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The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe is a state-recognized tribe in Vermont, who claim descent from Abenaki people, specifically the Missiquoi people.
They are not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. Vermont has no federally recognized tribes.
Name
The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe is also known as the Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi. They have also gone by the name St. Francis-Sokoki Band of the Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi, the Abenaki Tribal Council of Missisquoi, and the St. Francis/Sokoki Band of the Sovereign Republic of the Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi.
State-recognition
Vermont recognized the Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe as 2012. The other state-recognized tribes in Vermont are the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation, Elnu Abenaki Tribe, and the Koasek Abenaki Tribe.
Nonprofit organization
In 2015, the group created Maquam Bay of Missisquoi, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, based in Swanton, Vermont. Their registered agent is Richard Mendard.
Their mission is "To promote wellness in the Abenaki community through holistic approaches that integrate health, education, and the environment."
The Maquam Bay of Missisquoi board of directors are:
April Lapan, treasurer
Brian Barratt, director
Chantel Bockus, director
Joanne Crawford, secretary
John Lavoie, officer
Richard Mendard, director and agent.
Petition for federal recognition
The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe is the only Vermont state-recognized tribe to have petitioned for federal recognition.
Under the name St. Francis/Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont, the group applied for but was denied federal recognition as a Native American tribe in 2007. The summary of the proposed finding (PF) stated that "The SSA petitioner claims to have descended as a group mainly from a Western Abenaki Indian tribe, most specifically, the Missisquoi Indians" and went on to state: "However, the available evidence does not demonstrate that the petitioner or its claimed ancestors descended from the St. Francis Indians of Quebec, a Missiquoi Abenaki entity in Vermont, any other Western Abenaki group, or an Indian entity from New England or Canada. Instead, the PF concluded that the petitioner is a collection of individuals of claimed but undemonstrated Indian ancestry 'with little or no social or historical connection with each other before the early 1970's'...."
Heritage
The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe is one of four state-recognized tribes in Vermont. It had 60 members in 2016.
St. Mary's University associate professor Darryl Leroux's genealogical and historical research found that the members of this and the other three state-recognized tribes in Vermont were composed primarily of "French descendants who have used long-ago ancestry in New France to shift into an 'Abenaki' identity."
In 2002, the State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to Quebec by the end of the 17th century.
Activities
The Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe participate in Abenaki Heritage Weekend, held at the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum in Vergennes, Vermont.
Property tax
Vermont H.556, "An act relating to exempting property owned by Vermont-recognized Native American tribes from property tax," passed on April 20, 2022.
See also
State v. Elliott, 616 A.2d 210 (Vt. 1992), Vermont Supreme Court decision
Notes
References
External links
Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs
Petitioner #068: St. Francis/Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont, VT, U.S. Department of the Interior
Abenaki heritage groups
Cultural organizations based in Vermont
French American
Native American tribes in Vermont
State-recognized tribes in the United States | {'title': 'Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missisquoi%20Abenaki%20Tribe', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Leahy Laws or Leahy amendments are U.S. human rights laws that prohibit the U.S. Department of State and Department of Defense from providing military assistance to foreign security force units that violate human rights with impunity. It is named after its principal sponsor, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont).
To implement this law, U.S. embassies, the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and the appropriate regional bureau of the U.S. Department of State vet potential recipients of security assistance. If a unit is found to have been credibly implicated in a serious abuse of human rights, assistance is denied until the host nation government takes effective steps to bring the responsible persons within the unit to justice. While the U.S. government does not publicly report on foreign armed forces units it has cut off from receiving assistance, press reports have indicated that security force and national defense force units in Bangladesh, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Nigeria, Turkey, Indonesia, Lebanon, and Saint Lucia have been denied assistance due to the Leahy Law.
Origins and background
Senator Leahy first introduced this law in 1997 as part of the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act. It initially referred only to counter-narcotics assistance for one year. The next year, with his leadership, Congress expanded it to cover all State Department funded assistance. This provision was included in all annual Foreign Operations budget laws until 2008. At that time Congress made the law permanent by amending it into the Foreign Assistance Act. In 2011, Congress revised the law substantially, seeking to enhance its implementation.
The United States government has long been a major, if not the largest, provider of assistance—including funding, training, non-lethal equipment, and weaponry—to foreign military and other security forces. In 2012 it spent $25 billion on training and equipping foreign militaries and law enforcement agencies of more than 100 countries around the world. Security assistance is driven by overriding U.S. national security objectives, including a desire to challenge/overturn communist regimes during the Cold War, counter drug trafficking in the 1990s, or counter anti-Western terrorism in the 2000s. Throughout the United States' long history of providing assistance to foreign armed forces, some portion of this assistance has been provided to forces that repress and abuse their own populations.
Before 1997, the primary U.S. legislation constraining aid to countries with poor human rights records was Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act, which prohibited security assistance to "any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights." This law was seen as too vague to be effective in cases where the U.S. government had an overriding interest. According to Senator Leahy, his law "makes it clear that when credible evidence of human rights violations exists, U.S.aid must stop. But, it provides the necessary flexibility to allow the U.S. to advance its foreign policy objectives in these countries."
Text of the laws
U.S. assistance to foreign armed forces comes from two different budgets; therefore, two separate versions of the Leahy amendment have been enacted into law. One covers assistance to foreign forces funded through the State Department foreign assistance budget, and another covers assistance funded out of the Department of Defense budget.
The law covering State Department funded aid is found in Section 620M of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (as amended most recently in January 2014). It states:
The Department of Defense Appropriations version of the Leahy Law (10 U.S. Code § 2249e) reads:
There are several key differences between the two versions of the law. First, the Department of Defense version includes a waiver that allows the Secretary of Defense – after consulting with the Secretary of State – to waive the requirements of the provision if "extraordinary circumstances" warrant it.
Another difference concerns what steps a government must take to resume assistance once a security force unit has been flagged for gross human rights violations. The Foreign Assistance Act version requires that the government of the country in question "is taking effective steps to bring the responsible members of the security forces unit to justice" while the Defense Department version prohibits assistance "unless all necessary corrective steps have been taken".
Leahy Law provisions are sometimes confused with human rights conditionality that applies to overall Foreign Operations aid packages to a specific country, such as Colombia, Mexico, or Guatemala. The Leahy Law applies only to assistance to specific units, and does not necessarily affect the level of assistance to a country, even when implemented. Human rights conditionality, on the other hand, typically requires a percentage of assistance to a country to be withheld until the Department of State certifies progress on certain human rights conditions.
Vetting process
The U.S. government (via the State Department) implements the law through a process known as "Leahy vetting". A prospective aid recipient's unit is searched for evidence of past commission of gross human rights violations. The State Department has interpreted "gross human rights violations" to mean a small number of the most heinous acts: murder of non-combatants, torture, "disappearing" people, and rape as a tactic.
The government utilizes the International Vetting and Security Tracking (INVEST) system, which tracks all units and individuals who are potential recipients of assistance, including any information that suggests they are ineligible for assistance and any past determinations regarding their eligibility.
Vetting is done at several points in the approval process and by several elements of the State Department, starting at the U.S. embassy in the particular country and occurring at the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL) and the appropriate regional bureau. When a vetter finds credible derogatory information, the information is entered into INVEST, triggering a review with all relevant bureaus. All assistance remains on hold until a final decision is reached.
If credible information is found implicating a unit in a gross violation of human rights, the unit will be prohibited from receiving assistance until remediation steps are taken. The law requires the U.S. government to offer assistance to the country's government in bringing those responsible to justice and remediate the sanctioned unit.
The process is, in general, not transparent; in June 2016, State Department Spokesperson John Kirby said department officials do not "speak to specific cases on Leahy vetting. We don't do that."
While there is no exact definition of what constitutes "credible" information, the State Department's standard is that it need not reach the same standard as would be required to admit evidence in a U.S. court of law. Vetters rely on a wide array of sources including the annual Depart of State Country Reports on Human Rights, US government agency records, NGO human rights reports, and information garnered from the media.
Certain countries known as "Fast Track" countries are only required to be vetted at the embassy level. The State Department's Leahy Working Group determines by consensus which countries are eligible for Fast Track vetting. A Fast Track country has a "favorable human rights record, including no serious or systemic problems in the country's security forces and no widespread problems with impunity". The State Department's "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices" is the primary source for Fast Track determination. The Fast Track list is updated annually via State Department diplomatic cable. As of 2009 the list of Fast Track countries is as follows:
Withholding of assistance
The U.S. government rarely publicizes decisions to deny cease assistance under the Leahy Law. The vast majority of requests for assistance are cleared immediately; in 2011, only 1,766 units and individuals out of approximately 200,000 were barred from receiving aid because of gross violations of human rights.
In 1998, financing from the Export-Import Bank was denied for thirty-nine of 140 armored police vehicles being bought by Turkey because those vehicles were destined for 11 provinces where police had been implicated in abuses of human rights. The manufacturer, General Dynamics, ultimately provided the financing for the thirty-nine vehicles.
Indonesia's elite Komando Pasukan Khusus (Kopassus) was subject to a 12-year ban on U.S. security assistance after it was implicated in a series of kidnappings and murders of activists in the late 1990s.
In 2010 outrage over extrajudicial killings committed by the armed forces of Pakistan led to the suspension of aid to "about a half-dozen" units of the Pakistani army.
A 2013 report by Freedom House described the Leahy Law as "an invaluable tool in preventing U.S. assistance to military or police units that commit human rights abuses" and added that "it is invoked sparingly and only in egregious cases of specific violence".
In 2014, Major General Paul Eaton(retired) spoke in support of the law, saying, "the value of the Leahy Law is that it serves as a moral guide to the application of U.S. military engagement. Some in the U.S. armed forces have argued that the law frustrates U.S. partnership at precisely the moment we need most to influence better behaviors. This dilemma has a solution embedded in the amendment itself, which provides that if human rights remediation has begun, U.S. assistance can be brought to bear."
Senator Leahy said of the law: "This is a law that works, if it is enforced ... We can help reform foreign security forces, but they need to show they are serious about accountability. If not, we are wasting American taxpayers' money and risk prolonging the abusive conduct that we seek to prevent."
Criticisms of the law and its implementation
In 2013, several U.S. military commanders cited the law as interfering with their ability to train foreign forces. They claimed that the law was being applied too broadly.
Most criticism, however, has been that the law is too weak and is not enforced robustly enough. For instance, in 2011 Human Rights Watch reported that the U.S. "continued to aid and train Cambodia's armed forces including units with records of serious human rights violations such as Brigade 31, battalion 70 and Airborne Brigade 911 – in violation of the Leahy Law".
A number of observers have complained that the Leahy Act has not been enacted in response to what they have claimed are human rights abuses by the Israeli military. In 2011, Haaretz reported that Leahy (D-VT), after being approached by constituents in Vermont, was pushing clauses that would bar aid to three elite Israeli military units that have been accused of human rights violations in the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. A spokesman for Leahy denied this. Leahy's Senate webpage repeats his views that while "he has supported Israel's right to self-defense", "he disagrees with restrictions on imports of goods into Gaza as it amounts to collective punishment, with Israel's use of excessive force in Gaza which has caused the deaths of hundreds of civilians, and with home demolitions and settlement construction in the West Bank." In February 2016, 11 members of Congress, including Leahy, sent a letter to the State Department demanding a review of the Leahy Act be conducted after reports of extrajudicial killings by Israeli and Egyptian military forces.
See also
Child Soldiers Protection Act
Human rights in the United States
United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority
Notes
External links
by Andrew M. Leonard in Foreign Affairs
by Sean McFate in Military Review, July–August 2007. Also in
Human Rights: Additional Guidance, Monitoring, and Training Could Improve Implementation of the Leahy Laws: Report to Congressional Requesters. Government Accountability Office
Military of Colombia
United States foreign relations legislation
1997 in American law
1997 in international relations | {'title': 'Leahy Law', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy%20Law', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide is a 1954 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on May 8, 1954, and stars Sylvester.
It is the first of three cartoons that Friz Freleng made based on Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the others are Hyde and Hare (1955) and Hyde and Go Tweet (1960). This is the final appearance of the antagonistic canine duo Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier (although Spike is named "Alfie" in this short) from the golden age of American animation; speaking with a British accent throughout.
This cartoon's plot follows the same formula as Tree for Two (1952), except that this time it is a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde parody, as opposed to a black panther that escaped from the zoo. Sylvester is trying to escape a pair of British dogs (Alfie the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier). He accidentally ingests Dr. Jekyll's formula (thinking it is soda pop), causing him to become a monster cat that terrorizes Alfie and causes Chester to call Alfie a coward.
Plot
Alfie and Chester are walking down the street as Chester constantly asks Alfie what he wants them to do today. When Chester mentions chasing a cat, Alfie is interested. Then, the two dogs come across a sleeping Sylvester until he wakes up to realize he is being confronted by the dogs. Sylvester panics and runs as he is being chased by the dogs until he takes refuge inside a place under the names, "Dr. Jerkyl" and "Mr. Hyde". Out of breath, Sylvester accidentally ingests Dr. Jerkyl's formula (thinking it is soda pop), which causes him to become a monster cat. Alfie enters the place, only to confront and be terrorized by the monstrous Sylvester. Alfie comes out scared white as a confused Chester comes in to check the place out, only to find Sylvester, having turned back to normal.
Chester then encourages Alfie to continue with his pursuit of the cat. Sylvester hides inside a footlocker, only to be spotted by Alfie. Alfie coaxes Sylvester to come out, only to be confronted by the cat's monster form again; leaving him completely scratched and falling apart into pieces literally once he comes out of the room. As the monster cat makes his way in, Alfie runs in fear while Chester has his back turned, but has no idea that the monster cat suddenly reverts to normal. When Sylvester tries to scare Chester away, he gets beaten and thrown away by Chester. Then, Chester forces Alfie at gunpoint to come back inside and confront the cat again before locking the door.
As Alfie panics, begging Chester to let him out and not leave him in here, Sylvester escapes through the window. Relieved that he is gone, Alfie takes advantage of this by faking a fight to fool Chester, while throwing and smashing glass vessels while declaring that he's fooled around with Sylvester long enough and that getting on his knees is not going to save him. Then, Alfie throws the formula-bearing bottle, which breaks, showering drops onto a fly. The formula takes effect almost at once, creating a monster fly who proceeds to thrash Alfie and throw him out of the place. When both dogs see the monster fly, it slams the door shut in disgust at Alfie's cowardice. Chester slaps Alfie out of shame and calls him "yellow." The next day, Chester and Alfie are walking down the street with Chester wearing Alfie's former hat as Alfie constantly asks Chester what he wants them to do today, which earns him a slap in the face. Alfie breaks the fourth wall by telling the audience how brave and strong Chester is as his own hero.
References
External links
Looney Tunes shorts
1954 animated films
1954 short films
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde films
Sylvester the Cat films
1954 films
Animated films about cats
Animated films about dogs
1950s English-language films | {'title': "Dr. Jerkyl's Hide", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Jerkyl%27s%20Hide', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Steve Niles (born June 21, 1965) is an American comic book author and novelist, known for works such as 30 Days of Night, Criminal Macabre: A Cal McDonald Mystery, Simon Dark, Mystery Society, and Batman: Gotham County Line.
He is credited among other contemporary writers as bringing horror comics back to prominence.
Early life
Niles was born in Jackson, New Jersey on June 21, 1965. He was raised in the Washington, D.C. suburbs, developing various creative interests in music, writing, and making amateur films. He worked in several comic book stores and played in the punk bands Gray Matter and Three, both of which released records on Dischord Records label in the 1980s and 1990s. He often credited late night television horror host, Count Gore De Vol, who was the local horror host on Channel 20, as an early influence. In 2004 Count Gore wrote the introduction to the graphic novel Aleister Arcane, which is about the horror host of the same name. Other influences included Richard Matheson's book I Am Legend, and the works of George A. Romero, John Carpenter and Bernie Wrightson, the latter two of whom he would later work with. He had no formal education in writing following high school, explaining that he learned to write through copious reading.
Career
Niles' start in the comics industry began with the formation of his self publishing company, Arcane Comix. Niles published, edited, and adapted several comics and anthologies for Eclipse Comics, working on I Am Legend in 1991. He then wrote several titles for Fantaco in the early 1990s, including Bad Moon, Fly in My Eye, and a set of lithographs for Clive Barker's Book of Blood. He worked for a year on Disney's Toy Story Web Adventures, and later worked for Todd McFarlane Productions where he wrote several issues of Spawn, Spawn: The Dark Ages. He also collaborated on Hellspawn with illustrator Ashley Wood after Brian Michael Bendis's departure, and did journalism work for Kiss Magazine, interviewing members of the band Kiss.
Niles attempted to shop around his screenplay for 30 Days of Night, but was met with rejection in Hollywood. When IDW Publishing formed, Niles sent his "reject list" to Ted Adams, who selected 30 Days of Night as a concept he was interested in. Niles and illustrator Ben Templesmith produced the first issue for free. The book did not sell well, according to Niles, but it was then that film producers took notice of it, and optioned it to be adapted into a film in 2000 or 2001.
In 2004 or 2005, Niles formed a joint venture production company, Creep International, with 1990s rocker and film director Rob Zombie. This project has produced two works to date: The Nail (with Nat Jones) through Dark Horse Comics, and Bigfoot (with Richard Corben) through IDW Publishing. Upon placing that venture on hiatus, he then assisted actor Thomas Jane's production company, with the intention of bringing his Criminal Macabre character Cal MacDonald to the big screen. MGM optioned the property, but it lapsed, and is currently held by Universal Pictures. Niles and Jane also co-wrote the six-issue comic book series Bad Planet for Image Comics with artists Lewis Larosa and Tim Bradstreet.
In 2006, Niles collaborated with artist Scott Hampton on a Batman miniseries, Gotham County Line, published by DC Comics. That same year, he wrote another miniseries that reinvents Steve Ditko's vintage character The Creeper with DC artist Justiniano. He is also created a new DC character with artist Scott Hampton, named Simon Dark. Dark is a vigilante hero with elements of the Frankenstein mythos who starred in eighteen issues of his own ongoing series.
In October 2007, Steve recorded an introduction to the Washington, D.C.'s International Horror Film Festival, The Spooky Movie Film Festival, in honor of opening night host, Count Gore De Vol, who was being honored for his 35 years in Washington, D.C. Posters for 30 Days of Night were given out, including one signed by Niles.
In 2007 Niles wrote a story for the DC Infinite Halloween Special called "Strange Cargo". Narrated by Poison Ivy, the story tells of Superman, Lois Lane, and Jimmy Olsen uncovering zombies in a cargo tank owned by Lex Luthor. Superman kills most of them, but takes the rest and puts them on the moon.
Niles also wrote City Of Others for Dark Horse Comics with artwork done by acclaimed artist Bernie Wrightson. City Of others was a four issue story.
In 2008 Niles wrote a twelve part Batman miniseries entitled Batman: Gotham After Midnight with art by Kelley Jones. He has also written a graphic novel for Zune called The Lost Ones with various artists and City of Dust for Radical Comics. Niles is part of the Convention Monsterplaza, which is from April 9 to 11, 2010 in Marriott Burbank Convention Center. An X-Files/30 Days of Night crossover in 2010 was co-written by Niles and Adam Jones, the guitarist for the band Tool, with art by Tom Mandrake. Niles wrote the script for the Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment produced horror first-person shooter F.E.A.R. 3.
He also appeared on Spike TV series "Deadliest Warrior", in which he represented the vampire team in the "Vampires vs Zombies" episode, as one of the Vampire experts along with Scott Bowen the author of The Vampire Survival Guide.
In December 2011, Niles spoke out against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), commenting, "SOPA does more than go after so-called 'piracy' websites...SOPA takes away all due process, shuts down any site it deems to be against the law without trial, without notification, without due process...Nobody seems to give a shit, or either they’re scared. Either way, very disappointing. I guess when it affects them they’ll get mad… I know folks are scared to speak out because a lot of us work for these companies, but we have to fight. Too much is at stake."
In 2012, Niles will be collaborating with Bernie Wrightson on Frankenstein Alive! Alive! published by IDW Publishing.
In March 2012, Niles joined Halo-8 president/Godkiller writer-creator Matt Pizzolo and Epitaph Records owner/Bad Religion guitarist-songwriter Brett Gurewitz to form Black Mask Studios with the mandate of developing new ways to support creators and reach broader audiences beyond fandom. Black Mask will launch with the release of the Occupy Comics anthology to which Niles contributed.
In December 2013, IDW announced that Niles would be collaborating with Damien Worm on a 3-issue title Monster and Madman, a tale of Frankenstein's Monster with Jack the Ripper. The first issue was published on 12 March 2014, with the remaining issues due in April and May 2014.
In March 2014, IDW announced that Niles and Worm would again be collaborating on The October Faction, Niles' first monthly ongoing title, published in late 2014. In March 2015 it was confirmed, that he will executive produce along with Wes Craven the series adaption of Christopher Mitten's comic Disciples.
Adaptations
30 Days of Night was developed into a major motion picture, with Sam Raimi as producer. Niles and Ben Ketai scripted a sequel, 30 Days of Night: Dark Days, to be directed by Ketai.
Niles' Remains, a zombie story was purchased by Synthetic Cinema International in 2010. It was released as part of Chiller Network'''s "Chiller Presents" series as "Steve Niles' Remains.
On September 28, 2018 it was announced that Niles' comic, The October Faction would be adapted into a TV show on Netflix with a first season consisting of 10 episodes. The show premiered on Netflix on January 23, 2020. On March 30, 2020, Netflix cancelled the series after one season.
Upcoming projects
Other comics he has written that have been optioned for film include, Criminal Macabre, In the Blood, Aleister Arcane and Wake the Dead. Variety reported that Wake the Dead will be the next to enter production with Jay Russell in the director's chair. Freaks of the Heartland is being adapted by Peter Sattler and Geoff Davey, with David Gordon Green penciled in to direct it. The project is currently on hold, after differences with Overture film.
In May 2009, MTV reported that Radical Studios is developing a City of Dust movie. In November 2013, Outlier acquired the film rights of the Savage comic. In September 2014, Andrew Adamson is attached to direct the film adaptation of Breath of Bones. In June 2016, Variety reported that Jim Carrey will star in Eli Roth's film adaptation of Aleister Arcane for Amblin Entertainment.
BibliographyRichard Matheson's I Am Legend (with Elman Brown, Eclipse Comics, 1991)Night of the Living Dead: London (with Clive Barker, Fantaco, 1993)King of the Dead (with Brian Clark and Stephen Ittner, 5-issue mini-series, Fantaco, 1994)Spawn: The Dark Ages (with Nat Jones, Image Comics, 2001)30 Days of Night (with Ben Templesmith, IDW Publishing, 2002)Fused:
Canned Heat (with Paul Lee, Brad Rader and Ben Templesmith, 4-issue mini-series, Image Comics, March 2002 - January 2003, tpb, 112 pages, July 2004, )
Think Like a Machine (with Joshua Medors and Peter Repovski, 4-issue mini-series, Rocket Comics/Dark Horse Comics, December 2003 - March 2004, tpb, 112 pages, October 2004, )Criminal Macabre (with Ben Templesmith, Dark Horse Comics and IDW Publishing, 2003)Dark Days (with Ben Templesmith, IDW Publishing, 2003)Hellspawn #'s 11–16 (with Ben Templesmith, Image Comics, 2003)Remains (with Kieron Dwyer, IDW Publishing, 2004)Freaks of the Heartland (with Greg Ruth, 6-issue limited series, Dark Horse, 2004, tpb, June 2005, 170 pages, )Wake the Dead (with Chee, IDW Publishing, 2004)Aleister Arcane (with Breehn Burns, IDW Publishing, 2004)
"Reckon This" (with art by Nick Stakal, in Western Tales of Terror #1, Hoarse & Buggy Productions, November 2004)Bigfoot (IDW Publishing, 2005)Giant Monster (with Nat Jones, 2-issue prestige format mini-series, Boom! Studios, 2005)Bad Planet (with Thomas Jane and Tim Bradstreet, Image Comics, 2005–2008)28 Days Later: The Aftermath (with Nat Jones, graphic novel, Fox Atomic Comics, 2007, )Criminal Macabre: The Complete Cal McDonald Stories (Dark Horse Books, 2007, )Simon Dark (DC Comics, 2007–2008)Cthulhu Tales (with Chee, Shane Oakley, Boom! Studios, 2008, ongoing, first tpb December 2008, )Dead, She Said (with Bernie Wrightson, 3-issue mini-series, IDW Publishing, May–September 2008)The Lost Ones (with art by Gary Panter, Dr. Revolt, Kime Buzzelli, and Morning Breath, graphic novel, Zune, 2008)Epilogue (with Kyle Hotz, 4-issue mini-series, IDW Publishing, September–December 2008)City of Dust (with Zid, 5-issue limited series, Radical Comics, October 2008 – March 2009)Star Wars: Halloween Special 2009 "Planet of the Dead" (with artist Davide Fabbri, Dark Horse Comics, free give away with Previews catalog)Mystery Society (with Fiona Staples, 5-issue limited series, IDW Publishing, May–October 2010)X-Files/30 Days of Night (with Tom Mandrake, 6-issue limited series, IDW Publishing/WildStorm, September 2010 - February 2011)Doc Macabre (with Bernie Wrightson, 3-issue mini-series, IDW Publishing, December 2010 - February 2011)Lot 13 (with Glenn Fabry, 5-issue limited series, DC Comics, October 2012 — March 2013)Winnebago Graveyard'' (with artist, Alison Sampson, 4-issue mini-series, Image Comics, June 2017 - September 2017)
Lonesome Days, Savage Nights (TKO Studios, 2020)
References
External links
Raw Studios
Bad Planet
Steve Niles at the Big Comic Book DataBase
Interviews
STEVE NILES WEEK: The Dark Horse Books, Comic Book Resources, October 27, 2003
STEVE NILES WEEK, Day 2: Niles talks Horror Comics and Film, Comic Book Resources, October 28, 2003
STEVE NILES WEEK, Day 3: The IDW Books, Comic Book Resources, October 30, 2003
2006 Podcast Interview with Steve Niles – cIndyCenter.com
Niles, Steve (30 Days of Night) at Dread Central, October 12, 2006
2007 Audio interview with Steve Niles on the Comic Geek Speak podcast
Steve Niles Interview at UGO
1965 births
American comics writers
Living people
People from Jackson Township, New Jersey
American male screenwriters
American horror writers
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from Washington, D.C.
Inkpot Award winners | {'title': 'Steve Niles', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Niles', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Australian rules football in England is a team sport and spectator sport with a long history. The annual match between Oxford and Cambridge Universities is the longest running Australian rules fixture outside Australia. The current competitions originated in 1989 and have grown to a number of local and regional leagues coordinated by AFL England. In 2018, these regional divisions were the AFL London, AFL Central & Northern England and Southern England AFL.
The sport's origins are said to be in England, specifically public school football games. Several of the sport's founders were born and educated there including J. B. Thompson, William Hammersley and James Bryant while Tom Wills held by many as the sport's founder, was educated at and played rugby with the Rugby School. The sport however struggled for decades to establish roots given the dominance of traditional football codes in rugby football and the growing popularity of soccer. Nevertheless, it was one of the first countries outside of Australia to commence regular competition during the 1920s.
Australian Football League (AFL) exhibition matches were held in London semi-annually between 1986 and 2006 (the last standalone event was held in 2012) and were well attended with attendances ranging from 4,500 to a record of 18,884 in 2005.
England rarely competes in a standalone team, and is typically represented along with Scotland and Wales as the Great Britain team at the Australian Football International Cup (best result 6th) and AFL Europe Championship (2 titles). However, an English side has competed in several standalone tests and has been successful at the Euro Cup with 5 titles. Nevertheless, London has hosted several internationals, including the 2001 Atlantic Alliance Cup, 2005 and 2015 EU Cups and the 2016 and 2019 AFL Europe Championships.
In the AFL Bill Eason and Clive Waterhouse hold the record for the most games and goals with 220 and 386 respectively while current AFL Women's player Sabrina Frederick holds both records with 59 and 26.
History of Australian rules football in England
English involvement in the game's establishment in Australia
According to the AFL, the sport's origins were in England with public school football games being adopted by Australians in the 1850s leading to the creation of what is now known as Australian Football in Melbourne in the British Colony of Victoria in 1859. Several of the sport's founders were English including J. B. Thompson, William Hammersley and James Bryant, with Tom Wills having been educated at and played rugby football with the Rugby School.
Writing to Wills in 1871, Thompson recalled that "the Rugby, Eton, Harrow, and Winchester rules at that time (I think in 1859) came under our consideration, ... we all but unanimously agreed that regulations which suited schoolboys ... would not be patiently tolerated by grown men." The hardness of the playing fields around Melbourne also influenced their thinking. Even Wills, who favoured many rules of Rugby School football, saw the need for compromise. He wrote to his brother Horace: "Rugby was not a game for us, we wanted a winter pastime but men could be harmed if thrown on the ground so we thought differently."
While the game found its way to Ireland in the 1870s and there was also some awareness in England of the popularity of the game in Australia, it was not established locally until much later. This is primarily due to the growing popularity of locally developing football codes including rugby football and later British Association (soccer) which, like Australian Football, were also developing from public school football games.
The English were also heavily involved in the development of the code in the Colony of South Australia in particular John Acraman and Richard Twopeny.
Early efforts at introduction to England
Between 1870 and World War I many overseas students studied medicine in Scotland, and some went down to England to play the Australian Rules teams in that country.
A Lancashire paper from 1881 mentions a local initiative to introduce "Victorian Rules Football" to England as an alternative to rugby and Association football.
In 1883, during a visit to Australia, English journalist and rugby player Richard Twopeny wrote of the game:
A good football match in Melbourne is one of the sights of the world... The quality of the play... is much superior to anything the best English clubs can produce... there is much more 'style' about the play.
In 1884 H C A Harrison then known as the "father of Australian Football" visited London where he proposed unifying Australian rules with Rugby under a set of hybrid rules and suggested that rugby clubs adopt some of the Victorian Rules. English football officials expressed their insult at the suggestion that they "abandon their rules to oblige an Antipodean game".
Nevertheless when first proposing a football tour of Australia and New Zealand in March 1887, James Lillywhite, Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury posited that the best way to ensure the success of the venture would be to play under the Australian rules where the sport was most popular.
Australians studying at Edinburgh University and London University formed teams and competed in London in 1888.
Spurred on by the upcoming English football team's tour of Australia, a scratch match between Edinburgh Australians and London Australians was planned to be held at Balham on 14 April 1888. However the match was postponed citing lack of player numbers and suitability of the venue. It was finally played on 26 May 1888 at Balham, London won 4 goals to 2. There was little interest in the match outside of the Australian expat community. However the game was poorly organised and the selected ground was so out of the way that most spectators failed to find it, proving to be lost opportunity to promote the game. A return match was played on the same ground on the 30th May resulting in a draw. The match drew considerable praise in UK newspapers such as the Times and the Scotsman.
British tours to Australia (1888–1914)
Australian rules football was played by a British representative rugby team which toured Australia in 1888. The team arrived in Hobart, Tasmania on 18 April. They attended a social function with the Southern Tasmanian Football Association, before going to New Zealand for a series of rugby matches.
After they returned to Australia they again trained in Australian rules in Sydney, before leaving for Victoria in mid-June. The tour included 19 matches. They played against several of the stronger football clubs from Melbourne including the Carlton Football Club, South Melbourne Football Club, Essendon Football Club, Fitzroy Football Club and Port Melbourne Football Club. Additionally, they played against some strong regional Victorian clubs including two teams from the city of Ballarat: Ballarat Football Club and Ballarat Imperial Football Club, as well as two teams from the city of Bendigo: Bendigo Football Club and Sandhurst Football Club as well as playing against clubs from other regional towns including the Castlemaine Football Club, Maryborough Football Club, Horsham Football Club and Kyneton Football Club.
The team also played against several of the stronger South Australian teams including South Adelaide Football Club, Port Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide Football Club (no connection to the later Adelaide club), Norwood Football Club. The only club from outside of Victoria or South Australia which played against them was the Maitland Football Club (from the Hunter Region in New South Wales). The British team won six matches, including a win over Port Adelaide at Adelaide Oval on 10 July 1888, and drew one.
The reigning Victorian premiers, Carlton defeated Great Britain at the MCG 14.17 to 3.8. At this stage goals and points were recorded but only goals counted in the score; for example, when Great Britain played Castlemaine under very heavy conditions they kicked 1 goal 2 points and the locals kicked 1 goal 4 points, but the match was declared a draw. Great Britain also played 35 games of rugby, making a total of 54 games in 21 weeks. A star of the team's Australian rules games was Andrew Stoddart, who captained the team for part of its tour and also captained England in cricket.
The 1888 tour had been organised by the English cricketer Arthur Shrewsbury but his involvement with Australian Rules football did not end there. He planned to have an Australian team sent to the United Kingdom to play a series of demonstration matches and to that end he looked to Scotland where he had identified possible opponents. Shrewsbury's plans are outlined in his correspondence with Alfred Shaw and Turner, the Nottingham Cricket Club Secretary.
First Competitions
Shrewsbury suggested that the 'Edinburgh Australians' team at Edinburgh University should travel down to England to meet the Australian team in a series of demonstration matches in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Unfortunately his bold plan did not eventuate as the authorities in Australia aborted the venture and a possible expansion of Australian Rules in the UK was lost.
In 1894, a dramatic costume football match was played at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground involving prominent English celebrities Jennie Lee, Wallace Brownlow and Harry Musgrove.
There were reports from Australia that the game was being played in England between two clubs in 1903 and in 1904. By 1906 there were three clubs holding regular competition two of which were in London. The Oxford University Australian Rules Football Club was founded in 1906.
As early as 1911 the game was being played regularly at Oxford. In 1911 Oxford University captained by Alfred Clemens defeated Cambridge University captained by Ron Larking 13.9 (87) to 5.12 (42). In 1914, H C A Harrison reported that the game was being played regularly at both Oxford and Cambridge universities though few records exist of contests between 1911 and 1921.
World War I
In 1915 a Victoria vs South Australia match was played at Portland Canteen ground at Weymouth, Dorset.
In 1916, one of the highest profile matches in the history of the game outside of Australia occurred when a match was held at the Queen's Club in London between Australian Army teams, representing the Combined Training Units and the 3rd Division, in which many senior Australian rules footballers from all over Australia took part. The match drew a large crowd and significant press coverage.
As a celebration of Australia Day January 1918, a match was held at Cambridge between London Headquarters and Australian Cadets, with London winning 80 to 63.
However, the end of World War I saw the game outside of the universities go into hiatus.
Varsity matches between Oxford and Cambridge
After the war, in 1921, the Oxford University–Cambridge University Varsity match between expatriate Australian students became an annual contest. This game is still played, and is the longest running Australian rules fixture outside Australia. The match is an official Varsity competition. Over the years, some distinguished Australians to have played in the match include Mike Fitzpatrick, Chris Maxwell, Joe Santamaria, Sir Rod Eddington and Andrew Michelmore.
Men's Results
In 2018, amid the growth of the sport in England, there was the first ever women's Australian Rules Football Varsity, ending in a tie.
Women's Results
Second World War matches
The AIF played a match in 1940 between the "Impossibles" and the "Improbables".
When th RMS Moreton Bay returned to England after 1941 it played in advertised matches at Portsmouth.
RAAF (Sunderland) vs RAF Mount Batten was played in 1943 in Plymouth. In November of the same year, a game was played in Sussex between No.11 Personnel despatch and Reception centre team based in Brighton vs RAAF Headquarters from London.
Teams representing RAAF, Headquarters vs Sunderland, met in Hyde Park in 1944 in front of a sizeable crowd. Headquarters defeated Sunderland 12.7 (79) to 5.4 (34).
In 1945, HMAS Australia defeated RAAF at Dulwich 11.12 to 10.5.
In 1948 Australia's champion axemen team announced its plans to introduce Australian rules football into England.
In 1952, a match was played at Rosslyn Park F.C. in South West London between HMAS Vengeance and English-Australians ("the Wombats"). The Wombats also organised a match at Cambridge.
The first local league
In 1967, Australian expatriates including Michael Cyril Hall and Ted Ford attempted to organise Australian Football in London. Ted engaged high-profile expatriate Australians including Rolf Harris, Alan Freeman, Barry Humphries, Neil Hawke, Keith Miller and former Australian prime minister Sir Robert Menzies to support the venture and raise publicity for it. Ford organised a charity match was played in Regent's Park in London, between local club Kensington Demons and established out of town club Oxford University. Athol Guy (who had played VFL reserves with St Kilda) also made a special appearance as a player. The match also featured England's first all-women's match between Aussie Girls and Wild Colonial Girls as a curtain raiser. The match attracted a crowd of 1,000 spectators. A follow up match between Earl's Court Magpies and Australian Dentists attracted 700 spectators. By May 7 established local teams were ready to form a local league these teams included: Australian Dentists, Australian Navy, Oxford University, Cambridge University, Kensington Demons, Earls Court Magpies and London House. In July, Royal Australian Navy (RAN) personnel played against a combined side drawn from the Earls Court Magpies; Kensington Demons and Australian Dentists in front of a crowd of 1,200 at Regent's Park. RAN personnel would go on to play against local school sides and local rugby clubs.
After some time finding its roots, the Australian National Football League (UK) was formed which by 1970 had six teams, Victorians; Rest of Australia; Portsmouth Naval Base; Plymouth Naval Base; London Gaelic Football Club and Hampstead Rugby Club with matches played in the summer.
The later inclusion of two English rugby sides was helping them keep fit in the off-season. Later clubs to play in the league included the Kensington Demons, Earls Court Magpies, Oxford University Blues, Australian Dentists and Australian Navy (based in Portsmouth).
In 1972, the first exhibition match of the VFL was played at The Oval in London as part of the Carlton Football Club 1972 preseason World Tour. The match attracted 9,000 in a carnival like atmosphere. However the arrival of the spectacle of elite level VFL also saw the end of the game at the grassroots in England with no further organised competition.
The VFL/AFL annual exhibition
Between 1987 and 2006, VFL/AFL exhibition matches had become an almost annual event, but the only game since then being in 2012.
With a large number of ex-patriate Australians, interest in the game grew and small crowds of up to 10,000 were in attendance for the event in some years.
Interest and crowds grew further with the change of the VFL to the Australian Football League.
Highlights during this time included large crowds for the Australian Football League's West Coast Eagles v. Collingwood in 1997 with an attendance of 14,000 and the match between Richmond and Essendon in 2002 which drew 13,000.
The British Australian Rules Football League: 1989-Present
In 1989 the British Australian rules football League (BARFL) was formed. Serious competition began. A schools program was launched in 1991. One of the key people in the establishment of the competition was former professional Australian player Darren Ogier who helped introduce a rule that at least half of the club's players onfield must be non-Australian. As the competition became more popular, results were reported in Australia. From 1992, the AFL began contributing AUD $6,000 a year to the league, however withdrew its financial contributions in 1994, expressing a preference for grants to be spent on junior programs and school projects instead of the senior competition. Despite the lack of AFL support, local BARFL Grand Finals become a large event attracting attendances in the thousands, including a record crowd of 1,500 in 1999.
In 2002 a national team represented Great Britain at the Australian Football International Cup for the first time, finishing the tournament in 6th place. 2005 saw the British Bulldogs again compete in the International Cup, again finishing 6th overall.
Following the 2005 International Cup, promising 22-year-old British Bulldog Luke Matias began playing with the Port Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League.
Also in 2005, the first Western Derby to be played outside of Australia, the West Coast Eagles v. Fremantle game was played as a pre-season test at The Oval in London, drawing a record crowd of 18,884.
Junior Development programs
In 2005 the first junior development program, Aussie Rules Schools, commenced. The program, co-ordinated by the new development body Aussie Rules UK, part of Aussie Rules International was kicked off. This project has seen up to 10 English schools adopt Aussie Rules as part of the school curriculum to combat obesity. Juniors teams have competed at the London Youth Games.
2006 was a big year for Aussie Rules in England, with the admission of new clubs in Manchester, Middlesbrough and Thanet.
On 17 September 2006 history was made in Denmark when the England Dragonslayers took on the Denmark Vikings in Europe's first fully-fledged international junior Aussie Rules match. England claimed the King Canute Cup, with England 6.10(46) defeating Denmark 0.6(6).
In July 2007, the AFL announced that the annual London exhibition match was likely to be abandoned for the year, after only the Western Bulldogs had expressed interest.
In a first in 2007, the GB Bulldogs including several past and future England players, soundly defeated Ireland in Dublin 11.15(81) to 2.9(21).
AFL Britain
In 2008, a resolution to the divide between the two competing leagues saw a single national body, AFL Britain form, which formally affiliated to the AFL. The BARFL was dissolved and became AFL London, while regional leagues including the Scottish Australian Rules Football League and the Welsh Australian Rules Football League affiliated with the new national body.
AFL England
In 2012, AFL England was formed as the national governing body for Australian rules football in England, separate to AFL Scotland and AFL Wales.
Participation
In 2004, there were a total of around 435 senior players across 18 clubs in England. The local league has a higher number of ex-patriate Australians compared to other countries that participate in the sport, however the league recently put in place caps on the number of expatriate players in certain divisions to improve the mix and encourage more local players.
By the end of 2007, the game had experienced substantial growth due to the placement of permanent development officers. AFL International Census figures indicate over 3,600 participants
Audience
Television
Australian rules football is regularly shown on BT Sport.
Attendance records
Local competitions
1,500 (1999). BARFL Grand Final. West London Wildcats vs Wandsworth Demons. London
Exhibition match
18,884 (2005). West Coast v. Fremantle (The Oval, London)
National teams
AFL England currently manages four national teams. The Great Britain Bulldogs and Great Britain Swans compete every three years at the International Cup in Melbourne. The squad is made up of players mainly from the London clubs, however they are often joined by players competing in Australia. In 2017 the Bulldogs finished sixth, their joint-highest finish, while in their maiden year the Swans finished third, defeating the United States 5.2 (32) to 4.1 (25)
The English teams are known as the England Dragonslayers and the England Vixens. Both teams won the AFL Europe Euro Cup in 2017. In 2018, the Vixens finished runners-up
Clubs
Open
London
Regional England
Juniors
Clapham Cubs
Players
Men's
Women's
as of 2019 AFLW season
See also
1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
Australian rules football in the United Kingdom
Sport in England
External links
Surrey Cricket AFL annual exhibition match at 'The Oval'
AFL Britain website
BARFL website
ARUK National League
Aussie Rules UK
Cambridge University Australian Rules Football Club
Oxford University Australian Rules Football Club
Video of Aussie Rules from YouTube
The Birmingham Bears
sports on ESPN UK link.
subscribe to ESPN UK link.
Books
References | {'title': 'Australian rules football in England', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20rules%20football%20in%20England', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Gyland Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in the large Flekkefjord Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in Nuland, a few kilometers southwest of the village of Gyland. It is the church for the Gyland parish which is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1815 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 300 people.
History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1596, but there is evidence that there was a church in Gyland as far back as the year 1200. The old medieval stave church was located in what is now the village of Gyland. That church was torn down in the early 1600s and it was replaced by a timber-framed long church on the same site. In 1663, the church was inspected and found to be in good condition, but in 1794 when the church was again inspected, it was found to be in poor condition with rot and a roof that had leaks. Due to its poor condition, in 1815 the church building was torn down and a new, larger, cruciform building was constructed on the same site, finally being completed in 1817. Some of the materials from the old building were reused in the new building.
In 1929, the church site was moved from the village of Gyland to its current location in Nuland, about southwest of the former location. The main reason to move the church was that its new location was more central to the municipality of Gyland that existed at that time. In any case, the church needed major repairs, so something had to be done. The old church was taken down and it was re-constructed at the new site using the same design. The cemetery at the old church site obviously could not be moved and due to the location, it was not possible to establish a new cemetery the new location. In 1970, a new chapel was built at the old church site to serve the cemetery and the new church site is without a cemetery.
See also
List of churches in Agder og Telemark
References
Flekkefjord
Churches in Agder
Wooden churches in Norway
Cruciform churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1815
1815 establishments in Norway | {'title': 'Gyland Church', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyland%20Church', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Papermaking is the manufacture of paper and cardboard, which are used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes. Today almost all paper is made using industrial machinery, while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for artistic expression.
In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry, a generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved.
Before the invention and current widespread adoption of automated machinery, all paper was made by hand, formed or laid one sheet at a time by specialized laborers. Even today those who make paper by hand use tools and technologies quite similar to those existing hundreds of years ago, as originally developed in China and other regions of Asia, or those further modified in Europe. Handmade paper is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft involved in making each sheet, in contrast with the higher degree of uniformity and perfection at lower prices achieved among industrial products.
History
Hemp paper had been used in China for wrapping and padding since the eighth century BCE. Paper with legible Chinese writings on it has been dated to 8 BCE.
The traditional inventor attribution is of Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), said to have invented paper about 105 CE using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. Paper used as a writing medium had become widespread by the 3rd century and, by the 6th century, toilet paper was starting to be used in China as well. During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavour of tea, while the later Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) was the first government to issue paper-printed money.
In the 8th century, papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where the process was refined, and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing. Production began in Samarkand, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, Morocco, and then Muslim Spain. In Baghdad, papermaking was under the supervision of the Grand Vizier Ja'far ibn Yahya. Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry. The earliest use of water-powered mills in paper production, specifically the use of pulp mills for preparing the pulp for papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century. The earliest references to paper mills also come from the medieval Islamic world, where they were first noted in the 9th century by Arabic geographers in Damascus.
Traditional papermaking in Asia uses the inner bark fibers of plants. This fiber is soaked, cooked, rinsed and traditionally hand-beaten to form the paper pulp. The long fibers are layered to form strong, translucent sheets of paper. In Eastern Asia, three traditional fibers are abaca, kōzo and gampi. In the Himalayas, paper is made from the lokta plant. This paper is used for calligraphy, printing, book arts, and three-dimensional work, including origami.
In Europe, papermaking moulds using metallic wire were developed, and features like the watermark were well established by 1300 CE, while hemp and linen rags were the main source of pulp, cotton eventually taking over after Southern plantations made that product in large quantities. Papermaking was originally not popular in Europe due to not having many advantages over papyrus and parchment. It wasn't until the 15th century with the invention of the movable type of printing and its demand for paper that many paper mills entered production, and papermaking became an industry.
Modern papermaking began in the early 19th century in Europe with the development of the Fourdrinier machine. This machine produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines are large. Some produce paper 150 meters in length and 10 meters wide. They can produce paper at a rate of 100 km/h. In 1844, Canadian Charles Fenerty and German Friedrich Gottlob Keller had invented the machine and associated process to make use of wood pulp in papermaking. This innovation ended the nearly 2,000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of newsprint and eventually almost all paper was made out of pulped wood.
Manual
Papermaking, regardless of the scale on which it is done, involves making a dilute suspension of fibres in water, called "furnish", and forcing this suspension to drain through a screen, to produce a mat of interwoven fibres. Water is removed from this mat of fibres using a press.
The method of manual papermaking changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies. The process of manufacturing handmade paper can be generalized into five steps:
Separating the useful fibre from the rest of raw materials. (e.g. cellulose from wood, cotton, etc.)
