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Is Moore's law still viable?

Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 posited a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41%. While Moore did not use empirical evidence in forecasting that the historical trend would continue, his prediction held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development, thus functioning to some extent as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022 Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view.

Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a circuit doubles about every two years. Through advancements in technology, Moore's law is still viable since 1975 with some experts believing the observation still holds and some seeing a slowing of Moore's observation.

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Instruction: Is Moore's law still viable? Context: Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 posited a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41%. While Moore did not use empirical evidence in forecasting that the historical trend would continue, his prediction held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development, thus functioning to some extent as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, the increase in memory capacity (RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. In September 2022 Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view. Response: Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a circuit doubles about every two years. Through advancements in technology, Moore's law is still viable since 1975 with some experts believing the observation still holds and some seeing a slowing of Moore's observation.

What book won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1990?

Hyperion by Dan Simmons

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Instruction: What book won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1990? Context: Response: Hyperion by Dan Simmons

In which popular 1970s educational computer game could a character die of dysentery or drowning due to a poorly-caulked wagon?

The Oregon Trail

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Instruction: In which popular 1970s educational computer game could a character die of dysentery or drowning due to a poorly-caulked wagon? Context: Response: The Oregon Trail

If you were to weigh each one of these items on average, what would be considered heavy and light if you were to carry them: boulder, pebble, feather, bowling ball, elephant, seed, sand, dirt, water, books, papers, backpack

heavy: boulder, bowling ball, elephant, sand, dirt, water, backpack light: feather, seed, books, papers

classification

Instruction: If you were to weigh each one of these items on average, what would be considered heavy and light if you were to carry them: boulder, pebble, feather, bowling ball, elephant, seed, sand, dirt, water, books, papers, backpack Context: Response: heavy: boulder, bowling ball, elephant, sand, dirt, water, backpack light: feather, seed, books, papers

Why is Sauna or heat therapy good for you?

Thanks to our Finnish friends to the north, doctors have been able to collect great data on the effects of regular sauna use in adults. In Finland there are over 2.2 million saunas in a land with less than 6 million people total. Because regular Sauna use is part of their culture, scientists were able to find that going into a sauna at least 5 times a week for a minimum of 12 minutes provided significant improvement in cardiovascular function and overall improvement to health and mood. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood it is believed that the body releases spiked amounts of Human Growth Hormones from the bone marrow in your femur along with releasing heat shock proteins that allow the body to remove damaged cells. These factors have shown a reduced risk of certain kinds of cancers, improved sleep, and seems to also have a hand in the slowing of the aging process.

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Instruction: Why is Sauna or heat therapy good for you? Context: Response: Thanks to our Finnish friends to the north, doctors have been able to collect great data on the effects of regular sauna use in adults. In Finland there are over 2.2 million saunas in a land with less than 6 million people total. Because regular Sauna use is part of their culture, scientists were able to find that going into a sauna at least 5 times a week for a minimum of 12 minutes provided significant improvement in cardiovascular function and overall improvement to health and mood. Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood it is believed that the body releases spiked amounts of Human Growth Hormones from the bone marrow in your femur along with releasing heat shock proteins that allow the body to remove damaged cells. These factors have shown a reduced risk of certain kinds of cancers, improved sleep, and seems to also have a hand in the slowing of the aging process.

Which is the most sparsely populates nation?

Mongolia (/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (listen)) is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.

Mongolia

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Instruction: Which is the most sparsely populates nation? Context: Mongolia (/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (listen)) is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population. Response: Mongolia

Identify which car manufacturer is Chinese or American: Dodge, Foton

Foton is Chinese, Dodge is American

classification

Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is Chinese or American: Dodge, Foton Context: Response: Foton is Chinese, Dodge is American

tell me about the whole world

"This Whole World" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1970 album Sunflower. Written by Brian Wilson, the song features his brother Carl on lead vocals and is credited as a Beach Boys production. Earlier in the year, it had been included on the Warner Brothers promotional sampler album The Big Ball, and as a single, fronted with "Slip On Through", but did not make the U.S. or UK pop charts. Background Brian recalled writing "This Whole World" during one night at his Beverly Hills mansion when he was "stoned and confused". He stated that the song was written in approximately 90 minutes at around 2:00 a.m. "I got up and went to my white Baldwin organ and I was playing around and thinking about the love of this whole world and that’s what inspired me to write the song." He also said of the song: "A very special vocal by Carl, and the lyrics are very spiritual. The melody and chord pattern rambles but it comes back to where it started." Regarding the lyrics, he said, "It’s about love in general. ... That song came from deep down in me, from the feeling I had that the whole world should be about love. When I wrote that song I wanted to capture that idea.'" Composition Biographer Mark Dillon characterized "This Whole World" as an "old-fashioned" rock song with "doo-wop trimmings" that contains an unorthodox structure and numerous key modulations. Musician Scott McCaughey said that the structure followed an A/B/C/A/B/C pattern, however, "it seems to never repeat itself once. Every section has something new and different going on." Musicologist Philip Lambert offered a summary of the song's exceptional "tonal transience": First, a C-major phrase ends on IV, which becomes ♭VI in A, and then an A-major phrase ends on iii, which becomes a new i in C♯. This new phrase then moves through a diatonic bass descent from 1̂ to 5̂, eventually arriving at the key of B♭ using the same pivot relationship heard earlier between C and A (IV = ♭VI). Finally, the phrase in B♭ concludes on V, which is reinterpreted as IV to return to C major ... In 1978, Beach Boys supporting keyboardist Daryl Dragon commented on the song's various key changes: "From a harmony standpoint, I've never heard a song like that since I've been in pop music. I've never heard a song go through that many changes and come back." Recording The track was recorded in one session on November 13, 1969 at Beach Boys Studio. According to Brian: "I produced that record. I taught Carl the lead and the other guys the background vocal, especially the meditation part at the end: 'Om dot dit it.'" The track originally ran "far longer" but was trimmed down. Brian later commented, "I remember 'This Whole World' took a couple of days to record. It took a lot of hard work to get that one but I’m real happy with it." Another version with an alternate ending was created for an Eastern Airlines commercial that the group briefly appeared in. Critical reception AllMusic wrote: "Brian reestablished his reputation as one of the most brilliant melody

"This Whole World" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1970 album Sunflower. Written by Brian Wilson, the song features his brother Carl on lead vocals and is credited as a Beach Boys production. Brian recalled writing "This Whole World" one night at his Beverly Hills mansion when he was "stoned and confused." He stated that the song was written in approximately 90 minutes at around 2:00 a.m. "I got up and went to my white Baldwin organ, and I was playing around and thinking about the love of this whole world, and that's what inspired me to write the song." He also said of the song: "An exceptional vocal by Carl, and the lyrics are very spiritual. The melody and chord pattern rambles, returning to where it started." Regarding the lyrics, he said, "It's about love in general. Biographer Mark Dillon characterized "This Whole World" as an "old-fashioned" rock song with "doo-wop trimmings" that contains an unorthodox structure and numerous key modulations. Musician Scott McCaughey said that the structure followed an A/B/C/A/B/C pattern, however, "it seems never to repeat itself once. This new phrase then moves through a diatonic bass descent from 1̂ to 5̂, eventually arriving at the key of B♭ using the same pivot relationship heard earlier between C and A (IV = ♭VI). In 1978, Beach Boys supporting keyboardist Daryl Dragon commented on the song's various key changes: "From a harmony standpoint, I've never heard a song like that since I've been in pop music. I've never heard a song go through that many changes and return." The track was recorded in one session at Beach Boys Studio on November 13, 1969. According to Brian: "I produced that record. I taught Carl the lead and the other guys the background vocal, especially the meditation part at the end: 'Om dot dit it.'" The track originally ran "far longer" but was trimmed down. Brian later commented, "This Whole World' took a couple of days to record.

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Instruction: tell me about the whole world Context: "This Whole World" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1970 album Sunflower. Written by Brian Wilson, the song features his brother Carl on lead vocals and is credited as a Beach Boys production. Earlier in the year, it had been included on the Warner Brothers promotional sampler album The Big Ball, and as a single, fronted with "Slip On Through", but did not make the U.S. or UK pop charts. Background Brian recalled writing "This Whole World" during one night at his Beverly Hills mansion when he was "stoned and confused". He stated that the song was written in approximately 90 minutes at around 2:00 a.m. "I got up and went to my white Baldwin organ and I was playing around and thinking about the love of this whole world and that’s what inspired me to write the song." He also said of the song: "A very special vocal by Carl, and the lyrics are very spiritual. The melody and chord pattern rambles but it comes back to where it started." Regarding the lyrics, he said, "It’s about love in general. ... That song came from deep down in me, from the feeling I had that the whole world should be about love. When I wrote that song I wanted to capture that idea.'" Composition Biographer Mark Dillon characterized "This Whole World" as an "old-fashioned" rock song with "doo-wop trimmings" that contains an unorthodox structure and numerous key modulations. Musician Scott McCaughey said that the structure followed an A/B/C/A/B/C pattern, however, "it seems to never repeat itself once. Every section has something new and different going on." Musicologist Philip Lambert offered a summary of the song's exceptional "tonal transience": First, a C-major phrase ends on IV, which becomes ♭VI in A, and then an A-major phrase ends on iii, which becomes a new i in C♯. This new phrase then moves through a diatonic bass descent from 1̂ to 5̂, eventually arriving at the key of B♭ using the same pivot relationship heard earlier between C and A (IV = ♭VI). Finally, the phrase in B♭ concludes on V, which is reinterpreted as IV to return to C major ... In 1978, Beach Boys supporting keyboardist Daryl Dragon commented on the song's various key changes: "From a harmony standpoint, I've never heard a song like that since I've been in pop music. I've never heard a song go through that many changes and come back." Recording The track was recorded in one session on November 13, 1969 at Beach Boys Studio. According to Brian: "I produced that record. I taught Carl the lead and the other guys the background vocal, especially the meditation part at the end: 'Om dot dit it.'" The track originally ran "far longer" but was trimmed down. Brian later commented, "I remember 'This Whole World' took a couple of days to record. It took a lot of hard work to get that one but I’m real happy with it." Another version with an alternate ending was created for an Eastern Airlines commercial that the group briefly appeared in. Critical reception AllMusic wrote: "Brian reestablished his reputation as one of the most brilliant melody Response: "This Whole World" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1970 album Sunflower. Written by Brian Wilson, the song features his brother Carl on lead vocals and is credited as a Beach Boys production. Brian recalled writing "This Whole World" one night at his Beverly Hills mansion when he was "stoned and confused." He stated that the song was written in approximately 90 minutes at around 2:00 a.m. "I got up and went to my white Baldwin organ, and I was playing around and thinking about the love of this whole world, and that's what inspired me to write the song." He also said of the song: "An exceptional vocal by Carl, and the lyrics are very spiritual. The melody and chord pattern rambles, returning to where it started." Regarding the lyrics, he said, "It's about love in general. Biographer Mark Dillon characterized "This Whole World" as an "old-fashioned" rock song with "doo-wop trimmings" that contains an unorthodox structure and numerous key modulations. Musician Scott McCaughey said that the structure followed an A/B/C/A/B/C pattern, however, "it seems never to repeat itself once. This new phrase then moves through a diatonic bass descent from 1̂ to 5̂, eventually arriving at the key of B♭ using the same pivot relationship heard earlier between C and A (IV = ♭VI). In 1978, Beach Boys supporting keyboardist Daryl Dragon commented on the song's various key changes: "From a harmony standpoint, I've never heard a song like that since I've been in pop music. I've never heard a song go through that many changes and return." The track was recorded in one session at Beach Boys Studio on November 13, 1969. According to Brian: "I produced that record. I taught Carl the lead and the other guys the background vocal, especially the meditation part at the end: 'Om dot dit it.'" The track originally ran "far longer" but was trimmed down. Brian later commented, "This Whole World' took a couple of days to record.

Can foreign nationals get an Aadhaar in India?

Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identity number that can be obtained voluntarily by the citizens of India and resident foreign nationals who have spent over 182 days in twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment, based on their biometric and demographic data. The data is collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), a statutory authority established in January 2009 by the Government of India, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016. Aadhaar is the world's largest biometric ID system. World Bank Chief Economist Paul Romer described Aadhaar as "the most sophisticated ID programme in the world". Considered a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship, Aadhaar does not itself grant any rights to domicile in India. In June 2017, the Home Ministry clarified that Aadhaar is not a valid identification document for Indians travelling to Nepal and Bhutan. Prior to the enactment of the Act, the UIDAI had functioned, since 28 January 2009, as an attached office of the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog). On 3 March 2016, a money bill was introduced in the Parliament to give legislative backing to Aadhaar. On 11 March 2016, the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016, was passed in the Lok Sabha.

