be quite gamy, capon meat is tender and flavorful. It is also relatively fatty and has a high proportion of white meat. The difference between capon meat and rooster meat is due to the absence of sexual hormones. The lack of testosterone allows more fat to form on the bird's muscles making them tender and buttery. Due to the nature of sex hormones, the rooster must be castrated before it reaches the age of maturity, otherwise, the changes in muscle density will have already occurred. Castration makes the roosters less aggressive as well, which means less fighting among the birds. While roosters typically need to be separated, capons can usually be penned together without fear of feathers flying. They are also less energetic than other poultry, which helps their meat stay tender. However, the lack of testosterone does mean capons are smaller than the average rooster. The process of making a rooster into a capon is called caponization. A capon is usually castrated at around eight weeks of age or earlier. They are generally slaughtered at around 10 months, sometimes younger. This is actually a long lifespan when compared with standard roasting chickens, which are typically butchered around 12 weeks. In some countries, capons are also force-fed in order to fatten them up. Since an industrial chicken can be slaughtered in under five weeks, most industrial chicken farms do not produce capons. This can make capon meat hard to find in grocery stores, but there are specialty farms that still produce capons. When it comes to preparing capon, you can treat it like any other poultry dish. Typically, capons are roasted and the procedure for doing so is really no different from roasting a chicken. Traditionally, roosters are braised. For instance, the classic French dish coq au vin involves braising a rooster in red wine. That is because their meat is tougher than chicken meat and they are usually slaughtered at an older age, which toughens the meat as well. As such, braising is also a good cooking technique for preparing capon. If you do manage to find capon meat in your local grocery store, you can follow this braised chicken recipe to prepare it. You'll simply swap the chicken for the capon and get the opportunity to enjoy one of the most tender white meats available.

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FORT LEONARD WOOD, Mo. — On Aug. 26, we commemorate Women’s Equality Day and celebrate the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, which enshrines women’s right to vote. The passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, is a result of the courage and determination of those who challenged the nation to achieve our founding principles. The demand for women's suffrage in this country first gained strength in the 1840s. In 1848, the first women's rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York, led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The call for voting rights was further amplified in World War I, as women entered the workplace to fill jobs formerly held by men who were engaged in the war. President Woodrow Wilson supported the passage of the 19th Amendment, telling the U.S. Congress in 1918, “…democracy means that women will play their part in affairs alongside men and upon equal footing with them.” Women have served since the Revolutionary War and are an essential part of the military today. They serve in all career fields; their achievements and their presence make the military and Fort Leonard Wood stronger. Our military has eliminated barriers to service, and we are committed to treating every person with dignity and respect. We are very proud to serve with you. Victory Starts Here — Victory Through Skill!

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There are two methods of clustering Horizontal and Vertical. Horizontal clustering: involves running multiple Java application servers that are run on two or more separate physical machines. Horizontal scaling is more reliable than vertical scaling since there are multiple machines involved in the cluster environment, as compared to only one machine. Vertical clustering: however, consists of multiple Java application servers on a single physical machine. With vertical scaling, the machine's processing power, CPU usage, and JVM heap memory configurations are the main factors in deciding how many server instances should be run on one machine.

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Angus Murphy, a professor of horticulture, and Wendy Peer, an assistant professor of horticulture, study the movement of auxin, a plant hormone essential for plant development. They showed that ABCB4, a protein responsible for moving auxin into cells, also removes the hormone when too much has accumulated. "We knew that the protein took auxin up, but found that it switched to removing auxin when a threshold is reached," said Murphy, whose findings appeared in the early online version of The Plant Journal. "It starts transporting the hormones out." That fine-tuning mechanism is integral to proper development of plant root hairs, which extend from the main plant root and are where most water and minerals enter. "The root hairs are doing all the heavy lifting for bringing the water into the plant," Peer said. "And ABCB4 maintains the right auxin levels to keep root hairs growing optimally." The herbicide 2,4-D, a synthetic form of auxin, could have unintended consequences for the protein, Murphy and Peer said. The herbicide is used to kill broadleaf weeds, which are dicots, while monocot grasses, such as sorghum and corn, are more resistant. That's because grasses inactivate 2,4-D inside the plant, while broadleaf dicots do not. But ABCB4 is located on the root surface and can be switched into intake-only mode, disabling its ability to remove excess auxin from cells, before 2,4-D can be inactivated inside the plant. This results in shorter root hairs. "This suggests that ABCB4 is an unexpected target of 2,4-D action," Murphy said. "It's something that we have to be aware of with the commercial introduction of 2,4-D resistant soybeans and other dicot crops." Murphy said laboratory testing of ABCB4 in yeast, tobacco and human cells subjected to 2,4-D all showed that ABCB4 could be locked into the uptake-only mode. The root hairs of mutant plants that had ABCB4 removed were not affected by application of 2,4-D. "It was very clear that what was happening in the plant was what was happening in the cell cultures," Murphy said. Murphy said the findings suggest that application techniques that limit 2,4-D entry into soils are important to ensure that production with engineered 2,4-D resistant crop plants does not require additional fertilizer and/or water inputs. The Department of Energy funded the study. Murphy and Peer partnered with scientists at the Institute of Experimental Botany at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Writer: Brian Wallheimer, 765-496-2050, [email protected] Sources: Angus Murphy, 765-496-7956, [email protected] Wendy Peer, 765-496-7958, [email protected] Communications: (765) 494-2722; Brian Wallheimer | EurekAlert! New 3-D model predicts best planting practices for farmers 26.06.2017 | Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Fighting a destructive crop disease with mathematics 21.06.2017 | University of Cambridge Physicists have developed a new technique that uses electrical voltages to control the electron spin on a chip. The newly-developed method provides protection from spin decay, meaning that the contained information can be maintained and transmitted over comparatively large distances, as has been demonstrated by a team from the University of Basel’s Department of Physics and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute. The results have been published in Physical Review X. For several years, researchers have been trying to use the spin of an electron to store and transmit information. The spin of each electron is always coupled... What is the mass of a proton? Scientists from Germany and Japan successfully did an important step towards the most exact knowledge of this fundamental constant. By means of precision measurements on a single proton, they could improve the precision by a factor of three and also correct the existing value. To determine the mass of a single proton still more accurate – a group of physicists led by Klaus Blaum and Sven Sturm of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear... The research team of Prof. Dr. Oliver Einsle at the University of Freiburg's Institute of Biochemistry has long been exploring the functioning of nitrogenase.... A one trillion tonne iceberg - one of the biggest ever recorded -- has calved away from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica, after a rift in the ice,... Physics supports biology: Researchers from PTB have developed a model system to investigate friction phenomena with atomic precision Friction: what you want from car brakes, otherwise rather a nuisance. In any case, it is useful to know as precisely as possible how friction phenomena arise –... 21.07.2017 | Event News 19.07.2017 | Event News 12.07.2017 | Event News 21.07.2017 | Earth Sciences 21.07.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering 21.07.2017 | Physics and Astronomy

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Fundamentals of Elasticity Fundamentals of Theory of Elasticity or physics of deformable bodies were established during the scientific revolution. Engineers would call these deformable bodies as structures. Hooke’s law was discovered in 1660. Robert Hooke (1635–1703) was an English physicist. His important law of elasticity, known as Hooke’s law (1660), states that the stretching of a solid is proportional to the force applied to it. He published his law in 1678 . Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. - 1.Cauchy, A.L.: Memoir, communicated to Paris Academy (1822)Google Scholar - 2.Dym, C.L., Shames, I.H.: Solid Mechanics, A Variational Approach. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1973)Google Scholar - 4.Hooke, R.: De Potentia restitutiva, London (1678)Google Scholar - 5.Lanczos, C.: The Variational Principle of Mechanics. University of Toronto (1949)Google Scholar - 6.Langhaar, H.L.: Energy Methods Methods in Applied Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1962)Google Scholar - 8.Navier, Lois: De l’équilibre et du mouvement des corps solides élastiques, Paper read to the Académie des Sciences, May 14 (1821)Google Scholar - 9.Prescott, J.: Applied Elasticity. Dover, New York (1946)Google Scholar - 12.Washizu, K.: Variational Methods in Elasticity and Plasticity. Pergammon Press (1982)Google Scholar

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back to top Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin, which is necessary in the body to form collagen in bones, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels and aids in the absorption of iron. Dietary sources of vitamin C include fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruits such as oranges. Severe deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy. Although rare, scurvy includes potentially severe consequences, and can cause sudden death. Patients with scurvy are treated with vitamin C and should be under medical supervision. Many uses for vitamin C have been proposed, but few have been found to be beneficial in scientific studies. In particular, research in asthma, cancer, and diabetes remains inconclusive, and no benefits have been found in the prevention of cataracts or heart disease. The use of vitamin C in the prevention/treatment of the common cold and respiratory infections remains controversial, with ongoing research. For cold prevention , more than 30 clinical trials including over 10,000 participants have examined the effects of taking daily vitamin C. Overall, no significant reduction in the risk of developing colds has been observed. In people who developed colds while taking vitamin C, no difference in severity of symptoms has been seen overall, although a very small significant reduction in the duration of colds has been reported (approximately 10% in adults and 15% in children). Notably, a subset of studies in people living in extreme circumstances, including soldiers in sub-arctic exercises, skiers, and marathon runners, have found a significant reduction in the risk of developing a cold by approximately 50%. This area merits additional study and may be of particular interest to elite athletes or military personnel. For cold treatment , numerous studies have examined the effects of starting vitamin C after the onset of cold symptoms. So far, no significant benefits have been observed. Zinc has been used since ancient Egyptian times to enhance wound healing, although the usefulness of this approach is only partially confirmed by the clinical data of today. Zinc is necessary for the functioning of more than 300 different enzymes and plays a vital role in an enormous number of biological processes. Zinc is a cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and is in a number of enzymatic reactions involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Its immune-enhancing activities include regulation of T lymphocytes, CD4, natural killer cells, and interleukin II. In addition, zinc has been claimed to possess antiviral activity. It has been shown to play a role in wound healing, especially following burns or surgical incisions. Zinc is necessary for the maturation of sperm and normal fetal development. It is involved in sensory perception (taste, smell, and vision) and controls the release of stored vitamin A from the liver. Within the endocrine system, zinc has been shown to regulate insulin activity and promote the conversion thyroid hormones thyroxine to triiodothyronine. Based on available scientific evidence, zinc may be effective in the treatment of (childhood) malnutrition, acne vulgaris, peptic ulcers, leg ulcers, infertility, Wilson's disease, herpes, and taste or smell disorders. Zinc has also gained popularity for its use in the prevention of the common cold. The role for zinc is controversial in some cases, as the results of published studies provide either contradictory information and/or the methodological quality of the studies does not allow for a confident conclusion regarding the role of zinc in those diseases. Folate and folic acid are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin. Folate occurs naturally in food and folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin. Folic acid is well-tolerated in amounts found in fortified foods and supplements. Sources include cereals, baked goods, leafy vegetables (spinach, broccoli, lettuce), okra, asparagus, fruits (bananas, melons, lemons), legumes, yeast, mushrooms, organ meat (beef liver, kidney), orange juice, and tomato juice. Folic acid is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex formulations.

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From Project Athinai The Sacred Gate was one of the three main gates of Athens. It was of the courtyard type. A recess gave access to the city doors. Two strong towers protected the entry into this recess which was also flanked by two walls with sentry walks. Intermediate doors were placed in the middle of this courtyard. Then, the extremity of this narrow courtyard, the gate proper consisted of two doors protected by two smaller towers. The Eridanus River flowed out of the city through this gate, sharing it with the Sacred Way. The Sacred Gate was used for the Procession towards Eleusis. From the Akropolis, participants followed the Sacred Way, went out of the city through the Sacred Gate and continued all the way to Eleusis. Connolly, Peter and Hazel Dodge; The Ancient City - Life in Classical Athens & Rome, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 Martin, Jacques; Les voyages d'Alix - Athènes, Casterman, 2001

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There's a lot of effort going to save the Monarch Butterfly as its population declines and that includes finding out how and why they move from one place to the next. At Iowa State University, PhD entomology student Kelsey Fisher says, "The first question we're asking is to see, how far they can perceive so how far can they smell and how far can they see to get from one resource to another because if we're restoring habitat and putting milkweed out we want to make sure that the Monarch is going to be able to use it." Fisher is studying that by putting a tracking device on the butterfly, "This is a Monarch that we caught earlier. So we can just glue the transmitter and get the abdomen up and then we just hold it till the glue's dry." The Monarchs tend to weigh half a gram, the transmitters are a quarter of a gram, but that doesn't bother the Monarchs according to Fisher, We actually had a butterfly, it was a very small Monarch we were testing, the Monarch only weighed 0.3 grams we put a battery on it that weighed 0.3 grams. It flew away from us and we couldn't catch it." After putting the transmitter on, she'll track how it moves, "We will release the butterfly with a transmitter in the field and then track where it goes and then before it leaves the field, we'll catch it again." To sense it, four towers sit on the corners of about two acres. Together they triangulate the butterfly position. Fisher says, "In this, we're getting signal strengths, so we're getting numbers. So we can actually calculate where the butterfly was." Fisher counted the more than six thousand milkweeds in this field as one of several experiments. She says, "We're looking at how a butterfly is navigating in a field that is filled with resources." The next test will be in a field with no milkweed, "It's all grass, so there's no resources for the monarchs to take advantage of so then we bring our own resources." All to see how Monarchs find food, "How far away can this Monarch find the next resource without having to do random movements in between? Because a monarch can do directed flight, and it can also do random flight." Fisher explains the only research out there is over small areas, "Nothing has been done to look at the big movements. And so, with all the telemetry equipment that I'm using, I'm trying to look at the big movements. So when the butterfly that just flew away over there happens, we would know where it goes next. Cause now it's gone, we don't know where it is." That would not only be helpful to find lost equipment, but also to find how to best restore milkweed to the land to help save the Monarchs.

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Explain how to write a monomial in standard form. Polynomial is made from the words "Poly" which means many and "Nominal" which means terms.So from the name itself, we can say that polynomials are the mathematical expressions which contains one or more algebraic terms. Answer and Explanation: Monomial : If the polynomial has only one term then it is known as monomial . The single terms should be non-zero. For Example :- 3x , 4y^2 etc. Standard form of monomial : In standard form, we can say that a polynomial having one term like ax^n where a is coefficient (a should be non-zero), x is the variable in the term , and n is the degree of a polynomial. Become a member and unlock all Study Answers Try it risk-free for 30 daysTry it risk-free Ask a question Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions.Ask a question Ask a question Learn more about this topic: from GMAT Prep: Help and ReviewChapter 9 / Lesson 17

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The African continent is blessed with a lot of countries that are unique in their own way. As a Nigerian you may or may not need a visa to go there. One of such countries is Liberia. Liberia, Africa’s oldest republic and the only black state in Africa that was never subjected to colonial rule, wouldn’t be a bad option if you are in search of where to visit outside the shores of our nation. Discussed in this article is all you need to know about Liberia in order to achieve a hitch-free trip if you plan on visiting there. Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south and southwest. English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, reflecting the country’s ethnic and cultural diversity. The country’s capital and largest city is Monrovia. Liberia is the only Black state in Africa never subjected to colonial rule and is Africa’s oldest republic. It was established on land acquired for freed U.S. slaves by the American Colonization Society, which founded a colony at Cape Mesurado in 1821. In 1824 the territory was named Liberia, and its main settlement was named Monrovia, which is the present-day capital. Based on worldometer elaboration of the latest United nations data, the current population of Liberia is 5,316,776 as of Thursday, September 8, 2022. Liberia 2020 population is estimated at 5,057,681 people at mid year according to UN data. Liberia population is equivalent to 0.06% of the total world population. Liberia ranks number 123 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. The population density in Liberia is 53 per Km2 (136 people per mi2). 3. The people Ethnic groups and languages According to Britannica, the people of Liberia are classified into three major groups: the indigenous people, who are in the majority and who migrated from the western Sudan in the late Middle Ages; Black immigrants from the United States (known historically as Americo-Liberians) and the West Indies; and other Black immigrants from neighbouring western African states who came during the anti-slave-trade campaign and European colonial rule. The Americo-Liberians are most closely associated with founding Liberia. Most of them migrated to Liberia between 1820 and 1865; continued migration has been intermittent. Americo-Liberians controlled the government until a military coup in 1980. Liberia’s indigenous ethnic groups may be classified into three linguistic groups, all belonging to the Niger-Congo language family: the Mande, Kwa, and Mel (southern Atlantic). The Mande are located in the northwest and central regions of Liberia and also in Senegal, Mali, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. Prominent among them are the Vai, who invented their own alphabet and who, in addition, use Arabic and English; the Kpelle, the largest Mande group, who are also found in Guinea; Loma (also found in Guinea); Ngbandi; Dan (Gio); Mano; Mende; and Malinke. Kwa-speaking peoples include the Bassa, the largest group in this category and the largest ethnic group in Monrovia; the Kru and Grebo, who were among the earliest converts to Christianity; the De; Belleh (Belle); and Krahn. The Kwa-speaking group occupies the southern half of the country. The Mel group includes the Gola and Kisi, who are also found in Sierra Leone and are known to be the oldest inhabitants of Liberia. These people live in the north and in the coastal region of the northwest. More than two dozen languages are spoken in Liberia. English is the official language. Predominant languages include Kpelle, Bassa, Grebo, Dan, Kru, Mano, Loma, and Mandingo (spoken by the Malinke). According to Britannica, about four-fifths of Liberians are Christian, about one-tenth are Muslim, and a small number profess other religions—primarily traditional beliefs—or are nonreligious. The largest number of Christians are Kpelle, followed by the Bassa. Some Liberians who identify themselves primarily as Christian incorporate traditional beliefs into their personal theologies. The Muslims are found predominantly among the Mande peoples in the northwest region of the country. 5. Visa requirements According to timbu.com, Nigerians visiting Liberia do not require a visa. However, Nigerians visiting Liberia require a valid passport before entry is granted. Passports are required to be valid for six months at least from the time of arrival and also expected to carry sufficient blank pages. Visitors intending to visit for more than 15 days in Liberia are required to report to The Immigration Office located on Bard Street, Monrovia within 48 hours after their arrival. The application for temporary stay form costs US$20. Two passport photos have to be provided by Nigerians visiting Liberia. No fees are expected to be paid upon departure from the airport. Nigerians visiting Liberia with pets must have an import permit, health certificate and proof of rabies vaccination. 6. Medical test before entry Nigerians visiting Liberia must check for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, typhoid, yellow fever, rabies, meningitis, polio, measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis), chickenpox, shingles, pneumonia and influenza vaccination. 7. Flight to Liberia There is currently no direct flight options available from Lagos to Monrovia, Liberia. Connecting flights from Lagos to Monrovia, Liberia offered by Kenya Airways and Air Peace typically lasts for 5 hours and 10 minutes with one stopover. 8. Exchange rate The exchange rate between the Nigerian Naira and the Liberian Dollar is currently at 1 NGN = 0.56 LRD. 9. Time zone Because the time zone currently in use in Liberia is the Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ), Liberia is an hour behind Nigeria. Liberia has a tropical, hot and humid climate all year round, with a rainy season from May to October due to the African monsoon. 11. Best time to visit The December to July dry season is the best time to visit Liberia to explore the country and engage in tourist activities. 12. How to apply for Liberia tourist visa from Nigeria According to visalist.io, below are the steps to follow when applying for Liberia tourist visa from Nigeria: Step 1 : Nigerian citizens can arrive at Liberia without a visa. Step 2 : After arriving, Nigerian citizens can go to Liberia immigration counter. Step 3 : Show travel document like Original Passport or Travel document of Nigeria. Step 4 : Once you get entry stamp, you can enter Liberia and stay for the duration on your stamping. 13. Who needs a visa for Liberia? According to visaguide.world, nationals of nearly every country in the world have to get a visa before they travel to Liberia, except those of the following countries: - Burkina Faso - Cape Verde - Côte d’Ivoire - The Gambia - Sierra Leone Additionally, diplomatic or service passport holders of the following countries do not require a visa for Liberia: - Kuwait (diplomatic passport holders only) - South Africa - Turkey (diplomatic passport holders only) 14. Types of Liberian visas you can apply for The main types of visas that the Liberian government issues to foreign nationals are: - Liberia Tourist Visa, for foreigners traveling for tourism, visits, or other non-business related purposes. - Liberia Business Visa, for foreigners traveling to conduct business in Liberia. - Liberia Diplomatic/Official Visa, for foreigners traveling for governmental, diplomatic, or official purposes. Additionally, depending on the duration of stay, there are also: - Liberian single-entry visa for up to three months. - Liberian multiple-entry visa for up to 1, 2, or 3 years. Note: If your purpose of travelling is not included above, it does not mean you cannot visit Liberia. Those are only the most commonly-issued visa types. 15. Documents needed for a Liberia Visa application When applying for a Liberia visa, you will need the following documents: - Your passport, which is valid for at least another six months, and which has at least one blank page - Two passport-size pictures, with the following requirements: They must be recent (taken within the last six months) Dimensions: 2inch x 2inch You must be staring ahead, and all your features must be fully visible Headgear allowed only for religious purposes, and when it does not cover the face - The completed and signed Liberia Visa Application Form - Proof of sufficient financial means to cover your stay (through bank statements) - Or alternatively, a Letter of Invitation or Proof of Sponsorship, if applicable - Medical insurance for the duration of your stay - Proof of travel arrangements, such as a flight ticket and travel itinerary - Proof of accommodation in Liberia, such as a hotel reservation - Certificate of Yellow Fever Vaccination If you’re traveling for business: A letter which explains the reason for your visit, information about your business contact, and is signed by the inviting company. If you have a diplomatic and official passport: A Note Verbale For minors: A notarized letter of authorization from the parent or guardian Note: The documents listed above may not apply for all countries as different diplomatic missions will have different requirements. 16. How can you get a Liberia visa? For the moment, in order to apply for a Liberia visa, you must contact one of the diplomatic missions of Liberia in your country or a neighboring country (Embassy or Consulate). The Liberia visa application process could be outlined as follows: - Contact a Liberian Consulate or Embassy - Complete the Liberia visa application form and collect the required documents. Some diplomatic missions have uploaded the application form on their website, meaning you can simply download it, print it, and complete it. If that is not the case, you can pick up the visa application form at the Embassy or Consulate when you apply. - Pay the Liberia visa fee. - Submit the visa application and the required documents at the Liberian Embassy or Consulate. Depending on where you live, and the Embassy/Consulate in which you submit your application, you may have to appear in person or submit the application by mail. - Attend the Liberia visa interview, if required. - Wait for the visa to be processed. - Pick up your passport, with the visa affixed. Or, if you applied by mail, the diplomatic mission office will mail you back your documents. Note: The Liberian government has announced the launch of an online visa application system starting from 2019, but it has not been implemented yet. 17. How long does it take to process a Liberia Visa? The processing time for a Liberia visa depends on the Embassy or Consulate that’s handling your application. However, you should expect to wait at least between 5 – 10 business days from the time that the Embassy or Consulate receives your application, but it can take more. The request for the Visa On Arrival Approval Letter is processed within 2 working days. After you receive the Liberia Visa On Arrival Approval Letter If the Commissioner-General approves your request: They will notify you via email and you will receive the Visa On Arrival Approval Letter. They will also send a copy of it to the airline through which you will fly as well as the point of entry. You must pay for the Visa On Arrival online, through the service stated on the website of the Liberia Immigration Service or you can pay through your credit/debit card at the point of entry. 18. When travelling to Liberia and you go through Immigration Clearance at the Port of Entry. You must have the following documents with you: - The Visa On Arrival Approval Letter - Proof of payment of the visa fee - Your passport, which is valid for at least six more months - A valid return flight ticket - Two passport-size pictures taken recently Website of the Liberia Immigration Service: http://lis.gov.lr/ 19. Can I get a Liberia Visa online? Although the Liberian government announced they would launch an electronic visa for Liberia back in 2018 (to be effective in 2019), the Liberia online visa is still not available. For the moment, you can only get a Liberian visa at a diplomatic mission or on arrival, as described above. 20. How long is a Liberia Visa valid? The validity of a Liberian visa depends on the type of visa you receive. As such: - Liberian single-entry visa: Valid for up to three months - Liberian multiple-entry visa: Valid for up to 1, 2, or 3 years 21. Extension of Visa You may be able to extend your Liberia visa for another 30 days at an Immigration Office in Liberia before your current visa expires. 22. Liberia Visa fees The visa fees for Liberia depend on the validity of your visa: - Liberian single-entry visa: $70 – $75 - Liberian multiple-entry visa (1 year): $100 – $150 - Liberian multiple-entry visa (2 years): $200 – $250 - Liberian multiple-entry visa (3 years): $300 – $350 Some Embassies or Consulates offer express processing, which means they process your visa quicker, but the fees for the service will be higher. 23. Do you need a visa to transit in Liberia? Whether you need a visa to transit in Liberia depends on your nationality as well as the duration of your transit. So, you do not need a Liberia transit visa if: - You are from one of the visa-exempt countries listed above - Your transit is for less than 48 hours and you have the flight ticket and visas for the next destination. However, you cannot leave the airport. If your transit is for longer than 48 hours and you have to leave the airport, then you must get a Liberia Transit Visa from one of the Liberian diplomatic missions abroad. 24. Tourist attractions According to crazytourist.com, here are 15 tourist centres to visit in Liberia: Hectic, frenetic, smooth and sophisticated (at least in its own, very West African way), Monrovia is home to more than one million Liberians. The largest city in the country, it is a place of great energy. Rumbling bush taxis float over the pot-holed roads around the center, while the bustling boulevard of Broad Street, nestled between the meanders of the Mesurado River and the Atlantic Ocean, is a picture of life. Here, you can expect throbbing beer bars and the fading remains of old 19th-century townhouses; you can tour the fascinating National Museum and trace the history of Liberia’s coups and counter coups, civil wars and political trails at the eerily abandoned Ducor Hotel. 2. Sapo National Park Unquestionably the most famous of Liberia’s duo of national parks comes in the form of the Sapo National Park. This 1,804 square kilometer territory of the Upper Guinean Rainforest is said to have one of the highest mammal biodiversity counts of anywhere in the world. And boy does it show! Intrepid folk who opt to delve into the old growth woods will get to spy out pygmy hippopotami and white-crested Diana monkeys, crocodiles, leopards, speckle-throated otters and chimpanzees. There’s also an interesting history to unravel, with dark episodes having unfolded here during Liberia’s civil wars and even a fully-fledged gold rush having taken place in the early noughties. The king of all Liberia’s surfing spots (and there are quite a few), Robertsport has positioned itself firmly on the forefront of the country’s new tourism drive. Long-haired wave riders with board wax in hand now flock to join the surfing troupes and hit the rolling Atlantic swells that buffet the likes of Fisherman’s Point, Cotton Trees and Cassava. Surf schools are also popping up to get beginner travelers out and onto the waves, while others will just come to hike the coastal stretches to see the pretty reaches of Cape Mount Bay, and see the trademark timber and stone churches that pepper the shore. Located around just three hours by rumbling bush taxi south out of the capital at Monrovia, the seaside city of Buchanan is a fine introduction to the coastal character of this part of West Africa. The beaches are all undeveloped to the T, with swaying palm trees and groups of local children playing in the shallows. Many opt to camp here, while others will hit the city itself, seeking out one of the few guesthouses that lurk between the frenetic markets and streets. There is also a stretch of beach bars to enjoy, found nestled between the crumbling bamboo shacks along the shore. Gbarnga might seem just another of the sprawling ramshackle towns that sprout from the sweeping mud plains and forests of inland Liberia, but this regional capital of Bong County has just a little more history and heritage up its sleeve than most. For one, it was the place where the infamous political and rebel leader Charles Taylor coordinated actions of various civil wars across the area during the 1980s and 90s. The town is also the home of the more than 100-year-old Cuttington University; one of the most prestigious in the country. Add in a couple of dramatic waterfalls and earthy guesthouses, and Gbarnga becomes and exciting place to visit away from the more popular coastal destinations. Visitors will find the industrial outpost of Harbel straddling the meanders of the Farmington River, just a stone’s throw back from the Atlantic coast, where Marshall and the monkey-dotted beaches of the resort towns south out of Monrovia make their home. Famed primarily as the home of the largest rubber plantation in the world, Harbel is engulfed by swathes of rubber tree forests, many of which bear the familiar corporate name of Bridgestone tyres. The town is also known as the site of the Roberts International Airport – the main access point to the north-west of the nation. 7. Gola National Forest The Gola National Forest is the new name for the Lofa-Mano National Park: a great dash of primeval rainforest that sprawls out along the northern border of the country with Sierra Leone. One of the densest remaining tracts of Upper Guinean woodland in the region, the area has everything you’d expect of a real West African wilderness. Yep, you can expect verdant canopies and seemingly endless stretches of colossal tree trunks and boughs, hidden fern fields where exotic dragonflies flit between the flowers, swinging chimpanzees, rare pygmy hippopotamus – the list goes on! 8. Bushrod Island The island of Bushrod gets its name from one of the few American politicians that actually advocated the resettlement of slaves on the continent back in the 1800s. But that’s about as deep as the erstwhile politician, Bushrod Washington’s, influence runs in this mangrove-fringed port town on the edge of the Atlantic. Today, streets of tooting vehicles run in and out of the jetties and docks, the ramshackle slums of New Kru Town sprawl close to the shoreline, and there’s an indelible energy of life throughout. It’s not the most comfortable place to visit, granted, but it is an interesting glimpse at working, modern Liberia nonetheless. Tourists will really only make a beeline for the ocean-side reaches of laid-back Marshall for two reasons. The first is its smattering of empty beaches, each backed by verdant pockets of palm forest and mangrove swamps, and perfect for enjoying some truly intrepid camping on the Liberian coast. The second is the small archipelago appropriately named Monkey Island. Here, a troupe of feisty chimps inhabit the jungles. They were rescued from research labs during the civil war, and now are particularly fond of swinging in the boughs, teasing tourists and catapulting fresh fruit from their branches at passing boats – you’ve been warned! With just 23,000 people making Zwedru their home, and a whopping seven-hour drive separating the spot from the country’s capital on the coast, this far-flung county seat might not seem like the best place to add to that Liberia itinerary. However, Zwedru has a number of interesting features that you simply won’t find in the more trodden reaches of the west. For starters, it still retains something of an earthy, industrial vibe, thanks to its fledging logging enterprises. And then there’s that unrivalled access to the dense Upper Guinean jungles, complete with multi-coloured tropical hummingbirds and uber-rare plant species aplenty. The end-point on the relatively well-functioning Monrovia-Kakata Highway that departs the capital and delves in the western wilds of Liberia, this small regional hub of Margibi County is where the bucolic heartlands of West Africa finally take over the landscapes. They do so in the form of seemingly endless rubber plantations, and Kakata has made its name (and modest fortune) as one of the rubber trading and transporting outposts of the nation. Come to see the dust-caked community churches and delve into the lively local marketplaces that erupt ad hoc on the streets throughout the week. One of the favoured gateways to the aforementioned Sapo National Park (which can be found lurking between the dense forests just a little to the east of town), Greenville is no stranger to tourists. However, while most who arrive simply stock up and head out to see the chimps and exotic rainforests of the reserve, those who linger will get to see an intriguing remnant of Liberia’s resettlement era – the town does still bear the moniker of its namesake in Mississippi after all! There are also some interesting villages to explore up the courses of the Sinoe River, along with some truly unspoilt beaches along the coast to the west. Situated in the extreme south of Liberia, where the turns of the African panhandle give way to the beaches of the Ivory Coast, the city of Harper has its fair share of both natural and human attractions. For starters, the shores to the north-west and south of town are fringed with gorgeous Robinson Crusoe sands, with swaying coconut palms bristling against the Atlantic breezes at their back. And then there are the remnants of Liberia’s old slave settlers, who are thought to have first begun crafting the modern state on the lands of Cape Palmas where Harper now stands. You’ll see this legacy in the age-stained colonial frontispieces and arcaded plantation-style homes. Set deep amidst the sun-scorched jungles of Liberia’s extreme north-eastern edge, the small regional hub of Voinjama offers a picture of rustic West African life. The roads are caked in mud and the houses topped with thatch or sheets of hardwearing zinc to keep out the sporadic torrents of rain. The humidity can get unbearable, but if you’re feeling adventurous (and we mean really adventurous), a trek out to the surrounding timber villages might just be worth it. You’ll cross swinging monkey bridges and meet communities all but cut-off from modern life. Sanniquellie is a small town that sits close to the international tristate border with Ivory Coast and Guinea in the extreme west of the country. A bustling little market dominates the center of the place, with rows of colourful fruits and vegetables plucked straight from the fields making up the bulk of the produce sold. After haggling your way through this, you can settle in one of the earthy local beer bars, or opt to wax up the walking boots and make a beeline for the East Nimba Nature Reserve. This breathtaking end of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Strict Nimba boasts rare highland savannahs, lowland rainforests and rare animals like the West African lion to boot! 25. Average salary According to salaryexplorer.com, a person working in Liberia typically earns around 71,800 LRD per month. Salaries range from 18,200 LRD (lowest average) to 320,000 LRD (highest average, actual maximum salary is higher). This is the average monthly salary including housing, transport, and other benefits. Salaries vary drastically between different careers 26. Minimum wage According to globalization-partners.com, Liberia does not have a national minimum wage. Instead, this wage varies by type of employee. For example, unskilled laborers must make at least 15 Liberian dollars an hour, while civil servants earn at least 5,600 Liberian dollars a month. 27. Economy and work permit According to globalization-partners.com, Liberia’s economy is still developing, so it can be challenging to do business there without the right team and support. If your company is planning to expand operations in Liberia, you’ll probably want to get started by building a group of talented employees who are willing to relocate. Before they can begin working in Liberia, however, you’ll need to make sure that they have the visas and permits they need to do so legally. 28. Types of work Visas in Liberia The most common types of visas that the Liberian government issues include: - Tourist visas - Business visas - Diplomatic and official visas Additional categories are based on the intended duration of the applicant’s stay in Liberia. These visas include: - Single-entry visas, which are valid for a maximum of three months - Multiple-entry visas, which are valid for up to one or two years (or three years for United States citizens) Foreign employees will most likely need to obtain a multiple-entry visa. In addition to the visa, they will need a Liberian work permit. 29. Requirements to obtain Liberia work visa Foreign nationals who intend to work in Liberia will typically need to submit the following documents during the visa application process: - A passport with at least one blank page and six months of validity - Two recent passport photographs - A signed and completed visa application form - Proof of medical insurance for the duration of the applicant’s stay in Liberia - Evidence of sufficient financial means - Proof of accommodations for travel, such as a flight itinerary - Proof of accommodations in Liberia - A certificate of immunization against yellow fever - A letter containing information about the applicant’s employment contract with a business in Liberia, which should be signed by a representative of the company Employees will also need a Liberian work permit. The requirements for the permit include: - A completed application form - An employment offer from a company in Liberia - A cover letter from the applicant’s employer - Two passport photos - A bank statement from the employer - A background check from the applicant’s country of residence - Professional qualifications 30. Application Process Visa requirements can vary from one embassy to another. For this reason, foreign employees should begin the visa application process by reaching out to the diplomatic officials for Liberia in their country of residence to double-check the requirements as well as the working days and hours of the nearest embassy or consulate. After confirming these details, applicants should complete the following steps in the application process: - Complete the visa application form and gather all of the required documents. - Pay the visa application fee. - Submit the application and supporting documents to the nearest Liberian embassy or consulate. - Attend a visa interview at the Liberian embassy or consulate (if this is a requirement in the applicant’s country of residence). - Wait while Liberian immigration officials process the visa application. - After receiving notice that Liberian officials have approved the visa request, return to the embassy to collect the passport and visa. - After obtaining the visa, applicants can travel to Liberia. Applicants will need to apply for a Liberian work permit separately. They will need to submit the completed work permit application form and any supporting documents to the Liberian Ministry of Labor. Once the Ministry approves the application, the foreign national may begin working in Liberia. 31. Other Important Considerations Employees should be aware that Liberian work permits are tied to the employer. If they change jobs during their time in Liberia, they will need to obtain a new work permit. 32. Crime rate and security According to travel.state.gov, it is advised that travelers exercise increased caution in Liberia due to crime and civil unrest. If traveling in Liberia, make all efforts to complete your travel during daylight hours due to increased safety hazards at night. Liberia’s police force has limited resources. The Liberia National Police have a strong presence in Monrovia, but less of a presence outside of the capital city. The police can be both a source of assistance and a source of problems for visitors. Travelers may be detained by police officers soliciting bribes. You are encouraged to carry a photocopy of your passport with you at all times as proof of identity and citizenship. You should be aware of your surroundings at all times and use caution when moving around, especially at night. Travel outside of Monrovia after dark is strongly discouraged, as roads are in poor condition and there are few public street lights. Avoid crowds, political rallies, and street demonstrations, and maintain security awareness. Crimes of opportunity, such as residential burglary or armed robbery (typically using a knife or machete) are more common at night. Criminal activity has been reported in both urban and rural areas, including public beaches. The Liberia National Police have limited capacity to respond to crime events. The local equivalent to the “911” emergency line in Liberia is also 911. However, emergency services are not provided reliably or consistently. Also, there is no landline telephone service in Liberia, and cellular phone communication is subject to occasional disruptions in service. A call to 911 in Liberia may go unanswered, and you should employ other resources to obtain emergency assistance. Corruption is rampant. Poorly paid government officials and private company employees may ask for “fees” for doing their job, and travelers may be inconvenienced for not paying bribes. Requesting official signed receipts for the payment of any unexpected “fines” or “fees” can sometimes deter such improper behavior. Demonstrations occur frequently. They may take place in response to political or economic issues, on politically significant holidays, and during international events. Even demonstrations intended to be peaceful can turn confrontational and possibly become violent. While infrequent, the police may use tear gas. Avoid areas around protests and demonstrations. Check local media for updates and traffic advisories. Internet romance and financial scams occur in Liberia. Scams are often initiated through Internet postings/profiles or by unsolicited emails and letters. Hospitals and medical facilities in Liberia are poorly equipped and are incapable of providing many services. Emergency services comparable to those in the United States or Europe are non-existent, and the blood supply is unreliable and unsafe for transfusion. For serious medical problems, you should consider traveling to the United States, Europe, or South Africa for treatment. Within Liberia, medicines are scarce, often beyond expiration dates, possibly counterfeit, and generally unavailable in most areas. Malaria and yellow fever are prevalent throughout the country. Yellow fever immunization is required to enter Liberia and recommended for all residents. Chemoprophylaxis (anti-malarial medication) is recommended for all travelers, even for short stays. Road Conditions and Safety Expect time-consuming detours around the many bridges and roads damaged by war, neglect, or the heavy annual rains occurring between May and November. Traffic accidents are frequent and often result in injury or loss of life. Approach intersections with extreme caution. Potholes and poor road surfaces are common. Vehicles are often overloaded with people and goods, and make frequent stops without signaling. Drivers overtake on the right and left lanes. Many vehicles operate with threadbare tires, and blowouts are frequent. Drivers in Liberia are expected to hold either a Liberian or an international driver’s license; a driver’s license from your home country will not be sufficient. At the same time, traffic laws are either nonexistent or not enforced. You are required to pull off the road to make way for high-speed car convoys carrying government officials. Be aware that mob violence is not uncommon if you are involved in a traffic accident. If you are involved in an accident, unless it is physically unsafe to remain in your vehicle, it is often safest to stay in your locked car and call for assistance immediately. Public taxis are poorly maintained and usually overloaded. Taxis have been occasionally targeted for robbery. If you must travel as a passenger, it is best to ask a trusted friend to drive you in his or her personal vehicle and to travel with all doors locked and all windows rolled up. Public buses are crowded and may make you vulnerable to pick-pockets or robbers. Three-wheeled “kekes” (motorized rickshaws) are extremely dangerous and should be avoided. For more information, please visit our Road Safety page. Visit the website of Liberia’s national tourist office and national authority responsible for road safety. 38. Average cost of living According to livingcost.org, below is the average cost of living in Monrovia, Liberia. |Cost of living||One person||Family of 4| |💰 Total with rent||$525||$1276| |🛋️ Without rent||$293||$855| |🏨 Rent & Utilities||$232||$421| |💳 Monthly salary after tax||$305| |😀 Quality of life||32| The average cost of living in Monrovia is $525, which is in the top 13% of the least expensive cities in the world, ranked 8103rd out of 9294 in our global list and 1st out of 5 in Liberia. 39. Travel cost According to rome2rio.com, the cheapest way to get from Nigeria to Liberia is to drive which costs $230 – $340 and takes 29h 35m while the quickest way to get from Nigeria to Liberia is to fly which costs $310 – $750 and takes 4h 5m. 40. Hotel cost According to budgetyourtrip.com, analyzing 17 hotels in Liberia, it was found that the average hotel price in Liberia is $59, and the median price is $56. Naturally, this city has many accommodation options with a variety of prices. The price of accommodation can vary by the hotel’s amenities, available dates, and the general neighborhood. ALSO READ FROM NIGERIAN TRIBUNE - Motorists, Travellers Stranded As Ado-Ilawe-Ekiti Road Collapses - FG Orders Buyers Of Seized Drug-Linked Properties To Pay N31m Extra - Police Recruitment: Ex-IG Musiliu Smith Resigns As Chairman Of Police Service What should I know about Liberia? › Liberia is the only Black state in Africa never subjected to colonial rule and is Africa's oldest republic. It was established on land acquired for freed U.S. slaves by the American Colonization Society, which founded a colony at Cape Mesurado in 1821.What documents do I need to visit Liberia? › - Passport. You must provide your actual signed passport, including one copy of the personal information page of your passport. ... - Photographs. ... - Visa Application Form. ... - Proof of Travel Arrangements. ... - Vaccination Certificate. ... - Travisa Order Form. - 'Liberia' is actually Latin and translates to 'Land of the Free'. ... - The flag of Liberia is similar to that of the United States. ... - Liberia is a heaven for surfers. ... - Liberia is the first country in Africa which had a female president. The result must be from an accredited lab and must have been conducted within 96 hours of arrival in Liberia. Children under five years of age are exempt from all COVID-19 testing.What is Liberia best known for? › Liberia is Africa's oldest republic, but it became known in the 1990s for its long-running, ruinous civil war and its role in a rebellion in neighbouring Sierra Leone.How do you say hello in Liberia? › Ya Hello-o: Hello to you all. This is a common way to greet people.

