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Japanese-born American graphic novel author and illustrator **Kazuhiro "Kazu" Kibuishi** (born April 8, 1978) is a Japanese-born American graphic novel author and illustrator. He is best known for being the creator and editor of the comic anthology *Flight* and for creating the webcomic *Copper*. He is also the author and illustrator of the *Amulet* series. Early life and education ------------------------ Kibuishi was born April 8, 1978, in Tokyo, Japan. He moved to the United States with his mother and brother in 1982. Kibuishi enrolled at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1996 to pursue a degree in film studies. While attending UC Santa Barbara, he credits the university's newspaper, the *Daily Nexus*, as where his illustration career started. Though he had previously drawn for his high school's newspaper, Kibuishi has stated that "[his career] all began when I started writing comics for the Nexus. I actually went to UCSB for film. I was trying to quit drawing." He would ultimately serve as the Art Director for the *Daily Nexus* for three and a half years, and developed his comic *Clive and Cabbage* during his tenure. He graduated from UC Santa Barbara in 2000 with a B.A. in film studies. Career ------ Kibuishi started drawing at age five. He has stated that it was "the sadness that came from no longer having cool robot TV shows like Ultraman around once we came to the States that triggered a lot of my early drawings and projects." He has also noted Garfield and the magazines *Mad* Magazine, and *CARtoons* as catalysts for his love of comic books in particular. After he graduated from UC Santa Barbara, Kibuishi worked as an animator for Shadedbox Animations for two years. He decided to leave animation to focus on comics, where he could spend more time writing. He started producing the monthly comic *Copper* at his website which ran for seven years, ending in 2009. ### *Flight* *Flight* was conceived by Kibuishi as an anthology with contributions coming from friends. The project was promoted at the Alternative Press Expo, where it attracted the attention of Erik Larsen, then-new publisher of Image Comics. This caused the project to explode, attracting talent from all over the industry. Image published the first volume in 2004 and the anthology series concluded with the eighth volume in 2011. ### *Explorer* Following the conclusion of *Flight*, the *Explorer* series was Kibuishi's anthology for children using many of the same contributors to *Flight*. Seen as a successor series, *Explorer* covered three books and concluded with *Explorer: The Hidden Doors*. ### *Amulet* Kibuishi is the creator of *Amulet*, a series of graphic novels which debuted in 2008 with *The Stonekeeper*. Scholastic won the rights to publish the series after they were victorious in a hotly contested auction. In addition to *The Stonekeeper*, other titles in the series include *The Stonekeeper's Curse*, *The Cloud Searchers*, *The Last Council*, *Prince of the Elves*, *Escape From Lucien*, *Firelight*, and *Supernova*. The series currently has eight books, with a ninth book, titled *Waverider*, anticipated to conclude the series based on Kibuishi's prior announcements. ### Other projects While editing *Flight* Volume 1, Kibuishi created the 4-issue steampunk graphic novel *Daisy Kutter: The Last Train*, published by Viper Comics. Through his relationship with Scholastic, Kibuishi was asked to illustrate the covers for the *Harry Potter* novels for inclusion in the 15th anniversary edition box set. He also illustrated the story "?" for the short story collection *Machine of Death*. Honors and awards ----------------- Kibuishi's *Flight* Volume 2 was nominated for the 2006 Eisner Award for Best Anthology. *Daisy Kutter: The Last Train* was named as one of the 2006 Best Books for Young Adults by the Young Adult Library Services Association. His series *Amulet* has spent numerous weeks on *The New York Times'* Best Seller list. Personal life ------------- Kibuishi is married to fellow illustrator and collaborator Amy Kim Ganter. He has two children, Juni and Sophie. He resides in Bellevue, Washington. Shortly after the publication of *Escape From Lucien* in 2012, he suffered a life-threatening case of bacterial meningitis which resulted in a hospital stay for weeks and being induced into a coma for treatment.

Dam in Tennessee and Lenoir City, Tennessee **Melton Hill Dam** is a hydroelectric dam on the Clinch River just south of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States. The dam is operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built the dam in the early 1960s to extend the Tennessee Valley's continuous navigation channel up the Clinch as far as Clinton and to increase TVA's overall power-generating capacity. The dam impounds the 5,470-acre (2,210 ha) Melton Hill Lake, and is the only TVA tributary dam serviced by a navigation lock. The dam and associated infrastructure were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. Melton Hill Dam was named for a knob atop nearby Copper Ridge where the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey installed a triangulation station in 1884. Location -------- The Clinch River flows southwestward for 300 miles (480 km) from its source in southwestern Virginia through the hills of northeastern Tennessee before emptying into the Tennessee River at Kingston. Melton Hill Dam is located 23 miles (37 km) upstream from the mouth of the Clinch, stretching across the Roane-Loudon county line. Melton Hill's tailwaters are part of Watts Bar Lake, a main Tennessee River channel impoundment that extends across the lower 23 miles (37 km) of the Clinch. Melton Hill is the newer of two dams on the lower Clinch, the other being Norris Dam, located 56 miles (90 km) upstream from Melton Hill. Capacity -------- Melton Hill is a concrete gravity-type dam with an electric power generation capacity of 79 megawatts. The dam is 103 feet (31 m) high and stretches 1,020 feet (311 m) across the Clinch River. The dam is equipped with a 3-bay spillway that has a total discharge of 118,000 cubic feet (3,341 cubic meters) per second. Melton Hill Lake provides nearly 193 miles (311 km) of shoreline and 5,470 acres (22 km²) of water surface for navigation and recreation, and includes parts of Loudon, Roane, Anderson, and Knox counties. The reservoir stretches 56 miles (90 km) up the Clinch from the dam to the base of Norris Dam, and is navigable for 38 miles (61 km) from Melton Hill Dam to Clinton. Melton Hill is the only TVA dam on a tributary stream (i.e. not on the Tennessee River) with a navigation lock. The lock is 75 feet (23 m) x 400 feet (120 m), and lowers and raises vessels 60 feet (18 m) between Melton Hill Lake and Watts Bar Lake and vice versa. Background and construction --------------------------- Design plan for Melton Hill Dam, c. 1960 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers recognized the dam potential of the Melton Hill site as early as the 1920s, and the Tennessee Valley Authority began investigating the site as part of its lower Clinch Valley surveys in the late 1930s. TVA first proposed the Melton Hill project in 1957, and after several years of lobbying, Congress agreed to fund the dam's construction. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the funding bill into law on September 2, 1960, and TVA began building the dam on September 6, 1960. The construction of Melton Hill Dam and its reservoir required the purchase of 6,182 acres (2,502 ha) of land, 2,182 acres (883 ha) of which— mostly situated along the river's west bank immediately upstream from the dam site— were in possession of the Atomic Energy Commission. The commission agreed to give this land to TVA in exchange for lands further downstream along Watts Bar Lake. The AEC also agreed to pay for the reconstruction of Oak Ridge's raw water intake after TVA accused them of building it without their approval, in violation of the TVA Act. 89 families and 12.5 miles (20.1 km) of roads were relocated. The project's most problematic relocation issue involved an experimental farm operated by the Agricultural Research Laboratory, a joint initiative of the AEC and the University of Tennessee. To replace the farm, TVA purchased and paid for the re-seeding of an 886-acre (359 ha) plot nearby above reservoir operating levels. Melton Hill Dam was completed and its gates closed on May 1, 1963. Its first generator went online July 3, 1964, and its second generator went online November 11, 1964. The dam's lock was designed by the Army Corps of Engineers, which based the design on the Corps' Old Hickory Dam lock in Middle Tennessee. The Melton Hill lock is bigger than the typical 60x360-foot locks used by TVA's Tennessee River dams, allowing Melton Hill to accommodate several barges simultaneously. The lock was placed in service June 10, 1963.

American political scientist, academic, and government administrator **Roy Victor Peel** (July 26, 1896 – 31 August 1978) was a political scientist and academic, and the director of the United States Census Bureau from 1950 to 1953. Early life and education ------------------------ Born in Des Moines, Iowa in 1896, Peel's service in World War I interrupted his college education; he was a second lieutenant in the Army Air Service. After the war, he completed his B.A. graduating from Augustana College in 1920. From there, Peel moved between teaching and post-graduate education, eventually earning a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1927. Career ------ While an assistant professor of government at New York University, Peel researched and wrote extensively, publishing several articles and books. By 1934, he was the director of research in public administration at NYU and had achieved the rank of full professor. That same year he managed the successful mayoral campaign of Fiorello LaGuardia. In 1935, Peel began a nearly two-year research expedition to Scandinavia, planning to survey public administration in those countries. Returning to the United States in late 1936, he took a position at Indiana University. During World War II, Peel worked for the government in a confidential civilian capacity. This tour of service included a stint as chief of the United States Information Service in Copenhagen in 1945. In 1948 he authored a book, *State Government Today*, published by the University of New Mexico Press. President Truman appointed him director of the Census Bureau in February 1950, only months before the decennial census. Peel stayed on at the Census Bureau until 1953, when he returned to the academic world. He was appointed the chair of the political science department at the University of Utah in 1953, and in 1961 he was hired at California Lutheran College. He then took a faculty position at San Fernando Valley State College (now California State University, Northridge) in 1963 and taught there until his retirement in 1976. Personal life ------------- Peel was married for many years to Esther (Peggy) Peel and had two children and five grandchildren. Death ----- Peel died of cancer after a long illness on August 31, 1978. Honors, grants, and awards -------------------------- * Social Science Research Council Grant (1930-1931) * Rockefeller Foundation Spelman Fund Grant (1934-1936) * Honorary Doctor of Laws (L.L.D.), Augustana College (1950) * Gold Medal for Exceptional Service, U.S. Commerce Department (1952) * Remington-Rand Grant (1953-1954) * Local Government Survey Commission, State of Utah Grant (1955-1956) * IBM Grant (1971-1972) * Guest of Honor, West German Government (1964) Publications ------------ * *The 1928 Campaign: An Analysis* (1931) (co-authored with Thomas C. Donnelly) * *The 1932 Campaign: An Analysis* (1935) (co-authored with Thomas C. Donnelly) * *The Political Clubs of New York City* (1935, republished in 1968) * *Better City Government* (1938) * *Introduction to Politics* (1944) (co-editor with Joseph S. Roucek) * *State Government Today* (1948) * *The Ombudsman or Citizen's Defender: A Modern Institution* (1968)

Canadian softball player **Lauren Bay-Regula** (born August 9, 1981) is a Canadian softball pitcher. She played college softball at Oklahoma State from 2000 to 2003, where she holds several all-time school records. She was a part of the Canadian softball team who finished ninth at the 2002 World Championships in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and fifth at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Bay-Regula pitched in 2005 for the Chicago Bandits of the National Pro Fastpitch and was named co-Pitcher of the Year; in 2006, Bay signed with the expansion Philadelphia Force. Bay-Regula represented Team Canada at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal. Early life ---------- Regula is originally from Trail, British Columbia, where she began playing softball at age 12. Oklahoma State Cowgirls ----------------------- As a freshman, she broke into the Oklahoma State Cowgirls top-10 season records in strikeouts, innings pitched and was selected Second Team All-Big 12. On March 8, 2001, Bay-Regula threw her first career no-hitter, defeating the FIU Golden Panthers. For her Junior season, Bay-Regula threw two perfect games, the first on February 22, 2002, against the Tulsa Hurricanes. She would add one more as well as break the school records for strikeouts and strikeout ratio. Her wins, innings and shutouts were also all top-10 for a Cowgirl season in a First Team All-Big 12 year. Bay-Regula's banner Senior season boasted her fourth All-Big 12 selection, Big 12 Player of the Year and First Team All-American honors. She posted her career best strikeout ratio (12.7, at the time was the NCAA fourth best season ratio), strikeouts and WHIP totals, two of which broke her own school records and remain tops. Bay-Regula's ERA, wins and shutouts, all rank in the top-10 for a school season and also were career bests. Bay-Regula would rank top-5 in ERA, strikeouts and opponents batting average for the season in the Big 12, all of those marks remain top-10 conference records.[] On March 7, 2003, Bay-Regula tied the school single game record for strikeouts when she fanned 17 in regulation against the Maryland Terrapins. The win would also kick off a career best 10 consecutive game win streak that was broken by the Oklahoma Sooners on April 2. In the last game of the next day on the 8th, the win was a 10-inning duel with Courtnay Foster of the Northwestern Wildcats with the two combining for 33 strikeouts and Bay-Regula tallying the 1,000th of her career. Later that month on March 16, she broke and set the single game record with 23 strikeouts in 11-innings, defeating the Kansas Jayhawks with a game-winning RBI hit and after the fourth pitching a complete game no-hitter to begin a 27.1 consecutive scoreless inning streak. The total tied the NCAA fourth best single game effort for strikeouts and now stands 6th all-time; as well the game featured 31 combined strikeouts with opposing pitcher Kara Pierce. The scoreless streak was snapped by the Tulsa Hurricanes when they scored in Bay-Regula's fourth inning of relief, the Cowgirls eventually won that contest in extras on March 26. She had pitched 5 games, two complete with 54 strikeouts and surrendering only three hits and 7 walks for a 0.37 WHIP. Bay-Regula would leave with career top-10 records in wins, ERA, shutouts, innings pitched while setting and still claiming the strikeouts and strikeout ratio crowns. For the Big 12, she ranks top-10 in career ERA (8th) and strikeouts (4th). Team Canada ----------- Having been a member since 1999, Bay-Regula made it to the 2004 Athens Olympics and the 2008 Beijing Olympics. At both events overall, Bay-Regula owns a 5–5 win–loss record, posted 69 strikeouts while giving up 10 earned runs in 56+2⁄3 innings pitched for a 1.24 ERA. At the Tokyo games, Bay-Regula had a win in five innings of work and won a bronze medal after Canada defeated Team Mexico 3–2 on July 27, 2021. National Pro Fastpitch ---------------------- Bay-Regula entered the pros with the Chicago Bandits and played one full season over two years, where she also played for the Philadelphia Force. In 2005, she earned All-NPF West Team honors as well as sharing Pitcher of the Year with teammate Jennie Finch. On June 30, 2005, Bay-Regula recorded the first no-hitter for the Chicago Bandits vs. the Stratford Brakettes. That same year, Bay-Regula went 17–1 with 137 strikeouts and a 0.88 ERA in 111.0 innings pitched. Bay would also vie for the Cowles Cup Championship on August 28, 2005, but was pulled after four innings and eventually lost the title to the Akron Racers.[] Personal life ------------- Her older brother, Jason Bay, was an outfielder in Major League Baseball for the Seattle Mariners. Her husband, David Regula, was a place kicker for Dartmouth College, graduating as the second-leading scorer in school history. In 2015, Lauren and David Regula co-founded TrAk Athletics, a small group training and fitness facility in Akron, Ohio. Awards and honors ----------------- * 2000–2003 All-Big 12 Conference * 2003 Big 12 Player of the Year * 2003 Oklahoma State University Female Athlete of the Year * 2003 NFCA First Team All-American * 2004 NCAA Oklahoma Woman of the Year * 2005 All-NPF West Team * 2005 NPF Co-Pitcher of the Year Career statistics ----------------- ### Oklahoma State Cowgirls | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **YEAR** | W | L | GP | GS | CG | SHO | SV | IP | H | R | ER | BB | SO | ERA | WHIP | | **2000** | 15 | 14 | 37 | 26 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 200.2 | 154 | 93 | 54 | 103 | 196 | 1.89 | 1.28 | | **2001** | 15 | 11 | 31 | 23 | 16 | 6 | 2 | 173.2 | 112 | 56 | 31 | 78 | 190 | 1.25 | 1.09 | | **2002** | 19 | 14 | 40 | 29 | 26 | 7 | 0 | 230.2 | 121 | 62 | 42 | 80 | 314 | 1.27 | 0.87 | | **2003** | 26 | 10 | 40 | 30 | 25 | 10 | 3 | 248.1 | 98 | 42 | 29 | 109 | 451 | 0.82 | 0.83 | | **TOTALS** | **75** | **49** | **148** | **108** | **84** | **28** | **8** | **853.1** | **485** | **253** | **156** | **370** | **1151** | **1.28** | **1.00** |

**Ranulf I** (also spelled **Rainulf** or **Raynulf**; died 1088) was the count of Caiazzo in the Principality of Capua from about 1078. He also brought the formerly Lombard counties of Alife, Telese and Sant'Agata dei Goti and the castles of Airola and Tocco Caudio under his control, dominating the region between Capua and Benevento (a Papal fief). He passed this territorial lordship on intact to his heirs, and it remained in their possession until the death of his grandson and namesake, Ranulf II, in 1139. Ranulf I was the youngest son of Count Asclettin of Acerenza, of the Drengot family of the Norman nobility. At the invitation of Abbot Desiderius, Ranulf was present at the dedication service of the new basilica of the Abbey of Monte Cassino on 1 October 1071. That same year, he assisted his nephew, Jordan, in a short-lived rebellion against the latter's father—Ranulf's brother—Prince Richard I of Capua. His loyalty to his nephew was rewarded when the latter succeeded Richard in 1078. Jordan granted Ranulf the old Lombard county of Caiazzo. Ranulf also accompanied Jordan on a diplomatic journey to Rome in 1078, where both nephew and uncle were reconciled with Pope Gregory VII for past encroachments on Papal territory and the ban of excommunication on them was lifted. After the death of Pope Gregory in 1085, when the lands of Monte Cassino were threatened, Desiderius called on Ranulf to defend them. In 1078–79, Ranulf and Prince Jordan lent their support to a rebellion against Duke Robert Guiscard in the Duchy of Apulia. The rebels included Counts Peter II of Trani, Henry of Monte Sant'Angelo and Amico II of Giovinazzo, as well as four of Robert's nephews—Abelard, Herman, Count Geoffrey of Conversano and Count Robert of Montescaglioso—and the noblemen Gradilone and Baldovino. After defeating Abelard, Gradilone and Baldovino, Robert went to Salerno in July 1079, and then to Sarno, where he made peace with Prince Jordan and Count Ranulf. With the loss of Capuan support, the rebellion collapsed. Ranulf's wife was Sibilla, and together they made donations to the monastery of San Gabriele in Airola. These were confirmed to Abbot Aganus by Pope Paschal II on 25 September 1108. They had one daughter, who married Duke Gualganus of Gaeta, and two sons: Robert (*floruit* 1086–1116), who succeeded to Ranulf's counties, and Richard (*fl.* 1072–96). Ranulf died in 1088. Sources ------- * Bloch, Herbert (1986). *Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages*. Volume I (Parts I–III). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * Chalandon, Ferdinand (1907). *Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile*. 2 vols. Paris: A. Picard et fils. * Gambella, Angelo (2007). *Medioevo Alifano: Potere e Popolo nello Stato Normanno di Alife*. Studi Storici sul Medioevo Italiano. Rome: Drengo. * Loud, G. A. (1981). "The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino". *Monastica: Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto (480–1980), vol. I*. Miscellanea Cassinese. Vol. 44. pp. 199–217. * Loud, G. A. (2013) [2000]. *The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Northern Conquest*. Oxford: Routledge. * Poso, Cosimo Damiano (2001). "Goffredo". *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani*. Vol. 57. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. * Takayama, Hiroshi (1993). *The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily*. Leiden: E. J. Brill. * Tescione, G. (1975). "Roberto Conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti". *Archivio Storico di Terra di Lavoro*. **4**: 9–52.

The **Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency** (Indonesian: *Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir*, BAPETEN) is an Indonesian non-Ministerial Government Institution (LPND) which is under and responsible to the President. BAPETEN has the tasks of implementing the surveillance of all activities of the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia through regulation, licensing and inspection in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. BAPETEN was founded on 8 May 1998 and began actively working on 4 January 1999. History ------- ### 1954 -1958 **State Committee for the Investigation of Radioactivity** The establishment of this committee was based on the many nuclear tests carried on in the 1950s by several countries, especially the United States, in different regions of the Pacific, that have given rise to the concerns of radioactive material falling in parts of Indonesia. The task of this committee was to investigate the effect of nuclear testing, overseeing the use of nuclear energy, and providing annual reports to the government. ### 1958 - 1964 **Atomic Energy Agency** The task of the Atomic Energy Agency was to conduct research in the field of nuclear power and to supervise the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia. ### 1964 - 1997 **National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN)** BATAN’s task was to carry out nuclear energy research and supervise the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia. Supervision of nuclear energy usage was carried out by units under BATAN, the last of such unit was the Atomic Energy Control Bureau (BPTA). In 2010, PT BatanTek (currently PT INUKI), a commercial company under BATAN, discontinued the high grades of radioisotopes due to International regulation. Now, PT BatanTek produces low grade radioisotope with its technique (electro plating) and is the only one in Asia to produce low grade radioisotope which is useful for 3D radiology imaging. The half-life of low grade radioisotope is relatively short and will be near zero in 60 hours, so Asia is a captive market for PT BatanTek. ### 1997 - Now **Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN)** National legislation, through Law Act No. 10/1997 on nuclear energy, has provided for the Nuclear Energy Control Board (BAPETEN) to carry out oversight functions against the use of nuclear energy, which includes licensing, inspection and enforcement of regulations. the Nuclear energy Act also requires the separation between the regulatory body, i.e. BAPETEN, and the research agency, i.e. BATAN.