Resident foreign nationals who have spent over 182 days in twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment, based on their biometric and demographic data get an Aadhaar.

summarization

Instruction: Can foreign nationals get an Aadhaar in India? Context: Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identity number that can be obtained voluntarily by the citizens of India and resident foreign nationals who have spent over 182 days in twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment, based on their biometric and demographic data. The data is collected by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), a statutory authority established in January 2009 by the Government of India, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, following the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016. Aadhaar is the world's largest biometric ID system. World Bank Chief Economist Paul Romer described Aadhaar as "the most sophisticated ID programme in the world". Considered a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship, Aadhaar does not itself grant any rights to domicile in India. In June 2017, the Home Ministry clarified that Aadhaar is not a valid identification document for Indians travelling to Nepal and Bhutan. Prior to the enactment of the Act, the UIDAI had functioned, since 28 January 2009, as an attached office of the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog). On 3 March 2016, a money bill was introduced in the Parliament to give legislative backing to Aadhaar. On 11 March 2016, the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016, was passed in the Lok Sabha. Response: Resident foreign nationals who have spent over 182 days in twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment, based on their biometric and demographic data get an Aadhaar.

Which French philosopher created analytical geometry

Rene Decartes

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Instruction: Which French philosopher created analytical geometry Context: Response: Rene Decartes

What is table tennis and why is it popular

Table tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a racket sport derived from tennis but distinguished by its playing surface being atop a stationary table, rather than the court on which players stand. Either individually or in teams of two, players take alternating turns returning a light, hollow ball over the table's net onto the opposing half of the court using small rackets until they fail to do so, which results in a point for the opponent. Play is fast, requiring quick reaction and constant attention, and is characterized by an emphasis on spin relative to other ball sports, which can heavily affect the ball's trajectory. Owed to its small minimum playing area, its ability to be played indoors in all climates, and relative accessibility of equipment, table tennis is enjoyed worldwide not just as a competitive sport, but as a common recreational pastime among players of all levels and ages.

Table tennis is a sport that plays a ball on a table with rackets. Its rule has evolved over the years, like the material of the racket and balls, size of the balls. Like tennis, it can also play simple or double games. It is popular because it doesn't require a big area, and normally people can play it even at an older age.

summarization

Instruction: What is table tennis and why is it popular Context: Table tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a racket sport derived from tennis but distinguished by its playing surface being atop a stationary table, rather than the court on which players stand. Either individually or in teams of two, players take alternating turns returning a light, hollow ball over the table's net onto the opposing half of the court using small rackets until they fail to do so, which results in a point for the opponent. Play is fast, requiring quick reaction and constant attention, and is characterized by an emphasis on spin relative to other ball sports, which can heavily affect the ball's trajectory. Owed to its small minimum playing area, its ability to be played indoors in all climates, and relative accessibility of equipment, table tennis is enjoyed worldwide not just as a competitive sport, but as a common recreational pastime among players of all levels and ages. Response: Table tennis is a sport that plays a ball on a table with rackets. Its rule has evolved over the years, like the material of the racket and balls, size of the balls. Like tennis, it can also play simple or double games. It is popular because it doesn't require a big area, and normally people can play it even at an older age.

Classify the series according to the OTT platform they are on. The Witcher, Jack Ryan, The Rings of Power, Sweet Tooth

Netflix - The Witcher, Sweet Tooth Amazon Prime - Jack Ryan, The Rings of Power

classification

Instruction: Classify the series according to the OTT platform they are on. The Witcher, Jack Ryan, The Rings of Power, Sweet Tooth Context: Response: Netflix - The Witcher, Sweet Tooth Amazon Prime - Jack Ryan, The Rings of Power

What does the acronym MEDDPICC stand for?

MEDDPICC is a sales acronym that stands for Metric, Economic Buyer, Decision Criteria, Decision Process, Paper Process, Identified Pain, Champion and Competition. MEDDPICC is leveraged as a methodology and can be applied to any complex sales process. Sales Managers will use MEDDPICC to inspect deals to determine if the deal is committable for a particular quarter.

general_qa

Instruction: What does the acronym MEDDPICC stand for? Context: Response: MEDDPICC is a sales acronym that stands for Metric, Economic Buyer, Decision Criteria, Decision Process, Paper Process, Identified Pain, Champion and Competition. MEDDPICC is leveraged as a methodology and can be applied to any complex sales process. Sales Managers will use MEDDPICC to inspect deals to determine if the deal is committable for a particular quarter.

What is the best soccer club in history?

Real Madrid could be considered the best soccer club in history. The most coveted soccer club title in the World is the European Champions League and Real Madrid is the team that has won the title the most times. Real Madrid has won 14 times followed by Milan (7 times) and Bayern Munich and Liverpool (6 times). This incredible feat justify considering Real Madrid as the best soccer club in history.

general_qa

Instruction: What is the best soccer club in history? Context: Response: Real Madrid could be considered the best soccer club in history. The most coveted soccer club title in the World is the European Champions League and Real Madrid is the team that has won the title the most times. Real Madrid has won 14 times followed by Milan (7 times) and Bayern Munich and Liverpool (6 times). This incredible feat justify considering Real Madrid as the best soccer club in history.

What are your favorite musical instruments?

Guitar, flute, bagpipes, cello, saxophone.

brainstorming

Instruction: What are your favorite musical instruments? Context: Response: Guitar, flute, bagpipes, cello, saxophone.

Can dogs look up?

Despite what the character "Big Al" in the 2004 Horror Comedy "Shaun of the Dead" thought, dogs can, indeed, look up. The film is responsible for perpetuating the myth even though in context the quote is meant to throw doubt on the validity of anything that "Big Al" says.

general_qa

Instruction: Can dogs look up? Context: Response: Despite what the character "Big Al" in the 2004 Horror Comedy "Shaun of the Dead" thought, dogs can, indeed, look up. The film is responsible for perpetuating the myth even though in context the quote is meant to throw doubt on the validity of anything that "Big Al" says.

What are index funds?

Index funds are investment funds that follow a benchmark index, such as the S&P 500 or the Nasdaq 100. When you put money in an index fund, that cash is then used to invest in all the companies that make up the particular index, which gives you a more diverse portfolio than if you were buying individual stocks.

open_qa

Instruction: What are index funds? Context: Response: Index funds are investment funds that follow a benchmark index, such as the S&P 500 or the Nasdaq 100. When you put money in an index fund, that cash is then used to invest in all the companies that make up the particular index, which gives you a more diverse portfolio than if you were buying individual stocks.

How many windows does the building have based on the provided paragraph?

The main entrance on the west side of the building faces North 14th Avenue. The building is fronted by a concrete porch with three steps leading to louvered double doors surrounded by windows. Panels of five lights each flank the doors, and above it a seven panel fanlight frames a sign with the club's name. Gabled returns supported by pilasters and a pair of Tuscan columns show a neoclassical architectural influence. Two four-light windows with green shutters are centered on either side of the door. Each of the windows has green two-panel shutters with cutouts of a full moon on top and a crescent moon on the bottom. The north and south side have four windows each, and the back of the building has three. The building is painted white and sheathed in clapboard except the four bottom courses covered with asbestos shingles. The porches and roof are green.

There are a total of 13 windows. The side of the house with the entrance has two four-light windows, the north and south side have four windows each, and the back of the building has three. Therefore, in total, the house has 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 windows or 13 windows.

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Instruction: How many windows does the building have based on the provided paragraph? Context: The main entrance on the west side of the building faces North 14th Avenue. The building is fronted by a concrete porch with three steps leading to louvered double doors surrounded by windows. Panels of five lights each flank the doors, and above it a seven panel fanlight frames a sign with the club's name. Gabled returns supported by pilasters and a pair of Tuscan columns show a neoclassical architectural influence. Two four-light windows with green shutters are centered on either side of the door. Each of the windows has green two-panel shutters with cutouts of a full moon on top and a crescent moon on the bottom. The north and south side have four windows each, and the back of the building has three. The building is painted white and sheathed in clapboard except the four bottom courses covered with asbestos shingles. The porches and roof are green. Response: There are a total of 13 windows. The side of the house with the entrance has two four-light windows, the north and south side have four windows each, and the back of the building has three. Therefore, in total, the house has 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 windows or 13 windows.

Why is it so hard to predict which teams will make the Men's College Basketball Final Four?

Unlike other sports where playoff rounds can be a series of multiple games (such as the NBA, NHL, MLB, etc), the "March Madness" college basketball playoffs features single elimination games for each round, so in a one game playoff, upsets are much more likely than in a 7 game series, where the statistically better team is most like going to win. So, out of the 68 teams that make the tournament, it is hard to predict who will each round.

general_qa

Instruction: Why is it so hard to predict which teams will make the Men's College Basketball Final Four? Context: Response: Unlike other sports where playoff rounds can be a series of multiple games (such as the NBA, NHL, MLB, etc), the "March Madness" college basketball playoffs features single elimination games for each round, so in a one game playoff, upsets are much more likely than in a 7 game series, where the statistically better team is most like going to win. So, out of the 68 teams that make the tournament, it is hard to predict who will each round.

Why is soccer the most popular sport in the world?

Soccer is the most popular sport in the world because of several reasons including: It is easy to understand the rules and thus it is easy to play. The scoring system is simple - one goal equals 1 point. It does not require a lot of equipment. As a soccer player you have a lot of freedom in decision making compared to other sports like American football where players are expected to follow specific directions and plays from the coach. Soccer can be played in many different formats - from official team sizes with 11 players vs. 11 players to smaller teams of 2 players vs 2 players. Soccer is fun and exciting to play or watch.

open_qa

Instruction: Why is soccer the most popular sport in the world? Context: Response: Soccer is the most popular sport in the world because of several reasons including: It is easy to understand the rules and thus it is easy to play. The scoring system is simple - one goal equals 1 point. It does not require a lot of equipment. As a soccer player you have a lot of freedom in decision making compared to other sports like American football where players are expected to follow specific directions and plays from the coach. Soccer can be played in many different formats - from official team sizes with 11 players vs. 11 players to smaller teams of 2 players vs 2 players. Soccer is fun and exciting to play or watch.

Write a list of items that are “must buys” at Costco

1. Toilet Paper 2. Paper Towels 3 TV’s 4. Jewelry 5. Water Bottles 6. Any Meat Product 7. Avocados 8. Alcohol 9. Giant Shampoo & Conditioner 10. Clothes

brainstorming

Instruction: Write a list of items that are “must buys” at Costco Context: Response: 1. Toilet Paper 2. Paper Towels 3 TV’s 4. Jewelry 5. Water Bottles 6. Any Meat Product 7. Avocados 8. Alcohol 9. Giant Shampoo & Conditioner 10. Clothes

Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is hallucination?

A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks. Properties Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design. Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training. Hallucinations Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence) In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data. Emergent abilities On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities. Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs. Architecture and training Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus. The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens. LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million. A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters). Application to downstream tasks Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions. Fine-tuning Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning) Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen). Prompting See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing) In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows: Review: This movie stinks. Sentiment: negative Review: This movie is fantastic! Sentiment: If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is". Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering. Instruction tuning Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model

In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.

closed_qa

Instruction: Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is hallucination? Context: A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks. Properties Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design. Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training. Hallucinations Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence) In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data. Emergent abilities On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities. Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs. Architecture and training Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus. The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens. LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million. A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters). Application to downstream tasks Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions. Fine-tuning Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning) Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen). Prompting See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing) In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows: Review: This movie stinks. Sentiment: negative Review: This movie is fantastic! Sentiment: If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is". Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering. Instruction tuning Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model Response: In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.

Tell me if these drinks are alcoholic or not: Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew, Budweiser, Rum, Vodka, Tomato Juice, Orange Juice, Sprite, Tequila, Margarita

Budweiser, Rum, Vodka, Tequila and Margarita are alcoholic beverages

classification

Instruction: Tell me if these drinks are alcoholic or not: Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew, Budweiser, Rum, Vodka, Tomato Juice, Orange Juice, Sprite, Tequila, Margarita Context: Response: Budweiser, Rum, Vodka, Tequila and Margarita are alcoholic beverages

What is a spiral staircase?