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Anytime there is pain, swelling or infection present, it’s essential that a dentist be seen promptly. Warm saltwater rinses or over-the-counter pain relievers may provide temporary relief. Dental abscesses develop when bacteria invade the gum tissues or teeth and become trapped beneath them, infecting both jawbone and other body areas. Without treatment, this infection can spread further afield. Dental abscesses are painful and potentially life-threatening conditions caused by pus accumulation in an infected tooth, leading to pain, swelling and fever that spreads rapidly across other parts of the body if left untreated. A dental abscess should always be considered medical emergency and treated promptly; infections that spread to brain (endocarditis) or neck areas (periapical abscess) require urgent medical attention as soon as they appear. Dental abscesses may result from dental decay or gum disease, an injury to the face or jaw, poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, chronic sinus infection or any number of diseases which affect immunity. An abscessed tooth may exhibit symptoms including pain (throbbing and continuous), tenderness, swelling in the jaw or cheek area, bad taste in mouth, difficulty opening mouth wide enough, raised lump on gum line that resides under it all and fever. Sometimes an abscess may not even be painful but still appear as a visible lump on the gumline. An abscessed tooth won’t resolve itself on its own, but you may be able to alleviate its symptoms through draining pus, treating its source or taking antibiotics. For severe infections it may be wise to visit either an emergency department or have antibiotics such as fourth-generation cephalosporins or extended spectrum penicillins such as piperacillin-tazobactam prescribed – these antibiotics have activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms; carbapenems such as meropenem should only be prescribed for severe infections in immunocompromised patients. An abscess is a serious dental health concern that should be treated by a dentist or endodontist immediately. Untreated dental abscesses can become painful and lead to life-threatening infections that spread quickly across your body. Scheduling regular appointments with your dental practitioner allows your practitioner to detect problems early when treatment will be easier to manage. An abscessed tooth can be identified if you experience pain or a hard lump in your gum, difficulty chewing or swallowing food, pus collecting in your gum, fever or swollen lymph nodes; additionally you may also notice bad taste in mouth, difficulty breathing through nose or severe headaches. If you have a dental abscess, treatment from either a dentist or endodontist is vital for a full recovery. Without professional assistance, the condition won’t resolve on its own and could potentially spread infection throughout your body, which could pose life-threatening threats. An abscess in the dental is a collection of infected pus that has resulted from an infection to the pulp of a tooth, where blood vessels and nerves reside beneath its gum line. Above its gum line lies an enamel covering protecting this vulnerable pulp area. Dental abscesses typically manifest themselves with jaw pain or hard lumps in the gum, difficulty chewing or swallowing, swollen lymph nodes in the neck or head and facial edema (swelling). Infected teeth often show discoloration or breaks in enamel that require repair work; either way periapical abscesses can form at the tip of their root while periodontal abscesses can appear nearer the tooth root or in bone adjacent to it. Tooth abscesses can be excruciatingly painful, yet are usually harmless. To treat one quickly and safely, visit your dentist as soon as possible so the infection can be drained off; take over-the-counter painkillers such as ibuprofen for relief; rinse your mouth out with warm salt water to ease symptoms if this doesn’t help. Your dentist may use various strategies to drain an abscess by creating a small hole in the gum tissue and letting pus drain out, along with prescribing antibiotics to stop further spread of infection. In severe cases where abscess ruptures due to low immune system strength or ruptures completely, hospitalization may be required in order to receive intravenous lines with antibiotics administered through IV. Dental abscesses may also lead to an abscess cyst developing beneath infected tooth roots, creating serious health issues which necessitate removal through surgical intervention in order to drain and remove it properly. If you’re experiencing a persistent toothache or have seen a lump appear on your gums, an abscessed tooth could be responsible for it. Early treatment will reduce risk and give your tooth time to heal itself without complications arising later. An abscess is a buildup of bacteria found in your mouth that is introduced through poor dental hygiene, injury or periodontitis (a gum disease infection that affects gums). Two major types are periapical and periodontal abscesses with symptoms including: throbbing pain in affected tooth; difficulty chewing/biting down/chewing down in general, bad taste in mouth, pus buildup, redness/swelling in jaw/face area as well as reddening/swelling on one side of face swollen sinuses plus gum tenderness. Untreated abscessed tooth infections can quickly lead to serious and dangerous consequences. Bacteria could enter your bloodstream, potentially leading to life-threatening sepsis complications; additionally, infection could spread into your upper jawbone and sinuses for which they could cause maxillary sinusitis as well as osteomyelitis complications. Treatment includes draining the abscess and filling or extracting an infected tooth to prevent future reinfection. A dentist will typically use a rubber drain to allow pus to drain out, followed by thorough sanitation of the area if necessary (in severe cases a general anaesthetic may also be necessary). Anti-inflammatory medication like Ibuprofen, acetaminophen and diclofenac sodium may help alleviate discomfort associated with dental abscesses. An ice pack placed over your jaw and mouth may also provide temporary relief of symptoms. Peppermint tea also has natural analgesic properties which may provide comforting relief; crushed garlic has antibacterial properties which may help relieve inflammation when applied directly onto a tooth or gum via cotton buds or clove oil also has analgesic qualities; alternatively if water irrigation device (like syringe) water irrigation device can temporarily dislodge pus and alleviate discomfort temporarily until treatment can be obtained by seeing your dentist directly. An abscess can be avoided through daily brushing and flossing to clear away food debris from between teeth and by visiting the dentist regularly for checkups – during these appointments the dentist conducts a comprehensive review of your mouth to detect problems such as dental decay, gum disease or ulcerations before they develop into full-fledged abscesses. An abscess in a dental abscess usually develops as the result of an infection caused by bacteria found in plaque, making its way inside to cause damage. Such infections are known as periodontal or gingival infections; while those caused by root canal infected teeth are called periapical infections. Signs and symptoms of dental abscesses include pain, tenderness or bad taste in the mouth as well as swelling and reddening around the affected area, with swelling of gums around it and possible x-ray confirmation of its presence. If an abscess is suspected, an appointment must be scheduled with a dentist immediately, otherwise an urgent trip to an emergency department of a hospital or doctor must be made as they can provide painkillers as well as antibiotics to fight infection if necessary. Dental abscesses require drainage by making an incision into the abscess and washing out with saline solution, then filling or extracting it so as to avoid further infection. People suffering periapical abscesses may require root canal therapy in addition to draining. Leaving an abscessed tooth untreated can result in pus spreading to the floor of your mouth or neck and potentially blocking off airways to make breathing difficult. Furthermore, sepsis could develop over time; so it’s crucial that when experiencing these symptoms it be addressed as quickly as possible by visiting a dental professional. People suffering from tooth abscesses should avoid hard to chew foods like apples, peaches and pears; instead drinking plenty of water is advised and antibiotics such as fourth generation cephalosporins like piperacillin/tazobactam or carbapenems such as meropenem are typically prescribed to control an infection. Disclaimer: The content on this blog is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult qualified healthcare providers for personalized advice. Information regarding plastic surgery, dental treatment, hair transplant, and other medical procedures is educational and not a guarantee of results. We do not assume liability for actions taken based on blog content. Medical knowledge evolves; verify information and consult professionals. External links do not imply endorsement. By using this blog, you agree to these terms.

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Engagement, persistence, and creativity are components of higher-level thinking and complex problem solving (Costa & Kallick, 2000). Music education nurtures these habits of mind that are essential for success in today’s global, knowledge-based economy in the following ways: 1 Sharpens student attentiveness. The ability to pay attention—visual focus, active listening and staying on task—is essential to school performance. It begins to develop early in life and is continuously refined. Early childhood training in instrumental music improves these attention abilities, while continued music education throughout adolescence reinforces and strengthens them (Neville et al., 2008). Attentiveness is an essential building block of engagement, a competency necessary for success in school and the workforce. 2 Strengthens perseverance. Perseverance is the ability to continue towards a goal when presented with obstacles. It is developed and strengthened through music education. Students involved in music lessons surpass their peers on tasks measuring perseverance. At the foundation of perseverance are motivation, commitment and persistence, all traits of creative individuals (Scott, 1992). 3 Equips students to be creative. Employers identify creativity as one of the top five skills important for success in the workforce (Lichtenberg, Woock, & Wright, 2008). Music education helps develop originality and flexibility, which are key components of creativity and innovation. Graduates from music programs report that creativity, teamwork, communication, and critical thinking are skills and competencies necessary in their work, regardless of whether they are working in music or in other fields (Craft, 2001; SNAAP, 2011). 4 Supports better study habits and self-esteem. A study of music majors found that they felt more prepared for success in college than non-music majors. This readiness may be due to the music majors’ discipline and focus developed via intense practice and performance routines prior to college. These habits are typical of music students and may generalize to other academic areas and social/ emotional aspects of life, contributing to higher self esteemand success (Chesky et al., 1997).

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A flexible lithium-ion battery designed by a team of researchers from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory and built to operate under extreme conditions—including cutting, submersion, and simulated ballistic impact—can now add incombustible to its résumé. Current Li-ion batteries are susceptible to catastrophic fire and explosion incidents—most of which arrive without any discernible warning—because they are built with flammable and combustible materials. Samsung Galaxy Note7 phones were banned from airlines as a result of this danger, and the Navy's prohibition of e-cigarettes on ships and submarines is a direct response to the need to reduce the flammability of such devices. With these batteries emerging as the energy storage vehicle of choice for portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grid storage, these safety advancements mark a significant step forward in transforming the way Li-ion batteries are manufactured and used in electronic devices. In research published recently in the journal Chemical Communications, the team, led by Konstantinos Gerasopoulos of APL's Research and Exploratory Development Department, details its latest discovery: a new class of "water-in-salt" and "water-in-bisalt" electrolytes—referred to as WiS and WiBS, respectively—that, when incorporated in a polymer matrix, reduces water activity and elevates the battery's energy capabilities and life cycle while ridding it of the flammable, toxic, and highly reactive solvents present in current Li-ion batteries. It's a safe, powerful alternative, the researchers say. "Li-ion batteries are already a constant presence in our daily lives, from our phones to our cars, and continuing to improve their safety is paramount to further advancing energy storage technology," said Gerasopoulos, senior research scientist and principal investigator at APL. "Li-ion battery form factors have not changed much since their commercialization in the early 1990s; we still use the same cylindrical or prismatic cell types. The liquid electrolyte and required hermetic packaging have a lot to do with that. "Our team's efforts have generally been focused on replacing the flammable liquid with a polymer that improves safety and form factor. We are excited about where we are today. Our recent paper shows improved usability and performance of water-based flexible polymer Li-ion batteries that can be built and operated in open air." Additionally, the damage tolerance initially demonstrated with the team's flexible battery in 2017 is further improved in this new approach to creating Li-ion batteries. "The first generation of flexible batteries were not as dimensionally stable as those we are making today," Gerasopoulos said. With this latest benchmark reached, the researchers continue to work on further advancements of this technology. "Our team is continuously improving the safety and performance of flexible Li-ion batteries," said Jeff Maranchi, the program area manager for materials science at APL. "We have already achieved further discoveries building upon this most-recently reported work that we are very excited about. We hope to transition this new research to prototyping within the year."

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Leading with a creative pedagogical response to the “teachable moments” that arise in the classroom is the hallmark of a great teacher. Entry level mathematics classes at a community college, having statistically higher levels of diversity, are rich with such opportunities. Ruth Urbina-Lilback, Professor of Mathematics at Naugatuck Valley Community College recently published an article that looks at her own efforts to develop and implement successful instructional techniques within an elementary algebra classroom at a community college. Through her publication Snapshots of Equitable Teaching in a Highly Diverse Classroom, Professor Urbina-Lilback shares her pedagogical style from which we can all learn. Urbina-Lilback shared two instructional principles from her own teaching journal. The first was to “design flexible lessons that are open to student input which focused on the teacher-student and the students-students relationships in the classroom…The importance of relational components in the classroom cannot be overstated. Teachers teach individuals. Students have different cultures, life experiences, and formed identities. These differences need to inform our instructional approaches, but in order to do so we must find creative ways to get to know our students.” The second was to “build on misconceptions and errors, which can be a major source of learning… Teachers must proactively seek to understand the extent to which students have grasped a concept, because it helps them target their instruction to particular learning needs.” To illustrate these two principles in action, she shares “snapshots” from her teaching journal. Examples that demonstrate the application that took place during the instruction of two fundamental topics in algebra: expressions and applications of linear functions. Readers are invited to enter the classroom through these snapshots. Snapshots called “Numerical Expressions,” “The Math Buffet” and “Systems of Linear Functions” illustrate her creative application of principles designed to share personal experiences, questions regardless of their ability level and a playful approach to storytelling. Urbina-Lilback concludes with an important question, “How do we know we are making a difference? “ she asks. “The dramatic transformation…from the unnerving first day, to students filling up a board with questions and then confidently communicating mathematically…reaffirms that we are indeed making a difference.” “Seeing the pride on their faces as they walk across the stage to receive their graduation certificate is one of the most rewarding feelings a teacher can ever have. This is what I choose to focus on every day that I enter my classroom.” When asked why she teaches and why she writes, we heard the words of a professor who loves her job. “I teach because I like to make a difference. I know I make a difference from students’ ‘aha’ moments in the classroom. I love their reactions when something we are exploring is suddenly clear to them. I love when they see that math is not drill and skill without meaning, but that it is about thinking critically, asking why, and asking themselves ‘does this make sense?’ In the article I referenced my feelings when I see my students graduate, but at that moment I celebrate much more. Having spoken with so many of my graduates, I also know that soon after, they will be succeeding in their careers or furthering their education in four-year institutions and eventually for some, in graduate school. I write because I want to help advance the field of research in math education, particularly in the area of equitable teaching. I have learned much from my students and colleagues at the community college about what works in practice. In writing from these experiences, what I have learned in equitable teaching can be made accessible to other teachers. The more we all share, the more we all learn.”

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Everyone knows about the extinction of the dinosaurs some 66 million years ago, the result of a mountain-sized space object colliding with Earth and wreaking havoc all over the planet. However, what most people don’t know is that this extinction was not the most devastating in Earth’s history. The dinosaur extinction is one of the “Big Five” extinctions paleontologists know about based on geological evidence. The most destructive extinction of the Big Five occurred about 252 million years ago. This extinction, known as the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, or “The Great Dying,” wiped out 9 out of 10 of the marine species, and 7 out of 10 of the land species on Earth. Most mass extinctions come about through multiple natural disasters occurring at the same time, say, a giant asteroid impact along with an erupting supervolcano. Are most extinctions therefore due to simple bad luck for planet Earth? Maybe, but recent studies suggest there is some element of predictability to mass extinctions: patterns in large impacts, volcanic activity, and declines in biodiversity are all extremely similar. The period of impacts and volcanic activity, meaning how much time has passed between each event, is extremely close to the period of mass extinctions. What is causing the similarity in the patterns? The Milky Way galaxy is essentially a giant spiral laid out over a relatively flat plane with a large central bulge. Just like how the moon orbits the Earth and the Earth orbits the sun, the entire solar system orbits the center of the galaxy. This orbit is not a perfect circle, however. While the solar system travels forward along its path, it also bobs up and down like a wave, traveling in and out of the galactic plane. The time it takes between crossing the plane, known as the period, is about 32 million years. This number is very close to the amount of time (the period) between increased comet impacts on Earth. The dinosaur extinction occurred roughly 66 million years ago, and around this same time period, the solar system would have been traveling through the galactic plane. When scientists noticed the correlation between the time that passed between extinctions and between comet impacts, they began to investigate further. There were initially two hypotheses as to why comets were getting thrown out of their home territory of the Oort Cloud, a giant sphere of comets, space rocks, ice, and dust that envelops the entire solar system, and flying toward the Earth. The first hypothesis: There must be an undiscovered star or massive planet outside of the solar system that is disturbing the Oort Cloud comets. This makes sense, but even after a massive search, this suspected star/planet was not found. This hypothesis was ruled out. The second hypothesis: Since scientists searched for some kind of object that was gravitationally affecting the comets and did not find such a thing, the next hypothesis was that there was something unseen doing the deed. The prime suspect: dark matter! Normal matter gives off light (whether it is visible or not), but dark matter does not at all. Dark matter interacts with the rest of the universe mainly through the gravitational force. Everything with mass interacts with other objects that have mass through the force of gravity, and since dark matter has mass, it is included in these interactions. It makes up about 85% of the mass of the universe, and a lot of it probably exists in central planes of spiral galaxies like the Milky Way. In fact, observations of small satellite galaxies orbiting Andromeda, our neighboring spiral galaxy, support the existence of a dark matter disk. This suggests that our galaxy has one as well. Dark matter interacts with the rest of the universe mainly through the gravitational force. The gravitational influence on the Oort Cloud may be from a dense dark matter disk in the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy affecting the entire solar system. The gravitational effect of the normal matter in the disk does not explain the correlation with increased Oort Cloud activity, simply because normal matter is not dense enough since it is mostly gas and dust, which has little effect on the solar system, let alone the Oort Cloud. In order for the density to be great enough to throw comets out of the Oort Cloud and into the inner solar system as the solar system crosses the plane of the galaxy, dark matter must be present. Thus, there must be a thin disk of dark matter within the plane of the Milky Way galaxy that perturbs the comets’ paths and sends them flying into the inner solar system, increasing the probability of a collision with Earth every 32 million years or so. Thus, a period of increased comet bombardment due to the suspected dark matter disk is likely what led to the demise of the dinosaurs. (For more on dark matter, check out a previous Athens Science Observer blog post.) If this hypothesis is true, then scientists must begin to consider the histories of both the Earth and the solar system in a galactic context. This is because the Milky Way’s “invisible dark matter architecture” is probably the cause of many key events in a planet’s life. Within a decade or so, scientists will be able to determine if dark matter truly exists in a thin, clumpy disk within the plane of the galaxy. The European Space Agency’s Gaia space mission, launched in 2013, will study the Milky Way in unprecedented ways. It will observe about a billion stars, measuring their distances and velocities, which will in turn allow astronomers to map the surface density of the galaxy’s disk as a function of height. This means that they will be able to check if there is a dark matter disk within the plane of the galaxy with more mass than can be accounted for with only “normal” matter models. Evidence of this disk would provide better models of dark matter and the structure of our galaxy, and this would ultimately help us to better understand important events that affect our planet. About the Author |Paige Copenhaver is an undergraduate studying Physics and Astronomy at the University of Georgia. When she is not studying solar-type stars, she can be found playing ukulele or reading Lord of the Rings. You can email her at [email protected] or follow her on twitter: @p_copenhaver. More from Paige Copenhaver.