Beating down the fibre into pulp
Adjusting the colour, mechanical, chemical, biological, and other properties of the paper by adding special chemical premixes
Screening the resulting solution
Pressing and drying to get the actual paper
Screening the fibre involves using a mesh made from non-corroding and inert material, such as brass, stainless steel or a synthetic fibre, which is stretched in a paper mould, a wooden frame similar to that of a window. The size of the paper is governed by the open area of the frame. The mould is then completely submerged in the furnish, then pulled, shaken and drained, forming a uniform coating on the screen. Excess water is then removed, the wet mat of fibre laid on top of a damp cloth or felt in a process called "couching". The process is repeated for the required number of sheets. This stack of wet mats is then pressed in a hydraulic press. The fairly damp fibre is then dried using a variety of methods, such as vacuum drying or simply air drying. Sometimes, the individual sheet is rolled to flatten, harden, and refine the surface. Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape or the standard shape (A4, letter, legal, etc.) and packed.
The wooden frame is called a "deckle". The deckle leaves the edges of the paper slightly irregular and wavy, called "deckle edges", one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckle-edged paper is occasionally mechanically imitated today to create the impression of old-fashioned luxury. The impressions in paper caused by the wires in the screen that run sideways are called "laid lines" and the impressions made, usually from top to bottom, by the wires holding the sideways wires together are called "chain lines". Watermarks are created by weaving a design into the wires in the mould. Handmade paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines.
The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA) is the world-leading association for handmade paper artists.
Handmade paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and in paper mills to check the quality of the production process. The "handsheets" made according to TAPPI Standard T 205
are circular sheets 15.9 cm (6.25 in) in diameter and are tested for paper characteristics such as brightness, strength and degree of sizing.
Paper made from other fibers, cotton being the most common, tends to be valued higher than wood-based paper.
Industrial
A modern paper mill is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to the processes involved in making handmade paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry. The head-box of the paper machine called Fourdrinier machine distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry by gravity or under vacuum, the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries, and finally rolls into large rolls. The outcome often weighs several tons.
Another type of paper machine, invented by John Dickinson in 1809, makes use of a cylinder mould that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire mesh and covers the mould as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mould to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off the mould.
Papermaking continues to be of concern from an environmental perspective, due to its use of harsh chemicals, its need for large amounts of water, and the resulting contamination risks, as well as the carbon sequestration lost by deforestation caused by clearcutting the trees used as the primary source of wood pulp.
Notable papermakers
While papermaking was considered a lifework, exclusive profession for most of its history, the term "notable papermakers" is often not strictly limited to those who actually make paper. Especially in the hand papermaking field there is currently an overlap of certain celebrated paper art practitioners with their other artistic pursuits, while in academia the term may be applied to those conducting research, education, or conservation of books and paper artifacts. In the industrial field it tends to overlap with science, technology and engineering, and often with management of the pulp and paper business itself.
Some well-known and recognized papermakers have found fame in other fields, to the point that their papermaking background is almost forgotten. One of the most notable examples might be that of the first humans that achieved flight, the Montgolfier brothers, where many accounts barely mention the paper mill their family owned, although paper used in their balloons did play a relevant role in their success, as probably did their familiarity with this light and strong material.
Key inventors include James Whatman, Henry Fourdrinier, Heinrich Voelter and Carl Daniel Ekman, among others.
By the mid-19th century, making paper by hand was extinct in the United States. By 1912, fine book printer and publisher, Dard Hunter had reestablished the craft of fine hand paper making but by the 1930s the craft had lapsed in interest again. When artist Douglass Howell returned to New York City after serving in World War II, he established himself as a fine art printmaker and discovered that art paper was in short supply. During the 1940s and 1950s, Howell started reading Hunter's books on paper making, as well as he learned about hand paper making history, conducted paper making research, and learned about printed books.
Paper sizes
See also
Amate, paper made of bark, used in pre-Columbian Central America
Bleaching of wood pulp
Environmental issues with paper
Museums: Williams Paper Museum, Basel Paper Mill
Papyrus, a precursor to paper originating from the Mediterranean
Paper machine, used in modern industrial papermaking
Parchment, a precursor to paper used in manuscripts throughout the medieval era
Sizing
Stickies (papermaking)
Surface chemistry of paper
Tree-free paper
Notes and references
24. Longwood L.C. “Science and practice of hand made paper”: (2004).
25. Westerlund L.C. “Fibre options for the sustainable development of the Australian Paper and Pulp Industry”: (2004)
External links
The Harrison Elliott Collection at the Library of Congress has paper specimens, personal papers and research material relating to the history of papermaking
The Center for Book and Paper Arts at Columbia College Chicago hosted an exhibition on the contemporary art of hand papermaking in 2014
The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA)
The Arnold Yates Paper collection at University of Maryland Libraries
Chinese inventions
Book arts | {'title': 'Papermaking', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papermaking', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Freddy Jan Robert Borg (born 27 November 1983) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a forward.
Career
Sweden
Borg started his career with Trelleborgs FF as a youth player, before moving to Malmö FF, Höllvikens GIF and then Östers IF, where he spent seven years.
Germany
On 22 January 2012, Borg signed a six-month contract with Hansa Rostock of the German 2. Bundesliga. Borg scored five times in 14 appearances for the club during his stay. June 2012 saw Borg sign for Alemannia Aachen in the 3. Liga. After six months with Alemannia Aachen, Borg signed a six-month contract with SV Darmstadt 98, also of the 3. Liga, in January 2013.
Azerbaijan
In July 2013, Borg signed for Azerbaijan Premier League side AZAL. Borg made his debut on 10 August 2013, coming on as a 65th-minute substitute for Garib Ibrahimov, in their 1–0 victory over Baku. In December 2013, the start of the winter break in the Azerbaijan season, Borg was released from his contract with AZAL having made just six substitute appearances whilst failing to score.
Return to Sweden
Following his short stint in Azerbaijan, Borg signed for his hometown team Trelleborgs FF on a short-term contract till the summer of 2014, with an option of extending till the end of the season, in March 2014.
Career statistics
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
People from Trelleborg
Swedish footballers
Footballers from Skåne County
Association football forwards
Allsvenskan players
Superettan players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Trelleborgs FF players
Malmö FF players
Östers IF players
FC Hansa Rostock players
Alemannia Aachen players
SV Darmstadt 98 players
Swedish expatriate footballers
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Expatriate footballers in Azerbaijan
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Norway | {'title': 'Freddy Borg', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy%20Borg', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Sablatnig N.I was a bomber aircraft developed in Germany during the First World War, a development of the Sablatnig C.I adapted for night operations.
Development
The N.1 was a two-bay biplane of conventional design, with staggered wings, two open cockpits in tandem, and fixed, tailskid undercarriage. At least eight aircraft were built during the war and converted to P.I standard after the Armistice.
After the Armistice Sablatnig developed the P.I. Adding a cabin for four passengers, the P.I was one of the few aircraft approved by the ILÜK (Interallierte Luftfahrt-Überwachungs-Kommission, Inter-allied Aviation Control Commission) for production in Germany.
Variants
N.I Two-seat night-bomber / attack aircraft with limited production, (at least eight).
P.I A four-seat, plus pilot, airliner produced by direct conversion of eight N.I airframes with at least seven more aircraft built as P.Is
Operational history
Despite limited, if any, use by the Imperial German Army Air service, those N.Is that were built were converted to civilian standards as P.Is and operated chiefly by Danish Air Express and Lloyd Luftverkehr Sablatnig.
Specifications (N.I)
References
Bibliography
1910s German bomber aircraft
N.1
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918 | {'title': 'Sablatnig N.I', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablatnig%20N.I', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Deoxyribonuclease II (, DNase II, pancreatic DNase II, deoxyribonucleate 3'-nucleotidohydrolase, pancreatic DNase II, acid deoxyribonuclease, acid DNase) is an endonuclease that hydrolyzes phosphodiester linkages of deoxyribonucleotide in native and denatured DNA, yielding products with 3'-phosphates and 5'-hydroxyl ends, which occurs as a result of single-strand cleaving mechanism. As the name implies, it functions optimally at acid pH because it is commonly found in low pH environment of lysosomes.
The action of DNase occurs in three phases. The initial phase introduces multiple nicks in the phosphodiester backbone. The second phase produces acid-soluble nucleotides. The third phase, which is the terminal phase, consists of hyperchromic shift resulting from reduction of oligonucleotides.
There are several known DNases II, including:
DNase II alpha (usually known as DNase II), which is thought to be ubiquitously expressed in human tissue. It has been shown that a mutation in this enzyme of mice leads to DNA degradation by apoptosis.
DNase II beta (also called DLAD, or DNase II-Like Acid DNase), which is mainly expressed in the eye lens and salivary glands. One of its functions is to clear DNA from eye lens. Low levels have also been detected in the lung, prostate and lymph nodes. Deficiency of this enzyme in mice lead to the development of cataracts.
References
External links
EC 3.1.22 | {'title': 'Deoxyribonuclease II', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonuclease%20II', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Dorothy Ada Lucy "Dal" Strutt (born 5 May 1941) is an English cellist, pianist, singer, violinist, and self-taught composer. Strutt has also worked under the name Dorian Carl Munday.
Strutt was born in Essex. Strutt has studied cello, piano, violin, and voice from childhood but has no formal training in composition. Strutt is a professional musician who has worked as a pianist for Moreley College Music Theatre, as a member of the Barnard-Strutt-Owen trio, and in a multimedia trio with Malcolm Dedman and Martin Vishnick. Strutt gives recitals and lectures in public schools. Strutt served as a director of the Buddhist Society in London from 2006 to 2009 and has served as conductor of the London Gay Men’s Choir.
Strutt’s music is published by the British Music Collection (today known as Sound and Music) and is available through the Edwin A. Fleisher Collection of Orchestral Music at the Free Library of Philadelphia. Biographical information, scores and recordings of Strutt’s work are held in Heritage Quay https://heritagequay.org/archives/?author=Strutt the archive of the University of Huddersfield, as part of the British Music Collection archive. Dal Strutt’s compositions include:
Chamber
Quartet on Haiku (flute, clarinet, guitar and violin; text by Charles Ford)
Sonata (oboe and clarinet)
Three Haiku (clarinet and cello)
Dance
Circle (three dancers and piano)
Words at Castlerigg (dancers and cello)
Orchestra
Sinfonia
Organ/Piano
Lumen de Lumine (organ)
Sonata on Six (piano)
Sonorities (piano)
Wilderness (organ)
Theatre
External Mind
Vocal
"A Flower was Offered Me" (text by William Blake)
References
British women composers
British women musicians
Living people
1941 births
People from Essex
Pseudonymous artists | {'title': 'Dorothy Strutt', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Strutt', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Frances Elisabeth Rosemary Lincoln (20 March 1945 – 26 February 2001) was an English independent publisher of illustrated books. She published under her own name and the company went on to become Frances Lincoln Publishers. In 1995, Lincoln won the Woman of the Year for Services to Multicultural Publishing award.
Education
Frances Lincoln went "unhappily" to school in Bedford, moving after a year to St George's School, Harpenden, where she became Head Girl. Her university education was at Somerville College, Oxford (Somerville at that time was a women's college, known in Oxford as "the bluestocking college"). There she read Greats (the Oxford term for traditional courses in the humanities, with emphasis on the ancient classics of Greece and Rome, including philosophy). A fellow-student, the drug smuggler Howard Marks, described her as "vivacious" in his 1996 autobiography Mr. Nice.
Career
In 1970, Lincoln started work as an Assistant Editor at the London-based publishing firm of Studio Vista. She went on to become its managing director. From Studio Vista, she moved to a job with the publisher Marshall Cavendish, and from there to Weidenfeld and Nicolson, where she was given her own imprint.
A story that followed her throughout her career, often passed on from employees to new recruits, was of the staff-walkout and demonstration she headed while at Studio Vista in 1975. This was a protest against redundancies proposed by Collier Macmillan, the firm that had come to own Studio Vista. The protest went on for some days, and was described as a strike; it achieved concessions from Collier Macmillan.
Frances Lincoln Publishers
In 1977, Frances went out on her own as an independent publisher/packager, publishing both under her own name and in co-editions. The firm she founded continued as Frances Lincoln Publishers, based in London, until 2018.
In August 2011, The Quarto Group acquired Frances Lincoln Publishers for £4.5 million, making it the Frances Lincoln Children's Book imprint. The firm was known for the list of illustrated gardening books it published, and for its illustrated children's books. Among these were David Litchfield's The Bear and the Piano, which won the 2016 Waterstones Children's Book Prize for Illustrated Books, and Lizzy Stewart's There's a Tiger in the Garden, which won the same prize in 2017.
Family
Frances Lincoln married John Nicoll, the author of the first book she had commissioned. Nicoll later headed Yale University Press in the United Kingdom. The couple had a son and two daughters. Lincoln died from pneumonia aged 55 in 2001.
References
1945 births
2001 deaths
People educated at St George's School, Harpenden
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
20th-century English businesswomen
20th-century English businesspeople
Publishers (people) from London
English book publishers (people)
Deaths from pneumonia in England | {'title': 'Frances Lincoln', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Lincoln', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Serious Business is an album by guitarist and singer Johnny Winter. It was released in 1985 on vinyl and CD by Alligator Records.
Serious Business was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album.
Critical reception
On AllMusic, William Ruhlmann said, "Signing to the Chicago-based independent blues label Alligator Records, [Winter] staged his own comeback with 1984's Guitar Slinger, and its follow-up, Serious Business, is in the same vein. That vein is straight Chicago-style electric blues in the manner of Muddy Waters.... He was already developing from his old mile-a-minute playing style into more of an expressive bluesman in the late '70s. Here, the transition is complete.... Maybe Johnny Winter isn't trying to be a superstar anymore, but his striving to be a consummate bluesman is wholly successful."
Track listing
"Master Mechanic" (A.D. Prestage, Joe Shamwell, Walter Godbold) – 3:37
"Sound the Bell" (Clarence Garlow, Eddie Shuler) – 3:23
"Murdering Blues" (Doctor Clayton) – 5:02
"It Ain't Your Business" (James Moore) – 3:50
"Good Time Woman" (Johnny Winter) – 6:03
"Unseen Eye" (Sonny Boy Williamson II) – 4:18
"My Time After Awhile" (Bob Geddins) 6:13
"Serious as a Heart Attack" (Johnny Winter) – 3:31
"Give It Back" (Sonny Thompson) – 3:48
"Route 90" (Clarence Garlow, Leon René) – 4:07
Personnel
Musicians
Johnny Winter – guitar, vocals
Ken Saydak – piano
Johnny B. Gayden – bass
Casey Jones – drums
Jon Paris – harmonica on "Murdering Blues", "Good Time Woman", "Unseen Eye", "Give It Back"
Production
Johnny Winter, Bruce Iglauer, Dick Shurman – producers
Justin Niebank – engineering, mixing
Fred Breitberg – engineering for "Murdering Blues", "Unseen Eye"
Chris Garland – design
Ebet Roberts, Terrence Bert – photography
Greg Calbi – mastering
Recorded at Streeterville Studios in Chicago, Illinois and at Red Label Studios in Winnetka, Illinois
References
Johnny Winter albums
1985 albums
Albums produced by Bruce Iglauer
Albums produced by Johnny Winter
Alligator Records albums | {'title': 'Serious Business (album)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious%20Business%20%28album%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The lists of English translations from medieval sources provide overviews of notable medieval documents—historical, scientific, ecclesiastical and literary—that have been translated into English. This includes the original author, translator(s) and the translated document. Translations are from Old and Middle English, Old French, Irish, Scots, Old Dutch, Old Norse or Icelandic, Italian, Latin, Arabic, Greek, Persian, Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, Armenian, Hebrew and German, and most works cited are generally available in the University of Michigan's HathiTrust digital library and OCLC's WorldCat. Anonymous works are presented by topic.
Lists of English translations
English translations: A
English translations: B
English translations: C
English translations: D
English translations: E–Z
Source material
The sources used to identify relevant translations include the following.
Journals
American journal of Semitic languages and literatures. An academic journal covering research on the ancient and medieval civilizations of the Near East, including archaeology, art, history, literature, linguistics, religion, law, and science. Established in 1884 as Hebraica, becoming the American journal of Semitic languages and literatures in 1895 and the Journal of Near Eastern studies in 1942.
American law journal
Annals of medical history. A journal on the history of medicine published 1917–1942.
Archaeologia Aeliana. Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity. Journal of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, published since 1822.
Archaeologia cambrensis. A Welsh archaeological and historical scholarly journal published annually by the Cambrian Archaeological Association. It contains historical essays, excavation reports, and book reviews, on the history, genealogy, heraldry, toponymy, folklore and literature of Wales.
Archaeologia cantiana.
Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity.
Archaeological review. A journal of historic and pre-historic antiquities published in 4 volumes 1888–1890.
Biblioteca sacra. The oldest theological journal in the United States, first published in 1844.
British magazine, And monthly register of religious and ecclesiastical information, parochial history, and documents respecting the state of the poor, progress of education, etc.
Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. A quarterly bulletin whose primary purpose is to record the titles of works acquired for the John Rylands Library.
Byzantinische Zeitschrift. A Byzantine studies journal established in 1892.
Cambrian register (1796, 1818). Edited by William Owen Pughe (1759–1835).
Celtic Review.
Contemporary review.
Der Islam: Journal of the History and Culture of the Middle East. A biannual academic journal covering research on the history and culture of the Middle East established in 1910.
English Historical Review. An academic journal established in 1886 and publishing articles on all aspects of history – British, European, and world history – since the classical era. It is the oldest surviving English language academic journal in the discipline of history.
English Review.
Ériu. An academic journal of Irish language studies established in 1904.
Études Celtiques.
The expositor. Devoted to the exposition of the Holy Scriptures.
Folklore. A quarterly review of myth, tradition, institution and custom, incorporating the Archælogical review and the Folk-lore journal, begun in 1892.
Fraser's magazine for Town and Country. A general and literary journal published from 1830 to 1882.
Harvard theological review.
Hermathena.
Indian antiquary. A journal of oriental research in archaeology, history, literature, language, philosophy, religion, and folklore.
Irish ecclesiastical record. An Irish Roman Catholic monthly journal founded in 1864 containing articles on theology, liturgy, church affairs, Catholic social theory, literature, philosophy, history and Irish social and economic conditions.
Irische Texte mit Wörterbuch.
Irish penny journal.
Irish historical studies.
Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge. A Gaelic journal published from 1882 to 1885 in 2 volumes. Devoted to the preservation and cultivation of the Irish language. Published by the Gaelic League.
Isis. An international review devoted to the history and science of civilization.
Islamica. A journal devoted to the study of the languages, arts, and civilisations of the Islamic peoples. Supplement volume of the Asia Major. Published quarterly from 1824 to 1835.
Islandica. An annual relating to Iceland and the Fiske Icelandic collection in Cornell University Library.
Janus. Organ of the Société historique néerlandaise des sciences médicales, exactes et naturelles, 1915–1941.
Jewish forum. Published 1918–1948
Jewish Historical Studies.
Jewish Quarterly Review. A quarterly academic journal covering Jewish studies, 1888–present. It is the oldest English-language journal of Judaic scholarship.
Journal of English and Germanic philology.
Journal of sacred literature. Publishing original essays on Biblical history, geography, natural history and antiquities; biography; and Biblical bibliography.
Journal of theological studies. An academic journal established in 1899 publishing theological research, scholarship, and interpretation, and hitherto unpublished ancient and modern texts, inscriptions, and documents.
Journal of the American Oriental Society. A quarterly academic journal published by the American Oriental Society since 1843.
Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. A publication of the organization now known as the Asiatic Society of Mumbai.
Journal of Chemical Education. A monthly academic journal published by the American Chemical Society.
Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society. A journal published annually that contains illustrated articles on history, archaeology, genealogy, folklore and reviews of books and periodicals related to County Cork.
Journal of the County Louth Archaeological Society.
Journal of philology. Founded in 1868 by leading Cambridge scholars William George Clark (1821–1878), John E. B. Mayor (1825–1910), and William Aldis Wright (1831–1914).
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. An academic journal which publishes articles on the history, archaeology, literature, language, religion and art of South Asia, the Middle East, since 1834.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. A scholarly journal on topics in geography, published by the Royal Geographical Society from 1831 to 1880. Edited by English naturalist Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892) from 1864 to 1880.
Journal of the Society of Oriental Research. A journal to promote the scientific study of the results of archaeology and exploration in the fields of ancient Semitic and Egyptian languages, literatures, and religions and in that of ancient oriental liturgies.
Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland.
Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Kerry archaeological magazine.
Le muséon.
Medical life. A journal of the American Society of Medical History published from 1920 to 1938.
Medieval encounters.
Modern philology.
Orientalia.
Papers of the American Society of Church History.
Poet lore. An English-language literary magazine established in 1889.
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool.
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C: Archæology, Linguistic and Literature.
Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology
Retrospective review, and historical and antiquarian magazine.
Revue celtique.
Romanic review.
Scottish gaelic studies.
Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society.
Scriptorium. Printed 1946–2012.
Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies
The Monist.
The Month.
Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Journal of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society.
Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Dublin. Journal of the Gaelic Society of Dublin, published once in 1808.
Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
Transactions of the Philological Society
Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, Antiquities.
Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology.
Ulster Journal of Archaeology.
Western Reserve University Bulletin
Y Cymmrodor
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete.
Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie.
Collections
A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world, many of which are now first translated into English: digested on a new plan, 17 volumes (1808–1814). Translated by Scottish antiquary John Pinkerton (1758–1826).
A general history and collection of voyages and travels to the end of the eighteenth century (1811). By Scottish writer and translator Robert Kerr (1757–1813).
American oriental series. A series of monographs published by the American Oriental Society, encouraging basic research in the languages and literatures of the Near East and Asia.
Anecdota Oxoniensia: Mediaeval and modern series (1882–1929).
Ante-Nicene Christian library. A collection of books in 10 volumes containing English translations of early Christian writings. .
Archaeologia aeliana, or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquities. Published since 1822 by the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Columbia University oriental studies. A series of ancient and medieval translations published in 1902.
Crusade Texts in Translation. A book series of 27 volumes of English translations of texts about the Crusades.
Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations. Series of 23 volumes of medieval Latin texts, with English translations, from 500 to 1500, representing the whole breadth and variety of medieval civilization.
Early English Text Society
E. J. W. Gibb memorial series. A book series with important works of Arabic, Persian and Turkish history, literature, philosophy and religion, including many works in English translation.
Everyman's Library.
Hakluyt Society publications A text publication society, founded in London in 1846. Publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. Named after English adventurer and author Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616).
Hakluytus posthumus (1906), by Samuel Purchas (c. 1577 – 1626). A twenty-volume collection of travel stories that can be seen as a continuation of Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations, partially based on manuscripts left by Hakluyt.
Harvard Classics (1909–1910). A 50-volume series of works from world literature, important speeches, and historical documents. Edited by Charles William Eliot (1834–1926).
Historical and linguistic studies in literature related to the New Testament.
History of India, as Told by its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period. A collection of translations of medieval Persian chronicles based on the work of English historian Henry Miers Elliot. Edited by British Indologist John Dowson (1820–1881). Multiple translators including Sir H. M. Elliot, the editor and various (unidentified) munshi.
Irish Texts Society.
Library of fathers of the holy Catholic church: Anterior to the division of the East and West (1838–1881). Translated by John Henry Parker.
Loeb classical library.
New medieval library
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I (1885) (Wikisource)
Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS), Library of
Patrologia Graecae
Patrologia Latina
Patrologia Orientalis
Publications of the Scottish History Society.
Rerum Britannicarum medii ævi scriptores: or, Chronicles and memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages (Rolls Series)
Roxburghe Club Books.
Sacred books and early literature of the East
Saga Library. Six volume series published 1891–1905. A collection of Scandinavian sagas in Icelandic covering history, folklore, and language by British translator William Morris (1834–1896) and Icelandic scholar Eiríkr Magnússon (1833–1913). Includes selected sagas of Icelanders and Heimskringla (Stories of the Kings of Norway, called the Circle of the World) by Icelandic historian and poet Snorri Sturluson.
Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church, Second series. (Wikisource library).
Six old English chronicles.
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)
Studia sinaitica.
Source Collections in Translation, Dartmouth University
Studies in Islamic mysticism
Studies in Islamic poetry
Texts and studies, contributions to Biblical and patristic literature (1891–1902). by Joseph Armitage Robinson (1858–1933)
The Johns Hopkins Studies in Romance Literatures and Languages
Todd Lecture Series. Royal Irish Academy
Tracts relating to Ireland (1841–1843). Published by the Irish Archaeological Society.
Transactions of the Ossianic Society (1853–1858). Six volumes published by the Ossianic Society of Dublin.
Trübner's oriental series
Tudor translations, 44 volumes (1892–1909). By William Ernest Henley (1849–1903).
University of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series.
University of Washington, Publications in the social sciences
Wisdom of the East series
Woodbrooke Studies: Christian Documents in Syriac, Arabic, and Garshūni.
Writings of the early Christians of the 2nd century.
Yale Studies in English.
Compilations
Ancient Irish tales (1936). By Tom Peete Cross (1879–1951) and Clark Harris Stover. Tales of the Tuatha de Danann; The Ulster cycle; The cycle of Finn, Ossian, and their companions; Tales of the traditional kings.
Celtic Scotland: a history of ancient Alban (1886–1890), by William Forbes Skene (1809–1892).
Church historians of England. Translated from the Latin by English archivist Joseph Stevenson (1806–1895) Includes: The Historical Works of the Venerable Beda; The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester; The Chronicle of Fabius Ethelweerd, Asser's Annals of King Alfred, The Book of Hyde, The Chronicles of John Wallingford, The History of Ingulf, Gaimar; The History of the Kings of England, and of His own Times, by William of Malmesbury; The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham; The Chronicles of John and Richard of Hexham, The Chronicle of Holyrood, The Cronicle of Melrose, Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, Documents Respecting Canterbury and Winchester; The History of William of Newburgh, The Chronicles of Robert De Monte; History of King Henry The First; The Acts of Stephen, King of England, and Duke of Normandy; Giraldus Cambrensis Concerning The Introduction of Princes; Richard of Devizes; The History of the Archbishops of Canterbury, by Gervase, Monk of Canterbury; Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle; The Chronicle of the Isle of Man; The Life and Defence of John Foxe; The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe; The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe.
Coptic manuscripts in the Freer Collection. By Coptic scholar William Hoyt Worrell (1879–1952).
Drama from the Middle Ages to the Early Twentieth Century: An Anthology of Plays with Old Spelling. Edited by Christopher J. Wheatley.
Early Travels in Palestine (1848). By English antiquarian and writer Thomas Wright (1810–1877).
Egyptian tales and romances: pagan, Christian and Muslim (1931). Translated by Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge.
Epic and saga (1910). Includes: Beowulf, The songs of Roland, The destruction of Dá Derga's hostel, The story of the Volsungs and Niblungs, Songs from The Elder Edda. Harvard classics 49.
Exeter Book (1895).
India in the fifteenth century (1857). By English geographer Richard Henry Major (1818–1891).
Library of original sources (1907). Edited by Oliver Joseph Thatcher (1857–1937).
Medieval narrative: a book of translations (1928), by American medievalist Margaret Schlauch (1898–1986).
Miscellaneous translations, in prose and verse, from Roman poets, orators, and historians (1724), by William Warburton (1698–1779).
Monumenta juridica: The Black book of the Admiralty, with an appendix (1871–1876). By Sir Travers Twiss (1809–1897).
Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, or, A compleat collection of voyages and travels (1705), by English writer and scientist John Harris (c. 1666 – 1719). Revised edition (1744) edited by Scottish author John Campbell (1708–1775).
Origines islandicae (1905). A collection of the more important sagas and other native writings relating to the settlement and early history of Iceland. Five books in two volumes. Edited and translated by Icelandic scholar Gudbrand Vigfusson (1827–1889) and English historian Frederick York Powell (1850–1904).
Primitive Christianity reviv'd: in four volumes (1711), by English theologian and historian William Whiston(1667–1752).
Royal Irish Academy. Irish manuscript series. (1890),
Select early English poems (1913–1930). Translated and edited by Israel Gollancz (1863–1930).
Select historical documents of the Middle Ages (1892). Translated and edited by Ernest Flagg Henderson (1861–1928).
Selections from the Hengwrt mss. preserved in the Peniarth library (1876–1892). Selections of the Hengwrt–Peniarth manuscripts, edited and translated by the Rev. Robert Williams (1810–1881), continued by the Rev. Griffith Hartwell Jones (1859–1944).
Silva gadelica (I–XXXI), edited by Standish Hayes O'Grady (1832–1915).
The Crusades: a documentary survey (1962). By James A. Brundage.
The voyage of Bran, son of Febal, to the land of the living (1895–1897). By Kuno Meyer (1858–1919). and Alfred Trübner Nutt (1856–1910).
The works of John Hookham Frere in verse and prose (1872). Translations by English diplomat and writer John Hookham Frere (1769–1846).
The works of the British poets (1795), With prefaces, biographical and critical by Robert Anderson (1750–1830).
Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History (1897–1902). A collection published by the University of Pennsylvania.
Essays and other miscellany
Antiquarian repertory, 4 volumes (1775–1784). A miscellany intended to preserve and illustrate several valuable remains of old times : adorned with elegant sculptures. Edited by English antiquaries Thomas Astle (1735–1803) and Francis Grose (before 1731 – 1791).
Bentley's miscellany, 64 volumes (1837–1868). Successively edited by Charles Dickens, William Harrison Ainsworth, Albert Richard Smith and others.
Encyclopædia Romana. Incidental essays on the history and culture of Rome.
Fifteenth annual report of the Dante Society (1896).
Influence of medieval upon Welsh literature. By Thomas Wright (1810–1877).
Lectures on the manuscript materials of ancient Irish history (1861). By Irish philologist and antiquary Eugene O'Curry (1796–1862).
Letters of wit, politicks and morality.
Macdonald Presentation Volume.
Miscellany of the Irish Archaeological Society.
On the manners and customs of the ancient Irish (1873). By Eugene O'Curry. Edited with an introduction, appendixes, etc., by William Kirby Sullivan (1821–1890).
The golden legend; or, Lives of the saints. Translated (Englished) by William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491).
Twenty-fourth annual report of the Dante Society (1906).
Databases
Beowulf's Afterlives Bibliographic Database.
Catalogue for collection items held by the National Library of Australia.
Early English Books Online (EEBO).
Gnostic Society Library. An online library of a collection of primary documents relating to the Gnostic tradition.
Mathematics Genealogy Project. A web-based database of the academic genealogy of mathematicians.
Online Books Library.
Bibliographies
A literary history of England, 4 volumes (1948). Edited by Albert Croll Baugh (1891–1981). Volume I: The Middle Ages. The Old English Period (to 1100), by Kemp Malone (1889–1971). The Middle English Period (1100–1500), by Albert C. Baugh.
Bibliography of English translations from Medieval Sources, by Austin Patterson Evans and Clarissa Palmer Farrar.
Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286, 2 volumes (1922), by Scottish historian Alan Orr Anderson (1879–1958).
Fifteenth century English books; a bibliography of books and documents printed in England and of books for the English market printed abroad (1917). By British bibliographer Edward Gordon Duff (1861–1924).
Hakluyt Society Bibliography, a resource for geographical discovery and exploration books.
Manual of the writings in Middle English,1050–1400 (1923–1927). By John Edwin Wells (1875–1943).
Records of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society.
Select Bibliography of Publications Mainly in English, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades by Peter Lock.
See also
Annals
Arabic literature
Armenian literature
Chronicles
Garshuni
Hagiography
Historians and Histories of the Crusades
Islamic literature
Medieval literature
Medieval theatre
Miracle play
Mystery play
New Testament apocrypha
Persian literature
Syriac literature
References
11
Translations into English
Translation-related lists | {'title': 'Lists of English translations from medieval sources', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20English%20translations%20from%20medieval%20sources', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Petrary (from the Greek "petra", "stone") is a generic term for medieval stone-throwing siege engines such as mangonels and trebuchets, used to hurl large rocks against the walls of the besieged city, in an attempt to break down the wall and create an entry point. Catapult, trebuchet, mangonel are all types of petrary, but ballista style armaments, which shot bolts or arrows, would not fit into this category.
Petraries are sometimes considered smaller versions of mangonels. In 1159, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor made a distinction between petraries, which were small artillery, and mangonels, which were large artillery. The opposite is also true and sometimes the petrary is considered the more powerful weapon, whereas mangonels were the smaller artillery, as was the case in 1185, when the French set up light "Turkish mangonels" and heavy petraries, and 1195 when Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut laid siege to Huy.
References
Bibliography
Medieval siege engines | {'title': 'Petrary', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrary', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
DB Boulevard was an Italian electronic music group, consisting of members, vocalist Moony (Monica Bragato), along with producers Alfred Azzetto, Diego Broggio and Mauro Ferrucci.
In 2002, their song "Point of View" peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the US and at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart. It contains a re-recorded version of a song called "Heatwave" by French band Phoenix, which was released as a single in 1999. The video clip of the song featured a computer animated cardboard woman. The song was used by Sky Sports in their Speedway Grand Prix coverage. It was also used in Sex and the City's season five episode "Cover Girl". In Australia, the song was played frequently on the Seven Network idents.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
See also
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
External links
Official site
Italian electronic music groups
Italian house music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups disestablished in 2006 | {'title': 'DB Boulevard', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB%20Boulevard', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Richard Sanders (born 8 December 1952) is an English violinist who has played in jazz-rock, folk rock, British folk rock and folk groups, including Soft Machine and Fairport Convention.
Biography
Sanders' first experience with a professional band was in the summer of 1972, touring Europe with classical/rock percussionist Stomu Yamash'ta's Red Buddha Theatre. He later went on to play with jazz pianists Johnny Patrick and Michael Garrick. In the late 1970s, he briefly toured as a member of the jazz-rock group Soft Machine and followed with a stint in The Albion Band. In 1981, he co-founded a recording studio, Morgreen Studios, with which he remained active for a few years. In 1984, he joined Fairport Convention and recorded his first album with them, Gladys' Leap, the following year. Since 2002, in addition to his work with Fairport, he has also been working regularly with his trio, known as the Ric Sanders Trio, which features Vo Fletcher on guitar and Michael Gregory on drums and percussion.
Professional associations
Over the years Sanders has worked with Rick Wakeman, Dave Cousins of Strawbs, Jethro Tull, Robert Plant, Roy Harper, Gary Brooker of Procol Harum, Pentangle, Gordon Giltrap, Andrew Cronshaw, June Tabor, Martin Simpson, Charlie Landsborough, All About Eve, The Mission, Fred Thelonious Baker, Catherine Howe and John Etheridge (guitarist with Soft Machine and Stéphane Grappelli) with whom he co-led the group 2nd Vision.
Discography
As leader
Second Vision with John Etheridge (1980)
String Time (1983)
Whenever (1984)
One to One with Gordon Giltrap (1989)
Neither Time or Distance (1991)
Parable: Music for the Anjali Dance Company (2003)
In Lincoln Cathedral (2004)
Still Waters (2008)
Standin' on the Corner (2015)
HEADSPACE (2019)
As co-leader or sideman
With the Albion Band
Rise Up Like the Sun (1978)
With Fairport Convention
Gladys' Leap (1985)
Expletive Delighted! (1986)
In Real Time (1987)
Red and Gold (1989)
The Five Seasons (1990)
Jewel in the Crown (1995)
Old, New, Borrowed, Blue (1996)
Who Knows Where the Time Goes? (1997)
The Wood and the Wire (1999)
XXXV (2001)
Over the Next Hill (2004)
Sense of Occasion (2007)
Festival Bell (2011)
By Popular Request (2012)
Myths and Heroes (2015)
50:50@50 (2017)
Shuffle and Go (2020)
With Soft Machine
Alive & Well: Recorded in Paris (1978)
As guest
With All About Eve
All About Eve (1988)
Scarlet and Other Stories (1989)
With Andrew Cronshaw
The Andrew Cronshaw CD (1989)
The Language of Snakes (1993)
Till the Beasts' Returning (1987)
Wade in the Flood (1978)
With English Air
English Air (1983)
The Space Inbetween (1985)
With Gordon Giltrap
A Midnight Clear (1987)
One to One (1989)
Peacock Party (1979)
With Ashley Hutchings
Songs from the Shows (1990)
The Guv'nor's Big Birthday Bash (1995)
With others
Mick Stevens: The Englishman (1979)
Martin Simpson: Special Agent (1981)
Pete York: String Time in New York (1983)
Loudon Wainwright III: I'm Alright (1984)
Phenomena: Phenomena (1985)
Mark Geronimo: London Moon & Barnyard Remedy (1986)
The Bodhi-Beat Poets: White Light (1987)
Jethro Tull: Crest of a Knave (1987)
Simon Nicol: Before Your Time... (1987)
Gerry Rafferty: North and South (1988)
June Tabor: Aqaba (1988)
The Mission: Masque (1992)
Martin Barre: A Trick of Memory (1994)
The Albion Band: Live at the Cambridge Folk Festival (1996)
Judy Dunlop & Ashley Hutchings: Sway with Me (1996)
Roy Harper: The Dream Society (1998)
Jerry Donahue: Telecasting Recast (1999)
Bob Fox: Dreams Never Leave You (2000)
Strawbs: The Complete Strawbs. Live at Chiswick House (2000)
Richard Greene & Beryl Marriott: Hands Across the Pond (2001)
Rick Wakeman and Dave Cousins: Hummingbird (2002)
Chris Leslie: Dancing Days (2004)
PJ Wright: Hedge of Sound (2005)
Rainbow Chasers: Fortune Never Sleeps (2006)
Durbervilles: Alternative Route to All Destinations (2007)
Aquarium: Loshad' Belaya (White Horse) (2008)
Tiny Tin Lady: Ridiculous Bohemia (2008)
Red Shoes: All The Good Friends (2012)
Nik Kershaw: Ei8ght (2012)
TangleMist 'Butterflies & Bees' (2020)
Rosalie Cunningham: Two Piece Puzzle (2022)
References
1952 births
Living people
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Canterbury scene
British jazz violinists
Folk violinists
British male violinists
Fairport Convention members
Soft Machine members
English session musicians
British folk rock musicians
English fiddlers
British mandolinists
21st-century violinists
21st-century British male musicians
British male jazz musicians
The Albion Band members
2nd Vision members | {'title': 'Ric Sanders', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric%20Sanders', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Abd al-Malik I (; 936 or 944/5 – November 961) was amir of the Samanid Empire from 954 to 961. He was the son and successor of Nuh I (). His reign was marked by internal strife, with the Turkic slave-soldiers () increasing in power. He died after falling from his horse during a game of polo at Bukhara. He was succeeded by his brother Mansur I, who was put on the throne by a faction of led by the Turkic slave-commander, Fa'iq Khassa.
Background
Abd al-Malik was a member of the Samanid dynasty, a Persian family which ruled mainly in Transoxania and Khurasan. Established in 819, they initially occupied the governorship of Transoxiana under the Abbasid Caliphate, but became independent in 900 under Ismail Samani (). However, they continued to mention the Abbasids in their (Friday sermons) and on their coins. Abd al-Malik was the eldest son of the Samanid amir Nuh I (). According to the contemporary historian Narshakhi, Abd al-Malik ascended the throne at the age of 10, which would mean that he was born in 944/5. However, according to another contemporary historian, Hamza al-Isfahani, Abd al-Malik was born in 936, which would have made him 19 at the time of his accession. The Encyclopaedia Islamica considers the report by Narshakhi unconvincing, and possibly a misinterpretation. It argues that chronicles make no mention of a 10-year-old Abd al-Malik being aided by a regent to supervise the Samanid realm. Nonetheless, it still states that "until further documentation comes to light, nothing more definite can be said on the matter".
Reign
Since the reign of Nuh I, several difficulties had appeared in the Samanid realm: financial shortcomings, dissatisfaction in the army, and the emergence of powerful neighbouring kingdoms such as the Buyids. Internal strife, lack of capable viziers, and the increasing authority of the Turkic slave-soldiers () had also weakened the Samanid realm. The regiment had been formed by the amirs as a counterbalance to the local Iranian (gentry), who were opposed to the centralising policy of the dynasty.
From his father Abd al-Malik inherited a tumultuous kingdom; on the news of Nuh's death, many military commanders in different parts of the realm rebelled. Abd al-Malik only succeeded in ascending the throne with the support of the leading military commanders. From the start of his reign, the commanders and courtiers were the ones with actual authority. Abd al-Malik appointed Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn Uzayr as his vizier, while Bakr ibn Malik al-Farghani retained his office as governor of Khurasan.
At the same time, the Muhtajid prince Abu Ali Chaghani, who had lost the governorship of Khurasan at the end of Nuh's reign, fled to the domain of the Buyid ruler Adud al-Dawla (). There he was entrusted with the governorship of Khurasan by the Abbasid caliphs through the mediation of the Buyids, who since their capture of Baghdad in 945 had diminished the political authority of the caliphs, but maintained them as spiritual heads of the Islamic world. Chaghani was also given command of an army by Rukn al-Dawla, which he used to capture the capital of Khurasan, Nishapur. However, he was soon expelled from the province by Bakr ibn Malik al-Farghani, and died of cholera at Ray in 955. After Chaghani's death, Abd al-Malik sent two armies to attack the Buyid cities of Ray and Isfahan.
However, the two powers soon made peace. Under the terms of the peace treaty, the towns in Jibal, including Ray, were to remain under Buyid rule, while the Samanids would receive an annual sum of 200,000 dinars as tribute. At the same time, some dissatisfied authorities within the Samanid realm accused Bakr ibn Malik al-Farghani of conspiring with the Buyids. Abd al-Malik had him summoned to Bukhara in December 956, under the pretence that he would award him a robe of honour, but instead had the Alptigin kill him. He then had his vizier, Muhammad ibn Uzayr, imprisoned and executed. Both were accused of being followers of the Qarmatians, a branch of Ismaili Shia Islam.
Abu al-Hasan Simjur was subsequently given the governorship of Khurasan, while Abu Ja'far Utbi was made vizier. Abu Ja'far's term as vizier turned out to be short-lived, due to Abd al-Malik's lack of experience, and the influence of the military commanders. He tried to replenish the depleted treasury, but this seemingly caused discontent. In 959, Abd al-Malik had him dismissed and appointed Abu Mansur Yusuf ibn Ishaq in his stead. The following year, Abd al-Malik replaced Abu al-Hasan Simjur with Abu Mansur Muhammad as the governor of Khurasan. Abd al-Malik was possibly attempting to reduce the power of the military commanders.
Regardless, the were rapidly gaining increasing power. Alptigin gained the governorship of Khurasan for himself, and had Abu Ali Bal'ami, son of Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami, promoted to the role of vizier. The new vizier, however, was not as competent as his father. He was impressionable and incompetent allowing the to further cement their grip over the realm. According to the 11th-century Iranian historian Gardizi, Alptigin and Bal'ami worked in close cooperation; he adds that "Bal'ami never did anything without the knowledge of Alptigin and on his recommendation."
Death and aftermath
Abd al-Malik was not able to stop the expansion of the ' powers resulting in the being effectively in control by the time he died in November 961 at Bukhara, after falling from his horse during a game of polo. His palace in Khurasan was raided soon afterwards by the , who threw the administration into a state of chaos. Alptigin attempted to appoint Abd al-Malik's son as amir, but another group, led by a Turkic slave-commander named Fa'iq Khassa, managed to put Abd al-Malik's brother Mansur I on the throne.
The Samanid kingdom was in a dire state after Abd al-Malik's death. According to Narshakhi; "When they buried him, the army grew restless and rebelled; everyone coveted the kingdom, and troubles raised their head." Regardless, the modern historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth states that "Mansur's reign may be regarded as the last one in which the fabric of the empire held firm, such that its prosperity excited favourable comment from outsiders." Meanwhile, Alptigin fled to Ghazni on the edge of the Samanid realm, where his slave Sabuktigin eventually established the Ghaznavid dynasty.
Not much is known about the personality of Abd al-Malik. Al-Maqdisi (d. 991) deemed him as an exceptional figure amidst the Samanid monarchs, while Shabankara'i (d. 1358) portrayed him as a fair and virtuous individual. During his reign, Abd al-Malik was known as ("The Divinely Assisted"), and after his death he seemingly became referred to as ("The Divinely Aided").
References
Sources
Further reading
10th-century births
961 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Samanids
10th-century monarchs in the Middle East
10th-century Iranian people
Medieval child monarchs
Polo deaths
Slave owners | {'title': 'Abd al-Malik I (Samanid emir)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%20al-Malik%20I%20%28Samanid%20emir%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Ritu Sarin is an Indian film director, producer and artist based in Dharamshala, India. She was born in New Delhi. She did her undergraduate studies at Miranda House in Delhi University and went on to do her MFA in Film and Video from California College of the Arts (formerly California College of Arts and Crafts) in Oakland. She is the recipient of Miranda House’s 2010 Distinguished Alumna Award. She is married to Tibetan filmmaker Tenzing Sonam with whom she has two children.
Films
While at CCA, Sarin made a number of experimental films, including Hercules and The Mind Gap.
In 1985, Sarin and Tenzing Sonam worked on their first film together, The New Puritans: The Sikhs of Yuba City, as a joint thesis project. The film was subsequently broadcast on national PBS.
In 1987, Sarin and Sonam moved to London were they worked as programme directors at the Meridian Trust, a Buddhist and Tibet-related film archive and production company. While at the Meridian Trust, they documented a number of historic trips made by the Dalai Lama, including his Nobel Peace Prize visit to Norway and his first trip to the Russian Buddhist republics of Kalmykia and Buryatia. They left the Meridian Trust in 1991 and founded their own company, White Crane Films. All their films since then have been made under its banner and includes several documentaries, video installations and two dramatic feature films.
A recurring subject in their work is Tibet, with which they have been intimately involved in a number of different ways: personally, politically and artistically. Through their films and artwork, they have attempted to document, question and reflect on the questions of exile, identity, culture and nationalism that confront the Tibetan people.
Their latest film, The Sweet Requiem, had its world premiere at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival.
Filmography
Art projects
Other activities
Ritu was a founding member of the Bay Area Friends of Tibet in the San Francisco Bay Area, one of the earliest Tibet support groups in the US.
She and Tenzing organised the first-ever Tibet Film Festival in London in March 1992 in collaboration with the Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA). And in March 2000, they organised Tibet 2000: Survival of the Spirit, a ten-day festival of Tibet at the India International Centre in New Delhi, which included film screenings, photographic exhibitions, the creation of a sand mandala, performances by the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts, seminars and panel discussions by well-known writers and scholars, and a public talk by the Dalai Lama.
Ritu participated in the KHOJ Marathon with Hans Ulrich Obrist in New Delhi on 22 January 2011. She was also a part of the Engadin Art Talks in Zuoz, Switzerland, in August 2012, a symposium on art and architecture directed by Beatrix Ruf, director and curator of the Kunsthalle Zurich, and Hans Ulrich Obrist, Co-Director of Exhibitions and Programme at the Serpentine Gallery in London.
In 2012, Ritu and Tenzing founded the non-profit organisation, White Crane Arts & Media, to fulfil their long-held desire to promote contemporary art, cinema and independent media practices in the Himalayan regions. Its first project, in collaboration with Khoj International Artists’ Association, was an artists’ residency which was held in Dharamshala in October 2012. Its main project – the Dharamshala International Film Festival – had its first edition in November 2012 and is now considered to be one of India's top independent film festivals.
Ritu was awarded a residency at the Rockefeller Institute Bellagio Center in 2017.
She served on the jury for the International Competition section of the 2019 Sydney Film Festival.