A spiral staircase is a set of stairs that circles around a central pole and allows for a steeper ascent than other stair designs.

open_qa

Instruction: What is a spiral staircase? Context: Response: A spiral staircase is a set of stairs that circles around a central pole and allows for a steeper ascent than other stair designs.

Extract the most recent owner from the following Wikipedia paragraph.

Owners Further information: Category:Seattle Storm owners Barry and Ginger Ackerley, owners of the Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001) Howard Schultz, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2001–2006) Clay Bennett, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2007) Force 10 Hoops LLC, composed of Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, Ginny Gilder (2008–present)

The current owner of the Seattle Storm is Force 10 Hoops LLC, which is composed of Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, Ginny Gilder. They have owned the Seattle Storm since 2008.

information_extraction

Instruction: Extract the most recent owner from the following Wikipedia paragraph. Context: Owners Further information: Category:Seattle Storm owners Barry and Ginger Ackerley, owners of the Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001) Howard Schultz, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2001–2006) Clay Bennett, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2007) Force 10 Hoops LLC, composed of Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, Ginny Gilder (2008–present) Response: The current owner of the Seattle Storm is Force 10 Hoops LLC, which is composed of Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, Ginny Gilder. They have owned the Seattle Storm since 2008.

What are some defining qualities of authoritarianism?

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, An Authoritarian Regime: Spain, defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: Limited political pluralism, is realized with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. Political legitimacy is based upon appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems, such as underdevelopment or insurgency." Minimal political mobilization, and suppression of anti-regime activities. Ill-defined executive powers, often vague and shifting extend the power of the executive. Minimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislatures, free and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives, or both. Broadly defined, authoritarian states include countries that lack civil liberties such as freedom of religion, or countries in which the government and the opposition do not alternate in power at least once following free elections. Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. In contexts of democratic backsliding, scholars tend to identify authoritarian political leaders based on certain tactics, such as: politicizing independent institutions, spreading disinformation, aggrandizing executive power, quashing dissent, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and corrupting elections. Since 1946, the share of authoritarian states in the international political system increased until the mid-1970s but declined from then until the year 2000.

1. Limited political pluralism or outright rejection of political pluralism. 2. Lack of civil liberties 3. Lack of free, fair and competitive elections 4. So-called democratic institutions corrupted by authoritarian rule 5. Use of election tactics such as spreading misinformation, politicizing independent institutions, quashing dissent, engaging in culture wars, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and aggrandizing executive power. 6. Use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo at the cost of basic democratic ideals such as the rule of law, separation of powers, and voting rights.

summarization

Instruction: What are some defining qualities of authoritarianism? Context: Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, An Authoritarian Regime: Spain, defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: Limited political pluralism, is realized with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. Political legitimacy is based upon appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems, such as underdevelopment or insurgency." Minimal political mobilization, and suppression of anti-regime activities. Ill-defined executive powers, often vague and shifting extend the power of the executive. Minimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislatures, free and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives, or both. Broadly defined, authoritarian states include countries that lack civil liberties such as freedom of religion, or countries in which the government and the opposition do not alternate in power at least once following free elections. Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. In contexts of democratic backsliding, scholars tend to identify authoritarian political leaders based on certain tactics, such as: politicizing independent institutions, spreading disinformation, aggrandizing executive power, quashing dissent, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and corrupting elections. Since 1946, the share of authoritarian states in the international political system increased until the mid-1970s but declined from then until the year 2000. Response: 1. Limited political pluralism or outright rejection of political pluralism. 2. Lack of civil liberties 3. Lack of free, fair and competitive elections 4. So-called democratic institutions corrupted by authoritarian rule 5. Use of election tactics such as spreading misinformation, politicizing independent institutions, quashing dissent, engaging in culture wars, targeting vulnerable communities, stoking violence, and aggrandizing executive power. 6. Use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo at the cost of basic democratic ideals such as the rule of law, separation of powers, and voting rights.

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Celesta, Masenqo

Masenqo is string, Celesta is percussion.

classification

Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Celesta, Masenqo Context: Response: Masenqo is string, Celesta is percussion.

Can cats communicate?

Cats need to communicate with each other for bonding, and relating with each other; they need to collaborate, play, and share resources. When they communicate with people, they do so to get what they need or want, such as food, affection, or play. Cats use a range of communication methods such as vocal, visual, tactile and olfactory. Cats mostly meow to communicate with people, rarely with other animals. As such, the cats' communication methods have been significantly affected by domestication. Up to 21 different cat vocalizations have been studied. It is now evident that domestic cats meow more than feral cats.

Cat vocalizations have been categorized according to a range of characteristics. Originally suggested by Mildred Moelk, cat sounds are often divided into three main classes: sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs – purring, trilling) sounds produced when the mouth is first opened and then gradually closed (meowing, howling, yowling) sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position (growls, snarls, hisses, spits, chattering, and chirping). In 1944, Moelk published the first phonetic study of cat sounds. She listened very carefully to her own cats and organized their sounds into 16 phonetic patterns divided into three main categories. She also used a phonetic alphabet to transcribe or write down the different sounds. She claimed that cats had six different forms of meows to represent friendliness, confidence, dissatisfaction, anger, fear and pain. Moelk classified eight other sounds involved in mating and fighting by listening to the animals in her yard and on the street. Brown et al. categorized vocal responses of cats according to the behavioral context: during separation of kittens from mother cats, during food deprivation, during pain, prior to or during threat or attack behavior, as in disputes over territory or food, during a painful or acutely stressful experience, as in routine prophylactic injections and during kitten deprivation. Less commonly recorded calls from mature cats included purring, conspecific greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, "frustration" calls during training or extinction of conditioned responses. Miller classified vocalizations into five categories according to the sound produced: the purr, chirr, call, meow and growl/snarl/hiss. Owens et al. categorized cat vocalizations based on their acoustic structures. There are three categories: tonal sounds, pulse sounds, and broadband sounds. Tonal sounds are further categorized into groups of harmonically structured sounds or regular tonal sounds. Pulse vocalizations are separated into pulse bursts and hybrid pulse bursts with tonal endings. Broadband sounds are separated into four groups: non-tonal broadband sounds, broadband sounds with tonal beginnings, broadband sounds with short tonal elements, and broadband sounds with long tonal endings.

information_extraction

Instruction: Can cats communicate? Context: Cats need to communicate with each other for bonding, and relating with each other; they need to collaborate, play, and share resources. When they communicate with people, they do so to get what they need or want, such as food, affection, or play. Cats use a range of communication methods such as vocal, visual, tactile and olfactory. Cats mostly meow to communicate with people, rarely with other animals. As such, the cats' communication methods have been significantly affected by domestication. Up to 21 different cat vocalizations have been studied. It is now evident that domestic cats meow more than feral cats. Response: Cat vocalizations have been categorized according to a range of characteristics. Originally suggested by Mildred Moelk, cat sounds are often divided into three main classes: sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs – purring, trilling) sounds produced when the mouth is first opened and then gradually closed (meowing, howling, yowling) sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position (growls, snarls, hisses, spits, chattering, and chirping). In 1944, Moelk published the first phonetic study of cat sounds. She listened very carefully to her own cats and organized their sounds into 16 phonetic patterns divided into three main categories. She also used a phonetic alphabet to transcribe or write down the different sounds. She claimed that cats had six different forms of meows to represent friendliness, confidence, dissatisfaction, anger, fear and pain. Moelk classified eight other sounds involved in mating and fighting by listening to the animals in her yard and on the street. Brown et al. categorized vocal responses of cats according to the behavioral context: during separation of kittens from mother cats, during food deprivation, during pain, prior to or during threat or attack behavior, as in disputes over territory or food, during a painful or acutely stressful experience, as in routine prophylactic injections and during kitten deprivation. Less commonly recorded calls from mature cats included purring, conspecific greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, "frustration" calls during training or extinction of conditioned responses. Miller classified vocalizations into five categories according to the sound produced: the purr, chirr, call, meow and growl/snarl/hiss. Owens et al. categorized cat vocalizations based on their acoustic structures. There are three categories: tonal sounds, pulse sounds, and broadband sounds. Tonal sounds are further categorized into groups of harmonically structured sounds or regular tonal sounds. Pulse vocalizations are separated into pulse bursts and hybrid pulse bursts with tonal endings. Broadband sounds are separated into four groups: non-tonal broadband sounds, broadband sounds with tonal beginnings, broadband sounds with short tonal elements, and broadband sounds with long tonal endings.

How many continents are there on Earth?

There are 7 continents - Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

open_qa

Instruction: How many continents are there on Earth? Context: Response: There are 7 continents - Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

What genre did the Chicks (formerly the Dixie Chicks) begin their career in?

The Chicks established themselves in the genre of Country Music

open_qa

Instruction: What genre did the Chicks (formerly the Dixie Chicks) begin their career in? Context: Response: The Chicks established themselves in the genre of Country Music

When he lived in the mountains of Alaska, was Richard Proenneke in full autonomy?

Richard Louis Proenneke (/ˈprɛnəkiː/; May 4, 1916 – April 20, 2003) was an American self-educated naturalist, conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer who, from the age of about 51, lived alone for nearly thirty years (1968–1998) in the mountains of Alaska in a log cabin that he constructed by hand near the shore of Twin Lakes. Proenneke hunted, fished, raised and gathered much of his own food, and also had supplies flown in occasionally. He documented his activities in journals and on film, and also recorded valuable meteorological and natural data. The journals and film were later used by others to write books and produce documentaries about his time in the wilderness.

No, he was getting some of his food by plane.

closed_qa

Instruction: When he lived in the mountains of Alaska, was Richard Proenneke in full autonomy? Context: Richard Louis Proenneke (/ˈprɛnəkiː/; May 4, 1916 – April 20, 2003) was an American self-educated naturalist, conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer who, from the age of about 51, lived alone for nearly thirty years (1968–1998) in the mountains of Alaska in a log cabin that he constructed by hand near the shore of Twin Lakes. Proenneke hunted, fished, raised and gathered much of his own food, and also had supplies flown in occasionally. He documented his activities in journals and on film, and also recorded valuable meteorological and natural data. The journals and film were later used by others to write books and produce documentaries about his time in the wilderness. Response: No, he was getting some of his food by plane.

Is the harmonic distribution a discrete distribution?

In probability theory and statistics, the harmonic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It was discovered by Étienne Halphen, who had become interested in the statistical modeling of natural events. His practical experience in data analysis motivated him to pioneer a new system of distributions that provided sufficient flexibility to fit a large variety of data sets. Halphen restricted his search to distributions whose parameters could be estimated using simple statistical approaches.

No, it is a continuous distribution.

information_extraction

Instruction: Is the harmonic distribution a discrete distribution? Context: In probability theory and statistics, the harmonic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It was discovered by Étienne Halphen, who had become interested in the statistical modeling of natural events. His practical experience in data analysis motivated him to pioneer a new system of distributions that provided sufficient flexibility to fit a large variety of data sets. Halphen restricted his search to distributions whose parameters could be estimated using simple statistical approaches. Response: No, it is a continuous distribution.

Where is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems?

The Adobe World Headquarters is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems, located in San Jose, California. The buildings are known for their green design. The West Tower is listed as an Energy Star labeled building by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, all three towers were awarded Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification by the United States Green Building Council for environmental sustainability.

San Jose, California

closed_qa

Instruction: Where is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems? Context: The Adobe World Headquarters is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems, located in San Jose, California. The buildings are known for their green design. The West Tower is listed as an Energy Star labeled building by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, all three towers were awarded Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification by the United States Green Building Council for environmental sustainability. Response: San Jose, California

Who ordered John the Baptists execution

King Herod

open_qa

Instruction: Who ordered John the Baptists execution Context: Response: King Herod

What are the titles of the songs on Side B for this album?