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Gnome Shape Craft, Counting Activity: Valentine's Day Kindergarten Center As you implement a gnome or Valentine’s Day theme, incorporate this printable shape craft during your preschool, kindergarten, or first grade math lesson or math center. Practice shape identification and counting with included activities. Creating this craft also allows for the opportunity to work on fine motor and visual-spatial skills. Three craft options are included to best meet the needs of your little learners. Create the crafts, and tape the activity sheet to the bottom of the crafts for display! On the activity sheet, students choose a shape. They write the numbers for how many they see and the names of the shapes on the lines. Page 1: Cover Pages 2, 3: Product Details Page 4: gnome (option 1) Page 5: hat, beard/body, nose, two hands, arrow, heart, two shoes (option 2) Page 6: nose, two hands (option 3) Page 7: hat (3) (option 3) Page 8: body, heart (2 sets) (option 3) Page 9: beard (option 3) Page 10: two shoes (9 sets) (option 3) Page 11: arrow (9) (option 3) Page 12: activity sheet Students choose a shape. They write the numbers for how many they see and the names of the shapes on the lines. Page 13: graphing sheet Page 14: counting sheet Be sure to check out our DISCOUNTED BUNDLES prior to purchasing individual products. The cover of Krazy for Kindyland products includes exact JPEG(s) of included craft(s). What our customers are saying about our products: -provides engaging, hands-on fine-motor practice while learning across the curriculum -easily differentiated kindergarten activities, based on student needs and also allows room for teacher choice -includes consistent layouts; easy for students to understand -low prep and a huge time saver; GREAT for subs Email us at [email protected]

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Duplex Doppler US is a procedure that enables confirmation--and in many instances--detection of portal hypertension by visualizing the presence of collateral blood vessels and determining the direction of the portal flow. In addition, absence of Doppler signal into the veins allows assessment of venous thrombosis both in the portal and hepatic veins. From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. This record was last updated on 07/02/2016 and may not reflect the most current and accurate biomedical/scientific data available from NLM. The corresponding record at NLM can be accessed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2689429

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Monday 11th May hope you have has a lovely weekend. Did you make any decorations for VE day, or did you have a picnic? Today is Monday 11th May. Well done TK for your amazing home learning last week! For your Jack and the Beanstalk writing and all your maths. So proud of all your hard work Phase 2 sound flashcards Phase 3 sound flashcards Rabbits, Squirrels and Mice - phase 2 word building Foxes, Owls and Hedgehogs - phase 3 'oa' sheet This week we are learning about fruits and vegetables and keeping healthy. We are going to start with a story with lots of different types of fruit. Share the power point it has fruit in from the story Name the fruits and describe them. What do they look like? (colour, shape) How do they feel? (hard, soft, bumpy...) Rabbits, Squirrels and Mice - make a list of the fruits Foxes, Owls and Hedgehogs - write sentences naming and describing the fruits Draw some shapes - circle, or a square, or a triangle... Draw shapes in your book, draw a line down the middle and colour in Y1 - join in making doubles Foxes - can you find the doubles and talk about them Ladybird doubles to 20 Write the double number sentences in your books and count how many altogether If you have some fruit try printing, drawing or painting it Have a fun afternoon, Love Miss Weston

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Burning Mountains and Bloody Seas The first angel sounded, and there followed hail and fire mingled with blood, and they were cast upon the earth: and the third part of trees was burnt up, and all green grass was burnt up. And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood: – And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed, Revelation 8:7-9. In the previous chapter a lengthy discourse of verse seven was given; a discourse portraying the terrible effects of volcanic spillage on dry land masses. I have attempted to build a case that God will move the massive tectonic plates of figure 3 to produce unbelievable dry land eruptions. But the shifting of the plates would most assuredly not only affect the land, for most of these great cracks exist on the world’s ocean and sea floors. John’s eyes had been fixed on the horrifying burning of the earth’s greenery (verse seven), but as he watched the land scene the underwater volcanic activity remained hidden from his view. It is therefore only natural that the dry land events were reported before the water events. In order to correctly interpret verse eight, one must understand what the expression “as it were” means, and how it is used in relation to the subject and verb of the middle section of this verse. Many commentaries identify the great burning mountain as a meteorite that falls into the sea from heaven, but I will attempt to prove that this is not the case. The expression “as it were” is one very small Greek word. That word is hos. Hos is a particle having a very wide variety of uses in the New Testament. At times it applies to the subject, at other times it applies to the verbal action, and sometimes it applies to both. Hos can be translated as “what looked like,” “it was as though,” “what seemed to be,” “it was as if,” “as it were,” etc. The verbal action “was cast” Is a single Greek verb, eblethe.It expresses punctiliar action in past time and, as such, can be translated “had been cast.” John used hos in John 7:10 to describe the action performed by the subject: But when his brethren were gone up, then went he also up unto the feast, not openly, but as it were in secret. Paul in 1 Corinthians 4:9 used hos to refer to a verbal action affecting the subjects: For I think that God hath set birth us the apostles last, as it were appointed to death: for we are made a spectacle unto the world, and to angels, and to men. Now considering the usage of hos and eblethe in Revelation 8:8, let us carefully examine what John saw and how he report-. ed it: And the second angel sounded, and as it were thos] a great mountain burning with fire was cast [eblethe] into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood. Hos (as it were) refers to both the subject (greatburning mountain) and the verbal action eblethe (had been cast) that began at some point in time before John actually saw the subject. John’s attention had been fixed on a horrible scene of fiery objects coming down upon the dry land masses of the world, destroying all the green grass and one-third of the trees. Suddenly the second trumpet shifted his eyes to the sea, and he beheld what looked like a great mountain on fire in the midst of the sea. John did not know where it came from, so he used the expression (hos) to tell us it was as ifit had been cast into the sea. John did not see it cast into the sea, because the tense of the verb ebletheindicates the action that caused it to be in the midst of the sea occurred before John actually saw it there. What John saw is what you see in figure 5. The mountain had been cast into the sea from beneath, not from above as many commentaries assume. Not all commentaries take the falling meteor position. Among one of the more reputable that does not is the Expositor’s Greek Testament Volume five of this highly esteemed work provides the following information concerning Revelation 8:8 and the rest of the book of Revelation: Volcanic phenomena… in the Egean archipelago are in the background of this description, and of others throughout the book; features such a the disturbance of islands and the mainland, showers of stones, earthquakes, the sun obscured by a black mist of ashes, and the moon reddened by volcanic dust, were the natural consequences of eruption in some submarine volcano, and Thera—adjoining Patmos—was in a state of more or less severe eruption during the first century. All this suggested the hideous colors in which the final catastrophe was painted by the imagination of pious contemporaries. In the eruption of 1573, the sea round Thera was tinted for twenty miles round, and even when the submarine volcano is quiescent, ‘the sea in the immediate vicinity of the cone is of a brilliant orange colour, from the action of oxide of iron.” In 1707 a large rock suddenly appeared in the sea, during the eruption, and owing to noxious vapors ‘all fish in the harbor died.’ It is difficult to prove conclusively the case for volcanic eruptions by linguistics alone, but the effects produced in the form of blood-red water that destroys aquatic life is a natural consequence of volcanic eruptions. There have been thousands of meteorites that have fallen into man’s water supplies for many years and yet not one case of poisoning has ever been validated. Meteors are not poisonous nor do they turn water a continuing red. Please do not let the “orange” color mentioned in the quote from the Expositor’s Greek testament mislead you. You will not find the color “orange” in the entire Bible. One of the reasons the word “blood” appears so often in Revelation is that it figuratively covers a wide range of blood shades from orange to reddish black. Ask any hematologist about the tremendous change in blood color found in various parts of the human anatomy. There are three types of magma that burst onto the earth’s surface as blood-red lava, and basaltic magma has the highest iron content of the three, with virtually all oceanic eruptions being of the basaltic variety. If a piece of iron is left long enough in a glass of water it will turn the water a rusty red by oxidation If the water is heated the oxidation (rusting) will be accelerated. As the basaltic material makes contact with the ocean seawater its temperature is often in excess of six hundred degrees centigrade, and this produces fantastically accelerated oxidation of its iron content. In virtually all oceanic eruptions a blood-red shield is formed, and this shield is carried away from the source many miles by the currents of the sea. When coupled with the other chemical reactions associated with maritime volcanic eruptions, it acts like a smothering aerobic blanket on aquatic life as it spreads across the seas and oceans of the world. God, who created all things and will use them to fulfill His prophecies, has also created life forms in the sea that can produce dreadful effects. There are certain microscopic organisms that exist in the sea that can reproduce at fantastic rates. Under certain conditions these oceanic organisms have reproduced to exhibit over sixty million in a single quart of seawater. They are deadly only under certain conditions which I shall describe later. As long as these organisms remain in a certain environmental temperature range there is no problem. They will remain absolutely harmless. In fact, if the organism is carried into a cold water zone by the currents of the ocean, God has so designed it that a protective crust forms around it, and the shield remains until it is carried back into a favorable temperature environment. But there is one thing that must never be performed on this organism: never heat the water. For if you heat the water above the orgamsm’s normal temperature environment, the following quote from a standard biological text describes what will happen: Under certain conditions it reproduces at a fantastic rate; sixty million have been counted in a single quart of seawater. The organism tends to utilize the dissolved oxygen at a rate which creates an anaerobic condition. Thus aerobic organisms, such as fish, die. It also releases an airborne “poison gas” which irritates the human respiratory tract and may cause coughing, sneezing and even shortness of breath. During the red tide off the coast of Florida in 1952 and again in 1954 enormous numbers of fish died, and the shore was littered for miles with stinking fish. Another dinoflagellate, Gonyauiox, also causes waters to appear a rusty red at times because of its great numbers. Gonyaulax catenella is known to have been the cause of disastrous poisoning in man. Several kinds of shellfish along the Pacific coast feed on them, thus making the shellfish poisonous for human consumption. In 1941 there were 346 cases of poisoning with 24 deaths. Since 1941 state laws forbid the gathering of shellfish during the season of the red waters. Experiments have shown the toxin (an alkaloid) to be about ten times as potent as strychnine, which is used for poisoning mice. When God shifts the great tectonic plates, all the cracks on the ocean floors shown in figure 3 will open to produce long chains of oceanic eruptions as pictured in figure 5. As the magma begins to heat the oceans and seas of the world, many varieties of dinoflagellate will begin to reproduce at fantastic rates. As the heating spreads, the dinoflagellate will spread, both by formation and transportation by the currents of oceans and seas of the world. The sea will be turned red by both oxidation and organism secretion, both creations of God. The same God who created the process of oxidation and all organisms has also created the mechanism to slowly spread the blood-red shroud of poison across the oceans and seas of the world—the currents of the “seven seas” shown in figure 5A. By the time the last drop of the second vial has been poured out, all aquatic life in the oceans and seas will have been destroyed by this shield of death carried by the currents that daily move life through them. And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood: and the third part of the creature which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed, Revelation 8:8, 9. And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the sea, Revelation 16:3. The great red shield of death is formed and spreads across one-third of the sea as the trumpet sounds. The second trumpet begins the event and the second vial closes it. By the time the last drop of the vial has fallen, the ocean current spread of both organic and inorganic takers of life will have rendered the sea to be like the blood of a dead man. A dead man’s blood will not support life. The trumpets and vials do not occur separately from one another in a chronological sense. The first trumpet announces the beginning of event one, and the last drop of the first vial closes it. This sequence is true throughout all seven trumpets and vials.

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Background and overview of microplastics How the story started In the past six decades, we have produced more than 8.4 billion tons of plastics. Most of it has now ended up in landfills or directly in our natural environment. In fact, only 9% of the plastic used today is recycled. Up to 12 million tons of plastic enter our oceans every year. This corresponds to one garbage truck per minute. Plastic waste on the streets can also get into the ocean via drainage networks or rivers: According to estimates, the world's major rivers transport up to 2.41 million tons of plastic into the sea each year, which corresponds to 100,000 garbage trucks. Synthetic materials (polymers, microplastics or plastics) are one of the causes of our global environmental pollution. Floating plastic continents in several oceans, plastic bag-eating turtles, dead whales with plastic garbage stomachs are discoveries of the last few years that have received great media coverage and attention. Microplastics were first detected in large numbers in the world's oceans in 2004. That made one thing very clear: plastic in the environment does not just go away. And not "only" with plastic, but also with microplastics, we are dealing with an environmental problem of enormous and global proportions. (Thompson et al., 2004 ) Where do we stand when it comes to microplastics? Microplastics is a young research area with many unknowns. Science, industry, and politics are facing enormous challenges in order to grasp the phenomenon in all its complexity and to find effective solutions against the further spread of microplastics. If we want to understand what is hidden behind the term and research field of microplastics, we must direct our attention to the way we deal with plastics: from production and use to disposal or reuse. Here we have put together a few facts about the current situation. There are different definitions of microplastics and differentiations from, for example, nano plastics. In the meantime, however, there is broad consensus that plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm should be referred to as microplastics. The current definition of the term microplastics is as follows Microplastics describes the entirety of all synthetic plastics and their products, which are smaller than 5 mm in size and which are either released directly into the environment or formed indirectly in the environment. What types of microplastics are there and what are examples of them? Primary Microplastics Type A categorizes and regards microplastics as a chemical. This category includes the types that are added directly to products (e.g. personal care products, cleaning agents, paints, etc.). This proportion is already often replaced by water-soluble polymers ("liquid microplastics"). Products are then often "advertised" with the addition "free of microplastics" or "without microplastics". The category Primary Microplastics Type B includes plastic particles that are created through the use of plastic products and that are directly (without detours) released into the environment as microplastics. Secondary microplastics include all microplastic particles that are formed in the environment as a result of the slow decay of large plastic parts. This can happen through all kinds of external influences, e.g. through the influence of UV rays, bacteria or friction. What is behind the terms primary and secondary microplastics? In general, a distinction is made between indirect and direct entry routes. Indirect entry paths are found when plastic objects break down into smaller and smaller components due to UV radiation, oxidation and / or mechanical effects. Ultimately, millions of microplastic particles are created in our ecosystems (Law et al., 2014). Depending on their individual composition, they distribute quickly or slowly in water, soil, and the air. Microplastics can also get into the environment directly: through tire abrasion, synthetic textile fibers that are released when clothes are washed, care products such as peelings that contain microplastic particles. Industrial wastewater is also one of the major sources of input. (Boucher et al., 2017) The proximity to heavily populated areas and inadequate waste management lead to particularly high levels of contamination. Point sources such as sewage treatment plants or the plastics industry are also important influencing factors. Furthermore, contamination with microplastics is influenced by transport processes such as wind, water currents, ebb and flow and surface runoff from rain. In general, limnic ecosystems are more heavily contaminated with microplastics than marine ecosystems, since microplastics can be distributed more widely in the enormous volume of marine ecosystems. Plastic and microplastics collect in so-called "garbage patches" because of converging ocean currents. How dangerous are microplastics? There is heated discussion and research about how dangerous microplastics are for humans, animals, and the environment. Mainly due to their small size (≤ 5 mm), microplastics pose a threat to animals and the environment, as they are accessible to many organisms and are kept and eaten for food, for example. In addition, each microplastic particle has an individual composition due to previous production, use and disintegration processes. Extremely harmful micropollutants such as residues of plasticizers, heavy metals, PFOS or pharmaceuticals can adhere to microplastics. This increases the risk of physical and toxicological damage to organisms and ecosystems caused by microplastics (Law et al., 2014). Microplastics are also transported or accumulated within the food chain. They also get into the human body (FAO, 2016). The nature of the consequences for human health and how harmful this will ultimately be cannot currently be foreseen. How can microplastics be detected? Methods for the detection of microplastics are also discussed and researched. So far, there is no simple, standardized, and fast analytical method that can also be used outside of laboratories in real water and that can detect microplastics in different environmental matrices as reliably and reproducibly as possible. Due to the use of very different procedures, the data collected so far are difficult to compare and are often not very meaningful. This is one of the main reasons why there are still no limit values or political guidelines for dealing with microplastics. An efficient identification and quantification of microplastic pollution is a great scientific challenge, because as the size of the particles (nano plastics) decreases, it becomes more and more difficult to recognize and detect them. Micro- and nano plastics that have not been detected can easily lead to the fallacy that they do not exist. In the environment especially: Just because something can no longer be seen or detected does not mean that it is no longer there!

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Over the past 2 weeks, I have covered macronutrients What is Nutrition (part I)? and micronutrients What is Nutrition (part II)? As a reminder, nutrition is the supply of materials, as food, required by the body’s cells to stay alive. Stated differently, nutrition is the science of consuming and utilizing foods. This week, the topic will focus on the final 2 key pieces in the nutrition puzzle; water and fiber. Water makes up between 60% – 70% of an adult’s body weight. And it is well established that humans can survive without food for up to forty days, but only for 3-5 days without water. Clearly, water is an important nutrient and the healthiest beverage to drink. While fluids can be obtained through other liquids and foods (soups, juice, fruits and veggies), most of the water than the human body needs must come from drinking water. In fact, water is considered so fundamental to proper nourishment in the human body, it is an essential nutrient. Water Is Important For Nutrient Absorption Water assists in the transport and absorption of all other nutrients consumed through the diet. Water also helps to remove metabolic wastes and toxins from cells and transport them out of the body. According to Dr. Batmanghelidj, author of Your Body’s Many Cries for Water, it is essential to drink water before eating, so as to prepare the digestive tract and provide enough fluid for the entire process of nutrient absorption and waste elimination. By the way, this is an excellent read. Water’s Functional Roles in the Body Water plays an important in ALL physiological functions of the body, including the following: - Regulations of body temperature - Cushioning the spine and joints - Transfer and absorption of nutrients - Removal of waste products - Blood and lymph flow - Brain function - Hormonal balance Dietary fiber is the part of plant-based foods that passes through the digestive tract without being broken down or digested. There are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber dissolves in water. Most plants contain both types of fiber, but in different amounts. Fiber is an important part of a healthy diet and supports many different systems in the body. When soluble fiber dissolves, it forms into a gel that may improve digestion and may reduce blood cholesterol and blood sugar, thus aiding in disease prevention. Good sources of soluble fiber include: - citrus fruit Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water. This type of fiber attracts water into your stool, making the stool softer and easier to pass. Insoluble fiber helps to promote good bowel health and keep one regular. In addition, there is evidence that insoluble fiber supports insulin sensitivity. Good sources of insoluble fiber include: - •Grains Ancient Grains - Vegetables, such as cucumber, zucchini, onions and celery - Fruits, such as apples, tomatoes, oranges, grapefruit, and berries - Legumes – beans and lentils Benefits of Fiber - •control body weight - control high blood pressure - help balance cholesterol levels in blood - regulate bowel movements - regulate blood glucose levels - reduce risks of certain diseases, such as colon cancer, breast cancer, and diabetes I hope that you have learned a lot from this 3 part series on nutrition. Good nutrition is one of the most important pieces to optimizing health and living a long life. If you have any questions or need help with your nutrition, please leave me a message.

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Executions in York On 31 March 1379 Edward Hewison was executed for rape on the new gallows at the York Tyburn - an area to the south of the city now part of York Racecourse. The Tyburn was one of four execution sites in the city at the time. Remarkably, the other three were run by the great church institutions - the Minster, the Abbey and the Hospital - each of which had their own systems of justice. The Tyburn site was used by the Crown's justice, administered at York Castle. Its gallows consisted of a wooden triangle standing on three wooden pillars - it was known as the 'Three-Legged Mare'. The site was the scene of executions for more than 400 years. Execution day was a big, rowdy event - criminals were a spectacle as they were driven from the prison to their deaths, sitting with their coffins. Until 1745 their bodies were quartered after hanging. Special newspapers were printed detailing the crimes and punishment of the condemned. Women were amongst the criminals put to death. Their crimes ranged from murder to 'stealing wearing apparel of no great value'. (With reference to the image, there is no record of a hanging of a Mary Evans in York in 1799 - the nearest is a Mary Ellah killed in 1757 for murdering her husband by strangling). The last hanging at the Tyburn took place in 1801, after which executions took place at York Castle itself. This was in order that the 'entrance to the town should no longer be annoyed by dragging criminals through the streets'. In spite of that sentiment hangings took place in public until an act of Parliament in 1868. Thereafter, until the last York execution in 1896, murderers were executed from a specially constructed platform, known as The Drop, at the end of the Female Prison. The doors leading onto the Drop can still be seen at that end of the building.

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Harvest Festivals Around the World Here are just a few of the agriculturally-based holidays celebrated in countries around the world. - Grades: 1–2, 3–5, 6–8 Explore Christmas, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa in-depth with the Celebrate Winter Holidays online activity. On Thanksgiving Day, American people gather together with their family and friends to share food and to give thanks for the blessings of the past year. In kitchens across the country, people prepare traditional foods of the season, such as turkey, cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. This American holiday has been celebrated since the early days of the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims set aside a time of festive thanksgiving in response to a plentiful harvest. To learn more about the history of this popular holiday, explore The First Thanksgiving. Jewish Pilgrimage Festivals In ancient Israel, people traveled to Jerusalem three times during the year to bring offerings of thanksgiving to the Temple. The first was at Passover, at the beginning of the planting season. The second, seven weeks later, was at Shavuot, when the first crops were reaped. The third was at Sukkot, when the last harvest was brought in. Sukkot, or the Feast of Tabernacles, begins five days after Yom Kippur and is observed for one week. Traditionally meals are taken outside the home in a sukkah, an unroofed hut decorated with the fruits of the harvest. The sukkah is a reminder of the temporary dwellings of the Israelites during their journey through the desert. Kwanzaa, which means "First Fruits," is based on ancient African harvest festivals and celebrates ideals such as family life and unity. During this spiritual holiday, celebrated from December 26 to January 1, millions of African Americans dress in special clothes, decorate their homes with fruits and vegetables, and light a candleholder called a kinara. To learn more about the history and traditions of Kwanzaa, explore the Kwanzaa scrapbook. Along with harvest time, the beginning of spring is another popular reason to celebrate. Here are some other agriculturally-based celebrations based around spring. In Pakistan, boys celebrate the first day of spring in the Muslim calendar with exciting kite-fighting contests. After putting powdered glass on their strings, they use the strings to try to cut off each other's kites. Whoever keeps his kite in the air the longest wins. For this Hindu spring festival, people dress in green. Children then squirt each other with water pistols filled with yellow- or red-colored liquid. They also blow colored powder on each other through bamboo pipes. Everyone gets soaked — and colorful — to celebrate spring. To celebrate the return of spring, children in England dance around tall poles, called maypoles, decorated with ribbons. Their dancing wraps the ribbons tightly around the pole. Explore a photo story of the Maypole Celebration.

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Landscape for the River Whether urban, suburban or rural, our yards are part of the Mississippi watershed. The effects of how we landscape and route rain show up far beyond our property lines. Dig into these tips to help protect the river right from your own yard. One way to familiarize yourself with watershed-friendly landscaping and gardening practice is to attend one of our free or reduced-cost workshops. These classes overview native plants, rain barrels, raingardens and other water-wise practices and are offered several times a year. Presenters keep the material engaging and approachable and are always happy to answer questions specific to your yard or landscaping situation. As soon as dates are set, we post them on our events calendar and note them in our e-newsletter, Mississippi Messages. If you're looking for information right away, the following pages on some of the most popular watershed-friendly landscaping topics can help get you started. We combed the net for the most useful and practical information we could find. Here's what you can do: - Rig up a rain barrel: Rain barrels collect the rain that runs off your roof and slides down your gutters so you can use it later to water your garden or lawn. They also prevent runoff — and the pollution it carries — from entering already-taxed stormwater systems. - Create a raingarden: Raingardens beautify a space, while also directly impacting water quality. They're designed to catch rainwater runoff, as well as prevent erosion, filter pollutants and provide wildlife habitat. - Plant native gardens: Birds, bees and other critters that live here depend on native wildflowers and plants for habitat, and even the smallest yard's native plantings can make an impact on wildlife and water quality. - Support pollinators: Small but mighty, pollinators have an enormous job. Without them, most plants — including the crops we eat — couldn’t fruit. We offer simple tips to support pollinators where you live. - Compost your food waste and cultivate your soil: Composting can help your soil hold on to significantly more water, which means that a heavy rain won't cause as much runoff, and a dry spell won't leave plants as parched. - Update your lawn care: How you care for your lawn can have a big impact on local waterways. Here are a few quick tips for creating a lawn that absorbs more water and flourishes without chemical assistance. - Hold the salt in winter: While road and sidewalk salt makes life easier during the winter, too much causes serious problems for the river. Just 1 teaspoon of salt is enough chloride to permanently pollute 5 gallons of river, lake or creek water. Here's what to do instead. Since river-friendly landscaping brings great benefits to communities, grants and funding for installation of raingardens, native gardens, permeable pavers, and other stormwater management practices are often available. Find out more about cost-share programs.

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Help Shape How Public Media Can Serve Your Classroom Connecticut Public Broadcasting Network (CPTV & WNPR) is launching an innovative, multi-platform learning tool for your students — and we need your help. Guided by the feedback of Connecticut educators, CPBN has created a classroom-based activity called Thinkalong. Thinkalong is an online, multi-classroom debate experience which leverages the richness of public media assets. Thinkalong will help middle school students explore their curiosities, think critically about media messages, develop and shape opinions, and practice how to take a stand. Our priority is to use our public media power to enhance curricula, elevate student voices, and connect educational content to authentic student experiences.

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Compressed Zip File Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing. How to unzip files. 1.45 MB | 10 Slides and 3 pages pages 1. Smart Board Lesson (10 pages) Students will have fun with this interactive Sequencing unit. They will move the sentences on the SMART Board to put them in the correct order. There are 13 interactive pieces about the life of St. Patrick. There are 7 slides with pictures to help the students understand the story better. They could then retell the story in their own words by only looking at the pictures on the slides. 2. Follow Up worksheet with Teacher Notes included. Students will cut apart the strips and put them in order. Then, they will paste them on a separate piece of paper. (These sentences are very similar to those used in the Smart Board Lesson.) I developed this SMART Board Lesson to accompany my reading and vocabulary lesson on the Story of St. Patrick. Follow the link below.

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Self-Assembly Takes Shape Researchers exploit new ways to make ICs and hard disks pull themselves together Engineers in California have made an important advance in a technique that could help chipmakers create denser and cheaper integrated circuits. It might also extend the life of the traditional lithography process. With a method called directed self-assembly, the engineers were able to pattern contact holes for transistors in memory and logic circuits. Today’s chips are made using lithographic tools that expose photosensitive materials to light with a 193-nanometer wavelength. But this approach has become increasingly challenging, especially when it comes to making the holes in which the electrical contacts to transistors are formed. Currently, holes are created from the intersection of two etched lines, a process that typically requires two separate lithographic steps and has become increasingly inaccurate as chip features have shrunk. State-of-the-art logic chips now require that holes be placed as little as 60 nm apart. Directed self-assembly, which harnesses the ability of some molecules to rearrange themselves into ordered, nanometer-scale structures, has long been eyed as a way to make smaller features. But the process doesn’t naturally lend itself to chip designs, in which transistors and contacts are placed at varying distances. Molecules that self-assemble tend to form highly regular and extended arrays of alternating lines or tiled configurations of close-packed circles. A group led by H.-S. Philip Wong, an electrical engineering professor at Stanford University, has found a way around this limitation by using ordinary lithographic methods to carve indentations that can act as guiding templates for smaller self-assembled features. The team coated the entire surface of the silicon with a copolymer, each molecule of which consisted of a string of polystyrene linked to a string of poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA. When heat was applied, the PMMA side of each chain was drawn to other PMMA chains, balling together to form vertical cylinders within a matrix of polystyrene. Dissolving the PMMA left a polystyrene surface with holes that could be filled with conductive material to form electrodes. Successive etching steps left holes only where the indentations had been. At the December IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, in Washington, D.C., Xin-Yu Bao, formerly a postdoctoral researcher in Wong’s lab, showed that these small indentations could be used to reproduce a design for a memory circuit, an IBM 22-nm static RAM. Wong says the demonstration puts directed self-assembly in the running to compete with long-delayed, next-generation lithography tools, which use extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) to create patterns. Directed self-assembly ”can do what EUV can do, without the [US] $100 million investment,” says Wong. At the SPIE Advanced Lithography symposium in San Jose, Calif., this month, Wong’s team will show that their template technique can pattern holes for a broad range of logic circuits, including adders and flip-flops, using a standard library of circuit components. These designs require simple indentations capable of holding one or two holes. But by altering the shape and size of the guiding templates, Wong says he expects to be able to create close-packed holes in squares, L ’s, T ’s, and other configurations. He believes that this alphabet of shapes will enable chipmakers to drive holes even closer together than can be accomplished with conventional lithography. A number of other research groups are working on different aspects of directed self-assembly. ”What Stanford has done is to take all those ingredients and bake a pie,” says Chris Bencher, who is a member of the technical staff at Applied Materials and has collaborated with Wong’s group. But Bencher notes there are two ways to make arbitrary patterns with directed self-assembly. One is to pattern small troughs, as Wong’s group has done. The other is to create a regular array of self-assembled structures and then eliminate the ones that aren’t needed. He suspects that Wong’s technique, which will require fewer steps, might be the first to make its way into industrial semiconductor manufacturing but that the latter method may ultimately be better suited to driving down the distance between holes. Whichever strategy is adopted, researchers must still work to reduce the rate of defects from factors like impurities in the polymer. Bencher and his colleagues have found that roughly one out of every 25 million holes is missing. That’s a low rate, but it’s still too high to meet the exacting standards of the chip industry, whose ICs have upward of a billion contacts. But, says Bencher, ”we are definitely getting close.” One application where directed self-assembly is likely to make its first inroads into industry is in hard-disk drives, which are considerably more tolerant of defects than chips are. The bits in hard disks are made out of grains of magnetic material, but these bits can't be made much smaller without greatly boosting the error rate. "We are definitely running out of gas," says Thomas Albrecht, who manages patterned media technology at Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, in San Jose. Within a few years, he says, "our progress with conventional media may slow to a crawl." To keep shrinking bits, hard-disk makers are exploring ways to use self-assembly to make smaller bits for a master template that can be stamped onto wafers to create disks. At the SPIE meeting, Hitachi will show off a strategy for creating bits separated by a center-to-center distance of just 13.5 nm, a scale that should be suitable for hard drives more than twice as dense as today's state-of-the-art disks. But Albrecht says there are still quite a few hurdles that must be overcome before the technology can enter production.