See also
Dreaming Lhasa
White Crane Films
References
External links
Living people
Indian documentary filmmakers
People from Dharamshala
People from New Delhi
Film producers from Delhi
Film directors from Delhi
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Indian women documentary filmmakers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Indian women | {'title': 'Ritu Sarin', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritu%20Sarin', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Buckskin Township is one of the sixteen townships of Ross County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 1,040 people in the township, 827 of whom lived in the unincorporated portions of the township.
Geography
Located in the western part of the county, it borders the following townships:
Concord Township - northeast
Twin Township - southeast
Paint Township - south
Paint Township, Highland County - southwest
Perry Township, Fayette County - western corner
Wayne Township, Fayette County - northwest
The village of South Salem is located in southern Buckskin Township.
Name and history
It is the only Buckskin Township statewide.
Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
References
External links
County website
Townships in Ross County, Ohio
Townships in Ohio | {'title': 'Buckskin Township, Ross County, Ohio', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckskin%20Township%2C%20Ross%20County%2C%20Ohio', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
La Harpe Township is one of twenty-four townships in Hancock County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,473 and it contained 714 housing units.
La Harpe Township was named for Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, a French explorer.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , all land.
Cities, towns, villages
La Harpe
Unincorporated towns
Disco at
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
Cemeteries
The township contains LaHarpe City Cemetery.
Major highways
Illinois Route 9
Illinois Route 94
Airports and landing strips
Housewright Airport
Landmarks
Mayor Memorial Park
Demographics
School districts
LaHarpe Community School District 347, grades K-8, &
Illini West High School District 307
Political districts
Illinois's 18th congressional district
State House District 94
State Senate District 47
References
United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
United States National Atlas
External links
City-Data.com
Illinois State Archives
Township Officials of Illinois
Townships in Hancock County, Illinois
Townships in Illinois | {'title': 'La Harpe Township, Hancock County, Illinois', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Harpe%20Township%2C%20Hancock%20County%2C%20Illinois', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Ariane Thérèse Nathalie Colienne Ludovic Marie Princess de Lobkowicz-d'Ursel (born 30 January 1996) is a Belgian politician who was elected to the Brussels Parliament.
Biography
A member of the Lobkowicz noble family, she is the daughter of Stéphane de Lobkowicz and Barbara d'Ursel de Lobkowicz, both members of the Brussels Parliament.
After being graduated in computer graphics from the ESA Saint-Luc in Brussels, she continued her education at the Haute École Albert Jacquard in Namur.
She is currently studying law in evening classes at the University Saint-Louis Bruxelles, which she started after her election to the Brussels Parliament.
Ariane officially bears, by royal decree, the title of Princess in Belgium.
In 2019, she was the youngest deputy elected to the Brussels Parliament. In her campaign she indicated that, like her mother, she also wanted to be committed to animal welfare.
Political Functions
Member of Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region as of June 2019.
Author or co-author of the proposal amending the law of August 14, 1986 on the protection and welfare of animals.(prohibition of ritual slaughter), of the proposal amending the same law to set conditions for the marketing of foie gras, of the proposal to prohibit the keeping of cetaceans.
Author of the "Letter to Holy Holiness Pope Francis about our cousins, the animals".
References
1996 births
Living people
Members of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
DéFI politicians
21st-century Belgian women politicians
21st-century Belgian politicians
Lobkowicz family
Belgian princesses | {'title': "Ariane de Lobkowicz-d'Ursel", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane%20de%20Lobkowicz-d%27Ursel', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Kathleen M. Hagerty is an American academic and the Provost of Northwestern University, serving since September 2020. Prior to that, she was dean of the faculty in the Kellogg School of Management. She is the first female to be appointed provost of the university.
Education
Hagerty earned her BA in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley in 1975, her MS in operations research at Berkeley in 1977, and her MBA in finance at Berkeley in 1979. She was awarded her PhD in economics at Stanford University in 1985.
Career
Hagerty has worked for 30 years at the Kellogg School of Management previously and held a Professorship of Finance, focusing her research on the field of disclosure regulations, micro structure of security marketing, and insider trading regulations.
Notes
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University alumni
Northwestern University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Living people
Kellogg School of Management faculty | {'title': 'Kathleen Hagerty', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen%20Hagerty', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Blumberg is a surname of German origin. The word is composed of "blum(e)" (which means "flower") and "berg" (which means "mount, mountain"), and refers to hilly places covered with flowers. German, Dutch, Scandinavian and anglicized variant spellings are Blumenberg, Blomberg, Bloemberg and Bloomberg. Many with the name are of Ashkenazi descent; its Sephardi equivalent is Montefiore.
List of people surnamed Blumberg
Albert Blumberg (born 1906), philosophy professor who went on to be active within the American Communist party
Alex Blumberg, producer for the radio and television show This American Life
Axel Blumberg (1981–2004), Argentine student who was kidnapped and killed
Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925–2011), American scientist who identified the Hepatitis B virus
Carol Joyce Blumberg, American statistician
George Blumberg (1903–1960), American politician from New York
Jacob Moritz Blumberg (1873–1955), German surgeon and gynaecologist
Juan Carlos Blumberg, Argentine textile entrepreneur, father of Axel
Judy Blumberg (born 1960), American ice dancer
Mark Blumberg (born 1961), American psychologist
Rachel Blumberg, American musician
Skip Blumberg, American video artist and TV producer
Stephen Blumberg (born 1948), American convicted schizophrenic bibliomaniac
William Blumberg (born 1998), American tennis player
See also
Blumberg theorem
Blumenberg (surname)
Bloomberg (disambiguation)
Blomberg (surname)
Blumbergs (masculine), Blumberga (feminine), the Latvian-language spelling of the surname
Jeff Bloemberg (born 1968), Canadian ice-hockey player
German-language surnames
Ashkenazi surnames | {'title': 'Blumberg (surname)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumberg%20%28surname%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Adam de la Bassée (died 25 February 1286) was a canon of the collegiate church of Saint Pierre in Lille, and a poet and musician associated with the circle of trouvères around Arras. Around 1280, he composed the Ludus super Anticlaudianum ("Play on the Anticlaudianus"), a rhyming paraphrase of Alain de Lille's poem Anticlaudianus. The Ludus is conserved in one known manuscript, F-Lm 316 in the Bibliothèque Municipale Jean Levy in Lille, which may be in part a work of Adam's own hand.
Adam's influence can be seen in the romans composed around Lille, and possibly also in the Jeu de Robin et Marion, written by Adam de la Halle after he left Arras in 1283. The form of the Ludus, "a comprehensive musical anthology ... in which almost every contemporary sacred and secular style is represented", may have been copied directly for the Roman de Fauvel, composed around 1316. Adam was probably not advanced in age when he died, since his sister was alive twenty years later.
Ludus super Anticlaudianum
According to the work's prologue, Adam composed it for personal enjoyment while he was ill. This must have been between 1279 and 1285, and his first editor, Abbé Bayart, favoured his having written it in one season in 1279. His re-working of the Anticlaudianus leaves it simpler, more overtly Christian and less academic.
The Ludus has the same plot and message as the Anticlaudianus, but the allegory and the breadth are much reduced, making the Ludus read more like a vernacular romance than a medieval Latin dialogue. The most interesting aspect of the Ludus is the presence of thirty-eight (38) musical pieces with (semi-)sacred lyrics interspersed throughout the work. Of these, thirty-six (36) are monophonic and two polyphonic, while twenty are contrafacta whose models are usually named explicitly in the rubrics that accompany the music. The musical notation of the Ludus is that of the secular chansonniers or of plainchant.
One of the original pieces is an Agnus Dei in two-parts conductus. Among the other pieces, by genre there are hymns, sequentiae, responsories (including a processional antiphon), an alleluia, chansons, dances (a notula and a rondeau), a pastourelle and a polyphonic motet. Of his contrafacta, his models can be classified as either widely available—as in the songs of King Theobald I of Navarre and Duke Henry III of Brabant, and the sequentia Letabundus—or of local provenance and popularity, as in two chants to Saints Peter and Elizabeth.
Works
Paul Bayart, ed. Ludus super Anticlaudianum. Tourcoing, 1930.
References
Notes
Sources
Trouvères
13th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Male classical composers | {'title': 'Adam de la Bassée', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20de%20la%20Bass%C3%A9e', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The warlock is a character class in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. It was introduced as a non-core base class who practice arcane magic in the supplemental book Complete Arcane for the 3.5 edition of Dungeons & Dragons. In 4th and 5th edition, the warlock is a core class.
Publication history
Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition
Warlocks were a new addition to Dungeons & Dragons that were introduced in the 3.5 Edition source book Complete Arcane (2004). Warlocks in this edition received their abilities through the influence of some supernatural being such as a demon or fey. They are either born with these powers or receive them through a fell pact, which turns their soul into a dark font of eldritch powers. Warlocks do not cast spells, but instead use spell-like abilities called "invocations", which represent the tapping of the power granted to the warlock. The most important of these abilities is the "eldritch blast" which is the warlock's main offensive ability, firing a blast of magical energy at the target.
The major difference that warlocks have from all other Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition magic users is their ability to use their invocations "at will," without a limit on the number of times an invocation can be cast. In contrast, Vancian magic users, such as the wizard, cast a set number of spells every day from a wider selection of spells than a warlock. Shannon Appelcline, author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that this warlock at will mechanic was "presaging the at-will spellcasting of 4e". Richard Baker, author of Complete Arcane, said:The warlock's biggest advantage is no real limit on the number of times per day he can use his powers. (He's got a couple of powers with limited uses per day, but 90 percent of his powers have no such restriction.) The thinking here is that in most D&D games, your characters are probably going to be in only 15 to 20 rounds of combat between rests and spell recoveries. So after your spellcaster has a total daily spell allocation of 20 spells or more (say, around 5th level), his real limit is the number of actions he gets per day — the number of specific opportunities he has to cast a spell. So the warlock is still bound to the same ultimate limit that any moderate-level wizard deals with. Now, it's pretty useful to never run out of attack options, and the warlock can blast you over and over again with his eldritch blast. So what he gives up is spell versatility. The warlock knows only a handful of different tricks. On the bright side, the tricks are all spooky, creepy, and oozing with flavor.
Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition
In 4th Edition, the warlock was included as one of the core classes introduced in the Player's Handbook (2008). In this edition, the warlock's powers are known as spells, and use the standard power system. The warlock has many different unique abilities, though a warlock's trademark ability is still Eldritch Blast. They can also deliver various effects through Warlock's Curse. The Warlock's other class features make them more accurate at ranged attacks when no ally is closer to their target and allow them to gain concealment whenever they move a sufficient distance. Almost all of the warlock's attack powers depend on charisma or constitution for accuracy and damage, with some powers gaining bonuses from intelligence.
The specific source of the warlock's power is defined as a Pact (with a non-divine supernatural entity or power), which affects at-will power options and makes certain powers more effective and provides a pact boon, an effect which is triggered whenever a cursed enemy is killed or incapacitated. There are multiple Pact options included in various source books:
Tieflings and gnomes have racial bonuses to both intelligence and charisma (two key warlock attributes). In 4th edition a warlock's role is striker, meaning they are designed to deal heavy damage while avoiding retaliation. Warlocks also have many exotic powers that have bonus effects; such as Eyebite which makes the warlock invisible for one turn if it hits. Many of the Warlock's powers allow them to move as part of an attack or to move in an unusual manner, such as flight or teleportation.
Dungeons & Dragons Essentials
The Essentials rulebook Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms presented an alternate version of the Warlock, known as the Hexblade. It was "a new take on the magic-powered warrior from Complete Warrior (2003)". The later rulebook Player's Option: Heroes of Shadow introduced another Warlock variant, the Binder. Both of these variants were adaptations of classes introduced in the 3.5 edition of the game.
Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition
The warlock was included as a character class in the 5th edition Player's Handbook. It is a magic-using class with a combination of spells and Eldritch Invocations granted by the warlock's patron and the type of pact the warlock makes with the patron. The warlock uses charisma as its spellcasting ability. It is structured so that its spell slots and spells known are limited, but the slots renew after every short rest (unlike most other magic-using classes, which require a long rest), and all spells are always cast at the highest slot level to which the warlock has access. These spells are supplemented with invocations that provide additional abilities. Xanathar's Guide to Everything added 14 new invocation options, with a focus on higher level play and building off of other class features. Tasha's Cauldron of Everything also added 8 new Eldritch Invocations along with a new Pact Boon described below.
Three options for its type of pact are presented in the Player's Handbook. Pact of the Chain allows the warlock to summon a familiar that exceeds the normal boundaries of the Find Familiar spell, Pact of the Tome grants the warlock a Book of Shadows containing additional spells (rituals and cantrips from any class), Pact of the Blade allows the warlock to conjure a magical weapon for combat. Pact of the Talisman, introduced in Tasha's Cauldron of Everything, gives the warlock a talisman that boosts either the warlock themselves or those they give it to.
Other media
Warlocks (3.5 edition) are featured in the Neverwinter Nights 2 video game from Obsidian Entertainment.
The Warlock class is offered in the MMO computer game Dungeons & Dragons Online.
The warlock class is a class in the D&D MMO Neverwinter, based on the 4th edition version.
Reception
On the introduction of a new character class in the 3.5 Edition, Kevin Kulp, game designer and admin for EN World, wrote: "There was great furor about the warlock when the class was released, with impassioned (and sometimes a little bit frothing) concern that the introduction of at-will spellcasting would prove to be dramatically overpowered. Nevertheless, it was a significant step away from Vancian magic and the creation of a fun, playable class that had a fairly low learning curve for newer players. The warlock managed to combine fun new mechanics with superb flavor, something that's not particularly easy".
Shannon Appelcline, author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that it was surprising to see the warlock as a core character class in the introduction of 4th Edition when it "hadn't been a core part of the game previously" and that there was some controversy that classic core classes, such as assassin, bard, and druid, were not included in the Player's Handbook (2008) to make room for the newer classes. Timothy Morton, in the book Dungeons and Dragons and Philosophy: Raiding the Temple of Wisdom, highlighted the downsides of the 4th Edition magic system and wrote "though this mechanical approach ensures that the results remain balanced with actions of other characters, the lack of variance and extreme consistency of results seemed problematic. [...] The Warlock, too, rubs us the wrong way. Shouldn't people who make pacts with unnatural and inhuman creatures from beyond feel slightly different than other characters in the 'Striker' role of direct damage dealing characters? [...] Ludological treatment would naturalize the unnatural within the game world or the minds of the players, thus destroying the horror and mystery that makes them desirable for inclusion within a role-playing game [...]. Why else would a 4e Warlock not seem all that different in combat from any other class?".
Screen Rant rated the warlock class as the 7th most powerful class of the base 12 character classes in the 5th edition.
The Gamer rated the 5th edition warlock subclass Celestial Patron as the 7th most awesome subclass out of the 32 new character options in Xanathar’s Guide to Everything.
Gus Wezerek, for FiveThirtyEight, reported that of the 5th edition "class and race combinations per 100,000 characters that players created on D&D Beyond from" August 15 to September 15, 2017, warlocks were the 8th most created at 8,711 total. Tiefling (2,188) was the most common racial combination followed by human (1,714) and then half-elf (1,401).
References
External links
Heroes of the Forgotten Kingdoms Excerpts: Warlock (via Wayback Machine)
5th Edition Warlock from the SRD (via D&D Beyond)
Tiefling warlock Farideh's 5th Edition stat block from the Brimstone Angels series (via Wizards of the Coast)
Matt Sernett on Lore You Should Know – Warlock pacts (via Dragon Talk podcast)
Dungeons & Dragons character classes
Warlock
Fictional characters granted magic or power through dealings | {'title': 'Warlock (Dungeons & Dragons)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlock%20%28Dungeons%20%26%20Dragons%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
AJ-60A is a solid rocket booster produced by Aerojet Rocketdyne. Up to 2020 they were used as strap-on boosters on the United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket.
History
The AJ-60A rocket motor was developed between 1999 and 2003 for use on the Atlas V.
On January 19, 2006 the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto was launched directly into a solar-escape trajectory at from Cape Canaveral using an Atlas V version with 5 of these SRBs and Star 48B third stage. New Horizons passed the Moon's orbit in just nine hours.
In 2015, ULA announced that the Atlas V will switch to new GEM 63 boosters produced by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. (GEM 63XL, a stretched version of the GEM 63 booster will be used on the upcoming Vulcan rocket.) The first Atlas V launched with GEM 63 boosters on November 13, 2020.
Design
AJ-60A is a solid fueled rocket burning HTPB. The casing is composed of a graphite epoxy composite, and the engine throat and nozzle are made of carbon-phenolic composite. As configured for use on Atlas V, the nozzle is fixed at a 3 degree cant away from the attachment point, but Aerojet offers a variant with thrust vectoring capability. The Atlas V configuration also features an inward slanting nosecone, but it is available with a conventional nosecone or none at all for use on other rockets. The stages are designed to be transported by truck.
References
Rocketdyne engines
Solid-fuel rockets
Rocket engines of the United States | {'title': 'AJ-60A', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ-60A', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Peter Kjeldseth Moe (18 May 1909 – 30 June 1973) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Møre og Romsdal in 1958, and was re-elected on three occasions. He previously served as a deputy representative in the period 1954–1957. During this term he served temporarily as a regular representative meanwhile Ulrik Olsen were appointed to the Cabinet, until July 1956 when the death of Anton Ludvik Alvestad meant that Moe was to be considered a full representative. Olsen was instead covered by another former deputy representative Arnfinn Severin Roald. Peter Kjeldseth Moe died in 1973 shortly before the end of his last term, and was replaced by Oskar Edøy.
Moe was born in Ørsta and mayor of Ørsta municipality in the periods 1945–1947 and 1947–1951.
References
1909 births
1973 deaths
People from Ørsta
Mayors of places in Møre og Romsdal
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Place of death missing
20th-century Norwegian politicians | {'title': 'Peter Kjeldseth Moe', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Kjeldseth%20Moe', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The co-cathedral of Saint Eustace is the main church of Acquaviva delle Fonti. The dedication is to Saint Eustace. It is now a co-cathedral of the Diocese of Altamura-Gravina-Acquaviva delle Fonti. Previously it was the palatine church of Acquaviva delle Fonti, which became part of the territorial prelature of Altamura e Acquaviva delle Fonti formed by Pius IX in 1848, when he added Acquaviva to the existing territorial prelature of Altamura.
History
Built in Romanesque style in the 12th century (1158) on the ruins of a small temple with Messapian origins by the will of the Norman feudal lord Roberto Gurguglione, it was rebuilt in a Renaissance style in the 16th century. The church was originally dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and only later was entitled to the name of the martyr Saint Eustace.
The primitive church, now run down and insufficient for the needs of the increased population, was rebuilt from 1529, when Giovanni Antonio Donato Acquaviva was the feudal lord of Acquaviva. Finished and opened for worship in 1594 during the government of Alberto Acquaviva, the church was consecrated in 1623 in honor of Saint Eustace by the archbishop of Bari in Canosa, Ascanio Gesualdo.
Since the beginning it was called palatine, that is, belonging to the king (from the Latin meaning 'royal palace'), probably to preserve it from the aims of the archbishop of Bari. Palatine churches for their jurisdiction did not depend on the ordinary ecclesiastical authority, but rather that of the king, who usually appointed and paid clerics chosen by him. There are currently four such churches on Apulian soil: the cathedral in question in Acquaviva, the cathedral of the Assumption of Saint Mary in Altamura, the basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari and the sanctuary of Saint Michael in Monte Sant'Angelo.
On 13 January 1859, after a stop in Acquaviva and on his way to Bari for the marriage of the crown prince with Maria Sofia of Bavaria, the penultimate king of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, attended the plain mass in the crypt of the cathedral.
Description
Exterior
The main façade has a cusp, tripartite by pilasters and divided into two orders (the first is Corinthian, the second Doric), all in Renaissance style, while the rest of the façades have an architectural style reminiscent of Apulian Romanesque.
A Renaissance rose window opens in the center of the frontal prospect, tending towards Mannerism, formed by sixteen columns arranged in the shape of rays and connected by small arches. Under these are alternating shell valves and winged heads of cherubs. From the center of the rose window protrudes a phytomorphic lithic figure.
The main portal has a finely decorated prothyrum. The columns supporting the pediment rest on two stylophoric lions.
The side portals are surmounted by two niches that are empty today. Each of them has installed at its apex a bas-relief depicting an ancient version of the coat of arms of Acquaviva delle Fonti.
The archivolt of this portal has a bas-relief depicting Saint Eustace's conversion.
The façade ends on the top with a broad triangular fifth, in the center of which is a plaque commemorating the name of the feudal lord of Alberto Acquaviva. On the three vertices are stone sculptures depicting Saint Peter and Saint Paul on the sides and Virgin Mary sitting with Child on her knees in the center.
Interior
The interior, with a Latin cross layout, is divided into three naves with vaulted roof. The main vault is supported by large arches, which rest on stone pillars with half-projecting columns in the direction of the aforementioned arches. The perimeter walls have half-extended columns, surmounted by false pillars supporting the arches. The vaults, as well as the pillars and columns, are decorated with stuccoes. The high altar, dating back to the 16th century, is dedicated to the Virgin of Constantinople. The oil paintings, which adorned the primitive church, were donated to the churches of Saint Dominic, Saint Mary the Greatest, Saint Augustine and Santa Maria della Libera during the reconstruction. The monumental organ was donated to the church by Bishop Tommaso Cirielli.
Crypt
The crypt, probably built at the same time as the primitive church, is in the shape of a parallelogram and is covered by twenty-four cross vaults, supported by fourteen marble Ionic order columns in the center and small pillars protruding from the perimeter walls. Leaning against the rear wall are three valuable altars. On the first of them is a picture of Saint Eustace, on the sides of which two marble sculptures rest on corbels, representing respectively the saint's wife, Theopiste, and his sons Theopistos and Agapios.
The central altar, built in 1693 and dedicated to the Blessed Sacrament, is surrounded by balustrades made of French breccia. The front altar, all in double silver sheet, has an octagonal temple surmounted by a small dome and divided into three tiers decorated with various figures. A large tabernacle stands out on the altar.
The third altar, built in 1753 and dedicated to the Virgin of Constantinople, is entirely covered with silver sheets. Above it is a painting attributed to depicting the aforementioned Madonna with Child in her arms. The images of the Madonna and the Child are adorned with two golden crowns.
On the choir loft in the counterfaçade is the pipe organ, built in 1905 by ; the instrument, over time, has undergone major restoration and refurbishment, including that of 1968 by Leonardo Consoli, and that of 2001–2004 by the Continiello organ company, during which – among other things – the wooden case, the work of Acquaviva's Paolo Tritto, was removed and a new moveable console was provided.
The instrument, with electrical action, has three keyboards of 58 notes each and a concave-radial pedalboard of 30. Below is its arrangement:
References
External links
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Cathedrals in Apulia
Churches in the metropolitan city of Bari
Buildings and structures in the Province of Bari
Renaissance architecture in Apulia
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1594
16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy | {'title': 'Acquaviva delle Fonti Cathedral', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaviva%20delle%20Fonti%20Cathedral', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
John Albert Overdeck (born 1969) is an American hedge fund manager and philanthropist. Overdeck is the co-founder and co-chairman of Two Sigma Investments, a New York City-based hedge fund that uses a variety of technological methods, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and distributed computing, for its trading strategies. In 2016, Overdeck reported $375 million in earnings and as of May 2017, Two Sigma Investments has $41 billion in assets under management.
In March 2019, he was named one of the highest-earning hedge fund managers and traders by Forbes.
Early life and education
Overdeck is the son of Dr. John M. Overdeck of Columbia, Maryland, a retired senior mathematician at Fort Meade, Maryland, for the National Security Agency, and the late Betsey Lombard Overdeck, who was a director of Computer Sciences Corporation.
Overdeck went to Wilde Lake High School in Columbia, Maryland. In 1986, he was an International Mathematics Olympiad silver medalist. He then earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a master's degree in statistics, both from Stanford University.
Prior to co-founding Two Sigma Investments, Overdeck was a managing director at D.E. Shaw & Co., and a vice president at Amazon.com.
Two Sigma Investments
Overdeck founded Two Sigma Investments in 2001 with David Siegel and Mark Pickard, who is now retired. The company's main office is in New York City with branch offices in Houston, London, and Hong Kong. In January 2015, the firm had $34.21 billion in assets under management and as of May 2017, the firm had $41 billion.
Two Sigma Investments also operates a market-making business, owns a Bermuda reinsurance company, and runs a venture capital arm.
Wealth
In March 2017, Overdeck ranked 9th on Forbes''' Highest-Earning Hedge Fund Managers.
As of March 2019, his net worth was $6.1 billion, making him one of the highest-earning hedge fund managers and traders by Forbes''.
Board memberships
Overdeck is acting chair of the National Museum of Mathematics, director of the Robin Hood Foundation, on the board of trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study, and a board member of the Hamilton Insurance Group.
Personal life
On October 12, 2002, Overdeck married Laura Bilodeau, then a principal consultant for Stanford Research Institute; she went on to found Bedtime Math. They have three children and live in Millburn, New Jersey.
Overdeck competed in the 2019 National Museum of Mathematics's Masters Tournament, which raised almost $1 million, and placed third.
Philanthropy
In 2011, Overdeck and his wife Laura established the Overdeck Family Foundation, an organization that funds educational research and STEM education. The foundation's overall goal is to enable all American children to unlock their potential by strengthening learning in and out of school.
The Overdecks' education philanthropy focuses on four key issue areas: "early impact", "exceptional educators", "innovative schools", and "inspired minds". They have made gifts to Robin Hood Foundation for work by MDRC to study the long-term effects of various early childhood programs. The Overdecks have also supported the Harlem Children's Zone within its early impact strategy and the Khan Academy. Other grantees have included the NJ STEM Teaching Fellowship, and Governor's School for the Sciences at Drew University in New Jersey. Laura Overdeck is an alumna of Governor's School and was instrumental in saving the program through private donations in 2006.
In October 2018, The Overdeck Education Innovation Fund gifted $1 million to be distributed over the next three years by the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs for research on education issues. This is the second gift from the Overdeck Family Foundation, the first of which was $1 million donated in 2016. That same month, the Overdeck Family Foundation pledged $3 million to Opportunity Insights, a policy and research institute based at Harvard University that will publish data on the probability that children will escape poverty based on where they were raised.
Honors and recognition
1986, Silver Medal for the U.S. in the International Mathematical Olympiad in Poland at age 16
2012, Distinguished Alumni of The Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth
2017, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2019, Manager Lifetime Achievement Award at Institutional Investor's 17th annual Hedge Fund Industry Awards
References
Living people
1969 births
American billionaires
American company founders
American hedge fund managers
American philanthropists
People from Millburn, New Jersey
Stanford University alumni | {'title': 'John Overdeck', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Overdeck', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Song Shenxi () (died August 18, 833), courtesy name Qingchen (), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. He was most known for planning with Emperor Wenzong to eliminate the power of the eunuchs from the court but then being falsely implicated in a plot to overthrow Emperor Wenzong and replace the emperor with Emperor Wenzong's brother Li Cou, the Prince of Zhang. As a result, Song was exiled and died in exile.
Background
It is not known when Song Shenxi was born, and, while his family was listed as "the Songs of Guangping" (廣平, in modern Handan, Hebei) in the table of the chancellors' family trees in the New Book of Tang, Song's biography in the New Book of Tang indicated that his family's origin had been lost to history. It is known that his grandfather was named Song Su () and that his father was named Song Shuye ().
Early career
Song Shenxi was said to have lost his father early in life and was poor, but capable in literature. After he passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi (進士) class, he was made a copyeditor (校書郎, Xiaoshu Lang) at the Palace Library. When the chancellor Wei Guanzhi lost the favor of Emperor Xianzong and was sent out of the capital Chang'an to serve as the governor of Hunan Circuit (湖南, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan) in 816 for his opposition to the wars that Emperor Xianzong was waging against warlords, he invited Song to serve as a secretary, and it was said that thereafter Song successively served under regional governors.
During Emperor Muzong's and Emperor Jingzong's reigns
Early in the Changqing era (821-824) of Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong, Song Shenxi was made Jiancha Yushi (), a low-level imperial censor. In 822, he was made an imperial chronicler (起居舍人, Qiju Sheren). In 826, by which time Emperor Muzong's son Emperor Jingzong was emperor, he was made Libu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu), and was soon given the additional title as an assistant imperial scholar (翰林侍講學士, Hanlin Shijiang Xueshi). It was said that Song was careful and nonpartisan in his actions, contrary to the partisanship that was rampant among the imperial officials at the time, and that it was thought that his promotions would encourage others to follow his example.
During Emperor Wenzong's reign
After Emperor Jingzong was assassinated around the new year 827 and was succeeded by his younger brother Emperor Wenzong, Song Shenxi was made Hubu Langzhong (), a supervisory official at the ministry of census (戶部, Hubu), and was also put in charge of drafting edicts. In 828, he was made Zhongshu Sheren (), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), as well as full imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi).
At that time, Emperor Wenzong feared the power the eunuchs held, particularly as he believed them to be responsible for the deaths of his grandfather Emperor Xianzong and brother Emperor Jingzong. At that time, Wang Shoucheng was particularly powerful due to his command of the imperial Shence Army (), and his associate Zheng Zhu was openly accepting bribes in exchange for official commissions, drawing much displeasure from Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong believed Song to be faithful and careful, and believed he could discuss this matter with Song. On one occasion when Song had a private audience with Emperor Wenzong, Emperor Wenzong discussed the matter of Wang, and told Song to try to form a group of imperial officials who could work together on removing Wang from power, promising to make him chancellor. Soon thereafter in 830, Song was made Shangshu Zuo Cheng (), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), and then was made a chancellor de facto with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). It was said that because of Song's reputation, there was much public expectation for him as a chancellor, but he was not actually all that capable in his acts.
As part of Emperor Wenzong's and Song's plans to eliminate the eunuchs' power, in 831, Song recommended Wang Fan () to be the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) and secretly informed Wang Fan of Emperor Wenzong's plans. However, Wang Fan then leaked it, and Wang Shoucheng and Zheng became aware of it. In response, Zheng had the Shence Army officer Doulu Zhuo () falsely accuse Song and Emperor Wenzong's brother Li Cou the Prince of Zhang of plotting to overthrow Emperor Wenzong and replace him with Li Cou. When Wang Shoucheng then reported Doulu's accusations to Emperor Wenzong, Emperor Wenzong was shocked and believed it to be true, and immediately ordered investigations. Wang Shoucheng wanted to send Shence Army soldiers to immediately slaughter Song's household, but at the urging of the eunuch Ma Cunliang (), this immediate slaughter was not carried out. Rather, Emperor Wenzong ordered that the chancellors immediately be summoned. When the chancellors — Song, Lu Sui, Li Zongmin, and Niu Sengru — arrived at the palace gate, a eunuch announced, "Song Shenxi is not summoned!" Song realized that he was being accused of a crime, and, after knocking his writing board on his head, withdrew back to his household to await punishment. When he arrived at his mansion, his wife asked him, "You, Lord, are a chancellor, the pinnacle of what a subject can reach. Why do you wrong the Son of Heaven and rebel?" He responded, "My entire life I have received the emperor's grace, and I was promoted to be chancellor. I could not remove the wicked and was instead accused by them. You, Lady, should know that I, Song Shenxi, am no rebel." They wept together.
Meanwhile, the other chancellors entered Yanying Hall (), where Emperor Wenzong showed them Wang Shoucheng's report. The chancellors, shocked, stood there without words. Meanwhile, Emperor Wenzong ordered Wang Shoucheng to arrest the other alleged plotters listed by Doulu's accusation — Li Cou's eunuch Yan Jingze () and Song's attendant Wang Shiwen (), for interrogation inside the palace. Yan was arrested, but Wang Shiwen initially fled.
Two days later, Song was demoted to be a staff member of the crown prince. No one dared to openly state that Song was falsely accused, although the mayor of Jingzhao, Cui Guan (), and the chief judge of the supreme court Wang Zhengya () both submitted petitions that the arrested individuals be transferred to the jurisdiction of the proper governmental authorities rather than be held inside the palace — and it was said that it was because of this that the situation did not escalate. Meanwhile, under interrogation, Yan stated that Song had sent Wang Shiwen to meet with Li Cou to form the plot.
Two days later, Emperor Wenzong summoned the senior officials, including the heads of the various key agencies of the imperial government, to inquire them as to what they opined. A number of advisory officials, including Cui Xuanliang (), Li Guyan, Wang Zhi (), Lu Jun (), Shu Yuanbao (), Jiang Xi (), Pei Xiu (), and Wei Wen (), begged Emperor Wenzong to reopen the discussions with chancellors and move the entire investigations to the proper governmental authorities. Emperor Wenzong told them that he had already discussed with the high-level officials and ordered them to withdraw. Cui bowed and wept, stating, "One should be careful even when executing a commoner, and even more care should be paid when killing a chancellor." Emperor Wenzong's anger somewhat subsided, and he summoned the chancellors again. Niu then stated, "The highest that a subject can reach is chancellor, and Song Shenxi is already a chancellor. If the accusations were true, he could still only be chancellor, and why would he pursue that? Surely that was not what he was planning." Meanwhile, Zheng, fearing that the officials would win out and that a second round of investigations would show the truth, suggested to Wang Shoucheng that no executions be carried out, and instead Song should be exiled.
The next day, Li Cou was demoted in title to be the Duke of Chao County, while Song was exiled to be the military advisor to the prefect of Kai Prefecture (開州, in modern Chongqing). It was said that Song, while chancellor, was refusing bribes from all around the empire, and when his mansion was seized and searched, all that were found were documents relating to his receiving and rejecting the bribes that were sent to him, and there was much mourning over his exile.
Song would never be allowed to return to Chang'an while alive, and he died in 833 while still serving as Kai Prefecture. Emperor Wenzong ordered that his body be allowed to be returned to Chang'an for burial. In 836 — after a plot that Emperor Wenzong had with Zheng Zhu (who had, by that point, turned against the eunuchs) and Li Xun to slaughter the eunuchs (known as the Ganlu Incident) failed, leading to Zheng's and Li Xun's deaths — Song's reputation and offices were posthumously restored, and he was given further posthumous honors. His son Song Shenwei () was made a county sheriff.
Family
According to New Book of Tang, volume 75, Song Shenwei was the second son of Shenxi. The eldest son of Shenxi was named Song Qiu () and had a son named Song Xuan () with the courtesy name Taowen ().
Notes and references
Old Book of Tang, vol. 167.
New Book of Tang, vol. 152.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 243, 244.
8th-century births
833 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Wenzong of Tang
Politicians from Handan | {'title': 'Song Shenxi', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20Shenxi', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Izukyu 3000 series (, Hepburn: Izu Kyūkō 3000-kei), branded "Aloha Train", is an electric multiple unit train type operated by the private railway operator Izukyu Corporation. Entering service on 30 April 2022, the fleet of two 4-car sets was inherited in 2021 from East Japan Railway Company (JR East) 209 series fleet, which had previously been used on services throughout the Bōsō Peninsula.
History
Background
JR East introduced the 209 series in 1993, initially on the Keihin–Tōhoku Line and Negishi Line, to replace the 103 series trains that were previously used on the line. Later examples would be introduced for use on a number of lines, such as the Nambu Line and the Kawagoe Line. Designed to be a low-cost, lightweight, minimal-lifespan vehicle, the 209 series design set the standard for subsequent JR East commuter train designs. From 2009, some Keihin–Tōhoku–Negishi Line-allocated sets were transferred and refurbished to operate throughout the Bōsō Peninsula, following the introduction of newer E233 series trains. Much of the Bōsō-allocated fleet was replaced from 2021, with the introduction of new E131 series trains, as many of the lines within the region were modified to accommodate one-man operation.
Inheritance by Izukyu Corporation
In July 2021, Izukyu Corporation announced its plan to procure 209 series trains that were previously operated by JR East on services throughout the Bōsō Peninsula. Ten former 209 series cars were inherited by November of that year. The following month, Izukyu announced that the fleet would be given the classification "3000 series".
The 3000 series incorporates a Hawaii-inspired theme; this is reflected through the brand name "Aloha Train", a Honu-inspired external wrapping pattern, a color scheme borrowed from the "Resort 21" trainsets, and internal door wrappings of various seas in Izu. They are also the first members of the Izukyu fleet to incorporate variable-frequency drive (VVVF) technology and also did not require large-scale refurbishment. In contrast, the older 8000 series trains inherited from Tokyu Corporation required the installation of toilets, onboard passenger information displays, electrical coupling, and transverse seating; these features were already included with the 3000 series sets upon their inheritance by Izukyu Corporation.
The 3000 series fleet was introduced into service on 30 April 2022. Originally, the fleet was only used on the Izu Kyuko Line, but on 13 June 2022, they began use on the JR Ito Line as well.
References
Electric multiple units of Japan
3000
Train-related introductions in 2022 | {'title': 'Izukyu 3000 series', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izukyu%203000%20series', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
David John Scannell (March 30, 1875 – May 7, 1923) was a United States Marine and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Boxer Rebellion.
Biography
A native of Boston, Massachusetts, Scannell enlisted in the Marine Corps from that city on February 1, 1898, and served as a private. In Beijing (then known to Americans as Peking), China, from July 21 to August 17, 1900, he helped erect barricades despite heavy hostile fire. One year later, on July 19, 1901, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for this action.
Scannell was discharged from the Marine Corps on March 6, 1903, after five years of service. He died two decades later, at age 48, and was buried at Togus National Cemetery in Chelsea, Maine. Scannell's grave is distinguished by a special marker with gold engraving.
Medal of Honor citation
His official citation reads:
In the presence of the enemy during the action at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900. Throughout this period, Scannell distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion
References
1875 births
1923 deaths
People from Boston
United States Marines
American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
Boxer Rebellion recipients of the Medal of Honor | {'title': 'David John Scannell', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20John%20Scannell', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Derek Brunson (born January 4, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Middleweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of March 7, 2023, he is #8 in the UFC middleweight rankings.
Background
Brunson was a competitive cheerleader and also wrestled at John T. Hoggard High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, under coach Dan Willis. Brunson had scholarships for both cheerleading and wrestling, but chose to wrestle in college. He was a three-time NCAA Division II All-American wrestler for the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. When he finished college, he immediately turned his attention to mixed martial arts.
Derek was inspired by his high school classmates Shelly Johnson to pursue a career in fighting.
Mixed martial arts career
Brunson made his professional MMA debut in May 2010 against John Bryant where he won by a rear-naked choke in under a minute. He then won his next five fights with none of them making it past 2:30 of the first round.
Strikeforce
Brunson made his Strikeforce debut on June 24, 2011, at Strikeforce Challengers: Fedor vs. Terry against undefeated Jeremy Hamilton. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
In a quick turnaround, Brunson fought his second fight for Strikeforce just over one month after his debut. He faced Lumumba Sayers on the undercard of Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson on July 30, 2011. He won the fight via submission in the first round.
Brunson's next fight was on November 18, 2011, at Strikeforce Challengers: Britt vs. Sayers against Nate James. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
He was scheduled to face Ronaldo Souza on March 3, 2012, at Strikeforce: Tate vs. Rousey. However, the Ohio State Athletic Commission denied his fight license based on an eye exam he had submitted. Brunson fought wearing contacts in all of his bouts, but Ohio has a rule against this. He immediately scheduled a Lasik procedure and missed about six weeks. He later faced Souza on August 18, 2012, at Strikeforce: Rousey vs. Kaufman and was defeated by KO at :41 of the 1st round.
The Ultimate Fighter
Brunson was accepted to compete in The Ultimate Fighter 17, but on the first day of filming he was pulled from the competition due to Showtime having yet to release him from his contract.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Brunson made his UFC debut replacing an injured Karlos Vemola against Chris Leben on December 29, 2012, at UFC 155. Despite being a late replacement and heavy underdog, Brunson utilized his superior wrestling to defeat Leben via unanimous decision.
He was expected to face Ronny Markes on June 8, 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV 10. However, the bout was scrapped on the day of the weigh in as Markes was involved in a traffic accident. While Markes was not seriously injured, the incident prevented him from competing.
Brunson was expected to face Yoel Romero on August 31, 2013, at UFC 164 but was eventually forced off the card with an injury.
He was expected to face Antonio Braga Neto on November 6, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 31. However, Neto pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Brian Houston. Brunson won the fight in impressive fashion early, connecting with a head kick on Houston and then securing a rear-naked choke submission.
The bout with Romero was rescheduled for January 15, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 35. After winning the first two rounds, Brunson was dropped by a left hook and lost the fight via TKO due to elbows on the ground in the third round. Both fighters earned a $50,000 Fight of the Night bonus award.
On February 15, 2014, it was announced that Brunson had signed a four-fight contract with UFC.
Brunson was expected to face Lorenz Larkin on August 2, 2014, at UFC 176. After UFC 176 was cancelled, Larkin/Brunson was rescheduled and eventually took place on August 30, 2014, at UFC 177. Brunson won the fight via unanimous decision.
Brunson was expected to face Ed Herman on December 13, 2014, at UFC on Fox 13. However, the bout was scrapped just hours before the fight, as Brunson was stricken with a stomach ailment. Subsequently, the bout with Herman was rescheduled and took place on January 31, 2015, at UFC 183. Brunson won the fight via TKO in the first round.
Brunson was expected to face Krzysztof Jotko on June 20, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 69. However, Brunson pulled out of the fight on June 9 citing a rib injury and was briefly replaced by Uriah Hall. Three days after the booking, Hall was removed due to an alleged visa issue. In turn, Jotko was removed from the card entirely.
Brunson faced Sam Alvey on August 8, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 73. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.
Brunson next faced Roan Carneiro on February 21, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 83. He won the fight via TKO, earning his third consecutive TKO stoppage in the first round.
He was scheduled to face Gegard Mousasi on July 9, 2016, at UFC 200. However, he later was forced to pull out of the bout.
Brunson faced Uriah Hall on September 17, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 94. Brunson won the fight via TKO in the first round after dropping Hall with a left hook and finishing him with a flurry of ground and pound.
Brunson faced Robert Whittaker on November 27, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 101. He lost the back and forth fight via first-round TKO. Both participants were awarded a Fight of the Night bonus.
Brunson faced Anderson Silva on February 11, 2017, at UFC 208. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Brunson fought Dan Kelly on June 11, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 110. He won by knockout in the first round after dropping Kelly with a straight left and finishing him off with a barrage of ground and pound.
Brunson faced Lyoto Machida on October 28, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 119. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. This win also earned him a Performance of the Night bonus award.
A rematch with Ronaldo Souza took place on January 27, 2018, in the main event at UFC on Fox 27. Brunson lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
He was expected to face Antônio Carlos Júnior on August 4, 2018, at UFC 227. However, Brunson pulled out of the fight in early July citing an eye injury.
Brunson faced Israel Adesanya on November 3, 2018, at UFC 230. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.
Brunson faced Elias Theodorou on May 4, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 151. He won the fight by unanimous decision.
He faced Ian Heinisch on August 17, 2019, at UFC 241. He won the fight by unanimous decision.
In December 2019, Brunson announced on his social media that he had signed a new, six-fight contract with the UFC.
Brunson was expected to face Edmen Shahbazyan on March 7, 2020, at UFC 248. However it was announced on February 20 that the bout had been rescheduled and would take place on April 11, 2020, at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed. The bout eventually was scheduled on August 1, 2020, at UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Shahbazyan. He won the fight via technical knockout in round three.
Brunson faced Kevin Holland on March 20, 2021, at UFC on ESPN 21. He won the fight via unanimous decision.
Brunson faced Darren Till on September 4, 2021, at UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till. He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in round three.
Brunson was scheduled to face Jared Cannonier on January 22, 2022, at UFC 270. However, for undisclosed reasons the bout was moved to UFC 271 on February 12, 2022. He lost the fight via knockout in round two. Brunson stated that his next fight will be his final fight in mixed martial arts.
Brunson was scheduled to face Jack Hermansson on December 3, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 42. However, Brunson withdrew due to an undisclosed injury and was replaced by Roman Dolidze.
Brunson faced Dricus du Plessis on March 4, 2023, at UFC 285. He lost the fight via technical knockout due to a corner stoppage at 4:59 of the second round.
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (Two times)
Performance of the Night (One time)
Second most wins in UFC middleweight history (14) (Tied with Anderson Silva and Brad Tavares)
Tied (Nate Marquardt and Chris Leben) for third most finishes in UFC Middleweight division history (9)
Sherdog
2017 Robbery of the Year vs. Anderson Silva
MMAJunkie.com
2017 Robbery of the Year vs. Anderson Silva
MMADNA.nl
2017 Robbery of the Year vs. Anderson Silva
Collegiate sports
National Collegiate Athletic Association
NCAA Division II All-American out of University of North Carolina at Pembroke (2003, 2005)
University of North Carolina at Pembroke
2002 UCA Small Co-ed National Champs - Cheerleading
Other accomplishments
Young Alumnus of the Year 2014 (UNC Pembroke)
UNC Pembroke Athletics Hall of Fame, Inducted 2016
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|
|align=center|23–9
|Dricus du Plessis
|TKO (corner stoppage)
|UFC 285
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:59
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23–8
|Jared Cannonier
|KO (elbows)
|UFC 271
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:29
|Houston, Texas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|23–7
|Darren Till
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Till
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:13
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|22–7
|Kevin Holland
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ESPN: Brunson vs. Holland
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|21–7
|Edmen Shahbazyan
|TKO (punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Shahbazyan
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|0:26
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|20–7
|Ian Heinisch
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 241
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19–7
|Elias Theodorou
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Iaquinta vs. Cowboy
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–7
|Israel Adesanya
|TKO (knees and punches)
|UFC 230
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:51
|New York City, New York, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–6
|Ronaldo Souza
|KO (head kick and punches)
|UFC on Fox: Jacaré vs. Brunson 2
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:50
|Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18–5
|Lyoto Machida
|KO (punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Brunson vs. Machida
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:30
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|17–5
|Dan Kelly
|KO (punch)
|UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Hunt
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:16
|Auckland, New Zealand
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16–5
|Anderson Silva
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 208
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Brooklyn, New York, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center|16–4
| Robert Whittaker
| TKO (head kick and punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Whittaker vs. Brunson
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:07
| Melbourne, Australia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|16–3
| Uriah Hall
| TKO (punch)
| UFC Fight Night: Poirier vs. Johnson
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|1:41
| Hidalgo, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|15–3
| Roan Carneiro
| KO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Cowboy
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|2:38
| Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–3
| Sam Alvey
| TKO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Teixeira vs. Saint Preux
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:19
| Nashville, Tennessee, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align="center" | 13–3
| Ed Herman
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 183
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:36
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align="center" | 12–3
| Lorenz Larkin
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 177
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align="center" | 11–3
| Yoel Romero
| TKO (punches and elbows)
| UFC Fight Night: Rockhold vs. Philippou
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:23
| Duluth, Georgia, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align="center" | 11–2
| Brian Houston
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFC: Fight for the Troops 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:48
| Fort Campbell, Kentucky, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align="center" | 10–2
| Chris Leben
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 155
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align="center" | 9–2
| Ronaldo Souza
| KO (punches)
| Strikeforce: Rousey vs. Kaufman
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:41
| San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–1
| Kendall Grove
| Decision (split)
| ShoFight 20
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Springfield, Missouri, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–0
| Nate James
| Decision (unanimous)
| Strikeforce Challengers: Britt vs. Sayers
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0
| Lumumba Sayers
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:33
| Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Jeremy Hamilton
| Decision (unanimous)
| Strikeforce Challengers: Fodor vs. Terry
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Kent, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Danny Babcock
| KO (punch)
| World Extreme Fighting 45
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:07
| Jacksonville, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Rhomez Brower
| TKO (submission to punches)
| XFP: The Holiday Fight Fest
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:27
| Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Todd Chattelle
| TKO (punches)
| ICE: Fright Night 2010
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:14
| Providence, Rhode Island, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Edward Jackson
| KO (punches)
| Carolina's Summer Fight Series 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:41
| Jacksonville, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Chris McNally
| KO (punches)
| Carolina's Summer Fight Series 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| John Bryant
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Carolina's Summer Fight Series 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:52
| Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
|
NCAA record
! colspan="8"| NCAA Division II Championships Matches
|-
! Res.