Side A 1. "H2O Gate Blues" – 7:58 (about the Watergate break-in and cover-up) (from Winter in America) 2. "We Beg Your Pardon (Pardon our Analysis)" – 7:52 (about the pardon of Richard Nixon) (from The First Minute of a New Day) 3. "The New Deal" – 3:10 Side B 4. "Jose Campos Torres" – 2:36 (about Jose Campos Torres, a U.S. Army veteran who was arrested and then murdered and tossed into a bayou by two police officers in Houston in 1978, spurring the Moody Park Riot) 5. "The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)" – 12:57 6. "Bicentennial Blues" – 8:39 (from It's Your World)

"Jose Campos Torres" "The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)" "Bicentennial Blues"

information_extraction

Instruction: What are the titles of the songs on Side B for this album? Context: Side A 1. "H2O Gate Blues" – 7:58 (about the Watergate break-in and cover-up) (from Winter in America) 2. "We Beg Your Pardon (Pardon our Analysis)" – 7:52 (about the pardon of Richard Nixon) (from The First Minute of a New Day) 3. "The New Deal" – 3:10 Side B 4. "Jose Campos Torres" – 2:36 (about Jose Campos Torres, a U.S. Army veteran who was arrested and then murdered and tossed into a bayou by two police officers in Houston in 1978, spurring the Moody Park Riot) 5. "The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)" – 12:57 6. "Bicentennial Blues" – 8:39 (from It's Your World) Response: "Jose Campos Torres" "The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)" "Bicentennial Blues"

Give me a list of 3 good ways to gain weight.

Here is a list of 3 good ways to gain weight: 1. Eat more food, especially highly processed foods and foods high in sugars 2. Don't exercise, sit and do nothing for as long as you can 3. Drink sugary drinks for extra calories

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a list of 3 good ways to gain weight. Context: Response: Here is a list of 3 good ways to gain weight: 1. Eat more food, especially highly processed foods and foods high in sugars 2. Don't exercise, sit and do nothing for as long as you can 3. Drink sugary drinks for extra calories

Tell me whether these numbers are odd or even

10, 2, 7, 17, 777, 1284, 28, 57, 298, 102

classification

Instruction: Tell me whether these numbers are odd or even Context: Response: 10, 2, 7, 17, 777, 1284, 28, 57, 298, 102

Who are ''The Lumières" ?

The Lumières (literally in English: The Lights) was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement beginning in the second half of the 17th century, originating in western Europe and spreading throughout the rest of Europe. It included philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza, David Hume, John Locke, Edward Gibbon, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Pierre Bayle and Isaac Newton. This movement is influenced by the scientific revolution in southern Europe arising directly from the Italian renaissance with people like Galileo Galilei. Over time it came to mean the Siècle des Lumières, in English the Age of Enlightenment.[Note 1] Members of the movement saw themselves as a progressive élite, and battled against religious and political persecution, fighting against what they saw as the irrationality, arbitrariness, obscurantism and superstition of the previous centuries. They redefined the study of knowledge to fit the ethics and aesthetics of their time. Their works had great influence at the end of the 18th century, in the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution. This intellectual and cultural renewal by the Lumières movement was, in its strictest sense, limited to Europe. These ideas were well understood in Europe, but beyond France the idea of "enlightenment" had generally meant a light from outside, whereas in France it meant a light coming from within oneself. In the most general terms, in science and philosophy, the Enlightenment aimed for the triumph of reason over faith and belief; in politics and economics, the triumph of the bourgeois over nobility and clergy.

open_qa

Instruction: Who are ''The Lumières" ? Context: Response: The Lumières (literally in English: The Lights) was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement beginning in the second half of the 17th century, originating in western Europe and spreading throughout the rest of Europe. It included philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza, David Hume, John Locke, Edward Gibbon, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Pierre Bayle and Isaac Newton. This movement is influenced by the scientific revolution in southern Europe arising directly from the Italian renaissance with people like Galileo Galilei. Over time it came to mean the Siècle des Lumières, in English the Age of Enlightenment.[Note 1] Members of the movement saw themselves as a progressive élite, and battled against religious and political persecution, fighting against what they saw as the irrationality, arbitrariness, obscurantism and superstition of the previous centuries. They redefined the study of knowledge to fit the ethics and aesthetics of their time. Their works had great influence at the end of the 18th century, in the American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution. This intellectual and cultural renewal by the Lumières movement was, in its strictest sense, limited to Europe. These ideas were well understood in Europe, but beyond France the idea of "enlightenment" had generally meant a light from outside, whereas in France it meant a light coming from within oneself. In the most general terms, in science and philosophy, the Enlightenment aimed for the triumph of reason over faith and belief; in politics and economics, the triumph of the bourgeois over nobility and clergy.

What is the largest fresh water lake?

Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl, -ˈkæl/, Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal [ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ]) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water, Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's deepest lake, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms), and the world's oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area. It is among the world's clearest lakes. Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years.

Lake Baikal, located in Russia in the southern region of Sibera is the largest and deepest fresh water lake, containing 20% of Earth's fresh surface water.

closed_qa

Instruction: What is the largest fresh water lake? Context: Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl, -ˈkæl/, Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal [ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ]) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water, Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's deepest lake, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms), and the world's oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area. It is among the world's clearest lakes. Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years. Response: Lake Baikal, located in Russia in the southern region of Sibera is the largest and deepest fresh water lake, containing 20% of Earth's fresh surface water.

What is Central Park?

Central Park is an urban park in New York City located between the Upper West and Upper East Sides of Manhattan. It is the fifth-largest park in the city, covering 843 acres (341 ha). It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 42 million visitors annually as of 2016, and is the most filmed location in the world.

Central Park is an urban park located in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, NY. It is located between the Upper West Side and the Upper East Side. It is 843 acres and is actually the 5th largest park in the city. It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 42 million visitors annually.

summarization

Instruction: What is Central Park? Context: Central Park is an urban park in New York City located between the Upper West and Upper East Sides of Manhattan. It is the fifth-largest park in the city, covering 843 acres (341 ha). It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 42 million visitors annually as of 2016, and is the most filmed location in the world. Response: Central Park is an urban park located in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, NY. It is located between the Upper West Side and the Upper East Side. It is 843 acres and is actually the 5th largest park in the city. It is the most visited urban park in the United States, with an estimated 42 million visitors annually.

How difficult is it to learn how to water ski?

For most people, learning how to water ski on two skis is pretty easy, but learning how to single ski is quite difficult. A recommended way to work toward learning how to single ski is to start on two skis, and then learn how to drop a ski. Once you are comfortable dropping a ski, you can then try starting from a single ski, which may take many weeks to learn, as well as require a fair amount of strength and athleticism.

open_qa

Instruction: How difficult is it to learn how to water ski? Context: Response: For most people, learning how to water ski on two skis is pretty easy, but learning how to single ski is quite difficult. A recommended way to work toward learning how to single ski is to start on two skis, and then learn how to drop a ski. Once you are comfortable dropping a ski, you can then try starting from a single ski, which may take many weeks to learn, as well as require a fair amount of strength and athleticism.

When was the first episode of Big Brother on CBS?

The first episode of Big Brother aired on CBS in July 2000.

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Instruction: When was the first episode of Big Brother on CBS? Context: Response: The first episode of Big Brother aired on CBS in July 2000.

Who invented the computer?

Charles Babbage is widely credited with having conceived the idea for the first computer, and indeed he has been referred to as the "father of computing." His designs led to the creation of the world's first digital device - "the Difference Engine". Babbage's ideas were picked up by Ada Lovelace, who described an algorithm to compute Bernoulli numbers using one of his proposed devices. In documenting this algorithm, Lovelace has been recognised as the world's first computer programmer, and in the notes that accompanied it she is also credited with making the first distinction between hardware and software. Alan Turing is often recognised as being the father of modern computer science, and for developing the first modern computers. During the Second World War, Turing's devices broke the Enigma Code, which was used by the Germans to encode all of their military communications. In so doing, Turing is credited with saving millions of lives. After the war, Turing published a detailed design for an "Automatic Computing Engine" (ACE), which very much a precursor of the modern computer, even storing its programs in memory. In 1950, Turing published a paper describing what become known as the "Turing Test" - a method to compare human and machine outputs. This paper is widely seen as being a seminal moment in the development of Artificial Intelligence.

general_qa

Instruction: Who invented the computer? Context: Response: Charles Babbage is widely credited with having conceived the idea for the first computer, and indeed he has been referred to as the "father of computing." His designs led to the creation of the world's first digital device - "the Difference Engine". Babbage's ideas were picked up by Ada Lovelace, who described an algorithm to compute Bernoulli numbers using one of his proposed devices. In documenting this algorithm, Lovelace has been recognised as the world's first computer programmer, and in the notes that accompanied it she is also credited with making the first distinction between hardware and software. Alan Turing is often recognised as being the father of modern computer science, and for developing the first modern computers. During the Second World War, Turing's devices broke the Enigma Code, which was used by the Germans to encode all of their military communications. In so doing, Turing is credited with saving millions of lives. After the war, Turing published a detailed design for an "Automatic Computing Engine" (ACE), which very much a precursor of the modern computer, even storing its programs in memory. In 1950, Turing published a paper describing what become known as the "Turing Test" - a method to compare human and machine outputs. This paper is widely seen as being a seminal moment in the development of Artificial Intelligence.

Why did Kim Kardashian and Ye divorce?

Kim Kardashian and Ye experienced marital stress from many causes. The initial commonly cited reason by social outlets for their separation and later divorce was tensions that arose from Ye's erratic behavior on social media and in public spheres.

open_qa

Instruction: Why did Kim Kardashian and Ye divorce? Context: Response: Kim Kardashian and Ye experienced marital stress from many causes. The initial commonly cited reason by social outlets for their separation and later divorce was tensions that arose from Ye's erratic behavior on social media and in public spheres.

From the passage provided, extract the list of Indian winners of the Academy Awards. Separate them with a comma.

At the 30th Academy Awards, Mehboob Khan's 1957 Hindi-language film Mother India was India's first submission for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film category. It was nominated alongside four other films and lost to the Italian film Nights of Cabiria (1957) by one vote. In 1982, The National Film Development Corporation of India was instrumental in co-producing Richard Attenborough's biographical film Gandhi. At the 55th Academy Awards, Bhanu Athaiya became the first Indian to win an Academy Award for designing the costumes. Ravi Shankar was nominated for Best Original Score for the same film. As of 2023, three Indian films have been nominated for Best International Feature—Mother India, Salaam Bombay! (1988) and Lagaan (2001). In 1992, legendary Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray was bestowed with an Honorary Academy Award, becoming the only Indian to date to receive the honour. Resul Pookutty and A. R. Rahman won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing and Best Original Score, respectively, for the 2008 British film Slumdog Millionaire. Rahman also won for Best Original Song alongside lyricist Gulzar for the song "Jai Ho", becoming the first Indian to date to have won more than one Academy Award. Rahman also holds the record for most nominations for an Indian with five total nominations to date, followed by Ismail Merchant with four nominations (three for Best Picture and once for Live Action Short).

Bhanu Athaiya, Resul Pookutty , A. R. Rahman

information_extraction

Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the list of Indian winners of the Academy Awards. Separate them with a comma. Context: At the 30th Academy Awards, Mehboob Khan's 1957 Hindi-language film Mother India was India's first submission for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film category. It was nominated alongside four other films and lost to the Italian film Nights of Cabiria (1957) by one vote. In 1982, The National Film Development Corporation of India was instrumental in co-producing Richard Attenborough's biographical film Gandhi. At the 55th Academy Awards, Bhanu Athaiya became the first Indian to win an Academy Award for designing the costumes. Ravi Shankar was nominated for Best Original Score for the same film. As of 2023, three Indian films have been nominated for Best International Feature—Mother India, Salaam Bombay! (1988) and Lagaan (2001). In 1992, legendary Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray was bestowed with an Honorary Academy Award, becoming the only Indian to date to receive the honour. Resul Pookutty and A. R. Rahman won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing and Best Original Score, respectively, for the 2008 British film Slumdog Millionaire. Rahman also won for Best Original Song alongside lyricist Gulzar for the song "Jai Ho", becoming the first Indian to date to have won more than one Academy Award. Rahman also holds the record for most nominations for an Indian with five total nominations to date, followed by Ismail Merchant with four nominations (three for Best Picture and once for Live Action Short). Response: Bhanu Athaiya, Resul Pookutty , A. R. Rahman

How many dwarf planets are there in our solar system. Describe each of them

There is only 1 dwarf planet in the inner solar system and it is Ceres. There are 4 other dwarf planets, but they are present outside of the Solar system. Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt between the Mars and the Jupiter. NASA's spacecraft Dawn visited Ceres in 2015. Day time surface temperatures in Ceres span from -136 degrees Fahrenheit to -28 degrees Fahrenheit

creative_writing

Instruction: How many dwarf planets are there in our solar system. Describe each of them Context: Response: There is only 1 dwarf planet in the inner solar system and it is Ceres. There are 4 other dwarf planets, but they are present outside of the Solar system. Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt between the Mars and the Jupiter. NASA's spacecraft Dawn visited Ceres in 2015. Day time surface temperatures in Ceres span from -136 degrees Fahrenheit to -28 degrees Fahrenheit

What is an acoholic?