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Vanadium is the 23rd cell element in the transition metal; Most of the vanadium is produced to be used as a steel additive. Vanadium is essential for a number of species, including humans, although the human body requires very little (about 0.01 milligrams per day). Here, let's find out interesting facts about the element Vanadium - the element named after the goddess of beauty!. Location of Vanadium in the periodic system table 10 Interesting Facts About Vanadium 1. Vanadium was first discovered in 1801 by a Mexican biologist named Andres Manuel De Rio. This is a prefix that was rediscovered in 1830 by Swedish chemist Nils Sefstrom. In 1867, it was analyzed by the British chemist Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe by combining vanadium trichloride with hydrogen gas. 2. The name Vanadium is named after the goddess Scadinavia "Vanadis" represents the beauty, love and fertility of Northern Europe. The reason is that the oxidized state of Vanadium in the compounds is very beautiful. V (+2) is purple, V (+3) is green, V (+4) is blue, and V (+5) is yellow. The oxidation state of vanadium in the compounds has a very beautiful color 3. High dose vanadium is very toxic to the human body, however, with an amount of about 0.01 milligrams per day it works for normal bone development. 4. Vanadium can be found in trace amounts in a variety of foods, including mushrooms, black pepper, parsley, dill weed, shellfish, beer, alcohol and grains. 5. About 80% of the vanadium produced is used to make shock and corrosion resistant additives. 6. Breathing in large amounts of vanadium can lead to lung problems, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. 7. In 1911, German chemist Martin Henze discovered vanadium in the blood cells of sea level. Vanadium is found in the blood cells of sea level 8. Vanadium accounts for 150 parts per million (ppm) in the Earth's core and accounts for 0.019 percent of the Earth's crust. 9. The amount of vanadium in the universe is about 0.0001 percent. Vanadium can be detected spectroscopically in the sun's rays and sometimes in the light of other stars. 10. Vanadium can be found in more than 60 types of minerals. You will not often find vanadium as a free element in nature, but this element is already found in vanadinite, magnetite, patronite, carnotite, etc. Vanadium is added to steel to make it harder and is found in many tools

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Above. H. June (seven years old) with reverted leaves. A very common question is ‘Why do my variegated hostas sometimes come up with plain green (or blue) leaves? And what should I do about it? Occasionally an anxious customer will tell us that their prized specimen has come up one spring with no variegation at all. The entire plants has ‘reverted’. Occasional ‘reversion’ is common to many varieties of hosta and some varieties are more prone to it than others. Most often it will just be one or two eyes (leaf buds) that revert. In extreme cases the whole plant may lose its variegation. If the whole plants reverts then there is no cure. You have ‘lost’ the variety you had. However, if just one section of the plant has reverted then the solution is simply to remove the affected part. If you can take the time and effort, then trace the leaves back to the base of the plant and cut out the whole section with a sharp knife. In a large mature plant it may be enough just to take off the affected leaves and stems. We do this each year with a very large H. ‘June’ which always appears with a few blue leaves (its parent is H ‘Halcyon’.) (See pic. Below.) It’s a temporary solution but the plant is so dense you don’t notice the missing leaves. Above. H. ‘Independence’ with reverted shoot. back to its parent or to is ‘natural state’. Virtually ‘Reversion’ suggests the hosta is trying to revert back to its parent or to is ‘natural state’. Virtually all variegated hostas are cultivars and at some point in their ancestry were unvariegated. Reversion can be seen as a survival trait – a green or blue plant contains more chlorophyll and tends to be more vigorous than a variegated plant. A blue hosta, incidentally, is still a green hosta. The ‘blue’ coloration is a waxy coating on the green leaf that reflects blue light. George Schmid says that all variegated cultivars will eventually lose their variegation even if it takes a human lifetime for it to do so! Others point out that the unexpected change may not be reversion at all, but a ‘sport’ – a mutation, which if cut off with roots and planted, may be a new variety of hosta. So, before you discard the affected part, check your hosta’s parentage! You may have a new variety in the making!

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A team of neuroscientists at Mayo Clinic in Florida examined a vital region of the brain and found that patterns of Alzheimer’s-related damage differed by subtype and age of onset. The researchers say these observations could have important treatment implications. “Alzheimer’s affects people in different ways. If we learn why it will help us untangle the mysteries of this disease. We should not continue to think of it as a single entity,” says Dr. Melissa Murray, Ph.D., who led the study. Despite decades of scientific scrutiny, Alzheimer’s disease researchers have yet to work out its cause or treatment. Understanding what underlies its three distinct subtypes is thought to be a promising new research avenue. Dr. Murray and colleagues from Mayo Clinic and Mount Sinai Medical Center examined brain tissue donated by over 1,000 deceased Alzheimer’s patients. They focused on an area referred to as the cholinergic hub, which is the target of the only therapies known to manage symptoms in some Alzheimer’s patients effectively. The investigators looked at a central feature of the disease: neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal protein accumulations that disrupt a neuron’s transport system. They observed two patterns. First, they saw more severe signs of disease in patients with the “hippocampal-sparing” subtype of Alzheimer’s. Whereas the typical Alzheimer’s subtype affects the hippocampus — the brain’s memory center — the hippocampal-sparing subtype mainly affects the cortex, an area of the brain responsible for thoughts and actions. Second, Dr. Murray and her team observed more Alzheimer’s-related damage in patients with young-onset Alzheimer’s — presenting with symptoms before age 65 — compared to those whose symptoms arose later in life. Diagnostic Accuracy Needed Based on these observations, the researchers believe that available therapies will be most effective for people with this Alzheimer’s subtype and in patients with a young-onset form of the disease. As a next step, the researchers hope to test this hypothesis on living patients. Meanwhile, Dr. Murray emphasizes the importance of striving for diagnostic accuracy. The hippocampal-sparing subtype is thought to account for over 10% of Alzheimer’s cases, but it’s often misdiagnosed due to its younger onset and atypical symptoms, she says. Cognitive decline can happen quickly for these patients, making a correct initial diagnosis especially important. “For example, our findings suggest that when a younger patient presents with personality symptoms that may ordinarily point to frontotemporal dementia, the clinician could consider whether a test for Alzheimer’s biomarkers or other scans are warranted,” says Dr. Murray. As her team works to help future patients, Dr. Murray acknowledges with gratitude the late Alzheimer’s patients who donated their tissues to the brain bank at Mayo Clinic in Florida. The facility contains over 7,000 specimens that enable scientists to understand neurodegenerative disorders better. “Our research is possible because of the kindness of patients,” Dr. Murray says. Hanna Al-Shaikh FS, Duara R, Crook JE, et al. Selective Vulnerability of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert Among Neuropathologic Subtypes of Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol. Published online October 28, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3606

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What is Isolationism and Interventionism Both isolationism and interventionism are doctrines of either isolating or intervening in the affairs of other countries. The points of difference between the two have been discussed below. Isolationism (Literal meaning – a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups) is when a state/country tries to not get involved in political affairs. It is believed that when the American state refused to offer aid to patriots in Hungary in 1849, it was actually isolating them. The forcible overthrow of the social order and government in the Hungarian kingdom grew into a war independence from the Australian Empire who was being ruled by the Habsburg Monarchy at the time. The US was already caught up in the Civil War during this, so it was already a very tense time. The US limited its involvement in any affair of other countries. So, with Hungary, US only freed representatives of the country (Hungary). The American State decided to not intervene with distant countries affairs. Intervention is the involvement of foreign power in another nation. The open-door policy that the US proposed in 1899 was an example of intervention. The policy stated that all EU nations, and the American State could trade with the Republic of China. The European nations (EU countries) were seizing territories of Republic of China by occupation (annexation). So, the United States of America feared that they would be eliminated from all trade with the Republic of China and begun the process of the open-door policy (a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900). Allowing them to partake in the trading with the European nations and China. Difference between Isolationism and Interventionism Theory promoted by the Americans that believed the US should remain neutral and not get involved in any foreign war. Theory promoted by the Americans that believed the US should physically enter WWII to stop the Axis Powers Viewpoints (Isolationist vs Interventionist) Isolationist viewpoints include; - The United States should not get into any collaboration or alliance with other countries - The U.S citizens should focus on issues at home, such as anxiety and depression - Complete neutrality was the way to keep the U.S citizens safe - Intervention in a foreign war would be a mistake, just as World War I was Interventionist viewpoints include; - The United States should get into collaboration with other countries for promoting security arrangement (to stop wars) or collective security. - Axis aggressions (“Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis”) were wrong and threatened American interests - The American state should aid the Allies, who were fighting for democracy and freedom - The U.S should put pressure on the Axis Powers (“Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis”) and prepare for war. - Reject League of Nations - Reject membership in world court - Washington Naval Agreements (also referred to as the Five-Power Treaty, was a treaty that took birth in 1922 among the countries that were victorious during the World War I, and came to an agreement to prevent an arms race by restricting naval construction) - Kellogg Briand Pact (a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states committed that no war will be used to resolve any disputes) - Immigration restrictions - Hawley-Smoot Tariff (The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at 19 U.S.C. ch. 4) regulation that implemented protectionist trade policies in America) - Nye munitions investigations - Neutrality Acts, 1935, 1936, 1937 (laws to limit U.S. involvement in future wars) - Should accept article 10 (Article 10 of the European Convention) - Should join the League of Nations (also named as LON, was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation) - Stimson doctrine (the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine) - Reciprocal trade agreements (The Reciprocal Tariff Act between the American State and separate countries, particularly nations of Latin America) - Offer aid short of war - Should join world court (The International Court of Justice) - Provide lend-lease - The extension into the world economy – economic internationalism of the criteria of the (regulated) free market (a political idea that advocates maximum political or economic cooperation among masses and the countries) - Avoid political/military offshore associations - Keep US’s freedom of action abroad - Reached pinnacles with Neutrality Acts (a series of acts passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s) - Reeling during nineteen twenties from the League of Nations defeat (because of aggressor nations undermining its authority) - In nineteen thirties, first priority was economic recovery - No EU support against Axis (“Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis”) - Roosevelt unwilling to challenge isolationist in congress - When France fell in June of 1940, the internationalists gained political strength The points of difference between Isolationism and Interventionism have been summarized as below: Isolationism Vs. Interventionism - Difference Between Whole Genome Sequencing and Shotgun Sequencing - February 26, 2021 - Difference Between Orthopedic Surgery and Neurosurgery - February 26, 2021 - Difference Between Genome Sequencing and Genome Mapping - February 5, 2021

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iPad Art & 'Tra-Dgital' Approaches to Learning in Hands-On Creative Classrooms Participate and share : Interactive lecture Wednesday, June 26, 8:30–9:30 am How can you integrate technology into hands-on, tactile learning experiences? Let's explore creativity, visual literacy and divergent thinking using mobile devices for learning in your cross-curricular classroom. Full of apps, lesson ideas and concrete examples from real classrooms, this course delivers adventures and resources in edtech art-making. |Audience:||Curriculum/district specialists, Teachers, Technology coordinators/facilitators| |Attendee devices:||Devices useful| |Attendee device specification:||Tablet: iOS |Participant accounts, software and other materials:||iPad or iPhone running the latest iOS, with the ability to download apps if you would like to 'learn and play' during the session.| |Focus:||Digital age teaching & learning| |Topic:||Creativity and productivity tools| |Subject area:||STEM/STEAM, Performing/visual arts| |ISTE Standards:||For Educators: This session will allow participants to explore a range of art-making apps and ideas that support a seamless integration of technology and hands-on, tactile ways of working creatively. Using this tra-digtal approach, technology doesn’t replace play, paints and clay, paper...but it adds facets of design, trial and error, and exhibition to a broader audience that were harder to access before tablets and smartphones became common in schools. There are practical applications for the tool and pedagogical approaches in arts classrooms, as well as cross-curricular programs, STEAM initiatives, Makerspaces etc. Explore the ideas we will engage with in this session by checking out this article on Mindshift: ➢ Designing art-making lessons with technology that extend on your classroom tasks for practical, cross-curricular learning experiences you can implement successfully ➢ Understanding and utilizing a 'learn by play' mindset for serious learning ➢ Instructional design for technology – strategies for engagement and management in the classroom ➢ Attaining mastery by trialling processes virtually - the power of 'undo' ➢ Creating opportunities for 'digital failure' in the classroom - empowering students with choices and creative confidence ➢ Exploring tasks with 'endless possibilities' for content creation - using an inquiry model, exploring the creative process, revealing tools for ideation and enhancing divergent thinking ➢ Documenting and reflecting on learning journeys, as they happen – folios, sharing work and presenting reflective journals Phase 1: Activities and apps to support photographic skills and visual literacy – these will be presented as interactive mini-lessons using a leveled approach. Phase 2: Teachers engage with activities, build and share results to explore the potential for teaching and learning. Phase 3: Master Class - going further with extended tools and techniques, connected classroom projects and a final showcase from inspiring classroom practices worldwide. With an emphasis on pedagogies and practices to support ICT Capabilities integral to a 21st Century education, the SAMR model will provide a framework for teachers integrating iPads in their classroom. SAMR Model - Rueben Puentedura, Bloom's Taxonomy, Higher Order Thinking, Elliot Eisner's 10 Lessons the Arts Teach, Vygotsky - Zone of Proximal Development, Horizon Report

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Milwaukee, Wis. – The Wisconsin Historical Society placed the St. Anthony Hospital (Milwaukee, Milwaukee County) on the State Register of Historic Places on August 18, 2017. Saint Anthony Hospital, designed by the Milwaukee architectural firm of Erhard Brielmaier & Sons, was originally constructed in 1931. The hospital initially had 42-beds until 1947, when a seamless addition expanded the building and increased hospital capacity to 135-beds. As well, it featured a three-story wing on its east elevation that connects the hospital with St. Benedict the Moor Roman Catholic Church. The 1931 hospital and its 1947 addition exhibit modest Period Revival elements taken from both the Classical and Mediterranean Revival styles. Saint Anthony Hospital is significant in medical and social history for its pioneering role in the integration of healthcare within the City of Milwaukee. The hospital had its origins in the missionary work of the Capuchin Order who established St. Benedict the Moor Church, which was built to serve Milwaukee’s African-American community. Initially establishing an infirmary for black children, the Capuchins secured financing for construction of a 42-bed hospital next door to the church with medical, surgical and maternity facilities. Dedicated in 1931 and administered by the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, the hospital’s mission from the start was to serve all creeds and races at a time when racial discrimination limited medical care options for many African-Americans. This mission came to fruition and Saint Anthony Hospital’s patient population into the 1960s was approximately thirty-five percent black and sixty-five percent white. Mirroring its patient population, Saint Anthony also had an integrated professional staff featuring multiple African-American doctors and nurses when their ability to practice medicine elsewhere was restricted. This was highlighted with the election of Dr. John W. Maxwell, Sr. to the position of Chief of Staff by his fellow physicians in 1954. Dr. Maxwell was the first African-American chief of staff of any hospital in Wisconsin and amongst very few nationally. As an integrated facility, Saint Anthony Hospital improved the health outcomes for Milwaukee’s black population, while also aiding the professional development of its black medical practitioners. The State Register is Wisconsin’s official list of state properties determined to be significant to Wisconsin’s heritage. The State Historic Preservation Office at the Wisconsin Historical Society administers both the State Register and National Register in Wisconsin. To learn more about the State and National Register programs in Wisconsin, visit www.wisconsinhistory.org.

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This course is designed for people of all backgrounds who are interested in: 1) learning more about how racial violence works in conjunction with other forms of structural racism, 2) making connections between past and present experiences of racial inequality, and 3) unpacking the ways we are constantly bombarded with messages that uphold white superiority and racial hierarchy. The course is focused on a critical examination of whiteness and the role that it plays in shaping American society and all people’s understandings of themselves (often by way of contrast). We explore the various sources of white power and privilege in order to shed light on how situations of severe racial inequality are created and maintained. We will take up an anthropological focus which will offer insight into how to read the cultural messages we are surrounded by through a critical lens. Regardless of whether you have just started to learn more about racial inequality and are hoping to better understand the powerful protests surrounding George Floyd’s brutal murder, or whether you have been living these issues your whole life, this course will offer deeper insight on how race and whiteness structure our world and our daily lives and how you can use this insight in the fight for racial justice.

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Most Americans are unaware that alcohol is a group 1 carcinogen, along with asbestos, radiation, and tobacco. Much of the reporting on the health risks associated with drinking focuses on acute or extreme outcomes such as alcohol-related liver disease or traffic fatalities — both of which, along with alcohol use, surged during the pandemic. We tend to hear less about alcohol’s more insidious health effects — namely cancer. According to a recent study, more than 740,000 worldwide cancer cases in 2020 were due to the consumption of alcohol. And while heavy drinking accounted for most, moderate and even light drinking played a role in approximately 100,000 of those cases. Indeed, alcohol is not a benign substance. Alcohol is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 carcinogen, the highest risk group, which also includes asbestos, radiation, and tobacco. And yet, most Americans are unaware. Surveys show that while 93 percent of the public knows about the cancer risks associated with smoking, only 39 percent are aware of the cancer risks associated with drinking. Everyday Health spoke with Farhad Islami, MD, PhD, senior scientific director of cancer disparity research at the American Cancer Society, for the latest news and what you need to know about the link between alcohol and cancer. Q: What do we know about alcohol’s impact on cancer risk? Farhad Islami: We know that alcohol consumption increases the risk of seven cancer types, including cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, colorectal, liver, and breast. Nationally, about 5 to 6 percent of cancer cases are attributable to alcohol, accounting for more than 87,000 new cancer cases every year in the United States. And while it’s often thought that only heavy drinking poses a threat, we have evidence that moderate and even light drinking can raise cancer risk. For example, moderate drinking is a known risk factor in colorectal cancer, which is on the rise among younger people in the United States. And research has shown that light drinking can raise the risk of breast cancer, which is also on the rise. Q: Are certain cancers more closely linked with drinking? FI: Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (throat), grouped together, are the cancer types most closely associated with drinking. Data shows that about 41 percent of these cancers are attributable to alcohol consumption. And then 23 percent of laryngeal cancers (voice box), 22 percent of liver cancers, 21 percent of esophageal cancers, 16 percent of female breast cancers, and 13 percent of colorectal cancers can also be attributed to drinking. It’s important to understand, however, that just because the alcohol-related risk for a certain cancer type is lower doesn’t necessarily mean we see fewer of those cancers. Even though a smaller proportion of breast cancers are due to drinking than are oral cavity–pharynx cancers, at least 39,000 new cases of breast cancer every year — more than any other type of cancer — are due to alcohol consumption, simply because breast cancer is a much more common cancer. Q: How does alcohol raise cancer risk? FI: Alcohol contains ethanol, which is a known carcinogen. There are several ways ethanol acts to cause cancer in the body. For example, ethanol can raise estrogen levels, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer. In the case of most other cancers, a breakdown product of ethanol known as acetaldehyde can damage DNA and then prevent the body from repairing that damage. In general, cancer risk increases with the amount of ethanol consumed. And because all types of alcoholic beverages contain ethanol, all pose a risk. Q: Does alcohol affect women’s and men’s cancer risk differently? FI: On average, men drink more alcohol than women. And because cancer risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed, the rates and numbers of drinking-related cancers are higher in men than in women. For example, approximately 17 percent of colorectal cancer cases in men are due to alcohol compared with about 8 percent in women. There’s also some evidence that even light drinking may raise the risk. Women, on the other hand, may be more vulnerable to heavy and binge drinking. There’s research suggesting that women who engage in heavy or extreme binge drinking are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop cancer than men who engage in similarly risky drinking. Q: Are there other factors that affect risk, for example, race or social determinants of health? FI: We know that the combination of drinking and smoking can raise cancer risk considerably — to levels that are higher than from alcohol or tobacco use alone. This is especially true for cancers of the oral cavity–pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. And we know that people who live in environments with lower social determinants of health as well as certain groups of people, such as Native Americans, tend to have higher rates of smoking as well as smoking and drinking combined. These groups may also have limited access to early cancer detection and treatment, which can adversely affect outlook and survival. Q: Does the type of alcohol matter when it comes to cancer risk? FI: As I’ve said, all types of alcohol contain ethanol, which means that all alcoholic beverages pose a cancer risk — whether wine, beer, or hard liquor. It’s often thought that wine and beer, unlike hard liquor, don’t pose a threat or may even be healthy, but that’s not the case. Some older data suggested that red wine may benefit the heart and that because it contains antioxidants like resveratrol, may protect against cancer. More recent data shows that wine does not seem to be cardioprotective. And while the jury’s out on resveratrol, we recommend staying away because the harms of alcohol outweigh any possible benefits. Even light drinking raises the odds of breast cancer. A recent study found that for every 10 grams of pure alcohol consumed — the amount in a standard 5-ounce glass of wine — the risk for breast cancer goes up by 5 percent in pre-menopausal women and by about 9 percent in post-menopausal women. Q: What are the most troubling trends we’re seeing? FI: While men have historically consumed more alcohol than women in the United States, data shows that the drinking gender gap is closing. Over the last several years, we’ve seen that drinking, and especially heavier drinking, is on the rise among women in the United States. Recent data shows that excessive drinking is rising among women in their late twenties and thirties, and that the prevalence of binge drinking has nearly doubled among women in their thirties and forties. We’re also seeing an emerging trend of “high-intensity drinking,” which is defined as drinking at levels at least 2 times as high as those of binge-drinking — that is, 4 drinks for women and 5 for men in a couple of hours. This is all very concerning. Q: How much alcohol is safe to drink? FI: Well, there really is no safe level. According to the American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention, it’s best not to drink alcohol. People who choose to drink should limit their intake to no more than 2 drinks per day for men and 1 drink a day for women. The recommendation is lower for women because of their smaller body size and because their bodies tend to break down alcohol more slowly. People often ask whether it pays to stop drinking if they’ve been a drinker in the past, and the answer is yes. Cancer risk begins to decline when people stop, and over time, risk may return to the level of nondrinkers for some cancer types. On another positive note, it’s important to remember that alcohol is one of the most important preventable cancer risk factors, along with tobacco use and excess body weight.

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Aryabhata is the first Indian satellite built by India. It was named after Aryabhata I, the prominent ancient Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century AD. The satellite was assembled at Peenya, near Bengaluru but was launched from the erstwhile Soviet Union by a Russian-made rocket on April 19, 1975. The 96.3 minute orbit had an apogee of 619 km and a perigee of 563 km, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees. Naming of Aryabhata The satellite was named after the Indian mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata (476-550 AD). The 5th Century Indian mathematician and astronomer is best known for explaining the phenomenon of lunar and solar eclipses and for calculating the value of Pi correct to 4 decimal places. Structure of Aryabhata Aryabhata weighed 360 kg. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polygon 1.4 m in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells which generated electricity for the satellite's 46W power supply system. A power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit. All signals from the spacecraft were lost after 5 days of operation. The satellite re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere on 11 February 1992. Purpose of Aryabhata Aryabhata was built by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics and solar physics. It was instrumented to explore conditions in the Earth’s ionosphere, measure neutrons and gamma rays from the Sun and perform investigations in X-ray astronomy. The scientific instruments had to be switched off during the 5th day in orbit because of a failure in the satellite’s electrical power system. Useful information nevertheless was collected during the five days of its operation. This article is a stub. You can enrich by adding more information to it. Send your Write Up to [email protected] Recently Updated Articles in Geography of India |• ||Nilgiri Hills| The Nilgiri Hills in South India, often referred to as the "Blue Mountains," are renowned for their lush forests, diverse wildlife, and captivating waterfalls. These hills are a haven for nature enthusiasts. |• ||Chatham Island| Chatham Island, nestled within the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is home to the historic Chatham Saw Mill, Asia`s largest and oldest saw mill. With a rich industrial heritage dating back to 1883, it plays a vital role in meeting the timber needs of the region. |• ||Chambal River| The Chambal River is an important river in the Malwa plateau and a tributary of the Yamuna River. The Chambal River is renowned for its unique flora and fauna. It is adorned with dams, contributing to regional development. |• ||Laterite Soil in India| Laterite soil is rich in iron oxides and proves versatile in both agriculture and construction. It is mainly found in plateaus and hilly regions in India such as Western Ghats, Easter Ghats, Chotanagpur plateau, etc. |• ||Arabian Sea| Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean surrounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran.