William Blake: *The Book of Thel*, copy O, plate 1. Copy O, in the collection of the Library of Congress, is one of the two 1815-18 printings of *Thel*; the other is Copy N, in the collection of the Cincinnati Art Museum. ***The Book of Thel*** is a poem by William Blake, dated 1789 and probably composed in the period 1788 to 1790. It is illustrated by his own plates, and compared to his later prophetic books is relatively short and easier to understand. The metre is a fourteen-syllable line. It was preceded by *Tiriel*, which Blake left in manuscript. A few lines from *Tiriel* were incorporated into *The Book of Thel*. Most of the poem is in unrhymed verse. This book consists of eight plates executed in illuminated printing. Sixteen copies of the original print of 1789–1793 are known. Three copies bearing a watermark of 1815 are more elaborately colored than the others. Thel's Motto ------------ Plate 01 of the *Book of Thel* with Thel's Motto. This version of the image is from copy F currently held at the Library of Congress. > Does the Eagle know what is in the pit? > > Or wilt thou go ask the Mole: > > Can Wisdom be put in a silver rod? > > Or Love in a golden bowl? > > Thel’s Motto can be interpreted as Blake’s rejection of the Church of England. The "silver rod" where Wisdom cannot be found represents a scepter or staff that would have been used in traditional kingship or even high-ranking ecclesiasts before the rise of nationalism and the consequent fall of the papacy in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Motto goes on to express doubt that Love can be found in a "golden bowl." The image of the golden bowl refers to a chalice that is raised when priests in the Christian tradition celebrate the Eucharist. The religious connotations of the rod and bowl help explain the disillusionment that many Romantic writers, notably William Blake, had with the state church. This type of theological alienation is consistent with the revolutionary and rebellious sentiments of the era. Another interpretation of the silver rod and the golden bowl are that of the male and female genitalia. Wisdom resides in the male organ and Love resides in the female organ. Should one accept this interpretation, the rod and bowl are transformed from an imperishable state to one of mortal flesh, and the reader acknowledges that a voice of authority is narrating the poem’s action. It is important to remember that Blake inscribed the "Motto" plate after he had already composed the first five plates, and the dates suggest that the Motto plate and plate 6 were created at or near the same time. Since Thel’s Motto is clearly an afterthought to the Book, one can connect the final plate, plate 6, and Thel’s Motto. The connection between the mole’s pit and the subterranean area that Thel enters in plate 6 suggests the disparate knowledge between beings in separate domains. The eagle knows only the sky and must ask the mole to gain knowledge about the pit; likewise, Thel knows only innocence and eternity and must be endowed mortality if she wants to learn about the ways of the mortal beings on Earth. The first lines --------------- > The daughters of Mne Seraphim led round their sunny flocks. > > All but the youngest; she in paleness sought the secret air. > > To fade away like morning beauty from her mortal day: > > Down by the river of Adona her soft voice is heard: > > And thus her gentle lamentation falls like morning dew. > > > — Part 1, lines 1-5 The story --------- The daughters of Mne Seraphim are all shepherdesses in the Vales of Har, apart from the youngest, Thel. She spends her time wandering on her own, trying to find the answer to the question that torments her: why does the springtime of life inevitably fade so that all things must end? She meets the Lily of the Valley who tries to comfort her. When Thel remains uncomforted, the Lily sends her on to ask the Cloud. The Cloud explains that he is part of a natural process and, although he sometimes disappears, he is never gone forever. Thel replies that she is not like the Cloud and when she disappears she will not return. So the Cloud suggests asking the same question of the Worm. The Worm is still a child and cannot answer. Instead it is the Worm’s mother, the Clod of Clay, who answers. The Clod explains that we do not live for ourselves, but for others. She invites Thel to enter into her underground realm and see the dark prison of the dead where Thel herself will one day reside. However, Thel is assailed by mysterious voices asking a whole series of yet more terrible questions about existence. Uttering a shriek, she flees back to her home in the Vales of Har. The pit represents sex and mortality of life, while the Vales of Har represent virginity and eternity. The first part of the poem shows the good part of life as in Songs of Innocence whereas the concluding part shows that life is full of sorrows where smiles are never seen, as in Songs of Experience. The question is "Why do the physical senses darken the soul by excluding it from the wisdom and joy of eternity?" Thel is the allegory of the unborn spirit who has gathered experience from her own discoveries and has decided to remain forever innocent. Innocence vs. Experience ------------------------ In The Book of Thel, the Vales of Har are depicted as an edenic paradise that lived in harmony; a world where the rain feeds the flowers and the clod of clay feeds the infantile worm. The common belief in this world among the characters is that "everything that lives Lives not alone nor for itself." Thel wishes to enter the world of experience and leave behind her innocent paradise. However, once Thel enters the world of experience, she cowers in terror at the thought of mortality and the uselessness of human beings if every action leads toward the grave. This can also be interpreted as Thel’s fear of losing innocence and virginity upon entering the world of adult sexuality. In other words, Thel’s fear of growing up is what keeps her from actually living. When she flees from the experienced world because it appears as her tombstone, she unwittingly flees life itself. William Blake has put a microscope on the conflict between innocence and experience and he has found that innocence must take on a more elevated meaning, one found through suffering, that Thel can never reach so long as she is gripped by her fear of opening herself up to risk. The idea that Thel’s future life was one of despair and death can be read as another example of Thel’s skewed perspective. Thel is surprised by her brilliance and says that the world of experience looks like a "chamber of horrors." It has also been suggested that the Worm has a part in the conflict between innocence and experience. The Worm is speaking as a messenger for the world of experience, and his words are inaudible to Thel because the Worm is not a part of her realm. The Worm speaks of phallic sexuality and the guaranteed death of mortality. This creates a mediator when she gives the voice to the Clod of Clay. Now the Clod of Clay acts as an interface between innocence and experience. A visual criticism of Thel's fearful rejection of the natural progression from innocence to experience appears in the drawing containing the words "The End": children riding a serpent, a frequent iconographic symbol in Blake (cf. two instances in "Nurses Song," "Songs of Innocence"). Quotations ---------- * "*The Book of Thel* is an allegory of the unborn spirit visiting the world of generation. Thel rejects the self-sacrificing aspects of experience and flees back to eternity. The symbols of the Lily-of-the-Valley, the Cloud, the Worm and the Clod of Clay represent idealistic fancy, youth, adolescence and motherhood." —Geoffrey Keynes * "*The Book of Thel* is best understood as a rewriting of Milton's *Comus*. ... Blake tells the same story, but in biological terms, not moral ones." —S. Foster Damon Trivia ------ * Metal singer Bruce Dickinson recorded an adaptation of this for his 1998 album "The Chemical Wedding". * Lucien Posman has set 'The Book of Thel' to music (2001) ( a composition for mezzo-soprano or soprano, flute, clarinet, Glockenspiel, marimba, violin, viola, cello & piano) * It is said to have influenced *The Outcasts*.

Japanese novelist **Tomie Ōhara** (大原 富枝, September 28, 1912 – January 27, 2000) was a Japanese novelist. She is best known for her novel "A Woman called En". Early life and education ------------------------ Ōhara was born in Kochi, Japan on September 28, 1912. Her father was the principal of an elementary school and had an extensive library that she was welcome to read in. Her mother died when she was 10 years old. She studied at Kochi Joshi Shihan Gakko from 1927 to 1930, but dropped out when she contracted tuberculosis. She did not leave the sanatorium until 1938. Career ------ Ōhara's writing career began when she was recovering from tuberculosis in the sanatorium. She finished writing her first story in 1935. However, she only began gaining attention as a writer with her 1938 story *Shuku Shussei* (祝出征), which was shortlisted for the Akutagawa Prize. She then became a member of the Bungei Shuto magazine in 1941, after moving to Tokyo. Her tuberculosis recurred in 1955 and lasted until 1957. She published a short story collection in 1957 titled *Sutomai Tsunbo* (ストマイつんぼ), which won the Women's Literature Award. The stories in the collection are about patients living in a sanatorium. She then wrote "A Woman called En" (婉という女, *En to iu onna*) in 1960. It won the Mainichi Publishing Culture Award and the Noma Literary Prize. Her novel *Oyuki: Tosa Ichijo-ke no Hokai* (於雪－土佐一條家の崩壊), which was published in 1970, also won the Women's Literature Award. In 1976 Ōhara converted to Catholicism. Her new religion had a clear influence on some of her later books. In 1990 she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class. The Ōhara Tomie Museum of Literature opened in 1991. She was named a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1998. Ōhara died on January 27, 2000.

Solomon Islands political party The **Ownership, Unity and Responsibility Party** (or **Our Party**) is a political party in the Solomon Islands. The party was established on 16 January 2010 (and officially launched a month later) by the leader of the Opposition (and former Prime Minister), Manasseh Sogavare, and eight opposition MPs. It contested the 2010 elections. The party has stated its intention to "invest $780 million over a period of 4 years in the rural economy from our own sources to improve the participation of our people in economic development". Provincial governments would be required to take an active part in rural development. It has also promised to consider whether it may be possible to restore customary ownership of land alienated for public purposes during the colonial era, notably in Honiara. In this respect, the party said it would be guided by the customary land ownership policy implemented in Vanuatu. During the party's official launch mid-February, in Gizo, Sogavare added that, despite "millions of dollars worth of logs" exported from Western Province, landowners had received little in the way of revenue or improved government services. He later promised to address citizens' concerns about "the spill-over effects of the Bougainville crisis" on the maritime border with Papua New Guinea, and emphasised that national unity was "one of the core pillars" of OUR Party. Later, in the context of the campaign for the 2010 general election, he stated: "OUR Party is founded on Christian principles. OUR Party is committed to restore the ownership of this country to the people of Solomon Islands, both indigenous and naturalised. We are also committed to the course of national unity. We believe that we can only progress in developing our country if we are united and see each other as brothers and sisters. We are also committed to encouraging responsible leadership at all levels, including personal leadership. We are also committed to empowering our people through a development strategy that is people-centred, rural-focussed and growth-oriented." Speaking in the party's name, he has also criticised the country's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, describing it as costly, excessively academic and guided by "foreign concepts", as opposed to more effective indigenous means of resolving conflicts and their aftermath. Party secretary general Patterson Oti stated in May 2010 that the party would decentralise development programmes, to empower the provinces. In June, Sogavare "pledged to commit 6.2 million US$ to help relocate victims of climate change" if the party won the election.

The **Storm on the Stock Exchange** was a violent attack on the Børsen in Copenhagen on 11 February 1918. The attack was organized by unemployed syndicalists. Background ---------- Great inequality in society intensified during World War I. There was high unemployment, rationing, housing shortages and lack of fuel, and the unemployed received little support. At the same time, speculators could make huge sums of money. Denmark was neutral and exported food to Germany with great profits. During 1918, the syndicalists were behind a series of unemployment demonstrations. The first unemployment demonstration under syndicalist leadership took place on January 29, 1918, and went from Grønttorvet to the Riksdag in Fredericiagade. According to *Solidaritet*, 35,000-40,000 took part in this demonstration, and although this number may be exaggerated, the demonstration was undoubtedly large. Storming -------- The storming took place on Shrove Monday 1918 and started from two meetings in Folkets Hus on Jagtvej 69 and Arbejdernes Forsamlingsbygning in Rømersgade. Only the leaders knew where the demonstration procession was going, and to fool the police, they leaked that the target was the Pork Hall, which was to be looted. The demonstration was led by the syndicalists Andreas Fritzner, Poul Gissemann and Alfred Mogensen, and it ended with a spontaneous storm on the Stock Exchange. The participants were armed with clubs, and they walked into the Stock Exchange and attacked the stockbrokers. Later, they attacked the police with rubble from the construction site to the third Christiansborg. The attack was organized by, among others: * Andreas Fritzner, from the Trade Union Opposition Association and Young Socialist Association (USF). * Poul Gissemann from the Trade Union Opposition Association * Jørgen Mortensen from the Young Socialist Association * Christian Christensen from Trade Union Opposition Association The leaders were punished with fines of 500 kroner, what Andreas Fritzner called "a ridiculously small Punishment". Five others received sentences ranging from 120 days to two years in prison. Reactions and further processes ------------------------------- The storming of the stock exchange made a great impression on the contemporaries and especially bourgeois politicians and media distanced themselves from the revolutionaries. *Illustreret Tidende* compared the storm with the ravages of the Red Army and looting in the Finnish Civil War, which was at its height, and added: "On the 259th anniversary of the assault on Copenhagen, we experienced the Danish storm on the stock exchange. It is truly time that the bourgeoisie again awakens." After the storming, the syndicalists formed the Organization of the Unemployed (D.A.O.) which received great support. The syndicalists' struggle for the conditions and rights of the unemployed culminated in November 1918. The syndicalists had convened a protest meeting on 10 November at Grønttorvet, which gathered 50,000 participants, and again on 13 November, where 30,000-40,000 participated. The meeting on 13 November developed into violent clashes when the police attacked after the end of the meeting, and this was repeated on 14 November, when a large group of protesters gathered again on Grønttorvet. These events later became known as the "battles on Grønttorvet". In the years after the Storm on the Stock Exchange, the syndicalist movement gained growing support. Danish syndicalists were characterized by great optimism and a belief that the Russian Revolution had heralded the world revolution, whose realization was in full swing in Germany, Finland, Hungary and other European countries. On the domestic front, the syndicalist movement was successful, and the syndicalist methods yielded visible results. The syndicalists played a not insignificant role in the many wildcat strikes that helped raise real wages, they had much of the credit for the 8-hour working day and experienced a breakthrough in relation to the principle of non-voting in the trade union movement (a struggle won by the syndicalists despite social democratic opposition). At this point, the movement was at its peak both in terms of membership numbers and influence. The Danish syndicalists, despite the movement's small membership, gained an influence that far exceeded what their size justified them to, and their ideas and fighting techniques reached far beyond their own membership. Thus, syndicalism came to play a not insignificant role in the labor movement during the period of 1917 to 1921. The decline of the Danish syndicalist movement began in 1921, when the political and economic power relations had completely changed compared to the situation in previous years; all attempts at revolution in Europe had been thwarted except in Russia, and the very optimistic expectations of an impending world revolution rapidly declined. On the domestic scene, the syndicalists did not succeed either, as the employers launched a powerful counter-offensive which during 1920-21, changed the balance of power in the labor market and inflicted some major defeats on the workers, which hit the syndicalists particularly hard.

Characters from *The Bohemian G-yurl*, *Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News*, 1877 ***The Bohemian G-yurl and the Unapproachable Pole*** is a musical burlesque in two acts, with a score by Meyer Lutz to a libretto by Henry James Byron, which played under the management of John Hollingshead at the Gaiety Theatre in London in 1877. It was a parody of the popular opera *The Bohemian Girl* composed by Michael William Balfe with a libretto by Alfred Bunn. Background ---------- Burlesque of opera or classical works was popular in Britain from the 1860s to the 1880s, and *The Bohemian G-yurl and the Unapproachable Pole* fell into this tradition. Other examples at the Gaiety included *Blue Beard* (1882), *Ariel* (1883, by F. C. Burnand), *Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed* (1883), *Little Jack Sheppard* (1885), *Monte Cristo Jr.* (1886), *Miss Esmeralda* (1887), *Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim* (1887), *Mazeppa*, *Faust up to Date* (1888), *Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué* (1888), *Carmen up to Data* (1890), *Cinder Ellen up too Late* (1891) and *Don Juan* (1892, with lyrics by Adrian Ross). This burlesque opened at the Opera Comique in London on 31 January 1877 before transferring to the Gaiety Theatre, running for a total of 117 performances. John Hollingshead managed the Gaiety from 1868 to 1886 as a venue for variety, continental operetta, light comedy, and numerous musical burlesques composed or arranged by the theatre's music director, Meyer Lutz. Hollingshead called himself a "licensed dealer in legs, short skirts, French adaptations, Shakespeare, taste and musical glasses." Nellie Farren, as the theatre's "principal boy", starred at the Gaiety for over 20 years, and both Edward O'Connor Terry and Kate Vaughan were regulars. The piece had a revival at the Gaiety in May 1884 with Farren and Terry reprising their roles as Thaddeus and Devilshoof. Critical reception ------------------ A review of the production at the Opera Comique in *Vanity Fair* for March 1877 stated: > > Even if you happen not to have seen the *Bohemian G-yurl*, you will surely have heard by this time a great deal of the humour of Mr. Terry and the dancing of Mr. Royce in this production. You therefore proceed to the *Opera Comique*, and having duly admired the Polish costumes and done your best to catch the words of the songs, you wait patiently until hard on the eleventh hour, and wonder when all this tremendous merriment so generally spoken of is going to begin. The drollery of Mr. Terry may not perhaps strike you as so very remarkable after all – that is to say, for Mr. Terry; you will laugh at his scene with the performing dogs if you chance not to have seen something very similar before in many previous burlesques, but that is about the extent of the fun which even Mr. Terry can extract from his part. Mr. Royce dances with his usual buoyancy, and twirls as he is wont to twirl, but still you are not happy. You may, perhaps, think that some little of the humour accredited wholesale to Mr. Terry lurks in the round, astonished eyes, and is to be found in the playful ways of Miss Nelly Farren, and that Miss Kate Vaughan, with her pliant figure and resplendent attire, is responsible for much of the attractive power of Mr. Royce's very popular dancing; but still you will remember the purpose for which language has been said to have been given, and, when your club friends go night after night to see *The Bohemian G-yurl*, and expatiate glowingly on the delicious humour of Mr. Terry and the marvellous dancing of Mr. Royce, you will doubtless be able to read aright, with one eye closed even, the veiled and vicarious homage. > > > However, the critic of *Judy* was rather more appreciative, writing: > > *The Bohemian G-yurl*, at the Opera Comique, is certainly as funny a thing as I have seen. Terry and Royce made me roar again, and with the aid of Misses Farren, Vaughan and West, they give you one of the liveliest evenings imaginable. If you want to laugh, go and see Byron's last burlesque. > > > Roles ----- Kate Vaughan as Arline in *The Bohemian G-yurl* at the Gaiety Theatre (1877) * Thaddeus – Nellie Farren * Devilshoof – Edward O'Connor Terry * Arline – Kate Vaughan * Buda, Arline's nurse – Mrs Ball * Arnold – Nellie Phillips * Florestine – Miss Amalia * Max – Ethel Fellowes * Count Arnheim – E. W. Royce Musical Numbers --------------- Sheet music cover for 'Though Not Living in Pall Mall' - sung by Edward Terry ### Act I **Scene I: Alpine Landscape and Chateau of Count Arnheim** * Chorus of Count's Retainers: 'Loud the Horn is Sounding' * Song and Chorus: 'More like her Dad every day' – Count Arnheim, etc. * Song: 'Did you ever Catch a Weasel asleep?' – Devilshoof * Song and Chorus: 'What d'ye really take us for?' – Thaddeus, Devilshoof, etc. * Song and Chorus: 'She'll be perfection's pink' – Thaddeus, Devilshoof, Count, etc. **Scene II: Interior of the Gypsy Queen's Tent** * Tyrolean Air: 'As I wonder o'er the mountain' – Arline * Song: 'It mayn't be yet' – Thaddeus * Duett: 'Riding in the Moonlight' – Arline and Thaddeus * Gypsy Chorus: 'Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrrah!' – Zingari * Octette and Chorus: 'Excelsior' – Zingari * Gypsy Wedding Song: Chorus and Bell Accompaniment * Gypsy Morris Dance – Ensemble ### Act II **Scene I: Interior of the Gypsy Queen's Tent** * Grand Chorus of Gypsys * Song: 'I Wonder What Next They will do' – Devilshoof * Serio-Comic Quartette: 'You Wish to Recover your Child' * Selection – Arline, Characters and Chorus **Scene II: Reception Chamber of Arnheim Chateau** * Song: 'She's All Jam' – Devilshoof * Song: 'The Song of the Whippoorwill' – Arline * Grand finale – Company Between the scenes the orchestra played selections from Balfe's *The Bohemian Girl*.