An alcoholic is someone who is unable to control the amount of alcohol they consume. Loss of control with any substance is how addiction starts. Alcoholism is a form of uncontrolled addiction. The most dangerous kind of addiction is one where a person is in denial that they have an addiction. Alcoholism like other additions if not treated can lead to kidney failure and ultimately death in the long run. It's best if you know someone with an alcoholic addition to try and intervene and get them help through a 12-step or alcoholics anonymous program.

open_qa

Instruction: What is an acoholic? Context: Response: An alcoholic is someone who is unable to control the amount of alcohol they consume. Loss of control with any substance is how addiction starts. Alcoholism is a form of uncontrolled addiction. The most dangerous kind of addiction is one where a person is in denial that they have an addiction. Alcoholism like other additions if not treated can lead to kidney failure and ultimately death in the long run. It's best if you know someone with an alcoholic addition to try and intervene and get them help through a 12-step or alcoholics anonymous program.

Tell me whether these are flowers or fruit: apples, oranges, pineapples, bananas, strawberries, daisies, sunflowers, roses, poppies

Apples are a fruit. Oranges are a fruit. Pineapples are a fruit. Bananas are a fruit. Strawberries are a fruit. Daisies are a flower. Sunflowers are a flower. Roses are a flower. Poppies are a flower.

classification

Instruction: Tell me whether these are flowers or fruit: apples, oranges, pineapples, bananas, strawberries, daisies, sunflowers, roses, poppies Context: Response: Apples are a fruit. Oranges are a fruit. Pineapples are a fruit. Bananas are a fruit. Strawberries are a fruit. Daisies are a flower. Sunflowers are a flower. Roses are a flower. Poppies are a flower.

Of these senior crew members of the HMS Bounty, which turned out to be mutineers and which were loyalists: William Bligh, John Fryer, Fletcher Christian, William Cole, William Peckover, William Purcell, William Elphinstone, Thomas Ledward, John Hallett, Thomas Hayward

William Bligh - Loyalist John Fryer - Loyalist Fletcher Christian - Mutineer William Cole - Loyalist William Peckover - Loyalist William Purcell - Loyalist William Elphinstone - Loyalist Thomas Ledward - Loyalist John Hallett - Loyalist Thomas Hayward - Loyalist

classification

Instruction: Of these senior crew members of the HMS Bounty, which turned out to be mutineers and which were loyalists: William Bligh, John Fryer, Fletcher Christian, William Cole, William Peckover, William Purcell, William Elphinstone, Thomas Ledward, John Hallett, Thomas Hayward Context: Response: William Bligh - Loyalist John Fryer - Loyalist Fletcher Christian - Mutineer William Cole - Loyalist William Peckover - Loyalist William Purcell - Loyalist William Elphinstone - Loyalist Thomas Ledward - Loyalist John Hallett - Loyalist Thomas Hayward - Loyalist

Give me a list of five surf spots in Southern California

Rincon, Malibu, Salt Creek, Trestles, Blacks Beach

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a list of five surf spots in Southern California Context: Response: Rincon, Malibu, Salt Creek, Trestles, Blacks Beach

Given this paragraph about Wabuska, Nevada, when was a post office first opened in the town?

Wabuska is an unincorporated community in Lyon County, Nevada, United States. The zip code is 89447, which it shares with nearby Yerington. Wabuska (Washo language, White Grass) was established in the early 1870s. A post office was opened on September 18, 1874. In 1881, the town served as the principal Mason Valley supply center on the newly constructed Carson and Colorado Railroad of a line that went from Hazen to Mina. When copper was discovered in Mason Valley, the town became the northern terminus of the new Nevada Copper Belt Railroad, built 1909–1911. Wabuska waned with declining mining activity in the 1920s. Several buildings from Wabuska, most notably the Wabuska Railroad Station, were relocated to Carson City and incorporated as the Nevada State Railroad Museum.

September 18, 1874

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Instruction: Given this paragraph about Wabuska, Nevada, when was a post office first opened in the town? Context: Wabuska is an unincorporated community in Lyon County, Nevada, United States. The zip code is 89447, which it shares with nearby Yerington. Wabuska (Washo language, White Grass) was established in the early 1870s. A post office was opened on September 18, 1874. In 1881, the town served as the principal Mason Valley supply center on the newly constructed Carson and Colorado Railroad of a line that went from Hazen to Mina. When copper was discovered in Mason Valley, the town became the northern terminus of the new Nevada Copper Belt Railroad, built 1909–1911. Wabuska waned with declining mining activity in the 1920s. Several buildings from Wabuska, most notably the Wabuska Railroad Station, were relocated to Carson City and incorporated as the Nevada State Railroad Museum. Response: September 18, 1874

Why is Peter Pan usually portrayed by a female on stage performances (not movies)?

Peter Pan was introduced to the world in 1904. At the time, stage productions were prominent and the Broadway play director wanted to cast a female. That tradition has continued and a woman is cast often.

open_qa

Instruction: Why is Peter Pan usually portrayed by a female on stage performances (not movies)? Context: Response: Peter Pan was introduced to the world in 1904. At the time, stage productions were prominent and the Broadway play director wanted to cast a female. That tradition has continued and a woman is cast often.

Tell me if these are safe or not safe to let me child play with: the monkey bars, matches, scissors, rock paper scissors, a baseball, the stove, a cooking board game

the monkey bars: safe, matches: not safe, scissors: not safe, rock paper scissors: safe, a baseball: safe, the stove: not safe, a cooking board game: safe

classification

Instruction: Tell me if these are safe or not safe to let me child play with: the monkey bars, matches, scissors, rock paper scissors, a baseball, the stove, a cooking board game Context: Response: the monkey bars: safe, matches: not safe, scissors: not safe, rock paper scissors: safe, a baseball: safe, the stove: not safe, a cooking board game: safe

I need some ideas for a first date.

1) Grab coffee and chat at a coffee shop. 2) Grab coffee and walk around. 3) Go out together for a meal. 4) Go to the local Farmer's Market. 5) Go bowling. 6) Take a cooking class. 7) Picnic together at a park. 8) Go to a local event. 9) Play a board game. 10) Play a sport together, like paddleboarding, tennis, pickleball, or throwing a Frisbee.

brainstorming

Instruction: I need some ideas for a first date. Context: Response: 1) Grab coffee and chat at a coffee shop. 2) Grab coffee and walk around. 3) Go out together for a meal. 4) Go to the local Farmer's Market. 5) Go bowling. 6) Take a cooking class. 7) Picnic together at a park. 8) Go to a local event. 9) Play a board game. 10) Play a sport together, like paddleboarding, tennis, pickleball, or throwing a Frisbee.

In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Plowman?

Pate the Plowman

open_qa

Instruction: In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Plowman? Context: Response: Pate the Plowman

Make a packing list for a picnic at the beach.

You should bring the following items for a picnic at the beach: Sunscreen, sunglasses, beach towels, umbrella, folding beach chairs, ice chest, drinks, ice, sandwiches, chips and salsa.

brainstorming

Instruction: Make a packing list for a picnic at the beach. Context: Response: You should bring the following items for a picnic at the beach: Sunscreen, sunglasses, beach towels, umbrella, folding beach chairs, ice chest, drinks, ice, sandwiches, chips and salsa.

Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: pint, millilitres

pint is imperial, millilitres is metric

classification

Instruction: Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: pint, millilitres Context: Response: pint is imperial, millilitres is metric

Give me a list of some of the most popular song from 70s Japanese Pop singer, Mariya Takeuchi

1. Plastic Love 2. Stay with Me 3. September 4. Miracle Love 5. Yume No Tsuzuki

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a list of some of the most popular song from 70s Japanese Pop singer, Mariya Takeuchi Context: Response: 1. Plastic Love 2. Stay with Me 3. September 4. Miracle Love 5. Yume No Tsuzuki

Who played Harry Bosch in the eponymous TV series?

Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels. The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch. Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy.

Titus Welliver played Detective Harry Bosch in "Bosch" and in "Bosch:Legacy".

closed_qa

Instruction: Who played Harry Bosch in the eponymous TV series? Context: Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels. The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch. Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy. Response: Titus Welliver played Detective Harry Bosch in "Bosch" and in "Bosch:Legacy".

Which is a species of fish? Blowfish or Toucan

Blowfish

classification

Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Blowfish or Toucan Context: Response: Blowfish

Tell me whether these sports are played on grass or ice: figure skating, hockey, football, soccer, curling

Figure Skating: Ice Hockey: Ice Football: Grass Soccer: Grass Curling: Ice

classification

Instruction: Tell me whether these sports are played on grass or ice: figure skating, hockey, football, soccer, curling Context: Response: Figure Skating: Ice Hockey: Ice Football: Grass Soccer: Grass Curling: Ice

How long has the Masters golf tournament been held?

The first Masters golf tournament was played in 1934.

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Instruction: How long has the Masters golf tournament been held? Context: Response: The first Masters golf tournament was played in 1934.

What was Seward's Folly?

Seward's Folly was the name given by opponents to the 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States. Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the treaty in secrecy, and critics mocked both him and President Andrew Johnson for the purchase of a "polar bear garden." However, it turned out to be a profitable investment when gold was discovered in Alaska in 1896.

open_qa

Instruction: What was Seward's Folly? Context: Response: Seward's Folly was the name given by opponents to the 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States. Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the treaty in secrecy, and critics mocked both him and President Andrew Johnson for the purchase of a "polar bear garden." However, it turned out to be a profitable investment when gold was discovered in Alaska in 1896.

Give me a bulleted list of ideas for a viral youtube video

• Film yourself biking from California to New York • Create summarizations and synopses of high profile current events and supplement them with high quality editing or animations • Document your journey of mastering a new skill, like learning an instrument, and provide large-scale time lapses where you go from beginner to advanced at the skill. • Film yourself attempting to infiltrate and work for a venue or event, like attempting to sneak into a fashion show and pretending to be, or entering a coffee shop and pretending to be a newly-hired barista

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of ideas for a viral youtube video Context: Response: • Film yourself biking from California to New York • Create summarizations and synopses of high profile current events and supplement them with high quality editing or animations • Document your journey of mastering a new skill, like learning an instrument, and provide large-scale time lapses where you go from beginner to advanced at the skill. • Film yourself attempting to infiltrate and work for a venue or event, like attempting to sneak into a fashion show and pretending to be, or entering a coffee shop and pretending to be a newly-hired barista

Given a reference text about Lollapalooza, where does it take place, who started it and what is it?

Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ (Lolla) is an annual American four-day music festival held in Grant Park in Chicago. It originally started as a touring event in 1991, but several years later, Chicago became its permanent location. Music genres include but are not limited to alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. Lollapalooza has also featured visual arts, nonprofit organizations, and political organizations. The festival, held in Grant Park, hosts an estimated 400,000 people each July and sells out annually. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic music festivals in the world and one of the longest-running in the United States. Lollapalooza was conceived and created in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singer of the group Jane's Addiction.

Lollapalooze is an annual musical festival held in Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singe of the group Jane's Addiction. The festival includes an array of musical genres including alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. The festivals welcomes an estimated 400,000 people each year and sells out annually. Some notable headliners include: the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Chance the Rapper, Metallica, and Lady Gage. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic festivals in the world and a staple of Chicago.

closed_qa

Instruction: Given a reference text about Lollapalooza, where does it take place, who started it and what is it? Context: Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ (Lolla) is an annual American four-day music festival held in Grant Park in Chicago. It originally started as a touring event in 1991, but several years later, Chicago became its permanent location. Music genres include but are not limited to alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. Lollapalooza has also featured visual arts, nonprofit organizations, and political organizations. The festival, held in Grant Park, hosts an estimated 400,000 people each July and sells out annually. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic music festivals in the world and one of the longest-running in the United States. Lollapalooza was conceived and created in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singer of the group Jane's Addiction. Response: Lollapalooze is an annual musical festival held in Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singe of the group Jane's Addiction. The festival includes an array of musical genres including alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. The festivals welcomes an estimated 400,000 people each year and sells out annually. Some notable headliners include: the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Chance the Rapper, Metallica, and Lady Gage. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic festivals in the world and a staple of Chicago.

What is a vegan?