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Surface Rescue Swimmer School Practical First Aid Lesson Topic 5.3 Objectives l Explain the purposes of First Aid. l List the different types of injuries and the appropriate treatment for each in accordance with the lesson plan. TOPIC OUTLINE Purpose of first aid for rescue swimmers: l Save life. l Prevent further injury. l Prevent infection. l Treat for shock. Basic Principles of First Aid: l Act quickly, but effectively. l Reassure the survivor in a calm manner. l Reveal only enough of the survivor’s injuries to ensure cooperation. l Do not discuss the survivor’s injuries with others while the survivor is in hearing range unless you’re uncertain about an injury or course of treatment. l If survivor is in danger of further injury, remove them from the danger as quickly and smoothly as possible, without putting yourself at risk. First Aid Procedures l Treatment begins once access to the survivor has been established. l First Aid treatment begins on the rescue platform. l All SAR capable platforms utilize the Level “A” Medical Kit. The first step in the treatment of injuries is protecting yourself from bodily fluids as much as possible. Always utilize the surgical gloves found in the Level “A” Medical Kit at a minimum. Wounds: There are 5 classification of wounds: There are 5 classification of wounds: Wounds l Infection is secondary to a wound. Never close or bandage a wound until it has been irrigated or cleaned out as much as possible. l If severe bleeding is present, do not worry about cleaning out the wound, control the bleeding. Open Wounds l Three types of bleeding: –Arterial : Large vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Bleeding is bright red and spurts from the wound. –Capillary : Small vessels that carry blood to all body parts. Bleeding is slow and oozes from the wound. –Venous : Veins carry blood to the heart. Bleeding is dark red and flows in a steady stream. Dressings and Bandages: l Dressings: pads placed directly on the wound to soak up blood and keep germs out. These will not stick to the wound. l Bandages: used to wrap and hold dressings in place, apply pressure to help control bleeding, and help support an injured body part. Bandages include: Band-Aids, Triangle bandages, and Roller bandages made of gauze or elastic material. l Field Dressings are a combination Dressing and Bandage in one. Control severe bleeding using the following methods: Direct Pressure Place direct pressure on the wound using a sterile field dressing. A dressing may be created using any available equipment as necessary. Control severe bleeding l Elevation– elevate the affected extremity above the level of the heart. NOTE Do not elevate an extremity until it has been properly splinted if a fracture is suspected. Second Dressing l Apply a second dressing if first bandage becomes blood-soaked. Wrap dressings in place with a roller bandage as needed. Ensure bandage is tied off or taped to prevent loosening. NOTE Never remove a dressing once it has been applied. Place a new one over the existing one. Pressure Points l Apply pressure to the artery by pressing against the underlying bone at a point closest to the wound and midway to the heart. Tourniquet: l Used as a last resort. l When you use a tourniquet, you risk sacrificing a limb in order to save a life. Tourniquet: l Tourniquets are only placed on the extremities (arms and legs). Normally placed 1 to 1.5” above the wound. l If possible, place the tourniquet below a joint. l Write the time and location of the tourniquet on the front of survivor’s shirt. l Write a capital “T” on the survivor’s forehead. l Leave the tourniquet visible. l Never use string, wire, or any thin material less then one” wide. l Tighten only enough to control bleeding. l Never loosen a tourniquet once it is in place. Warning When practicing on a simulated survivor do not tighten a tourniquet! Signs of Internal Bleeding: l Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of the body (i.e.: the abdomen). l Rapid, weak pulse. l Skin that feels cool, moist or looks pale or bluish. l Vomiting or coughing up blood. l Excessive Thirst. l Becoming confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious. Shock: A life-threatening condition usually due to severe bleeding and caused by a lack of blood circulating throughout the body. Signals of Shock: l Restlessness or irritability (often the first indication). l Altered level of consciousness. l Pale, moist, cool skin. l Rapid breathing. l Weak, rapid or absent pulse. Late Stages of Shock: l Bluish coloration around the lips, eyes, and/or the nail beds due to a prolonged lack of oxygen. l Loss of consciousness. l No breathing or absent pulse. Shock: Shock: All survivor’s will be in some form of shock. Position survivor for transport in the rescue vehicle in one of the following five positions: NOTE NOTE Maintain in-line stabilization of the head and neck if a head, neck, or spinal injury is suspected. Traditional Shock Position: l Use this position unless the survivor’s injuries preclude it (if no other shock position is needed). l Feet are elevated 6”-12” above the level of the heart. l When spinal injuries are suspected, lift the foot end of the SAR litter instead of the feet. Flat on Back Position l Use when head injury is suspected, the survivor has an eye injury, flail chest, signs of internal bleeding in the abdomen or torso are present, or the survivor is unconscious upon your arrival. l Position the survivor on their back, keeping the body as straight as possible. Side Position l Used for survivor with nausea and vomiting, bleeding from the mouth, large amounts of oral secretions, a sucking chest wound, deviated trachea, or compressed air injury is suspected. l Place survivor with an open or closed chest wound, injured side down. This position allows gravity to assist in drainage of blood and keeps the uninjured lung up. l If a compressed air injury is suspected, place the survivor left side down to keep air bubbles from forming in heart vessels. Knee’s Flexed Position l Used for a survivor with abdominal injuries. (Something going into or coming out of the abdomen.) This position does not include internal bleeding in the abdomen. l Lay survivor on their back and raise their knees to approximately 45 angle. This will ease tension on the abdominal muscles. Semi-Seated Position l Not to be used if you suspect head, neck, or spinal injuries, or the survivor has ejected. l Used for survivors with medical problems such as a heart attack or trouble breathing. l Position the torso at a 45 angle with legs flat. NOTE Survivor should be placed in the appropriate shock position upon completion of the Secondary Survey if feasible. Head, Neck, and Spinal Injuries: l Only an x-ray can truly determine internal head, neck, or spinal injuries. Suspect a head, neck, or spinal injury when: –Fall from height greater than the survivor’s height. –Any diving (head first) mishap. –Any person found unconscious for unknown reasons. –Any injury involving severe blunt force to the head or trunk. –Any injury that penetrates the head or trunk. –Any person thrown from a motor vehicle or not wearing a seat belt. –Any injury in which the victim’s helmet is broken. –Lightening strike. –Ejected Aircrew. Signals of Head, Neck, and Spinal Injuries: l Change in level of consciousness. l Complaints of severe pain or pressure in the head, neck, or back. l Tingling or loss of sensation in the hands, fingers, feet, or toes. l Partial or complete loss of movement in any body part. l Unusual bumps or depressions on the head, neck, or spine. Signals of Head, Neck, and Spinal Injuries l Blood or other fluids in the ears or nose. l Heavy external bleeding of the head, neck, or back. l Seizures. l Impaired vision or loss of balance as a result of injury. l Bruising of the head, especially around the eyes and/or behind the ears. Treatment of Head, Neck, and Spinal Injuries in-water rescue: l Treat all unconscious survivors or ejected aircrew as possible head, neck, and/or spinal injuries. l Upon gaining access to the survivor and establishing ABC’s are present, perform all necessary disentanglement procedures and stabilize the spine utilizing the SAR MEDEVAC litter as required. l This may prevent a potentially life threatening or permanent neurological injury from occurring. l As a rescue swimmer, you’re goal is to get the survivor into the rescue platform as quickly and effectively as possible. WARNING In a water rescue situation, the survivor may be placed in a litter and hoisted horizontally to prevent the effects of hydrostatic squeeze. Hydrostatic Squeeze l Water exerts pressure on a body immersed in it. This effect is called hydrostatic squeeze. l Vertical removal from the water relieves the pressure and causes blood to flow back to the lower extremities increasing the level of shock. Rescue Litter Procedures l Requires both a Lead and an Assistant Rescuer. l Lead will establish ABC’s, while the Assistant takes in-line stabilization of the head. Assistant will verbally direct the movement of the survivor during transfer to the litter. l Lead will apply the cervical collar and conduct a Primary Survey treating all life threatening injuries. l Lead will position the litter next to the survivor and position themselves perpendicular to the survivor’s hips. l On the Assistant’s 1...2...3 count, lead will grip the survivors hips, log-roll the survivor toward them, and check the back for injuries. l The survivor is then rolled onto the litter and secured inside the litter straps. Fractures and Dislocations Fractures and Dislocations l A fracture is a complete break, chip, or crack in a bone; classified as open or closed. –Open fractures: involve open wounds. Any wound in which bone is seen or exposed is an open fracture. –Treat the wound first. Stop the bleeding. –Do not attempt to set a broken bone. Splinting: l Splinting is done during the Secondary Examination. After splinting an extremity, always check for a capillary refill to ensure proper circulation. l If circulation is compromised or the injured extremity cannot be placed into the litter appropriately, it may be necessary to move the extremity to an in-line position. Rib Fractures l Simple - 1 or 2 ribs broken, can be in several places. Rib Fractures l Flail Chest - 2 or more consecutive ribs broken in 2 or more places. Usually recognized by a section of the rib cage moving opposite of the normal breathing pattern. Open & Closed Chest Wounds l Open Chest Wound- also known as a “sucking chest wound,” occurs when air leaks into the chest cavity from an opening in the chest wall. l Due to increased air pressure outside of the body, the air is drawn into the chest as the survivor exhales, and causes the lung to collapse. Closed Chest Wound: l Occurs due to a puncture in the surface of the lung causing an increased air pressure in the chest cavity and forcing the lung to collapse. May be identified by the presence of a deviated trachea. Pelvic Fractures: l The upper body rests on the spine connected to the pelvis. The legs are seated in the pelvic girdle. Essentially, the pelvis is the center of the body. l A survivor with a pelvic fracture will feel like they are coming apart and may be in extreme pain. l Gently press downward and inward against the hips to test for movement, grinding, and survivor response to pain. Burns l Burns result from heat, electricity, chemicals, and radiation. l Burns are determined by the depth of tissue damage: –1st Degree (Superficial) - A sunburn. Involves the top layer of skin. Burns: –2nd Degree (Partial Thickness) - Recognized by the blisters. Burns –3rd Degree (Full Thickness) - All layers of skin and most or all underlying structures are destroyed. Identified by black or white charred tissue. Burns l Steps for care: –Assess the scene and remove the victim from the source. –Cover with a loose, dry, sterile dressing. – Do not use ointments or petroleum products on the burn. Critical Burns Critical Burns l Any burn that: –Involves difficulty breathing. –Covers more than one body part. –Involves the head, neck, hands, feet, or genitals. –Results from chemicals, explosions, or electricity. Environmental Injuries - Heat Related Injuries: l Heat Cramps - painful muscle spasms, usually in the legs or abdomen. l Care includes: –Laying the victim down in a cool place. –Give cool water or moderate amounts of commercial sports drinks. –Light stretching of affecting muscles may help. –Do not give salt or salt tablets, as they may worsen the condition. Heat Related Injuries l Heat Exhaustion - more severe condition of heat cramps. l Signals include: –Normal to sub-normal skin temperature. Skin may cool, moist, pale, or flushed. –Headache. –Nausea/Vomiting. –Weakness and Fatigue/Exhaustion. –Care is the same as Heat Cramps. Heat Related Injuries l Heat Stroke - the least common, but most severe heat emergency. l Signals include: –Red, hot, dry skin. Sweating has greatly reduced or has stopped. –Change in level of consciousness (may be disoriented). –Rapid, weak pulse. –Rapid, shallow breathing. Care for Heat Stroke: l Cool the survivor immediately. Apply ice or cold packs to the wrist, ankles, groin, armpits, and neck. These areas are where heat is retained and the arteries are the most shallow. l Ice or cold water baths are a last resort, as they may trigger dangerous heart irregularities. l Do not apply rubbing (isopropyl) alcohol. Environmental Injuries - Cold Related Injuries: Environmental Injuries - Cold Related Injuries: l Hypothermia – condition where the body core temperature drops because of a failure to keep warm. l Signals include: –Shivering- most important indicator regarding the survivor’s condition. –Numbness –A glassy stare –Apathy - loss of hope –Loss of consciousness Environmental Injuries - Cold Related Injuries: Environmental Injuries - Cold Related Injuries:NOTE Even in warm water, hypothermia is a life threatening condition. Care for Hypothermia: Care for Hypothermia: l Remove any wet clothing and dry survivor. l Gradually re-warm by wrapping in blankets and dry clothing (if available). l Move survivor to a warm place. l Buddy warming may be necessary for survival. l Never rapidly re-warm the survivor, this may trigger dangerous heart irregularities. Compressed Air Injuries: Compressed Air Injuries: l May occur anytime a survivor breathes compressed gases underwater. –Helicopter Emergency Escape Device Systems (HEEDS). –Seat Pan Oxygen. –Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA). Compressed Air Injuries Air Embolus and Air Embolus and Decompression Sickness (DCS or “bends”) Decompression Sickness (DCS or “bends”) l Breathing compressed air underwater causes gases to be absorbed into the blood. l Rapid ascent relieves pressure on the gases, causing them to come out of solution. l Air Embolus and DCS are caused by gas bubbles which expand during ascent. These can either block blood vessels, become trapped within joints, or they may travel between tissues. Compressed Air Injuries l Disorientation or personality change. l Dizziness or blurred vision. l Numbness, Tingling, or Paralysis. l Chest pain. l Blood froth from mouth or nose. l Convulsions. l Coughing or shortness of breath. l Unusual fatigue or weakness. l Skin itch. l Pain in the arms, legs, or torso. The following symptoms may be present (depending upon the location of the bubble): (depending upon the location of the bubble): Treatment of Compressed Air Injuries l Both Air Embolus and DCS require urgent recompression. Transport the survivor to capable facilities ASAP. –While the survivor is awaiting transport, administer CPR/ Rescue Breathing as required. –Keep airway open. Survivor may vomit. –Keep survivor lying (left side down) and quiet. This position causes bubble(s) to rise away from heart. Dead-On-Arrivals (DOA’S) l Treat the victim as humanely and gently as possible. Recovery is necessary for autopsy investigation and proper burial. Psychiatric Emergencies l A sudden onset of behavioral or emotional responses that, if not responded to, may result in a life-threatening situation. In almost all cases, First Aid treatment is a calm, professional, understanding demeanor without aggravating the survivor. Review l State the purpose of First Aid? l Save life, prevent further injury, prevent infection, treat for shock. l Name the five classifications of wounds? l Bruise, Scrape/Abrasion, Laceration, Avulsion, Puncture.

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Read the glossary of packaging. All the terms used in the packaging industry. Everything there is to know about jars, bottles, closures and more. AESTHETIC FILL – Filling to a specific level in a clear or transparent package where the fill level is visible. ANTIOXIDANT – A chemical substance that can be added to a plastic resin to minimize or prevent the effects of oxygen attack on the plastic (e.g. yellowing or degradation). BARRIER – Protection from deterioration or admittance of moisture or other elements (such as oxygen and other gases) through the package material. Barriers can consist of an additive to the resin or a coating on the interior or exterior of the bottle. BARRIER COAT – A surface coating to improve permeation resistance and/or protect the container from scuffing. BASE – The bottom of the bottle or jar, often marked with an SPI plastic identification code and indentations (called deco ramps or lugs) used to orient a bottle during filling and labeling. BEAD – On Hinge-Guard/J-Cap style neck finishes, the collar of plastic beneath the neck area that snap-on caps rest against. On 2-stage PET bottles, the bead is known as a transfer bead, and provides a surface by which the preform is suspended while it is reheated and blown into a bottle. BLOW MOLDING – A process in which a warm plastic parison or preform (hollow tube) is placed between the two halves of a mold (cavity) and blown into the desired shape. This improves the gas barrier, stiffness, clarity and impact strength of the container compared to extrusion molding processes; and as a result, containers can be reduced in weight. BLOW PRESSURE – The pressure required to form the parison or preform into the shape of the mold cavity, in a blow molding operation. BODY – The principal part of a container, usually the largest and widest part of the bottle. In bottles, the body is the main portion of the bottle without the neck. BOTTOM PLATE (PLASTIC) – That part of the mold which contains the heel (base radius) radius and the “push-up” of the container to be formed. BUTTERFLY HINGE – Flexible (i.e., “living”) hinge used in joining the cover to the main body of a flip top dispensing closure. Butterfly hinges are known for having superior impact resistance. CAD – Computer Assisted Design CAM – Computer Aided Molding CAPACITY – The amount of space inside a container for a given amount of product. The normal volume (usually measured in ccs, mls, ounces, or grams) of a bottle, published in standard sizes used by industry. When a bottle is filled to standard capacity, the contents usually fill it up to its shoulder area. CAVITY – The part of the mold that contains the reverse image of the product being formed. CLOSURE – A term used to describe a metal or molded cap which effects a primary seal when properly applied to a container. CONCENTRICITY – The characteristic of circles or circular cylindrical surfaces of different radii having a common center. CONTINUOUS THREAD (C/T) FINISH – An uninterrupted protruding helix on the neck of a bottle to hold a screw type closure. CORE – The part of a mold that allows the internal shaping of a product such as the internal threads of a cap. CR – Child Resistant, indicates that a package will pass a test protocol administered by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. CRC stands for Child Resistant CYCLE – The complete, repeating sequence of operations in a process. In molding, the cycle time is the period of elapsed time between a certain point in one cycle and the same point in the next. DECO TEMPLATE – A template that shows the area on a bottle or jar that can be safely labeled or screen printed. Graphic designers rely on the deco templates when designing labels to ensure their designs can be applied to a specific bottle or jar. DENSITY – Weight per unit of volume of a substance, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, pounds per cubic foot, etc. DIMENSIONAL STABILITY – The ability of a material to maintain its shape under given processing or use conditions. DRUG MASTER FILE – A Drug Master File (DMF) is a submission to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that may be used to provide confidential detailed information about facilities, processes, or articles used in the manufacturing, processing, packaging, and storing of one or more human drugs. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKING – The susceptibility of a plastic part to crack or craze under the influence of certain chemicals, stress or other agents. FILL POINT – The level to which a container must be filled to supply a designated quantity of the contents. FINISH (PLASTIC) – The plastic forming the opening of a bottle shaped to accommodate a specific closure. It is the portion of the neck which carries the threads, lugs or friction fit members to which the closure is applied, and includes the sealing surface. (Often referred to as the Neck Finish.) FLASH – The extra plastic attached to a molding along the parting line, that is removed before the part is considered finished. FLEXIBILITY – The property of a material that will permit its being bent or twisted without breaking. FLIP TOP/SNAP TOP DISPENSING CLOSURE – A two-piece closure system where both pieces are typically attached by a living hinge. One half provides the threads for attachment to a bottle, tube or jar and an orifice for dispensing the product while the other half provides the closure mechanism, usually a pintel that snaps audibly into the orifice. FLUORINATION – A surface treatment for polyethylene that is used to improve the barrier properties against non-polar materials or solvent. GAS PERMEABILITY – The ability of a gas or other volatile substance to penetrate a material. Materials that will allow significant passage of gases are said to be permeable, while materials that resist or stop the passage of gases are said to offer gas barrier properties. HARDNESS – The resistance of a material to compression and indentation. HAZE – A cloudy or foggy appearance in a normally transparent plastic. HEAD SPACE – The space between the level of the contents in the neck of a bottle and the closure. It is intended to furnish space for expansion of product due to heat or other action after packing. Head space may also refer to the amount of space in a corrugated shipper carton filled with plastic bottles or jars. HEAVY GRAM BOTTLES – Bottles blown from a parison or preform to a size that is relatively small for the parison’s/preform’s normal capacity. The result is a bottle with greater wall thickness, because more plastic has been distributed over a smaller bottle shape. HERMETIC SEAL – A seal that will exclude air and will be gas tight at normal temperatures and atmospheric pressures. HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) – A rigid, tough and strong resin of natural milky color. HDPE has very good stress crack resistance as well as high impact and melt strength. With HDPE it is easy to add color. INDENTED LABEL PANEL – When the diameter of the label panel area on a bottle is smaller than the diameter of the bottle immediately above and below the label panel area. Indented label panels are often used to prevent scuffing of pressure-sensitive paper labels. INDUCTION HEAT SEAL (LINER) – Induction sealing is a unique non-contact heating process that hermetically seals a container by attaching a foil innerseal material to the bottle neck, land area, of a container. Induction sealing requires little, if any, modification to an existing packaging line. INJECTION MOLDING – A molding process in which, under pressure, melted or liquefied plastic is forced from a cylinder into a cooled mold cavity to form a desired shape. INJECTION BLOW MOLDING – A blow molding process in which the parison or preform to be blown is formed by injection molding and then blown out into the shape of the cavity that surrounds it. J-CAP FINISH (also called HINGE-GUARD) – Flexible (i.e., living) hinge used in joining the cover to the main body of a flip top dispensing closure. Consumers open a J-Cap closure by removing a strip of plastic holding the top of the closure to the base of the closure, leaving a hinged, snap-top closure mechanism. This type of closure can also provide tamper evidence. LABEL PANEL – The flat area of the bottle’s body where a pressure sensitive label or screen printing can be applied. Some of Alpha’s bottles feature indented label panels that help prevent scuffing of the labels. LIVING HINGE – Integral hinge made of flexible plastic. LUG CLOSURE – A screw-type closure where the thread is interrupted rather than continuous. The closure is affected by a short camming action. One advantage is that application is very fast, since the closure needs only a few degrees of rotation. In contrast, a normal continuous thread closure might require 360 degrees or more of rotation to affect a seal. MINIMUM WALL – A term that designates the minimum thickness of the wall of a container. MOUTH – The opening at the top of a bottle or jar. NARROW NECK – Narrow neck bottles from Alpha have neck sizes ranging from 15mm to 38mm and most often are Continuous Thread closures. Narrow neck bottles are best suited for liquids and lotions, and products that can be poured or pumped. NECK – The part of the container where the bottle cross-section decreases to form the finish. NECK FINISH – The plastic surrounding the opening of a bottle shaped to accommodate a specific closure. It’s the portion of the neck that carries the threads, lugs or friction fit members to which the closure is applied, and includes the sealing surface and sealing bead; generally, the whole portion above the transfer or pry-off bead. Alpha makes continuous thread (C/T) necks for twist-on caps, and Hinge-Guard (J-Cap) necks for snap-on caps. NECK INSERT – Part of the mold assembly that forms the neck and finish. Sometimes called the “neck ring.” NECK RING – That part of the mold equipment that forms the finish of a bottle. OPAQUE – Descriptive of a material or substance which will not transmit light. OVERFLOW CAPACITY – The maximum capacity of the container to the top of the finish if it was filled to the very top. This figure allows manufacturers to determine if their product will fit in a certain bottle style. PACKER – Packers are wide-mouth bottles typically used for pills, capsules and tablets. Alpha makes several different styles of packers, including rounds (also called Pharma Rounds), oblongs (with square bases) and apothecary styles (with concave shoulder areas) in both PET and HDPE. PARISON – The extruded hot plastic tube that will be placed in a high-density polyethylene mold to be inflated into a bottle or other hollow form. PARTING LINE – The mark on a bottle where two halves of a mold meet in closing. PERMEATION – The extent to which a gas or water vapor passes through a plastic film or container. PINCH-OFF – A raised edge around the cavity in the mold, which seals off the part and separates the excess material as the mold closes around the parison in the extrusion blow molding operation. PLA – Polylactide – A corn-based resin made by NatureWorks PLA that goes by the brand name IngeoTM. This compostable resin requires significantly less energy to mold into plastic containers. Many of Alpha’s PET and HDPE molds can be easily converted to run bottles and jars from this renewable resource. PLASTIC MEMORY – The tendency of plastics to return to their original molded form. PLASTICIZER – A material added during the manufacturing process to increase flexibility. POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) POLYESTER – The most common thermoplastic polyester. PET is a hard, stiff, strong, and dimensionally stable material that absorbs very little water. It has good alcohol, solvent and gas barrier properties and good chemical resistance. It also has very good oil barrier properties and is rigid and naturally crystal clear. POUR-OUT FINISH – A bottle finish having uniform undercut lips as a dealing surface, to facilitate pouring without dripping. PRESSURE SENSITIVE (LINER) – A pressure sensitive foam liner with one adhesive side that sticks to the container with the pressure used to secure the closure onto the container. When the closure is removed, the pressure sensitive liner remains on the top of the container. PREFORM – Used in Blow Molding processes. Heat-softened polymer (such as PET) is formed into a shape similar to a thick test tube with neck threads. In 2-stage stretch blow molding, the preform is cooled for storage; when it is needed, the tube is re-heated and inflated while inside a Blow Mold to create the shape of the desired bottle or jar. In single-stage injection stretch blow molding, the preform is formed immediately prior to being placed in the blow molding station without cooling down. PROTOTYPE MOLD – A simplified mold construction often made from a light-casting alloy or from epoxy resin in order to obtain information for the final mold or part design. PUSH UP – The contour of the bottom of the plastic container designed in such a manner as to allow as even bearing surface on outside edge and prevent the bottle from rocking. REGRIND – A thermoplastic from a processor’s own production that, having been processed by molding, extrusion, etc., is then reground or pelletized for reuse or recycling. RUNNER – In injection molding, one of the passages that take plastic melt from the injection point (sprue) and distribute it to the various cavities in a multicavity mold. SEALING BEAD – A bead of material that is molded onto the top of the land area completely around the top of the neck finish in order to further enhance the sealing capabilities of the component. SEAT – Indentations on the base of a bottle that help align bottles on filling and decorating lines so that the bottles are oriented correctly during these processes. SHELF LIFE – The period of time during which a product can be stored under specified temperature and humidity conditions and remain suitable for use. Shelf life is sometimes called storage life. SHOULDER – The sloped area of a bottle or jar between the neck area and the body of the bottle. SIFTER TOP – Perforated top on a container or fitment designed to dispense contents. SURFACE TREATING – Any method of treating a plastic so as to alter the surface and render it receptive to inks, lacquers and adhesives, such as chemical, flame or electronic treating. THERMOFORMING – A method of forming plastics in which a plastic sheet material is heated to a point where it is soft and pliable. The sheet is then formed to the desired shape using vacuum, pressure and mechanical assists or any combination of these. THERMOPLASTIC – Material that will repeatedly soften when heated and harden when cooled, often used for caps and closures. THREADS – On continuous thread styles, the “spiral” of plastic onto which a C/T closure is twisted. Different C/T closure styles feature different numbers of threads. TORQUE – Twisting force used to either attach or remove the closure. U.V. INHIBITOR – A chemical added to a plastic resin, which absorbs UV light and helps prevent damage to and prolongs the life of the plastic. (See UV STABILIZER). U.V. STABILIZER (ULTRAVIOLET) – Any chemical compound which, when admixed with a thermoplastic resin, selectively absorbs UV rays and minimizes chemical and/or physical changes that may be caused. (See UV INHIBITOR). UNIT CAVITY – A mold with only one cavity, usually a pilot for the full production set of molds. WALL – The thickness of the bottle, usually measured along the side walls. Alpha manufactures some heavy-wall styles of bottles that offer improved strength and stacking. WELD LINES – A visible line created on the surface of a molded part caused by two flowing streams of plastic joining with the cavity as the cavity is filled. WIDE MOUTH – Containers with large finish opening or those that have a large finish size in relation to capacity. YIELD POINT – That point beyond which the stresses applied to a material will cause permanent deformation.

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Tutorial on E-R Diagrams. Learn basic terminology and symbols See next four slides; refer to as needed in steps 2-4 below Learn the basics of E-R diagramming using Rational software ITEMTerminology and Symbols:Entities, Attributes, Relationship Primary Key (attribute(s) that form(s) a unique identifier for an instance of an entity) is underlined. from parent perspective (Parent Role – verb phrase) Cardinality = 1 Cardinality of relationship Cardinality = 1..n Description of relationship from child perspective (Child Role – verb phrase) Terminology and Symbols:Cardinality (and Role in Rational) Hint: Make the entity with the cardinality = 1 the parent, i.e., start drawing the relationship from that entity. In this example Invoice is the parent, Invoice Item is the child. Hint: Role descriptions can be entered in “verb phrase” or “inverse verb phrase” in the Properties window in Rational. ItemDraw This Diagram with Both Tools Note: With the Hoffer template and stencil in Visio, use the diamond symbol to show a relationship between entities. Put the name of the relationship in that symbol. (The inverse name may be omitted.) Note: This diagram will have a different appearance in Rational. Entities will appear as “tables” with the attributes being “columns” within the “table.” Examples of cardinality are 1 for mandatory and 0..* for optional many.

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Antibiotics are the chemical entities commonly coming under a class of drugs that helps in stopping the growth or helps in the destruction of the bacteria that cause harm to the body. Usually, they are effective in two classes of bacteria i.e. gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. So all the antibiotics are not as effective on all the bacterial diseases. It’s very important to consult a doctor who knows the best use of antibiotics. There are three major factors that decide the use of anti-biotic: – Duration of the antibiotics uses – Site/type of infection where the bacterial infection is. The use of antibiotics is very important. Due to self-medication and un-judicial uses like missing dose, overdose, taking an expired dose, etc. may lead to the lesser effect of the antibiotics which may lead to resistance of the antibiotics over the bacteria in our body. Due to this, we tend to get new generation antibiotics after some time. Mrs. Sudha is the principal in private school Chandigarh. She is having two sons, one 10 years old and one 7 years old. “I have been using antibiotics since my kids were infants. Earlier medications were quite effective on the cold and chest infection, but for 2-3 years they are getting ineffective”, narrates Sudha. She used to get a pack of azithromycin tablets during the season change and it luckily worked fine on kids. But last year after a course of 15 days, the allergic rhinitis was still there her younger son. Then finally she took her son for nebulization. “People often come to us once they have tried the medicine on their own and no medicine is working on them”, says Dr. Satish, a senior ENT specialist. According to Dr. Satish, the self-medication, often makes the population resistant over time. This tends the pharmaceutical company to re-teach new medicine which is helpful. The new medication is always costly which the patient has to bear. “There was a time when patients use to get cured with simple medicines like penicillin”, remembers Dr. Satish. But now in many cases generation, IV cephalosporin is going ineffective. According to the medical sciences, antibiotics are not meant to be used as OTC products. They are highly sensitive and always to be taken in a prescribed dose. Making best use to antibiotics: – Antibiotics should not be stopped when you start feeling better or even recovered. It should be taken for the prescribed time by the doctor. – Antibiotics should never be shared. Always seek a doctor’s consultation. No two patients usually have the same condition. Bacterial sensitivity tests should be done and sample collection can be done with Zorgers home care service in case you cannot move to a laboratory. – Antibiotics are usually medications that often lead to many side effects. In case you are taking high-end antibiotics always seek medical guidance. While giving antibiotics to elderly patient always take care of their medical history and other medications they are taking. When small kids are taking medications, proper care should be taken care of dose. An overdose may lead to serious side effects. The duration of antibiotics is quite important. If antibiotic is meant in an infusion of two hours and accidentally taken in injection, it may lead to kidney and organs damage. So always seek nursing care at home in such scenarios when there are periodic antibiotics commonly used in the management of many diseases. The closing part is Zorgers always takes care of you in every situation. When it comes to antibiotics always keep in mind their proper administration is very important. Don’t use antibiotics on your own, that practice will land you in trouble. Always seek medical help. Call us today if you can’t go to the antibiotic clinic. We will arrange a doctor or a medical attendant at home for you. Stay away from infections!

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Local treasure to go on display 1 October 2014 A helmet discovered in farmland near Canterbury in September 2012, that archaeologists from the Department of Classical and Archaeological Studies helped to confirm as dating back to the 1st century BC, is to be permanently displayed at the Canterbury Roman Museum. The rare warrior's or soldier's helmet is made of bronze and was found alongside a brooch by an amateur metal detectorist. Working with Canterbury Archaeological Trust, the helmet was scanned by archaeologists from the Department, using state-of-the-art technology to help define its history. Experts from the British Museum have identified it as a Coolus-type helmet, made on the Continent, probably in Gaul (modern-day France). Helmets like this were designed to protect the head from attack by swords, spears, axes and arrows. They also helped protect soldiers from sunstroke and sunburn. The helmet was beaten out of a single sheet of metal. The surface is smooth, apart from two parallel lines of incised, cable decoration around the rim. Holes around the rim were fastening points for a leather chin strap which has long since rotted away. 3D laser scanning of the helmet carried out on campus has resulted in a detailed, three-dimensional computer model of the helmet, which can be replicated through 3D printing in a range of materials. A resin copy has been created in this way for the museum handling collection. The helmet will be on display at the Canterbury Museum from 4 October 2014. Further details of the display can be found here:

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Heartburn FAQs (cont.) Why does the acid back up into the esophagus? A muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) at the bottom of the esophagus normally prevents foods and acid from backing up. This muscle acts like a tight drawstring to close off the opening between the esophagus and stomach when a person is not eating. Heartburn occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter does not close all the way. Why doesn't the lower esophageal sphincter close all the way? Many different things loosen the lower esophageal sphincter. - Certain foods and drinks loosen the lower esophageal sphincter. These include chocolate, peppermint, caffeine-containing beverages (such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks), fatty foods, and alcohol. The body's position affects the lower esophageal sphincter. It is easier for stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus if a person is lying down or bending over. - Anything that increases the pressure on the stomach can force stomach acid backward and cause heartburn. Lifting, straining, coughing, tight clothing, obesity, and pregnancy can worsen heartburn. - Certain medical conditions increase a person's chance of suffering from heartburn. A hiatal hernia, diabetes, and many autoimmune diseases (CREST syndrome, Raynaud's phenomenon, and scleroderma) are linked to heartburn. - Many prescription medications can loosen the lower esophageal sphincter, including certain blood pressure and heart medications and the asthma drug theophylline. Must Read Articles Related to Heartburn FAQs Anatomy of the Digestive System Digestion is the process in which food is broken into smaller pieces so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and provide energy. The digestive syste...learn more >> Asthma is a disease that affects the breathing passages of the lungs (bronchioles). Asthma may be caused by genes and environmental factors. Asthma causes wheez...learn more >> Asthma is a disease that affects the breathing passages, or airways, of the lungs. Asthma is a chronic (ongoing, long-term) inflammatory disease that causes dif...learn more >>

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What is a House? A House is a building with several floors. Its square footage varies depending on its location. Humans have devised methods of identifying buildings, including houses and parcels of land. Individual houses often acquire names that have emotional connotations, such as the house of Brideshead Revealed or Howards End. A more systematic method is house numbering. Listed below are some common uses of the word house. (Learn more about the history of house numbers.) A house is a building that houses human beings. It can be a single-family house or a multi-family residence (though an apartment building is not a house). A house can also refer to a group of people, such as a royal family, which ruled England. Houses are also often the name for governing bodies such as the House of Representatives. While the word house has several definitions, the most common uses are outlined below. A member of the House is elected every two years by voters in his or her district. House members must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for seven years, and a resident of that state or district. House members have many exclusive powers, including the power to initiate revenue bills and impeach federal officials. Additionally, members of the House can elect the President of the United States in case of a tie. For more information, check out the Constitution or other sources. A new-construction house comes with a builder’s warranty that covers major problems. In contrast, an existing house is unlikely to have such a warranty, and you have no idea who did the work on it. As a result, you may be paying for repairs you didn’t anticipate. The cost of repairing major flaws is higher, but the peace of mind is worth it. Moreover, the house is more likely to sell quickly. A sale contract will specify terms regarding the purchase. These include whether it’s an all-cash deal or one subject to a mortgage. A deal subject to a mortgage requires specific financing from a lending institution. If the buyer is unable to secure a loan, the contract is not binding. Using a mortgage comparison tool will help you find the best mortgage deal for your circumstances. Once you’ve decided on a home, the next step is to select a lender. It’s important to check the condition of a house before committing to a purchase. A home that is in a state of disrepair will be a headache and a money pit. Asking questions and getting an inspection beforehand will ensure that your decision is a sound one. And don’t let “as-is” confuse you – it can be a sign of a bad foundation! Just be sure to ask questions and get the house inspected by a qualified professional. A house that was PS28,250 a year ago could cost PS28000 more in the same location in a few years. The Bank of England recently raised the base rate of the UK’s interest rate to 0.75%, causing more people to fall behind with their mortgage payments. So, it’s a good idea to wait until the market slows and interest rates rise a little. It may be best to buy a house that you can afford.

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Robots with the Sense of Touch: A Possibility Within the Near Future [VIDEO] Robots are designed to perform tasks that humans need help with, which can range from research into another planet, like the Mars Rover, or simply picking up dirt from kitchen floors. Despite science fiction movies that have humanized robots, it is safe it say that robots are far from becoming human. But, according to researchers, robots might be one step closer to being humanized to a certain extent as roboticists aim to give these machines the sense of touch. According to this particular group of roboticists from the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology located in Atlanta, they have created a robot arm that can find particular objects based on the sense of touch. This arm, like human arms, can distinguish between different objects when the settings, such as darkness, prevent the sense of sight from helping. In their latest experiment, the group of roboticists stated that their newly manufactured robot arm could reach into a pocket full of miscellaneous objects and pick out the desired object. Generally, the robot arm could ideally find objects in a clutter space for people who can no longer do so for themselves. The tech team believes that if this new technique can be perfected, robots might be able to help with tasks related to patient or elderly care and even rescue missions. "These environments tend to have clutter," said Charles C. Kemp, the director of the Healthcare Robotics Lab at Georgia Tech. Kemp used to be a student of Rodney Brooks, a well-known roboticist. "In a home, you can have lots of objects on a shelf, and the robot can't see beyond that first row of objects." By incorporating the sense of touch, robots' range would expand, making them more useful in human related environments. The robot arm is able to detect objects based on computer software devised from the Willow Garage Robot Operating System (ROS). It has artificial skin that allows for the arm to communicate with the software regarding the items it comes into contact with. The tech team also used algorithms that allowed the arm to mimic certain human behaviors, such as bending, compressing, and sliding objects. The robot arm also can pivot into different direction to get items that might be a bit harder to retrieve. The robot arm was designed by Meka Robotics, which is a company in San Francisco, CA that manufactures different robot components. The study was published in the International Journal of Robotics Research.