Premier of Alberta from 1992 to 2006 This article is about the Canadian politician. For the Israeli basketball coach, see Ralph Klein (basketball). For the biblical scholar, see Ralph W. Klein. **Ralph Philip Klein** OC AOE (November 1, 1942 – March 29, 2013) was a Canadian politician and journalist who served as the 12th premier of Alberta and leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta from 1992 until his retirement in 2006. Klein also served as the 32nd mayor of Calgary from 1980 to 1989. Ralph was born and mostly grew up in Calgary, Alberta. After dropping out of High School in grade 11, Klein joined the Royal Canadian Air Force reserves for one year and then attended the Calgary Business College. Klein later worked as a teacher and principal at the Calgary Business College, and later public relations with non-profits. After that, Klein became a prominent local journalist in Calgary where he reported on the challenges of the working class, social outcasts and First Nations, endearing himself to those groups. In 1980, Klein turned his attention to politics and as an underdog was elected Mayor of Calgary, where he oversaw the boom and bust of the oil industry in the 1980s, expansion of the CTrain, and the 1988 Winter Olympic Games. Klein resigned as Mayor in 1989 and turned his attention to provincial politics where he served as Environment Minister in the Cabinet of Don Getty for four years. In 1992, Klein was elected as leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta and went on to lead the party to a majority government in the 1993 Alberta general election; Klein continued the Progressive Conservative dynasty and won three more majority governments afterwards. Klein's informal style endeared him to Albertans early in his term, and his political longevity and centralized management style earned him the nickname "King Ralph". As premier, Klein oversaw a short period of drastic cuts to the public service and privatization of government services; this fiscal strategy ended in the late 1990s as rising oil and gas prices increased provincial tax revenues resulting in spending increases and paying down of the provincial government debt. Klein's 14-year-long tenure as premier ended when the Alberta Progressive Conservatives' new leader, Ed Stelmach, assumed office on December 14, 2006. Early years ----------- Klein was born in Calgary, to Philip Andrew Klein (1917–2014) and Florence Jeanette Harper (1924–2004). His paternal grandparents were immigrants, from Germany and England, respectively. His father, Phil, was born in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta, grew up poor and rode the rails during the Great Depression in search of work. In the early 1940s he married Florence Harper, a waitress, and lived in her parents' basement in Calgary while trying to make ends meet working in construction. Ralph Klein's parents separated when he was five or six years old and he spent time living with his maternal grandparents in the Calgary's north end, and Rocky Mountain House with his mother. After separating from his mother, Klein's father worked as a professional wrestler in the Alberta circuit for most of the 1950s using the name Phil "The Killer" Klein and later became a businessman. Ralph Klein grew up in a working-class part of Calgary and dropped out of high school in grade 11, joined the Royal Canadian Air Force reserves, then completed high school later in life. Klein's time in the Air Force was limited, returning home a year later shortly after his 18th birthday. Klein attended Calgary Business College studying accounting and business administration, and later served as a teacher and principal of the college. He later studied at Athabasca University. Following his role at the Calgary Business College, Klein took a position as a public relations official at the Southern Alberta district of the Red Cross and United Way's offices in Calgary from 1963 to 1969. Klein married Hilda May Hepner on April 29, 1961. They met at Portage-la-Prairie while Klein was training with the Air Force. As two strong willed individuals there were many difficulties in maintaining their relationship, and after several separations in the late-1960s and early-1970s, Klein and Hilda formally divorced on March 29, 1972, with adultery cited as the grounds for divorce. Hilda received custody of their two children. Klein remarried three months after his divorce to the Victoria-born Colleen Evelyn Hamilton, a single-mother with two children working as an accounting clerk with Imperial Oil and as a bartender by night. They were married in Colleen's mother's basement by Reverend Robert A. Simpson, and together Ralph and Colleen had one child. Journalism career ----------------- Klein rose to public prominence in Calgary as a radio and television personality between 1969 and 1980. He was the Senior Civic Affairs reporter with CFCN-TV and CFCN radio. Klein built a reputation for thorough reporting and gritty, street-wise "down and dirty" reporter who could see through rhetoric. Klein's reporting style left him ostracized from the journalist community and provoked jealousy amongst the CFCN news group. Klein routinely skipped morning assignment meetings, rarely checked in, yet still would still appear in the afternoon with a new story. During his early career Klein became a staple patron of the St. Louis Hotel bar in Calgary's East Village, an area of synonymous with urban decay in the city. Klein's early civic affairs beat revolved around following newly elected anti-establishment Mayor Rod Sykes. The relationship between the Mayor Sykes and Klein could be described as fickle, Klein alerted the Mayor to a Calgary Police Service's cannabis bust involving the Mayor's 13-year-old son which Klein believed would involve planting the drugs on the minor. Klein also alerted Sykes about a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation story on a proposed convention centre benefiting from city sources, which Sykes was able to temporarily delay, although Klein's reasons were somewhat selfish as the CBC story would have been released before Klein's story on the topic. Klein's story *The Marriage* later resulted in invasion of privacy charges pressed against Klein and CFCN over the leak of a meeting recordings, the charges were subsequently thrown out of court. The 1973 oil crisis created an economic boom in Calgary, and Klein reported on stories which emphasized the lower-class, outcasts and challenges faced by those who did not benefit from urban renewal. Among those challenges was the challenges faced by Chinese-Canadians and overcoming the negative public perceptions stemming from publicized drug sales, prostitution, and other anti-social behaviour taking place in Calgary's Chinatown, through his work, Klein built strong relationships with the community and helped show a more accurate and generous view of the Chinese-Canadian community. Klein produced compelling and vivid stories about biker gangs which were both open and critical about the organizations, all the while building strong relationships by both living and partying with the gangs. In 1977, CFCN news director Thompson MacDonald commissioned Klein to complete an investigative report on the Blackfoot people and their feelings about the 100th anniversary of Treaty Seven. Klein and a camera man left for Gleichen, Alberta and did not contact MacDonald for a long period of time, which while normal behaviour for Klein, was worrying for the news director. Klein finally made contact from jail after he was arrested by RCMP officers after a bar fight with a government official. Klein continued to work with members of the Blackfoot, who introduced him to the indigenous religion, and provided him with a spiritual advisor. The outcome of Klein's reporting was a moving documentary highlighting the "gap between white intentions and aboriginal realities...on reservations". Klein's documentary focused on the poverty and difficulty of life, and interviewed grocery store owners who sold huge stockpiles of vanilla extract to desperate alcoholics at inflated prices. Although Klein valued his time living with the Blackfoot people, he rarely brought the experience up publicly, instead only sharing the elements outside the documentary with close friends and family. For his effort the Siksika christened Klein "White Writer" and called him a friend. Mayor of Calgary ---------------- Klein grew dissatisfied with the direction of Calgary City Council, urban sprawl and Mayor Ross Alger's proposed civic centre. The enormous proposed city centre required City Council to purchase properties in a five block radius, purchasing historic and small buildings one-by-one. Klein voiced his dissatisfaction through a monthly column in *Calgary Magazine*, his topics included his displeasure with the city's heavy-handed "block busting" and expropriation tactics, the polluted state of the Bow River, transportation planning and the Ctrain, weakness of open government and freedom of information, but always ended his columns with a note of optimism and a challenge to his readers to think of how to improve the city. Through his articles, Klein was able to grab the attention of Calgary voters highlighting the issues they faced. Finally Klein was alerted by former Mayor Rod Sykes to a film crew and actor portraying a "bum" digging through garbage in a downtown alleyway, Klein rushed over and filmed the event. The film crew belonged to an advertising agency which admitted to producing an election television advertisement for incumbent Mayor Alger. Alger had previously noted his new "civic centre" would remove undesirable populations, and the CFCN report on the advertisement showed Alger as cynical and manipulative, eroding his support. Klein's final documentary *Dreams, Schemes and Sandstone Dust* brought the human element to the civic centre debate, interviewing the bar regulars, hotel tenants and small business owners who were set to be bulldozed, creating a narrative that the areas historic but rundown buildings were worth preserving. On August 20, shortly after the film crew incident and documentary, Klein uncharacteristically appeared at the morning CFCN news meeting and announced he would run for Mayor against Alger. Klein's campaign started on rocky footing, he had little funds and limited knowledge of how to run a campaign or organize volunteers. He hired his friend Webster MacDonald, a lawyer, and labour organizer Ted Takacs to run co-manage his campaign, but neither was particularly adept. Finally he convened a group of 20 of his friends to discuss moving to the Alderman ticket, and after convincing Klein to continue to run for Mayor, they formed what became known as the "*Klein Gang*" a group of diehard supporters who remained with him throughout his political career. Shortly afterwards he opened his campaign office in a small space donated by local businessman Jack Singer and his campaign began to take off. It was in this office he first met Rod Love, a recent University of Calgary political science dropout. Love had initially offered to work for Alger's campaign, but was not offered a position he was interested in. The Klein campaign continued to grow, although remained strained financially, with Klein only raising a total of $22,000. In the week before the election Klein's public position improved as many estimated he was neck and neck with Alger, and ahead of the third candidate, Alderman Peter Petrasuk. Alger the incumbent had accumulated $150,000 for the election, had strong support in the Chamber of Commerce, and a clean name. His other opponent, Petrasuk was a prominent lawyer with a large ethnic voter base and significant fundraising capabilities. Klein sought an endorsement from former Mayor Sykes who still held considerable sway amongst voters, Sykes declined as he had previously promised the other candidates he would not endorse any candidate, but agreed to an interview which he would say that Klein stood a chance in the election. The final mayoral debate took place 36 hours before the polls opened, with Alger and Petrasuk battling over rising budgets while Klein ignored the topics and spoke of accountability, open government and making Calgarians proud of the city. Klein's victory on October 15, 1980, came as a shock to many in the city including his own father who refused to believe the news, and shortly afterwards Klein was installed as the 32nd Mayor of Calgary, and the second Mayor of Calgary to be born in the city. A day after the election the *Calgary Herald* declared Klein "*The People's Mayor*" in describing his "*stunning victory*". Klein was subsequently re-elected twice, first in 1983 and again in 1986. ### Saddledome construction Main article: Scotiabank Saddledome Klein began his term as mayor with a significant infrastructure project. The newly relocated Calgary Flames were moved to the city just as the city prepared a bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics. A stadium was necessary for both purposes and City Council debated the merits of several locations for the city's new Olympic Coliseum, and narrowed their choices down to two areas in the Victoria Park neighbourhood on the east end of downtown. Two other sites, one on the west end of downtown, and a late bid by several businessmen pushing to build the arena in the northern suburb of Airdrie were also considered. The Saddledome's location within Stampede Park, as seen from the Calgary Tower The Victoria Park Community Association fought the bid to build the arena in their neighborhood, threatening to oppose the city's Olympic bid if necessary. City Council voted on March 3, 1981, to build the proposed 20,000-seat arena on the Stampede grounds, immediately east of the Corral and south of Victoria Park. The community continued to fight the city over rezoning the land to allow for the new arena amidst fears of traffic congestion in their neighbourhood which resulted in numerous costly delays to the start of construction. In a bid to end the battle, Mayor Ralph Klein asked the provincial government in July 1981 to take over the land designated for the arena to bypass the appeals process and force approval. The province supported the city amidst protests by community associations and invoked rarely used powers to overrule planning regulations, allowing construction to begin. The following day, on July 29, 1981, builders began construction of the arena. The International Olympic Committee was impressed that the project was underway, as noted in the XV Olympic Winter Games official report which stated "The fact that this facility was already being built added credibility to (Calgary's) bid and proved to be a positive factor in demonstrating Calgary's commitment to hosting the Games". ### 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics Main article: 1988 Winter Olympics During his tenure he presided over the 1988 Winter Olympics, the first Canadian city to host the winter games. The 1988 Calgary bid proposed by the Canadian Olympic Association (COA), would spend nearly three times what the rival Vancouver group proposed. Ralph Klein and other civic leaders crisscrossed the world attempting to woo International Olympic Committee (IOC) delegates as the city competed against rival bids by Falun, Sweden and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. While the games were viewed as a success for Klein and the city of Calgary, it was not without its issues. Residents had been promised that only 10 percent of tickets would go to "Olympic insiders", IOC officials and sponsors, but OCO'88 was later forced to admit that up to 50 percent of seats to top events had gone to insiders. The organizing committee, which was subsequently chastised by mayor Klein for running a "closed shop", admitted that it had failed to properly communicate the obligations it had to supply IOC officials and sponsors with priority tickets. These events were preceded by OCO'88's ticketing manager being charged with theft and fraud after he sent modified ticket request forms to Americans that asked them to pay in United States funds rather than Canadian and to return them to his company's post office box rather than that of the organizing committee. During the 1988 Olympics, Klein mistook the King of Norway Olav V for his driver, and asked that he fetch the car. Olav, who was startled, explained who he was as he pulled out his silver cigarette case, after which Klein bummed a cigarette from him. ### Light rail transit Main article: CTrain Klein oversaw the development of the Calgary's light rail transit system (known as the Ctrain) which began operation on May 25, 1981, shortly after Klein's first term began, and expanded as the city has increased in population. The system is operated by Calgary Transit, as part of the Calgary municipal government's transportation department. The South Line was planned to extend to the northwest, political pressures led to the commission of the "Northeast Line", running from Whitehorn station (at 36 Street NE and 39 Avenue NE) to the downtown core, with a new downtown terminal station for both lines at 10 Street SW, which opened on April 27, 1985. The "Northwest Line", the extension of the South Line to the city's northwest, was opened on September 17, 1987, in time for the 1988 Winter Olympics. ### National Energy Program Main article: National Energy Program The federal government under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau introduced the National Energy Program (NEP) which "effectively imposed revenue-sharing burdens on oil and gas revenues in Alberta, in the October 1980 budget shortly after Klein took office as mayor of Calgary. While he was mayor, the city enjoyed an economic boom. This was contrary to the 1980s global recession around the world. Calgary attracted many unskilled labourers from all over the country. Klein gained unfavourable national attention by blaming eastern "creeps and bums" for straining the city's social services and police. Prior to entering provincial politics, Klein considered himself a Liberal Party supporter. He supported the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Brian Mulroney in the 1988 federal election. Entry into provincial politics ------------------------------ In 1988, Premier Don Getty approached Klein to run as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party. Getty's popularity waned as Alberta's financial position deteriorated with dropping oil and gas prices, and he saw the popular Calgary Mayor as a valuable candidate. Klein demanded a Cabinet position in the Getty government, which Getty agreed to. Klein also received an offer from Prime Minister Brian Mulroney to join the federal Progressive Conservatives which included a cabinet appointment, but Klein's wife Colleen was not receptive to the move. Klein made the transition from municipal to provincial politics, and was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the riding of Calgary-Elbow in the 1989 general election. Klein won the election, defeating Liberal candidate and lawyer Gilbert Clark and two others with 49.6 per cent of the vote. He was subsequently named the Minister of Environment in Don Getty's government, while the Premier lost the election in his home seat of Edmonton-Whitemud, had to wait two months to be elected to the "safe" Progressive Conservative district of Stettler. As Minister of the Environment Klein's accomplishments included the consolidation of environmental statutes, and the creation of the National Resources Conservation Board. In this role Klein earned a positive reputation amongst industry and some environmentalists. Klein also dealt with several high-profile controversial issues including the Oldman River Dam, Alberta Pacific pulp mill and Swan Hills Waste Treatment Plant. ### Progressive Conservative leadership bid Premier Don Getty knew that the Tories faced a general election in 1993, and Albertans support of the Progressive Conservatives was dropping. Getty inherited a government with no provincial debt, and ran average deficits of $2.6-billion per year, resulting in an $11-billion debt in 1993. With polls showing the Liberals far ahead, Getty support hovered around 30 per cent, and he decided to retire from politics in 1992. Under former Edmonton mayor Laurence Decore, the Liberals had made major gains by criticizing the Progressive Conservatives' fiscal responsibility, the province's rapidly rising debt, and the government's involvement in the private sector which had seen some companies defaulting on government loans. The Progressive Conservative Association leadership selection rules changed prior to the 1992 convention, moving away from the caucus system to the *one member, one vote* system which required one candidate to get a plurality of votes. Party membership could be purchased and provide voting rights up to the close of the polls. Klein faced strong competition from Edmonton MLA and Minister of Health Nancy Betkowski, and seven other candidates. Klein campaigned for Progressive Conservative leadership in part by making arguments similar to Liberal leader Decore's. He favoured a near-immediate balancing of the provincial budget and rapid debt repayment thereafter, and declared his government "out of the business of business". Klein was criticized throughout the leadership campaign by reporters, politicians and other candidates for his hand's off approach to governance and notability for partying. Leadership hopeful and Minister of Culture Doug Main was especially critical charging "*We can't win this province back - we can't be the government - with a smoking, drinking, paving, glad-handing premier*". Klein came second in the first ballot on November 28, 1992, with 16,392 votes, one behind Betkowski. The second ballot occurred on December 5 with three candidates, Klein received an overwhelming majority with 46,245 votes (60 per cent) compared to Betkowski's 31,722, and was elected leader of the Progressive Conservatives, and one week later was sworn in as the Premier of Alberta on December 14, 1992. Klein's success at the leadership convention was a surprise to political observers, and occurred despite numerous endorsements from the Progressive Conservative caucus for Betkowski. Klein's victory has been attributed to populist support from rural Albertans who purchased memberships between the first and second ballot. Premier ------- Ralph Klein was appointed the 12th Premier of Alberta on December 14, 1992, following his surprising victory. The new government seeking a mandate three years into the 22nd Alberta Legislature began preparing for an election which was called seven months after Klein's appointment as Premier on June 15, 1993. Many of Klein's opponents in the Progressive Conservative leadership did not contest the 1993 election including Nancy Betkowski, John Oldring, Doug Main, and Rick Orman. During the 1993 campaign Klein distanced himself from the Getty administration and highlighted the changes he had implemented during his short time as Premier. Decore, facing a Premier with whom he agreed on many issues, argued that the Progressive Conservative party had no moral authority left on the issues on which Klein was campaigning. The 1993 election was a success for Klein even with his party losing eight seats, dropping from 59 to 51. The Progressive Conservatives retained a majority government gaining 0.2 per cent of the popular vote from 1989, but still receiving less than 45 percent of the vote. His party captured all but two seats in Calgary, while being shut out of Edmonton entirely. Decore's Liberals formed opposition with 32 seats and 40 per cent of the popular vote, while Ray Martin's New Democrats lost all 16 seats and were shut out of the Legislature, although taking ten percent of he vote and being proportionally due eight or nine MLAs. The 1993 election would end up being Klein's least successful provincial election, with the 32 Liberals forming the largest opposition during Klein's 12 years as Premier. Klein's 1997 election proved more successful, reaching a plurality of voters with 51 per cent of the popular vote and 63 seats in the Legislature, including two in Edmonton. Klein achieved his strongest government in 2001 election, winning 62 per cent of the popular vote and 74 of the 83 seats, the largest majority government since the Peter Lougheed era. The 2001 election victory came against the new Liberal leader and former Progressive Conservative leadership challenger Nancy MacBeth (formerly Betkowski). Klein's final election as Premier in 2004 saw the Progressive Conservative's support drop, winning 62 seats with 47 per cent of the popular vote against Kevin Taft's Liberal Party and Brian Mason's NDP. ### The Alberta Advantage: Klein's austerity campaign By the mid-1980s there was a worldwide oil glut, a serious surplus of crude oil, with the world price of oil dropping from over US$35 per barrel to below $10. The glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries (due to the crises of the 1970s, especially in 1973 and 1979) and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices. *Time Magazine* stated, "the world temporarily floats in a glut of oil." By 1993, when Klein took office, Alberta's debt had reached CA$23 billion. Despite lower oil prices, Alberta was largely shielded from the early 1990s recession. Klein's premiership faced its first financial challenge with the MLA Pension Plan, with public outrage growing with the generous payments and "double-dipping" where former cabinet ministers were able to draw immediate pension payments while sitting as backbenchers. Klein attempted to defuse the issue by amending the plan, but when that didn't satisfy the public, he eliminated the pension plan entirely, with MLAs moving to the same general public service pension plan, the bold action was unexpected and added to his credibility. Balanced budgets and repayment of the provincial debt were significant long-term goals of Klein's premiership. In 1993 Klein followed up on the 1991 government economic strategy paper *Toward 2000 Together* which was the basis of his 1993 provincial election with the Financial Review Committee whose 1993 report promised to balance the provincial budget by 1997 without raising taxes. The backbone of the economic plan was austerity, often called the "Klein Revolution", or the "Alberta Advantage", as Klein called it. The first priority was reduction of the provincial payroll, which led to the abolishment of more than 4,000 public service positions through amalgamation or elimination of government agencies. Another 1,800 government jobs were eliminated by the privatization of liquor retailers, and motor vehicle and property registration services. The 1994 budget required all departments to cut 20 per cent from their operating budgets and all public servants including Members of the Legislative Assembly, civil servants, teachers, nurses and university staff saw a 5 per cent pay cut and a two-year salary freeze. The Klein government initiated the sale of the provincial Crown Corporations and investments, including the public telephone company, AGT, alcohol sales, Alberta Energy Corporation, and provincial ownership stakes in other business entities. By 1995 owing to rising non-renewable resource revenue, corporate tax revenue and gambling taxes the Klein government had balanced the budget and eliminated the province's deficit two years ahead of schedule, the cost was public spending dropping by $1.9-billion and more than 4,500 public service jobs had been abolished. In the years following 1995 oil and natural gas prices continued to rise generating significant royalty revenue for the province. Klein's new challenge was convincing the public to "reinvest" in recently cut public services while maintaining his fiscally conservative reputation. Government spending increased dramatically, rising 60 per cent between 1997 and 2001 which garnered rebuke from former administration allies such as the Canadian Taxpayers Federation and other conservative thinktanks. Klein sought to reinvent government in Alberta as a streamlined and efficient operation which heavily relied on privatization and contracting. Progressive Conservatives brought in Ted Gaebler the co-author of *Reinventing Government* and controversial former New Zealand Labour government Treasurer Roger Douglas to advise on the sweeping reforms. At the 2004 Calgary Stampede, Klein announced that the province had set aside the necessary funds to repay its public debt in 2005. > "Never again will this government or the people of this province have to set aside another tax dollar on debt..."Those days are over and they're over for good, as far as my government is concerned, and if need be we will put in place legislation to make sure that we never have a debt again." > > — Ralph Klein 2004 Ralph Klein and sculptor Ryan McCourt at the unveiling of "A Modern Outlook" in Edmonton, Alberta. From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel. A rebound in the price of oil worldwide led to big provincial surpluses in Alberta since the mid-1990. During 2004, the price of oil rose above $40, and then $50. A series of events led the price to exceed $60 by August 11, 2005, leading to a record-speed hike that reached $75 by the middle of 2006. Political analyst David Taras of Mount Royal University argued that although Klein was popular, he failed at public policy. His focus on paying down Alberta's fiscal debt during an oil boom - a time when interest rates on debt were low - was done "at the expense of hospitals, roads, light rail transit lines, and investing in better health-care services or education." Rich Vivone, who was involved in Alberta politics from 1980 to 2005, claimed Klein "had the trust and popularity to do almost anything he wanted and survive" and his "fiscal achievements early in his career were significant, but he "utterly failed at health reform and economic diversification" and he did "little for culture, recreation or the arts." ### Prosperity Bonus Main article: Prosperity Bonus In 2003, as the global price of oil increased Klein first contemplated government oil royalty payments to Albertans. The official announcement for the program came in September 2005, with each Albertan who filed a tax return received a "Prosperity Bonus", known locally as "Ralph Bucks". The program entailed a one-time $400 payment from the Government of Alberta in the form of a mailed cheque to each Alberta resident not in prison, at a cost of $1.4-billion. The Prosperity Bonus program was met with controversy, with critics claiming the funds would be better spent on infrastructure, health or education. Klein responded to the criticism saying if an Albertan did not want the cheque, they could "send it back or donate it to charity", and defended the payment "to some people it means a lot." ATB Financial's Todd Hirsch observed, "I think we missed some great opportunities to invest in our post-secondary education systems; instead, we frittered away our money. People got a couple of dinners and put some gas in their Hummer, and that was about it." ### Health Care Health care and funding were another significant policy objective for the Klein government. In 1994, the Klein government introduced the *Regional Health Authorities Act* to the 23rd Legislature which amalgamated the 204 hospital boards into 17 regional health authorities. The hospital boards were given significant autonomy to decide which hospitals would be closed or downgraded to the status of community clinics. This resulted in the closure of several urban hospitals including Calgary's General Hospital demolished via implosion in 1998, and the closure of one other hospital in Calgary, and one in Edmonton. The number of acute care beds were halved in a period of three years and coverage of many medical services was reduced or eliminated. In 2000, the Klein government introduced the *Health Care Protection Act* (Bill 11) to the 24th Alberta Legislature concerning partial privatization of healthcare evoked large protests at the Legislature. The bill allowed private for-profit clinics to perform minor surgeries and keep patients overnight, which had previously only been performed in hospitals. Klein blamed the two sitting NDP MLAs for fighting the reform, inciting the protests and forcing him to back away from the reform that he still supported. Federal Health Minister Allan Rock expressed his grave reservations over the legislation, but did not deem the *Health Care Protection Act* to violate the *Canada Health Act*. The Klein government continued to search for efficiencies in health care, and in early 2002 the Premier's Advisory Council on Health led by Don Mazankowski released its framework for reform report often referred to as the Mazankowski Report. The report included 43 recommendations the government fully accepted, including more choice, more private involvement, more competition and accountability, less comprehensiveness and increased user medicare co-payments for Alberta's health care system. The direction of the Mazankowski Report towards privatization was expected, however, observers expected a much more radical report. The 2002 budget introduced a few months later raised medicare premiums, tobacco and liquor taxes, eliminated dental and optical subsidies for senior citizens, and also cut the corporate tax rate. In July 2005 Klein delivered a speech on the "third way" of health care which would lie between the American system and the Canadian system. He proposed a series of provincial health care reforms that would potentially violate the Canada Health Act. Klein's reforms for Alberta would have permitted for-profit care and made it possible to jump queues, to "allow patients to pay cash for some surgery and let doctors practice in both the public and private health systems." Public outcry forced the government to listen to Albertans and the third way was not legislated. Klein responded by exclaiming, "I don't need this crap" and throwing the Liberal health care policy book at a seventeen-year-old page who had delivered the book during question period in the Alberta legislature. The same booklet later sold on eBay for a reported $1,400, signed by Alberta's Liberal Leader Kevin Taft, with the caption, "Policy on the fly". Earlier in the question period he also had to apologize for calling Liberal leader Kevin Taft a liar on the floor of the legislature, which is considered unparliamentary language. His apology consisted of saying, "Sorry, Mr. Speaker. I won't use the word 'fib.' I'll say that he doesn't tell the whole truth all the time - most of the time." Reacting to comments made in March 2006 by Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty opposing any two-tiered health care system in Ontario that Klein has proposed in Alberta which would allow quicker access to surgery for those who pay, Klein stated "I'm no doctor, but I think that Mr. McGuinty's got a case of premature speculation". > "This was matched by the elimination of or reduction of hours for 14,753 positions in health care. Regionalization of Alberta's health care was intended to rationalize health services." > > ### Ralph Klein and the oil sands Ralph Klein serving as Marshal at the 2005 Calgary Stampede Parade Calgary's economy was so closely tied to the oil industry that the city's boom peaked with the average annual price of oil in 1981. As the price of oil rose Alberta's budget surplus stood at $4 billion in 2004. The province used this surplus to eliminate its $3-billion debt. The subsequent drops in oil prices were cited by industry as reasons for a collapse in the oil industry and consequently the overall Calgary economy. Low oil prices prevented a full recovery until the 1990s.[] Major investment incentives for oil sands companies were introduced by both the federal government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and the provincial government under Klein. The Liberal federal government "reformed and streamlined the tax write-offs it allowed for oil sands firms." Klein "scrapped a welter of one-off royalty deals to create a generic royalty – one that demanded only token payments in the first years of the megaprojects." This facilitated oil sands development. According to the Calgary Herald, > "Ralph Klein's legacy is inextricably linked to his government's role in encouraging the province's energy industry – particularly his role in presiding over the province as development in northern Alberta's oil sands flourished." > > — Kelly Cryderman Klein changed Alberta's royalty system so that oil companies paid only one per cent of their profits to Alberta until they recovered the cost of the project. The royalty rose to 25 per cent once the recovery cost was reached. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) claimed there was almost $4 billion coming from oil sands royalties in 2006. In late June 2003, Klein and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney met to discuss the route of an Alaskan oil pipeline, which Klein argued had to be integrated with the extensive Alberta pipeline system. This was popular with Cheney and other advocates of North American energy independence in the oil industry. At the end of Klein's term one of the most common concerns "was that Albertans were not getting enough money for their resources." ### Agriculture and forestry policy The Alberta agriculture industry faced significant challenges following the discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (also known as mad cow disease) in May 2003. The cow was inspected, found to be substandard and removed so that it would not be fed to animals or humans. The carcass was processed into oils and the head sent to the United Kingdom where the case of mad cow was confirmed. An investigation by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency resulted in the slaughter of 2,700 head of cattle. Exports of Canadian beef were halted by numerous countries immediately, most notably including the United States and Japan. Trade relations with the United States further deteriorated in December 2003 when a case of BSE was discovered in a cow imported from Canada to a farm near Yakima, Washington. Klein's response to BSE was highly criticized when he made a public statement "I guess any self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up, but he didn't do that," referring to the farmer in northern Alberta whose animal was found to have the disease when it was taken to a slaughterhouse. Exports of Canadian beef cattle had already been stopped at the U.S. border, with other countries already following suit. Japan had been a key stumbling block to getting the U.S. border reopened because it made clear it might rethink taking U.S. beef if it had Canadian beef mixed in with it. The United States eventually lifted restrictions on Canadian beef imports in stages, starting with cattle under 30 months of age in late-2003, then meat products in 2004, and later greater trade reductions in July 2005. Japan was slower to reopen trade with Canada, with the final BSE related restrictions on Canada beef lifted in 2019. As part of economic diversification initiatives as Minister of Environment, Klein approved in December 1990 the construction of North America's largest pulp mill by Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc. The pulp mill was touted as the first in a new generation constructed to meet higher environmental standards put in place in the late 1980s. Alberta-Pacific received a loan of $264 million from the Alberta government through the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund in what Klein called a "sweetheart deal". Against the advice of the Auditor General and the Provincial Treasurer on March 31, 1997, Klein wrote off all interest of the loan, totaling $140 million to the Alberta-Pacific Joint Venture when prices were low for pulp. Klein made national headlines during the announcement when he flipped off an environmental activist who was protesting the government's the approval. Klein defended his actions by noting that it was the protester who made the offensive gesture first. ### Same-sex marriage Main article: Same-sex marriage in Alberta In June 2003, the Court of Appeal for Ontario decision in *Halpern v Canada (AG)* which found the common law definition of marriage, which defined marriage as between one man and one woman, violated section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Klein repeated a promise to use the Notwithstanding Clause in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to veto any requirement that the province register same-sex marriages, however the government recanted as legal scholars questioned whether the action have been constitutional. Contrary to many media reports which annoyed Klein,[] this was a position of the Alberta Legislature which passed the *Marriage Amendment Act* in March 2000 defining marriage exclusively as an opposite-sex union and attempted to insulate the decision by invoking the Notwithstanding Clause. In December 2004, Klein called for a national referendum on the issue of same-sex marriage. This plan was quickly rejected by the government of Paul Martin and by federal Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper. Following the Parliament of Canada's approval of same-sex marriage in 2005 via *Civil Marriage Act* (Bill C-38), Klein announced initially that his government would fight the distribution of same-sex marriage licences. However, he later recanted, stating publicly that there was no legal route to oppose the federal act (neither via the notwithstanding clause nor the province's power over civil marriage), and the government reluctantly acknowledged the marriages officially on June 20, 2005. ### Law enforcement It was under Klein's government that the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, was re-organized into its current state. The Klein government increasingly utilized CAPS, the precursor to the Sheriffs Branch, for special provincial law enforcement duties instead of the RCMP. In 2006, CAPS was renamed and the newly christened Sheriffs Branch was expanded rapidly to take on assignments that previously were the purview of the RCMP, the provincial policing authority. At this time, the Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams were also created. ### Environment Klein's social and environmental views were seen by opponents as uncaring. Supporters argued in response that Klein was merely choosing appropriate priorities for limited government funding. Klein was opposed to the Kyoto Accord, since Alberta was a major producer of oil and natural gas, and he felt that environmental measures would hurt the economy. The successive government initiated a massive carbon-capture project. At a 2002 fund-raiser Klein joked, > "You know, my science is limited to the fact that I know that eons ago there was an ice age. I know that for sure. I know that at one time, the Arctic was the tropics. And I guess I wonder what caused that? Was it dinosaur farts? I don't know." > > — Ralph Klein ### Leadership review and retirement Further information: Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election, 2006 Prior to the 2004 election, Klein stated his intention to serve only one more term in office. Pressure mounted on Klein to set a firm date and, following such a request from party executive director Peter Elzinga, Klein announced on March 14, 2006, that he would be tendering his resignation on October 31, 2007. He later proposed that his resignation would take effect in early 2008 after a successor is chosen at the party's leadership election. Klein announced this timetable days before party delegates were to vote in a review of his leadership on March 31, 2006. The drawn-out schedule for his retirement, along with his announcement that any cabinet minister who wished to run for leader must resign by June 2006, generated a large degree of controversy, including criticism from cabinet minister Lyle Oberg who was subsequently fired from cabinet and suspended from caucus. When the leadership review ballot was held on March 31, 2006, only 55 per cent of the delegates supported Klein. This was down from the 90 per cent level of support he had won at previous reviews and far lower than the 75 per cent Klein said he felt he needed in order to continue. The result was described as a "crushing blow" to Klein's leadership. Prior to the vote, Klein had said he would resign immediately if he did not win the leadership review by a "substantial" margin. In the hours following the vote, Klein released a statement thanking delegates for their support and saying he would take several days to consider his future. > Given the results of this vote, I intend to meet with party officials and my staff to discuss my next step. I will do this as quickly as possible and announce a decision about my future shortly. > > — Ralph Klein At a press conference on April 4, 2006, Klein announced that as a result of the lukewarm vote for his continued leadership he would submit a letter in September to Alberta's Progressive Conservative Party urging it to convene a leadership contest. Klein said he would resign as party leader and premier after a successor was named, and would assist the new leader in their transition to premier. Klein officially handed in his resignation as party leader on September 20, 2006, officially kicking off the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party leadership race. However, Klein remained premier until the new PC Leader, Ed Stelmach, assumed office on December 14, 2006. Klein resigned his seat in the legislature on January 15, 2007. Later life ---------- On January 18, 2007, the law firm Borden Ladner Gervais announced that Klein, who is not a lawyer, would join their firm as a senior business adviser who would bring "valuable insights to our clients as they look to do business in Alberta, in Canada, and in North America". In a July 9, 2007, interview on Business News Network, Klein criticized Conservative PM Stephen Harper and Federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty for their mishandling of the Income Trust issue and for not keeping their word on Income Trust taxation. According to the Canadian Association of Income Trust Investors, the change in tax rules cost investors $35 billion in market value. Stephen Harper specifically promised "not to raid seniors' nest eggs" during the 2006 federal election. On March 27, 2008, Klein was created an Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France. The creation had been approved by the Government of Canada on November 24, 2007. On March 20, 2010, Klein appeared on his own television game show called *On the Clock* on the Crossroads Television System network. Klein, shown perched on a golden throne, evaluates the responses and awards "Ralph Bucks" to the contestants whose answers he found the best. The person who has the most Ralph Bucks at the end of the game is declared the winner. Illness and death ----------------- On December 15, 2010, it was reported that Klein, a lifetime smoker, was suffering from COPD, a lung disease. His long-time friend Hal Walker commented that Klein was "not well." On April 8, 2011, it was reported that Klein was suffering from Pick's disease, a form of progressive dementia. Klein was hospitalized in September 2011 due to complications from COPD and dementia. He died in Calgary on March 29, 2013. Honours ------- In September 2005 during the 22nd meeting of the American region of the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie in Alberta, Premier Ralph Klein and Speaker Kenneth Kowalski received the Order of La Pléiade, for individuals who have contributed to the promotion of the French language and culture in their respective jurisdictions. Klein would also be made an Officer of the Legion of Honour by France in 2008. He received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002, the Alberta Centennial Medal in 2005, The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 and was appointed to the Alberta Order of Excellence in 2010. Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from University of Calgary in 2011.[] and a member of the Order of Canada in late 2012. In 1980, shortly after he was elected Mayor of Calgary, Klein was made an honorary Blackfoot Chief under the name "*Oots-squi-peeks*" meaning "Blue Bird", one of only two to be honoured as such. Klein found the spiritualism inspiring and prepared mentally for provincial elections in sweat lodges, carried an eagle feather in his briefcase and hung sweetgrass braids in his office. Ralph Klein Park in Calgary is the first park to be named for a former mayor during his lifetime. The 30.35 hectares (75.0 acres) site contains an Environmental Education Centre and man-made wetland to improve stormwater quality before it enters the Bow River system. In a July 2014 poll of Albertans asking who the best Premier since 1985 is, 59% of respondents picked Ralph Klein. Controversies ------------- Ralph Klein was widely known for public mishaps and the inability for controversy or scandal to significantly weaken his public perceptions. Klein's exploits while under the influence of alcohol were well known and publicized amongst Albertans and Canadians. Prior to his successful campaign for leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association, Klein was pressed by reporters and politicians on his drinking, leading *Edmonton Journal* reporter Don Martin to quip *"Let's face it. Klein's liver has a busy reputation.*", Klein responded to questions stating "*I like to party, yes. I've shared that with some of my colleagues that I enjoy a drink or two. But I can change. That's not to say I'm going to totally quit.*". Klein was commonly spotted at casinos, with a preference for private card rooms, video lottery terminals and horse racing. Klein publicly admitted to having a "borderline gambling addiction" wagering hundreds on nights in the casino, having lost up to $7,000 in a single night. In the late 1980s Klein was photographed in a Calgary bar drinking with two members of the Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club, later to be patched over to the Hells Angels. Years later, this photo was used against him by the Hells Angels when he objected to them patching over two motorcycle clubs in Alberta and promised greater funding to police in 1997. Klein had numerous run-ins with protesters throughout his political career, including a December 1990 incident where Klein was photographed giving the finger to a protester at a news conference called to announce the approval of the controversial $1.6-billion Alberta Pacific pulp mill project in Athabasca, and the July 2003 incident where Klein was the recipient of a pieing at the annual Premier's Stampede Breakfast in Calgary. In April 1994, Klein commented on the that a youth court judge who had suggested he would not sit in order to protest proposed reductions to provincial court justice salaries should be "*very, very quickly fired*" was brought before the Supreme Court of Canada in the *Provincial Judges Reference* (1997) for raising concerns about judicial independence. The court merely said the comment was "unfortunate." Public opinion regarding Klein's alcohol consumption reached a boiling point in December 2001 when he visited the Herb Jamieson Centre, a 249-bed homeless shelter in Edmonton while intoxicated. An argument ensued between Klein and homeless men sleeping in the hallway who were denied a bed because they had been drinking. During the argument Klein told the men to get a job, which was rebuked by some of the men who stated they had jobs but could still not afford housing. An argumentative Klein was shuffled out of the centre while he tossed money at a homeless man on the way out. According to biographer Don Martin, Klein continued with his normal schedule in the following days, and when rumors of the event began to pop-up amongst the media, Klein was unable to remember the event. After the event Klein called a press conference and emotionally acknowledged he had an alcohol problem and pledged to curb or stop his drinking. He called alcohol "the devil" and an "awful beast", but did not go as far as acknowledging he suffered from alcoholism. Klein admitted to being intoxicated at many moments in his life, visibly during his 2001 general election party, a month earlier when he introduced former US President Bill Clinton, and at the public memorial for Calgary sportscasting legend Ed Whalen. In February 2006, the *Western Standard* magazine came under fire for printing comments about Klein's wife Colleen Klein, who is Métis. A column by Ric Dolphin, arguing that Colleen Klein has too much influence over her husband, quoted an unnamed source who said "Once she stops being the premier's wife, she goes back to being just another Indian." During a charity roast on November 9, 2006, Klein made a lewd joke at the expense of former Conservative Member of Parliament Belinda Stronach: "Belinda roasted me as a Conservative, but of course now she's a Liberal.. and I wasn't surprised that she crossed over; I don't think she ever did have a Conservative bone in her body.. well, except for one." (Referring to Peter MacKay, her former boyfriend, who is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada.) Klein refused to apologize for the remark stating that "a roast is a roast is a roast is a roast", while his spokesman pointed out that "Ms. Stronach roasted the premier two years ago and made remarks about his weight, his clothing and even his flatulence".