A vegan is one who doesn't eat any food product coming from or derived from animals. This includes eggs, fish, dairy, and to some, honey.

open_qa

Instruction: What is a vegan? Context: Response: A vegan is one who doesn't eat any food product coming from or derived from animals. This includes eggs, fish, dairy, and to some, honey.

What happened to Captain Bligh after the Mutiny on the Bounty?

The mutineers put then-Lieutenant Bligh and eighteen other crew into a small, open boat and set them adrift in the middle of the South Pacific ocean. Bligh and his men had just a small amount of food and water. Bligh used his memory of navigation charts to plan a course westward to the Dutch colony of Timor. They initially tried stopping at an island to gather supplies. The island was inhabited, however, and they were attacked. One crew member was killed and the rest barely escaped. From then on they dared not stop at any island until reaching the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (then called New Holland by the Europeans). In a remarkable achievement of seamanship, Bligh and his men sailed and rowed their open boat for 41 days over a distance of 3618 miles, in sometimes harsh weather conditions. Food and drink had to be strictly rationed, and the men suffered greatly from hunger and thirst. Except for the death of the crewman at the hands of the islanders, all the remaining crew reached Timor alive. Sadly, some men died of disease contracted at the colony town of Batavia or on the final return voyage to Europe. Of the original nineteen men set adrift by the Bounty mutineers, twelve returned alive to England. Bligh continued his career in the British Navy. He was assigned a new ship and once again sailed to Tahiti take breadfruit to British colonies in the Caribbean. This time, the mission was completed successfully. Bligh commanded additional ships, including fighting in several major naval battles. In 1805, Bligh was appointed Governor of New South Wales. He ended his British Naval career as a Vice Admiral. William Bligh died in London on Dec 12, 1817.

general_qa

Instruction: What happened to Captain Bligh after the Mutiny on the Bounty? Context: Response: The mutineers put then-Lieutenant Bligh and eighteen other crew into a small, open boat and set them adrift in the middle of the South Pacific ocean. Bligh and his men had just a small amount of food and water. Bligh used his memory of navigation charts to plan a course westward to the Dutch colony of Timor. They initially tried stopping at an island to gather supplies. The island was inhabited, however, and they were attacked. One crew member was killed and the rest barely escaped. From then on they dared not stop at any island until reaching the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (then called New Holland by the Europeans). In a remarkable achievement of seamanship, Bligh and his men sailed and rowed their open boat for 41 days over a distance of 3618 miles, in sometimes harsh weather conditions. Food and drink had to be strictly rationed, and the men suffered greatly from hunger and thirst. Except for the death of the crewman at the hands of the islanders, all the remaining crew reached Timor alive. Sadly, some men died of disease contracted at the colony town of Batavia or on the final return voyage to Europe. Of the original nineteen men set adrift by the Bounty mutineers, twelve returned alive to England. Bligh continued his career in the British Navy. He was assigned a new ship and once again sailed to Tahiti take breadfruit to British colonies in the Caribbean. This time, the mission was completed successfully. Bligh commanded additional ships, including fighting in several major naval battles. In 1805, Bligh was appointed Governor of New South Wales. He ended his British Naval career as a Vice Admiral. William Bligh died in London on Dec 12, 1817.

Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Gbedu, Guitalele

Guitalele is string, Gbedu is percussion.

classification

Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Gbedu, Guitalele Context: Response: Guitalele is string, Gbedu is percussion.

Which component of a PV solar system implements MPPT?

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or sometimes just power point tracking (PPT), is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. The technique is most commonly used with photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, but can also be used with wind turbines, optical power transmission and thermophotovoltaics. PV solar systems have varying relationships to inverter systems, external grids, battery banks, and other electrical loads. The central problem addressed by MPPT is that the efficiency of power transfer from the solar cell depends on the amount of available sunlight, shading, solar panel temperature and the load's electrical characteristics. As these conditions vary, the load characteristic (impedance) that gives the highest power transfer changes. The system is optimized when the load characteristic changes to keep power transfer at highest efficiency. This optimal load characteristic is called the maximum power point (MPP). MPPT is the process of adjusting the load characteristic as the conditions change. Circuits can be designed to present optimal loads to the photovoltaic cells and then convert the voltage, current, or frequency to suit other devices or systems. Solar cells' non-linear relationship between temperature and total resistance can be analyzed based on the Current-voltage (I-V) curve and the power-voltage (P-V) curves. MPPT samples cell output and applies the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power. MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries, or motors. Solar inverters convert DC power to AC power and may incorporate MPPT. The power at the MPP (Pmpp) is the product of the MPP voltage (Vmpp) and MPP current (Impp). In general, the P-V curve of a partially shaded solar array can have multiple peaks, and some algorithms can get stuck in a local maximum rather than the global maximum of the curve.

An MPPT device is usually integrated into the electric power converter system. The electric power converter system is responsible for voltage and current conversation like the DC to AC solar inverter.

information_extraction

Instruction: Which component of a PV solar system implements MPPT? Context: Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or sometimes just power point tracking (PPT), is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. The technique is most commonly used with photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, but can also be used with wind turbines, optical power transmission and thermophotovoltaics. PV solar systems have varying relationships to inverter systems, external grids, battery banks, and other electrical loads. The central problem addressed by MPPT is that the efficiency of power transfer from the solar cell depends on the amount of available sunlight, shading, solar panel temperature and the load's electrical characteristics. As these conditions vary, the load characteristic (impedance) that gives the highest power transfer changes. The system is optimized when the load characteristic changes to keep power transfer at highest efficiency. This optimal load characteristic is called the maximum power point (MPP). MPPT is the process of adjusting the load characteristic as the conditions change. Circuits can be designed to present optimal loads to the photovoltaic cells and then convert the voltage, current, or frequency to suit other devices or systems. Solar cells' non-linear relationship between temperature and total resistance can be analyzed based on the Current-voltage (I-V) curve and the power-voltage (P-V) curves. MPPT samples cell output and applies the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power. MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries, or motors. Solar inverters convert DC power to AC power and may incorporate MPPT. The power at the MPP (Pmpp) is the product of the MPP voltage (Vmpp) and MPP current (Impp). In general, the P-V curve of a partially shaded solar array can have multiple peaks, and some algorithms can get stuck in a local maximum rather than the global maximum of the curve. Response: An MPPT device is usually integrated into the electric power converter system. The electric power converter system is responsible for voltage and current conversation like the DC to AC solar inverter.

Is Seattle a good place to live at?

Seattle is one of the biggest cities in the pacific northwest, it is very well known for the beautiful nature, outdoor activities, coffee, technology and of course the rain. The Seattle area is relatively very safe compared to other large metropolitan areas across the US. Public schools in the area are generally considered to be of great quality, some neighborhoods in the greater Seattle area are home to some of the best public schools across the country. The Seattle area is also home to major company headquarters such as Microsoft, Amazon, Starbucks and more. It's also home to a large number of startups including a few unicorns such as Smartsheet, Remitly and Outreach. If you are considering moving to Seattle the above factors might help you decide but also note that the cost of living in the Seattle area is relatively high compared to cost of living across the country, this is mainly driven by the tech industry being the largest industry in the area.

brainstorming

Instruction: Is Seattle a good place to live at? Context: Response: Seattle is one of the biggest cities in the pacific northwest, it is very well known for the beautiful nature, outdoor activities, coffee, technology and of course the rain. The Seattle area is relatively very safe compared to other large metropolitan areas across the US. Public schools in the area are generally considered to be of great quality, some neighborhoods in the greater Seattle area are home to some of the best public schools across the country. The Seattle area is also home to major company headquarters such as Microsoft, Amazon, Starbucks and more. It's also home to a large number of startups including a few unicorns such as Smartsheet, Remitly and Outreach. If you are considering moving to Seattle the above factors might help you decide but also note that the cost of living in the Seattle area is relatively high compared to cost of living across the country, this is mainly driven by the tech industry being the largest industry in the area.

Why is the glass ceiling better for minority women?

A glass ceiling is a metaphor usually applied to women, used to represent an invisible barrier that prevents a given demographic from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy. No matter how invisible the glass ceiling is expressed, it is actually a difficult obstacle to overcome. The metaphor was first used by feminists in reference to barriers in the careers of high-achieving women. It was coined by Marilyn Loden during a speech in 1978. In the United States, the concept is sometimes extended to refer to racial inequality in the United States. Minority women in white-majority countries often find the most difficulty in "breaking the glass ceiling" because they lie at the intersection of two historically marginalized groups: women and people of color. East Asian and East Asian American news outlets have coined the term "bamboo ceiling" to refer to the obstacles that all East Asian Americans face in advancing their careers. Similarly, a multitude of barriers that refugees and asylum seekers face in their search for meaningful employment is referred to as canvas ceiling.

Actually, the glass ceiling is considered worse for minority women, not better. This is because they have to face both racial and gender inequalities.

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Instruction: Why is the glass ceiling better for minority women? Context: A glass ceiling is a metaphor usually applied to women, used to represent an invisible barrier that prevents a given demographic from rising beyond a certain level in a hierarchy. No matter how invisible the glass ceiling is expressed, it is actually a difficult obstacle to overcome. The metaphor was first used by feminists in reference to barriers in the careers of high-achieving women. It was coined by Marilyn Loden during a speech in 1978. In the United States, the concept is sometimes extended to refer to racial inequality in the United States. Minority women in white-majority countries often find the most difficulty in "breaking the glass ceiling" because they lie at the intersection of two historically marginalized groups: women and people of color. East Asian and East Asian American news outlets have coined the term "bamboo ceiling" to refer to the obstacles that all East Asian Americans face in advancing their careers. Similarly, a multitude of barriers that refugees and asylum seekers face in their search for meaningful employment is referred to as canvas ceiling. Response: Actually, the glass ceiling is considered worse for minority women, not better. This is because they have to face both racial and gender inequalities.

Who is Romulo Gallegos?

Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of nine months during 1948, he governed as the first freely elected president in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the 1948 Venezuelan coup.

Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of nine months during 1948, he governed as the first freely elected president in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the 1948 Venezuelan coup. Rómulo Gallegos is considered the most relevant Venezuelan novelist of the 20th century, and a prominent figure in Latin American literature.

information_extraction

Instruction: Who is Romulo Gallegos? Context: Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of nine months during 1948, he governed as the first freely elected president in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the 1948 Venezuelan coup. Response: Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of nine months during 1948, he governed as the first freely elected president in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the 1948 Venezuelan coup. Rómulo Gallegos is considered the most relevant Venezuelan novelist of the 20th century, and a prominent figure in Latin American literature.

Categorize these as a person, place, or thing

Zach, city, town, Alex, Richard, orange, bottle

classification

Instruction: Categorize these as a person, place, or thing Context: Response: Zach, city, town, Alex, Richard, orange, bottle

What is the oldest manufacturer of cymbals?

Turkish company, Zildjian, was founded in 1623 in then-Ottoman Empire. It is best known for its cymbals.

open_qa

Instruction: What is the oldest manufacturer of cymbals? Context: Response: Turkish company, Zildjian, was founded in 1623 in then-Ottoman Empire. It is best known for its cymbals.

Which F1 drivers race for Red Bull Racing in the 2023 season?

Max Verstappen and Sergio Perez

open_qa

Instruction: Which F1 drivers race for Red Bull Racing in the 2023 season? Context: Response: Max Verstappen and Sergio Perez

How do you improve your basketball handles?

One of the best ways to improve your basketball handles is to practice beyond dribbling. Rotating the ball around your head, body and legs is a great way to get a better feel for the ball all around your body. Once you can effortlessly move the ball around those three parts of your body, you can start experimenting with handling the ball between your legs in a figure-eight rotation. To further advance that skill, you can start the rotation from your head to your body, to between your legs and back up all in a single session.

creative_writing

Instruction: How do you improve your basketball handles? Context: Response: One of the best ways to improve your basketball handles is to practice beyond dribbling. Rotating the ball around your head, body and legs is a great way to get a better feel for the ball all around your body. Once you can effortlessly move the ball around those three parts of your body, you can start experimenting with handling the ball between your legs in a figure-eight rotation. To further advance that skill, you can start the rotation from your head to your body, to between your legs and back up all in a single session.

Give me a list of some preparations in which stracchino cheese is used/

Stracchino is usually eaten on its own but also as a filling for some kinds of bread: in Recco, on the Ligurian riviera east of Genoa, focaccia col formaggio ("cheese focaccia") or focaccia di Recco is typically filled with crescenza, while in Romagna and in parts of some nearby regions (e.g. northern Marche, Umbria and eastern Tuscany) it is a common filling for the cascione which is made out of piadina, a thin flat bread.