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What is the electron configuration of an ion needed for DNA Polymerase to work properly? B. [Ne] 3s2 Answer: The ion that acts as a cofactor and is needed for DNA Polymerase to work is Mg2+. It's electron configuration is [Ne] or choice C. A represents Ca, B represents Mg atom (notice the question asks for an ion), and D represents Zn2+. For more help with MCAT preparation, contact us and get the best MCAT Tutor in NYC and online.

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To understand why a platform is also necessary for IoT, we’d like to initial understand what IoT is and why corporations and customers may have the benefit of it. IoT is essentially a design and not a single technology itself. that’s to mention that IoT connects existing technologies in a very specific method 1) to modify individuals and corporations to accomplish entirely new things, and in doing therefore, it creates worth for them. However, given the varied nature of IoT technology, it’s unlikely that any single company can have all the devices or experience in-house required at each stage of the knowledge worth loop. Rather, even the largest corporations possible should make a choice from a huge array of technology and integration partners to form comparatively easy IoT applications work. Therefore, one in all the large challenges facing businesses that get worth from IoT is coordinative the various parts required to return along at the same time. That organizer might be an IoT platform. A platform is usually an area — physical or virtual — for 2 parties to fulfil to form worth. additional exactly, the platform represents a two-sided market — one wherever the platform will influence the amount of transactions on one aspect, whereas levelling the worth paid by the opposite facet. IoT platforms operate in a similar manner. They produce worth, not by creating any specific product, however rather by connecting antecedent disconnected provide and demand. But why platforms? Why not sell the other IoT product or service? the key to success of platforms is hidden within the relationship between offer and demand. If platforms produce worth by giving each offer and demand choices from that to settle on, then a lot of resolution choices a platform offers a lot of users it will attract. and also,a lot of users it will attract, the platform becomes even a lot of engaging to resolution developers, making a regulator result referred to as positive network result (see Figure 2). we will quantify simply however helpful this result is often to platform house owners by victimisation Metcalfe’s Law, the principle that states that the worth of a network is directly proportional to the sq. if its participants. Therefore, wider participation from scheme of partners offers a lot of potential worth for all these partners — and will therefore exponentially! IoT implementations generally produce worth by facilitating the flow of information. However, at a higher level, that data flow depends on all the correct part technologies operating along within the right means. Platforms will play a key role in making certain that those trying to implement the IoT will realize the correct technologies within the right place at the proper time. A platform is usually a space—physical or virtual—for 2-parties to fulfil to make worth.6More exactly, the platform represents a two-sided market: one wherever the platform will influence the degree of transactions on one aspect whereas equalization the value paid by the opposite aspect. Today’s world features several platforms, from newspapers to geological dating apps to computer game consoles. In every of those examples, multiple parties are attracted and connected by the platform owner. For instance, within the case of the computer game console, each gamers and game developers are attracted: The console provides the “space” for gamers to seek out the games they require, whereas game developers will notice a readymade audience to play their games. IoT platforms operate in a very similar manner. They connect antecedent disconnected provide and demand, through reusable technology product, to modify bigger potency, additional correct evaluation, and a stronger ability to spot and meet the requirements of consumers. Figure two illustrates some variations between a platform and a standard product-oriented business model. How platforms operate in digital surroundings The underlying political economy of platforms add several things, however the technologies, roles, and interactions that modify a platform will modification dramatically by industry—especially once the platform makes use of digital technologies like the IoT. For its half, associate IoT platform is enabled by four key elements: 1. The technology 2. The event system 3. The solutions created 4. The users Foundational among those four are the technologies, for while not the correct technologies, the ecosystems, solutions, and users wouldn’t have a useful IoT. From sensors to communication protocols to analytics tools, the technological enablers are the core of however the IoT improves operations and generates new product. The event system then will use these raw technological tools to make finished solutions to satisfy the requirements of the platform’s user base. Platform suppliers ought to target offerings to users on either side of the dealing. Therefore, it’s necessary to produce totally pathways in order that different users will notice relevant content, services, and solutions. These pathways can probably involve content filters supported the trade or role of a user. In short, the additional intuitive the platform interface, usually the simpler the pathways to content, and the easier it may be for each provide and demand to seek out what they’re probing for. The result’s a differentiated, powerful platform Providing the filtering and brokerage services needed in a platform will represent a big modification for an organization historically at home with commercialism product and services. GE, for instance, looks to be undergoing this sort of transformation; it’s dynamic its product-centric business model to incorporate digital, service-oriented ones to supply newer services and product. As a part of that shift, GE is functioning to draw in external developers to its Fuse crowd sourcing platform by gap up its holding to customers. For instance, GE will post the technical details of inauspicious issues that it’s attempting to unravel to the platform, attracting external developers with prizes for the simplest and most innovative concepts. Through Fuse, GE is making the area to attach corporations probing for IoT solutions with those who will provide the correct technological solutions—in different words, a platform. It is specifically this relationship between users and knowledge that’s at the centre of import creation for IoT platforms. By attracting software system developers and different resolution creators, associate IoT platform will connect users with a wider array of attainable solutions. So, a platform offers the potential to make additional worse than one company providing one resolution alone.

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Mathematician Finds Pythagorean Triples On Ancient Babylonian Tablet A University of New South Wales, Sydney mathematician has discovered the oldest example of applied geometry ever recorded, the university’s newsroom reports . The tablet illustrates the use of Pythagorean triples in dividing land, 1,100 years before the geometric principle was recorded by the Greek mathematician Pythagoras. On a 3,700-year-old Babylonian clay tablet map recovered in Iraq more than 100 years ago, Dr. Daniel Mansfield has identified an advanced form of mathematics that was used to divide a large plot of land into geometrically precise sections. Amazingly, this applied geometry relied on a mathematical principle that wouldn’t be officially discovered until another 11 centuries had passed. Dr. Mansfield, holding the Babylonian clay tablet with evidence of Pythagorean Triples usage. ( UNSW Sydney ) Pythagorean Triples, As It Turns Out, Are A Babylonian Idea! The Babylonian clay tablet in question, which is known as Si. 427 , has been kept on display at a museum in Istanbul since it was first discovered in the 19th century. It has been linked to the time of the First or Old Babylonian Empire , which first established and then ruled the ancient state of Babylonia in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Syria) from the 19th century BC through the 16th century BC. Inscriptions on the reverse side revealed that the tablet had been used as a kind of map, specifically of plots of land owned by various individuals. But the true story of its creation had remained hidden, until Daniel Mansfield came along and looked at it with a fresh perspective. The front (obverse side) of the Si.427 Babylonian clay tablet. Inscriptions on the reverse side revealed that the tablet had been used as a kind of map, specifically of plots of land owned by various individuals and this helped Dr Daniel Mansfield to figure out that Pythagorean triples were actually invented long before Pythagoras got credit for them. Photograph by and courtesy of the İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri. ( Foundations of Science ) As Dr. Mansfield explains in an article published in the latest edition of Foundations of Science , the Babylonian mapmaker/land surveyor was making use of an important mathematical principle, known as the Pythagorean triple, to perform his work correctly. A Pythagorean triple consists of three whole numbers, the first two of which squared will equal the third squared (i.e., 3² + 4² = 5², or 9 + 16 = 25). This principle can be used to create precise right-angled triangles, with the vertical and horizontal lines equaling the first two numbers and the diagonal line equaling the third. This is why the concept behind Pythagorean triples (the famed Pythagorean Theorem) is classified as a principle of trigonometry (the geometry of triangles). So, if perpendicular lines that meet to form a right angle are drawn to lengths of three and four units, the diagonal line that connects their ends to form a triangle will be exactly five units long, every time. It is important to note that Pythagorean triples can be used to make exact rectangles as well as exact triangles, since a rectangle can be divided into two right-angled triangles placed one on top of the other. This is not just an abstract mathematical formula. It offers a way to create exact shapes from perfectly perpendicular lines in real-world situations. - Five Ways Ancient India Changed the World – With Math - Mathematics of the Pharaohs: The Rhind Papyrus and Ancient Egyptian Math Among its many practical uses, Pythagorean triples can be used to divide a section of land into smaller triangular or rectangular sections of equal sizes and shapes. That’s what the person who created the Si.427 clay tablet was trying to do. And with the assistance of an advanced mathematical principle, he was able to do an outstanding job. This mathematical concept was allegedly first discovered by Pythagoras, the legendary Greek philosopher , mathematician, and mystic who lived in the sixth century BC. As Dr. Mansfield’s research makes clear, what Pythagoras actually did was rediscover a principle that the Babylonians already understood and used 1,100 years before he was born. An ancient cadastral map from 1780 of Laghestel di Piné, Trentino-Alto Adige Region in Italy (From Catasto Teresiano, Archive of "Libro fondiario e Catasto", Trento). Based on Dr. Mansfield’s research he was able to prove that Babylonian cadastral maps relied on Pythagorean triples! ( Mapping Synusiae book chapter) Problem Solving Through Trigonometry in Ancient Babylonian The S.427 clay tablet land map was not created for simple record keeping purposes. “Si.427 is about a piece of land that’s being sold,” Dr. Mansfield explained. “It’s the only known example of a cadastral document from the OB [Old Babylonian] period, which is a plan used by surveyors to define land boundaries. In this case, it tells us legal and geometric details about a field that’s split after some of it was sold off.” Details about the purpose of the tablet are revealed in ancient cuneiform script written on the tablet’s reverse side. This was decoded long ago, and it turned out to be a description of the agricultural land being divided and some of its features. Many documents from the Old Babylonian era have been recovered and decoded, and in several mention is made of an important landowner named Sin-bel-apli, who apparently owned at least some of the property depicted on the face of Si.427. A Babylonian clay tablet map of the world, 700-500 BC. (Gary Todd / CC0) “Another tablet refers to a dispute between Sin-bel-apli – a prominent individual mentioned on many tablets including Si.427 – and a wealthy female landowner,” Dr. Mansfield said. “The dispute is over valuable date palms on the border between their two properties.” “The local administrator agrees to send out a surveyor to resolve the dispute,” he continued. “Much like we would today, you’ve got private individuals trying to figure out where their land boundaries are, and the surveyor comes out, but instead of using a piece of GPS equipment, they use Pythagorean triples.” Was Si.427 created to help solve a disagreement over who owned a grove of date palms? Or was this document used to facilitate another land transaction involving the powerful and influential Sin-bel-apli? This question can’t be answered definitively. But what can be said with certainty is that the ancient Babylonians used mathematics to develop rational solutions to thorny problems. While people could lie, they must have reasoned, numbers never would. “Nobody expected that the Babylonians were using Pythagorean triples in this way,” Dr. Mansfield marveled. “It is more akin to pure mathematics, inspired by the practical problems of the time.” - How did the Greeks Measure the Earth’s Circumference? - Yucatan Children Learn Math Better Thanks to Ancient Mayan Numeral System The Plimpton 322 Babylonian clay tablet first alerted Dr. Mansfield to the fact that Mesopotamians were interested in trigonometry and that they understood Pythagorean triples. Photograph courtesy of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, Columbia University. (Andrew Kelly / Foundations of Science ) Decoding the Mathematical Genius of Babylonian Builders Daniel Mansfield first discovered the ancient Babylonians’ interest in trigonometry through his study of another clay tablet that was created during the time of the Old Babylonian Empire. This tablet, known as Plimpton 322 , featured several columns of numbers that revealed the Babylonian’s interest in trigonometry, and their awareness of the Pythagorean triple. Since artifact collector George Plimpton had donated this tablet for study in the 1930s, however, academics had struggled to explain its true meaning and purpose. This changed in 2017, when Dr. Mansfield and his UNSW Sydney colleague Norman Wildberger published an article in the journal Historia Mathematica explaining that what the tablet really meant and how it had been used. Plimpton 322’s intricately prepared trigonometric table was designed not as a teaching device, but for use in real-world projects that required precise calculations and measurements. Based on Dr. Mansfield’s research he was able to show that problems like the one above was being solved in Mesopotamian times. Problem: Suppose that a ramp leading to the top of a ziggurat wall is 56 cubits long, and the vertical height of the ziggurat is 45 cubits. What is the distance x from the outside base of the ramp to the point directly below the top? ( Historia Mathematica journal) “Plimpton 322 was a powerful tool that could have been used for surveying fields or making architectural calculations to build palaces, temples or step pyramids,” Dr. Mansfield told an interviewer from the Guardian at that time. Excavations in the area where the Babylonian Empire once reigned have uncovered many building and infrastructure projects that demonstrate Babylon’s impressive achievements in architecture and engineering. This includes projects initiated by the rulers of the Old Babylonian Empire and by their successors (the Empire as a whole endured for more than 1,200 years). Their most notable accomplishment was the creation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon , one of the seven wonders of the ancient world that archaeologists have been trying to locate for centuries. In Dr. Mansfield’s new article in Foundations of Science , he explains how his discoveries with respect to Plimpton 322 steered him in the right direction while examining Si. 427. Once the first had been properly interpreted, the truth about the second became crystal clear. “Once you understand what Pythagorean triples are, your society has reached a particular level of mathematical sophistication,” Dr. Mansfield said, expressing admiration for what the ancient Babylonians were able to accomplish. They not only understood this important principle 1,100 years before Pythagoras supposedly “invented” it, but they knew how to apply it in the real world. In the complex society the ancient Babylonian empire builders were aspiring to create rational approaches to problem-solving would have been essential to their success. Top image: Babylonian clay tablet shows Pythagorean Triples were used 3,700 years ago. Source: University of New South Wales By Nathan Falde

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Art in China in the 1960s and 1970s was closely associated with state political movements. Following the rupture between China and the U.S.S.R. in 1960, traditional Chinese paintings, especially ink landscapes, began to serve as a new way of celebrating national achievements. The Soviet style of the 1950s remained evident in heroic figure compositions during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), in particular on woodblock prints, the favoured medium for revolutionary subjects. In contrast to the propaganda posters produced and circulated under tight state control, paintings and prints sometimes embodied the artists’ own expression. However these were mostly limited responses, either emotional or critical, to the political climate. View the online exhibition here

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Potato plants aren’t your usual garden plants because their growth process is slightly different from other plants. Additionally, you can’t really tell the quality or the quantity of the yield unless it’s harvest day. That happens because the tubers or the potatoes remain buried underground for 90-120 days. You don’t get to see the results of your hard work until you dig them out. Yet, you need to have some expectations before harvesting, right? So, how many potatoes per plant should you expect? Potato plants will give you around 10 potatoes per plant. Those 10 potatoes should weigh anywhere between 6-7 pounds (2.7-3.1 kg). How Many Potatoes per Plant? Each potato plant will give you anywhere between 8-12 potatoes of various sizes and weights. 2-4 of these potatoes will be small-sized, 6-8 will be medium-sized, and 2-3 will be on the larger side. A small potato weighs a bit less than 5 ounces (140 grams), while a medium one weighs somewhere between 5-10 ounces (140-280 grams.) A large potato weighs more than 10 ounces (over 280 grams.) Doing the math, you should expect your plant to yield around 1 pound (0.4 kg) of small potatoes, 3.5 pounds (1.6 kg) of medium potatoes, and 2.2 pounds (1 kg) of large potatoes. All in all, you get 8-12 potatoes per plant, and they will weigh 6.7 pounds (4.2 kg.) All of these numbers are average and aren’t restricted. You can get bigger or smaller numbers and sizes of potatoes. Fun fact, as of 2022, the world’s largest potato weighs around 11 pounds (5 kg.) How to Increase Potato plant Yield? You can increase your potato plant yield by planting at the correct depth, keeping the temperature suitable, and watering correctly. Planting at the correct depth is arguably the most important factor in increasing the yield of your potato plants. We’ll need a bit of imagination here, so bear with us for a second. Imagine that we have a plant that can grow fruits all around its stem. You’d want to make the stem of that plant as long as possible to get as many fruits as possible, right? In potato plants, the stem that produces the tubers is actually located underground. The green part of the plant (vines) is what’s located outside. So, if you want to increase the length of the stem, you need to plant your potato as deep as 6 or even 8 inches (15-20 cm.) This will give the longest possible stem you can get and increase the yield of your potato plant. You should also do your best to plant potatoes in the right season where temperatures are favorable, 61-66ºF (16-19ºC), to be exact. The best time to start planting your potatoes should be between late March or early May, when the spring is coming. Last but not least, appropriate watering won’t only increase the yield of your potato plant but also the size of the tubers. Problems that Decrease Potato Yield The main problems that lead to decreased potato yield are the absence of sunlight, improper nutrition, and insufficient watering. The absence of sunlight will slow down the growth of any plant because it slows down the photosynthesis process. Without sunlight, the plant loses the ability to make its own food and, in turn, grows slower and yields less. Nutrition is another important part of the plant growth formula. Just like the absence of sunlight, a potato plant that’s deprived of compost and fertilizer will grow slower. Lack of water is the last but certainly not the least reason for the reduction of potato plant yield. Potato plants’ soil should never be allowed to go dry. It should always be moist but not stagnant. Additionally, when you check for moisture, you should do that as deep as the level of the planted potatoes. How Many Potatoes will Grow from One Seed? If a potato seed successfully grows into a plant, it will form around 10 potatoes of variable sizes. This number will increase or decrease depending on the type of seed you use. Before we go any further, you should understand that potato seeds aren’t actual seeds. It’s just a term used to describe the origin of a new potato plant. Potato seeds can either be true seeds or seed pieces. True seeds are small-sized potatoes that have sprouted and used to plant an entirely new plant. Seed pieces are sliced parts of a larger size potato that has sprouted and planted to form a new potato plant. Regardless of the type of seed you use, the size and the quality of those seeds is the main determining factor in the number of potatoes they grow. A small-sized, low-quality seed can give you less than 6 potatoes even if taken care of. On the other hand, larger, higher-quality seeds can yield over 10 potatoes. How many potatoes per plant depends on the planting conditions, the quality of seeds, and the amount of water and nutrition. Your lucky number is 10. The more you take care of your plant, the more potatoes over 10 you can get per plant. Do your best to plant your seeds deep and keep the soil moisturized and well-fertilized. You should end up with good-sized, numerous potatoes. Happy planting.

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Present Continuous is used, except when the action concerns a non-continuous verb. Exercice d'anglais ' Présent simple' créé le 22-03-2008 par anonyme avec Le générateur de tests 6. Present simple or continuous-anglais [Test] Autres exercices d'anglais sur le même thème Fin de l'exercice d'anglais Present simple or continuous (01.11.2008 15:39) 7. Présent Continu. Present Continuous Positive and Negative - Exercise 1. Practise making the English present continuous (positive and negative forms) here. Remember, it's really important to know the verb forms inside out, so you can make the tenses without thinking. If you know how to make the tenses really well, you can concentrate only on choosing when to use them, which is more difficult. These exercises. Simple present/Present progressive - exercices généraux; Tu aimerais t'exercer davantage ? Avec Lingolia Plus, tu as accès à 13 exercices complémentaires sur le thème Présent simple - Présent continu et à 714 exercices en ligne pour t'entraîner en anglais pendant trois mois pour 10,49 Euros (≈ $12,48). Plus d'informations sur Lingolia Plus . Simple Present/Present. Present Continuous (progressive) Tense mixed exercises with answers to learn and practice one of the most basic verb tenses of English language. Subject Explanations: Present Continuous Tense Simple Present Rules Simple Present vs Continuous Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Subject Exercises: Present Continuous Exercises Complete the sentences. Use the present continuous form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions where possible Exercise 1. Choose the present simple or the present continuous. Try another exercise about the present continuous and present simple here Try this exercise in video here Click here to review how to make the present continuous. Click here to review how to make the present simple. Click here to return to the list of grammar exercises The present continuous (also called present progressive) is a verb tense which is used to show that an ongoing action is happening now, either at the moment of speech or now in a larger sense. The present continuous can also be used to show that an action is going to take place in the near future Verb Tense Exercise 1 Simple Present and Present Continuous f t p Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the Check button to check your answers Present Continuous . Le present continuous se forme en utilisant l'auxiliaire « BE »au présent simple suivi du participe présent (forme verbale en 'ING'). Use : It expresses : An action taking place now (at the moment of speaking) Pour faire référence à une action qui est en cours au moment où l'on parle. Exemple : Mounir is writing the lesson (l'action se déroule en ce moment) Le. Test your knowledge on the present progressive. After submitting your answers, you will see how well you have done in the test. Test Positive Sentences - Part 1. Choose the correct present progressive form. Look! Andy in the garden. I TV at the moment. We a book. She the piano. Listen! Sue and John . Positive Sentences - Part 2. Put the verbs into present progressive. My sister (to clean) the. Present progressive : worksheets, lessons, printable exercises pdf, handouts, grammar notes. Present continuous Exercise 1 - Present simple and continuous Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use contractions where possible Accéder aux exercices; Cliquez ici pour accéder à la formation entière sur les Temps de l'anglais (gratuite) Cliquez ici pour accéder à la formation entière sur les Temps de l'anglais (gratuite) Et oui, en anglais, nous ferons une distinction entre le présent d'habitude (ou présent simple) et le présent immédiat (aussi appelé présent continu, ou progressif). Cette notion de. Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use Present Progressive/Present Continuous. Watch the punctuation and form sentences or questions Present continuous. Present continuous sentences. Online exercises with questions and Present continuous positive and negative sentences. Present continuous exercises and answers. Present continuous (Present progressive) exercises. Present continuous and the rules of sentence structure. Ejercicios en linea inglés. Exercícios das aulas de. PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT CONTINUOUS REVISION EXERCISES. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL. 1. Where's John? He (listen) to a new CD in his room. 2. Don't forget to take your umbrella with you to London. You know it always (rain) in England. 3. Jean (work) hard all day but she (not work) at the moment. 4. Look! That boy (run) after the bus. He (want) to catch it. 5. He (speak) German so well because he (come. > Double-click on words you don't understand Future (going to/will/present continuous) Complete with a future (will, be going to,present continuous) . This usage strongly implies that other people (e.g. coworkers or managers, in this case) are aware of the arrangements, and some kind of preparation was involved (e.g. drawing up a schedule). Although every afternoon can potentially include a past. Examples with Pictures Dialogue exercise Sentence scramble game Translation exercise ⬤ Which auxiliary (helping verb) to use for present continuous tense? The auxiliary verbs in present continuous tense are am, is, are.We always add -ing at the end of the verbs in present continuous tense They are swimming. I am reading a book. He is playing football Present Continuous Quiz. You can do this grammar quiz online or print it on paper. It tests what you learned on the Present Continuous page. 1. _____ they coming over for dinner? Is Are Am a) Is b) Are c) Am. 2. Maxwell _____ not sleeping on our sofa. is are am a) is b) are c) am. 3. My mother-in-law is _____ at our house this week. stay staying be staying a) stay b) staying c) be staying. 4. We use the present continuous (am/is/are + -ing) to talk about temporary things which have begun but haven't finished. They are often happening now, at this moment. Here are some examples of things happening now. I'm just uploading some photos to Facebook and I'm sending a message to Billie. We're all riding camels and the sun's shining. They're waiting for me to get off the phone! I'm not. Simple Present And Present Continuous Tense Exercise. September 1, 2017 - Fill in the blanks with a present simple or present continuous tense form. 1. I.. my homework. do. am doing . Correct! Wrong! The present continuous is used to talk about actions or situations that are going on at the moment of speaking. 2. She.. as a receptionist. works. is working . Correct! Wrong! We use the. Present continuous tense expresses the ongoing action or task of the present. It is also called present progressive tense. For example, I am eating the meal. Signal Words at the moment just now right now Structure / Formula Subject + is/am/are + Present participle (-ing) form Subject (I) am Present participle(-ing)+ Subject (He/she/it) is Present participle(-ing)+ Subject (We/They) are. Present Simple → She always complain s. (This is neutral, just stated as a fact.) 7. Verbs not use in the Continuous. Some verbs are normally not used with the Present Continuous. Some of these verbs are connected to mental states ( know, think, believe) others are about the senses ( see, smell, hear) and others with emotions ( love, like. English online tes simple present and present continuous exercises with answers. English learning simple present or present continuous. Exercises free and with help function, teaching materials and grammar rules End of the free exercise to learn English: Present perfect simple or continuous A free English exercise to learn English. Other English exercises on the same topic : Present perfect | All our lessons and exercises Present simple - present continuous - past simple Grammar guide and exercises to practice the use of present simple, present continuous and past simple. I hope you find it useful. ID: 34742 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: Elementar Present simple or present progressive - free English online grammar exercise We can use the present continuous to talk about arrangements (plans which you have organised) in the future. My brother is playing football with his friends tonight. I'm going to the cinema at the weekend. Are you having a party for your birthday? Be careful! We usually use the present continuous when the activity has been arranged. We usually use 'going to' for a plan which hasn't. The present continuous is not used with stative verbs. 11. I _____ that this quiz is easy. am hoping hope Correct Wrong 'Hope' is a stative verb (a verb that expresses a state, feeling, opinion, etc.) and is not used with the continuous form. 12. Janet _____ breakfast at the moment. is having has Correct Wrong 'Have' is not used with continuous when it shows possession. In this case, 'have. Present Simple and Present Continuous exercise. Check the correct answers to this exercise on Present Continuous » Fill in the verbs in brackets in Present Continuous or Present Simple. Do not use contractions in this exercise. 1. What is he doing? He at his desk. (sit) 2. Listen, someone at the door. (knock) 3. On my way home I usually to drink a cup of coffee. (stop) 4. Architects plans of. We use the present continuous to talk about things you are doing now. I watch cartoons every day. I'm watching a film now. Be careful! For the present simple, add 's' or 'es' for he/she/it. Make the negative with 'don't' or 'doesn't'. For the present continuous, use the verb 'to be' and '-ing'. Add 'not' to. Consider extending this exercise by having your learners give a reason for each answer. For example: I am eating breakfast because I am hungry. Use the back of the exercise sheet if necessary. Grammar Reference Chart Present Continuous Examples of present continuous statements and questions. Print in b/w; or color for projectors or laminated prints Level: Beginner to Elementary FREE. Download PDF for this video and more free lessons & exercises by email: https://talknative.weebly.com/pdfs-subscribe All videos and materials Copyright © MMX.. Present progressive - exercices généraux; Tu aimerais t'exercer davantage ? Avec Lingolia Plus, tu as accès à 22 exercices complémentaires sur le thème Présent continu et à 705 exercices en ligne pour t'entraîner en anglais pendant trois mois pour 10,49 Euros (≈ $12,48). Plus d'informations sur Lingolia Plus . Present Progressive - Extra Practice. Il te faut un compte. PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PRESENT •Now •At the moment/at present •This morning/evening e.t.c. •Today/tonight •Nowadays •Look! Listen! (at the time of speaking) Key Words •Always •never •usually •sometimes •often •rarely / seldom •occasionally •frequently •every day / year e.t.c. •once a week •in the evening / morning e.t.c. •at night •all the time. Exercice d'anglais sur le Présent Continu (Present Continuous) - niveau 2 - ESL - Déplacez sur la bonne réponse . Right or Wrong? ESL Present Continuous Board Game - Reading, Writing and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate (A2) - 50 minutes . In this rewarding present continuous activity, students. How do you make questions in the present continuous tense? You need to use be (am/are/is) plus the infinitive and ing. This page shows you how It consists of two exercises; in the first exercise students complete sentences with present continuous verbs and then match those sentences to the pictures in part two. This is a great way to check not only their comprehension of the tense but also of vocabulary words and sentences. The images are so cute; your students are sure to enjoy them. If you'd like to make changes, simply edit it. (present continuous/ progressive) 'I am playing tennis' tells us that the speaker is playing tennis right now. Soon the game will be over. We call this a temporary situation. With the present simple we say: I play tennis You play tennis We play tennis They play tennis He/she/ it plays tennis. With the present continuous we say: I am playing tennis You are playing tennis We are playing. Simple Present Present Progressive; infinitive (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak you speak he / she / it speaks we speak they speak. form of 'be' and verb + ing . I am speaking you are speaking he / she / it is speaking we are speaking they are speaking. Exceptions: Exceptions when adding 's' : For can, may, might, must, do not add s. Example: he can, she may, it must. After o. With these 184 worksheets on hand, you'll never run out of exercises for practicing the present simple and present continuous tenses - no matter how many class period is takes to make sure your students get them right. BusyTeacher.org's 184 present simple and present continuous tense worksheets approach these tenses in a wide variety of. Present Progressive. Le Present Progressive (ou Present Continuous) s'emploie pour parler de: ce qui se passe maintenant: I'm reading a page on the Internet at the moment. Je suis en train de lire une page sur Internet en ce moment; ce qui se passe ces temps-ci: Prices are going up; the value of the Euro is going down We use the present continuous if the action will end at some time. I live in New York. I'm living in New York at the moment. (I'll move oneday) I work a lot. I'm working a lot these days. (I will work less soon.) Point 3: In fast spoken English, the be verbs are contracted and the /g/ in the /-ing/ is ommited. I am having a good time. I'm havin' a good time. She is making a big mistake. She's. Present perfect simple - use . Summary chart We use the present perfect simple with past finished actions or experiences when we don't mention or we don't know when they happened. And we also use the present perfect simple to ask or talk about situations that started in the past and have not finished. Present perfect continuous - for Present Perfect Or Present Perfect Continuous Tense Exercise. October 9, 2017 - Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb form. 1. How long.. Julie? have you known. have you been knowing. Either could be used here. Correct! Wrong! Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form. Know is one of them. 2. I.. all morning. I am tired. have worked . have been working . Either. Save Save Reading Comprehension Present Continuous For Later. 87% 87% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful. 13% 13% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful. Embed. Share . Print. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. PAST SIMPLE Reading Exercise. english exam. Countable and Uncountable nouns exercises. WAS WERE exercise. Prepositions of. Students make Present Continuous and Present Simple questions, then flip a coin to see whether they will have to answer the question themselves (tails = tell) or be allowed to ask the question to someone else (heads = ask). This is more fun that it sounds because many present tense questions are quite personal and the person who has made the question will often be dismayed by having to answer. Simple Present and Present Continuous - Use and Exercises (I go - I am going). Practise your English grammar in the English classroom Present continuous - Interactive exercises Created by Sylvie Blanchin. (englishexercises.org) PRESENT be+ing : Un nouveau parcours grammatical sur Memovoc, dont le but est de savoir former le présent en be+ing, et de l'utiliser pour décrire des activités en cours Créé par Hélène de Morel. (Ac. Caen) (memovoc.com) Singin' in the rain and working on ING Words. - Watch the. . We have already talked about present continuous/progressive tense definition, usages, and structures for affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences. In the article below we have prepared present continuous tense exercises with answers for ESL students to check the knowledge of tenses Present Continuous - 1 Complete the sentences using am/is/are and one of the verbs below. Use the long form, eg., he is not he's. washing: cooking: playing: building: swimming: snowing: having: watching: coming : doing: 1. I can't talk now. I the dishes. 2. Listen to Jim. He the guitar. 3. It so we can go skiing. 4. Look at Jill. She in the river. 5. They a new house in Fairfield. 6. Someone. 3. We often use the present continuous for things happening right now. True False 4. We can use the present continuous for future arrangements. True False 5. We can use the present continuous with all verbs. True False 6. Some verbs - for talking about emotions, thinking, the senses, etc. - cannot be used in the continuous form. True False. . Yes, you/we/they are. Yes, he/she/it is. No, I'm not. No, you/we/they aren't. No, he/she/it isn't. El present continuous se usa para hablar de acciones que están ocurriendo ahora mismo. Present continuous. Exercise.Click on the words in the correct order to make negative sentences in the Present Continuous Tense. Tip! If you have no idea what word should go next, you can click on all the words one by one Try this exercise to test your grammar. Grammar test 1. Grammar B1-B2: Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous: 1. Read the explanation to learn more. Grammar explanation. We use both the present perfect simple (have or has + past participle) and the present perfect continuous (have or has + been + -ing form) to talk about past actions or states which are still connected to the. Other Exercises on Present Continuous. Positive form Negative Form Question Form Contractions (short forms) Uses and functions Time Expressions Example Sentences Wh Questions Spelling Rules Yes - No Questions Simple Present & Present Continuous Non-continuous Verbs Both Continuous and Non-continuous Verbs: Negative Form -1. 7 Present Continuous Teaching Exercises and Worksheets. Updated September 12th, 2019. At a basic level the present continuous or progressive tense is fairly easy to teach. It lends itself to miming activities and exercises using pictures. At a more advanced level it becomes more difficult and students have to understand that some verbs may be used differently depending on the context (ie. Present Continuous: Negatives and Questions Introduction. In the present continuous tense, negative forms are made using NOT, and question forms are made by changing the word order of the sentence. This page explains the rules. 1. Forming a negativ Present Continuous in French. March 8, 2018 October 24, 2016 by Pascal Dherve. How to translate sentences like 'I am doing' in French. French Present Continuous. Video of the Lesson: To emphasize what one is doing right now, in English, we use the verb to be and the present participle of the verb : I am doing (doing is the present participle of to do). First, we don't use. . It can also be used for repeated actions over a period of time. I am taking Spanish this year. She is sleeping right now Online exercises for beginners and intermediate level learners will help you learn the difference between two very common English verb tenses: the present simple and the present continuous. If you are not sure what present simple and continuous means, we suggest covering individual topics first. You will find the links to the explanation and. Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that began in the past, is still continuing and may extend into the Future. 1. For an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing: Examples: He has been sleeping since five thirty in the evening Present Simple vs Continuous Exercise 2 - You can try our interactive Fill in the blanks exercise and also download the exercise in PDF format Present simple or present continuous? - English Grammar Today - une référence pour l'utilisation et la grammaire de l'anglais écrit et parlé - Cambridge Dictionar Present Perfect Continuous Tense Exercises Exercise 1: Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive). 1 Comparing future forms: will (predictions, offers) and present continuous for future. Write the will form or the present continuous for future form of the verbs in brackets. Choose the best form for the context. Complete only the sentence in brackets using either the contracted form or the full form of the verb In this grammar exercise, choose the correct answer to present simple and present continuous questions. Share this activity. Facebook; Twitter; How difficult was this activity? Too easy. Prove your English skills . Cambridge English: Key is a basic-level qualification. It is a great exam to take if you're new to learning English. FIND OUT ABOUT CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH: KEY. Try these activities next. Present continuous tense can be used to express something happening right now or to express something that is not happening right now. Examples of this use include: He is not standing. Anthony is sitting in the chair. You are not watching the movie. Rose is reading a book. Present continuous tense can also be used to show that something will or will not happen in the near future. Examples of. Ces exercices sont classés par thèmes , structures grammaticales ou fait de langue. Profitez-en ! Profitez-en ! (cliquez sur les icones à côté des titres pour accéder aux documents, aux formats PDF ou WORD Present Progressive Tense - free English online exercise. English Language Learnin Present Continuous - Practice Forming Present Continuous Exercise: Put the verb in brackets in the correct form to make different form of the Present Continuous Tense. John (read) a book now. What (you do) tonight Will, Be going to, or The Present Continuous Tense: Exercise. By Admin | March 25, 2015. 6 Comments. Instruction: Decide whether you should use will, be going to, or the present continuous tense for the verb in the brackets. In some situations, more than one verb form is possible. In this case, you should make sure you know the meaning. 1. Lina (come) to visit us here in Yogyakarta next. Present continuous affirmative. Here are some examples of present continuous sentences using am/are/is and the present participle: I am typing on my computer.; They are laughing at the dog.; You are swimming in the pool.; We can use a contraction of the auxiliary verb in order to sound more natural in spoken English:. I'm typing on my computer. They're laughing at the dog Practice with these Simple Present exercises: Simple Present Exercise 01. Simple Present Exercise 02. Simple Present Exercise 03. Simple Present Exercise 04. Simple Present Exercise 05. Simple Present Exercise 06. Simple Present Exercise 07. Simple Present Exercise 0 It's a short quiz consisting of ten questions on Simple Present, Present Continuous, and Simple past tense. Fill the blanks with the correct form of the given verb Use 2 - Long actions in progress now Now can mean: this moment, today, this month, this year, this decade etc. The Present Continuous is used to express an action that is happening over a period of time and is in progress as we speak. However it may not be taking place at the moment of speaking Present Simple: Present Continuous: I work from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM. I'm currently working on a new project. Mark studies English every day. Mark is studying the present continuous at the moment. We usually go to Europe in the summer. Right now, we're going to the supermarket. They always talk to their boss in the morning. They're talking. Elementary grammar exercise: present simple vs. continuous (ex. 1) Elementary grammar exercise: present simple vs. continuous (2) Elementary grammar exercise: present simple questions ex. 2; Elementary grammar exercise: present simple questions ex. 1; Elementary grammar exercise: present simple questions, negatives (do, does, don't) ex. Exercises: Present simple and continuous exercises III Ejercicios de presente simple y continuo III Elige el tiempo verbal adecuado entre presente simple o continuo. 1 My brother is swimming swims swim at the sea now. My brother is swimming at the sea now. 2 I always am doin In this entertaining present simple vs. present continuous activity, students play a guessing game where they describe present simple or present continuous sentences for other students to guess. Give each group of three or four a set of sentence cards, which they shuffle and place face down in a pile on the desk. The students then take it in turns to pick up a card and describe the sentence on. Present Continuous Listening Exercise. Lemon Tree is a song by Fool's Garden. The song is good to learn and practice the present continuous. The structure of the present continuous looks like this: Subject + BE + Verb (ING) Examples: I am working. He is talking on the phone. They are sleeping. The present continuous is used to show actions that are happening right now. When you listen to the. Present Simple and Present Continuous Exercises PDF with Answers. Present Simple and Continuous Exercises PDF With Answers. Grammarly UK English.Understanding English Grammar Present Continuous drawing competitions can be to draw a sentence until the people watching guess what the sentence is, rush to make the fastest and/ or best picture of the sentence that the teacher or a classmate says (She's playing with a yoyo etc), or draw and write as many correct Present Continuous sentences as they can on the topic given (At school etc) within the time limit Exercises Past Perfect (I had gone) and Past Perfect Continuous (I had been going). exercise 1: fill in the correct verb form of the past perfect or present perfect continuous; exercise 2: fill in the correct verb form of the past perfect or present perfect continuous (plus explanation); exercise 3: fill in the correct verb form of the past perfect or present perfect continuous Interaktivne vaje za utrjevanje angleških časov, kjer je potrebno uporabiti Present Simple ali Present Continuous Ejercicio Present Continuous: complétalo y corrígelo de forma inmediata, podrás comprobarás tus conocimientos con la lección relacionada The Present Continuous Tense is used for 1. Actions which are happening at or around the moment of speaking. • Now I'm doing the washing up. • She is working very hard nowadays. 2. Temporary situations. • I'm staying with a friend at the moment. 11. ACTIONS THAT ARE HAPPENING AT PRESENT (1) They are dancing right now. 12