1951 film directed by Ralph Thomas ***The Clouded Yellow*** is a 1950 British mystery film directed by Ralph Thomas and produced by Betty E. Box for Carillon Films. A dismissed secret service agent falls in love with a disturbed young woman who is wrongly accused of murder and the two go on the run, pursued by the police, the secret service, and the real murderer. Plot ---- A former army officer who became a successful member of the British Secret Intelligence Service during the Second World War, David Somers is dismissed following the failure of a mission. The only work he can find is cataloguing butterflies at the country house of Nicholas and Jess Fenton. (The "clouded yellow" is a rare species of butterfly.) Somers and Sophie Malraux, Jess's niece, become attracted to each other. After the murder of Hick, a local gamekeeper and Jess's lover, suspicion wrongly falls on Sophie. She is considered mentally fragile because of the apparent suicide of her parents when she was six, the memory of which she has suppressed. Somers helps Sophie to evade arrest, and they go on the run together, with Somers using his secret service skills and contacts to stay one step ahead of the police and Willy Shepley, an SIS agent. After a cross-country chase, the pair arrive at Liverpool, planning to leave the country by ship. The true identity of the murderer of Hick is revealed to be Sophie's uncle Nicholas, who also killed Sophie's parents, because her father was another of Jess's lovers. Nicholas chases Sophie onto a warehouse roof, where he slips and falls into the path of a passing train and is killed. Cast ---- * Jean Simmons as Sophie Malraux * Trevor Howard as David Somers * Sonia Dresdel as Jess Fenton * Barry Jones as Nicholas Fenton * Kenneth More as Willy Shepley * Geoffrey Keen as Police Inspector * André Morell as Secret Service Chief * Michael Brennan as Police Superintendent * Gerard Heinz as Dr. Karl Cesare * Lily Kann as Minna Cesare * Eric Pohlmann as Taxidermist * Richard Wattis as Employment Agent * Sandra Dorne as Kyra * Maxwell Reed as Hick Production ---------- ### Development Ralph Thomas and Betty Box had both worked for her brother, Sydney Box, first collaborating when Thomas did the trailer for *Miranda* (1948). They found they had a rapport, so when Shepherd's Bush Studio shut down, and Thomas left Sydney Box to go under contract to the Rank Organisation, Betty Box came with him. Their first film together was *The Clouded Yellow*. It was made for Betty Box's company, Carillon Films. *The Clouded Yellow* was based on an original script by Janet Green. It was developed by Sydney Box but he had decided to take a year long absence and gave the project to Box and Thomas. Green was paid £1,000. They wanted further work done on the script but Janet Green was unavailable and Eric Ambler was hired to do work on it. Jean Simmons, who had made *So Long at the Fair* with Box, agreed to play the lead. Trevor Howard was borrowed from Herbert Wilcox, who had him under contract, to play the male lead. Kenneth More was cast in a minor role; it was the first of several films he would make for Box and Thomas. Production coincided with a crisis in the British film industry – Betty Box says it was the only film being made in England in the first half of 1950. She managed to secure a distribution contract with Rank, which enabled her to borrow enough money to finance 70% of the budget. Box managed to raise the rest from Rank and the National Film Finance Corporation, each putting up fifty per cent. However, after Betty Box had signed all 48 of the contracts required by the bank, James Laurie of the NFFC decided he did not like the contract and withdrew his company's finance until changes were made. Rank refused to provide Box with finance to tide her over, so the producer borrowed the money against her own home. "I obviously wasn't happy about the situation, particularly as it was through no fault of my own", Box later wrote. Finance did not come through until five weeks into the film. "It was a brave thing for her to do and she didn't tell me until the picture was finished", said Thomas. ### Shooting Shooting took place in Newcastle, Liverpool and the Lake District. A significant proportion of the action was shot on location in Newcastle upon Tyne, featuring scenes on the quayside, around the Castle Keep and the Central Station, and the suburb of Jesmond. Some scenes were filmed in Liverpool's Chinatown, Toxteth, Liverpool Docks and on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, closed in 1956 and later dismantled. Thomas said he enjoyed making the movie. Maxwell Reed said his role was "not a big part but it's the best I've ever had." The supporting cast features a young Kenneth More. He made it while appearing in a play in London. Reception --------- ### Critical The *Observer* called it "a very foolish picture". However, *The New York Times* was one of the film's many admirers, saying that "A first-rate job of fast film-making in a crisp, naturalistic style, up and down the actual face of England, has been accomplished by all hands." ### Box Office The movie benefited from publicity arising out of Jean Simmons' engagement and marriage to Stewart Granger. It was also helped by the fact Trevor Howard and Simmons were among the most popular stars at the British box office. Box later wrote "the film finally opened to very good press notices and even better business, and the teething problems were forgotten as the tills started ringing sweet music. I found I'd done a better deal for myself than I realised – every time I'd had to put up another unit of finance I was due for an extra percentage of profit – and I felt that at last justice was being done. The profits were useful for keeping my head above water as Ralph and I prepared our next production and I looked out for good film stories to buy." "I'm rather proud of that film", said Thomas. "Jean Simmons was lovely in it, so was Trevor Howard; it was a very good movie. And Sonia Dresdel was very good value for money; they don't make them like her any more – wonderful bravura." Thomas and Box would make a number of other thrillers in their career, including *Venetian Bird*.