- eaten on its own - focaccia col formaggio - cascione, which is made out of a thin flat bread called piadina filled with stracchino cheese

summarization

Instruction: Give me a list of some preparations in which stracchino cheese is used/ Context: Stracchino is usually eaten on its own but also as a filling for some kinds of bread: in Recco, on the Ligurian riviera east of Genoa, focaccia col formaggio ("cheese focaccia") or focaccia di Recco is typically filled with crescenza, while in Romagna and in parts of some nearby regions (e.g. northern Marche, Umbria and eastern Tuscany) it is a common filling for the cascione which is made out of piadina, a thin flat bread. Response: - eaten on its own - focaccia col formaggio - cascione, which is made out of a thin flat bread called piadina filled with stracchino cheese

Given this paragraph, extract a list of names that are playable by the user of this game.

During the single-player campaign, the player controls five different characters from a first-person perspective. The player primarily controls Sergeant Gary "Roach" Sanderson, a British member of an international special forces unit named Task Force 141. In addition to Roach, the player will also assume control of Private First Class Joseph Allen (Troy Baker) and Private James Ramirez of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment. The now Captain John "Soap" MacTavish (Kevin McKidd) serves as a senior member of Task Force 141, acting as Roach's superior officer and becomes the playable character in the final three missions of the game. Lastly, the player briefly assumes the role of an astronaut stationed on the International Space Station during the height of the war between the United States and Russia. The game's non-playable characters (NPCs) feature prominently in the story: For Task Force 141, Lieutenant Simon "Ghost" Riley (Craig Fairbrass), who conceals his face with a skull print balaclava serves as Soap's second in command. For the United States Army Rangers, Sergeant Foley (Keith David), along with his subordinate, Corporal Dunn (Barry Pepper), is initially Joseph Allen's squad leader, and becomes James Ramirez's squad leader later in the story. Lieutenant General Shepherd (Lance Henriksen) is the commander of the United States Army Rangers and Task Force 141. Other supporting characters returning from Call of Duty 4 include Captain John Price (Billy Murray), MacTavish's former commanding officer in the British Special Air Service who was imprisoned in Russia, and Russian informant turned mercenary pilot "Nikolai" (Sven Holmberg).

1. Sergeant Gary "Roach" Sanderson 2. Joseph Allen 3. James Ramirez 4. John "Soap" MacTavish 5. An unnamed astronaut

information_extraction

Instruction: Given this paragraph, extract a list of names that are playable by the user of this game. Context: During the single-player campaign, the player controls five different characters from a first-person perspective. The player primarily controls Sergeant Gary "Roach" Sanderson, a British member of an international special forces unit named Task Force 141. In addition to Roach, the player will also assume control of Private First Class Joseph Allen (Troy Baker) and Private James Ramirez of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment. The now Captain John "Soap" MacTavish (Kevin McKidd) serves as a senior member of Task Force 141, acting as Roach's superior officer and becomes the playable character in the final three missions of the game. Lastly, the player briefly assumes the role of an astronaut stationed on the International Space Station during the height of the war between the United States and Russia. The game's non-playable characters (NPCs) feature prominently in the story: For Task Force 141, Lieutenant Simon "Ghost" Riley (Craig Fairbrass), who conceals his face with a skull print balaclava serves as Soap's second in command. For the United States Army Rangers, Sergeant Foley (Keith David), along with his subordinate, Corporal Dunn (Barry Pepper), is initially Joseph Allen's squad leader, and becomes James Ramirez's squad leader later in the story. Lieutenant General Shepherd (Lance Henriksen) is the commander of the United States Army Rangers and Task Force 141. Other supporting characters returning from Call of Duty 4 include Captain John Price (Billy Murray), MacTavish's former commanding officer in the British Special Air Service who was imprisoned in Russia, and Russian informant turned mercenary pilot "Nikolai" (Sven Holmberg). Response: 1. Sergeant Gary "Roach" Sanderson 2. Joseph Allen 3. James Ramirez 4. John "Soap" MacTavish 5. An unnamed astronaut

How many albums has Taylor Swift released?

10 albums.

open_qa

Instruction: How many albums has Taylor Swift released? Context: Response: 10 albums.

Give me the top 5 burger places in Chicago

This is a bit subjective, but the best top 5 burger places in Chicago are, Au Cheval in the West Loop, Little Bad Wolf in Andersonville, The Loyalist in West Loop, Gretel, and Fatso's Last Stand in Ukrainian Village.

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me the top 5 burger places in Chicago Context: Response: This is a bit subjective, but the best top 5 burger places in Chicago are, Au Cheval in the West Loop, Little Bad Wolf in Andersonville, The Loyalist in West Loop, Gretel, and Fatso's Last Stand in Ukrainian Village.

Given a reference text about the Kumanichi Road Race, tell me when the race was first held and who holds the course records.

The Kumanichi Road Race (Japanese: 熊本30K) is an annual road running competition over 30 kilometres which is typically held in February in Kumamoto, Japan. It was first held in 1957 as a men-only competition. A women's race was introduced in 2006. The race is one of the world's most prominent over the uncommon 30K distance. A total of eight Association of Road Racing Statisticians-recognised men's world records have been set at the competition, including the current world record. The course records are held by Takayuki Matsumiya (1:28:00) and Yuka Hakoyama (1:43:26). It is mostly contested by Japanese athletes, with Kenya's Willy Kangogo becoming the event's sole non-national winner in 2007.

The Kumanichi Road Race was first held in 1957. Takayuki Matsumiya and Yuka Hakoyama hold the course records.

closed_qa

Instruction: Given a reference text about the Kumanichi Road Race, tell me when the race was first held and who holds the course records. Context: The Kumanichi Road Race (Japanese: 熊本30K) is an annual road running competition over 30 kilometres which is typically held in February in Kumamoto, Japan. It was first held in 1957 as a men-only competition. A women's race was introduced in 2006. The race is one of the world's most prominent over the uncommon 30K distance. A total of eight Association of Road Racing Statisticians-recognised men's world records have been set at the competition, including the current world record. The course records are held by Takayuki Matsumiya (1:28:00) and Yuka Hakoyama (1:43:26). It is mostly contested by Japanese athletes, with Kenya's Willy Kangogo becoming the event's sole non-national winner in 2007. Response: The Kumanichi Road Race was first held in 1957. Takayuki Matsumiya and Yuka Hakoyama hold the course records.

What is the Family of the orchid Bulbophyllum concatenatum?

Bulbophyllum concatenatum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Dendrobieae Genus: Bulbophyllum Species: B. concatenatum

Orchidaceae

information_extraction

Instruction: What is the Family of the orchid Bulbophyllum concatenatum? Context: Bulbophyllum concatenatum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Tribe: Dendrobieae Genus: Bulbophyllum Species: B. concatenatum Response: Orchidaceae

Which is more important, Nature or Nurture?

The Nature vs Nurture argument has existed for as long as humans have been able to consider complex thought. The debate as to whether the nature (the intrinsic nature, the attitude, or the predisposition), or the nurture (the care, the teachings, or the conditioning) of a child is more responsible for who or what they become in adult life. Largely it is considered that humans are a product of context (Nurture). The situations in which we are raised have a considerable bearing on who we become in later life. But, it's not necessarily so black and white. There are countless examples of children having been born into extremely difficult circumstances, who have grown to be well rounded, high contributing members of society. As a result, It would be reasonable to assume that Nature is a strong factor, regardless of the Nurture (the environment) in which a person is raised. After all, there's no guarantee that someone growing up in an abusive household will then abuse others themselves. So then is Nature more important? The difficulty with the debate is that no one individual is the same as another. Experiments to establish the efficacy of Nature vs Nurture are difficult to perform. Not only from a human rights perspective, but additionally from a variable standpoint as well. Really there are far too many variables to control with regards to human nature, that any imposition of control on the Nurture element would be imbalanced. When considering this question, it's important to recognise that developmental psychology is still in its early stages, and to understand that both Nature AND Nurture are necessary factors in human development.

creative_writing

Instruction: Which is more important, Nature or Nurture? Context: Response: The Nature vs Nurture argument has existed for as long as humans have been able to consider complex thought. The debate as to whether the nature (the intrinsic nature, the attitude, or the predisposition), or the nurture (the care, the teachings, or the conditioning) of a child is more responsible for who or what they become in adult life. Largely it is considered that humans are a product of context (Nurture). The situations in which we are raised have a considerable bearing on who we become in later life. But, it's not necessarily so black and white. There are countless examples of children having been born into extremely difficult circumstances, who have grown to be well rounded, high contributing members of society. As a result, It would be reasonable to assume that Nature is a strong factor, regardless of the Nurture (the environment) in which a person is raised. After all, there's no guarantee that someone growing up in an abusive household will then abuse others themselves. So then is Nature more important? The difficulty with the debate is that no one individual is the same as another. Experiments to establish the efficacy of Nature vs Nurture are difficult to perform. Not only from a human rights perspective, but additionally from a variable standpoint as well. Really there are far too many variables to control with regards to human nature, that any imposition of control on the Nurture element would be imbalanced. When considering this question, it's important to recognise that developmental psychology is still in its early stages, and to understand that both Nature AND Nurture are necessary factors in human development.

Malibamat'so River

The Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near to the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range. It flows southwards past the village of Lejone, and eventually joins the Senqu River 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Mohlanapeng. The Malibamat'so forms the northern arm of the Katse Dam reservoir, a part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Katse is Africa's highest elevation dam at 1,993 metres (6,539 ft) above sea level. Here the river is joined by the Bokong/Bokung River. Downstream the Malibamat'so's left bank tributaries are the Matsoku and Semenanyane Rivers, before it forms a right bank tributary of the Senqu/Orange River.

Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near to the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range. It flows southwards past the village of Lejone, and eventually joins the Senqu River 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Mohlanapeng. The Malibamat'so forms the northern arm of the Katse Dam reservoir, a part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Katse is Africa's highest elevation dam at 1,993 metres (6,539 ft) above sea level. Here the river is joined by the Bokong/Bokung River.

closed_qa

Instruction: Malibamat'so River Context: The Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near to the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range. It flows southwards past the village of Lejone, and eventually joins the Senqu River 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Mohlanapeng. The Malibamat'so forms the northern arm of the Katse Dam reservoir, a part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Katse is Africa's highest elevation dam at 1,993 metres (6,539 ft) above sea level. Here the river is joined by the Bokong/Bokung River. Downstream the Malibamat'so's left bank tributaries are the Matsoku and Semenanyane Rivers, before it forms a right bank tributary of the Senqu/Orange River. Response: Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near to the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range. It flows southwards past the village of Lejone, and eventually joins the Senqu River 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Mohlanapeng. The Malibamat'so forms the northern arm of the Katse Dam reservoir, a part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Katse is Africa's highest elevation dam at 1,993 metres (6,539 ft) above sea level. Here the river is joined by the Bokong/Bokung River.

Can I have a lizard as a pet?

Lizards can make great pets if they are well-maintained. They look like dinosaurs, without the typical danger associated with a dinosaur. However, lizards are not social animals and will likely not form a great bond. Mammals typically form a better human to animal bond.

creative_writing

Instruction: Can I have a lizard as a pet? Context: Response: Lizards can make great pets if they are well-maintained. They look like dinosaurs, without the typical danger associated with a dinosaur. However, lizards are not social animals and will likely not form a great bond. Mammals typically form a better human to animal bond.

What is the largest state in the United States?

Alaska is the largest state in the United States, trailed by Texas in second place. Alaska has 665,400 square miles of land whereas Texas has 268,597 square miles of land. If Alaska were to be cut in half, Texas would be the third largest state.

open_qa

Instruction: What is the largest state in the United States? Context: Response: Alaska is the largest state in the United States, trailed by Texas in second place. Alaska has 665,400 square miles of land whereas Texas has 268,597 square miles of land. If Alaska were to be cut in half, Texas would be the third largest state.

Is it safe to invest in cryptocurrency?

Compared to other asset classes such as stocks and government bonds, investing in cryptocurrency can be considered very risky.

open_qa

Instruction: Is it safe to invest in cryptocurrency? Context: Response: Compared to other asset classes such as stocks and government bonds, investing in cryptocurrency can be considered very risky.

What is New England

New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the southwest. Boston is New England's largest city, as well as the capital of Massachusetts. Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area, with nearly a third of New England's population; this area includes Worcester, Massachusetts (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester, New Hampshire (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence, Rhode Island (the capital of and largest city in Rhode Island).