! Record
! Opponent
! Score
! Date
! Event
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2005 NCAA (DII) Championships 7th at 184 lbs
|-
|Loss
|6-7
|align=left| Don Ortega
|style="font-size:88%"|3-5
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|March 11–12, 2005
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2005 NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships
|-
|Loss
|6-6
|align=left|Kristopher Klepacz
|style="font-size:88%"|Fall
|-
|Win
|6-5
|align=left|Dillon Blackman
|style="font-size:88%"|Fall
|-
|Loss
|5-5
|align=left|Clint Carmony
|style="font-size:88%"|5-8
|-
|Win
|5-4
|align=left|Todd Naasz
|style="font-size:88%"|12-5
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2004 NCAA (DII) Championships at 184 lbs
|-
|Loss
|4-4
|align=left|Corey Jacoby
|style="font-size:88%"|TB-1 1-2
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=3|March 12–13, 2004
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=3|2004 NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships
|-
|Win
|4-3
|align=left|Matt Trout
|style="font-size:88%"|MD 16-6
|-
|Loss
|3-3
|align=left|Greg Nurrenbern
|style="font-size:88%"|4-10
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2003 NCAA (DII) Championships 4th at 184 lbs
|-
|Loss
|3-2
|align=left|Jeff Henning
|style="font-size:88%"|TF 2-18
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|March 14–15, 2003
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=5|2003 NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships
|-
|Win
|3-1
|align=left|Ben McAvinew
|style="font-size:88%"|10-5
|-
|Loss
|2-1
|align=left|Mauricio Wright
|style="font-size:88%"|5-11
|-
|Win
|2-0
|align=left|Sam Kenton
|style="font-size:88%"|5-3
|-
|Win
|1-0
|align=left|Ben Holscher
|style="font-size:88%"|11-5
|-
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
American male mixed martial artists
African-American mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from North Carolina
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
American male sport wrestlers
African-American sport wrestlers
Amateur wrestlers
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Wilmington, North Carolina
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people | {'title': 'Derek Brunson', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Brunson', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Margarete Freudenthal-Sallis (1894-1984) was a German sociologist.
Life
Margareta David was born to a Jewish family in 1894 (some sources say 1893) in Speyer. She started studying art history and then economics in 1914 but left university upon marriage in 1917. Aged 22, she married Berthold Freudenthal, a law professor twice her age. Initially lacking any practical knowledge of housekeeping, she became interested in understanding its history. After her husband's death she returned to university, studying under Karl Mannheim in Frankfurt. She completed a PhD in 1933 researching the changing role of women in the household economy.
Freudenthal later emigrated to Palestine, where she remarried.
Works
Ich habe mein Land gefunden: autobiographischer Rückblick [I have found my country: an autobiographical review], Frankfurt am Main: Josef Knecht, 1977
Gestaltwandel der städtischen, bürgerlichen und proletarischen Hauswirtschaft unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Typenwandels von Frau und Familie, vornehmlich in Südwest-Deutschland zwischen 1760 und 1933. Teil 1: von 1760-1910 [Changes in the forms of urban bourgeois and proletarian household economies, with special attention to the typological changes of woman and the family, primarily in southwest Germany between 1760 and 1933. Volume 1: 1760-1910]. PhD thesis, Frankfurt am Main, 1933. Republished as Gestaltwandel der städtischen, bürgerlichen und proletarischen Hauswirtschaft zwischen 1760 und 1910. Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1986. With a foreword by Katharine Rutchky.
Die Lilie des Scharon: von Palästina zum Staate Israel [The rose of Sharon: from Palestine to the State of Israel], Frankfurt am Main: Josef Knecht, 1982
References
1894 births
1984 deaths
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
German emigrants to Israel
German sociologists
Israeli sociologists
German women sociologists
Israeli women sociologists | {'title': 'Margarete Freudenthal-Sallis', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete%20Freudenthal-Sallis', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Canoparmelia albomaculata is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. This species is very similar to the apostulate Canoparmelia caroliniana, showing the same colour, size and reticulate maculae. C. caroliniana, however, has true isidia. Big coralloid pustules that in some cases become sorediate are a characteristic feature for C. albomaculata.
Description
It possesses a whitish-green thallus that measures wide, its adnate lobes measuring between wide. Its surface is smooth and irregularly cracked. The species' ramification is irregularly dichotomous, with rounded apices, an oval axillary sinus, and a black-lined margin with no cilia. It shows no lacinules while possessing laminal maculae.
Its pustulae are found as marginal and submarginal, its coralloid being isidioid, at times exhibiting granular soredia apically. Its medulla is white, while its underside possesses a rugose and veined light brown center, as well as a rugose, veined and papillate margin. Its rhizines are simple, measuring between long, being coloured brown and being few in number. Apothecia and pycnidia are absent in Canoparmelia albomaculata.
Habitat
This species was first found in the Parque Natural do Caraça, in Minas Gerais, at an altitude of on a tree in a light forest.
References
Further reading
Spielmann, Adriano Afonso, and Marcelo Pinto Marcelli. "Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota liquenizados) nos barrancos e peraus da encosta da Serra Geral, Vale do Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. II. Gêneros Canoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Myelochroa, Parmelinopsis e Relicina." Iheringia, Série Botânica63.2 (2008): 193–212.
Parmeliaceae
Lichen species
Lichens of South America
Lichens described in 2002
Taxa named by Klaus Kalb | {'title': 'Canoparmelia albomaculata', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoparmelia%20albomaculata', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Daniel Renouf (born June 1, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Playing career
Junior
Prior to his collegiate career, Renouf spent two seasons with the Youngstown Phantoms of the United States Hockey League (USHL). During the 2011–12 season, Renouf recorded one goal and 14 assists in 58 games, finishing second on the team in scoring by a defenceman. During the 2012–13 season, he recorded ten goals and 18 assists in 57 games, and helped lead the Phantoms to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to eventual Clark Cup champions Dubuque Fighting Saints.
College
Renouf began his collegiate career for the Maine Black Bears during the 2013–14 season. Renouf appeared in 34 games during his freshman season, where he recorded one goal and 10 assists for 11 points, and ranked second on the team in scoring by a defenceman. During the 2014–15 season, Renouf appeared in all 39 games his sophomore season, where he recorded three goals and nine assists. During the 2015–16 season, he recorded six goals and nine assists in 38 games, and led the team in scoring by a defenceman.
Professional
On March 10, 2016, Renouf was signed to a two-year, entry-level contract by the Detroit Red Wings. Following the conclusion of his collegiate career, Renouf joined the Grand Rapids Griffins during the 2015–16 season, where he recorded one assist in six games.
On March 26, 2017, Renouf was recalled by the Red Wings. Prior to being recalled, Renouf recorded three goals and 12 assists in 58 games with the Griffins. He made his NHL debut for the Red Wings the following night in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes, where he recorded one shot on goal and three hits in 13:35 time on ice. On March 28, he was returned to the Griffins.
At the conclusion of his entry-level contract, Renouf was not tendered a qualifying offer by the Red Wings, allowing him to depart as a free agent. On July 2, 2018, Renouf signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Carolina Hurricanes. After attending the Hurricanes training camp, Renouf was assigned for the duration of the 2018–19 season to the AHL to play with affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers. Used in a top-four role on the blueline, Renouf added 2 goals and 22 points in 74 regular season games for the league's best Checkers. He added 3 points in 12 playoff games to help Charlotte claim the Calder Cup, his second AHL championship in two years.
On July 1, 2019, the Colorado Avalanche signed Renouf to a two-year, two-way $1.4 million contract.
On July 29, 2021, Renouf returned to his original club, the Detroit Red Wings, by agreeing to a one-year, two-way contract.
On July 13, 2022, Renouf signed a two-year, two-way contract with the Boston Bruins.
Career statistics
Awards and honours
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Colorado Avalanche players
Colorado Eagles players
Detroit Red Wings players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey players
People from Pickering, Ontario
Providence Bruins players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Youngstown Phantoms players | {'title': 'Dan Renouf', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Renouf', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Uncut Dope: Geto Boys' Best is a compilation album by the Geto Boys consisting of previously released tracks from the group's Rap-a-Lot albums and two new songs. Released on November 17, 1992 through Priority Records, the compilation peaked at #147 on the Billboard 200.
The compilation's new songs were "The Unseen", which was subject to discussion due to lyrics expressing anti-abortion views, and "Damn It Feels Good to Be a Gangsta", which later appeared in the film Office Space.
Content
The compilation contained tracks from their first four albums: Grip It! On That Other Level (1989), The Geto Boys (1990) and We Can't Be Stopped (1991), although their first album, Making Trouble (1988), is only represented by the DJ recording, "Balls and My Word" (renamed to "And My Word" in the album's liner notes). Uncut Dope also contained two previously unreleased songs: "The Unseen" (which is the first Geto Boys song with Big Mike) and "Damn It Feels Good to Be a Gangsta". "Action Speaks Louder Than Words" originally appeared on Ganksta N-I-P's The South Park Psycho.
Reception
Track listing
Charts
References
1992 compilation albums
Geto Boys albums
Priority Records compilation albums
Rap-A-Lot Records compilation albums
Gangsta rap compilation albums | {'title': "Uncut Dope: Geto Boys' Best", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut%20Dope%3A%20Geto%20Boys%27%20Best', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Gruntal & Co. was a boutique investment banking and brokerage firm based in New York City. Prior to its acquisition in 2002, the firm was among the oldest independent investment banking houses in the U.S. The firm was founded as Sternberger & Fuld in 1880 by Maurice Sternberger, who partnered with Ludwig Fuld. Sternberger bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1881 for $20,000. They were joined in 1884 by a third partner, Samuel Sinn, and the firm became Sternberger, Fuld & Sinn, with an office at 52 Broadway in lower Manhattan.
Gruntal's brokerage business included more than 620 account executives across more than 30 locations throughout the U.S. The firm managed in excess of $19 billion of assets on behalf of its clients through its private client wealth management business. Additionally, the firm had a well-regarded investment banking, equity research as well as sales and trading operations.
Gruntal, which was headquartered in New York City was a member of the New York Stock Exchange and the National Association of Securities Dealers.
In 2002, Ryan Beck, a New Jersey-based investment banking firm, announced the acquisition of the bulk of the operations Gruntal. Following the acquisition, the Gruntal name which had been used since the early 1900s was retired. The firm, which had already been struggling to compete with the bulge bracket investment banks suffered the temporary loss of its headquarters after the September 11 attacks. The firm was located at 1 Liberty Plaza, across the street from the World Trade Center. Gruntal had already been eliminating certain businesses, including its corporate bond trading department in July 2001. In 2007, Ryan Beck & Co. was sold to Stifel Financial.
Corporate affairs
Prominent former employees
Steven A. Cohen founder of hedge funds S.A.C. Capital Advisors and Point72 Asset Management
Stephen A. Feinberg Co-Founder and Co-Chief Executive Officer, Cerberus Capital Management
References
Further reading
Gruntal & Co. Company History. Funding Universe
Gruntal's Herzfeld Tie Unites Venerable Firms. New York Times, September 10, 1985
Financial Concern Might Buy Gruntal. New York Times, June 25, 1987
Home Group Adding Gruntal. New York Times, June 26, 1987
Gruntal Buying Moseley Unit. New York Times, November 10, 1987
Long Island Q&A: Howard Silverman; A Financial Business Casts a Vote of Confidence for the Island. New York Times, July 10, 1994
Gruntal Agrees To Fraud Fine As U.S. Indicts Former Official. New York Times, April 10, 1996
Gruntal Executives to Lead Leveraged Buyout of Firm. New York Times, February 26, 1997
Former investment banks of the United States
Financial services companies established in 1880
Financial services companies disestablished in 2002
Companies based in New York City
Defunct financial services companies of the United States
Banks established in 1880
Banks disestablished in 2002
1880 establishments in New York (state)
2002 mergers and acquisitions | {'title': 'Gruntal & Co.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruntal%20%26%20Co.', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Roller sports at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto were held from July 11 to 13.
The speed skating competitions were held at the St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School. Originally the 400 meters oval would be constructed at CIBC Pan Am/Parapan Am Aquatics Centre and Field House and meant to be temporary but a last minute venue change to St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School meant that the high school got to keep the track after the competition.
The figure skating competitions took place at the Direct Energy Centre (Exhibition Centre) – Hall B. Due to naming rights the venue was known as the latter for the duration of the games. A total of eight events (six in speed and two in figure) were contested, with the events being equally split between each gender.
Competition schedule
The following is the competition schedule for the roller sports competitions:
Medal table
Medalists
Figure skating
Speed skating
Participating nations
A total of 15 nations qualified athletes. The numbers in parenthesis represents the number of participants entered.
Qualification
A total of 56 skaters qualified to compete at the Games. 20 male and 20 female speed skaters along with eight male and eight female figure skaters qualified. A nation was allowed to enter a maximum of six athletes (two male and two females in speed skating, with a maximum of one athlete per each figure skating event). The host nation (Canada) automatically qualified with a full team.
References
Events at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games
2015 | {'title': 'Roller sports at the 2015 Pan American Games', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20sports%20at%20the%202015%20Pan%20American%20Games', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
John Baptiste Fournet (July 27, 1895 – June 3, 1984) was an American attorney and politician who served as Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives, lieutenant governor of Louisiana from 1932 to 1935, and a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, serving as an associate justice from 1935 to 1949, and as Chief Justice by seniority from 1949 to 1970.
Early life, education, and career
Born in St. Martinville, Fournet attended Louisiana State Normal College, and was a teacher, and even principal at Morganza High School for a period before entering the law school of LSU in 1917. His studies were interrupted by service in World War I, after which he received an LL.B. from Louisiana State University in 1920.
Political and judicial career
A supporter of Huey P. Long, Fournet served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1928 to 1932, and as lieutenant governor of Louisiana from 1932 to 1935, when Fournet was elected to the Louisiana Supreme Court. Fournet was walking next to Long when the latter was assassinated later that year.
Fournet became chief justice of Louisiana by seniority in 1949, and remained on the court until 1970, when he reached the maximum age of service.
References
Lieutenant Governors of Louisiana
Speakers of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Northwestern State University alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
Louisiana lawyers
American military personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers
People from St. Martinville, Louisiana
People from Jennings, Louisiana
American school principals
1895 births
1984 deaths
Chief Justices of the Louisiana Supreme Court
20th-century American judges
Huey Long | {'title': 'John B. Fournet', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Fournet', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
"Blind Before I Stop" is a single by Meat Loaf released in 1987. It is from the album Blind Before I Stop. It is one of the few songs he has made where he plays rhythm guitar.
Critical reception
On its release, Mat Snow of New Musical Express stated, "This is not a patch on his elephantine 'Rock 'n' Roll Mercenaries', though it might serve as a timely health warning to some of Meat Loaf's more frenzied devotees."
Personnel
Meat Loaf — lead vocals, guitar
Mats Björklynd — keys, programming, drums
Peter Weihe — guitars
Dieter Petereit — bass
John Golden — bass
Pit Löw — keyboards and programming
Curt Cress — drums
Amy Goff — backing vocals
Peter Bischof — vocals
Bert Gebhard — vocals
Bimey Oberreit — vocals
Elaine Goff — vocals
Charts
References
Meat Loaf songs
1987 singles
Song recordings produced by Frank Farian
1987 songs
Arista Records singles | {'title': 'Blind Before I Stop (song)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20Before%20I%20Stop%20%28song%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Lavrente Calinov was a Romanian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He won one silver medals in the C-2 10000 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in 1958. He also won 5 silver and bronze medals in the C-2 10000 m event at the European Canoe Sprint World Championships in 1957, 1958, 1960, and 1963.
Early life
Lavrente Calinov was born in the Danube Delta of Romania in the village of Mila 23 accessible only by boat in a Russian speaking Old Believers community known as Lipovans on August 16, 1936. By the time he was 10 he started helping his father Ignat with fishing work in the Danube Delta. At 16 he left home to work in the city of Sulina as a fisherman on the Black Sea until he was drafted in the Romanian conscription based military service at the time.
Competitive career
Lavrente's career started at the CSA Steaua, which at the time was the sports club ran by the Romanian armed forces, and this is where he won his first two international medals in 1957 and 1958. He transferred two years later to CS Dinamo București where he stayed until the end of his career. His main event was Sprint Canoe 2, 10,000 m, but he occasionally competed in the C2 1,000 m event. His stance in the sprint canoe was right handed. His main event was not an Olympic event at the time, so he only competed in World and European championships, never in the Olympics. He retired from the sport in 1968.
Personal life
He married Aniuta Pogor in 1963 and had two children, Iulian Doroftei born in 1967 and Olga Lucheria born in 1972.
References
ICF medals: http://www.canoeresults.eu/medals?year=&name=Kalinov+Lavrente
Lavrente Calinov on the official Canoe site from Romania http://www.canoe.ro/?page=special&root_category=5&child_category=62
Lavrente Calinov mentioned as non olympian podium finisher 3rd 1963 C2 10000 m.
Lavrente Calinov bronze medal at European Championships in 1957. http://www.csasteaua.ro/1957/
Famous people from Mila 23 https://adevarul.ro/locale/tulcea/delta-patria-invingatorilor-mila-23-crisan-caraorman-dat-24-campioni-mondiali-patzaichin-nu-stiu-m-am-nascut-apa-uscat-1_561ff4edf5eaafab2cb2a1e8/index.html
Specific
Romanian male canoeists
Romanian people of Russian descent
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
1936 births
Living people
People from Tulcea County | {'title': 'Lavrente Calinov', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrente%20Calinov', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Modern Benoni is a chess opening that begins with the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6. It is classified under the ECO codes A60–A79. After the initial moves, Black proceeds to capture on d5, creating a majority of black pawns on the queenside. To support their advance, the king's bishop is usually fianchettoed on g7. These two features differentiate Black's setup from the other Benoni defences and the King's Indian Defence, although transpositions between these openings are common.
Frank Marshall invented the Modern Benoni in 1927, but his experiments with the opening went largely ignored for over 20 years. In the 1950s the system was revitalized by players in the Soviet Union, chief among them Mikhail Tal. Its subsequent adoption by players of a similarly aggressive and uncompromising style such as Bobby Fischer and Garry Kasparov established the opening's reputation as one of Black's most dynamic responses to 1.d4.
The Modern Benoni suffered a serious theoretical crisis in the 1980s and 1990s, when players as Black encountered great difficulties in meeting the Taimanov Attack and the Modern Main Line. Only in the 21st century has the opening's reputation and theoretical standing made a recovery. Notably, it was Vladimir Kramnik's choice when he needed a win with Black in the penultimate game of the 2004 World Championship, though that particular game resulted in a draw.
Initial moves
The standard move order for Black to enter the Modern Benoni is 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5. Here it is possible for White to avoid 3.d5: respectable alternatives include 3.Nf3, typically transposing to a line of the English Opening, as well as 3.e3. Taking the pawn with 3.dxc5 is hardly ever seen, because Black easily recovers it after 3...e6 followed by ...Bxc5.
Still, 3.d5 has long been considered White's most challenging move, as it gains space in the centre. While it is possible for Black to avoid ...e7-e6 for the time being and play other moves such as 3...d6 or 3...g6, delaying this move until after White plays e2-e4 gives White the extra option of recapturing on d5 with the e-pawn. While recapturing in this fashion does not give White a central pawn majority, it maintains White's spatial advantage and denies Black the counterplay associated with possession of a queenside pawn majority. Thus players who are seeking the typical imbalance in pawn structure associated with the Modern Benoni tend to prefer the immediate 3...e6 followed by 4...exd5.
Alternative move orders and transpositions
It is possible, indeed common, for Black's second and third moves to be reversed: thus 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 and 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 c5 will both transpose into the Modern Benoni if White allows it with 4.d5. The latter move order has been especially popular since the 1980s, as it allows Black to reach the Modern Benoni while sidestepping the Taimanov Attack. It also gives Black the additional option of meeting 4.d5 with 4...b5, the Blumenfeld Gambit. Players who use this move order will often choose a different defence against 3.Nc3, such as the Nimzo-Indian with 3...Bb4.
Another frequent transposition into the Modern Benoni occurs when White invites a Catalan Opening with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 and Black responds with 3...c5. If White responds with 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5, Black can play 5...d6, which often transposes into the Fianchetto Variation; but a common alternative is 5...b5, which leads to independent positions.
Black can also try to reach the Modern Benoni through a Benoni Defence move order, i.e. 1.d4 c5 2.d5 Nf6, when 3.c4 e6 would complete the transposition. However, White often prefers not to play 3.c4, since it takes away a useful square from a white knight. Several lines of the King's Indian Defence, such as the Four Pawns Attack, the Sämisch Variation and the Fianchetto Variation, can also transpose into variations of the Modern Benoni if Black plays ...c5 followed by ...e6 and ...exd5 and White recaptures with the c-pawn.
History
The Modern Benoni was invented by Frank Marshall at the New York 1927 chess tournament. He played it twice, gaining a draw against José Raúl Capablanca in the Fianchetto Variation, but losing soundly to Aron Nimzowitsch, who played the Knight's Tour. Nimzowitsch received the third special prize of the tournament for this game and labelled Marshall's opening an "unfortunate" "extravagance" in his annotations; as a result, it lay virtually abandoned for decades. However, Karel Hromádka's experiments with the Benoni Defence in the 1930s occasionally featured the moves ...e7-e6 and ...exd5, resulting in a transposition to the Modern Benoni.
Only in the 1950s was interest in the system revived, when the King's Indian Defence gained in popularity among Soviet players and their investigations branched into related opening systems such as the Modern Benoni. The imbalance inherent in its pawn structure and the counter-chances this implied for Black appealed to aggressive players such as Rashid Nezhmetdinov and Alexander Tolush; the Israeli master Moshe Czerniak also employed it frequently. Lev Polugaevsky, Boris Spassky and Alexey Suetin were among the younger generation of Soviet players who used it regularly in the 1950s and 1960s.
But the player primarily responsible for elevating the Modern Benoni to the status of a major opening was Mikhail Tal, who took up the opening in 1953 after seeing one of Nezhmetdinov's games. The tactical positions it led to were a perfect fit for Tal's combinatorial gifts and he crushed many opponents in brilliant style. Famous examples include his game against Bukhuti Gurgenidze at the 1957 USSR championship, excerpted below, and his win against Yuri Averbakh at the same tournament the following year.
He also became the first player to use the Modern Benoni in a world championship match, playing it twice against Mikhail Botvinnik in 1960. Former World Champion and opening authority Max Euwe acknowledged Tal's contribution to the opening by naming it the "Tal-System" in his 1965 opening encyclopedia.
These developments did not go unnoticed outside the Soviet Union: the name "Modern Benoni" had appeared in print by 1955. In the 1960s Larry Evans began employing the system frequently, and from 1966 onwards, Bobby Fischer also included it in his repertoire, albeit as a secondary weapon. Even so, Fischer was responsible for one of the most famous games ever played with the opening: down 2–0 in the 1972 World Championship match, he answered Spassky's 1.d4 with the Modern Benoni in Game 3 and scored a momentum-changing victory.
The successes of Tal and Fischer inspired a new generation of players to take up the Modern Benoni in the 1970s and 1980s, including Walter Browne, Ljubomir Ljubojević, John Nunn, Dragoljub Velimirović, Lev Psakhis, Mihai Suba and Nick de Firmian. The young Garry Kasparov also had the defence in his arsenal—his win against Viktor Korchnoi at the 1982 Lucerne Olympiad
was considered the highlight of the tournament and remains one of the most famous games ever played in the opening. It became a favoured weapon for players needing to win against 1.d4: for example, Psakhis used it to defeat Yuri Razuvaev in the penultimate round of the 1980 USSR Championship,
catching Alexander Beliavsky in the lead and ultimately sharing first place with him.
But in the early 1980s, White scored several crushing victories at high-profile tournaments using the aggressive Taimanov Attack, which caused players to question the fundamental soundness of Black's opening. By the end of the decade, the Modern Main Line had also emerged as a dangerous weapon for White, which only compounded Black's troubles. As a result, the opening declined in popularity and a number of grandmasters gave it up altogether. Those who continued to play it often chose to do so via the move order 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 c5 4.d5, when White's early development of the knight to f3 rules out the Taimanov Attack and gives Black opportunities to avoid the Modern Main Line.
Mired in this theoretical crisis, the Modern Benoni remained unpopular in the 1990s. Veselin Topalov was the only top-level player to play it regularly, and he too generally preferred the 2...e6 3.Nf3 c5 move order. At the beginning of the new millennium, the theoretician John Watson published a well-regarded survey of the opening that may have contributed to the opening's revival. Many of the ideas he recommended, such as 9...Qh4+ versus the Taimanov Attack and 9...Nh5 in the Modern Main Line, grew in popularity after its publication. The opening regained some more of its former respectability when Vladimir Kramnik, needing a win with Black against Peter Leko, played it in the second to last game of the 2004 World Championship. While he did achieve a winning position at one point, the game ended in a draw. Nevertheless, Étienne Bacrot, Boris Gelfand and Vassily Ivanchuk have all since used the Modern Benoni at the highest levels of competition, while Vugar Gashimov became the opening's most notable proponent. He was the strongest player willing to use the original 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 move order and defend Black's cause in both the Taimanov Attack and the Modern Main Line.
Strategy
The Modern Benoni is one of Black's sharpest and most active defences against 1.d4. The exchange of White's c-pawn for Black's e-pawn leaves White with a pawn majority in the centre and Black with one on the queenside. This asymmetry suggests that White will try to play on the kingside and in the centre, while Black will seek counterplay on the queenside. However, this simplistic generalization does not hold in many cases—depending on how the pieces are arranged, either side may be able to fight back on the flank where they are theoretically weaker.
The creation of such a pronounced structural imbalance so early on in the game implies that Black aims to counterattack rather than equalize. Thus the opening has acquired a reputation for being risky: as Psakhis once wrote, the Modern Benoni "is definitely not an opening for cowards." Since White's central superiority typically constitutes a positional advantage, Black must frequently resort to tactical play and material sacrifices in order not to be forced into passivity.
Black's queenside play
The game Donner–Tal, Zurich 1959, was a classic demonstration of the power of Black's queenside pawn advance, backed up by the bishop on g7. After Black's 20...Qb4! White was unable to exchange queens, as 21.Qxb4 cxb4 22.Nd1 Nc5 would fork the pawns on a4 and e4. However, the actual game did not last long after Donner's 21.Qf1: Tal set his pawns in motion with 21...c4 22.Re2 b5 23.axb5 axb5 24.Kh1, created a passed c-pawn with 24...Bxc3! 25.bxc3 Qxc3 26.Rxb5 Qd3 27.Qe1 c3 28.Rb1, and forced Donner's resignation with 28...Nc5! when White could neither save his e-pawn nor stop Black's c-pawn from queening. According to Donner, while he spent over two hours on the game, Tal used only fifteen minutes.
White's kingside play
The central pawn majority is White's main positional trump in the Modern Benoni. By staking out an advantage in space on the kingside, it allows White to develop an initiative on that side of the board. The most important tool in White's arsenal is the e4-e5 pawn advance, which can open up lines and squares for the white pieces, and result in the creation of a passed d-pawn if Black answers with ...dxe5.
A famous example of the e4-e5 break leading to a kingside attack occurred in the game Penrose–Tal from the 1960 Leipzig Olympiad. With 19.e5! dxe5 20.f5! Bb7 21.Rad1 Ba8 22.Nce4 White installed a powerful knight on e4, while Black's pieces were hemmed in by the pawn on e5. Penrose soon crashed through on the f-file and scored a stunning upset over the reigning world champion. Other classic examples of this central breakthrough include Ojanen–Keres, Estonia–Finland match, Helsinki 1960
and Korchnoi–Tal, USSR championship, Yerevan 1962.
Black's kingside play
The half-open e-file gives Black a certain degree of influence over the kingside. A rook on e8 puts pressure on White's e-pawn and restrains it from advancing. Tactics involving ...Nxe4 are not uncommon—the games Averbakh–Tal, USSR championship, Riga 1958, and Uhlmann–Fischer, Interzonal, Palma de Mallorca 1970, are well-known examples. Black can initiate further kingside activity by playing ...Nd7-e5 followed by ...g7-g5. The pawn move prevents White from driving away the knight with f2-f4, and sets up the possibility of Black bringing a knight on f4 via g6 or h5. Further space-gaining pawn advances such as ...g5-g4 and ...f7-f5 may even be possible.
En route to winning his first USSR championship, Tal provided a brilliant example of how Black's dark-square control could lead to a kingside attack. Against Gurgenidze at the 1957 championship in Moscow, he unleashed the double sacrifice 14...Nxf2!! 15.Kxf2 Qh4+ 16.Kf1 (16.g3? Bd4+ 17.Kg2 Qxh3+ 18.Kf3 Bg4+ 19.Kf4 g5+ 20.Kxg5 Be3+ 21.Kf6 Qh6 mate) Bd4 17.Nd1 Qxh3! with the point that 18.gxh3 Bxh3 is mate. After 18.Bf3 Qh2 19.Ne3 f5! 20.Ndc4 fxe4 21.Bxe4 Ba6! White was unable to defend against Black's threats of 22...Rxe4 23.Qxe4 Re8 24.Qc2 Nxd5 and 22...Bxc4+ 23.Nxc4 Rf8+ 24. Bf3 Rxf3+, and Gurgenidze resigned after move 27.
White's queenside play
When Black prepares the ...b7-b5 pawn break with ...a6, White usually tries to hinder it by playing a2-a4, even though this advance weakens the b4-square. As a further deterrent to Black's queenside expansion, White often moves the knight on f3 to c4 via d2. With the knight on c4, Black's ...b7-b5 break may be met by axb5 followed by Na5, when the arrival of a white knight on c6 could severely disrupt Black's position. The knight on c4 also attacks Black's backward pawn on d6, and White can often increase the pressure on this pawn by playing Bf4 or Nb5. The strength of White's knight on c4 often induces Black to exchange it off: typical ways of doing so are ...Nb6, ...Ne5, or ...b7-b6 followed by ...Ba6.
Even if Black should succeed in enforcing the ...b7-b5 break, White may halt the b-pawn's further advance by simply playing b2-b4. Even though this would give Black the opportunity to establish a passed c-pawn with ...c5-c4, blockading the queenside in this manner may allow White to pursue play in the centre and on the kingside undisturbed. The ...c5-c4 advance would also relinquish Black's control over the d4-square, which may be occupied to good effect by a white knight or bishop.
A successful demonstration of this last idea occurred in the game Pintér–Brynell at the 1998 Elista Olympiad. White answered Black's 21...b5 with 22.b4!, and Black was unable to keep the queenside open with 22...bxa4? because 23.bxc5 Rxb1 24.Rxb1 dxc5 25.Bxc5 would have left White's central pawns unstoppable. After the game's 22...c4 23.a5! Qe7 24.Bd4 Black's queenside play had ground to a halt; Pintér later won with a pawn advance on the kingside.
Variations
After the initial moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6, the moves 4.Nf3 and 4.g3 reach positions discussed previously, while 4.dxe6 fxe6 is also ineffective, since Black gains a half-open f-file and the chance to take over the centre with ...d7-d5. Instead White's most popular move is 4.Nc3, preparing to support the d-pawn with 5.e4. As mentioned above, were Black to delay the capture on d5, White would then gain the option of recapturing with the e-pawn. Thus Black generally plays 4...exd5 immediately.
Following the recapture 5.cxd5, Black has an eccentric option in 5...Bd6, the Snake Benoni. But most players prefer 5...d6, which stops White's d-pawn from advancing to d6. Black's control over the central dark squares d4 and e5 will then be augmented by fianchettoing the bishop on g7. Meanwhile, White must decide whether or not to play 6.e4. Although this move gains space in the centre, it also gives Black a target of attack on the half-open e-file. White can deny Black this target for the time being by playing 6.Nf3 first.
4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6
The most critical lines in the Modern Benoni occur after 6.e4 g6. At this point 7.Nf3 has historically been White's most popular move, intending to complete kingside development and castle. Here theory divides into three major branches:
7...Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0, the Classical Main Line;
7...Bg7 8.h3 0-0 9.Bd3, the Modern Main Line;
and 7...a6, an attempt by Black to avoid the Modern Main Line.
Apart from 7.Nf3, White also has several important alternatives, including:
7.f4, which leads to the Taimanov Attack, Four Pawns Attack, or Mikenas Attack;
7.Bd3, which often leads to the Knaak Variation but may also transpose to the Modern Main Line;
7.h3, which is yet another way for White to reach the Modern Main Line after 7...Bg7 8.Nf3 0-0 9.Bd3;
7.f3, the Kapengut Variation;
and 7.Nge2, which was recommended for White in 2012 by Lars Schandorff. The idea is to develop with Ng3, Be2 and 0-0.
7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0: Classical Main Line
Before the advent of the Taimanov Attack and the Modern Main Line, the sequence 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.Be2 0-0 9.0-0 was the most frequently contested line in the Modern Benoni. Here Black has a choice between three main plans. Two of them begin with 9...Re8, attacking the e-pawn. After 10.Nd2, Black's most dynamic plan is to prepare kingside play with 10...Nbd7 followed by ...Ne5 and ...g6-g5. This plan became popular in the 1970s after Fischer used it, and although it is riskier than the alternatives, it remains Black's best option to complicate the game.
Alternatively, Black can try the older move 10...Na6, intending to bring the knight to c7 to prepare the ...b7-b5 break. White most commonly responds with Gligorić's 11.f3 Nc7 12.a4, which clamps down on b5 and overprotects e4 so that White can follow up with Nc4. Black's position remains solid but offers fewer active possibilities than after 10...Nbd7.
At the 1973 Madrid international tournament Ljubojević demonstrated what is now considered to be Black's most reliable path to equality. Against Silvino García Martínez he played 9...a6 10.a4 Bg4 11.Bf4 Bxf3 12.Bxf3 and now the innovation 12...Qe7! which prepares ...Nbd7 while keeping the pawn on d6 defended. The exchange of Black's bishop for White's knight eases Black's slightly cramped position and weakens the force of White's e4-e5 break.
7.Nf3 Bg7 8.h3 0-0 9.Bd3: Modern Main Line
By the late 1980s Ljubojević's plan of exchanging the light-squared bishop had been proven so reliable it was deterring White from entering the Classical Main Line altogether. The desire to prevent ...Bg4 led to the development of the Modern Main Line, 7.Nf3 Bg7 8.h3 0-0 9.Bd3. If Black continues in the same manner as in the Classical Main Line, e.g. 9...a6 10.a4 Nbd7 11.0-0 Re8, then White appears to maintain an advantage with 12.Bf4.
Originally it was thought that the temporary pawn sacrifice 9...b5 was an easy equalizer: after 10.Nxb5 Nxe4?! 11.Bxe4 Re8 Black seemingly regains the sacrificed piece without trouble. But in Alburt–de Firmian, USA ch 1990, White uncorked 12.Ng5! and went on to win: this move was judged the most important theoretical novelty in Volume 50 of Chess Informant. Only later was it discovered that the immediate 10...Re8 is a better way of recovering the pawn, with a complicated game in the offing.
The other capture 10.Bxb5 has been subjected to extensive analysis and testing, which has led to the conclusion that the sequence 10...Nxe4 11.Nxe4 Qa5+ 12.Nfd2 Qxb5 13.Nxd6 Qa6 14.N2c4 Nd7 15.0-0 is more or less forced. In the resulting positions Black has found it difficult to generate any winning chances, and even finding equality has not been a simple task. The fact that one must know a lot of theory just to secure a draw has rendered the entire variation beginning with 9...b5 rather unattractive from Black's point of view, even though it appears to be objectively the best move.
Thus Black has sought other methods of combating the Modern Main Line. The sharp variation 9...Re8 10.0-0 c4 received significant attention in the mid-1990s, but after 11.Bxc4 Nxe4 12.Nxe4 Rxe4 13.Bg5 Black has yet to demonstrate clear equality. In 2001 John Watson published a detailed analysis of 9...Nh5, which stops White from playing Bc1-f4 and allows Black to follow up with ...Nd7-e5. While it is also unclear whether this move ultimately equalizes, at least Black retains significant counterplay.
7.Nf3 a6: Black avoids the Modern Main Line
White's success with the Modern Main Line has spurred Black to search for ways to get in ...Bg4 before White stops it with h2-h3. After 7.Nf3, the immediate 7...Bg4? runs into 8.Qa4+!, when 8...Bd7 9.Qb3 or 8...Nbd7? 9.Nd2! threatening 10.f3 both give White the advantage. So Black first plays 7...a6 threatening 8...b5. Only after 8.a4 does Black play 8...Bg4, when a transposition to the Classical Main Line is likely: 9.Be2 Bxf3 10.Bxf3 Bg7 11.0-0 0-0 12.Bf4 Qe7 is Ljubojević's line, for example. Instead White may try to exploit Black's early ...Bg4 with 9.Qb3, but after 9...Bxf3 10.Qxb7 Black can either maintain material and positional equality with 10...Bxg2 or try for more with 10...Nbd7!?. To cut across Black's idea of ...Bg4, White has even resorted to 8.h3 allowing 8...b5, but after 9.Bd3 Bg7 10.0-0 0-0 Black obtains an acceptable position.
If White has entered the Benoni through the standard move order (4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6), White can dodge such sidelines by avoiding the immediate 7.Nf3 and starting with 7.Bd3 or 7.h3 instead: the latter two moves leave Black little choice but to enter the Modern Main Line after 7...Bg7 and 8...0-0.
7.f4: Taimanov Attack and other lines
With 7.f4 White stakes out even more space in the centre and threatens to overrun Black's position with a quick e4-e5. After 7...Bg7 White can transpose to the main line of the Four Pawns Attack in the King's Indian Defence with 8.Nf3 0-0 9.Be2. A rarer option is 8.e5, the Mikenas Attack, against which Black can equalize with either 8...Nfd7 or the rarer 8...dxe5 9.fxe5 Nfd7.
By far the most popular continuation for White is 8.Bb5+, the Taimanov Attack. Analyzed by Mark Taimanov in 1956, the strength of this variation was not fully appreciated until the early 1980s. The point of the check is that both 8...Bd7 and 8...Nbd7 allow 9.e5 with advantage to White, since the knight on f6 can no longer retreat to d7. After the strongest move 8...Nfd7 the most popular move used to be 9.Bd3, preparing to meet 9...a6 with 10.a4. But in two crushing and high-profile victories with White (against Frans Andre Cuijpers at the 1980 World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, and against Nunn at the 1982 Olympiad in Lucerne) Kasparov showed that 9.a4 was more dangerous for Black, it having the advantage of not determining the bishop's retreat square for the time being.
White's success with this idea led some to question the soundness of the Modern Benoni, at least in its original move order. In 1982, Nunn concluded his analysis of the Taimanov with the words, "Black badly needs a new idea against 8.Bb5+ and 9.a4 to keep the Benoni in business"; two years later, he had given up the opening altogether. Other players such as Psakhis resorted to using the move order 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6, only playing 3...c5 in response to 3.Nf3 to avoid the Taimanov, while choosing an entirely different opening against 3.Nc3. The damage this variation did to the opening's reputation led David Norwood to rechristen it the "Flick-Knife Attack."
Not until the 21st century did players and analysts begin to revive Black's chances in this line. First, Watson showed that the disruptive check 9...Qh4+ was playable, the point being that after 10.g3 White is no longer able to bring the bishop on c1 to the squares g3 or h4, where it can assist in White's kingside attack. Later players such as Gashimov showed that the queen check is not mandatory, and that Black also retains good chances in the line 9...0-0 10.Nf3 Na6 11.0-0 Nb4, taking advantage of the outpost on b4.
7.Bd3: Knaak Variation
The move 7.Bd3 is sometimes used by White to enter the Modern Main Line after 7...Bg7 8.h3 without allowing Black's attempts to play an early ...Bg4. It is also the prelude to a variation championed by Rainer Knaak, 7...Bg7 8.Nge2 0-0 9.0-0. White's plan is to play for a kingside attack beginning with the moves Ng3, f2-f4, and then either e4-e5 or f4-f5. A famous demonstration of White's kingside attack was the game Penrose–Tal, Leipzig ol 1960. However, the development of the knight to e2 rules out the Nf3-d2-c4 manoeuvre, so Black is able to get quick counterplay on the queenside with ideas like ...c5-c4 followed by ...Nd7-c5.
7.f3: Kapengut Variation
In 1996 Albert Kapengut published a dense analysis of the move 7.f3, which now bears his name. Kapengut himself gave it the name "Half-Sämisch Variation", because the positions it leads to are often reached via transposition from the Sämisch Variation of the King's Indian Defence. The pawn on f3 overprotects e4 and prevents ...Ng4, so that White can continue 7...Bg7 8.Bg5 and retreat the bishop to e3 after ...h7-h6 without it being further harassed by Black's knight. Notable past practitioners of this line have included Viktor Korchnoi and Murray Chandler.
4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nf3 g6
This position arises particularly frequently through the transposition 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nc3 g6. At this point White can still transpose to the Classical or Modern Main Lines after 7.e4. Other common alternatives are:
7.g3, the Fianchetto Variation;
7.Nd2, the Knight's Tour Variation;
7.Bf4;
7.Bg5, the Uhlmann Variation;
and 7.h3, which is yet another attempt for White to enter the Modern Main Line without allowing an early ...Bg4. But in this move order Black can also prevent the transposition with 7...a6 (the immediate 7...Qe7? 8.e4 Nxe4?? loses the knight to 9.Qa4+) 8.a4 Qe7, which stops White from playing e2-e4.
7.g3: Fianchetto Variation
The Fianchetto Variation has never been considered particularly dangerous for Black to meet, since White's setup does not put Black's position under immediate pressure. However, it also offers Black no obvious target to attack—the fianchettoed bishop covers e4 and d5 and also protects White's king. Since the same bishop no longer covers the a6-f1 diagonal, White typically plays Nf3-d2-c4 to help defend against Black's queenside expansion. After further preparatory moves such as Bf4 and Re1, White may be able to push forward in the centre with e2-e4-e5. Noted proponents of the Fianchetto Variation have included strong positional players such as Viktor Korchnoi, Gennadi Sosonko and Predrag Nikolić, and after a recommendation by the influential theorist Boris Avrukh in 2010, the line has become more topical.
Play typically proceeds 7.g3 Bg7 8.Bg2 0-0 9.0-0, and now the most common continuation sees Black developing in standard Benoni fashion while White manoeuvres the king's knight to c4, i.e. 9...a6 10.a4 Nbd7 11.Nd2 Re8 12.h3 Rb8 13.Nc4. Here Black can challenge White's knight with either 13...Ne5 or 13...Nb6. White may also try to develop more quickly with 11.Bf4 in order to strengthen the threat of e2-e4-e5. The idea of an early Bf4 is also effective in other variations such as 9...Re8 10.Bf4. Black too can deviate: for example, the idea of playing for ...b7-b5 after 9...Na6 10.Nd2 Nc7 is frequently seen.
The Fianchetto Variation is often reached via transposition from other openings. For instance, the position in the diagram can be reached from the King's Indian via 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 c5 5.d5 d6 6.Nc3 0-0 7.Nf3 e6 8.0-0 exd5 9.cxd5, or from the Catalan via 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 c5 4.d5 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.Nc3 g6 7.Bg2 Bg7 8.Nf3 0-0 9.0-0.
7.Nd2: Knight's Tour Variation
The Knight's Tour Variation 7.Nd2 immediately sends the knight towards c4, where it attacks the d-pawn; the pressure on it can be increased with moves like Bf4. Black can counter this plan with 7...Nbd7 intending 8.Nc4 Nb6, while 8.e4 Bg7 9.Be2 0-0 10.0-0 would lead to a major variation of the Classical Main Line after 10...Re8, with White having avoided Ljubojević's plan of ...Bg4.
Black is not obliged to allow this transposition though: 7...Bg7 is also playable. After 8.e4 0-0 9.Be2, Black has alternatives to 9...Re8, such as the 9...Na6 10.0-0 Ne8 Kramnik played against Leko at the 2004 World Championship, where Black intends to attack White's centre with ...f5. Alternatively, if White immediately completes the knight manoeuvre and attacks the pawn on d6 with 8.Nc4 0-0 9.Bf4, Black can either defend it with 9...Ne8 or sacrifice it with 9...Na6 or 9...b6.
7.Bf4
The move 7.Bf4 is similar in spirit to 7.Nd2, in that White hopes to inconvenience Black by a quick attack on d6. After 7...Bg7 8.Qa4+! Bd7 9.Qb3 White attacks both b7 and d6, and Black must be careful not to drift into a passive position after 9...Qc7 10.e4 0-0.
More commonly Black prefers to rule out White's queen check with 7...a6, which incidentally threatens to expand on the queenside. White can ignore this with 8.e4 b5 9.Qe2, aiming to quickly overrun Black in the centre with the e4-e5 advance. However, 8.a4 Bg7 is the most popular continuation, when White can aim for a transposition to the Classical Main Line with 9.e4. Another possibility is 9.h3 0-0 10.e3, which gives the bishop a retreat square in case of ...Nh5 and delays further expansion in the centre until the White's development is complete. Although a number of opening books recommended the 7.Bf4 variation for White in the early 21st century, Black appears to be able to maintain the balance in this line.
7.Bg5: Uhlmann Variation
The variation with 7.Bg5 is named after Wolfgang Uhlmann, who played it a few times in the 1960s. Botvinnik also employed it in his 1960 world championship match against Tal. By pinning the knight, White aims to transpose into favourable lines of the Averbakh Variation of the King's Indian Defence, which may occur after 7...0-0 8.Nd2!. To prevent this, Black can either break the pin immediately with 7...h6 8.Bh4 g5 9.Bg3 Nh5, or after developing with 7...Bg7 8.e4 h6 9.Bh4. At this point 9...g5 10.Bg3 Nh5 runs into the pawn sacrifice 11.Bb5+ Kf8 12.e5! when White has a dangerous attack, and in the late 1970s this line was even thought to have refuted the Modern Benoni. Later it was realized that Black can prevent the bishop check with 9...a6!: the only way White can forestall ...g5 and ...Nh5 is with 10.Nd2, but this allows Black to expand on the queenside with 10...b5 and reach a satisfactory position.
Footnotes
References
Chess openings | {'title': 'Modern Benoni', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Benoni', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an amateur radio-based system for real time digital communications of information of immediate value in the local area. Data can include object Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, weather station telemetry, text messages, announcements, queries, and other telemetry. APRS data can be displayed on a map, which can show stations, objects, tracks of moving objects, weather stations, search and rescue data, and direction finding data.