American judge (born 1953) **Scott Milne Matheson Jr.** (born **Scott Milne Matheson III**; July 15, 1953) is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. He has served on that court since 2010. A native of Salt Lake City, Matheson graduated from Stanford University, attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, and received his Juris Doctor degree from the Yale Law School. After working in private practice for several years, Matheson became a law professor at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, where he served as dean from 1998 to 2006. Matheson was the United States Attorney for the District of Utah from 1993 to 1997. Early life and education ------------------------ Matheson was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. His father, Scott M. Matheson, served as Governor of Utah from 1977 to 1985, his mother, Norma Matheson, served as First Lady of Utah, and his brother, Jim Matheson, served as a United States Representative from Utah from 2001 to 2015. Matheson earned an Bachelors of Arts degree with distinction from Stanford University in 1975, where he won the Anna Laura Myers Prize for an outstanding undergraduate economics thesis. He then went to Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, receiving a Master of Arts degree in modern history in 1977. He then attended the Yale Law School, where he was a notes editor for the *Yale Law Journal* and graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1980. Professional career ------------------- After graduating from law school, Matheson first worked as his father's campaign manager for the 1980 Utah gubernatorial election. In 1981, he entered private practice as an associate attorney at the Washington, D.C. litigation firm Williams & Connolly. In 1985, Matheson joined the faculty of the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah. There, Matheson primarily taught constitutional law, criminal law, and civil procedure. Matheson was also extensively involved in law administration and law reform efforts, serving as a vice-chair of the Utah Constitutional Revision Committee, a chair of the Utah Supreme Court Advisory Committee on the Rules of Evidence, and a member of the Utah State Bar Commission. Matheson was also involved in efforts to expand legal aid in Utah, establishing a Pro Bono Initiative at the S.J. Quinney College of Law and serving on the Board of Trustees of the Legal Aid Society of Salt Lake. During his time as a law professor, Matheson contributed to various other institutions during leaves of absence. From 1988 to 1989, Matheson served as the Deputy County Attorney for Salt Lake County. From 1989 to 1990, Matheson was a visiting professor in the Frank Stanton Chair on the First Amendment at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. From 1993 to 1997, Matheson was the United States Attorney for the District of Utah. Matheson served as dean of the S.J. Quinney School of Law from 1998 to 2006. After concluding his deanship, Matheson spent his one-year sabbatical as a Public Policy Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. From 2007 to 2008, Matheson chaired the Utah Mine Safety Commission, which was formed in response to the Crandall Canyon Mine disaster and charged with improving mine safety and disaster response in the state. Matheson was also the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Utah in 2004, losing to Republican Jon Huntsman Jr. with 41.4% of the vote. Matheson is the author of the book *Presidential Constitutionalism in Perilous Times* (2009) and numerous law review articles. Federal judicial service ------------------------ On March 3, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Matheson to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit to replace Michael W. McConnell, who resigned in August 2009 to return to academia. Matheson's nomination was unanimously approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee. However, sources such as the Fox News Channel and conservative magazine *The Weekly Standard* alleged that Obama hoped to influence Matheson's brother, Representative Jim Matheson, to vote for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. According to *The Salt Lake Tribune*, "Rep. Jim Matheson called the claim simply absurd, as did the White House, Senator Orrin Hatch and pretty much everyone who knows the Mathesons." Hatch, an establishment conservative Republican from Utah, supported Matheson and helped shepherd the nomination through the Senate. On December 22, 2010, the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination. Matheson received his judicial commission on December 27, 2010. Notable cases ------------- **Awad v. Ziriax**, 670 F.3d 1111 (10th Cir. 2012): The court (per Judge Matheson, joined by Judges O’Brien and McKay) upheld a district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction to prevent the Oklahoma State Election Board from certifying a proposed amendment to the Oklahoma Constitution that would prevent Oklahoma state courts from using or considering Sharia law. **Bandimere v. SEC**, 844 F.3d 1168 (10th Cir. 2016): The court (per Judge Matheson, joined by Judge Briscoe, with Judge McKay dissenting) held that the Securities and Exchange Commission’s administrative-law judges were "inferior officers" subject to the Appointments Clause. The court’s decision opened a circuit split with the D.C. Circuit. *Raymond J. Lucia Cos. v. SEC*, 832 F.3d 277 (D.C. Cir. 2016), *rehearing denied*, 868 F.3d 1021, *rev’d*, 138 S. Ct. 2044 (2018). The Supreme Court granted certiorari on *Lucia* and agreed with the Tenth Circuit’s holding that the Securities and Exchange Commission’s administrative-law judges were "inferior officers." **Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. v. Sebelius**, 723 F.3d 1114 (10th Cir. 2013) (en banc), *aff’d*, 134 S. Ct. 2751 (2014): Judge Matheson filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part from the *en banc* majority’s decision that reversed the district court’s denial of a motion for a preliminary injunction in a challenge to a federal regulation that required employers to provide health insurance for employees that covered certain contraceptives. **Little Sisters of the Poor v. Burwell**, 794 F.3d 1151 (10th Cir. 2015), *vacated and remanded*, 136 S. Ct. 1557: A group of nonprofit religious employers challenged regulations by the Department of Health and Human Services that provided accommodations for religious objectors to a regulatory mandate to provide employees with health insurance coverage for contraceptives. Hearing appeals from the District of Colorado and Western District of Oklahoma, the Tenth Circuit (per Judge Matheson) held that preliminary injunctive relief was not warranted, concluding that the religious accommodation scheme established by the regulations relieved the plaintiffs of the contraceptive mandate, did not burden religious exercise in violation of RFRA, and did not infringe on First Amendment rights. The Supreme Court granted certiorari on the Tenth Circuit’s decision along with decisions from the Third, Fifth, and District of Columbia Circuits. On certiorari, the Supreme Court did not reach the merits. Rather, the Court vacated and remanded on narrow grounds, ordering the lower courts to examine a new argument that arose in supplemental briefing before the Court. **Murphy v. Royal**, 866 F.3d 1164 (10th Cir. 2017), *amended and superseded on denial of rehearing en banc*, 875 F.3d 896 (10th Cir. 2017), *aff'd*, 140 S.Ct. 2412 (2020) (*per curiam*): Patrick Dwayne Murphy, a prisoner convicted by an Oklahoma state court, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in a federal district court. The Tenth Circuit (per Judge Matheson, joined by Chief Judge Tymkovich and Judge Phillips) applied the three-part test for the disestablishment or diminishment of an Indian reservation in *Solem v. Bartlett*, 465 U.S. 463 (1984), and found that Congress had not disestablished the Creek Reservation, which covered about half of modern-day Oklahoma and most of the city of Tulsa. As Murphy was an Indian charged with a crime that occurred in the Creek Reservation, the Oklahoma state court lacked jurisdiction over his charges. In the Tenth Circuit’s order denying rehearing en banc, Chief Judge Tymkovich wrote a concurrence that urged the Supreme Court to grant certiorari and reconsider the three-part test in *Solem*. The Supreme Court granted certiorari, but split 4-4 with Justice Gorsuch recused. The issue was then resolved by *McGirt v. Oklahoma*, 140 S. Ct. 2452 (2020), and the Supreme Court affirmed in *Murphy* in light of *McGirt*.

Only joint sitting of the Australian parliament **Composition of the Joint Sitting** **Government (95)**   Labor (95) **Opposition (90)**   Liberal (63)   Country (27) **Crossbench (2)**   Liberal Movement (1)   Independent (1)   1. ↑ Labor seats: House of Representatives (66), Senate (29) 2. ↑ Liberal seats: House of Representatives (40), Senate (23) 3. ↑ Country seats: House of Representatives (21), Senate (6) 4. ↑ Both crossbenchers were Senators 5. ↑ The independent senator was Michael Townley (Tasmania). The **1974 Joint Sitting of the Parliament of Australia** remains the only time that members of both houses of the federal parliament of Australia, the Senate and House of Representatives, have sat together as a single legislative body pursuant to section 57 of the Constitution. The joint sitting was held on 6 and 7 August 1974, following the double dissolution 1974 federal election. This sitting deliberated and voted upon the following bills: * *Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973*, which sought to make Commonwealth electorates more even in size by reducing the allowable quota variation from 20 per cent to 10 per cent. * *Senate (Representation of Territories) Bill 1973*, which gave the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory two senators each. * *Representation Bill 1973*, which stated that neither the people of the territories nor the territory senators could be included in the formula for determining the number of House seats for each state * *Health Insurance Bill 1973*, which was the main bill that established Medibank (now known as Medicare). * *Health Insurance Commission Bill 1973*, which established the Medibank administrative agency, the Health Insurance Commission (now known as Medicare Australia). * *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973*, which was included despite some uncertainty as to whether the provisions of Section 57 had been met. This established a statutory body to control the exploration for, and development of, petroleum and mining resources. All six bills were affirmed by an absolute majority of the total number of members and senators, a requirement under the Constitution for the bills to pass. All proceedings of the joint sitting were broadcast on radio and television by the Australian Broadcasting Commission and a complete sound record was made for archival purposes. This was the first Australian television coverage of parliamentary debates. Political background -------------------- In early 1974, the conservative parties led by Billy Snedden had chosen to use their majority in the Senate to oppose key government legislation. As the Senate had rejected the bills twice, Prime Minister Gough Whitlam advised a double dissolution under section 57 of the Constitution. The Governor-General Sir Paul Hasluck agreed, and on 18 May an election for both houses of parliament was held. Campaigning for the Labor Party, Whitlam asked the electorate to let him "finish the job" and used the slogan "Give Gough a Go". The Liberal and Country parties focused their campaign on government mismanagement and the state of the economy. The Labor Party was returned with a slightly reduced majority in the House of Representatives and, crucially, still without the Senate majority it required to pass the legislation in question. The new parliament convened on 9 July. On 11 July, Sir Paul Hasluck's term as Governor-General ended, and Sir John Kerr was sworn in. The legislation was reintroduced, but, as expected, it again failed to pass the Senate. Now, all the constitutional requirements for a joint sitting had been met. At Whitlam's request, on 30 July Sir John Kerr issued a proclamation convening the joint sitting. The coalition parties sought to prevent the joint sitting by challenging its constitutional validity in the High Court. The writs were issued by Senator Sir Magnus Cormack (Lib) and Senator Jim Webster (CP) on 1 August. The Queensland government also brought an action, although it sought a narrower declaration. The court delivered a unanimous decision on 5 August 1974 and ruled that the sitting was constitutionally valid. The sitting ----------- All 187 federal MPs at the 1974 joint sitting Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973, Senate: 31, House:65Votes for and against the Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973 The joint sitting of all 187 members of Parliament (127 from the House of Representatives and 60 from the Senate) was held over two days, on 6 and 7 August 1974. The House of Representatives chamber was chosen as the venue for the sitting, and the event was covered by both radio and television. As well as the lower house holding a bigger seating capacity than the Senate, Whitlam said it was "the people's House, the House where alone governments are made and unmade". Speaker Jim Cope assumed the chair; his had been the only nomination. Whitlam further commented that "at long last, after sustained stonewalling and filibustering, the parliament can proceed to enact these essential parts of the government's program." Snedden, on the other hand, was more cynical, stating "this is indeed an historic occasion. So many people have described it as such that one is convinced it must be." Given the importance of the occasion, both sides showed behaviour and restraint. The Coalition continued to oppose the legislation but the Labor majority in the House was such that it had an overall majority in the Parliament, and all the legislation was able to pass easily. A vote of 94 was required, so that if at least 94 of the 95 Labor parliamentarians supported the bills, each would be passed. Special rules were drafted for the conduct of business. These included the hours of sittings, a 20-minute limit on speeches, and a requirement that there be at least 4 hours of debate (or 12 speakers) before debate on any bill could be ended. For the most part, the proceedings moved smoothly and all of the bills were approved along party lines. * *Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973*, 96 votes to 91. Liberal Movement Senator Steele Hall supported the three electoral Bills, citing his experience as Liberal Premier of South Australia, where he had fought his own party to improve unequal electoral arrangements known as the Playmander. * *Senate (Representation of Territories) Bill 1973*, 97 votes to 90. Northern Territory Country Party member Sam Calder supported the Territory Senators legislation, though he opposed the ACT being given added representation. * *Representation Bill 1973* 96 votes to 91. * *Health Insurance Commission Bill 1973* 95 votes to 92. * *Health Insurance Bill 1973* 95 votes to 92. * *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973* 95 votes to 91, with Liberal Party member John Gorton absent. The proceedings concluded at 11 p.m. on 7 August, to mixed reviews. Labor saw it as an 'historic event'; their opponents saw it as 'a waste of time'. On 7 and 8 August 1974, the Governor-General gave Royal Assent to all the bills. Subsequent legal challenges --------------------------- Thirteen months later, four state litigants, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia took legal action against the Commonwealth Government and the Minister for Minerals and Energy Rex Connor, challenging the *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Act* 1973. The issue was when the Senate had 'failed to pass' the *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973*, whether that was on 13 December 1973 which was the day of the Bill's first reading in the Senate and the last sitting day of 1973, or some time after the resumption of the Senate on 28 February 1974. In separate judgments, the majority of the High Court, Barwick CJ, McTiernan, Gibbs, Stephen and Mason JJ, held that the Senate had not 'failed to pass' the bill on 13 December 1973 and that there had not been an interval of three months between the Senate 'failing to pass' the Bill and 8 April 1974 which was when the House of Representatives again passed the Bill. Because the Bill had not been one of the 'proposed laws' in dispute when the double dissolution was called it could not therefore be voted on by the joint session and was not a valid law of the Commonwealth. In his dissenting judgment Jacobs J concluded that the Senate had failed to pass the Bill on 13 December 1973 because it had adjourned further consideration of the Bill until February 1974. Although the law remains on the statute books as No. 43 of 1974, it was invalidated by the declaration of the High Court. Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland also sought to separately challenge the *Senate (Representation of Territories) Act* 1973, the *Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2)* 1973, and the *Representation Act* 1973. The primary challenge was that the States alleged that too much time had elapsed from the second rejection of the Bills by the Senate and the double dissolution. In separate judgments, all of the judges Barwick CJ, McTiernan, Gibbs, Stephen, Mason, Jacobs and Murphy JJ, held that once the trigger conditions had been satisfied, the Governor-General could exercise the power at any time prior to 'six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time'. Other proposed joint sittings ----------------------------- ### 1987 In 1987, the Hawke government's legislation for an Australia Card was twice rejected by the Senate, before and again after the 1987 double dissolution election. A joint sitting was planned, but the bill was abandoned when it was realised its implementation would still have been subject to the whim of the Senate, which was hostile to the proposal. ### 2016 Following the 2016 federal election, which was a double dissolution, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said that his government would re-present the bills to reinstate the Australian Building and Construction Commission (ABCC) to a joint sitting of parliament, despite a cabinet minister having declared the bills' prospects as dead because the government did not have the numbers to pass either of the bills, and news media outlets decrying the likelihood of the government having the numbers to pass the relevant pieces of legislation in a joint sitting due to "a Senate that looks even more difficult and unwieldy than before the election and fewer government members in the House of Representatives." However, a joint sitting was made unnecessary when the trigger bills were reintroduced to parliament after the election and all were passed with amendments. Bibliography ------------ * The 1974 joint sitting of Parliament: Parliamentary Library

Painting by Piet Mondrian ***Composition with Grid No. 1*** or ***Composition in Grey and Ochre*** is a 1918 painting by the Dutch artist Piet Mondrian. It is currently in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Background ---------- In 1917, Mondrian was one of the founding members of the Dutch art group De Stijl ("The Style"), an abstract movement which sought unification of material and spiritual worlds through pure geometry. *Composition with Grid No. 1*, painted in 1918, was an early painting to adopt this style. The Dutch art historian Carel Blotkamp hypothesizes that this painting is one of Mondrian's first to use a modular or grid-like system. Later X-ray photography corroborates this, revealing that Mondrian sketched an underlying grid pattern of uniform rectangles based on the golden ratio. Mondrian continued to use grid patterns in his work, even in his final compositions *Broadway Boogie Woogie* and *Victory Boogie Woogie*. Description ----------- Mondrian drew the underlying modular system onto the canvas in charcoal. He then used dark grey oil paints to delineate rectangular areas of varying sizes on this grid. Thus, the painting's visible rectangles are superimposed on the underlying grid, giving what the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, describes as "an exceptional harmony of proportion". These rectangles were then painted in gray and ochre colors. Mondrian signed and dated the painting in the lower left with the inscription "PM 18". Exhibition and provenance ------------------------- The painting was on display in an exhibition organized by the Hollandsche Kunstenaarskring ("Dutch Artists' Circle") in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam in 1919. In 1960, the painting was purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Pierre Schlumberger before being donated to the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, in 1963, where it is currently housed. In research ----------- A paper by Li *et al.*, published in 2013, sought to model human aesthetic judgement. One of the paintings selected for the experiments was Mondrian's *Composition with Grid No. 1*, alongside the artist's *Composition No. 10* (1939–1942) and *Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red* (1937–1942). Sources ------- * Blotkamp, Carel (2001) [1994]. *Mondrian: The Art of Destruction*. Translated by Fasting, Barbara Potter. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 1861891008. LCCN 94012689. * Li, Yang; Hu, Changjun; Minku, Leandro L.; Zuo, Haolei (2013). "Learning aesthetic judgements in evolutionary art systems". *Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines*. Springer Publishing. **14** (3): 315–337. doi:10.1007/s10710-013-9188-7. ISSN 1389-2576. S2CID 16007849. * Millard, Charles W. (1972). "Mondrian". *The Hudson Review*. The Hudson Review, Inc. **25** (2): 270–274. doi:10.2307/3849001. JSTOR 3849001. * "Composition with Grid #1". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved January 26, 2022. * "Composition with Grid #1". Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Retrieved February 25, 2021.

**Tayy al-Arḍ** (Arabic: طيّ الأرض, romanized: *folding up of the earth* or "traveling long distances in the twinkling of an eye.") is the name for thaumaturgical teleportation in the mystical form of Islam and Islamic philosophy. The concept has been expressed as "traversing the earth without moving"; some have termed it "moving by the earth being displaced under one's feet". It is a concept widely familiar to the Shī‘īs and Sufis, each group having a different interpretation of it.[] Definitions and discussion -------------------------- The *Dehkhoda Dictionary* defines Tay al-Ard as "[a] type of keramat in which instead of moving toward a destination by taking a step forward, the earth turns toward the traverser rapidly, no matter how far the destination be." The concept of *tay al-arḍ* has its roots in the following verses of surah al-Naml of the Quran: > [Solomon] said, "O assembly [of jinn], which of you will bring me her throne before they come to me in submission?" A powerful one from among the jinn said, "I will bring it to you before you rise from your place, and indeed, I am for this [task] strong and trustworthy." Said one who had knowledge from the Scripture, "I will bring it to you before your glance returns to you." And when [Solomon] saw it placed before him, he said, "This is from the favor of my Lord to test me whether I will be grateful or ungrateful. And whoever is grateful - his gratitude is only for [the benefit of] himself. And whoever is ungrateful - then indeed, my Lord is Free of need and Generous." > > — Qur'an, sura 27 (An-Naml), ayat 38-40 Some claim that according to these verses, it is Asif ibn Barkhiya who transports the throne of the Queen of Sheba almost instantaneously. According to them, a hadith by Ja'far al-Sadiq also confirms that Solomon transports the throne by tay al-arḍ. A precise definition of tay al-arḍ has been offered by Ali Tabatabaei, one of the masters of Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i: "[T]he ceasing and termination of matter in the initial location, and its appearance and re-creation in its final location (destination)" Other explanations offered are also mystical in nature. A hadith by Muhammad al-Baqir is narrated in which he attributes the aforementioned esoteric knowledge of Asif ibn Barakhia to the *Asma 'ullah* or the "names of God", another widely discussed topic in Islamic philosophy and mysticism and even kabbalah: > The Almighty's greatest name has 73 letters (or parts). Asif ibn Barkhiya knew only one letter of it, which enabled him to traverse the earth in the blink of an eye. We Shia Imams however possess 72 of them. And the last letter is concealed from all creation and remains a secret to only the Almighty Himself." > > Being allegedly esoteric knowledge by nature, it is not known exactly how it takes place, but theories and explanations abound. The most prevalent theory has to do with the concept of consciousness and will (Persian: اراده). The person wills to be someplace, and he is then simply there an instant later. This view can perhaps be understood from the perspective of Western philosophical idealism, where *esse est percipi*: if space does not have an objective reality, and reality itself is thought of as observer-based and a subjective entity, then ideas such as moving in space without physically moving are no longer uncharted possibilities. In addition, the jinn are believed to possess this knowledge of transportation in a limited amount. History ------- Famous sheikhs, prophets, and other figures such as Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr, or Rumi Khidr, were believed to possess karamat, and writings from medieval Islam are full of stories and reports of certain individuals possessing this trait. For example, Idries Shah and Robert Graves mention the case where senior members of the Azimia order were "reputed to appear, like many of the ancient Sheikhs at different places at one and the same time". Many other examples can be found in Farid al-Din Attar's *Tadhkirat al-Awliya* (*Biographies of the Saints*) or the works of ibn Arabi, as well as other similar chronicles. However, no one for sure has known the number and identity of all those who possess such knowledge, since according to Ali al-Hujwiri, those who hold such knowledge "do not know one another, and are not aware of the other's state of excellence, and are hidden from themselves and from mankind." One of the most discussed phenomena of this supposedly esoteric knowledge is the event of traveling without actually moving (**طی الارض**). Islamic texts and records (from the mystics) are full of such accounts from various eras. For example, Bayazid Bastami has many such accounts, colored with mystical flavors, surrounding his life. In one account, he was asked, "They say you walk on water?" "A piece of wood can do that too," he replied. "They say you travel to Mecca at night and return by dawn?" he was asked. "But a bird at flight can do that too" was his answer. "So what is the meaning of being human?" he was asked. "A human is he who does not fasten his heart to anything but God" came his reply. In all such and similar accounts, a certain individual of unusually high rank (a sheikh, pir, or imam) is seen to have the ability to travel long distances in almost instantaneous amounts of time. Views ----- ### Sunni view Belief in the possibility of such karamat by saints is a part of classical orthodox aqidah in Sunni Islam as, for example, listed in the *Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya* and all other orthodox Sunni treatises on religious doctrine and has been accepted as such since the earliest times of Islam. Tay al-arḥ is one term used for this concept by the pirs being the spiritual aspect of Sunni Islam). Some Sufis call the concept *tay al-makan* ("folding of space"), the word *makan* ("location") being used as a synonym for the word *ardh* ("earth"). Both words are Arabic in origin, and both words are part of the Persian lexicon as well. ### Shi'a view The concept of Tay al-Ard also appears in Shia text such as the *Usul al-Kafi*. The Twelver Shi'a use the verse about tay al-arḍ in particular in Shi'a-Sunni conversations when accusations of over-meriting the Imams are made. It is argued that if a non-prophet could teleport the throne, then it should present no theological objections against the belief that a Twelvef Imam such as Ali might be able to do the same. The Mahdi is widely believed to have a broad arsenal of karamat including this concept at his disposal. Three hundred and one of Mahdi's believed 313 companions also are believed to know this concept. This topic is widely studied by scholars such as Shahab ud-Din Mar'ashi Najafi, Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, and Mulla Sadra.

Siege of Damascus by the Timurid Empire For other uses, see Battle of Damascus. | * v * t * e Timurid conquests and invasions | | --- | | Central AsiaBelh; Tashkent; Balkh PersiaIsfahan; Tokhtamysh–Timur warKondurcha River; Terek River GeorgiaTbilisi; Alinja; Birtvisi IndiaDelhi; Jammu LevantAleppo; Damascus AnatoliaSiege of Ankara; Battle of Ankara; Smyrna | The **siege of Damascus** (also known as the **Sack of Damascus** and the **Capture of Damascus**) was a major event in 1400–01 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Egypt. Background ---------- Timur was one of the most powerful Central Asian rulers since Genghis Khan. By long and relentless fighting, he sought to rebuild the Mongol Empire of his predecessors. Prior to attacking Syrian cities, Timur had initially sent an ambassador to Damascus who was executed by the city's Mamluk viceroy, Sudun. In 1400, he started a war with the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj and invaded Mamluk Syria. Timur's forces took Aleppo in November 1400. He massacred many of the inhabitants, ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city. After taking Aleppo, Timur continued his advance where he took Hama, along with nearby Homs and Baalbek, and besieged Damascus. Battle ------ Timur had initially camped at Qubbat Sayyar near Al-Rabweh, west of Damascus. He then raided the surroundings of the city including Qatana, Al-Kiswah, Darayya, Lake Hula, and Hauran. He later fought an army led by the Mamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj which was defeated outside Damascus leaving the city at the mercy of the Mongol besiegers. With his army defeated by January 1401, the Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including Ibn Khaldun, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal he put the city to sack. One particularly distressing incident, verified by independent eyewitnesses, was the burning of the famous Umayyad Mosque in March 1401, and many others including the Baibars' al-Ablaq Palace (The Striped Palace), where the current Tekkiye Mosque is located. Noted imams and religious priests went to Timur and asked for his mercy in the name of Allah. He falsely assured them to take shelter in mosques with their women and children. When thus they totaled more than 30,000 people; he got the doors locked and burnt them alive. In addition, men and women were taken into slavery. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at Samarkand. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name "Burj al-Ru'us" (between modern-day Al-Qassaa and Bab Tuma), originally the tower of heads. Aftermath --------- After the capture of Damascus, Timur's neo-Mongol empire now bordered another emerging power in the region, the Ottoman Empire. The two powers soon came into direct conflict. Bayezid demanded tribute from one of the Anatolian Beyliks who had pledged loyalty to Timur and threatened to invade. Timur interpreted this action as an insult to himself, and in 1402 he moved his army towards the Ottoman city of Sebaste (modern Sivas). Timur would later go on to defeat the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at the Battle of Ankara. Bibliography ------------ * Darke, Diana (2010). *Syria*. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841623146. * Ibn Khaldūn (1952). *Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane*. University of California Press. * le Strange, Guy (1890), *Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500*, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. * Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). *Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict*. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0. 33°30′23″N 38°18′55″E / 33.5064°N 38.3153°E / 33.5064; 38.3153

Lighthouse in California, United States Lighthouse The **Rubicon Point Light** is a small lighthouse on Lake Tahoe in California. History ------- The lighthouse was requested, along with buoys for the lake, in 1913 by the Lake Tahoe Protective Association, and was built under the direction of J. J. Bodilsen in 1916; the work was done by the United States Coast Guard. The keeper was paid $180 per year, and was "required to furnish his own launch for visiting and recharging the light and in addition to shipping and receiving supplies for the light will be required to make a short trip each night to a point from which the light can be observed, there being no year around resident on the lake who can properly inspect the light from his residence." Official sources state that the light was only lit for three years, until 1919; some locals, however, report that the tower was lit until sometime in the 1920s or 1930s. Still others report that it was discontinued in 1921. It was replaced by a light at Sugar Pine Point. The light at Rubicon Point was acetylene-powered. Two 300-gallon tanks of the fuel were brought to Emerald Point daily, then taken to the light by mule or wagon. Maintaining the lighthouse was expensive; this appears to be the reason why it was abandoned fairly quickly. Over the years it has deteriorated to the point that many people mistook it for an outhouse. Today efforts are being made to restore the tower. The lighthouse at Rubicon Point has the 2nd highest elevation of any American lighthouse; it stands 6,300 feet (1,900 m) above sea level, at a point where it could be seen from most places around the lake. It is currently located in D. L. Bliss State Park. Dillon Reservoir Lighthouse has the highest elevation of any American lighthouse; it stands 9,017 feet (2,748 m) above sea level, at Frisco Bay on Dillon Lake in Colorado. The Rubicon Point Light was added to the *Lighthouse Digest* Doomsday List in 1997.