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When it comes to raising kids today, parents are quickly bombarded with the overwhelming amount of technology available. With social media and other forms of media being readily available, it can be hard to keep your teen on the right track. By encouraging your child to listen to music instead of sitting on their phones, you could be helping them keep their minds active and healthy. Music can have such positive influences on teens, that a music therapy program is often successful during substance use treatment. Importance of Music for Children Daniel Levitin is an expert on how music affects the brain. His bestselling book This Is Your Brain On Music highlighted the many ways the brain reacts to music. With Fast Company, Levitin discusses his new book The Organized Mind, and how the brain is suffering as a result of technological interactions. For example, Levitin explains that the trending phenomena of allowing devices to teach children instead of parents and other people teaching children can have a harmful effect. “…We’ve learned recently that kids who don’t interact regularly with their parents but are instead put in front of educational or instructional television don’t learn the language properly.” Other learning mechanisms are affected in the brain, which leads to higher cases of attention deficit and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. “…We’re also seeing that increasingly digital natives are reporting that they’ve got shorter attention spans than non-digital natives.” Problematically, that high-strung distraction of constant stimulation can cause a peculiar mental twist which sets children up for future problems. Children “…are accustomed to being constantly distracted and we know from neurochemical studies, people get addicted to that distraction.” Children are losing touch with their innate ability to be mindfully aware of their own thought patterns. Being able to identify their needs and wants is a growing skill as they mature, but is often slighted by compulsive behaviors like drug and alcohol addiction. Consequently, adolescents can’t tell when they’re tired, when they’re bored, when they’re overwhelmed with emotion, or, as Levitin describes it when they’re experiencing information overload. Music Leads to Mind-Wandering Mode Music is one of the ways to get out of this hyper state and into what Levitin says is “the mind-wandering mode.” The mind needs to wander for periods of time without pressure or focus. Often, when the mind is chronically wandering, it is a sign the brain needs a break. As adults, we have another cup of coffee or continue to push ourselves, exhausting our brains. Kids, though immensely resilient, are not meant to endure that way. Too often, they are ridiculed for their distractions, inability to pay attention, and compulsive forms of coping. Levitin explains “Taking a break and getting yourself into this mind-wandering mode by giving into it for 15 minutes at a time every couple of hours or so, you effectively hit the reset button in the brain, restoring some neurochemicals that had been depleted through focused activity.” Developing practical life skills for coping with moments of overload is something emphasized to adolescents who go to treatment for drug and alcohol addiction. Turning to music, whether playing music or listening to music, is one of the effective ways of helping the brain reset in a healthy manner. Music exploration doesn’t have to be an isolating experience. In addition, music can bring the family together by sharing personal favorites, exploring new music together, or playing instruments together. Music Therapy Through Stonewater Adolescent Recovery Center At Stonewater Adolescent Recovery Center, the family heals as a whole. Our residential treatment programs for adolescent addiction and alcoholism heal the mind, body, and spirit, giving young people a foundation for starting a new clean life. Experiential therapy programs we provide include the following: - Art therapy program - Pet therapy program - Equine therapy program - Yoga therapy program - Fly fishing therapy program

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It is normal for children at some points in their development to be concerned about sameness and symmetry and having things perfect. But when such beliefs or behaviors become all-consuming and start interfering with school, home life, or recreational activities, the problem may be obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Obsessions are irrational thoughts, images, and impulses that a person feels as unrealistic, intrusive, and unwanted. To relieve the anxiety caused by these obsessions, a youth may engage in compulsive rituals. Two main types of treatment are used to help youths better manage OCD: a form of talk therapy known as cognitive behavioral therapy, and medication. The ideal approach is to try cognitive behavioral therapy before turning to medication. New guidelines for from the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that all kids between the ages of 9 and 11 have their LDL (bad) cholesterol levels checked. The rationale is that atherosclerosis (the fatty gunk in arteries that causes heart attacks, strokes, and other serious problems) starts during youth. Atherosclerosis is fed by high LDL. The guidelines aren’t aimed at getting kids to take cholesterol-lowering statins. Instead, they are about getting kids, their parents, and their doctors to talk about making healthy lifestyle choices. The hope is that more doctor time spent coaching and counseling now will mean less time treating cardiovascular disease later. A new study involving 1.2 million children and young adults provided reassuring evidence that the drugs used to treat ADHD do not increase the risk of death from heart disease. Researchers analyzed medical records from a nationwide private insurance plan along with health plans based in Tennessee, California, and Washington State. They compared children taking stimulant drugs (like Ritalin and Adderall) that are commonly used to treat ADHD to children not taking these drugs. Cardiac problems were no more common among children using a stimulant as among those not taking one. Although current recommendations call for pediatricians to ask their adolescent patients about alcohol and drug use at every visit, many don’t. To make it easier for doctors and nurses to do this, the American Academy of Pediatrics has just published a set of questions to guide the confidential conversation, along with advice on what to do with the answers. The first question is a simple one about drug or alcohol use. If the answer is no, the health care provider should praise the teen and encourage him or her to continue making good decisions about health and safety. If the answer is yes, six follow-up questions called the CRAFFT questions) can help separate those who are experimenting from those who may be headed for serious trouble and need more in-depth help. Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, asthma, osteoporosis and other common chronic diseases are often blamed on genes, pollution, or the wear and tear caused by personal choices like a poor diet, smoking, or too little exercise. An intriguing hypothesis is that these and other conditions stem from a developing baby’s environment, mainly the womb and the placenta. During the first thousand days of development, from conception to age 2, the body’s tissues, organs, and systems are exquisitely sensitive to conditions in their environment during various windows of time. A lack of nutrients or an overabundance of them during these windows, so the thinking goes, programs a child’s development and sets the stage for health or disease. A few years back, my colleague Michael Miller wrote an interesting article about the adolescent brain in the Harvard Mental Health Letter. I had only a passing interest in the topic at the time, being far more focused on raising a 9-year old and a pair of 8-year-olds. Fast-forward six years, and I now have […] As summer winds to a close, many school age children are reluctant to greet another school year. Who can blame them? Swapping swimming, lazy days, camp activities, and late nights for classrooms, homework, and early morning bus rides isn’t much of a trade at all. For some children, reluctance turns into school refusal. This goes beyond an occasional “I hate school” or “I don’t want to go to school today.” Children with school refusal may sob, scream, or plead for hours before school in an attempt to stay home. They may often complain of illness and run home from school if forced to go. Absences can last weeks or even months. The problem may start at any point but common triggers are the start of a new school year, making the transition to a new school (middle school to high school, for example), or returning from school vacation. School refusal often stems from an anxiety disorder, according to Coping with Anxiety and Phobias, a new Special Health Report from Harvard Medical School. Helping a child through school refusal often takes concerted effort from the parents, school staff, a therapist, and the child. Confused about how to extend analog parenting into the digital world? New guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics offers practical advice to pediatricians (and parents) to help children use social media tools safely and in ways that encourage them grow socially and emotionally. Michael Miller, M.D., editor of the Harvard Mental Health Letter, says the guidelines are “anchored in what we know about child and adolescent development rather than any perceived special influences of the social network.” Artificial food coloring has been blamed for causing hyperactivity in children. For most kids, there is no connection between food coloring and hyperactivity, an FDA panel has concluded. But it also noted that certain children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be uniquely vulnerable, not just to food colorings, but to any number of food additives. The panel said that food additives themselves are not inherently toxic to the nervous system, but that some children have a unique intolerance to these substances. When a hitter makes solid contact with a baseball, the ball leaves the bat travelling very fast. The type of bat matters — ball speeds are higher with aluminum and newer composite bats than they are with wood bats. Why? Wood bats are solid. When one smacks a ball, the bat stays fairly rigid and the ball flattens out for a millisecond, absorbing some of the energy in the bat-ball collision. Aluminum and composite bats are hollow. When they strike a baseball, the bat gives. That means more of the energy of the bat-ball collision is transferred to the “bounce” of the ball off the bat. Harvard Health Letter editor Peter Wehrwein talks with experts in sports injury, the physics of baseball, and bat testing to explain connections between bat type and injury.

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Chess 101 – Lets go through the basic rules Chess is a highly competitive game that’s played by two people. It can get very complicated and complex – there are billions of potential combinations that can be made on the board. But the basis of the game is pretty simple and everyone can get to understand them in no time. So, how do you go about learning the game of chess? Well, the chess board consists of 64 interchanging black and white rectangles. There are 32 pieces on the board at the beginning of the game. The two players hold 16 pieces each, all deployed at the opposite ends of the board. About the different boards The pieces on the board have their different ways of moving and capturing other pieces. For an example, the pawn moves one square vertically and it captures other pieces one square diagonally. The knight has a unique pattern of movement and it moves two squares vertically or horizontally and one square to the side. It’s also the only piece in the game that can jump over other pieces when it moves. The bishop moves diagonally in every direction, the rook moves horizontally and vertically in every direction. The queen is the most powerful piece in the game and it can move both horizontally and vertically, and diagonally in all directions. The king is the king! The king is the unique piece of the game in that its value is infinite. If you lose your king – you have lost the game. The same goes for your opponent. The king moves one square in every direction. The fact that it’s a vulnerable piece and that it is hindered by lack of movement capabilities means that you should take care to protect it early on in the game. But at the end of the game, the king can turn into a powerful piece that you can use to win the game. So, we have established that the goal of the game is to capture the king of your opponent while blocking the attempts of your opponent to take your own king. This can be done in many different ways – and this is exactly what makes the game of chess so exciting and rewarding. There are various strategies that you can implement in the game – there are attacking players, defensive players, risk-taking players, sacrifice-giving players – there are many different styles of playing chess. How to master chess But if you truly wish to master the game of chess then you will need to invest a lot of time and effort into it. It will take years before you will be able to get truly good at chess. And remember – losing is a part of the game. You will have to do away with your egotistical ideas about always winning at chess. There will be times when you will lose fair and square against various opponents. There will be times when you will make a blunder that will cost you the game. It’s important not to lose hope and to continue studying the intricacies of chess so that one day you can master the game.

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The Composting Process Composting is a completely natural process that is part of natures great recycling scheme. Left long enough, anything that was once living, will compost and add nutrients and structure back to the soil. Done right, composting will happen fairly quickly (12 months), won't smell during the process, and will create a safe, pleasant smelling end-result that you can use in any way you choose. We compost because it will turn the raw 'manure' into a safe, sweet smelling, handleable, nutritious compost that can be returned to the earth. The process of composting has been shown scientifically, to render harmless human disease pathogens, so that the end result poses no greater threat to health than any regular compost. If you don't have access to land, so can't compost, then you can still have a compost toilet, but your options in dealing with the solids are slightly different. One option is to double bag and bin (using approved, appropriately labelled bags) and dispose in appropriate waste bins, but there are many boaters for example, who do manage the whole composting process on board using a variety of containers and methods - if you have the will, there is usually a way! GOOD COMPOSTING = THE RIGHT BALANCE Composting needs a little bit of moisture, oxygen and a blend of nitrogen and carbon source materials. A bit of warmth will help. Then the magic just happens! Which compost bin? The type, size and number of compost bins you'll need, depends on how much use your Eco-Loo compost toilet will get, along with your budget and other factors such as how much effort you want to put in. Compost bins generally are classed as either 'cold' or 'hot'. Cold bins can be made from plastic (such as the classic 'dalek' bins available at garden centres and DIY stores), or wood. Hot bins (such as the appropriately named HotBin composter!) are made using highly insulating expanded plastic and are designed to keep the heat in (the heat is generated by the bacteria feeding off the contents) to accelerate the composting process and potentially reduce it down to 90 days. Hot compost bins such as the HOTBIN, will need regular feeding to keep the process going, so require a little more hand-on management than regular bins, but they produce the end results much faster. How many bins? If you have a cabin in the woods (lucky you!), that gets just weekend or irregular use, then just one compost bin will usually be fine (although you could also dig a hole and bury the contents). You'll be surprised at how much the contents reduce down as composting takes place - it's not unusual to see a 75% or more reduction in volume! Empty the contents of the solids bucket and if necessary add some grass clippings, more wood shavings or other carbon source. Give the heap a bit of mix if you can, to make sure air is getting through. After 12 months or so (longer if you want), you can start harvesting the compost from the bottom of the heap, whilst continuing to add fresh material to the top. If you're using the toilet more full time, or there are more people, then 2 or 3 compost bins/bays could be used in a classic rotation system. In year one, start filling bin 1 as above. After 12 months, or when the bin is full, put the lid on and let it 'sit'. Now start filling bin 2. After 12 months or when bin 2 is full, you cap it and empty bin 1, which should now be full of beautiful compost! Now start filling bin 1 again and continue the cycle... If you are filling a bin in less than 12 months, then simply increase the number of bins in the rotation system. Can I add garden and kitchen waste to the compost bin? It's entirely up to you. There's no reason why not, but some people may want to keep the humanure compost separate from compost made from general garden and kitchen waste, in terms of how it is used subsequently. Kitchen and garden waste will add to the variety and probably the overall quality and structure of the final compost. Composting properly is all about getting the balance right - not too wet, not too dry, not too much carbon, not too much nitrogen. However, ultimately, everything will compost, given time... Can I really grow vegetables in what was once my poo? Yes! In the UK, some sewage treatment plants sell 'treated sludge' to farms as a nutrient source to spread on fields. The key thing is that the compost process renders everything safe. Understandably, some people just don't like the overall concept, so if growing vegetables in this compost doesn't appeal, just use it as mulch for trees or fruit bushes. The one exception is that you mustn't grow commercially using humanure compost without getting approval from the Environment Agency (in England and Wales, or the SEA in Scotland). In the interests of environmental safety and human safety, they'll need to know that the composting process you are using is ticking all the right boxes. Will the compost bin smell like a sewer? No! There will be an 'earthy' smell, just like you get from any other compost pile/bin. Your neighbours won't know what's going on unless you want to tell them! If you have an open top bin, just make sure the fresh materials are covered with a layer of straw or wood shavings (or leaves etc). The only time a compost bin would smell is if the contents get compacted and/or waterlogged - under these conditions, the composting will change from aerobic to anaerobic and that might smell - but that could happen with kitchen/garden waste too. Typical plastic 'Dalek' compost bin.

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10 Natural Approaches to Support Eye Health This blog has not been approved by your local health department and is not intended to provide diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice. In this article: - What is a Cataract? - Risks For Cataracts - Diet And Cataracts - Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Visual Health - Pine Bark Extract is a Potent Antioxidant - Quercetin and Anti-inflammatory Benefits - Resveratrol’s Protective Benefits - Selenium May Help Fight Oxidative Damage - Spirulina’s Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities - Vitamin C’s Studied Antioxidant Benefits - Multivitamins for Overall Health A cataract is a progressive disorder formed over time due to the lens of the eye becoming cloudy. Cataracts are classified by doctors into three types — nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular, and can lead to a severe loss of vision and sometimes complete blindness if left untreated. Cataract surgery, a procedure in which the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with a new one, is not always possible. In countries where people have access to healthcare services, cataract surgery is quite routine in those aged 60 and older. However, there are many other places in the world where surgery is not a viable option. No matter where you live, preventing the formation of cataracts when you’re younger is a strategy that makes sense. Medical doctors believe oxidation of the lens is the main reason a cataract occurs. Risk factors include excessive ultraviolet sunlight exposure, tobacco use, diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain medications, such as long-term use of oral corticosteroids (prednisone). Excessive alcohol intake also predisposes one to develop cataracts. Antioxidants can help protect against the development of cataracts. A diet full of fruits and colorful vegetables contains numerous antioxidants, which are beneficial. A 2010 study concluded that a diet rich in vitamins and minerals could help delay the development of cataracts. Further, a 2013 study showed that a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and vitamin C could help prevent cataracts from forming in the first place. Many herbs, vitamins, and minerals in foods and supplements have antioxidant properties that may help protect the eyes. These two common carotenoids are associated with optimal visual health. A study published in Molecules in 2017 showed that lutein and zeaxanthin have antioxidant and blue-light filtration properties, which can help improve vision. These antioxidants were found to prevent cataracts by inhibiting oxidative damage to the lens of the eye. The journal reported that people who took 6 to 10 mg per day of lutein reduced their chance of cataract surgery by 20 to 50 percent. However, most research suggests that combining both lutein and zeaxanthin provides optimal benefit. Leafy green vegetables and fruits are good sources of both. When not adequately consumed through diet, a quality supplement should be taken. Suggested dose: as directed on the label. A potent antioxidant, pine bark extract was originally used by indigenous people of North America and Asia as a medicinal herb. French expeditioner Jacques Cartier, who claimed Canada for France, reportedly used pine bark extract during his expedition in 1535 as a treatment for scurvy, a condition caused by insufficient levels of vitamin C intake. Today, integrative healthcare providers have also realized the many health and anti-aging benefits of pine bark extract, which was first introduced into the United States as a dietary supplement in 1987. There are several formulas on the market, and it can be taken as a capsule, used as an essential oil, or mixed into a lotion and applied topically. Antioxidants are substances that protect tissue and organs against damaging free radicals. A study in Ophthalmic Research demonstrated that the antioxidant potency of pycnogenol was more powerful than vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, and coenzyme Q10. A 2017 animal study by Dr. J. Kim showed that pine bark extract could prevent the formation of cataracts. A 2013 study also supported these findings. Suggested dose: 50 to 250 mg once or twice per day. The polyphenol quercetin is a potent antioxidant that has been found to have anti-inflammatory effects and visual benefits. Some studies also demonstrate that quercetin has some positive effects on the gut microbiome, meaning that it helps healthy gut bacteria thrive. A 2010 study discussed the possible mechanisms by which quercetin could help prevent the development of cataracts. A 2019 study also explored quercetin’s role in preventing cataracts in those with diabetes. Suggested dose: As directed on the label. Resveratrol has been shown to have many functions. A phytonutrient, resveratrol is a naturally occurring, plant-based compound found in red wine, grapes, berries, and nuts. Its antioxidant properties protect the cell and its components from oxidative damage, which frequently causes the cell to lose its ability to control itself. It can also lead to increased risk of cataracts. A 2006 study concluded that the consumption of resveratrol-rich foods could help reduce the risk of cataracts developing in senior citizens. Also, a 2016 study also demonstrated resveratrol’s protective benefits. Suggested dose: As directed on the label. Selenium is considered a trace mineral that plays an important role in the human body. It is required for more than 24 biochemical reactions, and its presence is required for cell reproduction, DNA synthesis, and to help protect against oxidative damage. Selenium exists in both a non-organic and organic form. Food sources of selenium include brazil nuts, organ meats, and seafood. It can also be found in poultry, eggs, grains, and dairy products. Due to its ability to help reduce oxidative damage, it appears to be helpful in the prevention of cataracts. A 2012 study using rats showed the protective benefit of selenium in preventing cataracts. Further, a 2018 study concluded, “Due to a confirmed association between serum selenium levels and age-related cataract, low serum selenium levels may constitute a potential risk factor of age-related cataract.” Suggested dose: As directed on label. Spirulina is considered a superfood by many. It is an easily digestible nutritional supplement, which belongs to a family of blue-green algae and can be taken in a pill or powder form. Spirulina comes from a type of bacteria scientists call cyanobacterium, specifically arthrospira platensis. Traditionally, spirulina grew in the warm alkaline lakes of Africa, Hawaii, and Mexico among other places. Spirulina was used centuries ago by the Aztecs, according to Spanish records from the conquistadors—it grew in Lake Texcoco, Mexico, where the Aztecs called it tecuilati. European explorers observed locals near Africa's Lake Chad using it as food. In our modern era, spirulina has gained the attention of NASA scientists, who have used it as a wholesome nutritional supplement for astronauts in outer space. Spirulina contains a complete source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients. In addition, spirulina has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which explain how they may help prevent cataracts. Studies from 2013 and 2014 show that spirulina consumption may help stop cataracts from developing. Suggested dose: as directed on the label. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate, has been one of the most researched vitamins over the last 100 years. A search of the scientific literature reveals that over 65,000 studies have been conducted on vitamin C since the 1920s. Many findings show that it helps promote a strong immune system as well as cardiovascular, brain, and eye health among many other benefits. Many scientists believe that at one time the human body had the ability to make vitamin C, but lost this capacity over time. Essentially, all species of animals, including most mammals, can make vitamin C—the exceptions are humans, monkeys, and guinea pigs. The brain and adrenal glands have the highest concentrations of vitamin C at 15 to 50 times higher than those found in the blood. Vitamin C, which has antioxidant properties, is also an enzyme “co-factor” for at least eight important biochemical reactions. According to a 2009 study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, over seven percent of people age six and older were vitamin C deficient when their blood was tested. More than half of those surveyed consumed low amounts of vitamin C-rich foods. These foods include citrus, strawberries, mangos, peppers and more. A 2011 study out of India found that those with the lowest levels of vitamin C in their blood were 39 percent more likely to develop cataracts compared to those with higher vitamin C blood levels. Further, a 2014 study in Ophthalmology also demonstrated those with higher blood levels of vitamin C were less likely to have cataracts. Other studies have shown similar findings. Suggested dose: 500 to 2,000 mg per day. A multivitamin should never be expected to replace a healthy, well-rounded diet. The World Health Organization estimates that 2 billion people worldwide have an inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals. Studies show that many Americans also have an inadequate intake of several essential vitamins and minerals. The recent 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans identified fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E as being under-consumed while the water-soluble vitamin C and choline were also under-consumed. A 2014 study in Nutrients showed those who took a multivitamin were 34 percent less likely to develop cataracts. A quality multivitamin may help provide one with additional assurance. A 2014 study in Ophthalmology published the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. In total, the study followed 14,641American male physicians aged ≥50 years for over 11 years. Half took a daily multivitamin while the other half a placebo. At the end of the study, those who took the multivitamin had 9 percent fewer cataracts. It is important to note that most multivitamins only contain around 60 mg of vitamin C, a minimal dose. Many who take a multivitamin often supplement with additional individual vitamins on an as-needed basis. Suggested multivitamin dose: as directed on the label. - Mares JA, Voland R, Adler R, et al. Healthy diets and the subsequent prevalence of nuclear cataract in women. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(6):738‐749. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.84 - Pastor-Valero M. Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamins C and E are associated with a reduced prevalence of cataract in a Spanish Mediterranean population. BMC Ophthalmology. 2013;13:52. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-13-52. - 3 Jia, Yu-Ping et al. The Pharmacological Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Visual Disorders and Cognition Diseases. Molecules. 2017 - Hayashi R, Hayashi S, Arai K, Sakai M, Okamoto H, Chikuda M. The gender-differentiated antioxidant effects of a lutein-containing supplement in the aqueous humor of patients with senile cataracts. Exp Eye Res. 2014;129:5‐12. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.009 - Iravani S, Zolfaghari B. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical effects of Pinus pinaster bark extract. Res Pharm Sci. 2011;6(1):1‐11. - Kim J, Choung S-Y. Pinus densiflora bark extract prevents selenite-induced cataract formation in the lens of Sprague Dawley rat pups. Molecular Vision. 2017;23:638-648. - Trevithick JR, Bantseev V, Hirst M, Dzialoszynski TM, Sanford ES. Is pycnogenol a double-edged sword? Cataractogenic in vitro, but reduces cataract risk in diabetic rats. Curr Eye Res. 2013;38(7):751‐760. doi:10.3109/02713683.2013.770038 - Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Oct 15. pii: S0278-6915(18)30775-0. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.042. - Stefek M, Karasu C. Eye lens in aging and diabetes: effect of quercetin. Rejuvenation Res. 2011;14(5):525‐534. doi:10.1089/rej.2011.1170 - Patil KK, Meshram RJ, Barage SH, Gacche RN. Dietary flavonoids inhibit the glycation of lens proteins: implications in the management of diabetic cataract. 3 Biotech. 2019;9(2):47. doi:10.1007/s13205-019-1581-3 - Doganay S, Borazan M, Iraz M, Cigremis Y. The effect of resveratrol in experimental cataract model formed by sodium selenite. Curr Eye Res. 2006;31(2):147‐153. doi:10.1080/02713680500514685 - Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Feb;86:232-241. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.141. Epub 2016 Dec 19. - Zhu X, Lu Y. Selenium supplementation can slow the development of naphthalene cataract. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37(3):163‐169. doi:10.3109/02713683.2011.639123 - Post M, Lubiński W, Lubiński J, et al. Serum selenium levels are associated with age-related cataract. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018;25(3):443‐448. doi:10.26444/aaem/90886 - Karkos PD, Leong SC, Karkos CD, Sivaji N, Assimakopoulos DA. Spirulina in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Human Applications. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2011;2011:531053. doi:10.1093/ecam/nen058. - Spirulina, The Whole Food Revolution by Larry Switzer - Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013 Jan;151(1):59-67. doi: 10.1007/s12011-012-9526-2. Epub 2012 Oct 20. - Gaby, Alan. Nutritional Medicine , Second Edition April 2017 Harrison FE, May JM. Vitamin C function in the brain: vital role of the ascorbate transporter SVCT2. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;46(6):719–30. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.018. - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Nov;90(5):1252-63. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27016. Epub 2009 Aug 12. - Ravindran RD, Vashist P, Gupta SK, et al. Inverse Association of Vitamin C with Cataract in Older People in India. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1958-1965.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.03.016. - Heruye SH, Maffofou Nkenyi LN, Singh NU, et al. Current Trends in the Pharmacotherapy of Cataracts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(1):15. Published 2020 Jan 16. doi:10.3390/ph13010015 - Allen L., de Benoist B., Dary O., Hurrell R. Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2006 - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. U.S. Department of Agriculture . 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th ed. USDA; Washington, DC, USA: 2015. [(accessed on 17 January 2017)]. Available online: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/ - Zhao L-Q, Li L-M, Zhu H, The Epidemiological Evidence-Based Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Effect of Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements on Age-Related Cataracts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):931-949. doi:10.3390/nu6030931. - Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, et al. Effects of multivitamin supplement on cataract and age-related macular degeneration in a randomized trial of male physicians. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(2):525‐534. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.09.038