APRS data is typically transmitted on a single shared frequency (depending on country) to be repeated locally by area relay stations (digipeaters) for widespread local consumption. In addition, all such data are typically ingested into the APRS Internet System (APRS-IS) via an Internet-connected receiver (IGate) and distributed globally for ubiquitous and immediate access. Data shared via radio or Internet are collected by all users and can be combined with external map data to build a shared live view.
APRS was developed from the late 1980s forward by Bob Bruninga, call sign WB4APR, a senior research engineer at the United States Naval Academy. He maintained the main APRS Web site until his death in 2022. The initialism "APRS" was derived from his call sign.
History
Bob Bruninga, a senior research engineer at the United States Naval Academy, implemented the earliest ancestor of APRS on an Apple II computer in 1982. This early version was used to map high frequency Navy position reports. The first use of APRS was in 1984, when Bruninga developed a more advanced version on a VIC-20 for reporting the position and status of horses in a endurance run.
During the next two years, Bruninga continued to develop the system, which he then called the Connectionless Emergency Traffic System (CETS). Following a series of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) exercises using CETS, the system was ported to the IBM Personal Computer. During the early 1990s, CETS (then known as the Automatic Position Reporting System) continued to evolve into its current form.
As GPS technology became more widely available, "Position" was replaced with "Packet" to better describe the more generic capabilities of the system and to emphasize its uses beyond mere position reporting.
Bruninga has also stated that APRS was not meant to be a vehicle position tracking system, and can be interpreted rather as “Automatic Presence Reporting System”.
Network overview
APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System), is a digital communications protocol for exchanging information among a large number of stations covering a large (local) area, often referred to as "IP-ers". As a multi-user data network, it is quite different from conventional packet radio. Rather than using connected data streams where stations connect to each other and packets are acknowledged and retransmitted if lost, APRS operates entirely in an unconnected broadcast fashion, using unnumbered AX.25 frames.
APRS packets are transmitted for all other stations to hear and use. Packet repeaters, called digipeaters, form the backbone of the APRS system, and use store and forward technology to retransmit packets. All stations operate on the same radio channel, and packets move through the network from digipeater to digipeater, propagating outward from their point of origin. All stations within radio range of each digipeater receive the packet. At each digipeater, the packet path is changed. The packet will be repeated through only a certain number of digipeaters — or hops — depending upon the all-important "PATH" setting.
Digipeaters keep track of the packets they forward for a period of time, thus preventing duplicate packets from being retransmitted. This keeps packets from circulating in endless loops inside the ad hoc network. Eventually, most packets are heard by an APRS Internet Gateway, called an IGate, and the packets are routed on to the Internet APRS backbone (where duplicate packets heard by other IGates are discarded) for display or analysis by other users connected to an APRS-IS server, or on a Web site designed for the purpose.
While it would seem that using unconnected and unnumbered packets without acknowledgment and retransmission on a shared and sometimes congested channel would result in poor reliability due to a packet being lost, this is not the case, because the packets are transmitted (broadcast) to everyone and multiplied many times over by each digipeater. This means that all digipeaters and stations in range get a copy, and then proceed to broadcast it to all other digipeaters and stations within their range. The result is that packets are multiplied more than they are lost. Therefore, packets can sometimes be heard some distance from the originating station. Packets can be digitally repeated tens of kilometers or even hundreds of kilometers, depending on the height and range of the digipeaters in the area.
When a packet is transmitted, it is duplicated many times as it radiates out, taking all available paths simultaneously, until the number of "hops" allowed by the path setting is consumed.
Positions/objects/items
APRS contains a number of packet types, including position/object/item, status, messages, queries, weather reports and telemetry. The position/object/item packets contain the latitude and longitude, and a symbol to be displayed on the map, and have many optional fields for altitude, course, speed, radiated power, antenna height above average terrain, antenna gain, and voice operating frequency. Positions of fixed stations are configured in the APRS software. Moving stations (portable or mobile) automatically derive their position information from a GPS receiver connected to the APRS equipment.
The map display uses these fields to plot communication range of all participants and facilitate the ability to contact users during both routine and emergency situations. Each position/object/item packet can use any of several hundred different symbols. Position/objects/items can also contain weather information or can be any number of dozens of standardised weather symbols. Each symbol on an APRS map can display many attributes, discriminated either by colour or other technique. These attributes are:
Moving or fixed
Dead-reckoned or old
Message capable or not
Station, object or item
Own object or other station object/item
Emergency, priority, or special
Status/messages
The Status packet is free-field format that lets each station announce its current mission or application or contact information or any other information or data of immediate use to surrounding activities. The message packet can be used for point-to-point messages, bulletins, announcements or even email. Bulletins and Announcements are treated specially and displayed on a single "community Bulletin board". This community bulletin board is fixed size and all bulletins from all posters are sorted onto this display. The intent of this display is to be consistent and identical for all viewers so that all participants are seeing the same information at the same time. Since lines are sorted onto the display, then individual posters can edit, update, or delete individual lines of their bulletins at any time to keep the bulletin board up-to-date to all viewers.
All APRS messages are delivered live in real-time to online recipients. Messages are not stored and forwarded, but retried until timed out. The delivery of these messages is global, since the APRS-IS distributes all packets to all other IGates in the world and those that are messages will actually go back to RF via any IGate that is near the intended recipient.
E-mail
A special case message can be sent to EMAIL where these messages are pulled off the real-time APRS-IS and wrapped into a standard Email and forwarded into regular Internet email. Until 2019 this was done by the WU2Z Email engine, this is replaced by the javAPRSSrvr Email Gateway.
Capabilities
In its simplest implementation, APRS is used to transmit real-time data, information and reports of the exact location of a person or object via a data signal sent over amateur radio frequencies. In addition to real-time position reporting capabilities using attached GPS receivers, APRS is also capable of transmitting a wide variety of data, including weather reports, short text messages, radio direction finding bearings, telemetry data, short e-mail messages (send only) and storm forecasts. Once transmitted, these reports can be combined with a computer and mapping software to show the transmitted data superimposed with great precision upon a map display.
While the map plotting is the most visible feature of APRS, the text messaging capabilities and local information distribution capabilities, combined with the robust network, should not be overlooked; the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management has an extensive network of APRS stations to allow text messaging between all of the county Emergency Operating Centers in the event of the failure of conventional communications.
Technical information
In its most widely used form, APRS is transported over the AX.25 protocol using 1,200-bit/s Bell 202 AFSK on frequencies located within the 2-meter amateur band.
Sample APRS VHF frequencies
144.39 MHz : North America, Colombia, Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
144.575 MHz : New Zealand
144.64 MHz : Taiwan
144.66 MHz : Japan
144.8 MHz : South Africa, Europe, Russia
144.93 MHz : Argentina, Uruguay, Panama
145.175 MHz : Australia
145.57 MHz : Brazil
145.825 MHz : International Space Station
430.5125 MHz : Netherlands (UHF) (Phased out due to transition to 432.5 MHz.)
432.5 MHz : Europe (UHF)
An extensive digital repeater, or "digipeater," network provides transport for APRS packets on these frequencies. Internet gateway stations (IGates) connect the on-air APRS network to the APRS Internet System (APRS-IS), which serves as a worldwide, high-bandwidth backbone for APRS data. Stations can tap into this stream directly, and a number of databases connected to the APRS-IS allow Web-based access to the data as well as more advanced data-mining capabilities. A number of low-Earth orbiting satellites, including the International Space Station, are capable of relaying APRS data.
Equipment settings
An APRS infrastructure comprises a variety of Terminal Node Controller (TNC) equipment put in place by individual amateur radio operators. This includes sound cards interfacing a radio to a computer, simple TNCs, and "smart" TNCs. The "smart" TNCs are capable of determining what has already happened with the packet and can prevent redundant packet repeating within the network.
Reporting stations use a method of routing called a "path" to broadcast the information through a network. In a typical packet network, a station would use a path of known stations such as "via n8xxx,n8ary." This causes the packet to be repeated through the two stations before it stops. In APRS, generic call signs are assigned to repeater stations to allow a more automatic operation.
Recommended path
Throughout North America (and in many other regions) the recommended path for mobiles or portable stations is now WIDE1-1,WIDE2-1. Fixed Stations (homes, etc.) should not normally use a path routing if they do not need to be digitally repeated outside of their local area, otherwise a path of WIDE2-2 or less should be used as requirements dictate. The path parameter reflects the routing of packets via the radio component of APRS, and fixed stations should carefully consider their choice of path routing. Any path selection for stations that do not require it contributes to congestion of the APRS frequency and may hinder other stations' reporting. Aircraft and balloon APRS stations should avoid beaconing with any path at altitude since digipeating may not be necessary due to their antenna height and likelihood of reaching multiple wide-ranging digipeaters and IGates. Mobile stations in congested areas or more populated areas may consider using only 1 hop (WIDE1-1), as there are usually enough Internet gateways nearby that no path routing is needed. One solution to the path selection is proportional pathing if the user's equipment is capable.
Old path
Early on, the widely accepted method of configuring stations was to enable the short-range stations to repeat packets requesting a path of "RELAY" and long-range stations were configured to repeat both "RELAY" and "WIDE" packets. This was accomplished by setting the station's MYALIAS setting to RELAY or WIDE as needed. This resulted in a path of RELAY,WIDE for reporting stations. However, there was no duplicate packet checking or alias substitution. This sometimes caused beacons to "ping pong" back and forth instead of propagating outwards from the source. This caused much interference. With no alias substitution, one could not tell which digipeaters a beacon had used.
New path
With the advent of the new "smart" TNCs, the stations that used to be "WIDE" became "WIDEn-N." This means a packet with a path of WIDE2-2 would be repeated through the first station as WIDE2-2, but the path will be modified (decremented) to WIDE2-1 for the next station to repeat. The packet stops being repeated when the "-N" portion of the path reaches "-0." This new protocol has caused the old RELAY and WIDE paths to become obsolete. Digi operators are being asked to re-configure fill-in "RELAY" stations to instead respond to WIDE1-1. This results in a new, more efficient path of WIDE1-1,WIDE2-1.
Related systems
The APRS protocol has been adapted and extended to support projects not directly related to its original purpose. The most notable of these are the FireNet and PropNET projects.
APRS FireNet is an Internet-based system using the APRS protocol and much of the same client software to provide fire fighting, earthquake, and weather information in much higher volume and detail than the traditional APRS system is capable of carrying.
PropNET uses the APRS protocol over AX.25 and PSK31 to study radio frequency propagation. PropNET "probes" transmit position reports, along with information on transmitter power, elevation, and antenna gain, at various frequencies to allow monitoring stations to detect changes in propagation conditions. It is based on ACDS, a special client program running under Microsoft Windows.
See also
APRS Calling
Automatic identification system—position reporting system used for marine traffic
Spartan Packet Radio Experiment—an experiment intended to test the tracking of satellites via amateur packet radio, flown on Space Shuttle mission STS-72.
Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS)
References
Further reading
External links
www.aprs.org — Automatic Packet Reporting System site
findU is a database archiving weather, position, telemetry, and message data.
aprs.fi — Google Map-based tracking/mapping
www.pinpointaprs.com — A free Windows based desktop APRS client with built-in mapping.
NRAPRS Pro Beta APRS system / server for Network Radio users
Dire Wolf is a free open source software replacement for the 1980s technology TNC.
Packet radio | {'title': 'Automatic Packet Reporting System', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20Packet%20Reporting%20System', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs" which can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the valve is open. Plug valves are simple and often economical.
When the plug is conically tapered, the stem/handle is typically attached to the larger diameter end of the plug. Plug valves usually do not have bonnets but often have the end of the plug with the handle exposed or mostly exposed to the outside. In such cases, there is usually not much of a stem. The stem and handle often come in one piece, often a simple, approximately L-shaped handle attached to the end of the plug. The other end of the plug is often exposed to the outside of the valve too, but with a mechanism that retains the plug in the body.
The simplest and most common general type of plug valve is a 2-port valve with two positions: open to allow flow, and shut (closed) to stop flow. Ports are openings in the valve body through which fluid can enter or leave. The plug in this kind of valve has one passageway going through it. The ports are typically at opposite ends of the body; therefore, the plug is rotated a fourth of a full turn to change from open to shut positions. This makes this kind of plug valve a quarter-turn valve. There is often a mechanism limiting motion of the handle to a quarter turn, but not in glass stopcocks.
Slightly conically tapered metal (often brass) plug valves are often used as simple shut-off valves in household natural gas lines.
It is also possible for a plug valve to have more than two ports. In a 3-way plug valve, flow from one port could be directed to either the second or third port. A 3-way plug valve could also be designed to shift flow between ports 1 and 2, 2 and 3, or 1 and 3, and possibly even connect all three ports together. The flow-directing possibilities in multi-port plug valves are similar to the possibilities in corresponding multi-port ball valves or corresponding multi-port valves with a rotor. An additional possibility in plug valves is to have one port on one side of the plug valve and two ports on the other side, with two diagonal and parallel fluid pathways inside the plug. In this case the plug can be rotated 180° to connect the port on the one side to either of the two ports on the other side.
Stopcocks used in laboratory glassware are typically forms of conically tapered plug valves. When fused with the glassware, the valve bodies are made of glass. Otherwise, they can be made of an inert plastic such as Teflon. The plugs can be made of a similar plastic or glass. When the plug is made of glass, the handle and plug are fused together in one piece out of glass. When glass is used for both the stopcock body and the plug, the contacting surfaces between them are special ground glass surfaces (see Laboratory glassware) often with stopcock grease in between. Special glass stopcocks are made for vacuum applications, such as in use with vacuum manifolds. Stopcock grease is always used in high vacuum applications to make the stopcock air-tight. Also if the plug valve is "locked" from being in the open or closed position for an extended amount of time lubricant can be added through the greaser with the valve in service.
See also
Ball valve
Butterfly valve
Check valve
Control valve
Diaphragm valve
Flow limiter
Four-way valve
Gate valve
Globe valve
Mass flow controller
Needle valve
Plastic pressure pipe systems
References
American Petroleum Institute Standards: API 6D "Pipeline Valves"; API STD 599 "Metal Plug Valves"
Valves | {'title': 'Plug valve', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug%20valve', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Guhyeong of Geumgwan Gaya, also often Guhae (r. 521–532) was the tenth and final ruler of Geumgwan Gaya, a Gaya state of ancient Korea. He was the son of King Gyeomji and Queen Suk.
Faced with an onslaught of Silla forces under King Beopheung, King Guhyeong chose to surrender freely, and brought his family and his treasures to Silla. He was received with ceremony and his family were admitted to the second-highest rank of the Silla bone rank system, the "true bone." The king was given the rank of Sangdaedeung, and permitted to keep his former territory as sigeup stipend land. According to the Samguk Yusa, this occurred either 520 or 490 years after the kingdom's legendary founding by King Suro.
Family
Father: King Gyeomji (겸지왕, 鉗知王)
Mother: Lady Suk (숙부인, 淑夫人)
Wife: Lady Gyehwa (계화부인, 桂花夫人) – daughter of a suijil named Bunjil (분질).
1st son: Gim Sejong (김세종, 金世宗) – father of Gim Solji (김솔지, 金率支).
2nd son: Gim Muryeok (김무력, 金武力) – father of Gim Seohyeon (김서현, 金舒玄).
3rd son: Gim Mudeuk (김무득, 金武得) – father of Gim Changhyeon (김창현, 金昌玄).
See also
List of Korean monarchs
History of Korea
Gaya confederacy
Three Kingdoms of Korea
Notes
References
Kim Bu-sik. Silla Bon-gi, Samguk Sagi.
Gaya rulers
6th-century monarchs in Asia | {'title': 'Guhyeong of Geumgwan Gaya', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhyeong%20of%20Geumgwan%20Gaya', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
"Girlfriend/Boyfriend" is a song by American R&B group Blackstreet. It was released in May 1999 as the second and final single from their third album Finally. Janet Jackson is also featured in the song as well as rappers Ja Rule and Eve. The song is co-written by R&B singer and Ja Rule's former associate Cynthia "Lil' Mo" Loving. It was a minor hit in the United States and achieved moderate success in some other countries.
Background
Janet Jackson and Teddy Riley previously collaborated on the remix of Jackson’s single "I Get Lonely" with Blackstreet in 1998. Later that year, MTV News reported Riley had worked with the Spice Girls on a new song, titled "Girlfriend, Boyfriend," for the soundtrack to the forthcoming film South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut. For reasons unreported, the Spice Girls' version of the song was never released, and the song was rerecorded with Janet Jackson, Ja Rule, and Eve for Blackstreet's own forthcoming album, Finally.
Jackson spoke favorably about the recording process, stating, "I really enjoyed working with [Teddy Riley]… It was a lot of fun in the studio. He reminds me of one of my brothers, and that's a good thing. That felt very good. So I'm sure we'll probably do something together in the future."
Critical reception
Billboard reviewed the song positively, commenting, "This wispy slice of hip-hop funk sounds like the first no-holds-barred pop/R&B anthem for the spring season," and calling it "of-the-moment, hip, and deliciously sexy." In The Baltimore Sun, J. D. Considine praised Riley and Jackson’s chemistry, calling them "a pairing that adds extra heat to the tune's battle-of-the-sexes lyrics." The Washington Post noted the song's "choppy Timbaland-style beats."
Music video
The accompanying music video for "Girlfriend/Boyfriend" was directed by Joseph Kahn. The music video had a budget of $1.5 million, causing VH1 to rank it 21st on its list of the 25 most expensive music videos ever made, published in 2013.
Track listing
Japan 5" CD Single
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (House Mix) (6:34)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (House Mix Instrumental) (6:34)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (House Mix Acapella) (6:26)
U.S. 5" CD Single Remixes
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (Grand Jury Carson Main Radio Remix) (4:13)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (Grand Jury Carson Rap Drop/Radio Fade) (4:12)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (The Anthem Remix) (4:12)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (Grand Jury Pasadena Remix) (4:38)
U.S. 12" Vinyl Maxi Single
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (LP Version) (4:05)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (Radio Edit) (3:47)
Girlfriend/Boyfriend (Instrumental) (4:05)
Take Me There (Big Yam Remix) (3:19)
Take Me There (LP Version) (5:01)
Take Me There (Instrumental) (5:01)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Trivia
Despite being on the song and video together Eve and Janet Jackson never met until Eve revealed on The Talk (which Eve co-hosts) that she met Jackson for the first time at an after party early in her career where Jackson not only consoled her after someone spiked her drink but also (most likely) had her security team get the person in trouble for spiking Eve's drink.
References
1999 singles
Blackstreet songs
Eve (rapper) songs
Janet Jackson songs
Ja Rule songs
Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn
Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley
Songs written by Teddy Riley
1999 songs
Interscope Records singles
Songs written by Eve (rapper)
Songs written by Lil' Mo
Songs written by Jimmy Cozier | {'title': 'Girlfriend/Boyfriend', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriend/Boyfriend', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) Men's Basketball Player of the Year is a basketball award given to the men's basketball player in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC) voted as the most outstanding player. The award was first presented following the 1981–82 season, the first MAAC season, through voting by the league's head coaches. The award was first given to William Brown of Saint Peter's in 1982 after Brown averaged 17.0 ppg, while leading the Peacocks to the NIT.
Lionel Simmons of La Salle won the award a league record three times in his career. Simmons, along with winning his third MAAC Player of the Year award, was also the consensus national player of the year in 1990. As of 2023, three players have won the award twice in their career: Steve Burtt of Iona, Luis Flores of Manhattan and Justin Robinson of Monmouth.
There has been one tie in the award's history, in 2017–18 when the award was shared between the two MAAC Buffalo based schools, with Jermaine Crumpton of Canisius and Kahlil Dukes of Niagara both sharing the honors. Iona has produced the most players in the league to win the award with 10. Siena is a close second, with seven players winning. The only current MAAC member without a winner is Mount St. Mary's, which joined the MAAC in 2022–23.
Key
Winners
Winners by school
Footnotes
See also
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year
References
General
Specific
NCAA Division I men's basketball conference players of the year
Player of the Year
Awards established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States | {'title': "Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro%20Atlantic%20Athletic%20Conference%20Men%27s%20Basketball%20Player%20of%20the%20Year', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
"Sweetest Smile" is a song by English singer Black, released in June 1987 as the third single from his debut album Wonderful Life. It became his first UK top ten hit, peaking at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart. On the back of its success, "Wonderful Life" was re-released, becoming an international hit.
Meaning and reception
Speaking in an interview with Smash Hits in 1987, he said of the song "It's me singing me story of everything that happened to me in 1985, which was a rotten year. Basically my heart was broken. I was… erm, I'm technically married. Er… I've got an imminent divorce – I've been separated for two years. Er… I've never told anyone that, I shouldn't have said it! Er… yeah, so that was 1985, along with lots of other things, me family falling ill and me friends going through all sorts of stuff… I'm alright now though. Just about."
The song was reviewed in Record Mirror and was described as "a beautiful, slow croon. Sufficiently different from the usual conveyor-belt of identikit hits to distract the listener and stretch their attention span to four minutes."
Track listings
7"
"Sweetest Smile" – 4:22
"Sixteens" – 3:56
12" / CD / cassette
"Sweetest Smile" – 5:21
"Sixteens" – 3:56
"Leave Yourself Alone" – 4:32
"Hardly Star-Crossed Lovers" – 2:51
Personnel
Musicians
Colin Vearncombe – vocals
Dave "Dix" Dickie – keyboards
Roy Corkill – fretless bass
Jimmy Hughes – drums
Martin Green – soprano saxophone
Technical
John Warwicker – art direction, design
Jeremy Pearce – design
Perry Ogden – photography
Charts
References
1987 songs
1987 singles
A&M Records singles
Black (singer) songs
Pop ballads | {'title': 'Sweetest Smile', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetest%20Smile', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Australian Masters is a chess tournament that has been held in Melbourne, Australia, annually since 1987. The tournament is an invitational event, normally run as a 10-player round-robin tournament. Since 2013 the tournament has become Australia's only round-robin Grandmaster tournament. A major sponsor of the tournament since its inception has been Eddy Levi (or his company Hallsten).
Winners
1987 Darryl Johansen
1989 Stephen Solomon Guy West
1990 Stephen Solomon
1991 Stephen Solomon
1992 Tony Miles
1993 Michael Gluzman
1994 Leonid Sandler
1995 Tu Hoang Thong
1996 Nguyen Anh Dung
1997 Stephen Solomon
1998 Chris Depasquale
1999 Gary Lane
2000 Adam Hunt
2001 Guy West Darryl Johansen
2002 Guy West Michael Gluzman
2003 Stephen Solomon
2004 David Smerdon Darryl Johansen
2005 Jesse Noel Sales
2006 George Xie
2008 Vladimir Smirnov
2009 Stephen Solomon
2010 Stephen Solomon
2011 James Morris
2012 Anton Smirnov, Bobby Cheng, James Morris
2013 Normunds Miezis and Vasily Papin
2014 Vasily Papin, Rustam Khuznutdinov and Murtas Kazhgaleyev
2015 Kanan Izzat
2016 Anton Smirnov
2017 Vasily Papin, Adrien Demuth
2018 Anton Smirnov
IM and GM norms
Since 2013, Grandmaster norms for performances above the 2600 level, have been available at the Australian Masters Championship thanks to the participation of foreign Grandmasters. International Master norms are also available at the Australian Masters tournament.
References
Ozbase - Australian Chess Games Archive
Chess competitions
Chess in Australia
Sports competitions in Melbourne
1987 in chess
Recurring sporting events established in 1987 | {'title': 'Australasian Masters', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian%20Masters', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Ostrovo () is a village in the municipality of Kostolac, city of Požarevac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 685 people.
Name
"Ostrovo" means "island" in Serbian. This name originates from the fact that Ostrovo is located on former Danube island (see: Ostrovo (island)) that historically was part of Banat region. In Serbian, the village is known as Ostrovo (Острово), in German as Ostrova, and in Hungarian as Temessziget.
History
Village was formed during the Great Serb migration, led by Arsenije Čarnojević. Until 1751, Ostrovo was part of the Habsburg Banat of Temeswar and then part of the Habsburg Military Frontier. From 1848 to 1849, it was part of Serbian Vojvodina, but in 1849 it was again included into Military Frontier. After abolishment of the frontier, in 1873, Ostrovo was included into Temes County of the Kingdom of Hungary and Austria-Hungary. It was part of the Kovin municipality within the county. According to 1910 census, ethnic Serbs were in absolute majority in Ostrovo. Other ethnic groups that lived in the village were Germans, Hungarians and Romanians.
In 1918, Ostrovo first became part of the Kingdom of Serbia and then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which was renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). From 1918 to 1922, it was part of the Veliki Bečkerek county, from 1922 to 1929 part of the Podunavlje oblast, and from 1929 to 1941 part of Danube Banovina. From 1941 to 1944, it was part of Serbia, which was under German occupation. In 1942, Germans built an embankment that transformed island on which Ostrovo was located into an peninsula, connecting it with the southern bank of the Danube. After the war, Ostrovo became part of the new socialist Yugoslavia whose authorities transferred the village from Kovin municipality to Požarevac municipality. Therefore, unlike the most of historical Serbian Banat, Ostrovo was included into Central Serbia and not into Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Despite this administrative change, the village still belongs to the Banat eparchy of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
In 2007, municipality of Požarevac was elevated to city status, and in 2009, an urban municipality of Kostolac was formed, as part of the city of Požarevac. Ostrovo was also included into newly formed Kostolac municipality.
Demographics
In 2002, population of Ostrovo numbered 685 inhabitants, including 583 Serbs, 95 people of unknown ethnicity, 3 Hungarians, 3 Macedonians, and 1 Montenegrin.
See also
Populated places of Serbia
References
External links
Poreznici u Požarevcu, crkva u Vršcu
www.ostrovo.com
About Ostrovo coat of arms
Populated places in Braničevo District | {'title': 'Ostrovo, Požarevac', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrovo%2C%20Po%C5%BEarevac', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Adam Ross (born February 15, 1967) is an American writer and editor best known for his 2010 novel Mr. Peanut.
Biography
Ross was born and raised in New York City. As a child actor, he appeared in the 1979 film The Seduction of Joe Tynan, as well as numerous television shows, commercials, and radio dramas. Ross attended the Trinity School, where he was a state champion wrestler. His early literary fixations included Frank Herbert's Dune and the comic books of John Byrne, Frank Miller, and Walt Simonson, which he loved "with such a passion that I read them into a state of frayed worthlessness."
After graduating from Vassar College in 1989, he received a Master of Arts at Hollins University and earned a 1994 Master of Fine Arts in creative writing at Washington University in St. Louis, where he was taught by Stanley Elkin and William H. Gass. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Ross worked as a feature writer and reviewer for the alternative weekly Nashville Scene. He received a two-book deal from Alfred A. Knopf in 2007; his debut novel, Mr. Peanut, which Ross had been writing "on and off for 15 years," was published in 2010. A Hitchcockian true crime story about a video game designer whose wife is found dead with peanuts lodged in her throat, the novel is structured like a Möbius strip, forcing the reader to ascertain which events are real and which are guilty projections of its characters. Mr. Peanut was described by Michiko Kakutani in The New York Times as "a dark, dazzling and deeply flawed novel that announces the debut of an enormously talented writer," and was later named one of the best books of the year by The New Yorker, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The New Republic, and The Economist. It has been translated into 16 languages.
Ross's collection of short stories, Ladies and Gentlemen, was featured in Kirkus Reviews''' list of the best books of 2011. His nonfiction has appeared in The New York Times Book Review, The Daily Beast, and The Wall Street Journal. His forthcoming novel Playworld is a semiautobiographical account of a year in the life of a child actor; Ross has said that "the book’s about the sometimes-fraught space that arises when adults and children find themselves consistently private."
In 2016, Ross was appointed editor of the historic literary journal The Sewanee Review. Subscriptions have risen under his tenure, and The New York Times has credited him with "restor[ing] some of the journal's cultural cachet."
Ross lives in Nashville, Tennessee with his wife and their two daughters.
Bibliography
Mr. Peanut (2010)
Ladies and Gentlemen (2011)
Playworld'' (forthcoming)
References
External links
Official website
Living people
1967 births
American male writers
21st-century American novelists
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
21st-century American male writers
Vassar College alumni
Hollins University alumni | {'title': 'Adam Ross (author)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ross%20%28author%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Fyshwick () is a retail and light industrial suburb of Canberra, Australia, east of the South Canberra district. At the , Fyshwick had a population of 56.
It has many motor vehicle dealers, stores selling home furnishings and hardware, and stores that sell goods wholesale. Fyshwick also has the Canberra Outlet Centre and the Fyshwick Fresh Food Markets. There are also some cafés and fast-food outlets.
It was named after Sir Philip Fysh, a Tasmanian politician who assisted in bringing about Australia's Federation. The suffix "wick", from Old English, means "dwelling place"and, by extension, "village" or "district". Its streets are named after Australia's industrial towns and regionsfor example, Mount Isa is represented by Isa Street and Townsville is represented by Townsville Street.
Fyshwick is also known for its adult entertainment industry. Fyshwick and Mitchell are the two places in the ACT where strip clubs and brothels may operate legally. Prostitution in the ACT was decriminalised in 1992, but strip clubs and brothels are restricted to those two suburbs. Fyshwick was also known for firework retailers before their 2009 ban from public purchase in the Australian Capital Territory.
The only railway line into Canberra runs through the middle of Fyshwick, dividing the area into halves. Ipswich and Newcastle Streets as well as the Monaro Highway cross the railway line, uniting both halves of Fyshwick.
The Fyshwick sewage treatment works was built in 1967 to treat waste water that could not easily be pumped to the other side of Canberra. It is now used to treat industrial waste water, which is then used to water the Duntroon grounds and golf course.
History
One noteworthy portion of Fyshwick, located between the railway line and Canberra Avenue, was built as an internment camp during early 1918. It was known as the Molonglo Internment Camp, although it was also referred to as a concentration camp. The site was intended to accommodate 3,500 German and Austrian nationals being expelled from China, however once the camp had been established in May 1918 these internees were no longer destined for Molonglo. Instead, the camp housed 150 internees transferred from the Bourke Camp in New South Wales. The camp was closed in late 1919 after the internees were deported to Germany. Most of the camp's buildings were sold off, with the remaining buildings being converted to house construction workers, some of whom were unemployed returned servicemen. It was then called Molonglo Settlement. Gradually the camp buildings were moved to other camp sites around Canberra and the roads used to service the camp became the first streets of Fyshwick.
The internment camp's hospital at what is now Tennant Street became the Molonglo Public School. This school closed in 1942 and then became a naval auxiliary wireless station. This operated until 1946. The station consisted of one wooden T shaped building and a fibro mess hall. This station operated the receivers for the strategic fixed radio links to Australia for Whitehall, Halifax and Bombay Fort. During this period 14 WRANS operated the equipment. Marion Stevens was a Petty Officer in charge of the station from 1943 to 1946. She was notable as the only woman in charge of a transmitting station.
The station was part of the Harman radio network, as was connected via a landline to the main Harman site. Equipment at the Molonglo station included teleprinters for use when reception was good. During poorer radio propagation periods morse code radiotelegraphy had to be used.
After the war the Molonglo station became a dog training school. In the early 1980s the buildings were demolished.
Geology
Most of the north of Fyshwick is underlain by Canberra Formation, calcareous shale.
On top of this to the east and west of Jerrabomberra creek are Tertiary pebble gravels, and also quaternary alluvium.
There are two andesite dykes intruded across Gladstone Street.
South of the South Fyshwick fault is the dacitic andesite of the Ainslie Volcanics.
The South Fyshwick Fault starts in Narrabundah, runs east from Lithgow St to Tennant Street, crosses the Molonglo river and heads north east to Dundee Hill to join Sullivans Fault.
Education
Fyshwick residents get preference for:
A shared Priority Enrollment Area (PEA) of Forrest Primary and Red Hill Primary
Telopea Park School (for high school)
Narrabundah College
References
A History of HMAS Harman and its people: 1943–1993, by Lieutenant Annette Nelson, RAN, Canberra 1993, pub DC-C Publications.
Footnotes
Suburbs of Canberra | {'title': 'Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyshwick%2C%20Australian%20Capital%20Territory', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Porsche family (sometimes called Porsche–Piëch family) is a prominent Austrian–German family of industrialists descending from the Austrian–German automotive pioneer Ferdinand Porsche. Its members control Porsche SE and have a majority voting right over Volkswagen AG, the largest automaker in the world. The Porsche family headquarters are in the Austrian town of Zell am See.
Founder
Ferdinand Porsche was born to a German-speaking family of Maffersdorf, Bohemia, son of Anton Porsche (1845–1908) and Anna Ehrlich.
Porsche name
The Sudeten German surname Porsche can be traced to the 18th century in the area of Reichenberg (now Liberec), Bohemia. The surname originates with the German word Bursche ("boy, young man, apprentice, farmhand") and is on record in northern Bohemia in various spellings (Porsch, Borsche, Borsch, Bursche, Bursch, Pursch, Pursche, etc.) from the early 17th century.
Family trees
Ancestry of Ferdinand Porsche
Porsche descendants of Ferdinand
Piëch descendants of Louise Porsche
Children of Ernst Piëch and his wife Elisabeth Piëch (1936–) daughter of Heinrich Nordhoff (1899-1968)
Charlotte Wanivenhaus (1960–)
Florian Piëch (1962–)
Sebastian Piëch (1967–)
Children of Louise Daxer-Piëch and her husband Josef Ahorner:
Louise Dorothea Kiesling (1957–2022)
Josef Michael Ahorner (1960–)
Children of Ferdinand Piëch: with wife Corina von Planta (Arianne, Corina, Desiree, Ferdinand "Nando", and Jasmin), with Marlene Maurer (Hans, Anton and Valentin), with Herma Hutter (Ferdinand and Caroline) and with wife Ursula Plasser (Markus, Florina Louise and Gregor Anton)
Arianne Piëch (1959–)
Corina Piëch (1960–)
Desiree Piëch (1962–)
Ferdinand "Nando" Piëch (1967–)
Jasmin Lange-Piëch (1969–)
Hans Porsche (1973–)
Valentin Piëch (1975–)
Anton "Toni" Piëch (1978–)
Ferdinand Piëch Junior (1979–)
Caroline Piëch (1982–)
Markus Piëch (1985–)
Florina Louise Pantic (1987–)
Gregor Anton Piëch (1994–)
Children of Hans Michel Piëch and his wife Veronika Piëch (Helene and Sophie):
Claudia Fox Linton (1964–)
Melanie Wenckheim (1967–)
Stefan Piëch (1970–)
Julia Kuhn-Piëch (1981–)
Helene Piëch (1993–)
Sophie Piëch (1995–)
Porsche descendants of Ferry Porsche
Children of Ferdinand Alexander Porsche and his wife Brigitte Bube (1937-):
Ferdinand Oliver Porsche (1961-)
Kai Alexander Porsche (1964-)
Mark Philipp Porsche (1977-)
Children of Gerhard Porsche and his wife Iris Porsche (Diana):
Geraldine Porsche (1980-)
Diana Porsche (1996-)
Child of Hans-Peter Porsche and his wife Kuni Porsche:
Peter Daniell Porsche (1973-)
Children of Wolfgang Porsche: with wife Karin Handler (Christian and Stephanie), with wife Susanne Porsche (Ferdinand and Felix)
Christian Porsche (1974-)
Stephanie Porsche-Schroder (1978-)
Ferdinand Rudolf Porsche (1993-)
Felix Alexander Porsche (1996-)
Shareholdings
Porsche SE (subscribed capital: 50%/voting power: 100%)
Volkswagen Group (subscribed capital: 31.9%/voting power: 53.4%)
Porsche (subscribed capital: 75%/voting power: 75% - 1)
Porsche Holding
Porsche (subscribed capital: 12.5%/voting power: 25% + 1)
Porsche Design Group
Piëch Automotive (co-owned by Toni Piëch)
Gallery
References
External links
"The Porsche Story: A Fierce Family Feud", Der Spiegel
Die Porsches: Ein Clan, ein Imperium
Family tree: Ahnenforschung PORSCHE / PIËCH
German people of German Bohemian descent
People of Sudeten German descent | {'title': 'Porsche–Piëch family', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%E2%80%93Pi%C3%ABch%20family', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Lee Creek Bridge in Natural Dam, Arkansas was a Pennsylvania through truss bridge that was built in 1934. It was a twin-span bridge with a total length of , which carried Arkansas Highway 59 across Lee Creek. It rested on concrete piers and abutments, had a vertical clearance of and had a roadbed wide.
The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, at which time it was one of four surviving Pennsylvania through truss bridges in the state. Another bridge, in Van Buren, also crosses Lee Creek and is listed on the National Register.
This bridge was demolished and replaced in early 2018, and was removed from the National Register early in 2019.
See also
Lee Creek Bridge (Van Buren, Arkansas)
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Arkansas
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Crawford County, Arkansas
References
External links
Historic American Engineering Record in Arkansas
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Bridges completed in 1934
Transportation in Crawford County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Crawford County, Arkansas
Pennsylvania truss bridges in the United States
1934 establishments in Arkansas
Former National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Demolished bridges in the United States
2018 disestablishments in Arkansas | {'title': 'Lee Creek Bridge (Natural Dam, Arkansas)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Creek%20Bridge%20%28Natural%20Dam%2C%20Arkansas%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 2017 United Women's Soccer season was the 23nd season of pro-am women's soccer in the United States, and the 2nd season of the UWS league.
Changes from 2016
Detroit Sun FC, FC Indiana, Fort Wayne United Soccer Club, Grand Rapids FC, Indy Premier SC, Michigan Legends FC, and Toledo Villa FC joined the league and were placed in the newly formed Midwest Conference.
Syracuse Developmental Academy, Western New York Flash, and Rochester Lady Lancers joined the league and were placed in the East Conference.
Calgary Foothills WFC and So Cal Crush FC joined the league and were placed in the West Conference.
The league championship moved to a four-team format, with one representative from each conference (the West conference champions, the winner of the four-team Midwest playoffs, and the winner of a two-team East playoff) and a fourth wild-card team to be determined by record, strength of schedule, travel concerns, and other factors. These four teams are then seeded and play two semifinal matches, with the winners playing in the finals for the league title.
Standings
East Conference
Midwest Conference
West Conference
Playoffs
East Conference Playoffs
Bold = winner* = after extra time, ( ) = penalty shootout score
Midwest Conference Playoffs
Hosted by Grandville High School in Grandville, Michigan
Bold = winner* = after extra time, ( ) = penalty shootout score
National Playoffs
Hosted by Grandville High School in Grandville, Michigan. Classified to the semifinals are Grand Rapids FC (Midwest Conference champion), Santa Clarita (West Conference champion), Long Island Rough Riders (East Conference champion) and Detroit Sun FC invited by United Women's Soccer as a wildcard.
Bold = winner* = after extra time, ( ) = penalty shootout score
Semifinals
UWS Championship
Championship MVP: Michaela Kovacs (Grand Rapids FC)
Statistical leaders
Top scorers
Source:
Top assists
Source:
League awards
Individual Awards
Player of the Year: Deyna Castellanos (SAC)
Defensive Player of the Year: Caitlyn Clem (DET)
Coach of the Year: Lewis Robinson (GRA)
All-League First Team
F: Bethany Balcer (GRA), Carissima Cutrona (WNY)
M: Jackie Bruno (NJC), Deyna Castellanos (SAC), Kimberly Marra (LIR), Annie Steinlage (GRA)
D: Michaela Kovacs (GRA), Natalia Kuikka (SAC), Rebecca Raber (NJC), Lauren Sesselmann (SAC)
G: Caitlyn Clem (DET)
All-League Second Team
F: Haley Crawford (LAN), Joelle Gosselin (CAL), Madison Schupbach (DET)
M: Brenna Brown (NEM), Chloe Castaneda (SAC), Dani Evans (DET)
D: Jennifer Cafferky (NEM), Taylor Groth (LIR), Natalie Norris (RSL), Brooke Salmon (NYS)
G: Emily Burns (CAL)
References
External links
2017
1 | {'title': "2017 United Women's Soccer season", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20United%20Women%27s%20Soccer%20season', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Marcia Virginia Trimble was a nine-year-old girl who disappeared on February 25, 1975, while delivering Girl Scout Cookies in the affluent Green Hills area of Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Her body was discovered 33 days later on Easter Sunday near the Trimble family home. She had been sexually assaulted. During the early years of their inquiry into the assault and murder, the police persisted in investigating one particular suspect, finally charging him in 1979 but he was released in 1980 for lack of evidence.
In 2008, 33 years after the killing, Jerome Sydney Barrett – not the person police had pursued in the 1970s – was charged with Trimble's assault and murder after DNA evidence recovered from her remains linked him to the crime. Barrett had been arrested just days after Trimble's disappearance on suspicion of an unrelated sexual assault and was still in jail when Trimble's body was found. Despite this and his convictions for attacks on other women and children, police had not investigated him in relation to the murder. On July 18, 2009, a jury convicted him for the killing and he was sentenced to 44 years in prison.
Trimble's murder occurred soon after two other crimes linked to Barrett:
On February 2, 1975, Sarah Des Prez, a Vanderbilt University student, was murdered near the university, which is located close to Green Hills. Barrett was linked to this crime at the same time that his DNA was linked to Trimble's murder.
On February 17, 1975, a Belmont University student was raped in Nashville. Barrett was arrested in March 1975, in connection with this crime. He was convicted a year later.
Early murder investigation
Marcia Trimble disappeared while delivering Girl Scout Cookies in Green Hills, an affluent neighborhood in Nashville, Tennessee. The disappearance was investigated by local and state police; the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) soon joined the investigation due to the possibility of kidnapping. Trimble's body was discovered more than a month later. It was found that she had been sexually assaulted before being killed.
Investigators searched the neighborhood, believing it likely that the murderer was a local resident. Police attention soon focused on Jeffrey Womack, a 15-year-old boy who lived near the Trimble home and one of the last people to see her alive.
Marcia had come to Womack's house the day of her disappearance. Womack said that he had sent her away because he did not have money to buy cookies. He said that, after he learned of the girl's disappearance, he went to her house to tell the police there what he knew. According to Womack, the police aggressively questioned him and then made him empty out his pockets. Inside the pockets, police found a half roll of pennies, a five-dollar bill, and a condom. This seemed to contradict Womack's testimony that he lacked the money to pay Marcia. (He was turning her away without being rude). The condom suggested to police that he may have sexually abused Marcia. Womack later said that he had the condom because he was having a sexual relationship with a local woman.
According to Womack, his mother and a neighbor found out that the police were questioning him and insisted that any further interrogation must be done with a lawyer present.
Reporter Demetria Kalodimos believed that Womack's decision to call a lawyer made police more suspicious of him. They felt that an innocent person had no need of a lawyer. Womack's attorney, John Hollins, advised him to stop cooperating with police. After that, Womack refused to discuss the case with either the police or the media.
Unable to obtain a confession, the police resorted to other means to try and gather evidence against Womack. When Womack was 17 years old and working as a bus boy in a restaurant, the police sent an undercover officer into the restaurant to befriend him, but they did not get any incriminating evidence. Womack passed two polygraph tests. In 1980, authorities finally arrested him for Marcia Trimble's murder, but the charge was dismissed for lack of evidence. Many police officers involved in the case continued to believe that he was guilty.
DNA samples were taken from semen collected from Marcia's body, but these samples were stored improperly and deteriorated over time, limiting investigators' ability to identify or exclude suspects. Police collected DNA samples from 96 suspects, including Womack, but none of these samples matched the DNA found in the semen.
Evidence found
Investigators said they believed more than one man's semen was found inside Marcia's body. Semen also was found on her clothes. Investigators believed Marcia had been lured into a garage and killed there. Her body was found fully clothed next to bags of fertilizer in the garage. Despite having been deceased for a month, there was little decomposition, due to the cool, dry environment.
The cause of death was determined to be strangulation because Marcia had suffered a broken hyoid bone.
Police found it difficult to determine how many people were involved in the crime. They believed the perpetrator was a juvenile and someone Marcia knew. Dirt that was found on her shoe was mainly upon the sole, indicating that she had walked into the garage, and had not been dragged into it.
Semen was found on the girl's blouse and pants but not on her underwear. Semen was also found in her vagina, but there was no other sign of rape or penetration. Investigators believed Marcia's attacker was either an adolescent boy or a man with a very small penis. DNA tests seemed to indicate there was semen from as many as four different attackers. One investigator doubted this because the samples had been poorly preserved. "I'm not confident in the DNA sample that we've got," Nashville homicide detective Tommy Jacobs said.
Theories pursued by investigators
In 2001, a local paper interviewed Police Captain Mickey Miller, former homicide detective Tommy Jacobs of the Nashville Police, and former FBI agent Richard Knudsen about the unsolved Trimble case. Each had a different theory about what had happened on the evening when Trimble disappeared.
Captain Miller said that while Trimble was killed in the garage where she was found, that may not have been where she was sexually assaulted. Miller thought that Trimble might have been sexually assaulted at a tree nursery which became part of the investigation. Citing DNA evidence, he also believed that she was sexually assaulted by up to three boys.
Jacobs was not sure that Marcia left her home to deliver cookies to Marie Maxwell. He suggested she might have been planning to meet up with Womack. Jacobs said he thought that someone Marcia knew lured her into the garage. He did not know if it was Womack or just an "adolescent teenager with his hormones blitzing." "The suspect just raped someone. It was probably a new experience for him, and it was a new experience for Marcia. It was a tense situation. Marcia screamed. I don't think the perpetrator wanted to kill her. I think he wanted to gain control of her and make her be quiet." In contrast to Miller (his former boss), Jacobs did not believe that Marcia was sexually assaulted by more than one person.
The FBI's Knudsen posed a different theory. He said that Marcia had walked to Marie Maxwell's home as the woman was pulling into her driveway. Given the timing, Marcia could not have known that Maxwell was returning home unless someone had called to tell her. Just minutes earlier, Maxwell had parked her car in front of a neighbor's driveway to ask a quick question. That house was across the street from the Womack and Morgan homes. If Jeffrey Womack was home during that time, or if he was at Peggy Morgan's house, he could have seen Maxwell's car and called to Marcia. Knudsen placed Womack at the driveway with Marcia.
The three investigators' theories varied widely, but they concluded that whoever killed Marcia most likely was a juvenile who lived in the neighborhood.
Indictment of Jerome Barrett
On June 6, 2008, a Davidson County Grand Jury indicted 60-year-old Jerome Sydney Barrett, charging him with first-degree murder and felony in the case of Marcia Trimble. Barrett had formerly been indicted and convicted for other assaults against women and children. At the time of Marcia's murder, Barrett was working in her neighborhood.
Barrett first took responsibility for the 1975 murder during a private conversation on the rooftop of the Davidson County Criminal Justice Center. During questioning, "He said he did not rape her. He killed her." "He said his DNA was on her, but not in her." Barrett once again claimed to have killed Marcia immediately after he had had an altercation with another jail inmate. It was during this altercation, the convict said, that Barrett claimed to have killed "four blue-eyed bitches."
Journalists revealed that, for more than a decade, investigators had concealed the fact that DNA evidence excluded numerous neighbors as potential suspects. A retired police detective admitted that the men were excluded and that they had not been told of the fact.
In the early years of the investigation, the use of DNA evidence was new, and investigators did not thoroughly understand its implications. Investigators were not sure the DNA evidence was conclusive for excluding suspects. In addition, detectives admitted to careless handling of Marcia's body, stating that they simply cut her blouse and pants off in the shed without wearing protective gloves.
