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{ "contexts": [ "Impairments of intestinal barrier function are discussed as risk factors for the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Studies suggest an association between arginine/citrulline homeostasis and the development of liver damages. Here, the effect of an oral L-citrulline (Cit) supplement on the development of a Western-style diet (WSD)-induced NAFLD was determined in mice.", "Female 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were either pair-fed a liquid Western-style or control diet (C) ± 2.5 g/kg bodyweight Cit for 6 weeks (C + Cit or WSD + Cit). Indices of liver damage, glucose metabolism, intestinal barrier function and NO synthesis were measured.", "While bodyweight gain was similar between groups, markers of glucose metabolism like fasting blood glucose and HOMA index and markers of liver damage like hepatic triglyceride levels, number of neutrophils and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein levels were significantly lower in WSD + Cit-fed mice when compared to WSD-fed mice only. Protein levels of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 in duodenum were significantly lower in mice fed a WSD when compared to those fed a WSD + Cit (-~70 and -~60 %, respectively, P < 0.05), whereas portal endotoxin levels, concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts in duodenum and toll-like receptor-4 mRNA expression in livers of WSD + Cit-fed mice were markedly lower than in WSD-fed mice (-~43 %, P = 0.056; -~80 and -~48 %, respectively, P < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alanine Transaminase", "Animals", "Aspartate Aminotransferases", "Biomarkers", "Body Weight", "Citrulline", "Diet, Western", "Dietary Supplements", "Disease Models, Animal", "Duodenum", "Endotoxins", "Female", "Insulin", "Liver", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease", "Occludin", "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1", "Protective Agents", "Tight Junction Proteins", "Toll-Like Receptor 4", "Triglycerides", "Zonula Occludens-1 Protein" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk for deteriorating glycemic control, poor quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Stress and coping are related to these outcomes in adolescents with diabetes, yet few studies have examined these constructs longitudinally.", "This study aimed to describe stress and coping in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to examine coping strategies as predictors of adolescent adjustment (i.e., depressive symptoms, quality of life) and glycemic control.", "Adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed measures of diabetes-related stress, coping, symptoms of depression, and quality of life at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Data on glycemic control were collected from the adolescents' medical charts.", "The adolescents' use of primary control coping (e.g., problem solving) and secondary control engagement coping (e.g., positive thinking) strategies predicted significantly fewer problems with quality of life and fewer depressive symptoms over time. In contrast, the use of disengagement coping strategies (e.g., avoidance) predicted more problems with quality of life and depressive symptoms. Coping was not a significant predictor of glycemic control. Coping mediated the effects of diabetes-related stress on depressive symptoms and quality of life." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptation, Psychological", "Adolescent", "Blood Glucose", "Child", "Depression", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Quality of Life", "Stress, Psychological" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Apicomplexan parasites actively release transmembrane (TM) adhesive proteins involved in host cell attachment and invasion. Rhomboids, a family of intramembrane serine proteases, cleave these secreted adhesive proteins within their TM domains as an essential step in completing the invasion process. In Cryptosporidium parvum, the activity of rhomboids in cleaving microneme proteins (MICs) has not been reported. In the present study, the interaction between C. parvum rhomboids (CpROM1 and CpROM4) and C. parvum microneme proteins (CpGP900 and CpTRAP-C1) was investigated using yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation assays.", "Our study demonstrated that CpROM1 protein could interact with CpGP900 protein in co-transformed AH109 yeasts. Analysis of these proteins in co-transfected mammalian cells showed that the cleavage product of the CpGP900 protein was detected in the co-transfected cells. As control, CpGP900 only was transfected into cells and no cleavage was observed. The results suggested that CpGP900 protein was the substrate of CpROM1. Moreover, CpROM1 and CpROM4 could not cleave CpTRAP-C1 protein, which is the substrate of T. gondii rhomboid 2." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cell Adhesion Molecules", "Cryptosporidium parvum", "Protein Binding", "Protein Processing, Post-Translational", "Protozoan Proteins", "Serine Proteases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The diagnostic criteria for active infectious syphilis in the clinic are important matter of controversy and debate. So far, clinicians habitually do use the negative results of the nontreponemal and/or the specific antitreponemal IgM as the evidences of disease-free or active infection-free status.", "We present a case study involving a patient who was admitted to Zhongshan Hospital because of cerebral infarct. Clinical examination indicated he had a history of latent syphilis with negative nontreponemal and specific antitreponemal IgM tests. The cerebrospinal fluid sample from the patient was inoculated into seronegative New Zealand rabbit.", "Motile Treponema pallidum was detected by a rabbit infectivity test in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. This syphilis strain was confirmed by DNA subtyping form of \"centers for disease control subtype/tp0548 sequence type\", and the strain type was 14d/f. Treatment with benzathine penicillin provided no apparent benefit, but treatment with aqueous crystalline penicillin G, especially recommended for neurosyphilis, led to disease regression. No evidence of cerebral infarct was observed during a 2-year follow-up period." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "Cerebrospinal Fluid", "DNA, Bacterial", "Humans", "Immunoglobulin M", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neurosyphilis", "Penicillin G", "Rabbits", "Treponema pallidum" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a proven treatment for acute ischemic stroke, but there has been limited evaluation among patients aged ≥90 years.", "We analyzed data from the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke national quality improvement registry from January 2009 to April 2013. Frequency, determinants, and outcomes of tPA use were compared among patients aged ≥90 and 3 younger age groups (18-64, 65-79, and 80-89 years).", "Among 35 708 patients from 1178 sites who arrived within 2 hours of time last known well and received tPA, 2585 (7.2%) were ≥90 years. Compared with younger patients, the rate of tPA use among patients without a documented contraindication was lower among patients aged ≥90 years (67.4% versus 84.1% in 18-89-year olds; P<0.0001). Discharge outcomes among individuals aged ≥90 years included discharge to home or acute rehabilitation in 31.4%, independent ambulation at discharge in 13.4%, symptomatic hemorrhage in 6.1%, and in-hospital mortality or hospice discharge in 36.4%. On multivariable analysis, good functional outcomes generally occurred less often and mortality more often among patients aged ≥90 years. The risk of symptomatic hemorrhage was increased compared with patients <65 years but was not significantly different than the risk in 66- to 89-year olds." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Intravenous", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Brain Ischemia", "Female", "Fibrinolytic Agents", "Hospital Mortality", "Humans", "Intracranial Hemorrhages", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Practice Patterns, Physicians'", "Prognosis", "Registries", "Retrospective Studies", "Stroke", "Thrombolytic Therapy", "Tissue Plasminogen Activator", "Treatment Outcome", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Only 2 % of the human genome code for proteins. Among the remaining 98 %, transposable elements (TEs) represent millions of sequences. TEs have an impact on genome evolution by promoting mutations. Especially, TEs possess their own regulatory sequences and can alter the expression pattern of neighboring genes. Since they can potentially be harmful, TE activity is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. These mechanisms participate in the modulation of gene expression and can be associated with some human diseases resulting from gene expression deregulation. The fact that the TE silencing can be removed in cancer could explain a part of the changes in gene expression. Indeed, epigenetic modifications associated locally with TE sequences could impact neighboring genes since these modifications can spread to adjacent sequences.", "We compared the histone enrichment, TE neighborhood, and expression divergence of human genes between a normal and a cancer conditions. We show that the presence of TEs near genes is associated with greater changes in histone enrichment and that differentially expressed genes harbor larger histone enrichment variation related to the presence of particular TEs." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Algorithms", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Transformation, Neoplastic", "Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly", "Chromosome Mapping", "Chromosomes, Human", "Cluster Analysis", "Computational Biology", "DNA Transposable Elements", "Databases, Genetic", "Epigenesis, Genetic", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Gene Ontology", "Genetic Variation", "Histones", "Humans", "Models, Statistical", "Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lymph node ratio (LNR), positive nodes divided by nodes examined, has been proposed for prognostication in melanoma to mitigate problems with low node counts. However, it is unclear if LNR offers superior prognostication over total counts of positive nodes and nodes examined. Additionally, the prognostic value of LNR may change if a threshold number of nodes are examined. We evaluated whether LNR is more prognostic than positive nodes and nodes examined, and whether the prognostic value of LNR changes with minimum thresholds.", "Using the National Cancer Data Base Participant User File, we identified 74,692 incident cases with nodal dissection during 2000-2006. We compared LNR versus counts of examined and positive nodes based on Harrell's C, a measure of predictive ability. We then stratified by total nodes examined: greater versus fewer than ten for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and greater versus fewer than five for inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND).", "Overall, LNR had a Harrell's C of 0.628 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.625-0.631). Examined and positive nodes were not significantly different from this, with a Harrell's C of 0.625 (95 % CI 0.621-0.630). In ALND, LNR had a Harrell's C of 0.626 (95 % CI 0.610-0.643) with ≥10 nodes versus 0.554 (95 % CI 0.551-0.558) < 10 nodes. In ILND, LNR had a Harrell's C of 0.679 (95 % CI 0.664-0.694) with ≥5 nodes versus C of 0.601 (95 % CI 0.595-0.606) < 5 nodes." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Lymph Node Excision", "Lymph Nodes", "Male", "Melanoma", "Middle Aged", "Models, Statistical", "Prognosis", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Obesity and its related co-morbidities such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are increasing dramatically worldwide. The genetic variation in Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), which is also called adiponutrin (ADPN), in residue 148 (I148M, rs738409) has been associated with NAFLD. However, the regulation and function of PNPLA3 in metabolic diseases remains unclear. Laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB) of severely obese patients reduces body weight, liver and adipose tissue inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether weight loss induced by LAGB affected PNPLA3 expression in hepatic and adipose tissue.", "Liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected from 28 severely obese patients before and 6 months after LAGB. PNPLA3 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. To understand whether inflammatory stimuli regulated PNPLA3 expression, we studied the effect of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on PNPLA3 expression in human adipocytes and hepatocytes.", "PNPLA3 was strongly expressed in the liver and clearly detectable in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese patients. Weight loss induced by LAGB of severely obese patients led to significantly increased adipose, but not hepatic, tissue expression of PNPLA3. Subcutaneous PNPLA3 expression negatively correlated with body-mass-index, fasting glucose and fasting insulin. TNFα potently suppressed PNPLA3 expression in adipocytes but not hepatocytes." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adipose Tissue", "Adult", "Aged", "Austria", "Bariatric Surgery", "Female", "Hepatocytes", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Lipase", "Liver", "Male", "Membrane Proteins", "Middle Aged", "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease", "Obesity", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha", "Weight Loss", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), produced by the activity of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE), is a key mediator of inflammation in sepsis. The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are important target and mediator of sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CSE-derived H2S on inflammation and LSECs fenestrae in caecal-ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis using CSE KO mice.", "Sepsis was induced by CLP, and mice (C57BL/6J, male) were sacrificed after 8 hours. Liver, lung, and blood were collected and processed to measure CSE expression, H2S synthesis, MPO activity, NF-κB p65, ERK1/2, and cytokines/chemokines levels. Diameter, frequency, porosity and gap area of the liver sieve were calculated from scanning electron micrographs of the LSECs.", "An increased CSE expression and H2S synthesizing activity in the liver and lung of wild-type mice following CLP-induced sepsis. This was associated with an increased liver and lung MPO activity, and increased liver and lung and plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-2α. Conversely, CSE KO mice had less liver and lung injury and reduced inflammation following CLP-induced sepsis as evidenced by decreased levels of H2S synthesizing activity, MPO activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines production. Extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB) became significantly activated after the CLP in WT mice but not in CSE KO mice. In addition, CLP-induced damage to the LSECs, as indicated by increased defenestration and gaps formation in the LSECs compared to WT sham control. CSE KO mice showed decreased defenestration and gaps formation following sepsis." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Chemokines", "Cystathionine gamma-Lyase", "Cytokines", "Disease Models, Animal", "Gene Deletion", "Liver Diseases", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Knockout", "Pneumonia", "Protective Agents", "Sepsis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Inosine, a naturally occurring purine nucleoside, has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in cell culture and promote corticospinal tract axons to sprout collateral branches after stroke, spinal cord injury and TBI in rodent models.", "To explore the effects of inosine on the recovery of motor function following cortical injury in the rhesus monkey.", "After being trained on a test of fine motor function of the hand, monkeys received a lesion limited to the area of the hand representation in primary motor cortex. Beginning 24 hours after this injury and continuing daily thereafter, monkeys received orally administered inosine (500 mg) or placebo. Retesting of motor function began on the 14th day after injury and continued for 12 weeks.", "During the first 14 days after surgery, there was evidence of significant recovery within the inosine-treated group on measures of fine motor function of the hand, measures of hand strength and digit flexion. While there was no effect of treatment on the time to retrieve a reward, the treated monkeys returned to asymptotic levels of grasp performance significantly faster than the untreated monkeys. Additionally, the treated monkeys evidenced a greater degree of recovery in terms of maturity of grasp pattern." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Brain Injuries", "Brain Mapping", "Disease Models, Animal", "Electroencephalography", "Functional Laterality", "Hand Strength", "Humans", "Inosine", "Macaca mulatta", "Male", "Motor Cortex", "Recovery of Function", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study investigated the association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.", "This cross-sectional study involved 1024 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Measurement of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV; as a marker of arterial stiffness) and an ultrasound assessment of carotid atherosclerosis were performed. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined by the presence of a high baPWV (≥1720 cm/s), carotid atherosclerosis (intima-media thickness >0.8 mm or the presence of plaques), and carotid stenosis (≥50 % of luminal narrowing). The subjects were stratified into quartiles according to GGT level, and the relationship between GGT level and subclinical atherosclerosis was analysed.", "Serum GGT levels were closely associated with obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. However, serum GGT levels did not show a linear association with baPWV, carotid intima-media thickness, or plaque grade. The prevalence of high baPWV, carotid atherosclerosis, and carotid stenosis did not differ between the quartiles in men and women. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed no association between GGT level and high baPWV, carotid atherosclerosis, and carotid stenosis, either as continuous variables or quartiles." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Atherosclerosis", "Biomarkers", "Blood Glucose", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Metabolic Syndrome", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "gamma-Glutamyltransferase" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The present study was undertaken to characterise the viral polypeptide 2 (VP2) gene of parvovirus from domestic cats in India.", "The faecal samples from diarrhoeic/healthy domestic cats were collected from different geographical regions of India for screening by PCR assay followed by sequence analysis of the VP2 gene.", "Canine parvovirus (CPV)/feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infections were found in 12 samples (11.3%) of 106 faecal samples tested. Two new CPV-2a (297Ala and Asn426) and three FPV strains were identified by VP2 gene analysis. Several unique and existing amino acid mutations were found suggesting continuous evolution and emergence of newer variants. The phylogenetic analysis of the CPV sequences revealed that the two new CPV-2a strains from Mumbai (MC8) and Puducherry (P15) were clustered together in a single clade but had evolved independently and were ancestrally related to Chinese CPV-2a isolates. The FPV sequences (T-C-6 and T-C-1) from Thrissur, Kerala, formed a different clade (FPV clade) and were closely related to each other and had an ancestral relationship with an FPV isolate from the USA. Another FPV isolate from Goa (GC1) was positioned in the same clade but had evolved independently." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Capsid Proteins", "Cats", "Feces", "Feline Panleukopenia", "Feline Panleukopenia Virus", "Female", "India", "Male", "Mutation", "Parvovirus, Canine", "Phylogeny", "Polymerase Chain Reaction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Narcotic agents are frequently administered to manage increased intestinal motility in patients with short bowel syndrome, but long-term use is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. This analysis evaluated the incidence of narcotic use and abdominal adverse events among patients with short bowel syndrome receiving teduglutide.", "Pooled data from patients who received ≥1 dose of teduglutide 0.05 mg/kg/d (n = 77) or placebo (n = 59) in either of 2 randomized, double-blind, phase III studies were analyzed.", "Of 136 patients, 52 (38%) received narcotics. GI adverse events occurred more often among patients who received narcotics than among those who did not (abdominal pain, 51% vs 21%; nausea, 42% vs 11%; abdominal distension, 17% vs 8%; vomiting, 19% vs 6%). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the probability of GI adverse events was significantly increased in patients with narcotic use (P = .0009). In contrast, teduglutide treatment, as well as the interaction between teduglutide and narcotic use, did not affect the probability of GI adverse events." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdominal Pain", "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Double-Blind Method", "Gastrointestinal Agents", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Narcotics", "Nausea", "Peptides", "Short Bowel Syndrome", "Vomiting" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a serious early complications in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) that signifcantly increases mortality rates compared to patients without AKI. The early diagnosis of AKI during its treatable phases and implementation of appropriate treatment protocols can improve outcomes for this group of patients. A promising biomarker for AKI is neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL).", "This study evaluated the diagnostic value of NGAL concentrations in serum and in urine for patients developing AKI as an early complication of AP compared to AP patients without AKI.", "The study group composed of 65 patients (34 men and 31 women) with a mean age of 62.2 ± 16 years with AP and hospitalized in the Surgery Department of the Direct Hospital in Sucha Beskidzka, Poland between January and December 2014. Serum NGAL (sNGAL) levels were measured with the BioVendor ELISA kit, and urine NGAL (uNGAL) with the Abbott ARCHITECT Analyzer.", "In the early phase of AP, 11 patients (17%) developed AKI, including 10 patients with stage 1 and one with stage 2. AKI was associated with more severe AP, higher BISAP scores, the need for more intensive treatment, longer hospital stays and higher mortality. Both serum and urine NGAL concentrations were signifcantly higher in patients with AKI throughout the study and signifcantly predicted AKI in simple and multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities. Serum and urine NGAL concentrations were signifcantly correlated with levels of serum urea, creatinine, urine albumin, and the maximum change in serum creatinine. Serum and urine NGAL levels also correlated positively with direct neutrophil counts and CRP concentrations throughout the study." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Kidney Injury", "Acute-Phase Proteins", "Adult", "Aged", "Biomarkers", "Female", "Humans", "Lipocalin-2", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pancreatitis", "Poland" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Extracellular hemoglobin and cell-free heme are toxic breakdown products of hemolyzed erythrocytes. Mammals synthesize the scavenger proteins haptoglobin and hemopexin, which bind extracellular hemoglobin and heme, respectively. Transfusion of packed red blood cells is a lifesaving therapy for patients with hemorrhagic shock. Because erythrocytes undergo progressive deleterious morphological and biochemical changes during storage, transfusion of packed red blood cells that have been stored for prolonged intervals (SRBCs; stored for 35-40 days in humans or 14 days in mice) increases plasma levels of cell-free hemoglobin and heme. Therefore, in patients with hemorrhagic shock, perfusion-sensitive organs such as the kidneys are challenged not only by hypoperfusion but also by the high concentrations of plasma hemoglobin and heme that are associated with the transfusion of SRBCs.", "To test whether treatment with exogenous human haptoglobin or hemopexin can ameliorate adverse effects of resuscitation with SRBCs after 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock, mice that received SRBCs were given a coinfusion of haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin.", "Treatment with haptoglobin or hemopexin but not albumin improved the survival rate and attenuated SRBC-induced inflammation. Treatment with haptoglobin retained free hemoglobin in the plasma and prevented SRBC-induced hemoglobinuria and kidney injury. In mice resuscitated with fresh packed red blood cells, treatment with haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin did not cause harmful effects." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Proteins", "Erythrocytes", "Haptoglobins", "Hemopexin", "Humans", "Inflammation", "Mice", "Resuscitation", "Shock, Hemorrhagic", "Transfusion Reaction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The use of doxorubicin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is limited by cardiotoxicity. We tested the hypothesis that decreased soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) enzyme activity contributes to the development of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.", "Doxorubicin administration (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [IP]) reduced cardiac sGC activity in wild-type (WT) mice. To investigate whether decreased sGC activity contributes to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, we studied mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deficiency of the sGC α1-subunit (mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of exon 6 of the sGCα1 allele [sGCα1" ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antibiotics, Antineoplastic", "Cardiotoxicity", "Disease Models, Animal", "Doxorubicin", "Enzyme Activation", "Gene Expression", "Heart Diseases", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Mutation", "Myocytes, Cardiac", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase", "Ventricular Dysfunction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lung sound analysis is useful for objectively evaluating airways even in children with asymptomatic asthma. However, the relationship between lung sounds and morphological changes in the airways has not been elucidated. We examined the relationship between lung sounds and chronic morphological changes in the airways during the progression of asthma from onset in guinea pigs.", "Eleven male guinea pigs were examined; of these, seven were used as asthma models and four as controls. The asthma models were sensitized and repeatedly challenged by inhaling albumin chicken egg. We measured lung sounds and lung function twice a week for 21 weeks. After the final antigen challenge, the lungs were excised for histological examination. We measured the ratio of airway wall thickness to the total airway area and the ratio of the internal area to the total airway area in the trachea, third bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.", "Among the lungs sounds, the difference between the two groups was greatest with respect to inspiratory sound intensity. The ratio of airway wall thickness to the total airway area of the terminal bronchioles was greater in the asthma models than in the controls, and it correlated best with the changes in inspiratory sound intensity in the 501-1000-Hz range (r = 0.76, p < 0.003)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Airway Remodeling", "Animals", "Antigens", "Asthma", "Case-Control Studies", "Disease Models, Animal", "Disease Progression", "Guinea Pigs", "Lung", "Male", "Respiratory Function Tests", "Respiratory Sounds" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Due to the chemo resistant nature of cancer cells and adverse effects of current therapies, researchers are looking for the most efficient therapeutic approach which has the lowest side effects and the highest toxicity on cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergic effect of Urtica dioica extract in combination with paclitaxel on cell death and invasion of human breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cell line.", "To determine the cytotoxic effects of Urtica dioica extract with paclitaxel, MTT assay was performed. The scratch test was exploited to assess the effects of Urtica dioica, Paclitaxel alone and combination on migration of cancer cells. The expression levels of snail-1, ZEB1, ZEB2, twist, Cdc2, cyclin B1 and Wee1 genes were quantified using qRT-PCR and western blot performed for snail-1expression. The effects of plant extract, Paclitaxel alone and combination on different phases of cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry.", "Results of MTT assay showed that Urtica dioica significantly destroyed cancer cells. Interestingly, Concurrent use of Urtica dioica extract with paclitaxel resulted in decreased IC50 dose of paclitaxel. Moreover, findings of scratch assay exhibited the inhibitory effects of Urtica dioica, Paclitaxel alone and combination on migration of MDA-MB-468 cell line. Our findings also demonstrated that the extract substantially decreased the Snail-1 and related gene expression. Ultimately, Cell cycle arrest occurred at G2/M phase post-treatment by deregulating Cdc2 and wee1." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Breast Neoplasms", "CDC2 Protein Kinase", "Cell Cycle Checkpoints", "Cell Cycle Proteins", "Cell Death", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Movement", "Cyclin-Dependent Kinases", "Drug Synergism", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Inhibitory Concentration 50", "Nuclear Proteins", "Paclitaxel", "Plant Extracts", "Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "RNA, Messenger", "Snail Family Transcription Factors", "Urtica dioica", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "MicroRNA-622 has been proven down-regulated in many human malignancies and correlated with tumor progression. However, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and function of miR-622 in ESCC.", "Using quantitative RT-PCR, we detected miR-622 expression in ESCC cell lines and primary tumor tissues. The association of miR-622 expression with clinicopathological factors and prognosis was also analyzed. Then, the effects of miR-622 on the biological behavior of ESCC cells were investigated. At last, the potential regulatory function of miR-622 on E2F1 expression was confirmed.", "miR-622 was found to be down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Decreased miR-622 expression was closely correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor overall survival. Multivariate regression analysis corroborated that low level of miR-622 expression was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for patients with ESCC. Up-regulation of miR-622 could significantly reduce ESCC cell proliferation, enhance cell apoptosis, and impair cell invasion and migration in vitro, while down-regulation of miR-622 showed opposite effects. Further, E2F1 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-622 by using Luciferase Reporter Assay." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Base Sequence", "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "Cell Line, Tumor", "E2F1 Transcription Factor", "Esophageal Neoplasms", "Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Genes, Tumor Suppressor", "Humans", "Kaplan-Meier Estimate", "Male", "MicroRNAs", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Prognosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to analyze the biochemical and histochemical effects of radiation therapy and protective melatonin administration on periodontal tissues in rats with experimental periodontitis.", "Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups, as follows: control; experimental periodontitis (Ped); radiotherapy administration (Rt); experimental periodontitis and exposure to irradiation (Ped-Rt); radiotherapy and protective melatonin administration (Rt-Mel); and periodontitis, radiation therapy and protective melatonin administration (Ped-Rt-Mel). The rats were killed at the end of the experimental procedure, and the oxidative stress level and periodontal destruction were compared among the groups.", "The oxidative stress index and the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were found to be significantly higher in the Ped-Rt group compared with the Ped group (p < 0.05), and the levels were lower in the Ped-Rt-Mel group than in the Ped-Rt group (p < 0.05). Alveolar bone destruction and attachment level were also significantly lower in the Ped-Rt-Mel group than in the Ped-Rt group (p < 0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Disease Models, Animal", "Interleukin-1beta", "Male", "Melatonin", "Oxidative Stress", "Periodontitis", "Periodontium", "Radiotherapy", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a membrane-associated cation channel, widely expressed in neuronal cells and involved in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. We showed recently that TRPA1 mediates cartilage degradation and joint pain in the MIA-model of osteoarthritis (OA) suggesting a hitherto unknown role for TRPA1 in OA. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether TRPA1 is expressed and functional in human OA chondrocytes.", "Expression of TRPA1 in primary human OA chondrocytes was assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The functionality of the TRPA1 channel was assessed by Ca(2+)-influx measurements. Production of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-6, and PGE2 subsequent to TRPA1 activation was measured by immunoassay.", "We show here for the first time that TRPA1 is expressed in primary human OA chondrocytes and its expression is increased following stimulation with inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-17, LPS, and resistin. Further, the TRPA1 channel was found to be functional, as stimulation with the TRPA1 agonist AITC caused an increase in Ca(2+) influx, which was attenuated by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031. Genetic depletion and pharmacological inhibition of TRPA1 downregulated the production of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-6, and PGE2 in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and murine cartilage, respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blotting, Western", "Calcium Channels", "Cartilage, Articular", "Cells, Cultured", "Chondrocytes", "Humans", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Nerve Tissue Proteins", "Osteoarthritis", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "TRPA1 Cation Channel", "Transient Receptor Potential Channels" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Managing aggressive breast cancers with enhanced chromosomal instability (CIN) is a significant challenge in clinics. Previously, we described that a cell cycle-associated kinase called Tousled-like kinase 2 (TLK2) is frequently deregulated by genomic amplifications in aggressive estrogen receptor-positive (ER" ], "labels": [ "UNASSIGNED" ], "meshes": [ "Breast Neoplasms", "Cell Line, Tumor", "DNA Damage", "Female", "G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints", "Gene Amplification", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Genomic Instability", "Humans", "Protein Kinases", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and there is an unmet clinical need to develop new therapies. Although showing promising anticancer activity, Niclosamide may not be used as a monotherapy. We seek to investigate whether inhibiting IGF signaling potentiates Niclosamide's anticancer efficacy in human ovarian cancer cells.", "Cell proliferation and migration are assessed. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis are analyzed by flow cytometry. Inhibition of IGF signaling is accomplished by adenovirus-mediated expression of siRNAs targeting IGF-1R. Cancer-associated pathways are assessed using pathway-specific reporters. Subcutaneous xenograft model is used to determine anticancer activity.", "We find that Niclosamide is highly effective on inhibiting cell proliferation, cell migration, and cell cycle progression, and inducing apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells, possibly by targeting multiple signaling pathways involved in ELK1/SRF, AP-1, MYC/MAX and NFkB. Silencing IGF-1R exert a similar but weaker effect than that of Niclosamide's. However, silencing IGF-1R significantly sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to Niclosamide-induced anti-proliferative and anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Antiparasitic Agents", "Apoptosis", "Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors", "Cell Cycle", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Movement", "Cell Proliferation", "Drug Repositioning", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "HEK293 Cells", "Humans", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor I", "Mice", "NF-kappa B", "Niclosamide", "Ovarian Neoplasms", "RNA, Small Interfering", "Receptor, IGF Type 1", "Repressor Proteins", "Signal Transduction", "Transcription Factor AP-1", "Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays", "ets-Domain Protein Elk-1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important mediator of beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in the brain and a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the receptors responsible for the transport of Aβ in the BBB is the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). LRP1 is susceptible to proteolytic shedding at the cell surface, which prevents endocytic transport of ligands. Previously, we reported a strong inverse correlation between LRP1 shedding in the brain and Aβ transit across the BBB. Several proteases contribute to the ectodomain shedding of LRP1 including the α-secretase, a desintegrin and metalloproteinase domain containing protein 10 (ADAM10).", "The role of ADAM10 in the shedding of LRP1 and Aβ BBB clearance was assessed through pharmacological inhibition of ADAM10 in an in vitro model of the BBB and through the use of ADAM10 endothelial specific knock-out mice. In addition, an acute treatment paradigm with an ADAM10 inhibitor was also tested in an AD mouse model to assess the effect of ADAM10 inhibition on LRP1 shedding and Aβbrain accumulation.", "In the current studies, inhibition of ADAM10 reduced LRP1 shedding in brain endothelial cultures and increased Aβ42 transit across an in vitro model of the BBB. Similarly, transgenic ADAM10 endothelial knockout mice displayed lower LRP1 shedding in the brain and significantly enhanced Aβ clearance across the BBB compared to wild-type animals. Acute treatment with the ADAM10-selective inhibitor GI254023X in an AD mouse model substantially reduced brain LRP1 shedding and increased Aβ40 levels in the plasma, indicating enhanced Aβ transit from the brain to the periphery. Furthermore, both soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 brain levels were decreased following GI254023X treatment, but these effects lacked statistical significance." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "ADAM10 Protein", "Alzheimer Disease", "Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases", "Amyloid beta-Peptides", "Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor", "Animals", "Animals, Genetically Modified", "Blood-Brain Barrier", "Cell Line", "Cells, Cultured", "Dipeptides", "Disease Models, Animal", "Humans", "Hydroxamic Acids", "Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1", "Membrane Proteins", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Neuroprotective Agents", "Peptide Fragments", "Presenilin-1", "Receptors, LDL", "Recombinant Proteins", "Tumor Suppressor Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cardiac mass and volumes are often elevated in athletes, but it is not known whether moderate physical activity is also associated with cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy in a healthy adult population.", "In total, 1096 adults (54% female, median age 39 years) without cardiovascular disease or cardiomyopathy-associated genetic variants underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to determine biventricular volumes and function. Physical activity was assessed using a validated activity questionnaire. The relationship between cardiac parameters and activity was assessed using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, sex, race, and systolic blood pressure. Logistic regression was performed to determine the effect of activity on the likelihood of subjects having cardiac dilatation or hypertrophy according to standard cardiac magnetic resonance normal ranges. Increasing physical activity was associated with greater left ventricular (LV) mass (β=0.23; P<0.0001) and elevated LV and right ventricular volumes (LV: β=0.26, P<0.0001; right ventricular: β=0.26, P<0.0001). Physical activity had a larger effect on cardiac parameters than systolic blood pressure (0.06≤β≤0.21) and a similar effect to age (-0.20≤β≤-0.31). Increasing physical activity was a risk factor for meeting imaging criteria for LV hypertrophy (adjusted odds ratio 2.1; P<0.0001), LV dilatation (adjusted odds ratio 2.2; P<0.0001), and right ventricular dilatation (adjusted odds ratio 2.2; P<0.0001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptation, Physiological", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cardiomegaly", "Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced", "Diagnostic Errors", "Exercise", "Female", "Healthy Volunteers", "Humans", "Linear Models", "Logistic Models", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Odds Ratio", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prospective Studies", "Stroke Volume", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "United Kingdom", "Ventricular Function, Left", "Ventricular Function, Right", "Ventricular Remodeling", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping characteristics are elevated in adult cancer survivors; however, it remains unknown whether these elevations are related to age or presence of coincident cardiovascular comorbidities.", "We performed blinded cardiovascular magnetic resonance analyses of left ventricular T1 and extracellular volume (ECV) fraction in 327 individuals (65% women, aged 64±12 years). Thirty-seven individuals had breast cancer or a hematologic malignancy but had not yet initiated their treatment, and 54 cancer survivors who received either anthracycline-based (n=37) or nonanthracycline-based (n=17) chemotherapy 2.8±1.3 years earlier were compared with 236 cancer-free participants. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine the association between T1/ECV measures and variables associated with myocardial fibrosis. Age-adjusted native T1 was elevated pre- (1058±7 ms) and post- (1040±7 ms) receipt of anthracycline chemotherapy versus comparators (965±3 ms; P<0.0001 for both). Age-adjusted ECV, a marker of myocardial fibrosis, was elevated in anthracycline-treated cancer participants (30.4±0.7%) compared with either pretreatment cancer (27.8±0.7%; P<0.01) or cancer-free comparators (26.9±0.2%; P<0.0001). T1 and ECV of nonanthracycline survivors were no different than pretreatment survivors (P=0.17 and P=0.16, respectively). Native T1 and ECV remained elevated in cancer survivors after accounting for demographics (including age), myocardial fibrosis risk factors, and left ventricular ejection fraction or myocardial mass index (P<0.0001 for all)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Anthracyclines", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Cardiomyopathies", "Cardiotoxicity", "Comorbidity", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Edema, Cardiac", "Female", "Fibrosis", "Humans", "Least-Squares Analysis", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Myocardium", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Risk Factors", "Stroke Volume", "Survivors", "Time Factors", "United States", "Ventricular Function, Left" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It is controversial whether high salt intake is directly associated with cardiovascular (CV) events and how far this relation is independent of blood pressure (BP). As Portugal has higher salt consumption and higher mortality by stroke than other European countries, we examined whether salt intake could predict the development of stroke and CV events in a hypertensive population.", "In a longitudinal retrospective study of a cohort of 608 adult treated hypertensive patients 54.1±14.3 years of age, BMI 29.3±8.3 kg/m, 56.3% women and 17.1% diabetics, we evaluate the long-term prognostic significance of urinary sodium (UNa) excretion measured in 24 h valid samples within the first 3 months after admission along with 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and pulse wave velocity [(PWV), complior)] measurements.", "The mean follow-up duration was 7.2 years (0.5-11.1 years), during which 122 CV events occurred including 80 strokes and 36 coronary events. In 608 patients (group A=507 without events and group B=101 with events: 69 strokes, 26 coronary events, six others), the mean 24 h UNa was 208±79 mmol/day, corresponding to a salt intake of 12.1±4.6 g/day. Twenty-four hours UNa correlated positively with BMI, PWV and systolic blood pressure (SBP) particularly with night-time SBP. Group B versus A showed higher UNa (260+98 vs. 198+71 mmol/day, P<0.001) and higher PWV, BP office, 24 h, daytime and night-time SBP. Logistic regression analysis identified age, night-time SBP and 24 h UNa+ [HR=1.09 (95% CI, 1.06-1.12, P<0.001)] for each 10 mmol increase of UNa+ as the only independent predictors of CV events. UNa+ above the median (189 mmol sodium/day) predicted CV events with HR=2.99 (95% CI, 1.75-5.13, P<0.001) with worse CV event-free survival rates (log rank statistics of 17.44, P<0.001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Portugal", "Pulse Wave Analysis", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Sodium Chloride, Dietary", "Stroke" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Prior work shows that palliative homecare services reduce the subsequent need for hospitalizations and emergency services; however, no study has investigated whether this association is present for emergency department visits of high acuity or whether it only applies to low-acuity emergency department visits.", "To examine the association between palliative versus standard homecare nursing and the rate of high-acuity and low-acuity emergency department visits among cancer decedents during their last 6 months of life.", "This is a retrospective cohort study of end-of-life homecare patients in Ontario, Canada, who had confirmed cancer cause of death from 2004 to 2009. A multivariable Poisson regression analysis was implemented to examine the association between the receipt of palliative homecare nursing (vs standard homecare nursing) and the rate of high- and low-acuity emergency department visits, separately.", "There were 54,743 decedents who received homecare nursing in the last 6 months of life. The receipt of palliative homecare nursing decreased the rate of low-acuity emergency department visits (relative rate = 0.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.50-0.56) and was significantly associated with a larger decrease in the rate of high-acuity emergency department visits (relative rate = 0.37, 95% confidence interval = 0.35-0.38)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cohort Studies", "Emergency Service, Hospital", "Female", "Home Care Services", "Hospitalization", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasms", "Ontario", "Palliative Care", "Regression Analysis", "Retrospective Studies", "Terminal Care" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To clarify the lowering effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in a Chinese screened population.", "A total of 45 540 ostensibly healthy men aged 55-69 years who underwent routine health check-ups at Beijing Shijitan Hospital between 2008 and 2015 were included in the study. All the men underwent detailed clinical evaluations. PSA mass density was calculated (serum PSA level × plasma volume ÷ prostate volume) for simultaneously adjusting plasma volume and prostate volume. According to the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III criteria, patients were dichotomized by the presence of MetS, and differences in PSA density and PSA mass density were compared between groups. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of MetS on serum PSA levels.", "When larger prostate volume in men with MetS was adjusted for, both PSA density and PSA mass density in men with MetS were significantly lower than in men without MetS, and the estimated difference in mean serum PSA level between men with and without MetS was greater than that before adjusting for prostate volume. In the multivariate regression model, the presence of MetS was independently associated with an 11.3% decline in serum PSA levels compared with the absence of MetS. In addition, increasing number of positive MetS components was significantly and linearly associated with decline in serum PSA levels." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Body Mass Index", "Case-Control Studies", "China", "Cholesterol", "Databases, Factual", "Humans", "Male", "Mass Screening", "Metabolic Syndrome", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prostate-Specific Antigen", "Prostatic Hyperplasia", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Increasing evidence points to the inflammatory character of atherosclerosis and several parameters of inflammation have been proposed as cerebrovascular risk markers. The objective of the research was to examine the connection of serum inflammatory parameters and ultrasound (US) characteristics of the structure and size of carotid plaque. We assumed that the number of leukocytes (Le) was an indicator of carotid plaque instability and an increased risk of stroke.", "Serum inflammatory parameters: erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the first (ESR I) and second hour (ESR II), the number of Le, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen were measured by standard methods. All the subjects (n = 75) were divided into 3 groups (symptomatic, asymptomatic and control). US evaluation of extracranial carotid arteries was performed in a duplex system. Plaques were classified into categories according to stenosis percentage (≥ 50%, < 50%) and pursuant to echomorphological characteristics (Gray-Weale classification). In the subjects with stroke an ischemic lesion was confirmed by computed tomography.", "The average values of biochemical parameters in the symptomatic group were: ESR I 29.57 ± 29.87 cm, ESR II 51.60 ± 36.87 cm, the number of Le 10.10 ± 3.20 x 10⁹ U/L, hsCRP 8.15 ± 5.50 mg/L and fibrinogen 4.03 ± 0.70 g/L. The average values of all testing biochemical parameters in symptomatic patients were significantly higher than in the asymptomatic ones and the control group: for ESR I (p < 0.05) and ESR II (p < 0.05); for the number of Le (p < 0.001); for hsCRP (p < 0.001) and fibrinogen (p < 0.001). Category I of echomorphological characteristics in the symptomatic group was present in 66.7% of the cases and it was significantly higher than in the asymptomatic (40.0%; p < 0.05) and the control group (20.0%; p < 0.01). Univariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that all testing biochemical parameters are indicators of stroke risk. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed a statistically significant correlation of the number of Le and stroke risk, while the increase in the value by a unit of measurement was associated with the growth of risk by 3.22 times (from 1.67 to 6.22)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Blood Sedimentation", "C-Reactive Protein", "Carotid Stenosis", "Female", "Fibrinogen", "Humans", "Inflammation", "Leukocyte Count", "Leukocytes", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Plaque, Atherosclerotic", "Stroke", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed", "Ultrasonography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)-natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) receptor signalling inhibits cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission, although C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the predominant neuropeptide of the nervous system with expression in the heart and vasculature. We hypothesized that CNP acts similarly to BNP, and that transgenic rats (TGRs) with neuron-specific overexpression of a dominant negative NPR-B receptor would develop heightened sympathetic drive.", "Mean arterial pressure and heart rate (HR) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in freely moving TGRs (n = 9) compared with Sprague Dawley (SD) controls (n = 10). TGR had impaired left ventricular systolic function and spectral analysis of HR variability suggested a shift towards sympathoexcitation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-staining of NPR-B with tyrosine hydroxylase in stellate ganglia neurons. In SD rats, CNP (250 nM, n = 8) significantly reduced the tachycardia during right stellate ganglion stimulation (1-7 Hz) in vitro whereas the response to bath-applied norepinephrine (NE, 1 μM, n = 6) remained intact. CNP (250 nM, n = 8) significantly reduced the release of " ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Arterial Pressure", "Calcium Signaling", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Heart", "Heart Rate", "Hypertension", "Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type", "Norepinephrine", "Phenotype", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Rats, Transgenic", "Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor", "Stellate Ganglion", "Sympathetic Nervous System", "Synaptic Transmission", "Systole", "Tachycardia, Ventricular", "Time Factors", "Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase", "Ventricular Dysfunction, Left", "Ventricular Function, Left" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "For the majority of congenital heart diseases (CHDs), the full complexity of the causative molecular network, which is driven by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, is yet to be elucidated. Epigenetic alterations are suggested to play a pivotal role in modulating the phenotypic expression of CHDs and their clinical course during life. Candidate approaches implied that DNA methylation might have a developmental role in CHD and contributes to the long-term progress of non-structural cardiac diseases. The aim of the present study is to define the postnatal epigenome of two common cardiac malformations, representing epigenetic memory, and adaption to hemodynamic alterations, which are jointly relevant for the disease course.", "We present the first analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data obtained from myocardial biopsies of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and ventricular septal defect patients. We defined stringent sets of differentially methylated regions between patients and controls, which are significantly enriched for genomic features like promoters, exons, and cardiac enhancers. For TOF, we linked DNA methylation with genome-wide expression data and found a significant overlap for hypermethylated promoters and down-regulated genes, and vice versa. We validated and replicated the methylation of selected CpGs and performed functional assays. We identified a hypermethylated novel developmental CpG island in the promoter of SCO2 and demonstrate its functional impact. Moreover, we discovered methylation changes co-localized with novel, differential splicing events among sarcomeric genes as well as transcription factor binding sites. Finally, we demonstrated the interaction of differentially methylated and expressed genes in TOF with mutated CHD genes in a molecular network." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adaptation, Physiological", "Adult", "Carrier Proteins", "Case-Control Studies", "Child, Preschool", "CpG Islands", "DNA Methylation", "Epigenesis, Genetic", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Gene Regulatory Networks", "Genetic Association Studies", "Genetic Markers", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular", "Hemodynamics", "Humans", "Infant", "Middle Aged", "Mitochondrial Proteins", "Phenotype", "Principal Component Analysis", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "RNA Splicing", "Reproducibility of Results", "Tetralogy of Fallot", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The striated muscle costamere, a multiprotein complex at the boundary between the sarcomere and the sarcolemma, plays an integral role in maintaining striated muscle structure and function. Multiple costamere-associated proteins, such as integrins and integrin-interacting proteins, have been identified and shown to play an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis of human cardiomyopathy. Kindlin-2 is an adaptor protein that binds to the integrin β cytoplasmic tail to promote integrin activation. Genetic deficiency of Kindlin-2 results in embryonic lethality, and knockdown of the Kindlin-2 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio suggests that it has an essential role in integrin function and normal muscle structure and function. The precise role of Kindlin-2 in the mammalian cardiac myocyte remains to be determined.", "The current studies were designed to investigate the role of Kindlin-2 in the mammalian heart. We generated a series of cardiac myocyte-specific Kindlin-2 knockout mice with excision of the Kindlin-2 gene in either developing or adult cardiac myocytes. We found that mice lacking Kindlin-2 in the early developing heart are embryonic lethal. We demonstrate that deletion of Kindlin-2 at late gestation or in adult cardiac myocytes resulted in heart failure and premature death, which were associated with enlargement of the heart and extensive fibrosis. In addition, integrin β1D protein expression was significantly downregulated in the adult heart." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Age Factors", "Animals", "Cardiomyopathies", "Cytoskeletal Proteins", "Disease Progression", "Down-Regulation", "Fibrosis", "Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Gestational Age", "Heart Failure", "Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular", "Integrin beta1", "Mice, Knockout", "Muscle Proteins", "Myocytes, Cardiac", "Phenotype" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Substantial country differences in neurosurgical training throughout Europe have recently been described, ranging from subjective rating of training quality to objective working hours per week. The aim of this study was to analyse whether these differences translate into the results of the written and oral part of the European Board Examination in Neurological Surgery (EBE-NS).", "Country-specific composite scores for satisfaction with quality of theoretical and practical training, as well as working hours per week, were obtained from an electronic survey distributed among European neurosurgical residents between June 2014 and March 2015. These were related to anonymous country-specific results of the EBE-NS between 2009 and 2016, using uni- and multivariate linear regression analysis.", "A total of n = 1025 written and n = 63 oral examination results were included. There was a significant linear relationship between the country-specific EBE-NS result in the written part and the country-specific composite score for satisfaction with quality of theoretical training [adjusted regression coefficient (RC) -3.80, 95 % confidence interval (CI) -5.43-7 -2.17, p < 0.001], but not with practical training or working time. For the oral part, there was a linear relationship between the country-specific EBE-NS result and the country-specific composite score for satisfaction with quality of practical training (RC 9.47, 95 % CI 1.47-17.47, p = 0.021), however neither with satisfaction with quality of theoretical training nor with working time." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Europe", "Humans", "Internship and Residency", "Neurosurgery", "Neurosurgical Procedures", "Personal Satisfaction", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Current diagnostic tests for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) do not consistently measure chronicity of reflux. Mucosal impedance (MI) is a minimally invasive measurement to assess esophageal conductivity changes due to GERD. We aimed to investigate MI pattern in patients with symptoms of extraesophageal reflux (EER) in a prospective longitudinal cohort study.", "Patients with potential symptoms of EER undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with wireless pH monitoring were studied. Participants included those with erosive esophagitis (E+), normal EGD/abnormal pH (E-/pH+), and normal EGD/normal pH (E-/pH-). MI was measured from the site of injury in patients with E+, as well as at 2, 5, and 10 cm above the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) in all participants.", "Forty-one patients with symptoms of EER were studied. MI measurements at 2 cm above the SCJ were significantly (P = 0.04) different among the three groups, with MI lowest for E+ and greatest for E-/pH- patients. Although not statistically significant, there is a graded increase in median (interquartile range) MI axially along the esophagus at 5 cm (P = 0.20) and at 10 cm (P = 0.27) above the SCJ, with those with reflux (E+ and E-/pH+) having a lower MI than those without." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Catheters", "Electric Impedance", "Endoscopy, Digestive System", "Esophageal Mucosa", "Esophageal pH Monitoring", "Esophagitis", "Female", "Gastroesophageal Reflux", "Humans", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Longitudinal Studies", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Monitoring, Ambulatory", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prospective Studies", "Reproducibility of Results", "Telemetry", "Transducers" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The antileukemic drug asparaginase, a key component in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acts by depleting asparagine from the blood. However, little is known about its pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of therapy resistance are poorly understood. Here, we explored the in vivo biodistribution of radiolabeled asparaginase, using a combination of in vivo imaging and biochemical techniques, and provide evidence for tissue specific clearance mechanisms, which could reduce effectiveness of the drug at these specific sites.", "In vivo localization of Indium-111-labeled E.coli asparaginase was carried out in C57Bl/6 mice by both microSPECT/CT and by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Mice were treated with liposomal clodronate to investigate the effect of macrophage depletion on tracer localization and drug clearance in vivo. Moreover, macrophage cell line models RAW264.7 and THP-1, as well as cathepsin B deficient mice, were used to identify the cellular and molecular components controlling asparaginase pharmacokinetics.", "In vivo imaging and biodistribution studies showed a rapid accumulation of asparaginase in macrophage-rich tissues such as liver, spleen and in particular bone marrow. Clodronate-mediated depletion of phagocytic cells markedly prolonged the serum half-life of asparaginase in vivo and decreased drug uptake in target organs. Immunohistochemistry and in vitro binding assays confirmed the involvement of macrophage-like cells in the uptake of asparaginase. We identified the activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in macrophages as a rate-limiting factor in degrading asparaginase both in vitro and in vivo." ], "labels": [ "UNASSIGNED", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antineoplastic Agents", "Asparaginase", "Bone Marrow", "Cell Line", "Female", "Macrophages", "Male", "Metabolic Clearance Rate", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Knockout", "Molecular Imaging", "Organ Specificity", "Reproducibility of Results", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Enterococcus faecalis is a pathogenic gram-positive bacterium closely associated with apical periodontitis. Although sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been used as a common endodontic irrigant to eradicate bacteria in the root canal, it has not been elucidated whether NaOCl attenuates the inflammatory response induced by the E. faecalis virulence factor lipoteichoic acid (EfLTA).", "Structurally intact EfLTA purified from E. faecalis was treated with NaOCl at various concentrations and time periods. Murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was treated with interferon gamma followed by treatment with intact or NaOCl-treated EfLTA to determine the inducibility of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, interferon gamma-inducible protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α. Reporter gene assays assessed by flow cytometry were used to examine the ability of intact or NaOCl-treated EfLTA to activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which is known to recognize EfLTA on host cells. Structural damage of EfLTA by NaOCl was examined using silver staining and thin-layer chromatography.", "NaOCl-treated EfLTA showed markedly less induction of nitric oxide, interferon gamma-inducible protein 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in RAW 264.7 cells compared with intact EfLTA. In contrast to intact EfLTA that potently stimulated TLR2 activation, NaOCl-treated EfLTA did not activate TLR2. Structural analysis showed that NaOCl damaged EfLTA structure by deacylation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "CHO Cells", "Chemokine CCL3", "Chemokine CXCL10", "Cricetulus", "Enterococcus faecalis", "Lipopolysaccharides", "Macrophages", "Mice", "Nitric Oxide", "Periapical Periodontitis", "RAW 264.7 Cells", "Root Canal Irrigants", "Sodium Hypochlorite", "Teichoic Acids", "Toll-Like Receptor 2" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Substance use and crime/recidivism are irrevocably linked. We explore the nuances of this association by highlighting the prevalence, trends, and correlates of substance use dsorders in a large group of probationers/parolees.", "We examined SUDs among probationers and parolees in the United States using data from the National Study on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Logistic regression models were computed to examine eight distinct outcomes: alcohol abuse, illicit drug abuse, marijuana/hashish abuse, comorbid alcohol and illicit drug abuse, alcohol dependence, illicit drug dependence, marijuana/hashish dependence, and comorbid alcohol and illicit drug dependence.", "Probationers/parolees have high prevalence rates across all SUDs categories and these trends have been relatively constant. Prevalence rates for alcohol abuse and dependence are two to six times higher than for marijuana and other illicit drug abuse and dependence. Key correlates of substance abuse for probationers/parolees include: age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, risk propensity, crime/violence measures, and comorbid substance abuse. Similar correlates were found for substance dependence, in addition to employment and mental health treatment." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Alcoholism", "Comorbidity", "Criminals", "Employment", "Female", "Humans", "Income", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prevalence", "Prisoners", "Propensity Score", "Substance-Related Disorders", "United States", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The relationship between post-exercise heart-rate recovery (HRR) and resting cardiac autonomic modulation is an incompletely explored issue.", "To correlate HRR with resting supine and orthostatic autonomic status.", "HRR at the 1st, 3th, and 5th min following maximal treadmill exercise were correlated with 5-min time-domain (CV, pNN50 and rMSSD) and frequency-domain (TP, LF, HF, LFn, HFn, and LF/HF ratio) indices of heart-rate variability (HRV) in both supine and standing positions in 31 healthy physically active non-athletes men. Statistical analysis employed non-parametric tests with two-tailed p value set at 5 %.", "Absolute HRR and Δ %HRR at each post-exercise time did not correlated with HRV in supine position, as well as at 1st min in standing position. At the 3rd min and 5th min, these measures negatively correlated with pNN50, rMSSD, TP, and HF indices, and only in the 5th min, they showed negative correlation with HFn and positive correlation with LF, LFn, and LF/HF ratio in the standing position. Coefficient of HRR (CHRR) at the 1st min negatively correlated with pNN50 and rMSSD and at 3rd and 5th min showed positive correlation with LFn and LF/HF ratio in supine position. With HRV indices in standing position CHRR from the 1st to 5th min showed the same respective negative and positive correlations as the other measures." ], "labels": [ "UNASSIGNED", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Anaerobic Threshold", "Autonomic Nervous System", "Blood Pressure", "Electrocardiography", "Exercise", "Exercise Test", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Posture", "Rest", "Supine Position", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vascular signalling molecule. NO is synthesised endogenously by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). An alternate pathway is exogenous dietary nitrate, which can be converted to nitrite and then stored or further converted to NO and used immediately. Atherosclerosis is associated with endothelial dysfunction and subsequent lesion formation. This is thought to arise due to a reduction in the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of endogenous NO.", "To determine if dietary nitrate can protect against endothelial dysfunction and lesion formation in the ApoE", "ApoE" ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylcholine", "Animals", "Aorta", "Apolipoproteins E", "Atherosclerosis", "Collagen", "Diet, High-Fat", "Dietary Supplements", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Gene Expression", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Knockout", "Nitrates", "Nitric Oxide", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III", "Oxidative Stress", "Plaque, Atherosclerotic", "Tissue Culture Techniques", "Vasodilation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Bacterium-to-host signalling during infection is a complex process involving proteins, lipids and other diffusible signals that manipulate host cell biology for pathogen survival. Bacteria also release membrane vesicles (MV) that can carry a cargo of effector molecules directly into host cells. Supported by recent publications, we hypothesised that these MVs also associate with RNA, which may be directly involved in the modulation of the host response to infection.", "Using the uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain 536, we have isolated MVs and found they carry a range of RNA species. Density gradient centrifugation further fractionated and characterised the MV preparation and confirmed that the isolated RNA was associated with the highest particle and protein containing fractions. Using a new approach, RNA-sequencing of libraries derived from three different 'size' RNA populations (<50nt, 50-200nt and 200nt+) isolated from MVs has enabled us to now report the first example of a complete bacterial MV-RNA profile. These data show that MVs carry rRNA, tRNAs, other small RNAs as well as full-length protein coding mRNAs. Confocal microscopy visualised the delivery of lipid labelled MVs into cultured bladder epithelial cells and showed their RNA cargo labelled with 5-EU (5-ethynyl uridine), was transported into the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus. MV RNA uptake by the cells was confirmed by droplet digital RT-PCR of csrC. It was estimated that 1% of MV RNA cargo is delivered into cultured cells." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cell Line, Tumor", "Centrifugation, Density Gradient", "Epithelial Cells", "Escherichia coli Infections", "Extracellular Vesicles", "Humans", "RNA, Bacterial", "RNA, Ribosomal", "RNA, Transfer", "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms", "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The age gap between participants in trials and patients who could benefit from the drugs studied has been widely documented across different clinical areas. Patients with dementia included in clinical research are systematically younger than those in the general population. We examined the age gap between participants in recent clinical trials testing interventions for Alzheimer's disease and epidemiological data.", "We systematically searched literature databases (MedLine, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library) and ClinicalTrials.gov from 2000 to July 2015 to retrieve clinical trials testing pharmacologic treatments for Alzheimer's disease, other than cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. We included ongoing and completed phase II/III randomized clinical trials, irrespective of their publication status. From each study reporting the participants' ages, we extracted size of sample, mean age, and standard deviation, and estimated the proportions of participants in different age classes. The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease by age class in the USA population was used for comparison.", "We included 165 clinical trials testing almost 100 different compounds, which enrolled or planned to enroll about 74,300 participants. Seventy-nine of these trials, accounting for about 26,800 participants, reported the age of the participants. The weighted mean age was 73.6 years (standard deviation, 8.2). People younger than 80 years were highly represented in clinical trials (78 %), despite the fact that those aged 80 and older form the majority (72 %) of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Only 8 % of clinical trial participants were 85 years or older." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Hearing aids are prescribed to alleviate loss of audibility. It has been reported that about 31% of hearing aid users reject their own hearing aid because of annoyance towards background noise. The reason for dissatisfaction can be located anywhere from the hearing aid microphone till the integrity of neurons along the auditory pathway.", "To measure spectra from the output of hearing aid at the ear canal level and frequency following response recorded at the auditory brainstem from individuals with hearing impairment.", "A total of sixty participants having moderate sensorineural hearing impairment with age range from 15 to 65 years were involved. Each participant was classified as either Good or Poor Hearing aid Performers based on acceptable noise level measure. Stimuli /da/ and /si/ were presented through loudspeaker at 65dB SPL. At the ear canal, the spectra were measured in the unaided and aided conditions. At auditory brainstem, frequency following response were recorded to the same stimuli from the participants.", "Spectrum measured in each condition at ear canal was same in good hearing aid performers and poor hearing aid performers. At brainstem level, better F" ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acoustic Stimulation", "Adaptation, Physiological", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Auditory Threshold", "Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem", "Female", "Hearing Aids", "Hearing Loss, Sensorineural", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Noise", "Sound Localization", "Speech Perception", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the association of statin use with oncological outcomes and risk of pathologic upgrading following radical prostatectomy.", "Using a prospectively populated database of 3042 men who underwent open radical prostatectomy, patients were grouped according to reported statin use at the time of surgery. The primary outcome was time to biochemical recurrence. The secondary outcome was risk of pathologic upgrading among a subset of 1256 patients with Gleason pattern 3 + 3 = 6 on biopsy. A multivariable Cox model was used to assess risk of biochemical recurrence, and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess risk of pathologic upgrading.", "Eight hundred twenty-four men (27%) reported statin use at the time of radical prostatectomy. Statin users were older and had higher body mass index, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, and lower pretreatment prostate-specific antigen values than statin nonusers. Over a median follow-up of 70 months (interquartile range: 36-107), a total of 455 men (15%) experienced biochemical recurrence. Statin use was not associated with biochemical recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.86-1.31). Of those men with biopsy Gleason 3 + 3 = 6 disease, 647 (52%) were upgraded to higher grade disease following radical prostatectomy; however, statin use was not associated with pathologic upgrading (adjusted odds ratio: 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.58-1.04)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Biopsy, Needle", "Cohort Studies", "Databases, Factual", "Disease-Free Survival", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Immunohistochemistry", "Kaplan-Meier Estimate", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Neoplasm Grading", "Neoplasm Invasiveness", "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local", "Preoperative Period", "Prognosis", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Prostate", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Risk Assessment", "Survival Analysis", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It is known that large dogs who are fed lamb and rice diets are at increased risk to develop taurine-deficiency-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Since dogs obligatorily conjugate bile acids (BA) with taurine, we determined whether rice bran (RB) or other fibers (cellulose; CL, beet pulp; BP) would affect BA excretion and/or the taurine status of dogs.", "Eighteen medium/large mixed-breed dogs were given purified diets containing CL, BP, or RB for 12 weeks. Taurine concentrations in plasma and whole blood were significantly decreased at week 12. The BP group, compared to the CL or RB groups, showed significantly lower taurine concentrations in plasma (6.5 ± 0.5 vs 20.4 ± 3.9 and 13.1 ± 2.0 μmol/L, respectively, P < 0.01, mean ± SEM) and in whole blood (79 ± 10 vs 143 ± 14 and 127 ± 14 μmol/L, respectively, P < 0.01), lower apparent protein digestibility (81.9 ± 0.6 vs 88.8 ± 0.6 and 88.1 ± 1.2 %, respectively, P < 0.01), and higher BA excretions (5.6 ± 0.1 vs 3.4 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.4 μmol/g feces, respectively, P < 0.05) at week 12." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Guidelines recommend cholesterol-lowering medication from 8 to 10 years of age and dietary recommendations. Little is known about the diet of FH children and the effect of dietary counseling. The aim of the study was to describe the diet of FH children with respect to fat quality, and to investigate if dietary counseling improved lipid profile.", "Fifty-four FH children (5-18 years) were included in the study and dietary intake was recorded with a pre-coded food diary for four days. Information about plasma lipid levels was obtained.", "Median intake of total fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) and saturated fat (SFA) was 30.8, 10.4, 5.9 and 12.0 E %, respectively. Among non-statin treated FH children, SFA intake was significantly correlated with TC, LDL-C and apolipoprotein (apo) B (rsp = 0.55; p = 0.004, rsp = 0.46; p = 0.02, and rsp = 0.45; p = 0.02, respectively), and PUFA/SFA ratio significantly inversely correlated with TC (rsp = -0.42; p = 0.03). Compared to the first visit, non-statin and non-plant sterol treated FH children (n = 10) had significantly reduced levels of TC (p < 0.01), LDL-C (p = 0.01), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.02), apo B (p = 0.05) and apo A-1 (p = 0.02) levels at a later visit." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Apolipoproteins B", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Cholesterol", "Cholesterol, Dietary", "Cholesterol, HDL", "Cholesterol, LDL", "Counseling", "Diet", "Diet Records", "Dietary Fats", "Fatty Acids", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors", "Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II", "Lipids", "Male", "Triglycerides" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP/MS) is a widely used approach to identify protein interactions and complexes. In multicellular organisms, the accurate identification of protein complexes by AP/MS is complicated by the potential heterogeneity of complexes in different tissues. Here, we present an in vivo biotinylation-based approach for the tissue-specific purification of protein complexes from Caenorhabditis elegans. Tissue-specific biotinylation is achieved by the expression in select tissues of the bacterial biotin ligase BirA, which biotinylates proteins tagged with the Avi peptide.", "We generated N- and C-terminal tags combining GFP with the Avi peptide sequence, as well as four BirA driver lines expressing BirA ubiquitously and specifically in the seam and hyp7 epidermal cells, intestine, or neurons. We validated the ability of our approach to identify bona fide protein interactions by identifying the known LGL-1 interaction partners PAR-6 and PKC-3. Purification of the Discs large protein DLG-1 identified several candidate interaction partners, including the AAA-type ATPase ATAD-3 and the uncharacterized protein MAPH-1.1. We have identified the domains that mediate the DLG-1/ATAD-3 interaction, and show that this interaction contributes to C. elegans development. MAPH-1.1 co-purified specifically with DLG-1 purified from neurons, and shared limited homology with the microtubule-associated protein MAP1A, a known neuronal interaction partner of mammalian DLG4/PSD95. A CRISPR/Cas9-engineered GFP::MAPH-1.1 fusion was broadly expressed and co-localized with microtubules." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Amino Acid Sequence", "Animals", "Biotinylation", "Caenorhabditis elegans", "Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins", "Fluorescent Antibody Technique", "Guanylate Kinases", "Multiprotein Complexes", "Neurons", "Organ Specificity", "Protein Binding", "Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs", "Protein Interaction Mapping", "Protein Transport", "Reproducibility of Results" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A recurrent finding of trials on renal sympathetic denervation is a certain percentage of non-responders. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of arterial stiffness to predict response.", "Eighty-eight patients were included in the study. Arterial stiffness was measured by invasive pulse wave velocity. Antihypertensive medication had to be unchanged during follow-up. Ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) was used to record blood pressure before and six months after denervation. Fifty-eight patients without changes in medication were included in the final analysis. Responders (n=37; blood pressure reduction -12.8±6.4 mmHg) had a significantly lower pulse wave velocity (14.4±4.4 m/s versus 17.7±4.5 m/s; p=0.009) compared to non-responders (n=21; blood pressure reduction +3.0±4.5 mmHg; p<0.001 for comparison with responders). In multivariate analysis, invasive pulse wave velocity was the only significant predictor of blood pressure reduction after denervation (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.014-1.327; p=0.03). Patients with increased stiffness were older (p=0.001), had a higher prevalence of diabetes (p=0.008), more often had isolated systolic hypertension (p=0.007), and had a higher invasive pulse pressure (p<0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antihypertensive Agents", "Blood Pressure", "Blood Pressure Determination", "Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory", "Denervation", "Female", "Humans", "Hypertension", "Kidney", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pulse Wave Analysis", "Vascular Stiffness" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Metastasis is a primary cause of colorectal cancer (CRC)-related death, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be majorly responsible for initiating metastatic behaviors. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) was recently discovered to be a marker for gastrointestinal CSCs. Here, we aimed to explore whether DCLK1 is associated with CRC metastasis through clinical and in vitro investigations.", "The expression levels of DCLK1 mRNA and protein in human CRC tissues were analyzed through quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively. Human CRC cell line SW480 was selected to explore the effect of DCLK1 overexpression on cell migration and invasion. Besides, the associations between DCLK1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were determined.", "Compared to normal colorectal tissues, DCLK1 expression was significantly up-regulated in human CRC tissues and correlated well with high lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis in patients. DCLK1 expression was inversely associated with overall survival in CRC patients. Overexpression of DCLK1 in SW480 cells markedly promoted cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, we validated that DCLK1 could facilitate EMT in cancer cells by up-regulation of the mesenchymal markers Vimentin and ZEB1 and down-regulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin in SW480 cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Case-Control Studies", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition", "Female", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Metastasis", "Paraffin Embedding", "Prognosis", "Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases", "RNA, Messenger", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To define the predictive capability of serum C-reactive protein for a contemporary patient collective undergoing metastasectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with access to modern targeted therapies.", "A total of 88 patients treated with metastasectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma from 2003 to 2014 were evaluated for putative clinicopathological risk factors and survival. Kaplan-Meier analyses, univariate and multivariate testing were carried out. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to evaluate available risk stratification instruments for patients undergoing metastasectomy.", "Median overall survival for the collective was 66.31 months (95% confidence interval 50.67-135.47; 5-year overall survival 55%). The median preoperative C-reactive protein level was 6.7 mg/L (range 0.1-161.7). A C-reactive protein cut-off value of 5 mg/dL was significantly discriminative of survival (P = 0.029). Median survival in dependence of C-reactive protein accounted for 50.67 months (range 33.86-63.05 months) in the C-reactive protein >5 mg/L group, and 135.47 months in the C-reactive protein ≤5 mg/L group (range 66.31-135.47 months). C-reactive protein elevation >5 mg/L, anemia and surgical margin status were identified as significant predictors of overall survival in univariate analysis. In a multivariate model, resection margin status (P = 0.015) and C-reactive protein elevation (P = 0.038) were confirmed as independent predictive variables." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "C-Reactive Protein", "Carcinoma, Renal Cell", "Humans", "Kidney Neoplasms", "Metastasectomy", "Prognosis", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Young children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for cognitive delay. In addition to biologic risk factors associated with SCD, environmental factors contribute to cognitive dysfunction within this cohort.", "We completed a single-arm, prospective cohort study. Children with SCD between the ages of 3 and 36 months and their caregivers were followed between October 2010 and December 2013. The aim was to describe the role of a home visitation model, the home environment, and socioeconomic status in the development of young children with SCD. Primary outcome measures were the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME). We hypothesized that the home visitation model, Parents as Teachers", "Thirty-five participants had at least two PAT visits and BSID-III assessments. Mean scores within all five subtests of the BSID-III improved between enrollment and exit, with significant changes within cognitive (P = 0.016) and expressive language (EL) domains (P = 0.002). Multivariate modeling found the HOME score associated with the exit results of the cognitive domain." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Anemia, Sickle Cell", "Child", "Child Development", "Cognition", "Cohort Studies", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Parents", "Patient Education as Topic", "Pilot Projects", "Prospective Studies", "Social Class" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the rate of persistent tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) in pediatric patients managed with stomal maturation at the time of the tracheostomy.", "Retrospective chart analysis of all cases of tracheostomy performed at a tertiary pediatric care center between 2001 and 2011.", "The use of stomal maturation, number of decannulations, number of persistent TCFs, timing of TCF repair, and the overall mortality were assessed.", "A total of 264 patients received tracheostomy between 2001 and 2011. Of the total, 173 (66%) underwent stomal maturation. Of those 173 patients, 89 patients (51% of maturation group) underwent planned decannulation. Forty seven (53%) of the 89 decannulated were found to have a persistent TCF in the stomal maturation group. These were diagnosed an average of 1.3 years (range, 4-43 months) after decannulation. Of the 91 patients (34% of the total) who did not undergo stomal maturation, 44 (48% of nonmaturation group) underwent planned decannulation. Twenty of the 44 patients decannulated (45%) were diagnosed with a residual TCF 8 to 28 months later. Both groups achieved similar rates of decannulation (51% maturation vs. 48% non-maturation [P = .80]) and TCF (27% maturation vs. 22% non-maturation [P = .44]). Overall, mortality rates were (32/173) 18% (matured) versus (26/91) 29% (nonmatured). No mortalities were tracheostomy related. The mean (standard deviation) time from operation to TCF closure among those with TCF was 4.0 (1.9) years." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Cutaneous Fistula", "Device Removal", "Female", "Fistula", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Infant", "Male", "Postoperative Complications", "Retrospective Studies", "Suture Techniques", "Time Factors", "Tracheal Diseases", "Tracheostomy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Areas of high signal intensity (HighT2) on T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging have been demonstrated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It has been hypothesised that HighT2 may indicate active tissue injury in HCM. In this context, we studied HighT2 in relation to cardiac troponin.", "Outpatient HCM patients without a history of coronary artery disease underwent CMR imaging at 1.5 T using T2-weighted, cine and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging to assess HighT2, left ventricular (LV) function, LV mass and the presence and extent of LGE. Highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) was assessed as a marker of injury, with hs-cTnT ≥14 and >3 ng/L defined as an elevated and detectable troponin.", "HighT2 was present in 28% of patients (28/101). An elevated hs-cTnT was present in 54% of patients with HighT2 (15/28) compared with 14% of patients without HighT2 (10/73) (p<0.001). Hs-cTnT was detectable in 96% of patients with HighT2 (27/28) compared with 66% of patients without HighT2 (48/73) (p=0.002). In case of an undetectable hs-cTnT, HighT2 was only seen in 4% (1/26). In addition, the extent of HighT2 was related with increasing hs-cTnT concentrations (Spearman's ρ: 0.42, p<0.001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Ambulatory Care", "Biomarkers", "Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic", "Contrast Media", "Female", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine", "Male", "Meglumine", "Middle Aged", "Netherlands", "Organometallic Compounds", "Pilot Projects", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Troponin T", "Up-Regulation", "Ventricular Function, Left" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Comparison of the efficacy of tropicamide eyedrops to the combination of 0.5% tropicamide and 5% phenylephrine eyedrops in order to achieve a proper dilation in premature infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity.", "A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of two mydriatic regimens: one regimen consisting of three drops of 0.5% tropicamide (TTT regimen), the other regimen consisting of one drop of 5% phenylephrine and two drops of 0.5% tropicamide (PTT regimen). Thirty premature infants were enrolled and received both mydriatic regimens: one regimen in each eye. Outcomes were pupil dilation evaluated by the percentage of pupil diameter over cornea diameter, the percentage of pupil surface over cornea surface and the quality of the eye fundus examination.", "The percentage of pupil diameter over cornea diameter was 47.3% (±8.7) with the TTT regimen and 65.9% (±8.8) with the PTT regimen (p < 0.0001). The percentage of pupil surface over cornea surface was 23.1% (±8.3) with the TTT regimen and 43.8% (±7.3) with the PTT regimen (p < 0.0001). Thus, the pupil surface area was 1.9 times greater with the PTT than with the TTT regimen. Visualization of the retinal periphery was possible for 30 of 30 eyes dilated with the PTT regimen and for 16 of 30 eyes dilated with the TTT regimen (p < 0.0001)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Therapy, Combination", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Male", "Mydriatics", "Neonatal Screening", "Ophthalmic Solutions", "Ophthalmoscopy", "Phenylephrine", "Prospective Studies", "Pupil", "Reproducibility of Results", "Retinopathy of Prematurity", "Time Factors", "Tropicamide" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Our objective was to identify the antioxidant properties of honeybee products from Turkey, chestnut honey, pollen, propolis, and royal jelly, and their hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats.", "Animals were fed with honeybee products for 7 days following CCl4 injection. Development of liver damage and oxidative stress were monitored by measuring the activities of the enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Antioxidant capacities of the bee products were identified using FRAP and DPPH assays, as well as by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid contents.", "The antioxidant activities of the honeybee products were highest in propolis, followed, in order, by pollen, honey, and royal jelly. Despite their different levels of antioxidant capacity, their roles in the prevention of liver damage induced by CCl4 were very similar, which can be explained through their bioavailability to the treated animals." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antioxidants", "Apitherapy", "Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury", "Chemokine CCL4", "Honey", "Liver", "Plant Extracts", "Propolis", "Rats", "Turkey" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In order to determine the synergistic effects of human placental mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) on hematopoiesis in vivo, we compared the intrabone marrow injection (IBMI) with the conventional intravenous injection (IVI).", "C57BL/6 recipient mice conditioned with lethal doses of irradiation were transplanted with bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from BALB/c mice by IBMI or IVI. NOD/SCID recipient mice conditioned with sublethal doses of irradiation were transplanted with human umbilical cord blood MNCs (UCB-MNCs) and PMSCs by IBMI or IVI.", "The number of hematopoietic cells was significantly higher in mice transplanted with BMSCs by IBMI than in those transplanted by IVI in a murine transplantation model (BALB/c→C57BL/6). Moreover, the percentage of human hematopoietic cells in the tibiae of the NOD/SCID mice that were transplanted with PMSCs plus UCB-MNCs was higher than that in mice transplanted with UCB-MNCs alone. In addition, in mice that were transplanted with PMSCs, PMSCs injected by IBMI were more efficient than those injected by IVI." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Bone Marrow", "Hematopoiesis", "Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Inbred NOD", "Mice, SCID" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The chronic inflammation plays an important role in heart failure and complement components might be useful markers of the prognosis. We set out to evaluate their predictive value in the clinical outcomes of patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).", "We determined the complement levels C3, C3a, sC5b-9 and also the N-terminus of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) of 126 heart failure patients in a prospective, single-center observational study before and 6 months after CRT implantation.", "CRT reduced the C3a [212.5 (148.2-283.6) vs. 153 (119.8-218.3) ng/mL, p < 0.0001] and the sC5b-9 levels [296.9 (234.2-358.8) vs. 255.1 (210.1-319.0) ng/mL, p = 0.0006], but not the total C3 levels [1.43 (1.26-1.61) vs. 1.38 (1.23-1.57) g/L, p = 0.57]. C3a predicted the 5-year mortality of the patients [C3a > 165 ng/mL hazard ratio = 4.21 (1.65-10.72), p = 0.003] independent of the NT-proBNP and other factors. After reclassification, we observed a significant net reclassification improvement [NRI = 0.71 (0.43-0.98), p < 0.0001] and integrated discrimination improvement [IDI = 0.08 (0.03-0.12), p = 0.0002]." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy", "Complement Activation", "Complement System Proteins", "Female", "Heart Failure", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Natriuretic Peptide, Brain", "Peptide Fragments" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Accumulating evidences indicated that lncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in oncogenesis and progression of cancers. BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) has been identified to contribute to the progression of some human cancers. However, the relationship between BANCR and bladder cancer (BC) is largely unclear.", "BANCR expression levels in BC, paired non-cancer tissues and BC cell lines were detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between BANCR expression levels and the clinical characteristics were evaluated. BANCR expression was enhanced by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. We used both CCK-8 assay and Edu assay to detect cell proliferation. We also detect cell apoptosis and migration by using ELISA assay, Flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. All statistical analyses were executed by using the SPSS 20.0 software.", "BANCR expression levels were remarkably decreased in BC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. BANCR expression levels in two BC cell lines were also significantly down-regulated. Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that low BANCR expression was positively correlated with TNM stage, but not associated with other clinicopathological characteristics. BANCR has been successfully overexpressed in BC cell lines (T24 and SW780) by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. Cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and migration suppression were also observed in pCDNA-BANCR-transfected T24 and SW780 cells." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Carcinoma, Transitional Cell", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Movement", "Cell Proliferation", "Down-Regulation", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Male", "Neoplasm Staging", "RNA, Long Noncoding", "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In the context of advanced immunosuppression, M. tuberculosis is known to cause detectable mycobacteremia. However, little is known about the intra-patient mycobacterial microevolution and the direction of seeding between the sputum and blood compartments.", "From a diagnostic study of HIV-infected TB patients, 51 pairs of concurrent blood and sputum M. tuberculosis isolates from the same patient were available. In a previous analysis, we identified a subset with genotypic concordance, based on spoligotyping and 24 locus MIRU-VNTR. These paired isolates with identical genotypes were analyzed by whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.", "Of the 25 concordant pairs (49 % of the 51 paired isolates), 15 (60 %) remained viable for extraction of high quality DNA for whole genome sequencing. Two patient pairs were excluded due to poor quality sequence reads. The median CD4 cell count was 32 (IQR; 16-101)/mm(3) and ten (77 %) patients were on ART. No drug resistance mutations were identified in any of the sequences analyzed. Three (23.1 %) of 13 patients had SNPs separating paired isolates from blood and sputum compartments, indicating evidence of microevolution. Using a phylogenetic approach to identify the ancestral compartment, in two (15 %) patients the blood isolate was ancestral to the sputum isolate, in one (8 %) it was the opposite, and ten (77 %) of the pairs were identical." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections", "Adult", "Bacterial Typing Techniques", "Blood", "Evolution, Molecular", "Female", "Genome, Bacterial", "Genotype", "HIV Infections", "HIV-1", "Humans", "Interspersed Repetitive Sequences", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Minisatellite Repeats", "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "Phylogeny", "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "Sequence Analysis, DNA", "Sputum", "Tuberculosis", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Previously, using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), we discovered proteomic differences between Spitz nevi and Spitzoid melanomas.", "We sought to determine whether IMS can assist in the classification of diagnostically challenging atypical Spitzoid neoplasms (ASN), to compare and correlate the IMS and histopathological diagnoses with clinical behavior.", "We conducted a retrospective collaborative study involving centers from 11 countries and 11 US institutions analyzing 102 ASNs by IMS. Patients were divided into clinical groups 1 to 4 representing best to worst clinical behavior. The association among IMS findings, histopathological diagnoses, and clinical groups was assessed.", "There was a strong association between a diagnosis of Spitzoid melanoma by IMS and lesions categorized as clinical groups 2, 3, and 4 (recurrence of disease, metastases, or death) compared with clinical group 1 (no recurrence or metastasis beyond a sentinel node) (P < .0001). Older age and greater tumor thickness were strongly associated with poorer outcome (P = .01)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Female", "Humans", "Lymphatic Metastasis", "Male", "Mass Spectrometry", "Melanoma", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local", "Nevus, Epithelioid and Spindle Cell", "Proteins", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy", "Skin Neoplasms", "Treatment Outcome", "Tumor Burden", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Declines in skeletal muscle structure and function are found in various clinical populations, but the intramuscular proteolytic pathways that govern declines in these individuals remain relatively poorly understood. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been developed into a model for identifying and understanding these pathways. Recently, it was reported that UNC-105/degenerin channel activation produced muscle protein degradation via an unknown mechanism.", "Generation of transgenic and double mutant C. elegans, RNAi, and drug treatments were utilized to assess molecular events governing protein degradation. Western blots were used to measure protein content. Cationic dyes and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production assays were utilized to measure mitochondrial function.", "unc-105 gain-of-function mutants display aberrant muscle protein degradation and a movement defect; both are reduced in intragenic revertants and in let-2 mutants that gate the hyperactive UNC-105 channel. Degradation is not suppressed by interventions suppressing proteasome-mediated, autophagy-mediated, or calpain-mediated degradation nor by suppressors of degenerin-induced neurodegeneration. Protein degradation, but not the movement defect, is decreased by treatment with caspase inhibitors or RNAi against ced-3 or ced-4. Adult unc-105 muscles display a time-dependent fragmentation of the mitochondrial reticulum that is associated with impaired mitochondrial membrane potential and that correlates with decreased rates of maximal ATP production. Reduced levels of CED-4, which is sufficient to activate CED-3 in vitro, are observed in unc-105 mitochondrial isolations." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "We investigated the pathway of autophagy signaling linked to sarcopenia of mice.", "Young adult (3-month) and aged (24- month) C57BL/6J mice were used. Using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical microscopy, we evaluated the amounts of p62/SQSTM1, LC3, and Beclin-1 in the quadriceps muscle change with aging in mice.", "Marked fiber atrophy (30%) and many fibers with central nuclei were observed in the aged mice. Western blotting using homogenate of the cytosolic fraction clearly showed that the amounts of p62/SQSTM1 and Beclin-1 proteins were significantly increased in the aged skeletal muscle. The amounts of these proteins in both nuclear and membrane fractions did not change significantly with age. Immunofluorescence labeling indicated that aged mice more frequently possessed p62/SQSTM1-positive fibers in the cytosol in quadriceps muscle than young ones (aged: 14% vs. young: 1%). In aged muscle, p62/SQSTM1-positive fibers were significantly smaller than the surrounding p62/SQSTM1-negative fibers. Aging did not elicit significant changes in the mRNA levels of p62/SQSTM1 and Beclin-1, but decreased LC3 mRNA level. In aged muscle, the location of p62/SQSTM1 immunoreactivity was similar to that of Beclin-1 protein, but not LC3." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cachexia has a devastating impact on survival and quality of life for many cancer patients and contributes to nearly one-third of all cancer deaths; also, it is associated with poor responses to chemotherapy and survival. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of cancer-associated cachexia (CAC), coupled with effective therapeutic approaches, will improve management of progressive functional impairment in cancer patients. Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside in Rhodiola rosea L, has been reported to possess potential anti-fatigue, anti-ageing, and anti-Alzheimer's disease properties. It is widely consumed as a nutritional supplement, but its effects on CAC and the possible mechanism remain a mystery.", "In the murine models of cachexia induced by CT-26 and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumour, respectively, main features of CAC were determined after treatment of salidroside or chemotherapy. In vitro experiments were performed using murine C2C12 myotubes, which were treated by tumour necrosis factor-α. Levels of several critical muscle-related signal proteins such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) were examined using western blot both in vitro and in vivo.", "In the present study, we showed the exciting effect of salidroside on the treatment of CAC. In CT-26 and LLC models, respectively, salidroside treatment could effectively preserve the tumour-free body weight, decrease loss of adipose and gastrocnemius muscles, alleviate tumour burden, and prolong their survival time. Additionally, in combined chemotherapy, salidroside could synergistically enhance the anti-tumour activity of cisplatin, especially decreased or eliminated chemotherapy-induced cachexia. Further analysis demonstrated that salidroside could significantly increase expression of mTOR, p-mTOR, and MyHC in gastrocnemius muscle. Also, results in vitro showed that salidroside could not only obviously increase mTOR, p-mTOR, and MyHC expression in C2C12 myotubes but also effectively rescue their down-regulation induced by tumour necrosis factor-α." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is thought be involved in the modulation of intestinal motility. CGRP receptor is composed of receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 combined with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) for CGRP. We investigated the role of CGRP in mice with experimentally induced colitis.", "We used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in mice. We compared the severity of colitis in wild-type (WT) mice, mice treated with a CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP", "The severity of inflammation in DSS-induced colitis increased markedly in CGRP" ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide", "Colitis", "Cytokines", "Dextran Sulfate", "Inflammation Mediators", "Interleukin-1beta", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Male", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Knockout", "Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1", "Severity of Illness Index", "T-Lymphocytes", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In this study, we compared the success of sinus lifting and alternative treatment methods in applying dental implants in cases lacking adequate bone due to pneumatization of the maxillary sinus.", "In a computer environment, 3D models were created using computerized tomography data from a patient. Additionally, implants and abutments were scanned at the macroscopic level, and the resulting images were transferred to the 3D models. Five different models were examined: a control model, lateral sinus lifting (LSL), short dental implant placement (SIP), tilted implant placement (TIP) and distal prosthetic cantilever (DC) use. Vertical and oblique forces were applied in each model. The compression, tension and von Mises stresses in each model were analyzed by implementing a finite element analysis method.", "In our study, the LSL method was observed to be the closest to the control model. The TIP model showed high stress values under conditions of oblique forces but showed successful results under conditions of vertical forces, and the opposite results were observed in the SIP model. The DC model provided the least successful results among all models." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Compressive Strength", "Computer Simulation", "Dental Implants", "Dental Models", "Dental Prosthesis Design", "Dental Stress Analysis", "Elasticity", "Finite Element Analysis", "Humans", "Imaging, Three-Dimensional", "Materials Testing", "Maxilla", "Maxillary Sinus", "Pressure", "Sinus Floor Augmentation", "Stress, Mechanical", "Tensile Strength", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preconditioning protects neurons against traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in rats. This study sought to test whether Nrf2, a transcription factor, mediated LPS-induced preconditioning.", "The TSCI model was established using a standardized NYU impactor on adult female rats. Rats were pretreated with LPS (0.2mg/kg, IP; 72h before injury). Nrf2 was silenced by injecting a lentivirus encoding RNAi against Nrf2 into injured spinal cords. Neurologic function was assessed by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7d and 14d after TSCI. Neuronal apoptosis was measured by a TUNEL staining. Ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The protein expression of HO-1, NQO1 and GCLC was examined using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.", "The injection of a lentivirus effectively transfected GFP into injured spinal cords. The expression of Nrf2 was significantly decreased in spinal cords receiving a lentivirus encoding RNAi against Nrf2. BBB scores showed that TSCI markedly impaired nervous function, which was markedly preserved by LPS pretreatment. Nrf2 knockdown significantly suppressed LPS pretreatment-induced protection of nervous function. TEM images and TUNEL staining showed an increase in apoptotic cells when Nrf2 was silenced. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis exhibited that LPS pretreatment significantly upregulated the expression of anti-oxidative proteins including HO-1, NQO1 and GCLC, which was suppressed when Nrf2 expression was silenced in injured spinal cords." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Female", "Genetic Vectors", "Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase", "Heme Oxygenase-1", "Lipopolysaccharides", "NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)", "NF-E2-Related Factor 2", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Spinal Cord Injuries", "Transfection", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK1) is a scaffold protein involved in multiple intracellular signal pathways. Previous studies have shown that RACK1 is associated with the progression of multiple cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. However, the role of RACK1 in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear.", "In this study, the expression of RACK1 was evaluated by Western blot analysis in 8 paired fresh PDAC tissues and immunohistochemistry on 179 paraffin-embedded slices. Then, we used Fisher exact test to analyze the correlation between RACK1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Starvation and re-feeding assay was used to assess cell cycle. Western blot, CCK8, flow cytometry assays, and colony formation analyses demonstrated that RACK1 played an essential role in PDAC development. Annexin-V/PI apoptotic assay and western blot showed that RACK1 was involved in regulating the apoptosis of PDAC cells.", "RACK1 was highly expressed in PDAC tissues and cell lines and was significantly associated with multiple clinicopathological factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that high RACK1 expression was identified to be an independent prognostic factor for PDAC patients' survival. In vitro, serum starvation-refeeding experiment suggested that RACK1 was upregulated in proliferating PDAC cells, together with the percentage of cells at the S phase, and was correlated with the expression of Cyclin D1. Moreover, Overexpression of RACK1 facilitated the proliferation and cell cycle progression of PDAC cells, while downregulation of RACK1 induced growth impairment, G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PDAC cells. Silencing RACK1 decreased bcl-2 expression, increased cleaved caspase3 expression level and induced the apoptosis of PDAC cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Apoptosis", "Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal", "Cell Cycle", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Proliferation", "Female", "GTP-Binding Proteins", "Gene Knockdown Techniques", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Ki-67 Antigen", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Pancreatic Neoplasms", "Prognosis", "Receptors for Activated C Kinase", "Receptors, Cell Surface", "Treatment Outcome", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Glioblastoma (GBM) tumors exhibit strong phenotypic differences that can be quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the underlying biological drivers of these imaging phenotypes remain largely unknown. An Imaging-Genomics analysis was performed to reveal the mechanistic associations between MRI derived quantitative volumetric tumor phenotype features and molecular pathways.", "One hundred fourty one patients with presurgery MRI and survival data were included in our analysis. Volumetric features were defined, including the necrotic core (NE), contrast-enhancement (CE), abnormal tumor volume assessed by post-contrast T1w (tumor bulk or TB), tumor-associated edema based on T2-FLAIR (ED), and total tumor volume (TV), as well as ratios of these tumor components. Based on gene expression where available (n = 91), pathway associations were assessed using a preranked gene set enrichment analysis. These results were put into context of molecular subtypes in GBM and prognostication.", "Volumetric features were significantly associated with diverse sets of biological processes (FDR < 0.05). While NE and TB were enriched for immune response pathways and apoptosis, CE was associated with signal transduction and protein folding processes. ED was mainly enriched for homeostasis and cell cycling pathways. ED was also the strongest predictor of molecular GBM subtypes (AUC = 0.61). CE was the strongest predictor of overall survival (C-index = 0.6; Noether test, p = 4x10(-4))." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Brain Neoplasms", "Cell Cycle", "Decision Support Systems, Clinical", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Gene Regulatory Networks", "Genomics", "Glioblastoma", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Phenotype", "Signal Transduction", "Survival Analysis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Transfusion of packed erythrocytes stored for a long duration is associated with increased pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance. Prolonged storage decreases erythrocyte deformability, and older erythrocytes are rapidly removed from the circulation after transfusion. The authors studied whether treating stored packed ovine erythrocytes with NO before transfusion could prevent pulmonary vasoconstriction, enhance erythrocyte deformability, and prolong erythrocyte survival after transfusion.", "Ovine leukoreduced packed erythrocytes were treated before transfusion with either NO gas or a short-lived NO donor. Sheep were transfused with autologous packed erythrocytes, which were stored at 4°C for either 2 (\"fresh blood\") or 40 days (\"stored blood\"). Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic parameters were monitored before, during, and after transfusion. Transfused erythrocytes were labeled with biotin to measure their circulating lifespan. Erythrocyte deformability was assessed before and after NO treatment using a microfluidic device.", "NO treatment improved the deformability of stored erythrocytes and increased the number of stored erythrocytes circulating at 1 and 24 h after transfusion. NO treatment prevented transfusion-associated pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary arterial pressure at 30 min of 21 ± 1 vs. 15 ± 1 mmHg in control and NO-treated packed erythrocytes, P < 0.0001). Washing stored packed erythrocytes before transfusion did not prevent pulmonary hypertension." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Disease Models, Animal", "Erythrocyte Transfusion", "Erythrocytes", "Hypertension, Pulmonary", "Nitric Oxide", "Sheep", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This article reports relationships between serum cytokine levels and patient-reported levels of fatigue, in the chronic immunological condition primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS).", "Blood levels of 24 cytokines were measured in 159 patients with pSS from the United Kingdom Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry and 28 healthy non-fatigued controls. Differences between cytokines in cases and controls were evaluated using Wilcoxon test. Patient-reported scores for fatigue were evaluated, classified according to severity and compared with cytokine levels using analysis of variance. Logistic regression was used to determine the most important predictors of fatigue levels.", "14 cytokines were significantly higher in patients with pSS (n=159) compared to non-fatigued healthy controls (n=28). While serum levels were elevated in patients with pSS compared to healthy controls, unexpectedly, the levels of 4 proinflammatory cytokines-interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) (p=0.019), tumour necrosis factor-α (p=0.046), lymphotoxin-α (p=0.034) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (p=0.022)-were inversely related to patient-reported levels of fatigue. A regression model predicting fatigue levels in pSS based on cytokine levels, disease-specific and clinical parameters, as well as anxiety, pain and depression, revealed IP-10, IFN-γ (both inversely), pain and depression (both positively) as the most important predictors of fatigue. This model correctly predicts fatigue levels with reasonable (67%) accuracy." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lower respiratory tract infection is a common cause of consultation and antibiotic prescription in paediatric practice. The misuse of antibiotics is a major cause of the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, changes over time, and determinants of non-compliance with antibiotic prescription recommendations for children admitted in paediatric emergency department (PED) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).", "We conducted a prospective two-period study using data from the French pneumonia network that included all children with CAP, aged one month to 15 years old, admitted to one of the ten participating paediatric emergency departments. In the first period, data from children included in all ten centres were analysed. In the second period, we analysed children in three centers for which we collected additional data. Two experts assessed compliance with the current French recommendations. Independent determinants of non-compliance were evaluated using a logistic regression model. The frequency of non-compliance was compared between the two periods for the same centres in univariate analysis, after adjustment for confounding factors.", "A total of 3034 children were included during the first period (from May 2009 to May 2011) and 293 in the second period (from January to July 2012). Median ages were 3.0 years [1.4-5] in the first period and 3.6 years in the second period. The main reasons for non-compliance were the improper use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or combinations of antibiotics. Factors that were independently associated with non-compliance with recommendations were younger age, presence of risk factors for pneumococcal infection, and hospitalization. We also observed significant differences in compliance between the treatment centres during the first period. The frequency of non-compliance significantly decreased from 48 to 18.8 % between 2009 and 2012. The association between period and non-compliance remained statistically significant after adjustment for confounding factors. Amoxicillin was prescribed as the sole therapy significantly more frequently in the second period (71 % vs. 54.2 %, p < 0.001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Community-Acquired Infections", "Emergency Service, Hospital", "Female", "France", "Guideline Adherence", "Humans", "Inappropriate Prescribing", "Infant", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Pneumonia", "Practice Guidelines as Topic", "Practice Patterns, Physicians'", "Prospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pectins are one of the main components of plant cell walls. They are secreted to the wall as highly methylesterified forms that can be de-esterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). The degree of methylesterification of pectins changes during development, PMEs are involved in the cell wall remodeling that occurs during diverse plant developmental processes. Nevertheless, the functional meaning of pectin-related wall remodeling in different cell types and processes remains unclear. In vivo, the microspore follows the gametophytic pathway and differentiates to form the pollen grain. In vitro, the microspore can be reprogrammed by stress treatments becoming a totipotent cell that starts to proliferate and follows the embryogenic pathway, a process known as microspore embryogenesis.", "To investigate if the change of developmental programme of the microspore towards embryogenesis involves changes in pectin esterification levels, which would cause the cell wall remodeling during the process, in the present study, dynamics of PME expression and degrees of pectin esterification have been analysed during microspore embryogenesis and compared with the gametophytic development, in Brassica napus. A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted including BnPME gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immuno-dot-blot and immunofluorescence with JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies to reveal low and highly-methylesterified pectins. The results showed that cell differentiation at advanced developmental stages involved induction of BnPME expression and pectin de-esterification, processes that were also detected in zygotic embryos, providing additional evidence that microspore embryogenesis mimics zygotic embryogenesis. By contrast, early microspore embryogenesis, totipotency and proliferation were associated with low expression of BnPME and high levels of esterified pectins." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Brassica napus", "Cell Differentiation", "Esterases", "Esterification", "Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental", "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant", "Pectins", "Plant Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Nitrofurantoin is a nitroderivative antibiotic that has bactericidal activity against pathogens causing urinary tract infection. A few studies have reported that nitrofurantoin has cytotoxic activity against cancer cells; however, nitrofurans remain a poorly explored class of compounds with respect to their anticancer potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of a nitrofurantoin derivative, n-pentyl-nitrofurantoin (NFP), on HL-60 leukemia cells.", "Cytotoxicity was assayed by the MTT assay. Cell morphology and phosphatidylserine externalization were visualized after Giemsa-May-Grunwald and annexin V staining, respectively. DNA content and mitochondrial depolarization were measured by flow cytometry. BAX and BCL-xL expression was examined by RT-PCR.", "NFP was 3.8-fold more cytotoxic against HL-60 leukemia cells than against normal cells. NFP reduced the number of viable cells 24h after the treatment with a concomitant increase in the number of apoptotic cells indicated by the externalization of phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial depolarization. The mRNA levels of BAX increased, whereas the mRNA levels of BCL-xL decreased." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antineoplastic Agents", "Apoptosis", "Cell Line, Tumor", "DNA Fragmentation", "Down-Regulation", "Gene Expression", "HL-60 Cells", "Humans", "Leukemia", "Mitochondria", "Nitrofurantoin", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Up-Regulation", "bcl-2-Associated X Protein" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The isoflavone puerarin [7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyran-4-one 8-(β-D-glucopyranoside)] possesses many biological activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of puerarin on adhesion molecules (AMs), including serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-selectin), and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis.", "In total, 24 rabbits were divided into control (standard diet), high-lipid diet (HLD), and PUE (HLD supplemented with puerarin) groups. At the end of weeks 0, 8, and 16, serum levels of AMs were measured. At the end of week 16, the thickness of the intima was detected. Protein and mRNA levels of AMs were checked by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. Protein levels of p65 NF-κB and phosphorylation of inhibitor-κB (I-κB) were investigated by Western blotting.", "Atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic arch were found in the HLD and PUE groups, but not in the control group. Compared with the HLD group, the thickness of the intima in the PUE group was reduced. Our results indicate that puerarin reduced the protein and mRNA levels of AMs in this rabbit model. We also found that the reduced AM levels were due to inhibition of the phosphorylation and degradation of I-κB, resulting in reduced p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Anti-Inflammatory Agents", "Atherosclerosis", "Disease Models, Animal", "E-Selectin", "Endothelium, Vascular", "I-kappa B Proteins", "Inflammation", "Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1", "Isoflavones", "NF-kappa B", "Phosphorylation", "Rabbits", "Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Plant genomes are populated by different types of repetitive elements including transposable elements (TEs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) that can have a strong impact on genome size and dynamic as well as on the regulation of gene transcription. At least two-thirds of the tomato genome is composed of repeats. While their bulk impact on genome organization has been recently revealed by whole genome assembly, their influence on tomato biology and phenotype remains largely unaddressed. More specifically, the effects and roles of DNA repeats on the maturation of fleshy fruits, which is a complex process of key agro-economic interest, still needs to be investigated comprehensively and tomato is arguably an excellent model for such study.", "We have performed a comprehensive annotation of the tomato repeatome to explore its potential impact on tomato genome composition and gene transcription. Our results show that the tomato genome can be fractioned into three compartments with different gene and repeat density, each compartment presenting contrasting repeat and gene composition, repeat-gene associations and different gene transcriptional levels. In the context of fruit ripening, we found that repeats are present in the majority of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and thousands of repeat-associated DMRs are found in gene proximity including hundreds that are differentially regulated. Furthermore, we found that repeats are also present in the proximity of binding sites of the key ripening protein RIN. We also observed that some repeat families are present at unexpected high frequency in the proximity of genes that are differentially expressed during tomato ripening." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Chromosomes, Plant", "DNA Methylation", "DNA, Plant", "Fruit", "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant", "Lycopersicon esculentum", "Plant Leaves", "Plant Proteins", "Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Malignant astrocytic gliomas are the most common and lethal brain malignancies due to their refractory to the current therapies. Nowadays, molecular targeted therapy has attracted great attention in treatment of glioma. Connexin 43 (Cx43) and micro ribonucleic acid-21(miR-21) are among molecules that are involved in glioma development and progression. These molecules showed potential to be as target molecules with regard to glioma. Some studies have reported that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling could be effective on Cx43 and miR-21 in tissues other than in brain. We investigate possible relationship between β-adrenergic receptor and its newly described downstream, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) signaling pathway and expression of Cx43 and miR-21 in low (1321N1) and high grade (U87MG) glioma cell lines.", "We treated cells with β-adrenergic agonist and Epac activator with and without adenyl cyclase inhibitor. Cx43 and miR-21 expression were measured with real-time PCR.", "Our data showed that in 1321N1 cells, β-adrenergic-Epac pathway stimulation up and down-regulated Cx43 and miR-21 expression respectively. Whereas, in U87MG cells these interventions had no effect on Cx43 and miR-21 expression." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Habitat selection may have profound evolutionary consequences, but they strongly depend on the underlying preference mechanism, including genetically-determined, natal habitat and phenotype-dependent preferences. It is known that different mechanisms may operate at the same time, yet their relative contribution to population differentiation remains largely unexplored empirically mainly because of the difficulty of finding suitable study systems. Here, we investigate the role of early experience and genetic background in determining the outcome of settlement by pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) breeding in two habitat patches between which dispersal and subsequent reproductive performance is influenced by phenotype (body size). For this, we conducted a cross-fostering experiment in a two-patch system: an oakwood and a conifer plantation separated by only 1 km.", "Experimental birds mostly returned to breed in the forest patch where they were raised, whether it was that of their genetic or their foster parents, indicating that decisions on where to settle are determined by individuals' experience in their natal site, rather than by their genetic background. Nevertheless, nearly a third (27.6 %) moved away from the rearing habitat and, as previously observed in unmanipulated individuals, dispersal between habitats was phenotype-dependent. Pied flycatchers breeding in the oak and the pine forests are differentiated by body size, and analyses of genetic variation at microsatellite loci now provide evidence of subtle genetic differentiation between the two populations. This suggests that phenotype-dependent dispersal may contribute to population structure despite the short distance and widespread exchange of birds between the study plots." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animal Distribution", "Animals", "Biological Evolution", "Birds", "Ecosystem", "Genetic Variation", "Imprinting (Psychology)", "Phenotype", "Reproduction" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the role of NOTCH during the arterial injury response and the subsequent chronic arterial-wall inflammation underlying atherosclerosis.", "We have generated a mouse model of endothelial-specific (Cdh5-driven) depletion of the Notch effector recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) [(ApoE" ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Material loss at the taper junction of metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties has been implicated in their early failure. The mechanisms of material loss are not fully understood; analysis of the patterns of damage at the taper can help us better understand why material loss occurs at this junction.", "We mapped the patterns of material loss in a series of 155 metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties received at our center by scanning the taper surface using a roundness-measuring machine. We examined these material loss maps to develop a 5-tier classification system based on visual differences between different patterns. We correlated these patterns to surgical, implant, and patient factors known to be important for head-stem taper damage.", "We found that 63 implants had \"minimal damage\" at the taper (material loss <1 mm" ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip", "Corrosion", "Female", "Hip Prosthesis", "Humans", "Male", "Metal-on-Metal Joint Prostheses", "Metals", "Middle Aged", "Prosthesis Design", "Prosthesis Failure" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain frequently occur in tandem, the pathophysiological mechanisms mediating this comorbidity are poorly understood. Because excessive inflammation occurs in both conditions, we examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of inflammatory response mediators interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) after prolonged suprathreshold pain stimulus in 21 male combat veterans; 10 with PTSD and 11 combat controls (CC).", "After completing baseline quantitative sensory testing (QST) and psychological profiling, all patients received an injection of capsaicin into the quadriceps muscle. Spontaneously reported pain was measured for 30min after the capsaicin injection. The evoked pain measure of temporal summation was tested between 70 and 110min post capsaicin injection. Inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) CSF cytokines were measured before (baseline) and after capsaicin injection over a time frame of 110min.", "Following intramuscular capsaicin injection, pro-inflammatory cytokines [TNFα, IL-6, IL-8] significantly increased (percent rise from baseline) in both groups, whereas IL-1β significantly increased in the PTSD group only. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 showed an immediate (within 10min) increase in the CC group; however, the IL-10 increase in the PTSD group was delayed and not consistently elevated until 70min post injection." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Afghan Campaign 2001-", "Combat Disorders", "Humans", "Interleukin-6", "Interleukin-8", "Iraq War, 2003-2011", "Male", "Nociceptive Pain", "Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic", "Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha", "Veterans", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The EuroSCORE (European System for cardiac operative risk evaluation) stratifies cardiac risk surgery in easy and accessible manner; it was validated in North America with good results but in many countries of Latin America is used routinely without prior validation. Our objective was to validate the EuroSCORE in patients with cardiac valve surgery at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INCICh) in México.", "EuroSCORE additive and logistic models were used to predict mortality in adults undergoing cardiac valve surgery from march 2004 to march 2008. The goodness of fit test of Hosmer-Lemeshow was used to evaluate the calibration. The area under the ROC curve was calculated to determinate discrimination.", "We included 1188 patients with ages of 51.3±14.5 years, 52% women. There were significant differences in the prevalence of risk factors among the INCICh and the EuroSCORE populations. Total mortality was 9.68% versus 5% and 5.6% predicted by additive and logistic EuroSCORE. According to additive EuroSCORE the risk was low in 11.3%, intermediate in 52.9% and high in 35.9%; for these groups the mortality was .7%, 6.34% and 17.4% against those predicted of 2%, 3.9% and 7.64%. Hosmer-Lemeshow test had a P<.001 for both models and the area under the ROC curve was .707 and .694 for additive and logistic EuroSCORE." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cardiac Surgical Procedures", "Female", "Heart Valve Diseases", "Humans", "Longitudinal Studies", "Male", "Mexico", "Middle Aged", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cancer pain is still inadequately treated in up to 60% of cancer patients. Based on the additional effect on the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor, we expected that methadone (Met) could provide better pain relief than fentanyl (Fen) in cancer pain with a neuropathic pain component.", "A randomised controlled trial was performed with 52 strong opioids naive patients with head-and-neck cancer with substantial pain (pain Numerical Rating Scale [NRS] > 4) and a neuropathic pain component (Douleur Neuropathique [DN4] > 4). Twenty-six patients were treated with Met and 26 with Fen. Patients were evaluated at 1, 3 and 5 weeks. The primary outcomes were reduction in average pain, clinical success (defined as 50% average pain decrease) and reduction in pain interference. Secondary outcomes were global perceived effect (GPE) and side-effects.", "Reduction in NRS was higher with the use of Met at 1, 3 and 5 weeks (pain change 2.9, 3.1 and 3.1) compared to Fen (1.4, 1.7 and 2.0). This difference was significant at 1 (p = 0.011) and at 3 weeks (p = 0.03). Clinical success (>50% improvement) was higher with Met at 1 week (15% versus 50%, p = 0.012). The change in pain interference, the GPE and side-effect profile were not significantly different between the groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Analgesics, Opioid", "Cancer Pain", "Female", "Fentanyl", "Head and Neck Neoplasms", "Humans", "Male", "Methadone", "Middle Aged", "Neuralgia", "Pain Measurement", "Patient Satisfaction", "Prospective Studies", "Quality of Life" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Essentials Platelet-Factor (F) VIII gene therapy is a promising treatment in hemophilia A. This study aims to evaluate if platelet-FVIII expression would increase the risk for thrombosis. Targeting FVIII expression to platelets does not induce or elevate thrombosis risk. Platelets expressing FVIII are neither hyper-activated nor hyper-responsive." ], "labels": [ "UNASSIGNED" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antithrombins", "Blood Coagulation", "Blood Platelets", "Coagulants", "Factor V", "Factor VIII", "Fibrin", "Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products", "Fibrinogen", "Genetic Therapy", "Hemophilia A", "Hemostasis", "Humans", "Leukocytes", "Lipopolysaccharides", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Transgenic", "Mutation", "Phenotype", "Platelet Activation", "Thrombin", "Thrombosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A high serum angiopoietin-like 2 (ANGPTL2) concentration is an independent risk factor for developing diabetes and is associated with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. In this work, we have examined the impact of serum ANGPTL2 on improving cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification in patients with type 2 diabetes.", "A prospective, monocentric cohort of consecutive type 2 diabetes patients (the SURDIAGENE cohort; total of 1353 type 2 diabetes patients; 58% men, mean ± SD age 64 ± 11 years) was followed for a median of 6.0 years for death as primary endpoint and major adverse CV events (MACE; i.e. CV death, myocardial infarction or stroke) as a secondary endpoint. Patients with end-stage renal disease, defined as a requirement for dialysis or a history of kidney transplantation, were excluded. Patients were grouped into quartiles according to ANGPTL2 concentrations at inclusion: <11.2 (Q1), 11.2-14.7 (Q2), 14.8-19.5 (Q3) or >19.5 (Q4) ng/ml.", "During follow up, 367 patients (representing 4.5% of the total person-years) died and 290 patients (representing 3.7% of the total person-years) presented with MACE. Both the survival and MACE-free survival rates were significantly different between ANGPTL2 quartiles (logrank 82.12, p < 0.0001 for death; and logrank 65.14, p < 0.0001 for MACE). Patients with ANGPTL2 concentrations higher than 19.5 ng/ml (Q4) had a significantly higher risk of death and MACE than those with ANGPTL2 levels of 19.5 ng/ml or less (Q1-3) (HR for death 2.44 [95% CI 1.98, 3.00], p < 0.0001; HR for MACE 2.43 [95% CI 1.92, 3.06], p < 0.0001) after adjustment for sex, age and established CV risk factors. Using ANGPTL2 concentrations, prediction of the risk of mortality, as assessed by integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), was significantly improved (IDI 0.006 ± 0.002, p = 0.0002)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Angiopoietin-like Proteins", "Angiopoietins", "Biomarkers", "Cardiovascular Diseases", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Infarction", "Prospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Stroke" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We previously identified two ARDS subphenotypes in two separate randomized controlled trials, with differential response to positive end-expiratory pressure. The current analysis sought to identify these subphenotypes in a third ARDS cohort, to test whether subphenotypes respond differently to fluid management strategy, and to develop a practical model for subphenotype identification.", " We used latent class analysis of baseline clinical and plasma biomarker data to identify subphenotypes in the Fluid and Catheter Treatment Trial (FACTT; n=1000). Logistic regression was used to test for an interaction between subphenotype and treatment for mortality. We used stepwise modeling to generate a model for subphenotype identification in FACTT and validated its accuracy in the two cohorts in which we previously identified ARDS subphenotypes.", "We confirmed that a two-class (two-subphenotype) model best described the study population. Subphenotype 2 was again characterized by higher inflammatory biomarkers and hypotension. Fluid management strategy had significantly different effects on 90-day mortality in the two subphenotypes (p=0.0039 for interaction); mortality in Subphenotype 1 was 26% with fluid conservative strategy versus 18% with fluid liberal, while mortality in Subphenotype 2 was 40% with fluid conservative strategy versus 50% in fluid liberal. A three-variable model of interleukin-8, bicarbonate, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 accurately classified the subphenotypes." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Biomarkers", "Female", "Fluid Therapy", "Humans", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care)", "Phenotype", "Positive-Pressure Respiration", "Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Genome-wide association studies have identified 200 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) loci, but the genetic architecture of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis remain incompletely defined. Here, we aimed to identify novel associations between IBD and functional genetic variants using the Illumina ExomeChip (San Diego, CA).", "Genotyping was performed in 10,523 IBD cases and 5726 non-IBD controls. There were 91,713 functional single-nucleotide polymorphism loci in coding regions analyzed. A novel identified association was replicated further in 2 independent cohorts. We further examined the association of the identified single-nucleotide polymorphism with microbiota from 338 mucosal lavage samples in the Mucosal Luminal Interface cohort measured using 16S sequencing.", "We identified an association between CD and a missense variant encoding alanine or threonine at position 391 in the zinc transporter solute carrier family 39, member 8 protein (SLC39A8 alanine 391 threonine, rs13107325) and replicated the association with CD in 2 replication cohorts (combined meta-analysis P = 5.55 × 10(-13)). This variant has been associated previously with distinct phenotypes including obesity, lipid levels, blood pressure, and schizophrenia. We subsequently determined that the CD risk allele was associated with altered colonic mucosal microbiome composition in both healthy controls (P = .009) and CD cases (P = .0009). Moreover, microbes depleted in healthy carriers strongly overlap with those reduced in CD patients (P = 9.24 × 10(-16)) and overweight individuals (P = 6.73 × 10(-16))." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alleles", "Case-Control Studies", "Cation Transport Proteins", "Colitis, Ulcerative", "Crohn Disease", "Female", "Gastrointestinal Microbiome", "Genetic Pleiotropy", "Genotype", "Humans", "Male", "Mutation, Missense", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have prognostic value in patients with various operable tumors. The aim of our study was to determine whether NLR and PLR are predictive of survival in thymic carcinoma patients after complete resection.", "A total of seventy-nine patients who underwent complete resection of thymic carcinoma at our hospital between January 2005 and December 2015 were retrospectively enrolled. Differential leukocyte counts were collected before surgery, and the relationships of NLR, PLR, and other patient clinical variables with survival were estimated by Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.", "Univariate analysis found that a high level of NLR was associated with lower disease-free survival (DFS) (HR: 3.385, 95% CI: 1.073-10.678, P=0.037) and lower overall survival (OS) (HR: 12.836, 95% CI: 1.615-101.990, P=0.016). The optimal NLR threshold of 4.1 could stratify the patients with high risk of recurrence or metastasis (P=0.026) and death (P=0.006). Meanwhile, the NLR value of >4.1 in those patients was associated with bigger tumor size (P=0.035) and more advanced Masaoka stages (P=0.040) compared with NLR ≤4.1. However, the PLR and other variables were not significantly associated with survival in thymic carcinoma patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Angiotensin II (AngII), a vasoconstrictive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), promotes hepatic fibrogenesis and induces microRNA-21(mir-21) expression. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a peptide of the RAS, which attenuates liver fibrosis. Recently, it was reported that the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome participated in liver fibrosis. However, it remains unclear how mir-21 mediates AngII-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We investigate the role of AngII-induced mir-21 in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β axis in liver fibrosis.", "In vivo, circulating mir-21 was upregulated in patients with liver fibrosis and was positively correlated with liver fibrosis and oxidation. Treatment with Ang-(1-7) inhibited mir-21, NLRP3 inflammasome, and liver fibrosis after bile duct ligation (BDL) or AngII infusion. Inhibition of mir-21 suppressed the Smad7/Smad2/3/NOX4, Spry1/ERK/NF-κB pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, and liver fibrosis induced by AngII infusion. In vitro, AngII upregulated mir-21 expression via targeting Smad7 and Spry1 in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In contrast, Ang-(1-7) suppressed mir-21 expression and oxidation induced by AngII. Overexpression of mir-21 promoted oxidation, and collagen production enhanced the effect of AngII on NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the Spry1/ERK/NF-κB, Smad7/Smad2/3/NOX4 pathways. However, downregulation of mir-21 exerted the opposite effects." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Angiotensin II", "Animals", "Cells, Cultured", "Disease Models, Animal", "Gene Expression Regulation", "Hepatic Stellate Cells", "Humans", "Inflammasomes", "Interleukin-1beta", "Liver Cirrhosis", "Membrane Proteins", "MicroRNAs", "NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein", "Phosphoproteins", "Rats", "Smad7 Protein" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has become an increasingly popular treatment for orthopaedics and sports-related injuries, and various clinically available PRP preparation methods exist. However, the differences in PRP quality among numerous preparation methods remain unclear. Specifically, the benefit of including leukocytes in the PRP product remains controversial, and few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the interaction between platelets and leukocytes on the growth factor concentrations. The aim of the present study was to compare the biological characteristics of PRPs focusing on the leukocyte concentration and composition.", "Leucocyte rich (LR)-PRP, leucocyte poor (LP)-PRP, and pure-PRP were prepared from the peripheral blood of 6 healthy male volunteers (mean age: 31.3 years). The concentrations of platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes, growth factors (transforming growth factor-beta 1: TGF-β1; fibroblast growth factor-basic: FGF-b; platelet-derived growth factor-BB: PDGF-BB; vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) from each of the PRP samples were measured. Considering the interaction between platelets and leukocytes, correlations between platelets/leukocytes and growth factors/MMP-9 were analyzed using partial correlation coefficients.", "The platelet concentration did not differ among the three PRP preparation methods. Conversely, the leukocyte concentration was dramatically different: 14.9 ± 4.5 (10(3)/μl) in LR-PRP, 2.4 ± 1.3 (10(3)/μl) in LP-PRP, 0.2 ± 0.2 (10(3)/μl) in pure-PRP. The platelet concentration positively correlated with all growth factors. On the other hand, the leukocyte concentration positively correlated with PDGF-BB and the VEGF concentration, while it negatively correlated with FGF-b. Regarding catabolic factors, the MMP-9 concentration strongly correlated with the leukocyte concentration, while there was no correlation between the platelet and MMP-9 concentrations." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Cohort Studies", "Erythrocyte Count", "Fibroblast Growth Factors", "Humans", "Leukocyte Count", "Male", "Peptide Hydrolases", "Platelet Count", "Platelet-Derived Growth Factor", "Platelet-Rich Plasma", "Quality Control", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Antibiotic resistance is a challenge in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). The objective of this study was to demonstrate that a novel, minimally invasive program not interfering with activities of daily living or socialization could lower methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disease.", "This was a prospective, cluster-randomized, nonblinded trial initiated at 3 LTCFs. During year 1, units were stratified by type of care and randomized to intervention or control. In year 2, all units were converted to intervention consisting of universal decolonization using intranasal mupirocin and a chlorhexidine bath performed twice (2 decolonization-bathing cycles 1 month apart) at the start of the intervention period. Subsequently, after initial decolonization, all admissions were screened on site using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and those MRSA positive were decolonized, but not isolated. Units received annual instruction on hand hygiene. Enhanced bleach wipe cleaning of flat surfaces was done every 4 months.", "There were 16,773 tests performed. The MRSA infection rate decreased 65% between baseline (44 infections during 365,809 patient days) and year 2 (12 infections during 287,847 patient days; P <.001); a significant reduction was observed at each of the LTCFs (P <.03)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Anti-Infective Agents, Local", "Chlorhexidine", "Cross Infection", "Humans", "Infection Control", "Long-Term Care", "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus", "Mupirocin", "Prospective Studies", "Socialization", "Staphylococcal Infections" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Despite modern antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated neuropathy is one of the most prevalent, disabling and treatment-resistant complications of HIV disease. The presence and intensity of distal neuropathic pain is not fully explained by the degree of peripheral nerve damage. A better understanding of brain structure in HIV distal neuropathic pain may help explain why some patients with HIV neuropathy report pain while the majority does not. Previously, we reported that more intense distal neuropathic pain was associated with smaller total cerebral cortical gray matter volumes. The objective of this study was to determine which parts of the cortex are smaller.", "HIV positive individuals with and without distal neuropathic pain enrolled in the multisite (N = 233) CNS HIV Antiretroviral Treatment Effects (CHARTER) study underwent structural brain magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate regional brain volumes in these structural brain images.", "Left ventral posterior cingulate cortex was smaller for HIV positive individuals with versus without distal neuropathic pain (peak P = 0.017; peak t = 5.15; MNI coordinates x = -6, y = -54, z = 20). Regional brain volumes within cortical gray matter structures typically associated with pain processing were also smaller for HIV positive individuals having higher intensity ratings of distal neuropathic pain." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Female", "Gray Matter", "Gyrus Cinguli", "HIV Infections", "Humans", "Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neuralgia", "Young Adult" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The Muscle-specific RING-finger (MuRF) protein family of E3 ubiquitin ligases is important for maintenance of muscular structure and function. MuRF proteins mediate adaptation of striated muscles to stress. MuRF2 and MuRF3 bind to microtubules and are implicated in sarcomere formation with noticeable functional redundancy. However, if this redundancy is important for muscle function in vivo is unknown. Our objective was to investigate cooperative function of MuRF2 and MuRF3 in the skeletal muscle and the heart in vivo.", "MuRF2 and MuRF3 double knockout mice (DKO) were generated and phenotypically characterized. Skeletal muscle and the heart were investigated by morphological measurements, histological analyses, electron microscopy, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR. Isolated muscles were subjected to in vitro force measurements. Cardiac function was determined by echocardiography and working heart preparations. Function of cardiomyocytes was measured in vitro. Cell culture experiments and mass-spectrometry were used for mechanistic analyses.", "DKO mice showed a protein aggregate myopathy in skeletal muscle. Maximal force development was reduced in DKO soleus and extensor digitorum longus. Additionally, a fibre type shift towards slow/type I fibres occurred in DKO soleus and extensor digitorum longus. MuRF2 and MuRF3-deficient hearts showed decreased systolic and diastolic function. Further analyses revealed an increased expression of the myosin heavy chain isoform beta/slow and disturbed calcium handling as potential causes for the phenotype in DKO hearts." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Neural networks that regulate binge eating remain to be identified, and effective treatments for binge eating are limited.", "We combined neuroanatomic, pharmacologic, electrophysiological, Cre-lox, and chemogenetic approaches to investigate the functions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2C receptor (5-HT", "We showed that 5-HT stimulates DA neural activity through a 5-HT" ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Benzazepines", "Bulimia", "Dopaminergic Neurons", "Eating", "Female", "Fluoxetine", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "Mice, Transgenic", "Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C", "Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors", "Ventral Tegmental Area" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Transannular patching (TAP) frequently accompanies primary repairs (PRs) in symptomatic neonates with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). If a systemic-pulmonary shunt (SPS) facilitates the growth of the pulmonary valve annulus (PVA), patients with a marginally small PVA could benefit from a staged repair in terms of lowering the risk of TAP.", "Among 216 infants with TOF who underwent surgical intervention between January 2004 and December 2013, 29 infants underwent SPS with a subsequent repair (SPS group), whereas 187 infants received a PR (PR group). Median age and the Z-score of the PVA (PVA [Z]) at SPS were 32 days and -3.5, respectively. There was one late death and one follow-up loss after SPS, and preservation of the PVA was achieved on repair in 16 patients (16 of 29; 55%).", "Multiple regression analysis showed that performance of SPS was the only indicator of the increase in the PVA (Z) in the entire cohort (n = 216). On mixed linear regression, the PVA (Z) increased significantly after the placement of an SPS (-3.6 + 0.2*duration in months, p = 0.001), whereas the prerepair changes in the PVA (Z) were not statistically significant in the PR group (p = 0.7), with a significant intergroup difference (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that placement of TAP is expected when the preshunt PVA (Z) is smaller than -4.2 (area under the curve: 0.82; 95% confidence interval: 0.62 to 1.00; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 73%)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Blalock-Taussig Procedure", "Cardiac Valve Annuloplasty", "Cohort Studies", "Echocardiography, Doppler", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Infant", "Infant, Newborn", "Linear Models", "Male", "Multivariate Analysis", "Pulmonary Valve", "ROC Curve", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Assessment", "Survival Rate", "Tetralogy of Fallot", "Time Factors", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the effect of diagnostic ureteroscopy on intravesical recurrence in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) after radical nephroureterec¬tomy (RNU).", "We conducted a retrospective analysis of 664 patients who were treated with RNU for UTUC from June 2000 to December 2011, excluding those who had concomitant/prior bladder tumors. Of the 664 patients, 81 underwent di¬agnostic ureteroscopy (URS). We analyzed the impact of diagnostic ureteroscopy on intravesical recurrence (IVR) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multi¬variate analyses were used to determine the independent risk factors.", "The median follow-up time was 48 months (interquartile range (IQR): 31- 77 months). Patients who underwent ureteroscopy were more likely to have a small (p<0.01), early-staged (p=0.019), multifocality (p=0.035) and ureteral tumor (p<0.001). IVR occurred in 223 patients during follow-up within a median of 17 months (IQR: 7-33). Patients without preoperative ureteroscopy have a statistically significant better 2-year (79.3%±0.02 versus 71.4%±0.02, p<0.001) and 5-year intravesical recurrence-free survival rates (64.9%±0.05 versus 44.3%±0.06, p<0.001) than patients who un¬derwent ureteroscopy. In multivariate analysis, the diagnostic ureteroscopy (p=0.006), multiple tumors (p=0.001), tumor size <3cm (p=0.008), low-grade (p=0.022) and pN0 stage tumor (p=0.045) were independent predictors of IVR." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Carcinoma, Transitional Cell", "Disease-Free Survival", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Grading", "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local", "Nephrectomy", "Ureter", "Ureteral Neoplasms", "Ureteroscopy", "Urinary Bladder Neoplasms", "Urologic Neoplasms" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lung adenocarcinomas with mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have unprecedented initial responses to targeted therapy against the EGFR. Over time, however, these tumors invariably develop resistance to these drugs. We set out to investigate alternative treatment approaches for these tumors.", "To investigate the immunologic underpinnings of EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma, we utilized a bi-transgenic mouse model in which a mutant human EGFR gene is selectively expressed in the lungs.", "EGFR oncogene-dependent progression and remission of lung adenocarcinoma was respectively dependent upon the expansion and contraction of alveolar macrophages, and the mechanism underlying macrophage expansion was local proliferation. In tumor-bearing mice, alveolar macrophages downregulated surface expression of MHC-II and costimulatory molecules; increased production of CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-1RA; and increased phagocytosis. Depletion of alveolar macrophages in tumor-bearing mice resulted in reduction of tumor burden, indicating a critical role for these cells in the development of EGFR mutant adenocarcinoma. Treatment of mice with EGFR targeting clinical drugs (erlotinib and cetuximab) resulted in a significant decrease in alveolar macrophages in these mice. An activated alveolar macrophage mRNA signature was dominant in human EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinomas, and the presence of this alveolar macrophage activation signature was associated with unfavorable survival among patients undergoing resection for EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma", "Animals", "Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological", "Cetuximab", "Clodronic Acid", "Cytokines", "Disease Progression", "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm", "ErbB Receptors", "Erlotinib Hydrochloride", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Genes, Synthetic", "Genes, erbB-1", "Humans", "Lung Neoplasms", "Macrophage Activation", "Macrophages, Alveolar", "Mice", "Mice, Transgenic", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Protein Kinase Inhibitors", "Recombinant Fusion Proteins", "Smoking", "Uteroglobin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Excessive time between the first presentation of symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and diagnosis contributes to ongoing transmission and increased risk of infection in the community, as well as to increased disease severity and higher mortality. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of developing PTB. However, the effect of T2DM on delayed diagnosis of PTB is not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of hyperglycemia (diabetes and prediabetes) and other factors on PTB patient delay in a rural area of China.", "In the present community-based investigation, PTB patients aged ≥16 years newly diagnosed at county tuberculosis dispensaries were recruited consecutively between September 2011 and December 2013. Fasting blood glucose was determined in all subjects, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect basic information.", "Of the 2280 patients, 605 (26.5 %) had hyperglycemia. The median (interquartile range) time to seeking health care was 44 (59) days. Health care seeking was delayed in 1754 subjects, and hyperglycemia was independently associated with an increased probability (odds ratio 2.10; 95 % confidence interval 1.49-2.97) of patient delay in subjects aged ≥30 years. Other factors associated with patient delay were cough, night sweats, and lack of knowledge regarding typical tuberculosis symptoms. The onset of hemoptysis was negatively correlated with patient delay." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Asian Continental Ancestry Group", "Blood Glucose", "China", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Delayed Diagnosis", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Fasting", "Female", "Humans", "Hyperglycemia", "Logistic Models", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Prediabetic State", "Risk Factors", "Rural Population", "Tuberculosis, Pulmonary" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Invasive infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPCKP) are associated with very high mortality. Because infection is usually preceded by rectal colonization, we investigated if decolonization therapy (DT) with aminoglycosides had a protective effect in selected patients.", "Patients with rectal colonization by colistin-resistant KPCKP who were at high risk of developing infection (because of neutropenia, surgery, previous recurrent KPCKP infections or multiple comorbidities) were followed for 180 days. Cox regression analysis including a propensity score was used to investigate the impact of the use of two intestinal decolonization regimens with oral aminoglycosides (gentamicin and neomycin/streptomycin) on mortality, risk of KPCKP infections and microbiological success. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02604849).", "The study sample comprised 77 colonized patients, of which 44 (57.1%) received DT. At 180 days of follow-up, decolonization was associated with a lower risk of mortality in multivariate analyses (HR 0.18; 95% CI 0.06-0.55) and a lower risk of KPCKP infections (HR 0.14; 95% CI 0.02-0.83) and increased microbiological success (HR 4.06; 95% CI 1.06-15.6). Specifically, gentamicin oral therapy was associated with a lower risk of crude mortality (HR 0.15; 95% CI 0.04-0.54), a lower risk of KPCKP infections (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.008-0.94) and increased microbiological response at 180 days of follow-up (HR 5.67; 95% CI 1.33-24.1). Neomycin/streptomycin therapy was only associated with a lower risk of crude mortality (HR 0.22; 95% CI 0.06-0.9)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Aminoglycosides", "Anti-Bacterial Agents", "Carrier State", "Colistin", "Decontamination", "Drug Resistance, Bacterial", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Klebsiella Infections", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Risk Assessment", "Survival Analysis", "Treatment Outcome", "beta-Lactamases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with suppressed autophagy and augmented apoptosis in the heart although the interplay between the two remains elusive. The ability of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 to regulate both autophagy and apoptosis prompted us to investigate it as a possible candidate in the progression of DCM.", "Wild-type, Mst1 (also known as Stk4) transgenic and Mst1-knockout mice were challenged with streptozotocin to induce experimental diabetes. In addition, cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were subjected to simulated diabetes to probe mechanisms.", "Mst1 knockout alleviated while Mst1 overexpression aggravated cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetic Mst1 transgenic mice exhibited decreased LC3 expression and enhanced protein aggregation. In contrast, typical autophagosomes were observed in diabetic Mst1-knockout mice with increased LC3 expression and reduced protein aggregation. Mst1 downregulation promoted autophagic flux as demonstrated by increased LC3-II and decreased p62 expression in the presence of bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, Mst1 overexpression increased, while Mst1 knockout decreased, cardiomyocyte apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that Mst1 overexpression promoted Beclin1 binding to B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and induced dissociation of Bcl-2 from Bax in diabetic mice. Conversely, Mst1 knockout disrupted the Beclin1-Bcl-2 complex and enhanced the interaction between Bcl-2 and Bax." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenosine Triphosphate", "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Autophagy", "Cells, Cultured", "Citrate (si)-Synthase", "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental", "Diabetic Cardiomyopathies", "Echocardiography", "Hepatocyte Growth Factor", "Immunoblotting", "Male", "Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Microscopy, Electron", "Positron-Emission Tomography", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To explore the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus and memory impairment in diabetic rats.", "Thirty male rats were randomly divided into normal control, diabetic model and SFN treatment groups (N = 10 in each group). Streptozotocin (STZ) was applied to establish diabetic model. Water Morris maze task was applied to test learning and memory. Tunel assaying was used to detect apoptosis in hippocampus. The expressions of Caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia 1(MCL-1) were detected by western blotting. Neurotrophic factor levels and AKT/GSK3β pathway were also detected.", "Compared with normal control, learning and memory were apparently impaired, with up-regulation of Caspase-3 and down-regulation of MCL-1 in diabetic rats. Apoptotic neurons were also found in CA1 region after diabetic modeling. By contrast, SFN treatment prevented the memory impairment, decreased the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. SFN also attenuated the abnormal expression of Caspase-3 and MCL-1 in diabetic model. Mechanically, SFN treatment reversed diabetic modeling-induced decrease of p-Akt, p-GSK3β, NGF and BDNF expressions." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Anticarcinogenic Agents", "Apoptosis", "Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor", "Caspase 3", "Cognitive Dysfunction", "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental", "Drug Repositioning", "Gene Expression", "Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta", "Hippocampus", "Hypoglycemic Agents", "Isothiocyanates", "Male", "Maze Learning", "Memory", "Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein", "Nerve Growth Factor", "Neurons", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Streptozocin" ] }