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Economic indicators are statistics about the economy which give us a perspective on how the economy is doing right now and a glimpse of where it could be heading into the near future. Depending on the health of the economy, as given by the indicators, investors choose the timing of their investments. If these statistics indicate tough times ahead for the economy, some investors might shy away from investing in the short-term till the economy starts showing signs of improvement. The most popular economic indicators are as follows: The Jobs/Employment Report - On the basis of the results of two surveys – the Household Survey and the Establishment Survey – the employment report gives the unemployment rate figures for the previous month. These statistics are released at 8:30AM EST of the first Friday every month. Consumer Price Index (CPI) - This statistic is a interpreted as a measure of the price levels of goods and services purchased by consumers. It is regarded as the best measure of the rate of inflation in the U.S. The CPI figures for the previous month are released at 8:30AM EST around the thirteenth of every month. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - This statistic comprises of several components such as the consumption, investment, net exports, government acquisitions, and inventories. These figures for the previous quarter are released at 8:30AM EST on the third or fourth week of the first month of the new quarter. These figures are revised in the second and third months of the quarter. Housing Starts And Building Permits - These are two separate measures. Housing starts is a measure of the number of residential units on which construction started the previous previous month. The word ‘start’ in this context is defined as the excavation of the foundation for the building (which is used primarily for residential purposes). Since building permits are not required in all states before beginning construction its important to pay more attention to the Housing start measure. The figures for the previous month are released at 8:30AM EST around the sixteenth of each month. National Association of Purchasing Managers (NAPM) - The NAPM report is a weighted average of the items including new orders, employment, production, inventories, prices, and import and export orders. This statistic primarily covers the manufacturing sector but is considered a leading indicator for other economic statistics. The figures for the previous month’s data are released every month at 10AM EST on the first business day of the month. Producer Price Index (PPI) - The PPI, another measure of inflation, measures the price of goods at the wholesale level. The figures of the previous month are released at 8:30AM EST around the eleventh of the month. Retail Sales - The retail sales number is a measure of the total receipts from retail stores. This is usually less than half of the total personal consumption figures because it excludes money spent on services. The figures for the previous month are published at 8:30AM EST around the thirteenth of every month. Article Source: Articles Engine

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The dead elm tree removed from the yard a short time ago was Harvard's latest concession to a disease which threatens to deracinate all of New England's staeliest shade trees. Since its discovery in Massachusetts in 1941, Dutch Elm Disease has killed a recorded 50,000 of the state's American elms, and probably as many more died unnoticed or unrecorded. The really disturbing thing about the disease is that it chooses to kill trees which give New England's countryside much of the beauty people find in it. Towns like Concord, which has lost 130 trees in the last three years, and Lexington, which has lost nearly 400, are beginning to look ragged and motheaten without their once plentiful elms; and they will eventually look nude, for there is no cure for Dutch Elm Disease. Named after the Dutch pathologist who first described it, the disease is caused by a fungus, Ceratostomella ulmi, which is introduced into the trees by an unattractive European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus. Toxins and gummosis produced by the fungus in the tree's water-conducting vessels may kill it in six months. Once disease is detected, death may be retarded, somewhat as in cancer, by removing more and more of the affected parts. Widespread use of preventative measures, such as burning old or dying trees to kill the beetles, or spraying and feeding the trees to discourage inhabitation, have proved only partially effective. Many towns cannot afford to keep constant watch over hundreds of trees to prune thousands of broken or dead limbs which are prospective housing developments for S. multistriatus. The disease has a rather exotic origin; it apparently began somewhere in the Far East, and travelling West, enjoyed moderate success with European varieties of elm. It was not until 1919, however, that Cerastomella really caught hold; beetles carried to this country on elm logs to be used for furniture veneer somehow escaped, and carried the fungus to the Elysian Fields of Unius americana. Travelling up the Connecticut River Valley into New England, and westward as far as the Mississippi, the beetle-fungus team has outrun its pursuers, cutting a determined swath which pathologists estimate will exterminate most of the genus in another ten or twenty years. The Buildings and Grounds Department is waging a losing fight to save the University's elms. Although many other varieties shade University property, several areas, particularly as the Yard, are populated mostly with the susceptible species. Rather than replant new elms, which live two or three hundred years, the department is filling gaps with faster-growing maples, pines, and pin oaks. These are respectable shade trees; but they are not elms, which is rather sad.

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How much do you actually know about what happened on and around July 4, 1776? We all know that July 4th is the birthday of the United States, but is it really? Events that lead up to the birth of the United States started with a Resolution by Richard Henry Lee, a representative to the Second Colonial Congress from Virginia. The Virginia House of Burgesses on May 15, 1776 resolved that “the delegates appointed to represent this colony in General Congress” be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the united Colonies free and independent states.” Lee presented on June 6, 1776, a resolution to congress that read; Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances. That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approbation. Debate began on the resolution, but it was decided to wait for three weeks so that the delegates could send the resolution to their home colonies and receive direction on voting. It also appeared to those present that the resolution would pass and that there needed to be a suitable declaration for the resolution. On June 11, 1776 a committee, consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, was formed. They were known as the Committee of Five. The committee delegated that Jefferson would write the draft. Jefferson and the committee worked on it from June 12 until June 27. Franklin and Adams made several minor corrections and the entire committee made additional changes and additions, a total of forty-seven alterations including the insertion of three complete paragraphs from Jefferson’s original draft. Jefferson then produced another copy incorporating these changes and the committee presented this copy to the Continental Congress on Friday June 28, 1776. On Monday July 1st, congress began debate on the Lee Resolution. Delaware had three delegates representing the colony. Delaware had just recently declared their independence not only from England but also from Pennsylvania with whom they shared a Royal Governor. The three delegates were Thomas Mckean and Caesar Rodney who were for Independence and George Reed who was against. When debate began Rodney was in Dover Delaware who as a Militia General was seeing to the command of his troops. (Some stories are that Rodney was on his death bed. While it is true that he had a rare form of facial cancer that left him disfigured and in constant discomfort he was not at his home due to the disease. In fact Rodney lived for nearly 8 more years). Thomas McKean, who was on the side of independence, sent a dispatch to Caesar Rodney who received it on July 1st, the day before the vote would be taken. He quickly mounted his horse and began the 80 miles trip to Philadelphia. He rode throughout the night. While he rode he encountered a severe thunderstorm. He continued to ride through the rain that turned the road to mud. He arrived shortly after the delegates returned to the Congress after their lunch break, just before the final vote was taken on Tuesday July 2nd. When Delaware was called he rose and voted in favor of Independence. George Read, the Delaware delegate who was against Independence, did sign the Declaration. South Carolina still wasn’t in favor of independence, but Edward Rutledge, who opposed independence and had many motions to delay the vote, convinced the delegation that for the sake of unanimity, they should vote in favor. The New York delegation abstained, since they did not have instructions from their home government. The Vote for Independence had passed. In a letter that John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail on July 3 he said; The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward for evermore. That was just the first step. Now the Declaration of the Committee of Four was brought to the floor of Congress and debated. Finally at a little after 11 o’clock on Thursday morning July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was approved. This was after many hours of debate during the two days leading to the vote. There were thirty-nine revisions to the committee’s draft, including the deletion of language that denounced King George III for promoting the slave trade. John Hancock, as President of Congress, and Charles Thompson, Secretary of Congress signed the document. Again the New York delegation abstained from the vote, but did approve the Declaration five days later. It wasn’t until July 19th that congress ordered that the Declaration to be officially inscribed and signed by its members. Congressional delegates began to sign the officially inscribed copy on August 2. It was even signed by some members who had not voted for its adoption and some who was not even present at Congress when the vote was cast. I was talking with a old friend over the weekend. We had gone to college together in the late ’70s and had taken a number of Theater classes together. We were discussing historical people who we would like to possibly do for performance history. The subject came up because he was thinking of doing Abraham Lincoln. I mentioned that I had always thought about working on a play with the Playwright Eugene O’Neill narrating the story of his life. In the ’70s many people knew of Eugene O’ Neill. He was an American Playwright, who many felt was the Shakespeare of the American Theater of the first part of the 20th Century. O’Neill was born into show business. His father James O’Neill was considered a matinee idol as a stage actor in the later half of the 19th Century, his most famous role was that of The Count of Monte Cristo. Eugene O’neill was born in a hotel room on October 16, 1888, the third of three children that James O’Neil had with his wife Mary Ellen Quinlan. It wasn’t until after he spent much of 1912 and 1913 in sanatorium recovering from tuberculosis that he decided to write plays. Prior to this he had spent time at sea. Quite a few of his early plays cold be classified as Sea Plays. His career as a playwright can be seen as divided in 2 parts. The first from 1914-1936. His plays were a standard on Broadway during this period winning the Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1920, 1922, 1928,) and in 1936 the Nobel Prize for Literature, the second American to win. The second part begin in 1946 after a 10 year period where no new plays of his were produced. Then Ice Man Cometh an autobiographical play was produced. It was the first of a number of autobiographical plays he wrote during this second phase of his career. Long Day’s Journey into Night is thought by many to be his best. He was married 3 times; Kathleen Jenkins (1909–12), Agnes Boulton (1918–29) and Carlotta Monterey (1929–53). He had three children, Eugene Jr with Jenkins and with Boulton Shane and Oona. Oona married Charlie Chaplain at the age of 18. Chaplain was 54. O’Neill disapproved of the wedding and he never saw her again. After a long illness which for many years made it difficult to write O’Neill died in Room 401 of the Sheraton Hotel on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953. It is said that while he was dying he whispered “I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room.” An expert is someone that is recognized as being a reliable source of knowledge. Everyone is an expert on something. You are the expert at doing your job. If nothing else you are the expert on you. The best way to become an expert is to have experience. Learn something everyday. There are 3 kinds of experts. Book Learning expert, a Practical Experience expert or one that has both. The more that you learn about a subject more you become an expert on that subject. It doesn’t matter how you learn the information, just as long as the information is true and accurate. When talking about a subject that you know a great deal about, be yourself and don’t be an know-it-all. With the passing of Jim Lange (August 15, 1932 – February 25, 2014) best known as the host of “The Dating Game” in the late 60′s and early 70′s, it made me start to think who are some of the greatest game show hosts of the past 60 years. Some one on the radio this morning asked their partner for the Mount Rushmore of hosts, so I decided to come up with my own. These top 4 are listed in no particular order. Bill Cullen may be best remembered as the guy with the thick glasses, but he had a great comical wit that people love to see, even on bad shows. “The Price is Right” need I say more. One of the first to host a game show in the 50s. He was even considered to be the host of “The Price is Right” that was given to Bob Barker and did host a night time version of it. A producer and host. Those left off, but are part of the top 10 would include Monty Hall, Jim Lange, Alex Trebek, Allen Ludden, Bob Eubanks, and Garry Moore. In the waning days of the 36th Congress and just before the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861, congress passed a proposed Constitution Amendment, which would have prevented the United States from abolishing slavery. “No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.” The southern States were too busy in seceding from the union to pass the amendment. Once they seceded they technically were no longer part of the Union and their approval wouldn’t have counted anyway. Two states, Maryland and Ohio, who didn’t secede did pass the amendment. Ohio rescinded their approval in 1864, but on the books Maryland is still registered to have approved it. This even with Maryland abolishing slavery in their 1864 Constitution. Now 150 years later, Maryland, also known as the “Free State”, has a proposal going through their legislature to formerly have their approval rescinded. It’s not unusual for a day of the year to become a focal point in one’s life. For some it’s their birthday or another day the person decides is their Lucky Day. Others it’s a date where something always seems to happen. For Adolf Hitler that day could have been January 30th. It was on January 30, 1933 that Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany taking the reigns of the 14 year old Germanic democratic republic. Hitler had spent his entire political career denouncing the republic and now he was the German leader. Within weeks Hitler would be the absolute dictator of Germany. During his fourth anniversary speech on January 30, 1937 he delivered 8 points on ways to bring pacification of Europe. Among those points were for “individual countries should possess stable political and economic conditions”, “The vital interests of the different nations must be frankly recognized.” and “The German Reich will watch over its security and honor with its strong Army.” Two years later in his 1939 speech detailed that Europe had a “Jewish Problem” and that Germany was going to solve that problem with “… the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!”. And it was on this day in 1945 that Hitler gave his final speech on the 12th anniversary of him coming to power. It was broadcast like many of his speeches to the general public on radio. When you think back on your life, has one day of the year become a focal point in your life such as January 30th became one for Hitler. Not everyone has an anniversary such as his, but most of us do have an anniversary that means something to us. Over the years there have been many popular songs. Ones that once you hear who wrote them it comes as quite a surprise. In 1971 James Taylor had his only Billboard Number one with “You’ve Got a Friend”. Being that Taylor wrote many songs, some think that it is one of his compositions. That’s not the case. It was written by his good friend Carole King. She wrote both the words and the music, one of her first with her having sole songwriting credit. Carole King along with a number of different lyricist, many with her first husband Gerry Goffin wrote quite a few popular hits of the 1960s including, “Will You Love Me Tomorrow” recorded by The Shirelles, “Go Away Little Girl” by Steve Lawrence and Donny Osmond, and “(You Make Me feel (Like a Natural Woman)” by Aretha Frankin. But did you know that they also wrote The Monkees song “Pleasant Valley Sunday”. The Monkees weren’t know as song writers, but they did write a few of their songs. MiKe Neismith wrote a few. But one of his most popular songs was recorded by Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Ponies, “Different Drum”. Shel Silverstein may be best know for the cartoons he drew for Playboy Magazine in the 1960′s and 70s or maybe even for his children’s books, but he also wrote a number of popular songs. The most famous is probably Johnny Cash’s “A Boy Named Sue” as well as two of Dr Hook’s songs “Cover of the Rolling Stone” and “Sylvia’s Mother”. Since the music credit for the Bangles’ song “Manic Monday” list Christopher as the writer, not many people are aware that it was actually written by Prince. JP Richardson, also known as the Big Bopper, was killed along with Buddy Holly and Richie Valens on February 3, 1959. A few weeks after his death, his friend George Jones recorded a song written by him. It was George Jones first county Number 1 song, one of his most popular, as well as one of the great County songs. JP Richardson, the Big Bopper, wrote “White Lightning”. A Christmas Carol by English novelist Charles Dickens was first published on December 19, 1843. It had illustrations by John Leech. The story is divided into Staves and not chapters. A stave, which is similar to a stanza, is found in music as a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme. Dickens felt this added humor as it relates to the title. When Scrooge is visited on Christmas Eve by the ghost of his old partner and friend Jacob Marley, Marley’s ghost informs “Expect the first tomorrow, when the bell tolls one. … Expect the second on the next night at the same hour. The Third, upon the next night when the last stroke of Twelve has cease to vibrate.” In the end the three spirits visited him on one night. A Christmas Carol has been adapted for nearly every form of entertainment including theatre, opera, film, radio and television. The first film version was made in 1901 called Scrooge. In 1908 Thomas Edison also produced a film version of the story. In the 1930s Lionel Barrymore did a radio production playing Scrooge. It was so popular that plans were made for him to do a film version. However, before it could be filmed he was confined to a wheelchair with crippling arthritis and the role was played by Reginald Owen. One of the most acclaimed film version of A Christmas Carol starred Alastair Sim as Ebeneser Scrooge. The English produced film was released with the title Scrooge in England and A Christmas Carol in the United States. It however did not attain its stature until the 1970′s when it turned up each year on US TV. Prior to this the most popular version of the filmed story in the US was the 1938 version with Reginald Owen. Just discovered that actor Tom Laughlin died on December 12, 2013 from complications from pneumonia at the age of 82. Tom Laughlin, born on August 10, 1931, is best know for the series of Billy Jack movies of the 1970s. The character Billy Jack, a half-Indian Vietnam War veteran who shuns society, was first introduced in the 1967 film Born Losers. This was followed in 1971 with the most popular of series Billy Jack. From this movie came the song One Tin Soldier by Coven The Trial of Billy Jack came out in 1974. The last of the series Billy Jack Goes to Washington in 1976. After the Billy Jack movies Laughlin went into politics, including running for the Democratic nomination for President in 1992 and as a republican in 2004. In both cases the parties considered him a fringe candidate and gave him little support.

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Healthcare Technology Adoption Is Creating New Jobs Healthcare Technology is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the “use of innovative and technically advanced methods and equipment for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries of a human or non-human origin that could affect the medical community”. It is also defined as a discipline that “permits the development of new technologies designed to improve the quality of health services and make the practice of medicine more effective and efficient”. By using the latest tools and technologies, healthcare professionals can provide their patients with the best possible care. The goal is to enhance patient safety, prolong the life span of patients, minimize unnecessary suffering, reduce costs and increase the quality of care. Technology has become an important part of the healthcare industry over the past five decades. The explosion of information technology and its impact on the industry has created a large demand for professionals who are trained in computer software and certain types of engineering. Many healthcare organizations have developed specific programs to train individuals interested in these technologies. Some colleges and universities offer courses in healthcare technology, and there are many books, journals, and websites available on the Internet that offer detailed information on the subject. In addition, healthcare technology has become a frequent topic of conversation in the business world, with many companies dealing in this field. One area that is rapidly growing in the healthcare industry is the application of artificial intelligence to enhance the overall quality and accuracy of medical diagnosis and treatment. Advances in computer science have made it possible to create machines that can process large quantities of data and deliver results much more quickly than human physicians. In fact, many hospitals now use computers and similar technology to operate virtual rooms where patients can be seen quickly without having to wait online with other patients. New and improved technologies are also being introduced into the hospital environment, allowing doctors and other medical professionals to communicate with patients more effectively and simplifying the paperwork associated with medical treatment. An increasing number of hospitals are also incorporating computer software into their workflow. Doctors can order tests, distribute them accurately across the entire staff, and access patient records remotely when necessary or when the doctor has to visit a specific location. The software also is used to provide physicians with more detailed explanations of diagnoses, which helps patients understand their disease better. In the future, it is expected that healthcare technology will be integrated more completely into the health care industry, with more healthcare organizations adopting cutting-edge technologies to improve their patient’s experience on the hospital floor. The adoption of new technologies and the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence have resulted in some changes within the sector. Many hospitals are now using digital imaging systems that allow them to process scans more efficiently and with less patient interaction. Other healthcare organizations are introducing virtual walls, enabling physicians and other staff members to move between different floors in a hospital with ease. A major change in healthcare technology has been the growth of telemedicine. Instead of traveling to different locations to provide healthcare services, patients are able to get their healthcare services from a telemedical technician that is actually located in another state or country. Telemedicine is expected to continue to grow, with doctors able to diagnose and treat patients more effectively across the globe. Although healthcare technology adoption has resulted in some positive changes in the industry, there is still a long way to go. Healthcare organizations must continue to evaluate how they are spending their money and whether or not they are implementing the latest technologies in order to maximize their benefits. There is also much work that remains to be done to properly educate healthcare techs on the newest technologies. Properly trained healthcare techs will be integral in making the healthcare industry safer and more efficient. Organizations will continue to make improvements to their business model over time, resulting in more opportunities for employment for these specially trained individuals.

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Bava Batra, Chapter Ten, Mishnah Two Mishnah two mostly discusses discrepancies within a debt document. 1) A simple document requires two witnesses; a sewn document requires three. a) If a simple document has only one witness, or a sewn document has only two, they are both invalid. 2) If it was written in a debt document: 100 zuz which are 20 sela (=80 zuz), he (the creditor) can claim only 20 sela; if [it was written] 100 zuz which are 30 sela (=120 zuz) he (the creditor) can claim only 100 zuz. 3) [If there was written in a debt document] Silver zuzim which are , and the rest was erased, [the creditor can claim] at least two zuzim. a) [If there was written in a debt document] Silver selas which are , and the rest was erased, [the creditor can claim] at least two selas. b) [If there was written in a debt document] Darics which are , and the rest was erased, [the creditor can claim] at least two darics. 4) If at the top was written a maneh (100 zuz) and at the bottom 200 zuz, or 200 zuz at the top and maneh at the bottom, everything goes according to the bottom amount. a) If so, why is the figure written at the top of the document? b) So that, if a letter of the lower figure was erased, they can learn from the upper figure. This mishnah deals with documents which were not done properly or had the amount of the debt partially erased. Section one: A simple document must have two witnesses and a sewn document must have three. If they have fewer than the required amount the document is invalid. Section two: If in a debt document (an IOU) a number was incorrectly converted into another coin (i.e. dollars into cents), the debtor owes the creditor only the lower amount. Section three: If a document said that the debtor owed a plural of a certain coin, but the number of the coins owed was erased the creditor can collect only two of the coin. Since the coin was written in plural (i.e. dollars), we know that the number was more than one. The minimum that it could have been is two, and this is what the creditor will be able to collect from the debtor. Section four: If the number at the bottom of a debt document disagrees with the number at the top, the creditor can collect according to the bottom figure, whether it is higher or lower than the bottom figure. The assumption is that the writer of the document, the debtor (or a scribe on his behalf) changed his mind after writing the first amount, and his true intention was the second amount. The mishnah then asks, why do we customarily write the amount on the top and not just on the bottom? The answer is that the top amount will help if the bottom amount is erased. If, however both amounts are still clearly written, we follow the bottom one. Questions for Further Thought: · Sections two and three: What is the principle that explains why in this case the debtor owes the lower amount (section two) or only two of the coin (section three)?

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Columbia Southern University This paper will provide information about the four characteristics of a hazardous waste. There are four lists of hazardous waste that will be discussed. The manifest system of tracking hazardous waste will be explained. A description of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities in my area will be provided. There are differences in a hazardous waste landfill and a municipal solid waste landfill and two features of a hazardous waste landfill will be provided. The progress of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as Superfund will be provided. Hazardous waste can be very dangerous to humans and the environment. Hazardous waste must be handled and disposed of properly to ensure the safety of people and the environment. Wastes are defined as hazardous if they cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). The federal regulation governing hazardous waste is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). RCRA is enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The reason RCRA was introduced was because many hazardous wastes were being dumped or left on the ground and in waterways. RCRA provided guidance on how to properly handle, store, and dispose of hazardous waste. This regulation has significantly helped our preserve our environment. Characteristics of Hazardous Waste There are four characteristics of hazardous waste. Toxic wastes are one characteristic of hazardous waste. Toxic wastes are poisons, even in very small or trace amounts (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). Toxic waste are the most dangerous types of hazardous waste to people. Toxic wastes can be deadly to humans and animals. Toxic waste may cause an immediate danger to life and health (IDLH) or cause long term illness such as cancer. The other three characteristics of hazardous waste are reactive wastes, ignitable wastes, and corrosive wastes. These wastes are dangerous, but do not cause the dangerous health effects to humans and animals as toxic wastes do. Reactive wastes need something to help them become hazardous, unlike toxic wastes. Reactive wastes are unstable and tend to react vigorously with air, water, or other substances (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). Ignitable wastes typically need a heat source to ignite, but they can spontaneously combust during storage, transport, or disposal (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). Corrosive wastes can become a threat to human or animal health if the waste comes in contact with the skin. Corrosive wastes destroy materials and living tissue by chemical reaction (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). All characteristics of hazardous wastes are dangerous, which is why they have to be regulated. Human negligence with hazardous wastes have caused many disasters and many Superfund sites. Lists of Hazardous Waste There are four lists of hazardous waste, which are the F list, K list, P list, and the U list. These lists can be found in 40 CFR 261. The F list designates as hazardous particular solid wastes from certain industrial or manufacturing processes (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). Since the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F list wastes are known as wastes from nonspecific sources (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). Electroplating wastes, wood preserving wastes, and dioxin bearing wastes are some examples of waste on the F list (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). The K list of hazardous waste designates solid wastes form certain specific industries as hazardous (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). Wastes from iron and steel production, pesticide manufacturing, and petroleum refining are examples of wastes on the K list (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). The P list and the U list are similar in that both list as hazardous certain commercial chemical products when they are discarded or intended to be discarded (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). The difference in wastes on the P list and wastes on the U list is that those on the U list are identified as toxic wastes (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). Wastes from aluminum phosphide, ammonium picrate, acetic acid are just a few wastes on a very long list you would find on the P list (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). There are also many wastes on the U list, but benzene, calcium cromate, and chloroform are few that will be on the U list (“Hazardous Waste Listings”, 2012). Manifest Tracking System The manifest system of tracking hazardous wastes is a major element to RCRA which allows the hazardous waste to be tracked from its point of origin to the final disposal (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). The generator gives the manifest and the waste to a licensed waste transporter (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). The transporter delivers the waste to the destination and must comply with all DOT and EPA regulations (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). The driver will notify local authorities and take action to contain the waste in the event there is a leak during transport (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). Every time the manifest changes hands, the form must be signed and a copy is kept by each party involved (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). Treatment, Storage, and Disposal There are a few wastewater treatment plants in my area, there is actually one on the government installation where I work. We also have three different hazardous waste storage facilities where I work also. We have a storage facility for radiation waste, chemical waste, and solid waste. We do not have a disposal facility near my area, but we do have a transfer facility and will have another transfer facility in the near future. Hazardous Waste Landfill Features There are a few features that a hazardous waste landfill has that a municipal solid waste landfill (MSWL) does not have. A hazardous waste landfill is also known as a secure landfill. A secure landfill is constructed with a double impermeable bottom liner, a double leachate collection system, an impermeable cover or cap, and a groundwater monitoring system for the disposal of hazardous waste (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). A secure landfill also has a minimum of 10 feet of height separating the base of the landfill from underlying bedrock or a groundwater aquifer (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). The secure landfill also has a double liner on the bottom of the landfill to protect the ground from hazardous waste (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). The main progress of the Superfund is that people are more aware of how they handle, store, and dispose of hazardous waste. This knowledge keeps people and organizations from improperly disposing of hazardous waste because they know how it can harm people and the environment. Since we understand the effects, we now create less Superfund sites. This knowledge also may expedite cleanup of Superfund sites because public officials can and will pressure the Superfund process to be performed quickly due to health risks (Sigman, H. 2000). Health risks are the most important reason for expediting cleanup (Sigman, H. 2000). Hopefully in the future we can avoid creating Superfund sites to help keep our environment clean. Hazardous Waste Listings, (2012). A User-Friendly Reference Document. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-01/documents/hw_listref_sep2012.pdf Nathanson, J.A., & Schneider, R. A. (2015). Basic environmental technology: Water supply, waste management, and pollution control (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Sigman, H., (2000, May). The Pace of Progress at Superfund Sites: Policy Goals and Interest Group Influence. Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/papers/w7704 Click following link to download this document BEM 4351 Unit V Essay - Hazardous Waste.docx

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