Barrett's record
Sarah Des Prez, a Vanderbilt student, was murdered about three weeks before Marcia Trimble. Metro's Cold Case Unit was able to apply new DNA analysis to evidence from the Des Prez murder to bring charges against Barrett. At the announcement of the arrest of Barrett, police suggested that he might have murdered Marcia. The police said that Barrett's whereabouts and crimes during the period of Marcia's murder had placed him under increased scrutiny.
On February 17, 1975, a Belmont University student was raped in Nashville. Jerome Barrett was arrested in March, 1975, in connection with this crime. He was convicted of it a year later.
Barrett had been in jail from March 12, 1975, fifteen days after Marcia's disappearance, until after Marcia's body was found.
On December 3, 2007, Nashville television stations reported that DNA recovered from the Trimble crime scene matched that of Barrett. "Advances in DNA testing enabled a match between crime-scene evidence and Jerome Barrett, a 60-year-old Memphis man with a criminal record of sexual assaults on both grown women and children."
Impact upon Nashville
Residents were upset by the fact that the victim was a child, and that the crime took place in an affluent neighborhood. This was at a time when people felt that their children were safe.
The delay in finding and recovering the girl's body also disturbed people. FBI agents were brought in to assist with the investigation.
After Womack's release in 1980, residents continued to be haunted by this unsolved murder. Each year, Nashville media highlighted the story on the anniversary of Marcia's disappearance or of the discovery of her body. The case marked a time of great change in how news was covered by local media, and in the emerging importance of DNA evidence (not well understood in earlier years).
Nashville Police Captain Mickey Miller said of the case:
See also
List of murdered American children
List of solved missing person cases
Oklahoma Girl Scout murders
References
External links
Thomas, Susan, "City lost its innocence with Marcia Trimble's murder", The Tennessean, February 25, 2001
Pulle, Matt. "New Clues, Old Questions", The Nashville Scene, April 25 - May 1, 2002
Demsky, Ian. "FBI to retest evidence from Marcia Trimble murder", The Tennessean, March 31, 2004
WKRN Channel 2 News "Man Arrested For 1975 Vanderbilt Rape, Questioned In Another", WKRN News, November 21, 2007
Bottorff, Christian. "Man investigated in Trimble case", The Tennessean, November 22, 2007
WSMV Channel 4 News "Police To Make Arrest In Marcia Trimble Case", WSMV News, December 3, 2007
Sutton David "Marcia Trimble Neighborhood with Photos Then and Now", Bing Maps, April 20, 2009
Kalodimos, Demetria. Indelible: The Case Against Jeffrey Womack, WSMV.com, November 17, 2012. This 117-minute documentary film, fully available online, relies upon:
documents from the Metro Nashville Police Department's case file
photos obtained from the Trimble and Womack families
audio from the police wiretap of the Trimble family telephone revealing the police mistakes and misconduct which led to the targeting of Womack as a suspect. In the documentary film and a simultaneously published book, The Suspect: A Memoir (co-authored with attorney John J. Hollins Sr.), Womack speaks publicly about his experiences for the first time.
1970s missing person cases
1975 in Tennessee
1975 murders in the United States
20th century in Nashville, Tennessee
Deaths by person in Tennessee
Deaths by strangulation in the United States
February 1975 events in the United States
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Incidents of violence against girls
Missing person cases in Tennessee
Sexual assaults in the United States
tr:Marcia Trimble | {'title': 'Murder of Marcia Trimble', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Marcia%20Trimble', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Peden's Cave is at least partly artificial and is set into a craggy outcrop of red sandstone rocks overlooking the River Lugar just below the farm of Auchinbay in East Ayrshire, Scotland, close to the town of Ochiltree. Traditionally it is said that this cave was used as a hiding place for Covenanters, including the famous Covenanter minister Alexander Peden in the 17th century, mainly during the so-called 'Killing Times' of the 1680s.
Cave and access
Peden's Cave is located near the top of a much eroded red sandstone cliff, the cave floor being around above the River Lugar on the south-western side of this water course, just off the old road that ran from Stair past Auchinbay Farm and over the old Slatehole Ford, later replaced by the now ruined Slatehole Bridge and its associated lodge, running into the Auchinleck Estate. The cave is well camouflaged from directly above. The well known Wallace's Cave' is located at the junction of the River Lugar and the Dippol Burn, a short distance upstream.
The cave is not very large ( high, wide, and about long) and the chisel marks add emphasis to its artificial origin or creation from a smaller natural cavity. A bench or shelf has been cut inside and six steps have been cut into the rock face leading down to it, however access is still hazardous.
The opening is obvious from the opposite side of the Lugar Water however this is difficult to access and it is likely that, as at Dunton Cove, a bush such as gorse or willow would be cut and then pulled up and tied with ropes over the entrance as camouflage. Next to the cave is a sizeable rectangular area which it has been noted has features indicating that it may have been artificially shaped or quarried and even roofed over for use in stabling of horses, storage of food, etc.
History
As a Covenanter minister preaching at various outdoor conventicles, Alexander Peden is said to have used a number of other caves as places of concealment during his years on the run from the King's soldiers, including Barskimming, one on Craigie Hill near the village, another at the Nick of the Balloch, a further example near the Water of Girvan and his final cave hiding place may have been the Cleuch Glen in Sorn Parish which he reportedly asked to be made when he sensed that his illness was terminal, supposedly hiding beneath some straw when it was searched by soldiers.
The facts remain unclear, however one telling of the history is that a brother of the Covenanter minister lived at Tenshilling Farm, the surviving Ten Shilling Bridge lies close to the estate's so called Deer Cave. Alexander's brother is said to have brought food to the cave to feed him and the various other Covenanters who hid with Peden from time to time.
It may have been this cave where he took ill before moving closer to his brother's farm where he died on 26 January 1686. He was secretly buried at Auchinleck in the churchyard however he was later exhumed by the King's soldiers and later buried at the foot of the gallows tree in Cumnock where a graveyard is now located with memorials to Alexander Peden and several over Covenanters. The soldiers had intended to hang the minister's corpse from the tree however William, second Earl of Dumfries prevented this.
Several other caves in Ayrshire and beyond are said to have been used as places of concealment by Covenanters in general, such as the Cleeves Cove on the Dusk Water near Dalry and Dunton Cove on the Craufurdland Water near Waterside in East Ayrshire.
The cave's location is close to one of the few local fording places over the River Lugar that existed before any bridges were constructed, making it a surprising location for a hiding place and in addition Dumfries House, Auchinleck House and Ochiltree House were all in the immediate vicinity.
The cave may have seen various uses after the time of the Covenanters such as shelter for travellers or a base for people assisting travellers who were crossing the river by the ford, especially when the water was high or when it was in spate, certainly local anglers have found it to be a convenient shelter.
Many other sites have Peden's name attached to them such as the Peden's Pulpit near Failford, another at Dalry and a Peden's Stone as well as Peden's Hut, etc.
Micro-history
The mound that is all that remains of Ochiltree Castle lies upstream opposite Auchinleck Castle and the impressive red sandstone boulder known on the old maps as Kemp's Castle is located between Ochiltree Castle and Peden's Cave. A 'Kemp' in Scots is a hero or a champion of great strength and is a name applied to many hill forts, mottes, etc. throughout Scotland.
See also
Cleeves Cove
Dunton Cove
References
Notes
External links
Video footage of Peden's Cave.
Video footage of Alexander Peden's Memorial.
Dunton Cove, Covenanter's Hiding Place.
Caves of Scotland
Protected areas of East Ayrshire
Landforms of East Ayrshire
Covenanters
Presbyterianism in Scotland
Scottish Reformation
17th century in Scotland | {'title': "Peden's Cave (Auchinbay)", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peden%27s%20Cave%20%28Auchinbay%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Frank Orren Lowden (January 26, 1861 – March 20, 1943) was an American Republican Party politician who served as the 25th Governor of Illinois and as a United States Representative from Illinois. He was also a candidate for the Republican presidential nominations in 1920 and 1928.
Born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, Lowden practiced law in Chicago after graduating from the University of Iowa. He emerged as a local Republican leader and served in the House of Representatives from 1906 to 1911. He served as Governor of Illinois from 1917 to 1921, earning wide notice for his reorganization of state government and his handling of the Chicago race riot of 1919.
At the 1920 Republican National Convention, Lowden was the preferred candidate of many of the party's conservatives. His supporters coalesced behind Warren G. Harding as a compromise candidate, and Harding won both the nomination and the 1920 presidential election. Lowden was nominated for vice president at the 1924 Republican National Convention, but he declined the nomination. Lowden was a candidate for president at the 1928 Republican National Convention, but Herbert Hoover won the nomination on the first ballot.
Early life
Lowden was born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, the son of Nancy Elizabeth (Breg) and Lorenzo Orren Lowden, a blacksmith. He lived in Iowa from the age of seven, on the farm in Hardin County, Iowa, in poverty. He attended school when chores on the family farm allowed. At age fifteen he began to teach in a one room school house in Hubbard, Iowa.
After teaching five years, he entered the University of Iowa at twenty, graduating in 1885.
He aspired to be a lawyer, but taught high school for a year while learning stenography.
That skill got him a job in 1886 at the Dexter law firm in Chicago, and he took evening courses at the
Union College of Law, completing the two year curriculum in one year, finishing as valedictorian in 1887. He was admitted to the bar the same year and practiced law in Chicago for about 20 years. His wife, Florence, was the daughter of George Pullman. In 1899, he was professor of law at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
Political career
In 1900, Lowden declined the first assistant postmaster-generalship, offered him by President McKinley, whom he had supported. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900 and 1904, and from 1904 to 1912 was a member of the Republican National Committee. He was also a member of the executive committee in 1904 and 1908. Lowden was elected a U.S. Representative from Illinois in 1906 to fill the unexpired term of Robert R. Hitt, deceased. He was re-elected for succeeding terms until 1911, when he declined to run for another term.
From 1917 to 1921, he was the Governor of Illinois. While governor, he won wide notice for the major reorganization of state government he spearheaded. He introduced the budget system for state expenditure, thereby reducing the rate of taxation in spite of rising prices. He was a strong supporter of the death penalty, and when in 1918 both houses of the Illinois General Assembly voted to abolish capital punishment, he vetoed the bill. He was energetic in marshalling the resources of his state in support of the United States' World War I effort. In 1917, when the mayor of Chicago refused to interfere with a meeting of the People's Council, an organization accused of pro-Germanism, he ordered out the state troops to prevent the meeting. He favoured woman suffrage and the enforcement of the Volstead Act for war-time prohibition. He was opposed to the League of Nations without reservations, on the ground that it would create a super-state. He gained nationwide stature for his handling of the Chicago Race Riot of 1919 and a simultaneous transit strike in Chicago.
He was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1920. His campaign was embarrassed by reports of profligate spending. His Missouri campaign manager gave out $32,000 to promote his campaign, including $2,500 (a laborer's annual wage) to at least two convention delegates. Delegates at the Republican convention deadlocked over several ballots between Lowden and General Leonard Wood, resulting in party leaders meeting privately to determine a compromise candidate. Their choice, Warren G. Harding, went on to win the nomination. In the 1924 election, he declined the Republican nomination for vice president. In 1928, he again positioned himself to run for the party's nomination, but he was never much more than a minor threat to front runner Herbert Hoover, who went on to win the presidential nomination and the election.
Railroad career
In 1933, Lowden was appointed to be one of three receivers for the bankrupt Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. He served in this capacity with co-receivers Joseph B. Fleming and James E. Gorman (the latter had been president of the railroad since 1917) until his death in 1943 in Tucson, Arizona. His remains are buried in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago.
Legacy
The following are named after Lowden: Camp Lowden Boy Scout Camp, Lowden State Park and Lowden-Miller State Forest, all near his estate outside Oregon, Illinois; the Frank O. Lowden Homes in Chicago; and two Lowden Halls, located on the campus of the Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago and Northern Illinois University in DeKalb.
Notes
Bibliography
External links
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1861 births
1943 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Schoolteachers from Iowa
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Farmers from Iowa
Republican Party governors of Illinois
Illinois lawyers
People from Chisago County, Minnesota
People from Hardin County, Iowa
Northwestern University faculty
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1928 United States presidential election
University of Iowa alumni | {'title': 'Frank Orren Lowden', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Orren%20Lowden', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Jerome Morford (June 13, 1841 – June 11, 1910) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.
Morford joined the 55th Illinois Infantry in October 1861, and was mustered out in August 1865.
Union assault
On May 22, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack.
The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called, in nineteenth century vernacular, a "forlorn hope". Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then, twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away. The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment.
The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross. Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body, the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall. Of the 150 men in the storming party, nearly half were killed. Seventy-nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor.
Medal of Honor citation
For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P
Notes
References
1841 births
1910 deaths
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor | {'title': 'Jerome Morford', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Morford', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
is an original Japanese anime television series produced by P.A. Works, and directed by Masakazu Hashimoto. The series aired from April 10 to September 25, 2020. A manga adaptation by Ahndongshik was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Young Ace magazine from April 2020 to January 2022.
Plot
Set around the start of the Meiji era in Japan, an eccentric inventor and second son of a respected merchant family, Appare Sorano, decides one day to set off on an adventure. However, the samurai Kosame Isshiki is tasked with keeping Appare's eccentric behavior in check. While trying to drag Appare back to Japan, Kosame accidentally strands them both at sea, until they are saved at the last moment by a passing American steamship. Now stuck in Los Angeles with no money and no easy way to return to Japan, Appare and Kosame decide to enter the "Trans-America Wild Race," where Appare gets the chance to build a custom automobile and Kosame gets the opportunity to earn enough money to return home. The two of them will have to work together while fighting off other rival racers, bandits, and other challenges as they try to win the race.
Characters
The second son of the Sorano merchant family. Much to his family's dismay, Appare doesn't care much for social norms or inheriting the family business, instead spending his time inventing new gadgets and studying various scientific texts. He was inspired from a very young age when he got a copy of the Jules Verne novel From the Earth to the Moon. He decides to enter Trans-America Wild Race in his own steam-powered vehicle.
The head instructor of his family's dojo and a samurai under Lord Kuroda. Kosame was tasked by his Lord with keeping Appare under control, but was dragged with him to America after a series of accidents. Despite being a strong samurai, he has PTSD from an incident in his past and has trouble attacking another person.
A Native American boy from a northeastern tribe (possible the Hopi based on his name's etymology) whose father was killed and family displaced by a man with a snake tattoo on his neck. After being rescued from thugs in Los Angeles, he joins Appare and Kosame while hoping to hunt down his father's killer.
A Chinese-American general assistant for an auto-racing team who dreams of becoming a racer, only to be denied due to prejudice against women. She secretly drives the team's cars at night and befriends Appare and Kosame. After an altercation with the team driver, she earns the owner's grudging respect and he provides her with an old car to enter the Trans-America Wild Race herself.
A wealthy European (French in the English dub) from the family that owns one of the three B.I.G. Boss auto companies, BNW. He seeks to win the Trans-America Wild Race to prove to his family that he should be the heir to the company.
Al's self-proclaimed "chaperone" and assistant whose mother serves as a domestic maid to Al's family.
An engineer for General Motors (G.M.) and an organizer of the Trans-America Wild Race, with ambitions of running the company.
A top racer driving for G.M. in the Trans-America Wild Race and a skilled gunman. One of the legendary "Thousand Three" outlaws known as "Dylan the Hero."
Known as Crazy TJ, he is another of the legendary "Thousand Three" outlaws who is hired by the Iron Motor Company to drive the Trans-America Wild Race.
Driver for Tlaloc. He began the race under the identity of Gil T. Cigar, but later revealed his true identity as Tristan of the Bad Brothers and that he impersonated Gil at the organizer's request.
Partner and brother of Tristan.
/
Competitor in his car the GT3. He is revealed in Episode 8 to be Gil the Butcher, the leader of the legendary "Thousand Three" outlaws. He is hired by a railroad magnate to sabotage the race but decides to use the opportunity to make a profit by holding the train and passengers to ransom. He is the main antagonist of the series.
Production and release
On October 12, 2019, P.A. Works announced that they are producing the 13-episode original anime television series directed and written by Masakazu Hashimoto. Yurie Oohigashi is designing the characters based on the original designs by Ahndongshik, with Shiho Takeuchi handling mechanical designs, and Evan Call composing the series' music. Mia Regina performs the series' opening theme song "I got it!" and the ending song is performed by Showtaro Morikubo. It aired from April 10 to September 25, 2020 on Tokyo MX. On April 17, 2020, it was announced that airings of episode 4 and onward were delayed due to the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On June 9, 2020, it was announced that the anime would restart on July 3, 2020, and the fourth episode premiered on July 24, 2020.
Manga adaptation
A manga adaptation by Ahndongshik was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Young Ace magazine from April 3, 2020 to January 4, 2022. It has been collected in three volumes as of December 28, 2021. At Anime NYC 2022, Yen Press announced that they licensed the manga for English publication.
Notes
References
External links
Anime official website
2020 anime television series debuts
Animated television series about auto racing
Anime postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Anime productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Anime with original screenplays
Fictional motorsports in anime and manga
Funimation
Kadokawa Shoten manga
P.A.Works
Seinen manga
Television series set in the 20th century
Television shows set in the United States
Tokyo MX original programming
Yen Press titles | {'title': 'Appare-Ranman!', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appare-Ranman%21', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Paul Devorski (born August 18, 1958) is a retired National Hockey League referee, who wore uniform number 10 beginning in the 1994–95 NHL season. He refereed his first NHL game on October 14, 1989, and has been wearing a helmet while refereeing NHL games since the 2005–06 NHL season. He was one of the selected referees who officiated the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals with Dan O'Halloran, and was selected again to officiate the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals along with O'Halloran, as well as the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals alongside Dennis LaRue. He is the older brother of NHL linesman Greg Devorski.
Devorski also officiated several games at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, including the Bronze Medal Game; 2006 Winter Olympics, including the Men's Gold Medal Game between Sweden and Finland.
Devorski officiated his final NHL game on Sunday April 5, 2015 in Philadelphia. The contest was between the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.
Devorski is Canadian of Ukrainian and Irish descent. He is one of eight children born to Ralph William (Bill) and Bernadette Devorski from Guelph, Ontario and is the father of son Luk and daughter Elle. Devorski resides with his family in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and enjoys returning to his hometown of Guelph, Ontario Canada to visit his family and friends. Along with his 1978 Centennial Cup-winning teammates, Devorski was inducted into the Guelph Sports Hall of Fame, having served as team captain of the Guelph (Holody) Platers when the team defeated the Prince Albert Raiders (SJHL) 4-games-to-none to win the Centennial Cup Championships.
References
1958 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey officials
National Hockey League officials
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Guelph | {'title': 'Paul Devorski', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Devorski', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Chugoku Electric Power Rugby Football Club – nicknamed the Red Regulions – is a Japanese rugby union team, currently playing in the Japan Rugby League One. The team is the rugby team of electric utilities provider Chugoku Electric Power, based in Hiroshima in the Chūgoku region.
The team was created in 1987 as the rugby union team for Chugoku Electric Power. When rugby union in Japan was restructured in 2003 with the introduction of the Top League, Chugoku Electric Power was allocated to the second tier Top Kyūshū League. They remained in that league until a further restructuring prior to the 2017–18 saw the team promoted to a newly established Top Challenge League. In July 2017, they also adopted the name Red Regulions for the team.
Current squad
The Chugoku Red Regulions squad for the 2023 season is:
Season history
Chugoku Electric Power's record in the top two tiers since the formation of the Top Kyūshū League in 2003 was:
External links
References
Rugby in Kansai
Rugby clubs established in 1987
Sports teams in Aichi Prefecture
1987 establishments in Japan
Japan Rugby League One teams | {'title': 'Chugoku Red Regulions', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chugoku%20Red%20Regulions', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 2008 Sunshine Tour was the ninth season of professional golf tournaments since the southern Africa based Sunshine Tour was relaunched in 2000, and the second since the tour switched a calendar based season in 2007. The Sunshine Tour represents the highest level of competition for male professional golfers in the region.
The tour was based predominantly in South Africa, with 26 of the 30 tournaments being held in the country. Two events were held in Swaziland, with one each in Zambia and Namibia. There were two new tournaments, The Africa Open, which the tour hopes will become "Africa's Major" in the future, and the BMG Classic, founded by the Bearing Man Group, who wished to continue their involvement with the tour following the end of their long run as title sponsors of the Highveld Classic.
As usual, the tour consisted of two distinct parts, commonly referred to as the "Summer Swing" and "Winter Swing". Tournaments held during the Summer Swing generally had much higher prize funds, attracted stronger fields, and were the only tournaments on the tour to carry world ranking points, with three events being co-sanctioned with the European Tour. Since the tour switched to a calendar based season, this part of the tour has been split in two, with six events being held at the start of the year, and the remainder in December.
The Winter Swing ran from March to November, starting with the Mount Edgecombe Trophy, and closing with the Coca-Cola Charity Championship, hosted by Gary Player.
The order of merit was dominated by Richard Sterne, who won all three European Tour co-sanctioned tournaments, by far the richest on the tour.
Schedule
The following table lists official events during the 2008 season.
Order of Merit
The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in South African rand.
Robert Rock was the third highest money winner (with R1,280,632.80) but did not qualify for the Order of Merit, having only played in two events.
Notes
References
External links
Sunshine Tour
Sunshine Tour | {'title': '2008 Sunshine Tour', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Sunshine%20Tour', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 1994 European Cup was the 30th edition of the European Cup, IIHF's premier European club ice hockey tournament. The season started on September 16, 1994, and finished on December 30, 1994.
The tournament was won by Jokerit, who beat Lada Togliatti in the final.
Preliminary round
(Zagreb, Croatia)
Standings
First group round
Group A
(Tilburg, Netherlands)
Group A standings
Group B
(Budapest, Hungary)
Group B standings
Group C
(Riga, Latvia)
Group C standings
Group D
(Nowy Targ, Poland)
Group D standings
Group E
(Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, Austria)
Group E standings
HC Olomouc,
HC Devils Milano,
Tivali Minsk,
EC Hedos München,
Lada Togliatti, Malmö IF : bye
Second group round
Group F
(Olomouc, Czech Republic)
Group F standings
Group G
(München, Bavaria, Germany)
Group G standings
* EC Hedos München & EHC Kloten : forfeit the tournament
Group H
(Minsk, Belarus)
Group H standings
Group J
(Kristianstad, Sweden)
Group J standings
* Rouen HC forfeit the tournament
TPS,
Jokerit : bye
Final stage
(Turku, Finland)
Third round
Group A
Group A standings
Group B
Group B standings
Third place match
Final
References
Season 1994
1
IIHF European Cup | {'title': '1994 IIHF European Cup', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20IIHF%20European%20Cup', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 2019–20 Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball team represented The University of Pittsburgh during the 2019–20 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Panthers, led by second year head coach Lance White, played their home games at the Petersen Events Center as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference.
The Panthers finished the season 5–26 and 1–17 in ACC play to finish in fifteenth place. As the fifteenth seed in the ACC tournament, they defeated Notre Dame in the First Round before losing to Georgia Tech in the Second Round. The NCAA tournament and WNIT were cancelled due to the COVID-19 outbreak.
Previous season
They finished the season 11–20, 2–14 in ACC play to finish in fourteenth place. They lost in the first round of the ACC women's tournament to Duke. The Demon Deacons were not invited to post season play.
Off-season
Recruiting Class
Source:
Roster
Schedule
Source:
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!colspan=9 style=| Non-Conference Regular season
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!colspan=9 style=| ACC Regular season
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!colspan=9 style=| ACC Women's Tournament
References
Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball seasons
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh | {'title': "2019–20 Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball team", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20Pittsburgh%20Panthers%20women%27s%20basketball%20team', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Walls of Genius is an avant-garde music ensemble from Colorado. They participated in the 1980s Cassette Culture and experimented with psychedelic improvisations, free-jazz, punk-rock, uninhibited and manic deconstructions of pop, jazz and country-western standards to musique concrète, industrial noise and sound collages. Walls Of Genius was both reviled and loved by the Cassette Culture. Walls Of Genius was active from 1982-1985 and revived in 2014.
Release history
Walls of Genius released over 30 cassette-albums of their own and others' music in the mid-1980s, starting with 1983's eponymous Walls Of Genius and concluding with a series featuring the collaborative work of Walls Of Genius and the free-jazz improv group, The Miracle, in 1985. They were featured on compilations of the 1980s Cassette Culture scene, including Objekt #2 released by Ladd-Frith Psyclones and "Slave Ant Raid" on Al Margolis' Sound Of Pig label If, Bwana. Walls Of Genius also performed with, produced and released the first two titles of Architects Office, an experimental noise-collage ensemble that later provided soundtracks for some Stan Brakhage films and or tracks.
Live performances included Los Angeles' Anti-Club and San Francisco's People's Theatre Coalition in the Fort Mason Center. Performances in the Denver/Boulder area included the Pearl Street Music Hall, Left Hand Books, the Pirate Gallery, Kake's Studio, the Blue Note, the Littleton Town Hall, and the Brillig.
Walls Of Genius was featured in the Boulder Daily Camera's Friday Magazine, Westword's Backbeat on numerous occasions, including a ten-year retrospective of the Denver music scene and Duane Davis' feature on the Festival Of Pain. They received a mention in Richie Unterberger's 1998 title Unknown Legends Of Rock 'n' Roll ("funny as hell weirdos"). They also merited a feature section in Bob Rob Medina's 2015 title Denvoid And the Cowtown Punks" and Robin James' 1992 title Cassette Mythos. Walls Of Genius titles were reviewed in magazines including Op, Option, Objekt, Sound Choice (see link above), Warning and Unsound.
In 2018, Wall of Genius released Wanted: El Jefe Loco, an album that features 8 tracks and was all written by Evan Cantor.
Members
The primary members of Walls of Genius are the so-called "Head Moron" Evan Cantor (a.k.a. Joe Colorado) and Assistant Morons David Lichtenberg (a.k.a. Little Fyodor) and Ed Fowler. Lichtenberg has performed for many years, with Walls Of Genius and fronting his own band, as Little Fyodor. Collaborators included Marsha Wooley, Dena Zocher, Brad Carton, Leo Goya, Jeanne Hatherly, George Stone, Joe Ketola, Andrea DiNapoli, Melissa Mojica, Timm Lenk, Charles Verrette, and in the 21st century, Hal McGee, Charles Goff III, Rick Layton and Jeff Bragg.
The career of Walls Of Genius was comprehensively detailed by Hal McGee in 2012. A reunion in 2014 produced the release Now Not Then on the Haltapes label. Walls Of Genius remains active and many titles are now available online.
Reception
A review of one release ("Before...and After") stated, "Simply Genius...they have been inspired by contemporary issues and are the new sound terrorists of America". In a later edition of Unsound, Steve Perkins was not as impressed: "This is music made by zealous fans who want to imitate, not by musicians who want to create and be original".
References
Other sources
Addison, Anne (1985). Tape And Record Reviews. Unsound Vol. 2, #1, 1985
Asakawa, Gil (1987). Ten Years After. Westword, 9/16/87
Davis, Duane (1984). Pain Killers: It's Crying Time Again at the Festival of Pain. Westword, 2/14/87
James, Robin (1992). Cassette Mythos. Autonomedia
Avant-garde music groups
Musical groups established in 1983
Cassette culture 1970s–1990s | {'title': 'Walls of Genius', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls%20of%20Genius', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is the exchange of genetic material between two identical sister chromatids.
It was first discovered by using the Giemsa staining method on one chromatid belonging to the sister chromatid complex before anaphase in mitosis. The staining revealed that few segments were passed to the sister chromatid which were not dyed.
The Giemsa staining was able to stain due to the presence of bromodeoxyuridine analogous base which was introduced to the desired chromatid.
The reason for the (SCE) is not known but it is required and used as a mutagenic testing of many products. Four to five sister chromatid exchanges per chromosome pair, per mitosis is in the normal distribution, while 14–100 exchanges is not normal and presents a danger to the organism. SCE is elevated in pathologies including Bloom syndrome, having recombination rates ~10–100 times above normal, depending on cell type. Frequent SCEs may also be related to formation of tumors.
Sister chromatid exchange has also been observed more frequently in B51(+) Behçet's disease.
Mitosis
Mitotic recombination in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is primarily a result of DNA repair processes responding to spontaneous or induced damages that occur during vegetative growth.} (Also reviewed in Bernstein and Bernstein, pp 220–221). In order for yeast cells to repair damage by homologous recombination, there must be present, in the same nucleus, a second DNA molecule containing sequence homology with the region to be repaired. In a diploid cell in G1 phase of the cell cycle, such a molecule is present in the form of the homologous chromosome. However, in the G2 phase of the cell cycle (following DNA replication), a second homologous DNA molecule is also present: the sister chromatid. Evidence indicates that, due to the special nearby relationship they share, sister chromatids are not only preferred over distant homologous chromatids as substrates for recombinational repair, but have the capacity to repair more DNA damage than do homologs.
Meiosis
The genomes of diploid organisms in natural populations are highly polymorphic for insertions and deletions. During meiosis double-strand breaks (DSBs) that form within such polymorphic regions must be repaired by inter-sister chromatid exchange, rather than by inter-homolog exchange. A molecular-level study of recombination during budding yeast meiosis has shown that recombination events initiated by DSBs in regions that lack corresponding sequences in the non-sister homolog are efficiently repaired by inter-sister chromatid recombination. This recombination occurs with the same timing as inter-homolog recombination, but with reduced (2- to 3-fold) yields of Holliday junction joint molecules. This study, and comparable evidence from other organisms (e.g. Peacock), indicates that inter-sister recombination occurs frequently during meiosis, and up to one-third of all recombination events occur between sister chromatids, although mainly by a pathway that does not involve Holliday junction intermediates.
During oogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the sister chromatid, or even the same DNA molecule, can serve as a meiotic repair template for both crossover and non-crossover recombination. Non-crossover events are the most frequent recombination outcome. For DNA double strand breaks induced throughout meiotic prophase I, the sister or intra-chromatid substrate is available as a recombinational repair partner.
See also
Meiosis
Sister chromatid
References
External links
Mobile genetic elements
Modification of genetic information | {'title': 'Sister chromatid exchange', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister%20chromatid%20exchange', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
General Sir Robert Gordon-Finlayson (15 April 1881 – 23 May 1956) was a senior British military officer who was appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces in 1939.
Military career
Finlayson entered the British Army from the Suffolk Militia and was commissioned into the Royal Artillery as second lieutenant on 17 March 1900. He was promoted to lieutenant on 3 April 1901, and was attached to the 131 battery of the Royal Artillery, stationed at Chatham. Seconded to serve with the Imperial Yeomanry during the Second Boer War in South Africa on 25 April 1902, he received the temporary rank of captain serving in the 24th battalion, Imperial Yeomanry. He vacated his appointment with the Imperial Yeomanry on 1 August 1902, and returned to the Royal Artillery.
He served during the First World War initially as a Royal Artillery officer with 7th Division from 1914 and transferring to 3rd Division in 1915. He was awarded the DSO in 1915. He became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, 1 Army Corps in 1916 and then General Staff Officer to a Special Mission to Russia in 1917.
After the War he was Deputy Commander, North Russia Forces, a post he held from 1918 to 1919. He then became an instructor at the Senior Officer School in 1919 before attending the Staff College, Camberley and being appointed Military Assistant to Chief of the Imperial General Staff in 1921. He went on to be a General Staff Officer at the War Office in 1922 and joined the Staff College in 1925.
He was appointed Commander Royal Artillery within 3rd Division in 1927 and Commander Rawalpindi District in India in 1931. He served with 3rd Division again between 1934 and 1936 - this time as General Officer Commanding. He was promoted to General in 1937 and was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief the British Troops in Egypt in 1938.
He also served in World War II being appointed Adjutant General in 1939. In this role he was responsible for organising the Home Guard to defend the United Kingdom in the face of invasion. He was also responsible for the Army Council introducing a colour bar, whereby only those of pure European ancestry could be commissioned as officers.
He became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command in 1940 from which post retired in 1941.
He was ADC General to the King from 1940 to 1941. He was also Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery from 1936 to 1946 and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Horse Artillery from 1937 to 1947.
He was awarded the CMG in 1918. He was also awarded the CB in 1931 and the KCB in 1937.
Retirement
In retirement he was appointed a Special Commissioner for the Imperial War Graves Commission in 1942 and of the Duke of York's Royal Military School also in 1942.
He was a Deputy Lieutenant for Suffolk. He lived in Kersey in Suffolk.
He was churchwarden of St Mary's Church, Kersey and a memorial was erected in his memory in the church.
Family
He was married to Mary Leslie Richmond and together they went on to have two sons, Air Vice Marshal James Richmond Gordon-Finlayson, Major-General Robert Gordon-Finlayson and a daughter, Mary Leslie, who married to become Mary Boyle, Countess of Cork.
References
Bibliography
External links
Generals of World War II
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1881 births
1956 deaths
British Army generals
Royal Artillery officers
British Army generals of World War II
Deputy Lieutenants of Suffolk
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of the Russian Civil War
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Hadleigh, Suffolk
War Office personnel in World War II
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War | {'title': 'Robert Gordon-Finlayson', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Gordon-Finlayson', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
This is a list of books by Christopher Nicole. Some of his books have been reedited under different titles or pseudonyms.
As Christopher Nicole
Works published under the name Christopher Nicole.
Non-fiction
West Indian Cricket: the Story of Cricket in the West Indies (1957)
The West Indies: Their People and History (1965)
Introduction to Chess (1973)
Novels
Single novels
Off White (1959)
Shadows in the Jungle (1961)
Ratoon (1962)
Dark Noon (1963)
White Boy (1966)
The Self Lovers (1968)
Thunder and the Shouting (1969)
Where the Cavern Ends (1970)
The Longest Pleasure (1970)
The Face of Evil (1971)
Lord of the Golden Fan (1973)
Heroes (1973)
The Secret Memoirs of Lord Byron (1979) (aka Lord of Sin)
The Ship with No Name (1987)
China (1999)
Ransom Island (2001)
Demon (2003)
The Falls of Death (2004)
Cold Country, Hot Sun (2005)
Deep Gold (2014)
The Lion Queen (2014)
Seas of Passion (2015)
Queen of Destiny (2016)
Series
Amyot Saga
Amyot's Cay (1964)
Blood Amyot (1964)
The Amyot Crime (1965)
Caribee of the Hiltons Saga
Caribee (1974)
The Devil's Own (1975)
Mistress of Darkness (1976)
Black Dawn (1977)
Sunset (1978)
The Haggard Chronicles Saga
Haggard (1980)
Haggard's Inheritance (1981) (aka The Inheritors)
Young Haggards (1982)
China
The Crimson Pagoda (1983)
The Scarlet Princess (1984)
Red Dawn (1985)
The Sun of Japan
The Sun Rises (1984)
The Sun and the Dragon (1985)
The Sun on Fire (1987)
Black Majesty Saga
The Seeds of Rebellion (1984)
Wild Harvest (1985)
McGann Saga
Old Glory (1986)
The Sea and the Sand (1986)
Iron Ships, Iron Men (1987)
Wind of Destiny (1987)
Raging Sea, Searing Sky (1990)
The Passion and the Glory (1988)
Kenya
The High Country (1988)
The Happy Valley (1989)
Murdoch Mackinder Saga
The Regiment (1988)
The Command (1989)
The Triumph (1989)
Pearl of the Orient
Pearl of the Orient (1988)
Dragon's Blood (1989)
Singapura (1990)
Dark Sun (1990)
Sword of India
Sword of Fortune (1990)
Sword of Empire (1991)
Dawson Saga
Days of Wine and Roses? (1991)
The Titans (1992)
Resumption (1992)
The Last Battle (1993)
Bloody Sun
Bloody Sunrise (1993)
Bloody Sunset (1994)
Russian Saga
The Seeds of Power (1994)
The Masters (1995)
The Red Tide (1995)
The Red Gods (1996)
The Scarlet Generation (1996)
Death of a Tyrant (1997)
Arms Trade
The Trade (1997)
Shadows in the Sun (1998)
Guns in the Desert (1998)
Prelude to War (1999)
Berkeley Townsend
To All Eternity (1999)
The Quest (2000)
Be Not Afraid (2000)
Jessica Jones Saga
The Search (2001)
Poor Darling (2002)
The Pursuit (2002)
The Voyage (2003)
The Followers (2004)
A Fearful Thing (2005)
Anna Fehrbach Saga
Angel from Hell (2006)
Angel in Red (2006)
Angel of Vengeance (2007)
Angel in Jeopardy (2007)
Angel of Doom (2008)
Angel Rising (2008)
Angel of Destruction (2009)
Angel of Darkness (2009)
Angel in Peril (2013)
Jane Elizabeth Digby Saga
Dawn of a Legend (2010)
Twilight of a Goddess (2010)
Queen of Jhansi
Novels featuring the Queen of Jhansi.
Manu (2011)
Queen of Glory (2012) (aka Indian Mutiny)
As Peter Grange
Single novels
King Creole (1966)
The Devil's Emissary (1968)
The Tumult at the Gate (1970)
The Golden Goddess (1973)
As Andrew York
Works published under the name Andrew York.
Single novels
Dark Passage (1976)
The Combination (1983)
Jonas Wilde: Eliminator Saga
The Eliminator (1966)
The Co-ordinator (1968)
The Predator (1968)
The Deviator (1969)
The Dominator (1969)
The Infiltrator (1971)
The Expurgator (1972)
The Captivator (1973)
The Fascinator (1975)
Operations by Jonathan Anders Saga
The Doom Fisherman (1969) (aka Operation Destruct as Christopher Nicole)
Manhunt for a General (1970) (aka Operation Manhunt as Christopher Nicole)
Appointment in Kiltone (1972) (aka Operation Neptune as Christopher Nicole)
Tallant for Saga
Tallant for Trouble (1977)
Tallant for Disaster (1978)
Tallant for Terror (1995)
Tallant for Democracy (1996)
As Robin Cade
Single novels
The Fear Dealers (1974)
As Mark Logan
Nicholas Minnett Saga
Tricolour (1976) (aka The Captain's Woman)
Guillotine (1976) (aka French Kiss)
Brumaire (1978) (aka December Passions)
As Christina Nicholson
Works published under the name Christina Nicholson.
Single novels
Power and the Passion (1977)
The Savage Sands (1978)
Queen of Paris (1979)
As Alison York
Works published under the name Alison York.
Single novels
The Fire and the Rope (1979)
The Scented Sword (1980)
No Sad Song (1987)
A Secret Truth (1987)
That Dear Perfection (1988)
The Maxton Bequest (1989)
A Binding Contract (1990)
Summer in Eden (1990)
Love's Double Fool (1991)
Distant Shadows (1992)
Tomorrow's Harvest (1992)
Dear Enemy (1994)
Free to Love (1995)
As Leslie Arlen
Works published under the name Leslie Arlen.
The Borodins Saga
Love and Honor (1980)
War and Passion (1981)
Fate and Dreams (1981)
Hope and Glory (1982)
Rage and Desire (1982)
Fortune and Fury (1984)
As Robin Nicholson or C.R. Nicholson
Single novels
A Passion for Treason (1981) (aka The Friday Spy)
As Daniel Adams
Grant Saga
Brothers and Enemies (1982)
Defiant Loves (1984)
As Simon McKay
Anderson Line Series
The Seas of Fortune (1983)
The Rivals (1985)
As Caroline Gray
Works published under the name Caroline Gray.
Single novels
First Class (1984)
Hotel de Luxe (1985)
Victoria's Walk (1986)
White Rani (1986)
The Third Life (1988)
The Shadow of Death (1989)
Blue Water, Black Depths (1990)
The Daughter (1992)
Golden Girl (1992)
Spares (1993)
Crossbow (1996)
Masquerade (1997)
Helier L'Eree Trilogy
Spawn of the Devil (1994)
Sword of the Devil (1994)
Death of the Devil (1994)
Mayne Saga
A Woman of Her Time (1995)
A Child of Fortune (1996)
Colonial Caribee Saga
The Promised Land (1997)
The Phoenix (1998)
The Torrent (1999)
The Inheritance (1999)
As Alan Savage
Works published under the name Alan Savage.
Single novels
Ottoman (1990)
Moghul (1991)
Queen of the Night (1993)
Queen of Lions (1994)
Eight Banners
The Eight Banners (1992)
The Last Bannerman (1993)
Eleanor of Aquitaine Saga
Eleanor of Aquitaine (1995)
Queen of Love (1995)
The Sword Series
The Sword and the Scalpel (1996)
The Sword and the Jungle (1996)
The Sword and the Prison (1997)
Stop Rommel! (1998)
The Afrika Corps (1998)
The Traitor Within (1999)
Commando Series
Commando (1999)
The Cause (2000)
The Tiger (2000)
Balkan Saga
Partisan (2001)
Murder's Art (2002)
Battleground (2002)
The Killing Ground (2003)
French Resistance Saga
Resistance (2003)
The Game of Treachery (2004)
Legacy of Hate (2004)
The Brightest Day (2005)
RAF Saga
Blue Yonder (2005)
Death in the Sky (2006)
Spiralling Down (2007)
The Whirlwind (2007)
A Honourable Duncan Morant Naval Thriller Saga
Storm Warning (2007)
The Flowing Tide (2008)
The Calm and the Storm (2008)
The Vortex (2009)
As Nicholas Grant
Single novels
Khan (1993)
Siblings (1995)
As Max Marlow
Max Marlow was the pseudonym formed by Christopher Nicole and Diana Bachmann.
Single novels
Her Name Will Be Faith (1988)
The Red Death (1990)
Meltdown (1991)
Arctic Peril (1993)
Growth (1993)
Where the River Rises (1994)
Shadow at Evening (1994)
The Burning Rocks (1995)
Hell's Children (1996)
Dry (1997)
The Trench (1998)
References
Nicole, Christopher
Nicole, Christopher
Nicole, Christopher | {'title': 'Christopher Nicole bibliography', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Nicole%20bibliography', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Sous rature is a strategic philosophical device originally developed by Martin Heidegger. Though never used in its contemporary French terminology by Heidegger, it is usually translated as 'under erasure', and involves the crossing out of a word within a text, but allowing it to remain legible and in place. Used extensively by Jacques Derrida, it signifies that a word is "inadequate yet necessary"; that a particular signifier is not wholly suitable for the concept it represents, but must be used as the constraints of our language offer nothing better.
In the philosophy of deconstruction, sous rature has been described as the typographical expression that seeks to identify sites within texts where key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable. To extend this notion, deconstruction and the practice of sous rature also seek to demonstrate that meaning is derived from difference, not by reference to a pre-existing notion or freestanding idea.
History
Sous rature as a literary practice originated in the works of German philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). The practice of placing words or terms under erasure first appeared in Heidegger's work The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, Heidegger's lecture course of 1929/30. And subsequently in a letter he penned to Ernst Jünger in 1956 titled "Zur Seinsfrage" (The Question of Being), in which Heidegger seeks to define nihilism. During the course of the letter, Heidegger also begins to speculate about the problematic nature of defining anything, let alone words. In particular, the meaning of the term ‘Being’ is contested and Heidegger crosses out the word, but lets both the deletion and the word remain. “Since the word is inaccurate, it is crossed out. Since it is necessary, it remains legible.” According to the Heideggerian model, erasure expressed the problem of presence and absence of meaning in language. Heidegger was concerned with trying to return the absent meaning to the present meaning and the placing of a word or term under erasure “simultaneously recognised and questioned the term’s meaning and accepted use”.
French philosopher Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) adopted this technique and further explored the implications of Heidegger's erasure and its application in the wider setting of deconstructive literary theory. Derrida extended the problem of presence and absence to include the notion that erasure does not mark a lost presence, rather the potential impossibility of presence altogether — in other words, the potential impossibility of univocity of meaning ever having been attached to the word or term in the first place. Ultimately, Derrida argued, it was not just the particular signs that were placed under erasure, but the whole system of signification.
See also
Deconstruction
Literary criticism
Literary theory
Post-structuralism
Semiotics
References
Further reading
Barry, P. 2002, Beginning Theory: an introduction to literary and cultural theory, Manchester University Press, Manchester
Belsey, C. 2001, Critical Practice 2nd Ed., Routledge, London
Kaelin, E.F. & Burns, E.J. 1999, Texts on Texts and Textuality: a phenomenology of literary art, Rodopi, New Jersey
Kirwan, J. 1990, Literature, Rhetoric, Metaphysics: literary theory and literary aesthetics, Routledge, London
O’Driscoll, M.J. 2002, After Post-structuralism: writing the intellectual history of theory, University of Toronto Press, Toronto
Taylor, V.E. & Winquist, C.E. 2001, Encyclopaedia of Postmodernism, Taylor & Francis, London
Derrida, J. 1967, Of Grammatology, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
External links
Sous Rature a text and art journal.
Martin Heidegger
Meaning (philosophy of language)
Rhetorical techniques | {'title': 'Sous rature', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous%20rature', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Weymouth College was a public school in Weymouth, Dorset, England, from 1863 to 1940. It closed during the Second World War because of the risks from its proximity to naval bases at Weymouth and Portsmouth, and the boys and some staff moved to Wellingborough School in Northamptonshire. A new house was formed at Wellingborough to accommodate the 33 pupils who moved, and Weymouth House still exists; since 1989 it has been the girls' house of the school.
Weymouth College aimed "to provide for the sons of gentlemen a classical, mathematical and general education of the highest class".
The building was designed by George Rackstraw Crickmay in 1864. Pevsner described the building as "The High Victorian style in a very debased form", and the chapel, 1894-96 as "really no better". In 1972 the building was in use as a College of Education. It is now a residential conversion. Some of the chapel furnishings are in St Aldhelm's Church, Radipole, Weymouth.
Former pupils
Notable former pupils include:
Louis Leakey, archaeologist and naturalist
Nigel Malim, Royal Navy admiral
C. F. D. Moule, theologian
George Stainforth, flying speed record breaker
Henry Sturmey, co-inventor of Sturmey-Archer bicycle hub
Francis Warman, Archdeacon of Aston 1965–1977
John Phillips, Bishop of Portsmouth 1960–1975
Hugh Gough, Archbishop of Sydney 1959–1964
J. Meade Falkner, author of Moonfleet
C. F. G. Masterman, Liberal party politician and Cabinet Minister
Andrew Wood Wilkinson, paediatrician
Notes
Educational institutions established in 1862
Educational institutions disestablished in 1940
Schools in Weymouth, Dorset
Defunct schools in Dorset
1862 establishments in England | {'title': 'Weymouth College (public school)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth%20College%20%28public%20school%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Novopetrivka (), formerly known as Dar-Oleksandrivka () is a village in Bashtanka Raion of Mykolaiv Oblast (region). It belongs to Shyroke rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
Geography
On the southern outskirts of the village, the Krynychna Chebanka river flows into the Verevchyna river.
History
As of 1886, 280 people lived in the village. It was formerly part of the Kherson governorate and there were 51 yard farms, and there were 2 benches.
Until 18 July 2020, Novopetrivka belonged to Snihurivka Raion. The raion was abolished that day as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Mykolaiv Oblast to four. The area of Snihurivka Raion was merged into Bashtanka Raion.
2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine, Russia entered Mykolaiv Oblast and captured several towns, including Novopetrivka. It remained under Russian occupation with Ukrainian forces entrenched 2 km away, in the settlement of .