Dutch politician and writer Gerrit Paape. **Gerrit Paape** (Delft, 4 February 1752 – The Hague, 7 December 1803) was a Dutch *plateelschilder* (painter of earthenware and stoneware), poet, journalist, novelist, judge, columnist and (at the end of his career) ministerial civil servant. Life ---- Gerrit Paape was born to a poor couple with many children. Because he wanted to draw well, his father had him placed in a local earthenware factory in 1765, where he learned the trade of the *plateelschilder*. In 1779, he was dismissed. He had in the meantime joined a Delft circle of poets, amateur artists and notables. In 1781, he got a job as a clerk at the *Kamer van Charitate* ("Chamber of Charity"), the local institution of poor relief. Gradually Paape became a person of authority in Delft, whose opinions were heeded. In 1782, he became one of the Patriots. In 1785, he became a journalist of the local paper the *Hollandsche Historische Courant*, since 1775 in the hands of Wybo Fijnje. The paper was regarded as one of the most radical in the country. Fijnje frequently had to defend his articles, especially those written by his friend and co-editor. Paape wrote pamphlets and poems and became a theoretician of the Patriots and a historian of the local societies. On 21 August 1787 a revolution took place in the *vroedschap* (the local government) in Delft, and various regents were deposed. In his account, Gerrit Paape laid emphasis on the opposition being shamed and silenced by the order and peace which characterised these developments. At the end of September 1787 Paape fled to Amsterdam and two weeks later, wearing a wig and hat, via Antwerp and Brussels, ended up at Dunkirk. On 3 April 1789 he and Wybo Fynje were exiled for life from the four regions (Holland, Zeeland, Friesland and Utrecht) for lèse majesté. Herman Willem Daendels appointed Paape his secretary in Saint-Omer, and under the French general Pichegru, both men arrived at 's-Hertogenbosch on 21 September 1794. The siege of the city was to last three weeks. Daendels' plans to take matters in his own hands in the Bommelerwaard were at his instigation reported by Paape in a newspaper article, which, however, upset the French. ### After the revolution After jobs in Delft, Dordrecht and the Hague, he was offered an honourable post in Leeuwarden in September 1796. There he was appointed to the Council of Justice, but without any legal qualifications. Paape resumed his journalistic work, usually under a pseudonym, with the radical *Friesche Courant*, with a view to acquainting the citizens with the ideas of the revolution. The anti-French revolt of Kollum caused great strain in Friesland, so that Daendels was called in to help. Paape, an anti-Orangist to the very core, squandered his position as an independent by running ahead of judicial procedures and verdicts. Paape was expelled and in May 1797 he left for the Hague, totally disenchanted with the Batavian revolution. Paape then wrote *Vrolijke Caracterschetsen* ("Cheerful Profiles") en "De Knorrepot en de Menschenvriend" ("The Growser and the Humanitarian"), a sharp and brilliant portrait of his former colleague-judge in Leeuwarden, the radical Abraham Staal, who, it is assumed, may have played a prominent part as early as 1787. In 1798, he was appointed a civil servant in the ministry of National Education. At the time of the Coup he renewed his contacts with Pieter Vreede. In his last years Paape was plagued by illnesses that consigned him to his bed. He died of edema at the Hague at the age of 51. Works ----- Paape wrote numerous books and plays, mostly romanticised accounts of an exile's life in the southern Netherlands and France, based on real events and facts. Gerrit Paape edited *Reize door de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden* ("A Journey through the Austrian [i.e. Southern] Netherlands"). The exiles in the castle of Watten (in French Flanders) also figure in his novel *De gelukkige emigranten* ("The Happy Emigrés"). Paape kept himself occupied by translating the "Explanation of the Rights of Man". In 's-Hertogenbosch, Paape produced the periodical *De keezensociëteit* ("The Patriot Society"). Like Voltaire, he wrote a satirical novel, *Het leven en sterven van een hedendaagsch Aristocraat* ("The Life and Death of a Present-day Aristocrat"), in which he very cynically describes how the old nobility ostensibly embrace the revolution, but only to save their own skin and in the end, even without titles and heraldic shields, become even more impudent and power-hungry than before. Beside literary works, he wrote on the *exercitiegenootschappen* (military societies), bee keeping and *plateelschilders* (pottery painters). On the first page of his last book, *De onverbloemde geschiedenis* ("The Plain History") Paape states that he is not sure whether the Patriot movement should make him laugh or cry. Literature ---------- * Altena, P. & M. Oostindie (ed.). Gerrit Paape, De Bataafsche Republiek. Nijmegen. 1998. * Fijnje-Luzac, E. Mijn beslommerde Boedel. Brieven in ballingschap 1787–1788. * Kuiper, J. (2002) Een revolutie ontrafeld. Politiek in Friesland 1795–1798. * Roosendaal, J. (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse vluchtelingen in Frankrijk 1787–1795. * Schama, S. (1977) Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1830. | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | | --- | | International | * FAST * ISNI * VIAF | | National | * France * BnF data * Germany * Belgium * United States * Netherlands | | Artists | * RKD Artists | | People | * Netherlands | | Other | * IdRef |

2008 greatest hits album by The Clark Sisters ***Encore: The Best of The Clark Sisters*** is a greatest hits collection by seminal gospel singing group The Clark Sisters to be released on February 12, 2008, through Dexterity Sounds/Rhino Entertainment. The collection is the first of its kind, chronicling the group's mid- to late-80's recordings for Word/A&M. Though the Clark Sisters made their mark on the genre as independent artists, this collection spans the albums *Bringing It Back Home*, *Conqueror*, and the Grammy-nominated *Heart & Soul* from their first major label recording contract. Apart from the Word recordings, this collection opens with a new recording of their hit song "You Brought The Sunshine" featuring American Idol finalist Melinda Doolittle. *Encore* also includes The Clarks' "Follow The Star" (with Dorinda on lead) from the holiday compilation of the same name. The album includes commentary by sisters Jacky and Karen between songs. Track listing ------------- Tracks 2, 6, 7, 8, 10 originally appeared on the album *Heart & Soul* (1986). Tracks 3, 9, 11 originally appeared on the album *Conqueror* (1988). Tracks 4, 5, 13 originally appeared on the album *Bringing It Back Home* (1991). 1. You Brought The Sunshine (feat. Melinda Doolittle) 2. There Is A Balm In Gilead 3. More Than A Conqueror 4. My Redeemer Liveth (live) 5. I've Got The Victory 6. I Am Blessed 7. Pray For The USA 8. Time Out 9. I Won't Let You Go Until You Bless My Soul 10. Jesus Is A Love Song 11. Take Me Higher 12. Follow The Star (feat. Dorinda Clark-Cole and Angie Winans) 13. Medley: Is My Living In Vain/You Brought The Sunshine/Hallelujah (live)

**Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell LLP** is a national law firm headquartered in Denver, Colorado, with additional offices in Washington, D.C. New York City, and Boston. It was established in 2003 by a group of attorneys. The firm focuses on solving problems that involve environmental, land use, public and private lands, infrastructure, and transportation law. History and Formation --------------------- Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell was founded in 2003 by a group of six attorneys, most of whom had previously practiced at a boutique environmental law firm until its 2000 merger with a large international law firm. All of the founding partners practiced transportation, infrastructure, land use, and environmental law, with a focus on large public development projects and private sector projects with a significant public investment component. At the time of its founding, the firm's attorneys had all built national reputations in transit-oriented and brownfield development, in environmental law, and in airport development projects. The firm later grew to incorporate transit and rail projects in 2006 and public-private partnerships in 2017. Notable Projects ---------------- ### Airports Starting in the late 1990s, members of the firm led negotiations for a 7-year standstill between the Hollywood Burbank Airport and the city of Los Angeles that led to a development agreement that allowed terminal improvements to meet contemporary design and security needs. The principle was that a standstill or détente might reduce tensions and pave the way for a long-term peace between the airport and its neighbors, which proved to be successful. Most recently, Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell led the City in negotiations for a final resolution of the 45-year dispute. This agreement changes the governance of the Airport Authority to give city appointees greater influence over major airport decisions, provides for a development agreement for the replacement of the airport terminal on a new site, enables the use of adjacent property for airport-oriented commercial development, and approves the replacement terminal. The final set of agreements was approved by the voters in a referendum in November 2016. In 2013, the firm successfully led a coalition of more than 40 small commercial service airports in litigation and an aggressive legislative effort to reinstate funding for federal contract air traffic control towers after federal sequestration cuts would have eliminated towers at 250 airports nationwide. The firm filed multiple lawsuits in many federal courts of appeals, assisted in developing a public communications strategy, and helped lead a legislative lobbying and communications strategy in the Congress with active involvement by the American Association of Airport Executives and state aviation groups. The firm has represented Clark County, Nevada, owner of the Las Vegas McCarran International Airport, for decades in a variety of matters; including a 2011 petition concerning its proposal to discount airline landing fees in the event that the airline increases its landed weight. Additionally, the firm supervised the preparation and approval of environmental assessments associated with airfield and terminal improvements at McCarran, advised on the management, use, and disposition of Bureau of Land Management lands needed for airport development, and provided continuing counsel on matters relating to noise, air quality compliance, coordination of development and potential height and obstruction impacts on airport operations, as well as general federal regulatory compliance issues. ### Rail, Transit, Highways, and Infrastructure Beginning in 2006, the firm became involved in the Denver Union Station Site Redevelopment, representing the master developer and developing plans for the light rail, commuter rail, AMTRAK, and bus operations. In 2011, the firm served as part of the legal team that represented the Regional Transportation District (RTD) on the EAGLE P3 Project, a $2 billion commuter rail project, with the main line running from Denver Union Station to Denver International Airport. In 2015, the firm was retained by the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, to assist in a lawsuit brought by two groups of plaintiffs representing individuals and businesses along Central Avenue seeking an injunction to stop construction of the Albuquerque Rapid Transit (ART). The firm was able to obtain an accelerated schedule on Plaintiffs’ Motions for Preliminary Injunction and after an accelerated briefing schedule and a three-day evidentiary hearing, Judge Kenneth Gonzales of the U.S. District Court for New Mexico issued a 14-page decision denying the injunction and finding, in particular, that allowing ART to proceed was in the public interest. The firm provided counsel to the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) in the acquisition of rights-of-way from two Class 1 freight railroads for the state's use in developing the Red Line light rail corridor in Baltimore and the Purple Line light rail inter-county connector in Montgomery and Prince George's Counties. MTA was represented by the firm in extensive proceedings before the Surface Transportation Board and federal circuit courts in connection with MTA's acquisition and development of its commuter and light rail systems and its efforts to railbank unused corridors, and also assisted MTA in compliance matters before the Federal Railroad Administration. The firm represented King County, Washington, in contested proceedings before the Surface Transportation Board to secure approval as the trail sponsor under the National Trails Act. King County had to defend the trail from attacks by neighboring landowners asserting reversionary property interests in the railbanked right-of-way and two attempts by start-up railroads to obtain rights to use the right-of-way based on speculative plans to provide freight rail service in suburban Seattle. In 2016, the DC Department of Transportation (DDOT) announced the return of DC streetcars to Washington, D.C. after a hiatus of over 50 years, and the firm assisted DDOT in negotiations with the Federal Transit Administration and the local safety oversight agency to establish safety management systems for the new service. In early 2018, the firm helped its client the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), with a proposed reconstruction a 10-mile stretch of I-70 east of downtown Denver. Opponents of the re-design filed two lawsuits, claiming that CDOT had failed to properly analyze the environmental impacts of the project under the National Environmental Policy Act and the Clean Air Act. After reviewing briefings from firm attorneys, the court denied both preliminary injunction motions. In its orders, the court held that the plaintiffs are unlikely to succeed on the merits of any of their legal claims, including claims that the Federal Highway Administration and CDOT had insufficiently considered the Project's impacts on air quality and public health. ### Environment, Public Lands, and Conservation Beginning in 2008, the firm represented a local government in western Colorado in litigation over the validity of water rights speculatively held by other entities in the watershed and were able to achieve a strong settlement that eliminated two major dam sites on this free-flowing river–one that is eligible for designation as a National Wild and Scenic River. In 2014 it was announced that the city of Denver would begin redevelopment of the Former Gates Rubber Company Site, and the firm was brought on to assist in the negotiation of the purchase and sale agreement, project due diligence, negotiation of the environmental insurance policy, environmental cleanup and risk management, entitlements, use of special district and tax increment financing, railroad right-of-way issues, transit-oriented development, and private project financing. The firm represented the local redevelopment authority known as PuebloPlex in negotiating with the U.S. Army and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment regarding cleanup requirements and other environmental terms and conditions associated with the transfer to PuebloPlex of approximately 16,000 acres of property within the former U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot in Pueblo, Colorado. In 2017, the City and County of Denver announced it would begin a 100-year contract with the National Western Center, and the firm was involved as council in developing and negotiating the governance structure and framework agreement for expanding and redeveloping the site. #### Conservation Easements The firm represented Walking Mountains Science Center in its conveyance of a conservation easement to the Eagle Valley Land Trust in Edwards, Colorado, funded in part by Eagle County's Open Space Program. This relatively small transaction is focused on conserving the pristine riparian habitat of Buck Creek Valley for educating the public in nature, science, and conservation and the firm aided in furthering environmental stewardship and inspiring sustainability for the current generation as well as the next. Last Dollar Ranch, located on the Dallas Divide near Telluride, Colorado, retained Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell in the conveyance of a conservation easement to the American Farmland Trust. The firm worked with various experts, including the appraiser, biologist, surveyor, and title insurance company and eventually the easement doubled the amount of protected land. In 2016, the firm represented the owners of the Navajo Headwaters Ranch in the conveyance of several conservation easements to Colorado Open Lands, facilitated by The Conservation Fund. The land is located in the southern San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado, and the team worked on several corporate and debt related issues while taking advantage of the Colorado Conservation Easement Tax Credit. ### Energy The firm represented Interwest Energy Alliance, the regional affiliate of the American Wind Energy Association, as an intervenor in the case *EELI v. Epel*, to help the state of Colorado defend against claims that the Colorado Renewable Energy Standard is unconstitutional. The Tenth Circuit agreed with the state of Colorado, Interwest, and other intervenors that the Colorado standard is constitutional because the RES does not attempt to regulate activity entirely outside of Colorado and does not control prices. In August 2015, Xcel Energy filed a settlement agreement with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission that will impact how electricity is produced and paid for in Colorado. The firm represented the Solar Energy Industries Association in the months of negotiations that lead to this agreement. The settlement expands solar access to low-income customers and significantly increases Colorado's capacity for solar energy by facilitating the development of a new 50-megawatt solar facility, providing for the acquisition of more than 300 megawatts of community solar gardens and distributed solar in a move that was deemed a big win for the solar industry. Professional Affiliations ------------------------- The firm and its attorneys maintain memberships and affiliations in a number of professional organizations, including: ### National and international organizations * Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association * Airports Council International - North America * American Association of Airport Executives * American Bar Association (and sections) * American Planning Association * American Public Transportation Association * Land Trust Alliance * Transportation Research Board * Urban Land Institute ### Regional and local organizations * Colorado Bar Association * Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce * District of Columbia Bar Association * Downtown Denver Partnership * Florida Airports Council * Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute ### Bar and legal organizations * 20th Judicial District Nominating Commission (Polly Jessen) * American Bar Association, Technology Chair, Forum on Air & Space Law, Chair (Steven Osit) * Association of Transportation Law Professionals (Editor for Highlights Commuter Rail Column; Program Chair, Annual Meeting 2013, Chuck Spitulnik; Program Chair, Annual Meeting 2015, Allison Fultz) * Civil Justice Reform Act Advisory Group (Lori Potter) * Cleantech and Climate Change Committee, ABA Section of Science & Technology, Co-chair (Heather Haney) * Energy Bar Association (Sarah Keane) * Faculty of Federal Advocates, co-founder and Board Member (Lori Potter) * Federal Bar Association, Board Member, Transportation and Transportation Security Law Section (Steven Osit) * International Municipal Lawyers Association, chair, Transportation Section (Peter Kirsch) ### Industry-affiliated organizations * Aviation Council of Pennsylvania, Board Member (Eric Smith) * Colorado Chapter of the National Brownfield Association, Executive Committee Member; Policy and Legislative Subcommittee co-chair (Polly Jessen) * National Civil Aviation Review Commission (Mineta Commission), Vice Chair (Steve Kaplan) * Transportation Research Board – Committee on Transit and Intermodal Transportation Law (Allison Fultz) * Young Professionals in Transportation, Member (Christian Alexander) ### Community, educational, and civic organizations * Boulder Cycling Club, High Ride Ambassador; Board Member (Nick Clabbers) * Brian Anselmino Memorial Fund, Board Member (Eric Smith) * Bromwell School CDM (Governance) Committee, Chair (Peter Kirsch) * Businesses Unified for Denver Public Schools Committee (Polly Jessen) * Capitol Hill South Advisory Neighborhood Commission, Planning and Zoning Committee, Member (Christian Alexander) * Children's Museum of Denver, Board of Directors (Steve Kaplan) * City and County of Denver Infrastructure Priorities Task Force/City Facilities Subcommittee (Sarah Rockwell) * Colorado Rugby, Board of Directors (Heather Haney) * Colorado ULI Technical Advisory Panels (Sarah Rockwell) * Denver Civic Ventures, Board of Directors (Sarah Rockwell) * Denver County Cultural Council (Peter Kirsch) * Denver Museum of Contemporary Art, Board of Trustees (Peter Kirsch) * Denver Public Schools Bond Oversight Committee (Steve Kaplan) * Denver Union Station Project Authority Board (Steve Kaplan) * Denver Zoning Code Task Force (Steve Kaplan) * Denver Zoo, Board Member (Steve Kaplan) * Downtown Denver Annual Awards Jury (Polly Jessen) * Downtown Denver Leadership Program (Polly Jessen) * Downtown Denver Partnership, Housing Policy Task Force, Chair (Sarah Rockwell) * Downtown Denver Partnership, Management Group (Sarah Rockwell) * Lowry Redevelopment Authority, chair and Member (Sarah Rockwell) * Mayor's Development Advisory Group, Member (Steve Kaplan) * Mile High Montessori Early Learning Centers, Board Member (Sarah Rockwell) * Montessori Academy of Colorado (Katie van Heuven) * Montgomery County Board of Appeals (Allison Fultz) * The Musical Theater Center (now Adventure Theater MTC) (Chuck Spitulnik) * Pittsburgh Human Resources Association, Member (Eric Smith) * Potomac Pedalers Touring Club, Board Member (Eric Pilsk) * SafeHouse Denver, Former Member (Steve Kaplan) * University of Colorado Law School Orientation Leadership Program (Nick Clabbers) * University of Colorado Leeds School of Business - 50 for Colorado Leadership Development Program (Katie van Heuven) * Washington Waldorf School Trustees Council (Chair – Allison Fultz; Adjunct Faculty, Board of Directors, Chairman – Chuck Spitulnik) * Winter Park Recreational Association, Board of Directors; President (Sarah Rockwell) ### Local environmental and advocacy organizations * Center for ReSource Conservation (Polly Jessen) * Colorado Coalition of Land Trusts, Counsel (Bill Silberstein) * Colorado Conservation Voters, Board of Directors (Peter Kirsch) * Colorado Environmental Coalition, Board of Directors (Lori Potter) * Colorado I Have a Dream Foundation, Board of Directors; Former President (Steve Kaplan) * Colorado Preservation, Inc. Board Member (Sarah Rockwell) * Conservation Colorado, Board of Directors (Peter Kirsch) * Denver Botanic Gardens, Board of Trustees (Peter Kirsch) * Elephant Energy Eagle Energy Program, Volunteer Interim Program Director (Christian Alexander) * Front Range Earth Force, Board of Directors (Lori Potter) * Public Counsel of the Rockies, Board of Directors (Lori Potter) * Rivers Alive, Board Member (Nate Hunt) * Savannah Riverkeeper, Board Member (Nate Hunt) * Trust for Public Land, Colorado Board (Peter Kirsch) * Volunteers for Outdoor Colorado, Board of Directors (Peter Kirsch; Sarah Rockwell) ### National organizations * Earthjustice, Board of Directors (Lori Potter) * Land Trust Alliance Conservation Defense Committee and Council (Bill Silberstein) * Oberlin College (Alumni Association President – Peter Kirsch, Chuck Spitulnik; Board of Trustees – Peter Kirsch) * River Network, Board of Trustees; Chair (Peter Kirsch) * Society for Human Resource Management, Member (Eric Smith) * Turnaround Management Association, Member (Eric Smith) * Yale University Alumni Schools Committee (Katie van Heuven) Recognition ----------- Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell considers community, civic, and charitable leadership indispensable to developing effective attorneys and counselors and was awarded the Legal Aid Foundation Associates Campaign Award as Champions of Justice in 2009-2012 for having the highest firm per capita gift to the Legal Aid Foundation of Colorado. In 2013, the firm tied for having the highest firm per capita gift; in 2014, Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell was ranked in the top three for the highest firm per capita gift.