New England is a region in the Northeastern part of United States comprising of six states namely, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Boston is the largest city in New England.

summarization

Instruction: What is New England Context: New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the southwest. Boston is New England's largest city, as well as the capital of Massachusetts. Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area, with nearly a third of New England's population; this area includes Worcester, Massachusetts (the second-largest city in New England), Manchester, New Hampshire (the largest city in New Hampshire), and Providence, Rhode Island (the capital of and largest city in Rhode Island). Response: New England is a region in the Northeastern part of United States comprising of six states namely, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Boston is the largest city in New England.

What are the co-founders of Tesla Motors?

Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Elon Musk, and J.B. Straubel

open_qa

Instruction: What are the co-founders of Tesla Motors? Context: Response: Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Elon Musk, and J.B. Straubel

Tell me which of the following guitars are hollow bodies or not: Gibson ES-175, Gibson ES-335, Gibson SG, Gibson Les Paul, Fender Stratocaster, Fender Telecaster.

Gibson ES-175 is one of the most famous examples of a well-crafted hollow-body guitar, beloved by numerous jazz guitarists over many decades. Most variants of Gibson's SG, Les Paul, and Fender's Stratocaster and Telecaster are considered solid bodies. However, there were numerous variant models which featured "hollowed" or "chambered" bodies. One prime example is Fender's Telecaster Thinline model from the 1970's, which features a semi-hollow design with an open f-hole on only one side of the body. Speaking of "semi-hollows," Gibson's ES-335 is a semi-hollow body guitar where a solid "center block" of wood passes through the middle of the body, providing additional structural stability over full hollow body guitars.

classification

Instruction: Tell me which of the following guitars are hollow bodies or not: Gibson ES-175, Gibson ES-335, Gibson SG, Gibson Les Paul, Fender Stratocaster, Fender Telecaster. Context: Response: Gibson ES-175 is one of the most famous examples of a well-crafted hollow-body guitar, beloved by numerous jazz guitarists over many decades. Most variants of Gibson's SG, Les Paul, and Fender's Stratocaster and Telecaster are considered solid bodies. However, there were numerous variant models which featured "hollowed" or "chambered" bodies. One prime example is Fender's Telecaster Thinline model from the 1970's, which features a semi-hollow design with an open f-hole on only one side of the body. Speaking of "semi-hollows," Gibson's ES-335 is a semi-hollow body guitar where a solid "center block" of wood passes through the middle of the body, providing additional structural stability over full hollow body guitars.

In the United States, what type of degree is typically earned before starting graduate school?

A Bachelors degree is earned before commencing grad school

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Instruction: In the United States, what type of degree is typically earned before starting graduate school? Context: Response: A Bachelors degree is earned before commencing grad school

Provide me some details about United States attorneys with the given text as a reference.

United States attorneys are officials of the U.S. Department of Justice who serve as the chief federal law enforcement officers in each of the 94 U.S. federal judicial districts. Each U.S. attorney serves as the United States' chief federal criminal prosecutor in their judicial district and represents the U.S. federal government in civil litigation in federal and state court within their geographic jurisdiction. U.S. attorneys must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, after which they serve four-year terms.

1. In each of the 94 federal court districts in the United States, United States attorneys are representatives of the U.S. Department of Justice who act as the top federal law enforcement officials. 2. Each U.S. attorney represents the U.S. federal government in civil action in federal and state court within their geographic jurisdiction and acts as the country's top federal criminal prosecutor in their judicial district. 3. U.S. attorneys serve four-year terms after being appointed by the President and being confirmed by the Senate.

summarization

Instruction: Provide me some details about United States attorneys with the given text as a reference. Context: United States attorneys are officials of the U.S. Department of Justice who serve as the chief federal law enforcement officers in each of the 94 U.S. federal judicial districts. Each U.S. attorney serves as the United States' chief federal criminal prosecutor in their judicial district and represents the U.S. federal government in civil litigation in federal and state court within their geographic jurisdiction. U.S. attorneys must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, after which they serve four-year terms. Response: 1. In each of the 94 federal court districts in the United States, United States attorneys are representatives of the U.S. Department of Justice who act as the top federal law enforcement officials. 2. Each U.S. attorney represents the U.S. federal government in civil action in federal and state court within their geographic jurisdiction and acts as the country's top federal criminal prosecutor in their judicial district. 3. U.S. attorneys serve four-year terms after being appointed by the President and being confirmed by the Senate.

Tell me whether these are names of soft drinks or coffee: Starbucks, Peet's, Blue Bottle, Coca-Cola, Sprite, Canada Dry, Pepsi

Starbucks is a brand of coffee Peet's is a brand of coffee Blue Bottle is a brand of coffee Coca-Cola is a soft drink Sprite is a soft drink Canada Dry is a soft drink Pepsi is a soft drink

classification

Instruction: Tell me whether these are names of soft drinks or coffee: Starbucks, Peet's, Blue Bottle, Coca-Cola, Sprite, Canada Dry, Pepsi Context: Response: Starbucks is a brand of coffee Peet's is a brand of coffee Blue Bottle is a brand of coffee Coca-Cola is a soft drink Sprite is a soft drink Canada Dry is a soft drink Pepsi is a soft drink

How do solar panels work?

Sunlight contains photon particles which hit the solar panels and cause electrons off silicon chips to get directed to the wiring to batteries or appliances, providing electricity

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Instruction: How do solar panels work? Context: Response: Sunlight contains photon particles which hit the solar panels and cause electrons off silicon chips to get directed to the wiring to batteries or appliances, providing electricity

what is Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve eudaimonia (happiness, lit. 'good spiritedness'): one flourishes by living an ethical life. The Stoics identified the path to eudaimonia with a life spent practicing virtue and living in accordance with nature. Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is "in accordance with nature". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature. Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism).

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve eudaimonia (happiness, lit. 'good spiritedness'): one flourishes by living an ethical life. The Stoics identified the path to eudaimonia with a life spent practicing virtue and living in accordance with nature. Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is "in accordance with nature". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature. Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism).

summarization

Instruction: what is Stoicism Context: Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve eudaimonia (happiness, lit. 'good spiritedness'): one flourishes by living an ethical life. The Stoics identified the path to eudaimonia with a life spent practicing virtue and living in accordance with nature. Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is "in accordance with nature". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature. Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism). Response: Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve eudaimonia (happiness, lit. 'good spiritedness'): one flourishes by living an ethical life. The Stoics identified the path to eudaimonia with a life spent practicing virtue and living in accordance with nature. Alongside Aristotelian ethics, the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. The Stoics are especially known for teaching that "virtue is the only good" for human beings, and that external things, such as health, wealth, and pleasure, are not good or bad in themselves (adiaphora) but have value as "material for virtue to act upon". Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune. The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is "in accordance with nature". Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. To live a good life, one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they believed everything was rooted in nature. Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance (Neostoicism) and in the contemporary era (modern Stoicism).

Give me a list of Serie A winners in the last five years with corresponding points.

2021-2022: AC Milan, 86 2020-2021: Inter, 91 2019-2020: Juventus, 83 2018-2019: Juventus, 90 2017-2018: Juventus, 95

brainstorming

Instruction: Give me a list of Serie A winners in the last five years with corresponding points. Context: Response: 2021-2022: AC Milan, 86 2020-2021: Inter, 91 2019-2020: Juventus, 83 2018-2019: Juventus, 90 2017-2018: Juventus, 95

Write a summary of the outdoor activities to do in Colorado

There are many outdoor activities that you can do in Colorado year around. It is best to determine whether you want to participate in those activities during summer or winter. For summer outdoor activities, there are adventurous activities like hiking, mountain biking, whitewater rafting and fly-fishing. There are also many outdoor activities in the winter like downhill skiing, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, snowshoeing and snowmobiling. Regardless of the time of year, there are many outdoor activities that you can do in Colorado.

creative_writing

Instruction: Write a summary of the outdoor activities to do in Colorado Context: Response: There are many outdoor activities that you can do in Colorado year around. It is best to determine whether you want to participate in those activities during summer or winter. For summer outdoor activities, there are adventurous activities like hiking, mountain biking, whitewater rafting and fly-fishing. There are also many outdoor activities in the winter like downhill skiing, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, snowshoeing and snowmobiling. Regardless of the time of year, there are many outdoor activities that you can do in Colorado.

Given a reference text about the Battle of Baghaur, tell me who was in the battle and who won.

The Battle of Baghaur was fought between the Sikh forces led by Guru Gobind Singh and the Baghaur forces led by Shiv Partap at Rajasthan. Background Daya Singh and Dharam Singh were sent to the embassy of Aurangzeb to send a letter written by Guru Gobind Singh called the Zafarnama. Aurangzeb was moved by the letter and invited the Guru. At Baghaur in Rajasthan, Daya Singh and Dharam Singh met the guru. There he also heard the news that Aurangzeb had died in his camp at Ahmadnagar. The residents were, for some unknown reason, scared from the Guru and planned to attack him. They were mainly terrified of the Guru's caravan which is what made the Guru store it somewhere for a few days. A few days had passed and the Sikhs went on to check the caravan camels. They had gone missing. They had consumed orchard trees, which made a gardener confiscate them. He further beat up the camel driver and took him hostage. Battle After the camel incident, 15 Sikhs went in and attempted to negotiate the release of the camels and the driver. The gardener refused and the Sikhs fought. This led to state soldiers launching a counterattack and a battle ensued which lasted 2 days long. Many casualties occurred during this period of time. The Sikhs had successfully plundered the city but the fort still remained. As the fight entered the third day, Dharam Singh with the Sikhs made a dash and kept fighting and killing everyone. Peace was proclaimed but on the day the Raja arrived, the hostilities continued. Dharam Singh killed the rajas command-in-chief while the guru finished the raja himself. The Raja's force made a complete surrender which resulted in a Sikh victory.

The Sikh forces defeated Baghaur forces in the Battle of Baghaur.

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Instruction: Given a reference text about the Battle of Baghaur, tell me who was in the battle and who won. Context: The Battle of Baghaur was fought between the Sikh forces led by Guru Gobind Singh and the Baghaur forces led by Shiv Partap at Rajasthan. Background Daya Singh and Dharam Singh were sent to the embassy of Aurangzeb to send a letter written by Guru Gobind Singh called the Zafarnama. Aurangzeb was moved by the letter and invited the Guru. At Baghaur in Rajasthan, Daya Singh and Dharam Singh met the guru. There he also heard the news that Aurangzeb had died in his camp at Ahmadnagar. The residents were, for some unknown reason, scared from the Guru and planned to attack him. They were mainly terrified of the Guru's caravan which is what made the Guru store it somewhere for a few days. A few days had passed and the Sikhs went on to check the caravan camels. They had gone missing. They had consumed orchard trees, which made a gardener confiscate them. He further beat up the camel driver and took him hostage. Battle After the camel incident, 15 Sikhs went in and attempted to negotiate the release of the camels and the driver. The gardener refused and the Sikhs fought. This led to state soldiers launching a counterattack and a battle ensued which lasted 2 days long. Many casualties occurred during this period of time. The Sikhs had successfully plundered the city but the fort still remained. As the fight entered the third day, Dharam Singh with the Sikhs made a dash and kept fighting and killing everyone. Peace was proclaimed but on the day the Raja arrived, the hostilities continued. Dharam Singh killed the rajas command-in-chief while the guru finished the raja himself. The Raja's force made a complete surrender which resulted in a Sikh victory. Response: The Sikh forces defeated Baghaur forces in the Battle of Baghaur.

How many cents do I have if I have 3 dollars and a dime?

If you have 3 dollars and a dime, you have 310 cents in total.

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Instruction: How many cents do I have if I have 3 dollars and a dime? Context: Response: If you have 3 dollars and a dime, you have 310 cents in total.

Classify each of the following as either a single digit or a double digit number: 8, 4, 1, 12, 87, 65, 3, 5, 45, 97, 6, 2, 34, 71, 9, 48, 0, 7, 31, 50.

Single digits include: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Double digits include: 12, 31, 34, 45, 48, 50, 65, 71, 87, 97.

classification

Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a single digit or a double digit number: 8, 4, 1, 12, 87, 65, 3, 5, 45, 97, 6, 2, 34, 71, 9, 48, 0, 7, 31, 50. Context: Response: Single digits include: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Double digits include: 12, 31, 34, 45, 48, 50, 65, 71, 87, 97.