References
Villages in Bashtanka Raion | {'title': 'Novopetrivka, Shyroke rural hromada, Bashtanka Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novopetrivka%2C%20Shyroke%20rural%20hromada%2C%20Bashtanka%20Raion%2C%20Mykolaiv%20Oblast', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Inga edulis, known as ice-cream bean, ice-cream-bean, joaquiniquil, cuaniquil, guama or guaba, is a fruit native to South America. It is in the mimosoid tribe of the legume family Fabaceae. It is widely grown, especially by Indigenous Amazonians, for shade, food, timber, medicine, and production of the alcoholic beverage cachiri. It is popular in Peru, Ecuador, Pernambuco-Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. The taxonomic name Inga is derived from its name with the Tupí people of South America, while the species name edulis is Latin for "edible". The common name "ice-cream bean" alludes to the sweet flavor and smooth texture of the pulp.
Biology
Mature trees of Inga edulis reach 30 m (98 ft) high and 60 cm (2.0 ft) diameter at breast height, usually branching from below 3 m (9.8 ft). The branches form a broad, flat, moderately dense canopy. Inga edulis can be evergreen in tropical regions or deciduous when planted in colder regions. The tree has a pale grey coloured trunk. The stems and young twigs can be sparsely to densely haired. The leaves are alternate, evenly pinnate, 10–30 cm long with 4–6 pairs of opposite, dark-green, membranous, slightly pubescent, oval leaflets. The terminal leaflets can grow up to 18 cm long by 11 cm wide in comparison to the basal ones. Extrafloral nectaries are placed on petioles and stipules can be either inconspicuous, absent, or caducus.
Inga species are in symbiosis with ants (e.g., Pheidoles spp.), which get the nectar of the extrafloral nectaries. In exchange the ants will patrol over the Inga plant to protect it against herbivores. There are certain insects such as Riodinid caterpillars which excrete sugary honeydew from their tentacle nectaries. The ants will form a symbiosis with the caterpillars by letting them feed on the tree and in favour of getting sugary honeydew from them. Flowers are fragrant, sessile, pentamerous and are arranged in dense axillary spikes. The flower has a calyx tube with five puberulent, striate lobes, corolla with five silky, villous petals. These are around 14–20 mm long and contain numerous white stamens. The fruits are longitudinally ribbed, cylindrical indehiscent leguminous pods which can be straight, curved or often spirally twisted up. They are pendant and up to 1 m long and yellowish brown to greenly coloured. The amount of ovoid seeds can vary from 10 to 20, which are purplish-black to olive colored. These are embedded in the sweet, cottony, white arillus which gives it the name Icecream bean, since they taste sweet.
Symbiosis The Inga plant can also form symbiotic relationships where nitrogen gas can be fixated by rhizobial bacteria and mycorrhiza as other legumes can. Surveys have shown that Inga edulis undergo a mutualistic relationships with the bacterial strain of Bradyrhizobium.
Synonyms
This plant has a convoluted history of synonymy with Inga vera. The plants discussed under that name by Brenan and Kunth are actually I. edulis, whereas that based on the writings of Carl Ludwig Willdenow refers to the actual I. vera. Inga edulis in works referring back to authorities other than von Martius usually refers to Inga feuilleei.
Synonyms of Inga edulis Mart.:
Feuilleea edulis (Mart.) Kuntze
Inga benthamiana Meisn.
Inga edulis var. grenadensis Urb.
Inga minutula (Schery) T.S.Elias
Inga scabriuscula Benth.
Inga vera Kunth
Inga vera sensu Brenan
Inga ynga (Vell.) J.W.Moore
Mimosa inga L.
Mimosa ynga Vell.
Ecology
The natural distribution of Inga edulis spreads from Central to South America and ranges from subtropical dry to tropical wet conditions. It can be found at elevations from sea level up to 2200 m. Inga edulis grows best when mean annual daytime temperature ranges from 23 to 30 °C. However, it can tolerate 18–35 °C. During the resting period mature trees can survive −2 °C while young plants are killed at 0 °C. Preferred annual precipitation ranges from 1200 to 2500 mm but 640 to 4000 mm of annual precipitation can be tolerated also. Inga edulis can be grown on a widely varying range of soil conditions. It prefers a soil pH of 5–6.5 but can also grow in very strongly acidic soil down to a pH of 4.5 or moderately alkaline conditions up to pH 8. The natural habitat of Inga edulis includes margins of large rivers like the Amazon, thickets below high water line and wooded swamps. Therefore, the tree tolerates temporarily waterlogged soils for 2–3 months each year. However, it can also tolerate drought seasons up to 6 months. Further Inga edulis can cope with heavy soils or slope fairly well. In terms of soil fertility, Inga edulis is not only unpretentious but has the potential to improve soil quality. As a leguminous tree, Inga edulis can compensate for nutrient depleted soils by fixing nitrogen with its root nodules. Ammonium and nitrates found in soil typically result in nodulation reduction. Inga edulis is an exception, as its nodules increase in size when ammonium levels are at 5mM. Nitrate on the other hand did not benefit Inga edulis and continued to show properties that prevented nodulation. Additionally to nitrogen, Inga edulis is reported to significantly increase the extractable Phosphorus content in the soil and thus further ameliorates degraded soils.
Cultivation
Inga edulis is widely cultivated in agroforestry systems in its neotropical dispersal area. This form of cultivation, often associated with coffee or cocoa culture, is widely known since pre-Columbian times. Germination of Inga edulis seeds is fairly easy as the seeds are recalcitrant and often germinate already in the pod. However, seeds lose their ability to germinate after two weeks of storage. Direct sowing of the seeds is possible, but the establishment of seedlings with already a certain height can decrease competition with noxious weeds and thus increase growth. Further, the inoculation with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi in depleted soils is recommended to promote growth. These inoculi can easily be produced by collecting soil, nodules and fine roots from mature, nodulated inga edulis stands. Inga edulis seems to be very resistant to pests and diseases. Minor damages can result of fungal attacks in the seedling stage. Mature Inga edulis can be defoliated by Lepidoptera larvae. Also, fruit fly larvae often damage the seed testa. In Ecuador, Inga edulis in specially susceptible to mistletoe infestations.
Uses
Food crop
Inga edulis has been cultivated as a fruit tree for millennia and is widely sold on the local South American marketplace, mainly for the sweet, succulent pulp surrounding the seeds. The white pulp (aril) is consumed raw as a sweet snack, though it is less nutritious than the seeds. Toxic compounds such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors contained in the seeds of Inga edulis are destroyed through cooking.The taste is described as resembling that of vanilla ice cream. Some varieties even possess a slight cinnamon flavor. The seeds are only edible when cooked and have a taste similar to that of chickpeas.
In Colombia the arils are also used to prepare an alcoholic beverage called cachiri for a festival of the same name. The native women chew the arils and spit the mixture into a vat, where it is left to ferment. The fruit ripens quickly and can only be kept for three to four days, limiting potential export opportunities. However, refrigeration can extend shelf life to about three weeks.
Use in agroforestry systems
Due to its rapid growth and ability to improve soil properties, Inga edulis has found widespread use in tropical agroforestry. Most notably, Inga alley cropping is used as an alternative to slash and burn cultivation. It is also a popular shade tree for coffee, cocoa and tea plantations. One important reason for this is that in comparison to other shade tree species Inga edulis retains its leaves in the dry season. Cuttings and leaves also used as mulch and animal fodder. The wood is sometimes used as timber and for fuel, its popularity as a source of firewood stemming from its high calorific value and weak smoke production.
Despite its rapid growth and significant potential to improve soils in agroforestry systems, Inga edulis has not been the object of any improved breeding program. However, the plant has been shown to exhibit strong introgression with Inga ingoides in species contact areas. This could allow for selection of hybrids via interspecific hybridization to further increase yield and flood tolerance of the crop.
Medicinal uses
Inga edulis is widely used in native South American folk medicine. Decoctions of the leaves, bark or root commonly are utilized as treatments for diarrhea, arthritis and rheumatism. Crushed, boiled leaves are ingested to relieve coughing or applied to lip sores, possibly caused by herpes. Several studies have investigated Inga edulis as a source of polyphenols for use as antioxidants and have shown promising results. However, further studies are necessary to test and develop medical applications.
References
Ice Cream Beans
(1983): Inga edulis Mart. Crop Fact Sheet. Version of 07-JAN-1998. Retrieved 2007-DEC-17.
(2005): Genus Canavalia. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-17.
(2007): Germplasm Resources Information Network – Inga edulis. Retrieved 2007-DEC-18.
edulis
Edible legumes
Flora of South America
Tropical fruit
Trees of Peru | {'title': 'Inga edulis', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga%20edulis', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The South Gibson School Corporation is the largest of the three public school governing institutions in both enrollment and territory covered in Gibson County, Indiana as well as one of the ten largest in enrollment in Southwestern Indiana. The SGSC is responsible for a district including four townships of southern and southwestern Gibson County; Johnson, Montgomery, Union, Wabash, and parts of Barton, Center and Patoka Townships within Gibson County as well as drawing in students from Northern Vanderburgh and Posey Counties. It consists of a superintendent, a five-member school board, eight principals and vice principals and employs around 190 teachers and specialists. The SGSC's renovation of the then-35-year-old Gibson Southern High School was complete as of 2010-11 School Year.
The facilities of the SGSC
South Gibson has no central Middle School
Note: Coal Mine Road is often signed as both 800S on its east terminus (Fort Branch End) and 400W on its north terminus (Indiana 168 or Owensville End) with the curve being about 200 feet west of the Gibson Southern High School Campus.
Other facilities
Southern Indiana Career & Technical Center (Shared with 7 other school corporations)
Former facilities
Fort Branch Marlette High School*
Haubstadt Johnson High School*
Owensville Montgomery High School*
Merged to form Gibson Southern High School in 1974.
Neighboring corporations
East Gibson School Corporation
Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation
M.S.D. North Posey
North Gibson School Corporation
Warrick County School Corporation
References
Resources
South Gibson Homepage: http://www.sgibson.k12.in.us/index.htm
Gibson Southern High School Renovation: Gibson Southern High School Renovation Project
Schematic Design Report 02-06-07 | Wayback Machine
School districts in Indiana
Education in Gibson County, Indiana
Southwestern Indiana
Fort Branch, Indiana
Haubstadt, Indiana
Owensville, Indiana | {'title': 'South Gibson School Corporation', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Gibson%20School%20Corporation', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Collections of Colonies of Bees is an American musical ensemble from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
History
Collections of Colonies of Bees was founded by Chris Rosenau and Jon Mueller in 1998, then both members of the band Pele. Their debut album appeared on the UK-based label Rosewood Union, while their next several releases appeared on Crouton Records. By the time of their 2004 release Customer, they had added two new members, Jon Minor and Jim Schoenecker, and signed with Polyvinyl Records. In 2006, the group added Thomas Wincek and Daniel Spack, though two more years would pass before their next full-length, Birds, appeared. In 2011, the band released the album Giving on the label Hometapes. Following the release, Mueller and Wincek left to pursue a solo career (Mueller) and the band All Tiny Creatures (Wincek).
Collections of Colonies of Bees also forms half of the band Volcano Choir, the other half being Justin Vernon. They released two albums, Unmap in 2009 and Repave in 2013.
Members
Chris Rosenau - guitar (1998–present)
Jon Mueller - percussion (1998-2011)
Jon Minor - electronics (2003-2004)
Jim Schoenecker - electronics (2004-2011)
Thomas Wincek - electronics (2006-2011)
Matthew Skemp - bass (2008–present)
Daniel Spack - guitar (2006–present)
Ben Derickson - percussion (2012–present)
Marielle Allschwang - vocals (2016–present)
Timeline
Discography
Collections of Colonies of Bees (Rosewood Union, 1998)
Rance (Crouton Records, 2000)
fa.ce(a (Crouton, 2002)
Meyou (Crouton, 2003)
Stuck EP (Pillowface Records, 2003)
Customer (Polyvinyl Records, 2004)
Birds (Table of the Elements, 2008)
Six Guitars (Table of the Elements, 2008)
Giving (Hometapes, 2011)
Set (Hometapes, 2014)
Hawaii (Polyvinyl Records, 2018)
References
American instrumental musical groups
Rock music groups from Wisconsin
Musicians from Milwaukee | {'title': 'Collections of Colonies of Bees', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collections%20of%20Colonies%20of%20Bees', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Taromenane are an uncontacted people living in Yasuni National Park, at the Ecuadorian Amazon Basin.
Together with the Tagaeri they make up the two last known indigenous groups living in voluntary isolation in Ecuador. The clan is believed to be distantly related to the Huaorani people.
It is estimated there are 150–300 Taromenane still maintaining a nomadic lifestyle in the rainforest, and perhaps only 20–30 surviving Tagaeri, although these numbers are uncertain.
The Taromenane has recently been under threat from oil developments and illegal logging in the Yasuni National Park. In February 2008, authorities in Ecuador agreed to investigate reports that five tribespeople belonging to the Taromenane and Tagaeri tribes had been killed by illegal loggers.
References
External links
Yasuni Rainforest News
Ecuador Bars Oil Extraction, Logging from Indigenous Zone
Uncontacted: A field study of the Huaorani and their still uncontacted neighbors the Taromenane
Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
Huaorani
Uncontacted peoples | {'title': 'Taromenane', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taromenane', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Red Deer Rebels are a Western Hockey League junior ice hockey team based in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. The Rebels play at the Peavey Mart Centrium.
History
A "Name the Team" contest ran in Red Deer from October 7 to 17, 1991. The top three ideas from the over 1000 entries were "Rebels", "Renegades", and "Centurions". Team management chose the name "Rebels". On February 5, 1992, the Rebels selected Mike McBain as their first player in the Bantam Draft. The Rebels' first game was on September 25, 1992, in Red Deer against the Prince Albert Raiders (the Rebels won 6 to 3 in front of 5,240 fans). The original owner of the team was Terry Simpson, the original General Manager was Wayne Simpson and the original Coach was Peter Anholt. The Rebels had their first sell-out game at the Centrium on January 9, 1993, with 6,476 in attendance.
Goalie Jason Clague was credited with a goal on March 28, 1994 during a playoff game against the Lethbridge Hurricanes. David Hruska scored 5 goals in one game on October 20, 1995, in a game against the Medicine Hat Tigers. BJ Young set a team record for fastest goal at the start of a game at 0:06 of the first period on December 6, 1995, against the Medicine Hat Tigers. On May 11, 1999, Brent Sutter purchased the team from Terry and Wayne Simpson.
The Rebels were successful in the early 2000s winning three consecutive division and conference titles between 2000–01 and 2002–03. This period began with a WHL and Memorial Cup championship in 2001, when Jeff Smith scored the overtime winner against the Val-d'Or Foreurs. The Rebels were unable to duplicate this feat, falling in the league championship series the next two seasons.
President and owner Brent Sutter was also highly successful while serving as Team Canada's coach at both the 2005 and 2006 World Junior Hockey Championships. His older brother, Brian, took over the reins of the team for the 2007–08 season. Brent Sutter was named as the new head coach on November 14, 2012.
The Rebels had the first overall pick in the 2008 WHL Bantam Draft, choosing Burnaby, British Columbia native Ryan Nugent-Hopkins, who was also selected number one overall at the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. Other notable first round draft picks include Cam Ward, Dion Phaneuf, Mathew Dumba and Jesse Wallin.
The Rebels were the host team of the 2016 Memorial Cup tournament.
In 2022, the team had broken a WHL record as the longest winning streak at the beginning of their season opening with 15 wins.
Championships
Division titles won: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2010–11
Regular season titles won: 2000–01, 2001–02
League Championships won: 2001
Memorial Cup Titles: 2001
WHL finals
2000–01: Win, 4–1 vs Portland
2001–02: Loss, 2–4 vs Kootenay
2002–03: Loss, 2–4 vs Kelowna
Season-by-season record
Legend: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties OTL = Overtime losses Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
Team captains
1992–1993, Todd Johnson
1993–1994, Ken Richardson
1994–1995, Peter Leboutillier
1995–1996, Terry Lindgren
1996–1998, Jesse Wallin
1998–1999, Brad Leeb
1999–2001, Jim Vandermeer
2001–2002, Colby Armstrong
2004–2005, Colin Fraser
2006–2007, Brett Sutter
2007–2008, Brandon Sutter
2009–2010, Colin Archer
2010–2011, Colin Archer
2011–2012, Turner Elison
2013–2014, Conner Bleackley
2014–2015, Luke Philp
2014–2016, Wyatt Johnson
2016–2017, Adam Musil
2017–2018, Grayson Pawlenchuk
2018–2019, Reese Johnson
2019–2020, Dawson Barteaux
2020, Ethan Sakowich
Current roster
Updated March 3, 2023.
|}
NHL alumni
Colby Armstrong
Arron Asham
Ryan Bonni
Mike Brown
Jake DeBrusk
Mathew Dumba
Matt Ellison
Turner Elson
Martin Erat
Landon Ferraro
Haydn Fleury
Colin Fraser
Matt Fraser
Byron Froese
Michael Garnett
Carsen Germyn
Boyd Gordon
Brandon Hagel
Martin Hanzal
Jay Henderson
Reese Johnson
Blair Jones
Matt Keith
Darcy Kuemper
Peter Leboutillier
Brad Leeb
Brian Loney
Ross Lupaschuk
Doug Lynch
Steve MacIntyre
Justin Mapletoft
Masi Marjamaki
Mike McBain
Derek Meech
Vladimir Mihalik
Nelson Nogier
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins
Stephen Peat
John Persson
Alex Petrovic
Dion Phaneuf
Craig Reichert
James Reimer
Terry Ryan
Robert Schnabel
Sean Selmser
Shay Stephenson
Brandon Sutter
Brett Sutter
Jim Vandermeer
Pete Vandermeer
Darren Van Impe
Kris Versteeg
Jesse Wallin
Kyle Wanvig
Cam Ward
Lance Ward
Jaxsen Wiebe
Roman Wick
Jeff Woywitka
Mikhail Yakubov
B. J. Young
WHL awards
AirBC Trophy (Playoff MVP award)
2001 - Shane Bendera
WHL Plus-Minus Award
2000/01 - Jim Vandermeer
St. Clair Group Trophy (Marketing/public relations award)
1996/97 - Pat Garrity
2001/02 - Greg McConkey
Doug Wickenheiser Memorial Trophy (Humanitarian of the year award)
1996/97 - Jesse Wallin
1997/98 - Jesse Wallin
2000/01 - Jim Vandermeer
2004/05 - Colin Fraser
Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy (Regular season champion)
2000/01 - Red Deer Rebels
2001/02 - Red Deer Rebels
Lloyd Saunders Memorial Trophy (Executive of the year)
2000/01 - Brent Sutter
Dunc McCallum Memorial Trophy (Coach of the year)
2000/01 - Brent Sutter
Del Wilson Trophy (Top goaltender)
2001/02 - Cam Ward
2003/04 - Cam Ward
2010/11 - Darcy Kuemper
2012/13 - Patrik Bartosak
Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy (Rookie of the year)
2002/03 - Matt Ellison
2009/10 - Ryan Nugent-Hopkins
2010/11 - Mathew Dumba
Bill Hunter Trophy (Top defenceman)
2002/03 - Jeff Woywitka
2003/04 - Dion Phaneuf
2004/05 - Dion Phaneuf
2011/12 - Alex Petrovic
Brad Hornung Trophy (Most sportsmanlike player)
2002/03 - Boyd Gordon
Bob Clarke Trophy (Top scorer)
2000/01 - Justin Mapletoft
2021/22 - Arshdeep Bains
Four Broncos Memorial Trophy (Player of the year)
2000/01 - Justin Mapletoft
2003/04 - Cam Ward
2010/11 - Darcy Kuemper
CHL awards
CHL Humanitarian of the Year
1996/97 - Jesse Wallin
2000/01 - Jim Vandermeer
2004/05 - Colin Fraser
CHL Goaltender of the Year
2003/04 - Cam Ward
2010/11 - Darcy Kuemper
2012/13 - Patrik Bartosak
CHL Rookie of the Year
2002/03 - Matt Ellison
CHL Top Draft Prospect Award
2010/11 - Ryan Nugent-Hopkins
Brian Kilrea Coach of the Year Award
2000/01 - Brent Sutter
Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy Memorial Cup MVP
2001 - Kyle Wanvig
Memorial Cup
2000/01 - Red Deer Rebels
See also
List of ice hockey teams in Alberta
References
External links
Official web site
Ice hockey teams in Alberta
Sport in Red Deer, Alberta
Ice hockey clubs established in 1992
Western Hockey League teams
1992 establishments in Alberta | {'title': 'Red Deer Rebels', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Deer%20Rebels', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Epic Ink is an American reality television series that premiered on August 20, 2014 on A&E Network. The series features a group of talented tattoo artists and their love of tattooing pop culture at their Oregon-based shop, Area 51 Tattoo. Episodes aired on Wednesdays at 10:30 p.m. EST.
Premise
The series follows Area-51 Tattoo owner Chris 51 and his "out-of-this-world" team of tattoo artists as they bring pop-culture (movies, comics, cartoons, sci-fi and fantasy) to life as living body art in eye-popping ink. Their specialties are hyperrealistic tattoos that are what they like to call, "geek-chic".
Opening introduction by narrator:
Tattoo artists
Chris 51 - Shop owner, one of the most well-respected tattoo artists, specializing in pop culture and alien art tattoos. Chris imagined and co-created the show, casting all his friends for the roles.
Heather Maranda - Self-taught tattoo artist, specializing in cartoony/bright-color hyper-realistic tattoos
Jeff Wortham - Comic book art, sci-fi and cartoon tattoos, travels the globe to tattoo at sci-fi conventions
Chris Jones - Hailing from Wales, nominated for three consecutive Tattoo Industry Awards for Best UK Male, specializes in hyper-realistic and portrait tattoos
Josh Bodwell - A "walking encyclopedia" of sci-fi trivia, specializes in sci-fi/futuristic, realism and portraiture tattoos.
Caroline Russell - Shop manager/receptionist, not a "geek" on pop culture like the others and serves as the "nerd translator" between the "geeks" and "normal" people
Episodes
See also
List of tattoo TV shows
References
External links
of Epic Ink
Area 51 Tattoo (Epic Ink) official website
A&E (TV network) original programming
Television series set in tattoo shops
2010s American reality television series
2010s American documentary television series
2014 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
Television shows set in Oregon
Television shows filmed in Oregon
Television series by Matador Content | {'title': 'Epic Ink', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic%20Ink', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Bobby Edward Duncum Jr. (August 26, 1965 – January 24, 2000) was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his stint in World Championship Wrestling as a member of The West Texas Rednecks.
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1992–1995)
After playing collegiate football for the University of Texas at Austin, and playing professionally for the Dallas Texans of the Arena Football League, Duncum debuted as a wrestler for the Texas-based Global Wrestling Federation in September 1992. Two months after his debut, he and Johnny Hawk, collectively known as The Texas Mustangs, won the Tag Team Championship from The Rough Riders (Black Bart and Johnny Mantell). After a little over two months, the Mustangs lost the title to The Bad Breed (Axl Rotten and Ian Rotten) on January 29, 1993. The Mustangs disbanded shortly after the title loss.
All Japan Pro Wrestling and Extreme Championship Wrestling (1995–1998)
After a two-year hiatus, Duncum returned to wrestling and made his All Japan Pro Wrestling debut on January 8, 1995, where he, Gary Albright and Joel Deaton defeated Eagle, Lacrosse and The Patriot. Throughout the next few years, Duncum would wrestle in several singles and six-man tag team matches while in AJPW, while also making appearances in the Dallas-based Continental Wrestling Alliance.
While still competing for AJPW, Duncum debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling on February 14, 1997, where he defeated Balls Mahoney. He then began to split time between both promotions through the next few years, with his final ECW match being a loss to Mikey Whipwreck on July 18, 1998 and his final AJPW match being a tag team match in which he and Stan Hansen lost to Gary Albright and Yoshihiro Takayama on September 11.
World Championship Wrestling (1998-2000)
Debut (1998)
On the November 16 episode of WCW Monday Nitro, Duncum made his World Championship Wrestling debut as a fan favorite and defeated Chris Jericho in a World Television Championship match, but was unable to win Jericho's title due to winning via countout. Six days later at World War 3, Duncum made his pay-per-view debut and faced Jericho in a rematch for the title, but lost via pinfall. Duncum continued his feud with Jericho and defeated him twice at house shows and once more on the December 3 episode of Thunder before losing to him on the December 7 episode of Nitro. Duncum then formed a short-lived tag team with Mike Enos.
The West Texas Rednecks (1999–2000)
Duncum became a villain in the beginning of 1999 and joined Curt Hennig, Barry Windham and Kendall Windham to form a faction called The West Texas Rednecks. Although originally intended to be the villainous rivals of Master P's No Limit Soldiers, a faction of rappers, the Rednecks were instead embraced by the Southern wrestling fans of WCW and were cheered over the Soldiers. While Hennig and Barry would contend for the World Tag Team Championship, Duncum would compete in singles matches on Saturday Night and Thunder, including an unsuccessful attempt at winning the World Television Championship from Booker T on the April 15 episode of Thunder.
On June 13 at The Great American Bash, Duncum and Hennig lost to Konnan and Rey Mysterio Jr. of the No Limit Soldiers in a tag team match. Less than a month later, the Rednecks lost to the Soldiers once again at Bash at the Beach in an elimination tag team match on July 11. Following the end of their feud with the Soldiers, the Rednecks made their final pay-per-view appearance at Road Wild on August 14, where Duncum, Barry and Hennig lost to The Revolution (Dean Malenko, Perry Saturn and Shane Douglas) in a six-man tag team match.
Twelve days later on Thunder, Duncum made his final televised appearance as he, Barry and Kendall Windham lost to The Filthy Animals (Eddy Guerrero, Kidman and Rey Mysterio Jr.).
Personal life
Duncum's father, Bobby Duncum Sr., was also a professional wrestler.
Death
Duncum was found dead of an apparent drug overdose on January 24, 2000, at 5:00 in the morning by his roommate. He was 34 years old. Reports from stations KEYE-42 and KTBC Fox 7 in Austin mentioned that Duncum had gone through a divorce. An autopsy revealed that Duncum had overdosed on fentanyl, a painkiller that can be up to 100 times more potent than morphine. He did not have a prescription for the drug, and was supplied it by a relative. He had three patches of the drug at the time of his death. He is buried at Holliman Cemetery in Milam County, Texas, with his body previously donated to the University of Texas.
Championships and accomplishments
Global Wrestling Federation
GWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny Hawk
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #202 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999
PWI ranked him #494 of the Top 500 Singles Wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
See also
List of premature professional wrestling deaths
References
External links
Bobby Duncum Jr. obituary
1965 births
2000 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male professional wrestlers
Dallas Texans (Arena) players
Drug-related deaths in Texas
People from Amarillo, Texas
Professional wrestlers from Texas
20th-century professional wrestlers
GWF Tag Team Champions | {'title': 'Bobby Duncum Jr.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Duncum%20Jr.', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
USS Cardinal (AM-6) was a in the United States Navy. She was named after the cardinal bird.
Cardinal was launched 29 March 1918 by Staten Island Shipbuilding Co., New York; sponsored by Ms. I. Nelson; and commissioned on 23 August 1918 as Minesweeper No.6.
History
East Coast operations
Cardinal served in the 3rd Naval District, sweeping waters off New York and serving as a temporary lightship, until 3 August 1919, when she sailed to join the Pacific Fleet.
Pacific Ocean deployment
For the next three years, she sailed out of San Diego and San Diego, California, carrying supplies, provisions and passengers along the California coast, and towing lighters, targets, and disabled ships. Cardinal was redesignated as AM-6 on 17 July 1920.
From 8 February – 16 April 1923, Cardinal sailed to the Panama Canal to provide tug services during fleet battle practice. She returned to San Pedro to prepare for duty in Alaskan waters, and on 23 May sailed for Port Angeles, Washington, where she called from 30 May – 1 June.
Fate
While bound for Dutch Harbor on 6 June, she was grounded on a reef off the east coast of Chirikof Island, and heavy flooding began immediately. Some of her men were landed on the island, where they were later taken off by a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ship. The rest were rescued from the battered Cardinal on 7 June by the oiler , who also took off salvageable material and stores. The remaining hulk sank soon thereafter.
References
External links
USS Cardinal AM-6
From Dictionary of American Fighting Ships
Lapwing-class minesweepers
Ships built in Staten Island
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in June 1923
1918 ships
World War I minesweepers of the United States | {'title': 'USS Cardinal (AM-6)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Cardinal%20%28AM-6%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Magnetic Morning (formerly known as The Setting Suns) is an indie rock duo made up of Swervedriver singer/guitarist and solo artist Adam Franklin and Interpol drummer Sam Fogarino. The two met in early 2006 in New York City when they were introduced over dinner by long term, mutual friend, Jack Rabid and officially formed at the end of 2006.
Magnetic Morning released their debut six-track EP as "The Setting Suns" on iTunes on 18 October 2007. Soon after, they renamed their collaboration after a 2003 song by Franklin's moniker Toshack Highway "due to an already existing entity with a name too close for comfort". A five-track CD version of EP was released through DH Records on 19 April 2008. Magnetic Morning followed with their first full-length album A.M. a little over a year later in January 2009.
Discography
The Setting Suns EP
Details
Released: 18 October 2007
Label: DH Records / Friend or Faux Recordings
Format: digital download, CD
Track listing
A.M.
Details
Released: 27 January 2009
Label: Friend or Faux
Format: LP, CD
Track listing
References
External links
Magnetic Morning on Myspace
Indie rock musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from New York City | {'title': 'Magnetic Morning', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Morning', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Gurcharan Singh Pohli (born June 24, 1942) is an Indian singer and actor who worked in Punjabi and Hindi films. He is best known for his Punjabi duets with his wife, singer Promila Pammi. He was very active in the industry from the 1960s to the late 1980s. As an actor, he is most remembered for his role as Ghukkar in the movie Balbeero Bhabi (1981).
Early life & family background
Pohli was born in village Chak No. 51, Pakpattan Tehsil of Montgomery District (now in Pakpattan District) of Punjab in British India. Due to partition, his family moved to village Kot Karor Kalan near Talwandi Bhai in Firozpur District of East Punjab, India. He married his stage partner singer Promila Pammi and the family is now settled in California.
Career
He learned the music from Ustad Jaswant Bhanwra. He recorded mostly his songs and live performances with Promila Pammi for approximately 20 years. They were one of the most famous singing couples of Punjab in the 1970s and '80s as Pohli-Pammi. Pohli was always keen to work in movies. Director Boota Singh Shaad gave him first chance in his Punjabi movie Kulli Yaar Di (1969) as a playback singer. Pohli went to Bombay to try his luck in movies. He got a break as an actor in 1974 Hindi movie Kora Badan, which was also directed by Boota Singh Shaad. After that, he worked in many Hindi movies such as Chattan Singh, Paap Aur Punya and Sharafat Chhod Di Maine. Pohli used 'Shera' as his screen name in most of his Hindi movies. He came back to Punjab and worked in few Punjabi movies as well. He is most remembered for his villainous role of Ghukkar in the Punjabi movie Balbeero Bhabi (1981). After that, he worked in a few other Punjabi movies such as Yaari Jatt Di (1984), Patola (1987) and Jatt Soormay (1988).
Filmography
References
1942 births
Living people
Punjabi singers
People from Pakpattan
20th-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors | {'title': 'Gurcharan Pohli', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurcharan%20Pohli', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
"Homesick" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, Only Fools and Horses. It was the first episode of series 3, and was first broadcast on 10 November 1983. In the episode Rodney is appointed chairman of the local Tenants Association, and Del expects him to use his influence to secure a move to a council bungalow.
Synopsis
As Del Boy prepares himself to go out with a waitress from a pizzeria, Rodney plans to go to the local Tenants Association meeting to report things needing sorting, such as the lifts in Nelson Mandela House, which have broken down.
Rodney arrives at the meeting to find that the only other person attending is Trigger. While waiting for the meeting to start, Rodney finally asks Trigger why he keeps calling him Dave. Trigger explains that he thought it was his name, but Rodney assures his name is not, nor has it ever been, Dave. Trigger states he will have to start calling him Rodney, only to start using Dave again straight away. Baz, the chairman, mentions that the meeting cannot start without the vice-chairman present, which could be a while since he died the previous fortnight, and that he wanted to use the meeting to elect a new vice-chairman. Trigger votes Rodney to fill the position. The meeting starts with Baz tendering his resignation and promoting Rodney to the position of chairman in an instant. Rodney is shocked, and Baz and Trigger leave to get a drink. Sat up on the stage, Rodney begins to realise the power he has with the position.
Later, at the market, as Del sells oranges, Rodney appears and tells him all about the meeting as well as Margaret Mackenzie, one of the well-known higher-ups of the Tenants Association. Grandad also shows up, even though his legs are hurting. Rodney offers Grandad a lift home, but he plans to walk off the pain.
The Trotter brothers return home to find Grandad collapsed on the floor and phone for Dr. Becker. Dr. Becker diagnoses that Grandad, now confined to his bed, is suffering from exhaustion due to climbing twelve flights of stairs. Because of this, Dr. Becker recommends that the Trotters be moved into a council bungalow on Herrington Road. As Becker prepares to write to the chairman of the Tenants Association, Rodney exits the kitchen and admits that he is the chairman.
Rodney is initially reluctant to exercise his influence in fear of appearing to exploit his position so soon for self-interest. That night, Grandad gives Rodney a dented silver cigarette case and tells him and Del that it was carried by his (Grandad's) grandfather in the Boer War, and explains he carried it in his breast pocket, which prevented him from being shot in the heart by a rifle-wielding Zulu. Unfortunately it did not save his life, instead causing the bullet to ricochet up his nose and blow his brains out. Following a brief conversation, an emotional Rodney decides to phone the council and arrange the move.
The next day, Rodney introduces Margaret Mackenzie to Del, and they talk about the world of dancing and Nijinsky. Despite Del being a fool and failing to realise that Nijinsky died in 1950 (after claiming he was planning on buying tickets for one of his shows, and also thinking Nijinsky was a woman), Miss Mackenzie agrees to let them have a new bungalow. Once Miss Mackenzie signs the document, all is set for the Trotters. They can move into their new bungalow in a week's time, and she even agrees to go out for a drink with Del after they have moved.
As Miss Mackenzie leaves the flat, Grandad enters the lounge, now back on his feet and dancing. Rodney learns that it was all planned by Del and Grandad all along to secure the move. Though initially angry that Del duped Miss Mackenzie and Dr. Becker (as well as sabotaging the lifts to make them break down), Rodney relents when Grandad mentions that he will have no stairs to worry about, with Rodney agreeing for Grandad's sake that they needed a new home.
Suddenly, Miss Mackenzie returns to ask Del if he wants to go for the drink there and then, only to find Grandad fit and active again. Infuriated, she forces Rodney to resign as chairman and then tells the Trotters that they will no longer be moving into their bungalow. Despite all that has happened, Del still asks her if the offer of a drink is still open.
Episode cast
Notes
Gilly Flower and Renee Roberts, who played Miss Tibbs and Miss Gatsby respectively in Fawlty Towers, both appeared as one-shot characters in this episode. While the BBC's own publication Radio Times billed them as their Fawlty Towers characters, no reference was made to this in this episode.
References
External links
1983 British television episodes
Only Fools and Horses (series 3) episodes
Crossover television | {'title': 'Homesick (Only Fools and Horses)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesick%20%28Only%20Fools%20and%20Horses%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery was a Territorial Force Royal Horse Artillery battery that was formed in Nottinghamshire in 1908. It saw active service during the First World War in the Middle Eastin the Senussi Campaign and the Sinai and Palestine Campaignfrom 1915 to 1918. A second line battery, 2/1st Nottinghamshire RHA, served in the Mesopotamian Campaign in 1917 and 1918 as a Field Artillery battery. Post-war, it was reconstituted as a Royal Field Artillery battery.
History
Formation
The Territorial Force (TF) was formed on 1 April 1908 following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force, the Honourable Artillery Company and the Yeomanry. On formation, the TF contained 14 infantry divisions and 14 mounted yeomanry brigades. Each yeomanry brigade included a horse artillery battery and an ammunition column.
On 18 March 1908, the Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery (Territorial Force) was proposed as a new unit and it was recognized by the Army Council on 31 July 1908 (and the ammunition column on the same date). The unit consisted of
Battery HQ at Nottingham
Nottinghamshire Battery at Nottingham
Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade Ammunition Column also at Nottingham
The unit was equipped with four Ehrhardt 15-pounder guns and allocated as artillery support to the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade. The battery was raised and trained by Major Joe Laycock.
First World War
In accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. 2nd Line units performed the home defence role, although in fact most of these were also posted abroad in due course.
1/1st Nottinghamshire
The 1st Line battery was embodied with the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade on 4 August 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War. Initially, the brigade concentrated in Berkshire and on 5 August 1914 was assigned to the 1st Mounted Division. A decision was made to form a new mounted division from the mounted brigades in and around the Churn area of Berkshire. On 2 September 1914, 2nd Mounted Division, with Headquarters at Goring, came into being and the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade was transferred to the new division. I Brigade and II Brigade, RHA (T.F.) were formed for the division and the battery was assigned to II Brigade, RHA at Churn, along with Berkshire RHA and A Battery and B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company.
In November 1914, the division moved to Norfolk on coastal defence duties. Artillery headquarters was established at Cromer, before joining the divisional headquarters at Hanworth in December, and Nottinghamshire RHA was at Letheringsett (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade was at Holt).
Overseas service
In March 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division was put on warning for overseas service. In early April, the division starting leaving Avonmouth and the last elements landed at Alexandria before the end of the month. By the middle of May, the horse artillery batteries were near Ismaïlia on Suez Canal Defences.
The 2nd Mounted Division was dismounted in August 1915 and served at Gallipoli. The artillery batteries and ammunition columns (along with the signal troops, mobile veterinary sections, Mounted Brigade Transport and Supply Columns and two of the Field Ambulances) were left behind in Egypt. The division returned from Gallipoli in December 1915 and was reformed and remounted.
The battery never rejoined the division; on 28 November 1915 the battery departed Ismailia for the Western Desert and joined the Western Frontier Force on formation at Mersa Matruh. It served throughout the Senussi Campaign, taking part in the Affairs at Wadi Senab (1113 December 1915), Wadi Majid (25 December), and Halazin (23 January 1916), and in the action at Agagiya (26 February) which effectively ended the campaign.
Imperial Mounted Division
The Imperial Mounted Division was formed in Egypt in January 1917 with four cavalry brigades: the Australian 3rd and 4th Light Horse Brigades and the British 5th and 6th Mounted Brigades. The Nottinghamshire Battery was one of four that formed the XIX Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (T.F.) to support the division. In practice, the battery was attached to 3rd Light Horse Brigade.
The battery served with the Imperial Mounted Division in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign as part of the Desert Column. With the division, it took part in the advance across the Sinai. The battery was re-equipped with four 18 pounders in time for the First Battle of Gaza (2627 March 1917). It also took part in the Second Battle of Gaza (1719 April 1917).
Australian Mounted Division
In June 1917, the Desert Column was reorganised from two mounted divisions of four brigades each (ANZAC and Imperial Mounted Divisions) to three mounted divisions of three brigades each (ANZAC, AustralianImperial Mounted Division renamedand the new Yeomanry Mounted Division). 6th Mounted Brigade, along with Berkshire RHA, joined the Yeomanry Mounted Division and on 20 June 1917 the Imperial Mounted Division was redesignated as Australian Mounted Division as the majority of its troops were now Australian. On 12 August 1917, the Desert Column disappeared and the Desert Mounted Corps was formed.
The battery served with the Australian Mounted Division for much of the remainder of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. As part of the Desert Mounted Corps, the division took part in the Third Battle of Gaza (by now the battery was re-equipped with four 13 pounders), in particular the Capture of Beersheba (31 October) and the Battle of Mughar Ridge (13 and 14 November), and the defence of Jerusalem against the Turkish counter-attacks (27 November3 December).
Still part of the Desert Mounted Corps, the division took part in the Second Trans-Jordan Raid (30 April4 May 1918). XIX Brigade, RHA supported the 4th Light Horse Brigade in the advance on the Jisr ed Damiye–Es Salt track on 30 April. The next day, a strong Turkish force attacked from the direction of Jisr ed Damiye and soon the artillery was in danger. B Battery, HAC was in the rear and managed to get away with all but one of their guns (stuck in a wadi) but the Nottinghamshire RHA and A Battery, HAC were less fortunate. Machine gun fire cut down the horse teams before the guns could be gotten away. XIX Brigade lost 9 guns in total, the only guns to be lost in action in the entire campaign.
5th Cavalry Division
The battery was attached to the 5th Cavalry Division in September and October 1918 to support the division in the Final Offensive including the Battle of Megiddo (1925 September), the Capture of Damascus (1 October), and the Occupation of Aleppo (26 October).
2/1st Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire RHA formed a 2nd line in 1914, initially designated as the Nottinghamshire (Reserve) Battery RHA and later given a fractional designation as 2/1st Nottinghamshire Battery, RHA.
By February 1915, the battery joined the 2nd Line 2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade, duplicate of the 1st Line Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Mounted Brigade. On 6 March 1915, the 2/2nd Mounted Division was formed as a duplicate of the 2nd Mounted Division which had been warned for overseas service. The brigade joined the division on East Coast Defences in March 1915 and concentrated at Narborough with the battery at Scarning and Wendling.
The batteries of the division were quite unready for war. Three had no horses, the fourth had just 23; three batteries had over 200 men on average, but the other just 91; one battery had no ammunition and another reported that its 15-pounders were "practically useless".
The battery remained with the division when it was redesignated as 3rd Mounted Division in March 1916 and as 1st Mounted Division in July 1916. In September 1916, the battery was attached to the 8th Cyclist Brigade in 2nd Cyclist Division (former 4th Mounted Division) until the division was broken up on 16 November 1916.
The battery was posted overseas in June 1917, arriving at Basra on 13 August when it joined CCXV Brigade, RFA (T.F.) and was numbered as 812th Battery, RFA (T.F.). At this point it was armed with six 18 pounders. CCXV Brigade was serving with 3rd (Lahore) Division but was transferred to 15th Indian Division on 4 October. The battery remained with the 15th Indian Division, participating in the Mesopotamian campaign, for the remainder of the war. It took part in the Occupation of Hīt (9 March 1918) and the action of Khan Baghdadi (2627 March). After the end of the war, the division was run down as units were posted away or repatriated, being disbanded in March 1919.
The 15th Indian Division was formally disbanded in March 1919, and there is no further mention of the 2/1st Nottinghamshire RHA in the official histories. Most British troops attached to Indian Army divisions in Mesopotamia found themselves in India when their divisions were disbanded/repatriated, as there was a shortage of shipping to get the men home to Britain. In April 1919 the Third Anglo-Afghan War broke out, and British troops were inducted into various units to serve. At least one soldier of the 2/1st Notts is known to have fought in this war with another battery.
Post war
The Nottinghamshire RHA was not reconstituted until 7 February 1920 when it formed a battery (later numbered 240th) in 1st North Midland Brigade, RFA (later 60th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA) and ceased to be a Royal Horse Artillery battery. The Leicestershire RHA also joined the brigade as 240th Battery. In 1938 these two batteries were detached from 60th (NM) Field Regiment (as it had become) to form a separate 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA, which saw service in the Battle of France and Burma Campaign in World War II. In 1950 it was amalgamated into 350 (South Notts Hussars Yeomanry) Heavy Regiment, RA.
See also
List of Territorial Force horse artillery batteries 1908
The England test cricketer Harry Elliott, who had worked for Major Laycock before the war, served with the battery.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
External links
The Royal Horse Artillery on The Long, Long Trail
The Great War Royal Horse Artillery
Royal Horse Artillery batteries
Artillery units and formations of World War I
Military units and formations established in 1908
Military units and formations disestablished in 1920
Military units and formations in Nottinghamshire
Military units and formations in Nottingham | {'title': 'Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire%20Royal%20Horse%20Artillery', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Talking to Strange Men is a 1987 novel by British writer Ruth Rendell.
Plot summary
Two plotlines run through this crime novel. The main adult protagonist is John Creevey who stumbles upon a series of hidden coded messages which he thinks must be the work of criminals or spies. John is unhappy and depressed. His wife Jennifer has left him for Peter Mullin, her old fiancé, and he cannot accept that she will not return to him. He is still affected by the murder of his sister 16 years ago and Peter, her fiancé, is equally unhappy. John becomes obsessed by unravelling the codes, spending hours trying to break them.
The coded messages are, however, being left by rival groups of public schoolboys. These boys are emulating the world of the 1980s spy fiction with the home team led by 14-year-old Mungo battling against Moscow Centre, run by boys at a rival school. Mungo is over six feet tall and has inherited the leadership from his older brother. The groups have moles and traitors. One of Mungo's team is Charles Mabledene, another 14-year-old, but Mungo is not sure if he is really on their side and sets out to test him.
Jennifer and Peter come round to John's house in one of their attempts to get him to agree to a quick divorce and Colin, a friend of John's, recognises from when he was a juror. He tells John that Peter pleaded guilty to indecent assault on a male child under the age of thirteen. John wonders how he can use this information to turn Jennifer against Peter and is also worried because a 12-year-old boy has been abducted from where Peter and Jennifer live on an afternoon when Peter was on his own.
John decides to intercept and alter one of the messages and gives instructions for Peter to be investigated. The message is sent to Charles and he interprets this as being the loyalty test he is expecting.
John confronts Jennifer with his information on Peter saying, "You can't love a man who molests little boys", but Jennifer stays loyal to Peter, to help him and to protect other boys. John then tries to cancel his instructions to Charles, but Charles ignores the new message, knows it cannot be from Mungo who is on holiday, and reads it as a trap.
Charles goes to Peter's House and meets him on the pretext of offering to wash his car. He immediately senses that Peter is attracted to him. Charles looks very young for his age and tells Peter he is just twelve years old. He is just over five-foot, has blond hair, an unbroken voice and is quite aware he is very attractive. His father is always telling him not to talk to strange men. Peter suggests a meeting in town. After they sit down, he leans forward to brush ice cream off Charles' cheek yet Charles maintains a cool exterior. On a later trip to the cinema, Peter puts his arm around the boy's shoulder. After the cinema, they go to eat supper in a derelict building, one of the boys' ‘safe houses'. Peter makes advances to Charles, talking about a 'physically loving' friendship he had when he was Charles' age, and puts his hand on his thigh. Charles jumps up and in the subsequent panic, Peter is accidentally killed and Charles escapes, leaving a burning candle which destroys the building.