Neighbourhood in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India **Kalbadevi** is an old neighbourhood in Mumbai (Bombay), India. It is named after Goddess Kalbadevi, the Hindu Goddess. Kalbadevi area is one of the busiest areas during peak hours. The area has mostly traders in watches, bicycles, steel utensils, etc. Business centre --------------- Oldest Gemstone Shop in Kalbadevi Main Road - Quality Jewellers / Quality Gems - Owner (Mr. Rajeshkumar ji Sureshchandra ji Nag) www.qualitygems.in Kalbadevi is within walking distance from CST, Masjid Bunder and Marine Lines. The traders, buyers and visitors living in suburbs depend on these three railway stations to reach Kalbadevi. Location -------- Kalbadevi Road starts near Metro Cinema and continues up to Bhuleshwar Road and further to the Khetwadi road. There are a number of book shops for old and new books. One of these, the *New and Secondhand Bookshop* was founded in 1905. An access to the two cloth wholesale markets, Mulji Jetha Market and Mangaldas Market, are the main cloth markets in South Mumbai from Hanuman Galli, which starts at Kalbadevi Road. At the further end of Kalbadevi, near Bhuleshwar Road, is the Cotton Exchange, the market for cotton trade. Hotels ------ Hotel Surti is at the intersection of Bhuleshwar Road and Kalbadevi Road. Other restaurants on Kalbadevi include Anand Bhavan and Krishna Murari near the Old Hanuman Lane in the "middle" portion along the length of Kalbadevi Road. Towards Metro there are two other restaurants - Raj Mahal and Pushpa Vihar and also Thali restaurant. There is a prominent chain of Hotels or Lodging House in this area named Adarsh Hotel Group. They are having their three hotels in Kalbadevi Road i.e. Adarsh Hotel, Hotel Adarsh Palace, Old Hanuman Lane and Adarsh Baug, Dr. Atmaram Merchant Road. It also has Guest houses such as Novelth Guest House, Hotel NeelKamal, etc for businessmen traveling from different states. A market has also been developed for designer sarees and readymade garments. G. T. Hospital, Cama Hospital and Bombay Hospital are near Kalbadevi Road. Parsi Fire temples and market place ----------------------------------- Being close to a Parsi fire temple, many Parsis live near Metro Cinema in Kalbadevi. Parsi Dairy on Princess Street is a very old establishment in the area. It has undergone restructuring to keep up with the modern times. Publishers like R. R. Sheth & Co. and Navbharat Sahitya Mandir are on Princess Street in this area. Old Residential area -------------------- Kalbadevi used to be a residential area. Abdul Rehman Street, Princess Street, and Bhuleshwar Road were occupied by families. As the price of real estate went up, more and more people opted to leave the area and move towards the northern parts of Mumbai. Kalbadevi temple ---------------- The Kalbadevi temple, after which this neighbourhood is named was relocated twice. It is believed that the original temple was located in Mahim, but the image of the goddess was kept hidden for five hundred years. After being found, it was installed in this neighbourhood. It was relocated again when the Government decided to widen the road for laying a tramline. The original structure was demolished and the government financed the entire expenditure for the construction of the present structure. The management of the present temple was handed over to Raghunath Joshi after relocation. kalbadevi fire hazard --------------------- In the major fire hazard developed in Kalbadevi area, during May, 2015, Shri Amin, died in the line of duty, had demonstrated exemplary courage while discharging his duty during the massive fire at Kalbadevi in Mumbai last week. He risked his own life.

American architect Howe in the early 1950s **George Locke Howe** (April 19, 1898 – June 19, 1977) was an author, architect, and Office of Strategic Services officer in World War II. His experiences in the OSS were the basis of his novel *Call It Treason*, which was adapted as the 1951 film *Decision Before Dawn*. Early life and education ------------------------ Howe was born in Bristol, Rhode Island, the son of Mary Locke and Wallis Eastburn Howe, a prominent architect. He was a member of a Boston literary family that included Mark A. DeWolfe, Helen Howe and Quincy Howe. Howe graduated from Harvard College in 1918 and then graduated in 1925 from Harvard Architectural School with a Master's Degree in Architecture. He served with the U.S. Navy during World War I, enlisting as a Hospital Apprentice in 1917 and serving in Queenstown, Ireland and on the *USS Plattsburg*. He was discharged in 1919 and rose to the rank of Yeoman Second Class. Career ------ ### Architecture Howe earned a master's in architecture in 1925 and practiced with his father in Providence, Rhode Island. He moved to Washington, D.C. in the 1930s where he worked with the Public Buildings Administration. He entered private practice with a series of partners from 1940 to the early 1960s, becoming a prominent architect in the capital. During his architectural career, he supervised the design and construction of more than 600 buildings. ### Office of Strategic Services During the war, Howe served with the Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.), the precursor of the Central Intelligence Agency. He served with an O.S.S. detachment of G-2, military intelligence, in the U.S. Seventh Army in Algeria, France and Germany. He held the rank of lieutenant colonel. Howe provided documents and cover stories for German P.O.W. soldiers recruited to re-enter the Reich in the last months of the war to collect intelligence. According to writer Joseph E. Persico, the "handsome and urbane architect of middle age. .. seemed to take a childlike delight in this late-blooming career in professional deception." There was nothing childlike in the missions the German soldier-recruits undertook, however. They "confronted German land mines and machine-gun nests on the way out and American defenses on the way back." They also faced detection and execution in Germany. In recognition of his wartime service, Howe was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Harry S. Truman. The War Department announced in June 1946 that Howe was bestowed the award for "extraordinary service" with the armed forces as a civilian between March 1944 and May 1945. ### Literary career and *Call It Treason* Howe authored articles that appeared in *American Heritage*, and poems and translations that appeared in The New Yorker, Atlantic Monthly and Harper's. In 1935 he wrote his first novel *Slaves Cottage*, published by Coward-McCann. The book is set in the fictional New England seacost village of Hope, focusing on its most prominent family, which made its fortune in the slave trade. *The New York Times* review said that Howe writes with a "romanticism that recalls Hawthorne." but that his restrained prose "lacks adequate sympathy for the emotions described." *The Los Angeles Times* called it "an earnest but dull story." His 1949 novel *Call it Treason,* published by Viking Press, focuses on three German soldiers who agree to work for the U.S. Army against their country. They are known in Army parlance as "agents," "Joes" and "bodies." One, code-named "Tiger," is a Communist who is greedy for power and wealth, the second, code-named "Paluka," is an adventure-seeking daredevil, and the third is an idealistic young medical student from Berlin, code-named "Happy." They are recruited by intelligence officers of the Seventh Army to be dropped behind the lines to gather intelligence. The novel traces their journey to return, with Happy as the primary focus of the novel. Happy is ordered to locate two German divisions for Army cartographers. The article explores the motives that brings these three men to commit treason, with Happy's journey through Ulm and Heidelberg to the Rhine at Mannheim is the principal narrative thread of the book. A *New York Times* reviewer called the book "not primarily a novel at all," that "the plot is necessarily set and stereotyped," and that its principal interest was its description of life in Germany during the war. The novel was based on Howe's experiences as an OSS officer. The book won a $15,000 first prize award in a contest by the Christophers, "an organization devoted to bringing Christian principles into everyday life." Howe dedicated the book "To Happy 1925-45." In a foreword to the novel, the author reprinted a sorrowful 1947 letter he had received from Happy's father seeking information about his son's fate. At the book's end, the author recounts that he had responded to the original letter from Happy's father, telling him what had happened to his son. The novel ends with a second letter from the father, noting that both he and his wife were grateful to Howe "for having seen as deep into our boy's heart as only we had seen." Howe wrote the novel while spending six months in the hospital recovering from serious injuries in a car accident. He was in traction and had to dictate the text of the novel into a machine. The novel was translated into seven languages and was published in eight countries. It was adapted into a 1951 film, *Decision Before Dawn,* starring Oskar Werner as Happy and featuring Richard Basehart and Gary Merrill as U.S. intelligence officers. Howe was also author of the 1953 novel *The Heart Alone* and the 1959 novel *Mt. Hope; A New England Chronicle,* published by Viking Press. The book is a historical novel set in Bristol, Rhode Island, and is largely a chronicle of members of the Howe family. A *New York Times* review called it a "tongue-in-cheek record of buccaneering skullduggery." Personal life and death ----------------------- In his *Boston Globe* obituary, Howe was described as a "tall, lean, dark-eyed, patrician-looking man." Howe was married to Elizabeth W. Parker. They had a son and three daughters. He retired in 1968 and lived at a farm in Culpeper, Virginia, where he raised and boarded thoroughbred horses. He died at 79 on June 19, 1977, after surgery at a Veterans Administration Hospital in Salem, Virginia.

Historic preservation association The **National Historic Route 66 Federation** was founded in 1995 for the purpose of saving the businesses, communities and roadbed of U.S. Route 66. The famous road carried travelers across much of the country from the day it was commissioned on November 11, 1926 through June 25, 1985 when it was decommissioned. Historical background --------------------- Since its construction, most motorists preferred to travel that way because the weather tended to be more hospitable than along the more northerly highways. Businesses and entire towns sprang up to cater to the ever-increasing traffic. Although it brought considerable prosperity, the thoroughfare also spawned bumper-to-bumper congestion in the communities and numerous accidents on the rural stretches leading to the gruesome nickname, "Bloody 66". Just as it seemed the mostly two lane road could not handle another vehicle, on June 29, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Interstate Highway Act into law, which allocated $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles (66,000 km) of interstate highways. Over the next 29 years, section after section of Route 66 was methodically bypassed by multi-lane, high speed expressways enabling motorists to increase their speeds and avoid hazardous congestion. This was a time-saving advantage to those on the move, but a distinct disadvantage to businesses and communities along the Route. Where customers once thronged, they rarely showed up at all, anymore. Inspiration ----------- By 1994, Route 66 was well on its way to becoming little more than miles of memories. Unaware of these declining conditions, in August of that year, David and Mary Lou Knudson set out to relive their early experiences along the legendary road. Mary Lou remembered traveling it during World War II with her parents as her father, a U.S. Air Force Sergeant, drove between several bases in Illinois and California. David remembered the trip he made in 1963 to move from Detroit to Los Angeles as being like a "2,400-mile carnival". But this time, they couldn't even find the famous byway. They soon discovered it was no longer a U.S. Highway and was not on their map as "US 66". So the Knudsons stopped at a truck stop west of Chicago to ask where it was, and the clerk sold them the "Here It Is" map set which guided them to and along the original road. The moment they got on what was once Route 66, the Knudsons realized that something was very wrong. The once colorful and often gaudy trading posts, side shows, rare animal displays, motels and cafés were gone. In their place was mile after mile of roadside that was little more than boarded up buildings. Many stretches of roadbed were poorly maintained or completely closed to traffic. Entire towns that were once bustling tourist meccas were all but shut down. They were saddened by the deterioration of such an important American icon; so much so, they decided to do something about it. As they traveled, they photographed many of the buildings and tape recorded captions for each of their locations. They had planned to take a week to travel to their home in Los Angeles but that turned into 3 weeks. They arrived home laden with hundreds of photos and several tapes of captions. On the trip, David decided to sell the shares in his business and commit his time to developing a nonprofit corporation that would work to save Route 66. Establishment ------------- To that end, the Knudson's first step was to contact the gentleman who had prepared the Route 66 map set they had used to cross the country. He directed them to the National Park Service office in Santa Fe where they had prepared a study of the Route for Senators Pete Domenici (R) and Jeff Bingaman (D). Between the Knudsons, the Senators and New Mexico Congresswoman Heather Wilson (R) a Congressional Bill was drafted that would help fund the restoration of the famous highway. In 1999, the "National Route 66 Preservation Bill" was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The act provides $10 million in matching fund grants to individuals, corporations and communities for the purpose of preserving or restoring historic properties along Route. To this day, David Knudson sits on the grant committee. Acquiring the funds for restoration through the Bill was the first tangible step toward the renaissance. Although restoration dollars were essential to the Knudson's plans and hopes, bringing in tourists to patronize the businesses was every bit as important. This is where David's advertising and publicity background came into play. He launched a worldwide campaign to turn the Route into a tourist destination. To this day, it is estimated that 40% of the business the Route generates comes from countries other than the U. S. John Steinbeck Awards --------------------- Then came the Federation's John Steinbeck Awards evenings. The purpose of these events was threefold: 1. Present the "John Steinbeck Award" to an individual who had contributed significantly to the preservation of Route 66. 2. Bring Route 66 historians, authors, artists, photographers, business people and enthusiasts together to network and meet to discuss what could be done to preserve the road. 3. Introduce these people to various Route 66 communities and conversely, familiarize citizens within these host communities with the importance of the Route. The first John Steinbeck Awards Evening was scheduled for May, 1995 in Oklahoma City. The bombing of the Murrah building on April 19 put an end to those plans. The Federation suffered significant financial loss as a result, and it was not until October 1998 that a John Steinbeck Awards Evening took place; this time in Kingman, Arizona. From that year on, the evenings were produced annually in one Route 66 community after another until the last one in San Bernardino, California in September 2005. By that time, Route 66 communities were vying to have the evenings and they would build three-day, communitywide Route 66 celebrations around them. Shortly after that last event, Mary Lou Knudson suffered a debilitating stroke and died three years later. She had been the one who managed the myriad of details involved in producing the large events. Promoting Route 66 ------------------ As the popularity of Route 66 grew around the world, an increasing number of tourists began driving the road and enjoying its history and sights, however most of them were not enjoying the vintage dining and lodging establishments that were so much the essence of early roadside Americana. The majority of travelers were staying in and eating in chain establishments that were familiar to them. The Knudsons had become acquainted with many of the owners of the vintage businesses and knew that most of their facilities were at least as clean and as well run as the chains. They were also usually much less expensive. In order to introduce the public to the family-owned, vintage enterprises, the first *Route 66 Dining & Lodging Guide* was published in 1999. It was, and still is prepared from reviews conducted by the "Adopt-A-Hundred" adopters. The Federation's "Adopt-A-Hundred" Program was initially developed to keep an eye on possible preservation problems along the Route such as a bridge, a business or a stretch of roadbed being closed. Adopters canvassed their 100-mile (160 km) sections once a year watching for preservation trouble. So, the adopters were asked to review the dining and lodging businesses while they traveled their sections. The current edition is the 15th and includes over 500 mostly vintage businesses. Map guide --------- With the intent of making it as easy as possible for travelers to find the most popular alignments, the Federation commissioned Route 66 artist, historian and cartographer, Jerry McClanahan to produce a map guide. The product, introduced in 2005, was the 200 page, spiral bound EZ66 GUIDE For Travelers. It is now in its 5th edition. Sources and further reading --------------------------- * Dedek, Peter (2007). *Hip to the Trip: A Cultural History of Route 66*. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0826341945. * "Famed Biker Bar Aims For G Rating". *Daily Press*. January 8, 2000. * "Get Your Kicks on the 75th of Route 66". *Los Angeles Times*. July 8, 2001. * "A Golden Road's Unlimited Devotion". *USA Today*. June 29, 2001. * "His Life Is Devoted to the Road". *The Press Enterprise*. October 3, 2005. * "The History Of Route 66". *Mature Focus*. July 2009. * "The John Steinbeck Awards". *Federation News*. Summer 2000. * "Jubilee Adds Kicks To Route 66". *Press-Telegram*. July 22, 2001. * "Last Picture Show". *Los Angeles Times* (San Gabriel Valley ed.). May 18, 2001. * "The Mother Road Turns 75". *Home & Away*. July–August 2001. * "Parts of Route 66 Enjoying a Rebirth". *The Vancouver Sun*. May 3, 2008. * "Plan to Help Restore the Kicks on Old Route 66 Gets a $10 Million Boost". *San Diego Union Tribune*.[*date missing*] * "Rediscover Kicks On Route 66". *Los Angeles Times*. May 16, 2001. * "Route 66 Connected High Desert to L. A.". *Daily Press*. December 31, 1999. * *Route 66 Preservation: Success Through Partnerships* (Pamphlet). National Park Service. * Olsen, Russell A. (2011). *Route 66 Lost & Found: Mother Road Ruins and Relics; The Ultimate Collection*. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0760339985. * Wallis, Michael (1990). *Route 66: The Mother Road*. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312040490.

Mine in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea The **Porgera Gold Mine** is a large gold and silver mining operation in near Porgera, Enga province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), located at the head of the Porgera Valley. The mine is situated in the rain forest covered highlands at an altitude of 2,200 to 2,700 m, in a region of high rainfall, landslides, and frequent earthquakes. The Porgera Gold Mine closed in April 2020, following the end of its special mining lease. Extensive negotiations for a new special mining lease were concluded in 2023 and the reopening of the mine was announced in December 2023, with first production expected in the first quarter of 2024. The new special mining lease was finally issued to New Porgera Limited, an entity 51% owned by PNG stakeholders (including state-owned Kumul Minerals Holdings Limited, local landowners and the Enga provincial government), and 49% by Barrick Niugini Limited (BNL), itself a joint venture between Barrick Gold and Zijin Mining of China. Porgera Gold Mine is the second largest mine in Papua New Guinea and is regarded as one of the world's top ten producing gold mines. In 2009, it produced 572,595 ounces of gold and 94,764 ounces of silver and had 2,500 employees and 500 contractors. Since it began operating, the mine has produced more than 16 million ounces of gold and almost 3 million ounces of silver, accounting for about 12 percent of Papua New Guinea's total exports. The mine's proven and probable mineral reserves as of 2009 amount to 8.1 million ounces of gold. Porgera Gold Mine has consistently been criticized for environmental and human rights issues. Its internal investigations have revealed that killings, brutal gang rapes, and beatings have been carried out by mine security personnel.[] Ownership history ----------------- It began production in 1990 and was developed and operated by Placer Dome, which was acquired in 2006 by Barrick Gold, the world's largest gold mining company at that time. Emperor Gold Mine, holding a minority stake of 20%, was sold to Barrick in April 2007. This gave Barrick (Niugini) a 95% ownership of the operation. The remaining 5% is owned by Mineral Resources Enga (MRE), which the Enga Provincial Government owns, the Papua New Guinea National Government, and the Porgera Landowners Association. Barrick Gold Corporation and Zijin Mining Group each own 50% of Barrick (Niugini) Ltd. In 2020 the Papua New Guinea government decided not to renew Barrick Gold's lease on the mine, prompting Barrick to sue the government within Papua New Guinea and at an international tribunal. The government backed down after negotiating a greater ownership stake in the joint venture. Production ---------- Porgera Gold Mine began operation in 1990. Originally an underground operation, open-pit mining became increasingly important after 1993, temporarily putting an end to underground mining in 1997. Starting in 2002, the mine utilised both open-pit and underground mining methods for ore extraction. The site of the last open pit to be excavated was Mt Waruwari. When operating, the open pit mine could move up to 160,000 tonnes of rock material and gold-bearing ore daily, and the underground mine over 2,000 tonnes. Ore was processed in a mainly conventional plant, utilising several SAG and Ball mills, four Autoclaves, floatation cells and CIP / CIL. Gravity recovery was also used, with Knelson concentrators used for primary recovery, and an Acacia Reactor treating the concentrate. A large fleet of Cat 777 and Cat 789 trucks were used on the surface, fed by O&K shovels, and smaller excavators and loaders. A collection of underground development and production drilling equipment was used to break ground, which was bogged by Elphinstone RH series LHD's into a fleet of Elphinstone AD45 trucks. Management and employees ------------------------ Piece of gold of unusual size and quality from Porgera mine, 4.7 x 2.8 x 1.6 cm The management approach to community relations changed when Barrick Gold took ownership from Placer Dome, which was quickly followed by the termination of the community relations staff that Placer Dome has employed. The new approach to community relations was described as "more viscous" and "more cruel" by journalist Richard Poplak the Canadaland podcast in 2022. Although the mine is nominally a joint venture, it is managed by Barrick Gold personnel, who are employed on a fly in fly out basis. In July 2007, all departmental managers were white, and non-PNG origin[]. None of the management team lives in the Porgera region, and all are accommodated in the mine's camp facilities. The mine has an extensive training and education program, offering diverse traineeships and apprenticeships to locals[]. This has resulted in many people gaining the necessary skills for employment at the Porgera mine and other mining operations in Papua New Guinea and other countries. In 2009, out of 2,427 employees at the mine, 93.49% were PNG nationals, 1,606 were Porgerans, 33 other Engans, 630 other PNG nationals, and 158 were expatriates. Production ---------- The mine was originally one of the world's major low-cost gold producers, but operating costs have increased. In 2004 it produced over one million ounces of gold at a cash cost of US$192 per ounce. Its output fell to about 865,000 ounces in 2005, and has reached 572,595 ounces of gold at cash costs of US$515 per ounce in 2009. With its 2,500 employees and 500 contractors it is one of the largest gold mines in Papua New Guinea and Australasia, and is widely regarded as one of the world's top ten producing gold mines. Looking down into the Porgera open pit | | | **Production of the mine** | **Year** | **Gold** | **Silver** | | **Year** | **Gold** | **Silver** | | 1990 | 265,890 ounces | 224,227 ounces | | 2000 | 910,434 ounces | 110,276 ounces | | 1991 | 1,216,101 ounces | 593,312 ounces | | 2001 | 760,622 ounces | 113,043 ounces | | 1992 | 1,485,077 ounces | 139,619 ounces | | 2002 | 641,811 ounces | 126,772 ounces | | 1993 | 1,156,670 ounces | 129,860 ounces | | 2003 | 851,920 ounces | 164,691 ounces | | 1994 | 1,032,768 ounces | 133,890 ounces | | 2004 | 1,019,746 ounces | 185,336 ounces | | 1995 | 848,870 ounces | 90,770 ounces | | 2005 | 867,925 ounces | 157,740 ounces | | 1996 | 854,822 ounces | 106,535 ounces | | 2006 | 523,358 ounces | 104,238 ounces | | 1997 | 712,693 ounces | 100,479 ounces | | 2007 | 513,177 ounces | 79,561 ounces | | 1998 | 726,806 ounces | 91,614 ounces | | 2008 | 632,603 ounces | 90,610 ounces | | 1999 | 754,754 ounces | 100,694 ounces | | 2009 | 572,595 ounces | 94,764 ounces | | Total 1990–2009 | **16,348,642 ounces** | **2,938,031 ounces** | Impact ------ The mine has had a large impact on its immediate local area. While modern health care and education services have been brought to the valley by the mine, and some members of the community have profited from the mine's presence; alcoholism, lawlessness and illegal mining have all increased. In 2022, Canadaland featured journalist Richard Poplak who criticized the mine for providing buildings but not maintenance or staff, analyzing that the modest investment in the local community would not last; Poplak described the community investment as "ghost whok". The town of Pogera was described as "hell" and a "dump ground". Catherine Coumans of MiningWatch Canada spoke about how mountains of dumped tailings blocked passage between communities and polluted rivers. Controversies ------------- ### Civil unrest April – May 2007 On 23 April 2007, local landowner groups protesting over proposed relocation settlements were successful in peacefully halting mining and processing operations at the mine. The suspension lasted for ten days, during which various local landowner clans, PNG government representatives, and PJV mine management eventually agreed on how best to move on. ### Human rights issues The mine employs its security force, numbering between 400 and 500 persons. Some sections of the security forces are licensed to utilize lethal force. Police and security guards have killed eight people (the company's figures) to 14 people (according to a community association) over the past ten years and injured many more. In 2009 rising insecurity around the mine led the government of Papua New Guinea to deploy several squads of mobile policemen to Porgera. According to Amnesty International, the deployment resulted in the eviction of nearby villagers and the burning of their houses. Human Rights Watch investigated and documented reports of abuse, including brutal gang rapes and beatings, carried out by security personnel at the mine. After having denied previous claims of crimes committed at the mine, Barrick Gold launched an internal investigation which confirmed the findings. In 2022 Canadaland reported hundreds of rapes undertaken by employed security contractors, and starting in 2003 or 2004 a policy of using sexual violence as a means to deter people from salvaging for gold on around the mine. Canadaland quoted Akali Tange's 2005 report *The Shooting Fields of Porgera Joint Venture* which documents allegations of murder of local residents by mine security contractors. After acknowledging the history of sexual violence perpetrated by guards at the mine in 2010, Barrick Gold set up a compensation scheme and paid 119 survivors of sexual violence approximately CAD$8,000 per person on the condition that they agreed not to sue Barrick Gold. NASA Landsat image of Porgera mine ### Environmental issues The mine has, for many years, been severely contaminating the Porgera River, adjacent rivers, and the Gulf of Papua. The mine practises riverine tailings disposal, by which processed ore is dumped directly into the local river. This increases sediment loading by approximately 8 million tonnes per year. Additionally, the mine has two 'Erodible Dumps' – areas where soft waste rock are dumped, and the high amount of local rainfall gradually washes into the local rivers. The increase in sediment loading is hard to quantify but is generally thought to be in the range of 4 to 6 million tonnes per year. The river systems eventually deliver hundreds of millions of tonnes of sediment into the Gulf of Papua. The main concern with riverine tailings disposal as practiced by the PJV is not the quantities of sediment, but the toxicity of the tailings, which contains significant quantities of cyanide, mercury and other heavy elements. The mercury is 'fixed' in a compound state by which it is thought will not ultimately enter the food chain, but no conclusive research has been performed. However, the mine has been certified as fully compliant with the International Cyanide Management Code. The mine also has three vast dumps of waste rock—stone with quantities of gold ore too low to be processed economically. In January 2009, Norway's finance ministry announced that the Government Pension Fund of Norway excluded Barrick Gold from its investments due to the "severe environmental damage" caused by the Porgera Gold Mine, stating that "the company’s riverine disposal practice is in breach of international norms [and] the company’s assertions that its operations do not cause long-term and irreversible environmental damage carry little credibility [and that there is] reason to believe that the company’s unacceptable practice will continue in the future." ### Local politics The local body, which was established to represent the landowners around the mine, the Porgera Landowners Association (PLOA), is funded by a percentage of royalties from the mine, receiving $1.4 million in 2009. However, the PLOA refuses to publish its accounts, and many landowners accuse the leadership of the PLOA of lining their own pockets at the expense of ordinary landowners. As a result, the mine negotiates with individual landowners direct rather than through the PLOA as intended. Accidents --------- * In August 1994, eleven workers were killed when a blast destroyed the Dyno Wesfarmers explosives factory at the Porgera Gold Mine. The explosion left a crater 40 meters wide and 15 meters deep, damaging property up to 2 kilometers away. The cause of the accident was never determined. * On 3 March 2012, five people were killed and at least one person was injured in a routine blast at the mine. Police said the victims had entered the mine illegally to search for gold. The three survivors were arrested and charged with trespassing.