References
1987 British novels
Novels by Ruth Rendell
Hutchinson (publisher) books
Pantheon Books books | {'title': 'Talking to Strange Men', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking%20to%20Strange%20Men', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Suleiman Pasha (, also transliterated as "Sulayman Pasha", "Süleyman Pasha", "Suleyman Pasha", "Sulejman Pasha") may refer to one of the following persons:
Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) ( 1316–1357), Ottoman son of Orhan
Hadım Suleiman Pasha (governor of Rumelia) ( 1474–1490), Ottoman governor of Rumelia and Anatolia
Hadım Suleiman Pasha (died 1547), Ottoman grand vizier and governor of Egypt
Süleyman Pasha (Venetian), ( 1599–1603), Ottoman governor of Algeria (1599–1603)
Sulejman Bargjini ( 1614), Ottoman general, founder of Tirana
Suleiman, sanjak-bey of Scutari (fl. 1685)
İzmirli Süleyman Pasha (died 1721), Ottoman kapudan pasha
Sarı Süleyman Pasha (died 1687), Ottoman grand vizier
Ermeni Suleyman Pasha (died 1687), Ottoman grand vizier
Sulayman Pasha the Great (died 1761), Mamluk ruler of Iraq
Sulejman-paša Skopljak ( 1804–17), Ottoman military commander and governor of Belgrade
Sulayman Pasha al-Adil ( 1750-1819), vali of Sidon and governor of Acre
Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi (1788–1860), also known as Colonel Sève, French-born Egyptian commander
Suleiman Pasha (Ottoman general) ( 1840–1892), Ottoman commander
Süleyman Şefik Pasha ( 1919–1920), Ottoman military officer
Süleyman Sabri Pasha (1873–1941), officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army
See also
Süleymanpaşa, the designated central district of Tekirdağ Province of Turkey after 2014
Rulers of Damascus, some of whom were named "Sulayman Pasha" and "Süleyman Pasha"
Suleiman | {'title': 'Suleiman Pasha', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman%20Pasha', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The UK Association of Organised Trades was founded in Sheffield in July 1866. It was an important predecessor organization to the Trades Union Congress.
The organisation was largely inspired by William Dronfield, who was elected as its secretary. It initially represented over 200,000 trade unionists, organised through trades councils or national unions. Among the attendees at the first conference were the London Working Men's Association, and George Odger of the London Trades Council.
The organisation agreed to secure mutual co-operation during lock-outs, to oppose the Master and Servant Act, and to work for the establishment of Courts of Conciliation and Arbitration. Its headquarters were established in Sheffield, and its executive was elected by the Sheffield Association of Organised Trades.
A second conference was held in Manchester in January 1867, and a third in Preston in September of that year, although by this point, it was in sharp decline.
The prospects for the organisation were essentially finished by the Sheffield Outrages. Although it condemned them, it soon emerged that William Broadhead, Treasurer of the Association, was their ringleader.
The organisation disbanded in 1871.
See also
History of trade unions in the United Kingdom
References
A. E. Musson, Trade Union and Social History
D. E. Martin, DRONFIELD, WILLIAM
Defunct trade unions of the United Kingdom
National trade union centres of the United Kingdom
1866 establishments in the United Kingdom
1871 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Trade unions established in 1866
Trade unions disestablished in the 1870s
Trade unions based in South Yorkshire | {'title': 'United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20Alliance%20of%20Organised%20Trades', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Roger Alan Brady (born November 11, 1946) is a former United States Air Force (USAF) four-star general who last served as the 33rd Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) which he also concurrently served as commander of NATO Allied Air Command, Ramstein Air Base, Germany and director of Joint Air Power Competence Center, Kalkar, Germany from January 9, 2008, to December 13, 2010. Prior to that he served as deputy chief of staff for manpower and personnel from June 2004 to January 2008. As commander of USAFE, he has responsibility for USAF activities in the U.S. Africa Command theater.
He has commanded a support group and flying training wing, and he was vice commander of an air logistics center. The general has served as a director of personnel, logistics, plans and programs, and operations at three major commands. His involvement in deployed operations includes service in Vietnam, deployment of NATO forces in support of Operation Desert Storm, securing coalition support for the stand-up of expeditionary wings during Operation Allied Force, and providing Total Force and Civil Reserve Air Fleet air mobility support to operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
General Brady is a command pilot with more than 3,900 hours in T-37, T-38, T-1, KC-135, C-21, and C-5.
General Brady's retirement ceremony was held December 13, 2010 at Ramstein AB and he ended active duty as of February 1, 2011. Since retirement, he has served on the board of trustees for Mid-Atlantic Christian University.
Education
General Brady entered the USAF in 1969 through the University of Oklahoma (OU) Air Force ROTC program. While at OU, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in foreign services in 1968, followed by a Master of Arts degree in political science from Colorado State University in 1969. Brady received additional professional military education at the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base, and the National War College at Fort McNair, in addition to administrative and national security programs at Columbia University and Harvard University.
Assignments
November 1969 – July 1970, student, Armed Forces Air Intelligence Training Center, Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado
July 1970 – July 1971, air intelligence officer, 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron, Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam
July 1971 – June 1972, Chief, Target Processing Branch, 320th Bomb Wing, Mather AFB, California
July 1972 – October 1973, student, undergraduate pilot training, 71st Flying Training Wing, Vance AFB, Oklahoma
November 1973 – March 1974, student, KC-135 Aircrew Training, Castle AFB, California
April 1974 – April 1977, co-pilot, aircraft and flight commander of 301st Air Refueling Wing, Rickenbacker AFB, Ohio
May 1977 – August 1977, student, pilot instructor training, 12th Flying Training Wing, Randolph AFB, Texas
September 1977 – August 1981, instructor pilot, flight commander and Chief, Standardization and Evaluation Division, 64th Flying Training Wing, Reese AFB, Texas
August 1981 – June 1982, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
July 1982 – June 1984, Chief, T-38 Standardization and Evaluation, Directorate of Operations, Headquarters Air Training Command, Randolph AFB, Texas
July 1984 – July 1987, staff officer, Airlift Special Operations and Training Division, later, special assistant and executive officer to the deputy chief of staff for research, development and acquisition, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
August 1987 – June 1988, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
July 1988 – June 1991, staff officer, Policies and Studies Branch, later, Chief, Long-Range Plans Branch, AIRSOUTH Arms Control Team, and later, Chief, Programs and Requirements Branch, Allied Air Forces Southern Europe, Naples, Italy
July 1991 – May 1992, commander of 3415th Support Group, Lowry AFB, Colorado
June 1992 – June 1993, director of personnel, Headquarters Air Training Command, Randolph AFB, Texas
July 1993 – July 1995, commander of 64th Flying Training Wing, Reese AFB, Texas
August 1995 – June 1997, vice commander of Ogden Air Logistics Center, Hill AFB, Utah
July 1997 – June 1998, director of logistics, Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein AB, Germany
July 1998 – July 1999, director of plans and programs, Headquarters USAFE, Ramstein AB, Germany
July 1999 – October 2000, director of logistics, Headquarters Air Mobility Command, Scott AFB, Illinois
October 2000 – November 2003, director of operations, Headquarters AMC, Scott AFB, Illinois
November 2003 – June 2004, special assistant to the chief of staff for force development, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
June 2004 – January 2008, deputy chief of staff, personnel, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
January 2008 – December 2010, commander of U.S. Air Forces in Europe; commander of NATO Allied Air Component Command, Ramstein; and director of Joint Air Power Competence Center, Kalkar, Germany
Flight information
Rating: Command pilot
Flight hours: 3,900
Aircraft flown: T-37, T-38, T-1, KC-135, C-21 and C-5
Awards and decorations
Other awards
September 7, 2010: Order of the Sword, USAFE.
Effective dates of promotion
See also
List of commanders of USAFE
References
Official Biography
1946 births
Living people
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Air Force personnel of the Gulf War
Colorado State University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
University of Oklahoma alumni
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States) | {'title': 'Roger A. Brady', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20A.%20Brady', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Moyoco Anno, serialized in the seinen magazine Morning since 2004. The story centers on 28-year-old Hiroko Matsukata, editor at the magazine . Talented and hard-working, Hiroko's colleagues refer to her as Hataraki Man (literally "working man") because of her dedication to her job. But despite her successes in the workplace, she struggles with moments of self-doubt and with the challenge of balancing life and career.
Hataraki Man was adapted into an anime television series broadcast from October to December 2006 and a drama that aired from October to December 2007. In North America, the anime series has been licensed by Maiden Japan.
Plot
Hiroko Matsukata is a woman who works for a magazine company. She puts all she has into her work, and is known as a strong, straightforward working girl, who can at will turn herself into Hataraki man (working man) mode. Despite Hiroko's success at work, her life lacks romance. Even though a hard worker, she would leave early anytime to go on a date. Too bad her boyfriend is an even bigger workaholic than Hiroko.
Development
Anno has said that "Absolutely, women need a Man Switch", saying that more understanding is needed of male and female psychology in the workplace. She is critical of a "laziness" in modern Japanese culture, saying that "The traditional virtue of Japan was that people took everything very seriously. As those traditions have been eroded, the quality of Japanese work has been downgraded."
Characters
Played by: Miho Kanno
Hiroko is a woman dedicated to her job. She will put her entire life on hold (becoming the "Hataraki Man") in order to get her story written to a self-imposed, very high standard of perfection. Her ultimate goal is to own and publish her own magazine.
Played by: Michiko Kichise
Maiko is an elegant woman who is revered (and very nearly worshiped) by the men at JIDAI. She is typically very silent and somewhat aloof, but she does get her job done (even if she ignores more of the rules of etiquette of such things).
Played by: Yoshiyoshi Arakawa
Akihisa is a mild-mannered reporter in charge of the "food and porn" section of JIDAI. He and Hiroko started working at the magazine around the same time. There is a connection between, though whether this is from similar work ethic, starting their jobs at the same time, or the fact that they are drinking buddies (always initiated by Hiroko) is up for debate.
Played by: Aya Hirayama
Mayu's main goal in life is to write a work of fiction with her favorite author. She is a bit of a flake within the world of JIDAI and is often reprimanded for that fact. She is one of Hiroko's closest office friends.
Played by: Ikki Sawamura
Narita is the more active boss in the editing department, much to the dismay of the chief editor, Tatsuhiko (though he does not act offended but on occasion.) Narita is a man who knows when to be the boss and when to be the encouraging friend. While he is usually shown as being an amiable man who wants to help the other employees, he is not above yelling at the others to make sure they get their best work done and before deadline. It is never said explicitly one way or another where his sexual preference ultimately lies; but it is mentioned that Narita "doesn't like women".
Yumi, one of the four women actually seen working within JIDAI, is almost the complete opposite of Hiroko, if only in their approach to working within a "man's world". Yumi chose to embrace her "womanly" side instead of trying to run with the men. She is engaged to an unnamed man, though there are hints that her fiancé was the former boyfriend of coworker Maiko Kaji.
Played by: Kanji Tsuda
Sugawara is more a paparazzo than a traditional reporter. He hunts down high scandal stories and then stakes them out to get the perfect picture. Unexpectedly, he has an inner calm that is expressed through his pleasure of sky photography; however, to the outside world he is a gruff man with a bit of a mean streak.
Kunio is a man who feels that one's life should not be wasted completely on working. He gets his job done but, unlike Hiroko, he does not feel that one should devote their whole life to just work. While there are several people who clash with Hiroko throughout the series, Kunio is probably one of those that repeats the most, if only for their complete difference in work ethic.
Played by: Masato Ibu
As the senior editor within the department, Tatsuhiko does not seem to do a whole lot. He is a rather laid back man and is often accused of being sexist towards the female characters. While he is very susceptible to flattery, Tatsuhiko also has his serious moments. There is a reason why he is the boss and when the stakes are raised, he is willing to step up and take responsibility.
Played by: Hisashi Yoshizawa
Like Hiroko, Shinji works long hours. He also frequently travels on business, making it difficult for the two of them to spend time together. Shinji is not as successful in his business endeavors as Hiroko, however, and this leads to more problems in their relationship.
Media
Manga
Hataraki Man is written and illustrated by Moyoco Anno. The series started its serialization in Kodansha's seinen magazine Morning in 2004. The series has been on hiatus since March 2008, due to Anno's health.
Volume list
Anime
Drama
A drama adaptation aired from October to December 2007.
Reception
The realism of the series has been regarded as key to its popularity with readers facing the same issues in life.
References
External links
2004 manga
2006 anime television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series endings
Japanese television dramas based on manga
Kodansha manga
Maiden Japan
Moyoco Anno
Nippon TV dramas
Noitamina
Seinen manga | {'title': 'Hataraki Man', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hataraki%20Man', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanently move to a country). A migrant emigrates from their old country, and immigrates to their new country. Thus, both emigration and immigration describe migration, but from different countries' perspectives.
Demographers examine push and pull factors for people to be pushed out of one place and attracted to another. There can be a desire to escape negative circumstances such as shortages of land or jobs, or unfair treatment. People can be pulled to the opportunities available elsewhere. Fleeing from oppressive conditions, being a refugee and seeking asylum to get refugee status in a foreign country, may lead to permanent emigration.
Forced displacement refers to groups that are forced to abandon their native country, such as by enforced population transfer or the threat of ethnic cleansing. Refugees and asylum seekers in this sense are the most marginalized extreme cases of migration, facing multiple hurdles in their journey and efforts to integrate into the new settings. Scholars in this sense have called for cross-sector engagement from businesses, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, and other stakeholders within the receiving communities.
History
Patterns of emigration have been shaped by numerous economic, social, and political changes throughout the world in the last few hundred years. For instance, millions of individuals fled poverty, violence, and political turmoil in Europe to settle in the Americas and Oceania during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Likewise, millions left South China in the Chinese diaspora during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
"Push" and "pull" factors
Demographers distinguish factors at the origin that push people out, versus those at the destination that pull them in. Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as pull factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave. Diversity of push and pull factors inform management scholarship in their efforts to understand migrant movement.
Push factors
Poor living conditions or overcrowding
Lack of employment or entrepreneurial opportunities
Lack of educational opportunities
Threat of arrest or punishment
Persecution or intolerance based on race, religion, gender or sexual orientation
Political corruption, lack of government transparency or freedom of speech
Inability to find a spouse for marriage
Lack of freedom to choose religion, or to choose no religion
Resource depletion, scarcity or austerity
Military draft, warfare or terrorism
Expulsion by armed force or coercion
Recession or economic collapse
Famine or drought
Cultural fights with other cultural groups
Pull factors
Higher quality of life, economic growth or lower cost of living
Encouragement to join relatives or fellow countrymen; chain migration
Quick wealth (as in a gold rush)
More job opportunities or promise of higher pay
Prosperity or economic surplus
Educational opportunity (including university for adults or K-12 for children)
Prepaid travel (as from relatives)
Building a new nation (historically)
Building specific cultural or religious communities
Political freedom
Cultural opportunities
Greater opportunity to find a spouse
Favorable climate
Ease of crossing boundaries
Reduced tariff
Criticism
Some scholars criticize the "push-pull" approach to understanding international migration. Regarding lists of positive or negative factors about a place, Jose C. Moya writes "one could easily compile similar lists for periods and places where no migration took place."
Emigration waves by country
Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe
Yerida (Jewish emigration from Israel)
Swedish emigration to the United States
Statistics
Unlike immigration, in many countries few if any records have been recorded or maintained in regard to persons leaving a country either on a temporary or permanent basis. Therefore, estimates on emigration must be derived from secondary sources such as immigration records of the receiving country or records from other administrative agencies.
The rate of emigration has continued to grow, reaching 280 million in 2017.
In Armenia, for example, the migration is calculated by counting people arriving or leaving the country via airplane, train, railway or other means of transportation. Here, the emigration index is high: 1.5% of population leaves the country annually. In fact, it is one of the countries, where emigration has become a part of culture since 20th century. For example, between 1990 and 2005 approximately 700,000-1,300,000 Armenians left the country. The highly rising numbers of emigration are a direct response to socio-political and economic areas of the country. The internal migration (migration in country) is big (28.7%), while international migration is 71.3% of the total migration by people aging 15 and above. It is important to understand the reasons for both types of migration and the availability of the options. For example, in Armenia, everything is localized in the capital city Yerevan, thus, internal migration is from the villages and small cities to the biggest city of the country. The reason for the migration can be work or study. International migration follows the same reasoning of migration: work or study. The main destinations for it are Russia, France and US.
Emigration restrictions
Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. After 1668, the Qing Emperor banned Han Chinese migration to Manchuria. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the Willow Palisade, a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from encroaching on Manchu and Mongol lands.
The Soviet Socialist Republics of the later Soviet Union began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928. To strengthen this, they set up internal passport controls and individual city Propiska ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 101st kilometre, rules which greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.
At the end of World War II in 1945, the Soviet Union occupied several Central European countries, together called the Eastern Bloc, with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave. Before 1950, over 15 million people emigrated from the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries and immigrated into the west in the five years immediately following World War II. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually immigrated to West Germany through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement. The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961. In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, followed by German reunification and within two years the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, Mongolia, and North Korea. North Korea still tightly restricts emigration, and maintains one of the strictest emigration bans in the world, although some North Koreans still manage to illegally emigrate to China. Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time or another included Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia, Afghanistan, Burma, Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975 to 1979), Laos, North Vietnam, Iraq, South Yemen and Cuba.
See also
Canvas ceiling
Deportation
Diaspora
Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
Émigré
Exile
Expatriate
Feminization of migration
Immigration
Foot voting
Human capital flight
Human migration
Settlement
International Organization for Migration
Migration Letters
Political asylum
Political migration
Population transfer
Refugee
Separation barrier
Snowbird (people)
Notes
References
External links
Labour market efficiency and emigration in Slovakia and EU neighbouring countries,
External links
Translation from Galician to English of 4 Classic Emigration Ballads
Human migration
Population | {'title': 'Emigration', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Hanns Lippmann (1890–1929) was a German film producer of the silent era. Lippmann set up Gloria-Film AG (later taken over by Ufa), and was closely associated with the director E.A. Dupont.
Selected filmography
The Golem (1915)
The Path of Death (1917)
When the Dead Speak (1917)
Prince Cuckoo (1919)
Patience (1920)
Whitechapel (1920)
Hearts are Trumps (1920)
The White Peacock (1920)
The Vulture Wally (1921)
Children of Darkness (1921)
Murder Without Cause (1921)
The Hunt for the Truth (1921)
The Conspiracy in Genoa (1921)
Man Overboard (1921)
The False Dimitri (1922)
The Green Manuela (1923)
Inge Larsen (1923)
The Wonderful Adventure (1924)
Man Against Man (1924)
Love Story (1925)
When the Young Wine Blossoms (1927)
References
Bibliography
St. Pierre, Paul Matthew. E.A. Dupont and his Contribution to British Film: Varieté, Moulin Rouge, Piccadilly, Atlantic, Two Worlds, Cape Forlorn. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2010.
External links
1890 births
1929 deaths
German film producers | {'title': 'Hanns Lippmann', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns%20Lippmann', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Charles Larkin (1775–1833) was an auctioneer and electoral reformer from Rochester, Kent, England.
A monument in his honour was raised by public subscription in Higham, near Rochester. It still stands, although has been rebuilt twice.
The reforms
Larkin promoted the Parliamentary reforms in 1832 that gave the vote to every householder whose property rental value was more than £10.
The act introduced wide-ranging changes to electoral franchise legislation in the United Kingdom. Before the act, certain English boroughs were entitled to send MPs to parliament, while the remaining parts of each county voted as a whole.
Although certain individual boroughs had been added or removed over the years, the reform act's most important consequence was the first wholesale review and revision of the list of enfranchised boroughs. Many new-grown towns gained the right to elect their own MPs and many rotten boroughs lost it.
Death and honour
Charles Larkin died, aged 58, at his home on Boley Hill, Rochester, on 12 September 1833. He had been a Liberal and contemporary reports describe him as “one of the most prominent political characters in this country”.
His coffin was interred in the family vault at nearby Gillingham on 20 September. The hearse was drawn by six horses, after which came three mourning coaches, each drawn by four horses. These were followed by 160 gentlemen, two abreast and dressed in deep mourning; and then by several carriages. Most of the shops in the town were closed for the funeral.
A subscription for a monument in his honour was opened in October, within a month had raised £150 from 64 subscribers.
Work on the monument began the next January and was completed by September, 1835. A contemporary newspaper report said: "It is a column nearly sixty feet in height, built of a composition called concrete, in imitation of stone, and the structure, by its correct and elegant proportions, reflects great credit upon the architect, Mr Ranger."
It contained the inscription:
The Friends of Freedom in Kent erected this Monument to the Memory of CHARLES LARKIN,
In grateful testimony to his fearless and long
Advocation of Civil and Religious Liberty
And his zealous exertions in promoting the
Ever Memorable Measure of
Parliamentary Reform
AD 1832
The monument, however, was not as sturdy as the man it commemorated. By August, 1860, it had fallen into such a state of disrepair that one newspaper reported:
The Larkin Monument, beyond Frindsbury, erected of concrete in a paltry manner, is found to be in peril of tumbling into a heap of rubbish. What a satire on a 'memorial'!
It was repaired in 1869 by Benjamin Horne who added the inscription:
This monument was repaired and re-inscribed at the cost of Benjamin Worthy Horne, Esqre, of Mereworth, Kent, and of Russell Square, London. AD 1869
Concrete, however, was plainly a poor material for monuments, and the column was renovated again in 1974. By the early 20th century both inscriptions had eroded, which are now replaced by a metal plaque, with the following inscription:
Charles Larkin
(1775–1833)
Parliamentary Reformer
References
Sources
A Mosaic History of Higham by Andrew Rootes (1974)
1775 births
1833 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) politicians
People from Higham, Kent | {'title': 'Charles Larkin', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Larkin', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Gwen Amber Rose Araujo (February 24, 1985 – October 4, 2002) was an American trans teenager who was murdered in Newark, California at the age of 17. She was murdered by four men, two of whom she had been sexually intimate with, who beat and strangled her after discovering that she was transgender. Two of the defendants were convicted of second-degree murder, but not the requested hate-crime enhancements to the charges. The other two defendants pleaded guilty or no-contest to voluntary manslaughter. In at least one of the trials, a "trans panic defense"—an extension of the gay panic defense—was employed.
Merél and Magidson were sentenced to life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 15 years. Merél was granted early parole in 2016, after reportedly showing extensive remorse to Araujo's mother, who supported the decision. Magidson, however, has reportedly never shown remorse and has been denied parole twice since his sentencing.
Victim
Gwen Araujo was born on February 24, 1985, in Brawley, California, to Edward Araujo and Sylvia Guerrero. Her parents divorced when she was 10 months old.
Araujo came out as transgender in 1999 at the age of 14, and began using the name Gwen after her favorite musician, Gwen Stefani, but also went by Wendy and Lida. She began to grow her hair long and planned to undergo hormone treatment and surgery. Her older sister said that she was bullied in junior high school because of her voice and bearing. She transferred to an alternative high school, but did not return for the 2002–03 academic year.
Background
Araujo first met Michael Magidson, José Merél, Jaron Nabors, and Jason Cazares in late August or early September 2002. The night they met Araujo, she flirted with all four men and they smoked marijuana together. After she left, Nabors asked the other three "Could this be a dude?" but none of the four men took the thought seriously. Later, she engaged in oral sex with Magidson and anal sex with Merél. She claimed to be menstruating and during sex would push her partners' hands away from her genitalia to prevent them from discovering that she had a penis.
Nicole Brown, who was dating Paul Merél (José's older brother) and was acquainted with Araujo, said that she and Araujo had engaged in a physical fight after Brown challenged Araujo to strip for the men. Araujo surprised her with a strong blow during the fight, and Brown said the men "were tripping, because she was smaller than me and just as strong. She fought like a guy." The four men debated in late September whether Araujo was female, concluding that "something bad could happen" to her if she was not.
Confrontation
On the night of October 3, 2002, Araujo attended a party at a house rented by José and Paul Merél, attended by them, their younger brother Emmanuel Merél, Michael Magidson, Jaron Nabors, Jason Cazares, and Nicole Brown. Nabors later testified that José Merél said that night, "I swear, if it's a f— man, I'm gonna kill him. If it's a man, she ain't gonna leave." According to Nabors, Magidson added "I don't know what I'm going to do", and Nabors replied, "Whatever you do, make sure you don't make a mess." Brown said the four men were out at a club together and did not return to the house until after midnight.
In the early morning hours of October 4, Magidson asked Araujo to reveal her sex or allow him to touch her genitals, which she refused. Brown suggested that one of them should inspect Araujo, and Magidson took Araujo to the bathroom. After half an hour, during which José Merél later confessed he had sex with Araujo, Brown went to the bathroom, where she discovered Araujo had male genitalia during a forced inspection. Brown was surprised and blurted out, "It's a f— man!", and the men with whom she had had sexual relations became enraged and violent. Brown testified that she warned Araujo that the men were "very angry", but upon exiting through the front door, Araujo was confronted and forced back inside the house by Magidson, Nabors, and Cazares. Emmanuel Merél testified that he also tried to escort Araujo away from the house, but was prevented by Magidson and Nabors.
José Merél vomited upon learning Araujo was anatomically male, then began to cry in disbelief, saying "I can't be f— gay." Brown testified that she tried to comfort Merél after the discovery, saying "It's not your fault. I went to high school with you, and you were on the football team. Any woman that knows you after this, it's not going to matter. Just let her go."
After Araujo was brought back into the house, Magidson grabbed at her skirt and underwear in an attempt to expose her genitals. He then proceeded to punch her in the face, knocking her to the ground, and put her in a chokehold, but he was pulled off by others. Araujo begged the men to stop, saying "No, please don't. I have a family." José Merél became angry and struck her in the head with a can of food, denting the can and opening a cut on her head, and then he struck her again with a frying pan. The last words Merél heard Araujo speak were "I told you I was sorry."
At some point after that, Brown woke Paul Merél, and they left the house with Emmanuel Merél. Emmanuel Merél later testified he walked to a convenience store to buy gum, then went to a friend's house to spend the night.
Nabors and Cazares left in Magidson's truck to retrieve shovels and a pickaxe from Cazares's house, saying as they left the Merél house that the other men were going to "kill that b—". Brown recalled that after she had left with Paul Merél, they drove around the block and returned to the house to see Nabors and Cazares leaving in Magidson's truck.
Murder
When Nabors and Cazares returned, Araujo was still conscious, bleeding from her head wound and sitting on the couch. José Merél became concerned that Araujo was bleeding on the couch and ordered her off it. At some point, the assault resumed. Nabors and Cazares urged the others to "knock the b— out", according to Nabors's testimony. Magidson hit her head against the living room wall with his knee, rendering her unconscious. Nabors testified that Magidson's assault was so severe it left a dent in the wall and cracked the plaster. Cazares kicked her. Merél was concerned with cleaning Araujo's blood off the couch and carpet before retreating to his room so the others would not see him crying.
After Araujo was knocked unconscious, Magidson bound her wrists and ankles, then she was wrapped in a comforter to minimize the amount of blood staining the carpet, before being carried to the garage of the home. After this, the defendants' testimonies diverge.
Nabors testified that Magidson strangled her with a rope and that Cazares struck her with a shovel, but Nabors was returning from the garage and did not actually witness the act of strangulation. Referring to Araujo as Lida—the name she had used with them—Nabors testified that he saw Magidson raising the rope to her neck before he left the garage and that Magidson later told the others "that he had wrapped the rope around Lida's neck and twisted it." According to Nabors, Magidson "wasn't sure if Lida had died from twisting the rope, but once Jason hit her twice with the shovel, he knew she was dead".
Magidson testified that it was instead Nabors who strangled her and struck her with the shovel, and Cazares testified that he never struck her and did not see her die. José Merél testified he was cleaning Araujo's blood out of the carpets and couch as Magidson was binding her ankles, prior to her being taken to the garage. Merél also said he thought she was still alive until he saw her body in the bed of Magidson's truck. It is not clear at what point during this sequence of events she died. However, the autopsy showed that she died from strangulation associated with blunt force trauma to the head. According to Merél, Magidson said he was not sure she was dead until they struck her with a shovel.
She was then placed in the bed of a pick-up truck, and the four men drove her body four hours away, burying her near the Sierra Nevada mountains in a shallow grave in the El Dorado National Forest near Silver Fork Road in El Dorado County. On their way home, they purchased breakfast at a McDonald's drive-through window. Later that morning, during a phone conversation, Brown asked José Merél what happened, to which he replied "Let's just say she had a long walk home."
Arrests
The party-goers did not report the crime and the assailants said nothing to anyone about the murder. Araujo usually checked in with her mother, so when she did not come home the day after the party, her mother called the police on October 5 to report her missing. Police did not initially take the missing persons case seriously partly because she was transgender, and she was known to stay away from home overnight. Rumors reached her family that a girl who had been outed as transgender at a party had been killed and buried in Tahoe, and her aunt called the police on October 9 to pass on the story. Police began to interview the party-goers, and one of them led the police to the Meréls' house.
Two days after Araujo was reported missing, a friend of Jaron Nabors described him as appearing distraught. Nabors had confessed to a friend what the four had done shortly after returning from the grave site. That friend tipped off the police, and agreed to wear a microphone during a subsequent conversation with Nabors about the murder. Confronted with the recording, Nabors agreed to lead authorities to the body on October 15.
The Alameda County Sheriff's Office dispatched four crime scene investigators and two detectives to recover Araujo's body from the grave site. The four who were initially arrested and accused of the murder were Magidson (age 22); Nabors (19), José Merél (22), and Paul Merél.
Paul Merél was released after Brown and Emmanuel Merél told the police that he had left the scene with them. Magidson, Nabors, and José Merél were charged with murder on October 17 and held without bail. On October 24, Nabors pleaded not guilty, Magidson was still looking for an attorney, and José Merél was still reviewing the evidence against him. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Merél was confident that charges would be dropped.
After he was arrested, Nabors wrote a letter to a girlfriend in which he stated the defendants had discussed a "Soprano-type plan" to "kill the b— and get rid of her body". The letter was intercepted by sheriff's officials and led to the arrest of Cazares on November 19. Cazares had been identified as a potential witness on October 22. At the first trial, defense attorney Tony Serra accused Nabors of writing the letter knowing it would be intercepted and implicate Cazares.
Trials
Jaron Nabors
Nabors pleaded guilty on February 24, 2003, to a lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter, which carried an 11-year prison sentence, along with a promise to testify against the other three defendants. During the formal entry of his plea, Judge Kenneth Burr warned Nabors that he could still be charged with murder if prosecutors found he was not "living up to your end of the bargain".
During the February 2003 indictment proceedings, Nabors gave a detailed account of the murder and burial. As they were burying her, the men continued to disparage her. Nabors testified that he stated he "couldn't believe that someone would ever do that, would be that deceitful" and that José Merél added "he was so mad he could still kick her a couple more times".
Nabors received an 11-year sentence on August 25, 2006. With credit for time served, he was expected to spend approximately five years in jail from that point on.
Magidson, Merél, and Cazares
First trial
Before the first trial, the prosecuting attorney, Alameda County deputy district attorney Chris Lamiero argued that simply being transgender should not have been a death sentence:
Jury selection for the trial of Magidson, José Merél, and Cazares began on March 15, 2004. Prospective jurors were asked if they knew any lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender people; whether they knew any recently married same-sex couples; whether they had met any transgender people; or whether they had seen a "movie or theatrical performance depicting the activities of a transgender person". One of the defense attorneys explained the last question had specifically asked if prospective jurors had watched the film Boys Don't Cry or the play The Laramie Project, but was changed over defense concerns that by being so specific, those who had not would be prompted to watch them.
The first trial began on April 14, 2004. Prosecuting attorney Lamiero used male pronouns and her birth name to refer to Araujo, saying the defendants had decided "that the wages of [Gwen] Araujo's sin of deception were death". In his opening statement, the defense attorney for Magidson argued that he should not be charged with murder, rather manslaughter at worst, under California law. Magidson's attorney said that his client was not biased but had been shocked "beyond reason" to learn he had unwittingly had sex with a "man": a variant of the gay panic defense. During his testimony, Nabors said he felt his friends had been raped, since Araujo (whom he referred to as male) "did not come clean with being what he really was. I feel like he forced them into homosexual sex, and my definition of rape was being forced into sex." When asked how she forced them, Nabors answered, "Through deception."
The first trial ended in a mistrial on June 22 following nine days of deliberations, when the jurors were unable to reach a unanimous decision for the three men. While the jury agreed that Araujo had been murdered, they could not agree whether it was premeditated. The final votes were 10–2 in favor of acquitting Merél and Cazares of first-degree murder, and 7–5 in favor of convicting Magidson of first-degree murder. Although they were given the option of convicting the men of second-degree murder or manslaughter, they were unable to proceed past the first-degree murder deliberations.
One of the jurors wrote a newspaper article after the mistrial; in it, he credited Cazares's defense attorney, Tony Serra, with introducing enough reasonable doubt about the veracity of the prosecution's witnesses, including both Brown (who had admitted to consuming more than a dozen beers that night) and Nabors (who was characterized as a liar and "chameleon", prone to exaggeration and eager to please in every social situation).
Second trial
The second trial began on May 31, 2005. Publicity by transgender activists was credited with informing the public about the tactics the defense lawyers had adopted to blame Araujo for her own death, changing the approach to the case. The day after the first trial ended in a mistrial, a court granted Araujo's mother's petition for a posthumous name change, requiring the defense lawyers to refer to the victim with female pronouns. Magidson, Merél, and Cazares were charged with first-degree murder with hate-crime enhancements.
The three defendants testified in this trial—and blamed each other as well as Nabors. Nabors, testifying for the prosecution, stated that Magidson admitted to strangling Araujo. Merél testified that Nabors was responsible for the major head injuries to Araujo, but supported the assertion that Magidson had strangled her. Magidson testified that Nabors admitted he had strangled Araujo. During Magidson's testimony, a tape of his initial interview with the police was shown, in which an investigator was recorded coaching him to use the trans panic defense: "You'd be surprised. Moms—especially moms—if they knew the facts—you'd be surprised."
During the closing statements of the second trial, Cazares' defense lawyer Tony Serra argued that the three defendants were "ordinary human beings" who were guilty, at most, of manslaughter for their role in the death in a "classic state of heat and passion". Serra also argued that Cazares took no active role in killing her. To avoid a second mistrial, prosecuting attorney Chris Lamiero argued for a first-degree murder conviction, but gave jurors the option of a second-degree murder conviction for the three, or even manslaughter for Merél. He asked the jury to return first-degree murder convictions of Magidson and Cazares, fingering Magidson as the main culprit who had strangled Araujo and calling him "a poor excuse for a man" with a "stupid and moronic" list of excuses for murdering her.
On September 8, the jury announced that it had reached verdicts on two of the three defendants. As Judge Harry Sheppard instructed, the verdicts were kept secret.
On September 12, after a week of deliberation, the jury announced its verdicts. It had deadlocked on Cazares, voting 9–3 in favor of convicting him for murder. Magidson and Merél were each convicted on the charge of second-degree murder, but not convicted of the hate-crime enhancement allegations. After the trial, one of the jurors stated in an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle that the murder conviction was because "The community standard is not and cannot be that killing is something a reasonable person would have done that night" but not hate crimes since the murder was believed to have been committed not because Araujo was transgender, but to "cover up a situation that had gotten out of control".
Lamiero had undermined criminal intent by commenting, "Gwen being transgender was not a provocative act. It's who she was. However, I would not further ignore the reality that Gwen made some decisions in her relation with these defendants that were impossible to defend ... I don't think most jurors are going to think it's OK to engage someone in sexual activity knowing they assume you have one sexual anatomy when you don't."
Michael Magidson and José Merél were sentenced in January to 15 years to life in prison, for second-degree murder. While Merél expressed deep sorrow and regret to Araujo's family, Magidson was angry about his verdict and expressed "no remorse" for his role in murdering Araujo, according to presiding Judge Harry Sheppard.
Jason Cazares
To avoid a third trial, Cazares pleaded no contest to manslaughter on December 16, 2005, and was sentenced to six years in prison, with credit for time already served. Attorney Gloria Allred represented Araujo's family. Cazares asked to begin serving his sentence after the birth of his third child, scheduled for March or April 2006, which was granted, although Lamiero noted "it's difficult for me to entertain a request like that when Gwen Araujo is dead". According to Lamiero, Cazares was willing to plead guilty to being an accessory after the fact, but that deal was rejected because the sentence was just three years and admitted no culpability in the murder.
Aftermath
Gwen Araujo was mourned in a public funeral at St. Edwards Catholic Church in Newark on October 25, 2002. Fred Phelps and the members of Phelps's Westboro Baptist Church promised to picket the funeral, but did not., there were people there that picket with signs but friends wore angel wings to block casket from signs. She was cremated, and her mother Sylvia Guerrero retained the urn with her ashes.
TransVision, a comprehensive health and social services program for transgender people in Alameda County, was founded in 2002 and operated by Tri-City Health Center after the murder of Gwen Araujo.
At the request of Guerrero, a judge posthumously changed the victim's legal name to Gwen Amber Rose Araujo on June 23, 2004. Amber Rose was the name Guerrero had chosen before her child was born, in the event it was a girl.
On the first anniversary of the murder, Horizons Foundation created the Gwen Araujo Memorial Fund for Transgender Education. The fund's purpose was to support school-based programs in the nine-county Bay Area that promote understanding of transgender people and issues through annual grants. Through this fund, Sylvia Guerrero and her family spoke in middle and high schools about transgender awareness and understanding. By 2005, Guerrero had spoken to more than 20 schools. The fund was closed sometime before September 2020.
Sylvia Guerrero, Araujo's mother, worked as a legal assistant at a San Jose law firm, but as of 2016 was homeless due to PTSD from the incident. Guerrero has been unable to return to work and now shuffles her belongings from relatives' houses using a borrowed car from her friend.
Media portrayals
A Lifetime movie titled A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story, starring J. D. Pardo and Mercedes Ruehl, first aired in June 2006.
The case was also the subject of a 2007 documentary, Trained in the Ways of Men. This documentary by Michelle Prevost examines the 2002 murder, and aims to debunk the so-called gay panic (or trans panic) defense.
"Deadly ID", an episode of Investigation Discovery's Fatal Encounters (season 1 episode 8, first aired May 7, 2012) explored the crime's timeline from both Araujo's and Magidson's dramatized perspectives.
An episode of the Investigation Discovery channel series Murder Among Friends titled "Murder Party" (season 2 episode 4) first aired on July 6, 2017. The episode examines the case using dramatization of the background of Araujo, events leading up to her murder and the aftermath. It also examines the backgrounds of the killers and friends, how they got caught, and interviews with the victim's mother, friends, and victim's advocates, along with showing actual photos of her and her murderers, and how the court trials went.
California legislation
In September 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the "Gwen Araujo Justice for Victims Act" (AB 1160) into law. The law limited the use by criminal defendants of the "gay/trans panic defense" by allowing parties to instruct jurors not to let bias influence their decisions, including "bias against the victim" based on his or her "gender identity, or sexual orientation". The law put California on record as declaring it contrary to public policy for defendants to be acquitted or convicted of a lesser included offense on the basis of appeals to "societal bias".
In September 2014, California Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 2501 into law. The law further restricted the use of the gay/trans panic defense by amending California's manslaughter statute to prohibit defendants from claiming that they were provoked to murder by discovering a victim's sexual orientation or gender identity. AB 2501 was introduced by Assemblywoman Susan A. Bonilla in partnership with Equality California. In announcing the bill's introduction they cited the murder of Araujo and the 2008 murder of gay California teen Larry King.
Parole and release
Jason Cazares was released from prison in July 2012.
Jaron Nabors was released from prison some time before 2016.
José Merél was granted parole in 2016 with the support of Sylvia Guerrero.
Michael Magidson said he was not ready for release at his parole board hearing in 2016, and his request for parole was also opposed by Guerrero. Magidson was denied parole again in September 2019.
See also
References
Notes
Further reading
2002 in California
2002 in LGBT history
2002 murders in the United States
Murder in the San Francisco Bay Area
History of women in California
LGBT history in California
Newark, California
Transgender history in the United States
Violence against trans women
October 2002 events in the United States
Deaths by person in California
American victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
Female murder victims
People murdered in California
Deaths by strangulation in the United States
Incidents of violence against girls | {'title': 'Murder of Gwen Araujo', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Gwen%20Araujo', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Tarnogsky Gorodok () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Tarnogsky District of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kokshenga River, at its confluence with the Tarnoga River. It also serves as the administrative center of Tarnogsky Selsoviet, one of the thirteen selsoviets into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Tarnogskoye Rural Settlement. Population:
History
Tarnogsky Gorodok has been first mentioned in the chronicles in 1453. The area produced crops, and the Kokshenga and the Vaga were used to transport bread to Arkhangelsk. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great the area was included into Vazhsky Uyezd of Archangelgorod Governorate. In 1796, the area became part of Totemsky Volost in the center in the town of Totma. In 1890s, Tarnogsky Gorodok became the center of Shevdenitskaya Volost.
On July 15, 1929, Kokshengsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Tarnogsky Gorodok was established as part of Vologda Okrug of Northern Krai. It included parts of the former area of Totemsky Uyezd. July 30, 1931 Kokshengsky District and the neighboring Sukhonsky District were abolished, and Nyuksensky District with the center in the selo of Nyuksenitsa was established. January 25, 1935 Tarnogsky District with the administrative center in Tarnogsky Gorodok was established from some areas formerly in Nyuksensky and Totemsky Districts.
Economy
Industry
The economy of the Tarnogsky Gorodok is based on timber industry. Food industry is also present, in particular, there is a butter factory.
Transportation
Tarnogsky Gorodok is on the paved road connecting Oktyabrsky in Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north with Totma in the south and Veliky Ustyug in the east. There also local roads. There is regular passenger bus service originating from Tarnogsky Gorodok.
Tarnogsky Gorodok was served by the Tarnogsky Gorodok Airport, which is currently defunct.
Culture and recreation
Tarnogsky Gorodok hosts the Museum of Traditional Folk Culture. The ethnographic department of the museum is located in the selo of Zarechye.
The regional newspaper, Kokshenga, is published in Tarnogsky Gorodok.
References
Notes
Sources
Rural localities in Tarnogsky District
Totemsky Uyezd | {'title': 'Tarnogsky Gorodok', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnogsky%20Gorodok', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Cristian Alarcón Casanova (born 1970) is a Chilean writer and journalist. He was born in La Union and studied at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Since the early 1990s, he has devoted himself to investigative journalism. His work has been published in newspapers such as Clarín, Página 12, Crítica de Argentina and in the magazines TXT, Rolling Stone and Gatopardo. In 2012 he founded the Revista Anfibia magazine and the Cosecha Roja website, and he has since taken further his experimentation with non-fiction narrative.
He has published four books till date. His debut novel El tercer paraíso won the Alfaguara Prize in 2022. His books have been translated into English, French, German and Polish.
He is a tenured professor at the University of La Plata and also teaches at the National University of San Martín. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Texas-Austin, the University of Lille and the Gabo Foundation.
References
Chilean writers
1970 births
Living people | {'title': 'Cristian Alarcón Casanova', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Alarc%C3%B3n%20Casanova', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Asaad Wahda () (English: The Happiest One) is the eighth studio album by Lebanese singer Elissa released by Rotana on 19 June 2012, making it her fifth album released by Rotana Records.
Album background
In this album, Elissa shares her theories on the philosophy of happiness, as she spoke to media about the themes of joy and happiness and her own take on it. The album features 10 songs sung in the Egyptian and Lebanese dialects. The singer collaborated with a number of famous writers and composers from around the Arab world like, poet Baha Al Din, composers Mohamed Yahia, Rami Jamal, and Mohamad Dia. Elissa was asked if she was the happiest person as her album implies, to which she answered at full steam:
Artwork
Elissa released via Twitter a promotional photo that showed her with a black veil on her head and red rose in her mouth. However, she later declared that the picture shown wasn't really the one for the cover. When the album was released, the album's physical cover had a completely different cover, while the digital versions used the aforementioned photo as the cover.
Release
Originally, the album was set to be released on 25 June 2012, however, eight days before the official release date, Elissa was shocked to discover the entire album had been leaked on different internet websites. Upon discovering the illegal version of the album, Elissa announced on her official pages on the social internet social networks Facebook and Twitter that she would be releasing the album within the next 48 hours in the Middle East. The album was released on 19 June.
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.
Hubert Ghorayeb - executive producer
Edouard Meunier - mixing
Farouk Mohamed Hasan - accordion (tracks 2, 4, 10)
Ammar Trad - accordion (track 11)
Ahmed Ragab - bass guitar (tracks 4, 10)
Hisham Essam - bouzouki (track 6)
Mohamed Atif Imam - conductor [string section] (tracks 2, 4, 6, 10)
Philippe M. - guitar (track 1)
Mostafa Aslan - guitar (tracks 2, 4, 5, 6, 10)
Jihad Assaad - kanun (track 11)
Maged Soroor - kanun (tracks 2, 6, 10)
Reda Beder - ney (tracks 2, 6, 10)
Ihab Boo - percussion (track 4)
Mohamed Saleh - percussion (track 11)
Elie Barbar - vocals recording (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13)
Maurice Tawile - vocals recording (tracks 1, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14)
Nidal Abo Samra - soprano saxophone (track 9)
Tamer Ghoneim - strings (track 5)
Ahmed Ayadi - tabla (tracks 2, 10)
Hisham El Arabi - tambourine (tracks 2, 10)
Mohamed Atif Imam - violin (track 2)
Mohamed Medhat - violin (track 4)
Mahmoud Soroor - violin (track 10)
Nazir Mawas - violin (track 1)
Abdallah Ziade - strings section recording (tracks 1, 9)
Ahmad Gouda - sound engineer (tracks 2, 10)
Aytekin Kurt - sound engineer (tracks 3, 8, 12)
Hani Mahrous - sound engineer (track 4)
Amir Mahrous - guitar recording (track 7)
Matthias Clamer - photographer
Bassam Fattouh - make up
Yehia Shokr - hair
Charts
References
Elissa (singer) albums
Rotana Records albums
2012 albums | {'title': 'Asaad Wahda', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaad%20Wahda', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Alma Park is a park in St Kilda East, Victoria, Australia, in the local government area of the city of Port Phillip.
Location
It is bounded by private properties to the east and west, Dandenong Road to the north, and Alma Road to the south. Alma Park is the main park for residents of St Kilda East and Windsor.
It includes a hexagonal rotunda described as "a rare Victorian example of an early twentieth century park rotunda" and the former Keepers Lodge, which are both registered on the Register of the National Estate.
The park was originally designed by Clement Hodgkinson, and includes two children's playgrounds, a cricket and football (soccer) oval and large stands of elm trees, Moreton Bay Figs, bike paths and native vegetation areas.
Railway line
In 1859, the construction of the then Brighton railway line from St Kilda severed the park into two. The line was sunken through the park to facilitate grade separations at Chapel Street, Dandenong Road, and Alma Road.
The train line now forms part of the Sandringham line from Flinders Street. Its sunken grade now also provides for uninterrupted view of amenities across the park.
References
Melway Great Melbourne Street Directory (2007)
External links
Parks in Victoria (Australia)
City of Port Phillip
St Kilda East, Victoria | {'title': 'Alma Park, St Kilda East', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Park%2C%20St%20Kilda%20East', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The World Heads-Up Poker Championship (WHUPC) was an annual elimination-format poker tournament of heads-up no limit Texas hold'em matches. The tournament was co-created by Late Night Poker's Nic Szeremeta, PokerInEurope's Jon Shoreman, and gaming journalist Rich Geller.
The event has run from 2001 to 2010 and was held in Europe. Entry was open to all. Its success led to America's creation of the National Heads-Up Poker Championship.
From 2001 to 2003, the event was held at the Concord Card Casino, Vienna, Austria.
From 2004 to 2008, the event was held at the Grand Casino, Barcelona, Spain.
In 2009 and 2010, the event was held at the Victoria Casino, London, England.
The event did not return in 2011 and its website has not been updated since 2010.
The event was filmed each year for TV broadcast around the world. In 2010 the event was broadcast live via the Internet for the first time at PokerInEuropeLive.com with commentary provided by Mike Carlson, Pete Singleton, and Neil Channing.
Results
External links
Official Site
Poker tournaments in Europe | {'title': 'World Heads-Up Poker Championship', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Heads-Up%20Poker%20Championship', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Subsets and Splits