2004 single by Shania Twain "**It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing**" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Shania Twain. It was written by Twain and her then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange. It was released on February 9, 2004, as the eighth and final single from her fourth studio album *Up!*. Disparate to the remainder of *Up!*, "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" is a ballad that Twain labeled to be the sole heartbreak song on the album. Musically, it lies within the country pop genre while its lyrics speak of misery. The song was not included in any of Twain's tours, but she performed the song for the Up! Live in Chicago video special in 2003. The performance was also used as a promotional music video for the single. "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" received mixed reviews from music critics. Commercially, the single performed well in Canada, where it peaked at number four. It was also a minor hit in the United States, peaking at number 71 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and at number 18 on the Hot Country Songs chart. *American Idol* contestant Michael Lynche performed a cover version of the single on a Twain-themed episode for the ninth season of the show. Background ---------- After collaborating on her great successes *The Woman in Me* (1995) and *Come on Over* (1997), Twain and her then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange decided to take a musical hiatus. The two relocated to Switzerland, settled down, and had a child, Eja, in August 2001. Twain felt content and was in a very positive state of mind, which inspired *Up!* (2002). She and Lange conceptualized the album to be very positive, optimistic, and uplifting; they desired to evade dark subject matters, yet still be profound through optimism. In doing so, they co-wrote every track on *Up!*, in which few tracks were ballads, something Twain considered a small ratio compared to the nineteen songs on the album. She explained it was not done deliberately, but influenced by her and Lange's state of mind at the time, adding, "There just didn't seem to be enough room for [ballads]". One of the ballads was "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing", which Twain deemed necessary to come down in tempo. She said the song was very powerful and, as with each track on *Up!*, was significant to her. Twain said of the track, "This is the only heartbreak song on the new CD. [...] a chance for all of us to catch our breath here." "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" was later selected as the eighth and final single from *Up!*, fifth to impact the North American music market. It was released to country radio on February 9, 2004 and to adult contemporary radio on March 22, 2004. A live CD single and digital download were taken from *Up! Live in Chicago*, and released on March 9, 2004 with the same cover as the video album. CD singles and 7" singles were later issued by Mercury Nashville Records on March 30, 2004. Music video ----------- "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" is one of two music videos shot from Twain's *Up! Live in Chicago* special, the other being "She's Not Just a Pretty Face". Composition ----------- "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" is a ballad that lies within a fine line of country pop, most instrumentation are typical of country music, yet it does not sound distinctively country. The country "Green" version is of three minutes and nineteen seconds in length, and the pop "Red" version is of three minutes and twenty seconds in length. Paul Cognata of *The Daily Campus* stated, "Twain decides to deeply cross the line into pop music in her song, 'It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing.' Since there isn't any type of country-feel in it, the song sounds like a typical pop ballad that could be found on Kiss 95.7." It is set in common time and has a slow tempo of 76 beats per minute. Written in the key of D♭ major, "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" follows the chord progression G–Am7–F9. Twain's vocals span two octaves, from A♭3 to D5. Its lyrics reflect misery and burden. Reception --------- ### Critical reception "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" received mixed reviews from music critics. Ron Rollins of *Dayton Daily News* believed the song was "catchier" under its pop format from the Red CD of *Up!*. Eric R. Danton of the *Hartford Courant* felt his heartstrings weakly tugged by "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing", and added, "The whole endeavor feels like a calculated and spectacularly cynical attempt to make money while expending as little effort as possible." Carol Tannehill of *The News-Sentinel* called the song one of the hottest singles on country and pop radio at the time. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic noted the song's absence from Twain's *Greatest Hits* (2004) album; however, he said it was not greatly missed. In 2004, "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" was listed as a "Winning Song" in the country genre by Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI). The song was nominated for "Song of the Year" at the 2004 Canadian Country Music Association Awards, but lost to Carolyn Dawn Johnson's "Die of a Broken Heart". ### Chart performance "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" debuted at number fifty-seven in mid-March 2004, and eventually peaked at number four in mid-April 2004 on the Canadian Singles Chart. On the week ending May 8, 2004, "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" debuted at number seventy-six on the United States' main singles chart, the *Billboard* Hot 100. In the succeeding week, the track jumped to its peak position at number seventy-one. It spent a total of seven weeks on the *Billboard* Hot 100. On the week ending February 21, 2004, "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" entered the US Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart at number fifty. The following week, the track ascended to number forty-three, and, after thirteen weeks on the chart, on the week ending May 15, 2004, it reached its peak at number eighteen, where it remained for three consecutive weeks. In all, the single managed to remain aboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for twenty weeks. "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" also charted on the US Adult Contemporary chart, where it peaked at number sixteen on the week ending May 29, 2004. Live performances ----------------- Twain first performed the song as part of her setlist for an outdoor concert on July 5, 2003 at Nowlan Park in Kilkenny, Ireland. She then performed it at another concert on July 12, 2003 at Hyde Park in London, England. The singer last performed "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" on July 27, 2003 at a free outdoor concert held in Grant Park in Chicago, filmed for the *Up! Live in Chicago* (2003) concert film. The singer donned a tan, multi-patterned halter top and black, sequined wide leg trousers, and performed sitting on a stool placed at the end of the runaway. The recording of the performance at Grant Park was used as a promotional music video for the single. The song was not included on Twain's Up! Tour. Cover version ------------- Contestant Michael Lynche performed a cover version of "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing" on a Twain-themed episode of the ninth season of the singing competition *American Idol*, aired on April 27, 2010. Lynche performed the contemporary R&B-oriented rendition of the song sitting on the staircase of the show's stage. His performance was received well by judges Ellen DeGeneres (who compared Lynche's delivery to that of Luther Vandross), Kara DioGuardi, and Randy Jackson; judge Simon Cowell felt Lynche's song selection was poor, deeming it too feminine for him. Sitting in the audience after serving as a guest mentor, Twain herself was moved to tears listening to Lynche's rendition. Eric Ditzian of MTV News desired for the contestant to tap into his R&B and soul music roots further and concluded, "Last night's performance was hardly the stuff of Luther Vandross, as Randy Jackson and Simon Cowell maintained, but it's a comparison that Mike should take to heart." Leslie Grey Steeler of *The Palm Beach Post* acknowledged Lynche was usually cheesy in his performances, but favored his rendition of "It Only Hurts when I'm Breathing", saying, "I loved it" and calling it "awesome". Mary T. Kelly of Salon.com commented, "Big Mike went back to good, ole country basics and sang the song sweet, simple and pure. Tammy Tyree would have been proud." Lynche was placed in the bottom three that week, and later eliminated. Track listings -------------- * **Live CD / Digital Download** 1. "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" (Live from *Up! Live in Chicago*) – 3:42 * **CD / 7" single** 1. "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" (Green Version) – 3:20 2. "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" (Red Version) – 3:19 Charts ------ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Weekly charts | Chart (2004) | Peak position | | --- | --- | | Canada Country (*Radio & Records*) | 4 | | US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 71 | | US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 16 | | US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 18 | | US Radio Songs (*Billboard*) | 69 | | Year-end charts | Chart (2004) | Position | | --- | --- | | US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 28 | | Release history --------------- Release dates and format(s) for "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing"| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | United States | February 9, 2004 | country radio | Mercury Nashville | | | March 22, 2004 | * adult contemporary radio * hot adult contemporary radio | |

English painter Portrait by Henry Stacy Marks **James Mathews Leigh** (1808 – 20 April 1860) was an English art educator, painter, writer, dramatist and critic. He is best known as the founder of a popular private art school in London known as "Leigh's Academy", which eventually became the present day Heatherley School of Fine Art. Life and work ------------- Leigh was born in London in 1808, the son of Samuel Leigh, a well-known bookseller who ran a shop at 18 The Strand, near the Adelphi Theatre London - William Blake was apparently a frequent visitor. James's uncle was the popular actor and theatre manager Charles Mathews ("the elder"). He studied art under William Etty, deciding to make historical painting his speciality. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830 with two paintings, *Joseph presenting his Brethren to Pharaoh* and *Jephthah's vow*. Soon afterwards, he went on a tour of the continent, visiting galleries in France, Germany and Italy to study the works of the Old Masters and make sketches. Around this time also he devoted himself to writing, and, in 1838, privately published *Cromwell* an historical play in five acts, and later *The Rhenish Album*. He then travelled to Spain where he made further sketches, resuming, on his return to England, work as a painter, and continuing to send paintings of sacred subjects and portraits to the Royal Academy and other exhibitions up to 1849. Grave of James Mathews Leigh in Highgate Cemetery However, Leigh is now better known as a teacher of drawing than as an artist. In 1848, he founded an academy of art, "Leigh's Academy", at 79 Newman Street, off Oxford Street in London. It was well attended and became a formidable rival to the other main London art academy run by Henry Sass ("Sass's Academy"). He was said to be "a first rate teacher and a profound critic in matters of art". Many distinguished artists received their early training at Leigh's academy including Sir Frederic Leighton, Sir John Millais, Philip Hermogenes Calderon, Henry Stacy Marks, Edward Poynter, Joseph Boehm Edwin Long, Henry Holiday, Frederick Walker, John Bagnold Burgess, Walter Goodman Thomas Holroyd, and others. In his last twenty years, Leigh exhibited no work at any of the recognised exhibitions, instead showing it on the walls of his art academy. He was also in the habit of sketching the same subjects - often of themes from literature - as his students in their drawing classes. Leigh had been a heavy pipe smoker throughout his life and developed cancer of the throat. He died shortly afterwards in London on 20 April 1860 and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery. His son, Henry Sambrooke Leigh (1837–1883) was a writer and dramatist. After his death, the running of Leigh's art school was taken over by Thomas Heatherley and the school renamed (as was the fashion) "Heatherley's Art School". Further reading --------------- * William Tinsley. *Random recollections of an old publisher, volume 1* (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & co, 1900) pp. 189–201.

Public school in Kingston, Jamaica **St Andrew High School** (also known as **St Andrew High School for Girls**) is an all-girls high school in Saint Andrew, Jamaica. The school was founded on September 21, 1925. History ------- ### 1925–1929 St Andrew High School was founded on September 21, 1925, through a partnership between the Presbyterian Church and the Wesleyan Synod of Jamaica. A fund of £6,000 was initially established to found the Jamaica High School for Girls, a fee-paying institution. Under the terms of the agreement, the school enrolled both boarders and day girls and was to be located near Kingston. In early 1925, the parties secured the former Cecelio Lodge House on eight acres of land—with gardens, tennis courts and a hockey field—from Kingston businessman Cecil Vernon Lindo. The house was refurbished, and dormitories, classrooms and staff rooms were added. On September 21, 1925, the Jamaica High School for Girls opened with 21 scholars (10 "day girls" and 11 "boarders"). September 21 continues to be celebrated annually as the school's Founder's Day. The first headmistress was Miss Jenny Gartshore, who served for only one term. Her sister, Miss Margaret Gartshore, assumed the position and served the school for 31 years with Miss Doris "Stocky" Stockhausen as Vice-Principal. ### 1929–1957 In October 1929, the school qualified to become a government grant-aided secondary school. There were 153 students, of whom 51 were boarders. The Jamaica Schools' Commission recommended that the name be changed to St. Andrew High School for Girls. In 1940, the school had 270 students—68 boarders and 202 daytime attendees. A building and expansion programme was initiated, which would take several years to complete and was estimated to cost £6,000. The school population changed from exclusively fee-paying students to include students who had gained "free" or "grant-aided" places as a result of their performance in the Common Entrance Examination. ### 1957–1968 In 1957, Miss Mary Dawson became the second principal of the school. In 1958, the Common Entrance Examination was introduced, resulting in an increase in government grant-in-aid to cover the tuition fees for those students awarded "free places" and "grant-aided places". In the same year, St. Andrew High School separated into two schools - St. Andrew High School (a secondary education institution) and St. Andrew Preparatory School for children aged 4 to 11 years. Principal Dawson spearheaded the development of science, initiating the teaching of physics by arranging for girls to attend classes at Calabar High School until the school's physics lab was ready in 1963. In 1965, the school closed its boarding facilities to create space for additional classrooms to facilitate newly introduced subjects—craft, commercial and home economics. ### 1968–present In 1968, Mrs. Fay Saunders became the first Jamaican headmistress of the school. In 1974 she resigned to take up an appointment as Senator and Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Education. In 1974, Miss Joan Reader became the second Jamaican headmistress of the school. She oversaw the implementation of the second shift in 1978—a Ministry of Education initiative to cope with a burgeoning post-independence school population, and an increasing expectation that secondary education would be provided for the entire 12–16 year old cohort of the population. House system ------------ Upon initial enrollment in the school, each student is assigned to one of six houses. Originally there were four houses: Anderson (named after Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first woman to qualify as a physician and surgeon in Britain); Arc (named for the heroine and saint, Joan of Arc), Cavell (named for Edith Cavell, a British World War I nurse), and Darling (named for Grace Darling, the daughter of a lighthouse keeper who helped to rescue sailors from a shipwreck in 1838). In 1973, two more houses were added for a total of six: Gartshore (named after Margaret Gartshore, the first headmistress); and Stockhausen (named after Doris Stockhausen, the first vice-principal). Enrollment ---------- The school's official capacity is 1,600 students. As of the 2018–2019 academic year, there were 1,558 students enrolled with a staff complement of ninety-five (95) teachers, including a guidance counselor and a school nurse. School Profile| School Year | Enrollment | Student-Teacher Ratio | | --- | --- | --- | | 2018-2019 | 1,558 | 17:1 | | 2017-2018 | 1,571 | 19:1 | | 2016-2017 | 1,545 | 22:1 | | 2015-2016 | 1,564 | 22:1 | | 2014-2015 | 1,567 | 21:1 | | 2013-2014 | 1,520 | 21:1 | | 2012-2013 | 1,550 | 21:1 | Headmistresses and principals ----------------------------- * Miss Jenny Gartshore (1925) * Miss Margaret Gartshore (1925-1957) * Miss Mary Dawson (1957-1968) * Mrs Fay Saunders (1968-1974) * Miss Joan Reader (1974-1988) * Mrs Dahlia Mills-Repole (1989-2000) * Mrs Sharon Reid (2000-2019) * Mrs Keeva Ingram (2019–present) Notable alumnae --------------- * Michelle Cliff, Jamaican-American author * Nicole Dennis-Benn, Jamaican novelist * Parisa Fitz-Henley, Jamaican-born actress * Barbara Gloudon, Jamaican journalist, author, and playwright * Maxine Henry-Wilson, Jamaican educator and politician * Elsa Leo-Rhynie, Jamaican academic and university administrator * Hilary Phillips, Jamaican attorney-at-law and magistrate. Judge of the Court of Appeal * Yendi Phillips, Jamaican TV host, model and beauty queen * Megan Tapper, 100m hurdles Olympic bronze medalist * Sylvia Wynter, Jamaican novelist and dramatist

For the Illinois village once known as Charleston, see Brimfield, Illinois. City in Illinois, United States **Charleston** is a city in, and the county seat of, Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 17,286, as of the 2020 census. The city is home to Eastern Illinois University and has close ties with its neighbor, Mattoon. Both are principal cities of the Charleston–Mattoon Micropolitan Statistical Area. History ------- Coles County courthouse Native Americans lived in the Charleston area for thousands of years before the first European settlers arrived. With the great tallgrass prairie to the west, beech-maple forests to the east, and the Embarras River and Wabash Rivers between, the Charleston area provided semi-nomadic Indians access to a variety of resources. Indians may have deliberately set the "wildfires" which maintained the local mosaic of prairie and oak–hickory forest. Streams with names such as 'Indian Creek' and 'Kickapoo Creek' mark the sites of former Indian settlements. One village is said to have been located south of Fox Ridge State Park near a deposit of flint.[] The early history of settlement in the area was marked by uneasy co-existence between Indians and European settlers. Some settlers lived peacefully with the natives, but conflict arose in the 1810s and 1820s. After Indians allegedly harassed surveying crews, an escalating series of poorly documented skirmishes occurred between Indians, settlers, and the Illinois Rangers. Two pitched battles (complete with cannon on one side) took place just south of Charleston along "the hills of the Embarrass," near the entrance to Lake Charleston park. These conflicts did not slow American settlement, and Indian history in Coles County effectively ended when all natives were expelled by law from Illinois after the 1832 Black Hawk War. With the grudging exception of Indian wives, the last natives were driven out by the 1840s. First settled by Benjamin Parker in 1826, Charleston was named for Charles Morton, its first postmaster. The city was established in 1831, but not incorporated until 1865. When Abraham Lincoln's father moved to a farm on Goosenest Prairie south of Charleston in 1831, Lincoln helped him move, then left to start his own homestead at New Salem in Sangamon County. Lincoln was a frequent visitor to the Charleston area, though he likely spent more time at the Coles County courthouse than at the home of his father and stepmother. One of the famous Lincoln–Douglas debates was held in Charleston on September 18, 1858, and is now the site of the Coles County fairgrounds and a small museum. Lincoln's last visit was in 1859, when the future President visited his stepmother and his father's grave. Although Illinois was a solidly pro-Union, anti-slavery state, Coles County was settled by many Southerners with pro-slavery sentiments. In 1847, the county was divided when prominent local citizens offered refuge to a family of escaped slaves brought from Kentucky by Gen. Robert Matson. Abe Lincoln, by then a young railroad lawyer, appeared in the Coles County Courthouse to argue for the return of the escaped slaves under the Fugitive Slave Act in a case known as Matson v. Ashmore. As in the rest of the nation, this long-simmering debate finally broke out into violence during the American Civil War. On March 28, 1864 a riot—or perhaps a small battle—erupted in downtown Charleston when armed Confederate sympathizers known as Copperheads arrived in town to attack half-drunk Union soldiers preparing to return to their regiment. In 1895, the Eastern Illinois State Normal School was established in Charleston, which later became Eastern Illinois University. This led to lasting resentment in nearby Mattoon, which had originally led the campaign to locate the proposed teaching school in Coles County. A Mattoon newspaper printed a special edition announcing the decision with the derisive headline "Catfish Town Gets It." Thomas Lincoln's log cabin has been restored and is open to the public as the Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site, 8 mi. south of Charleston. The Lincoln farm is maintained as a living history museum where historical re-enactors depict life in 1840s Illinois. Thomas and Sarah Bush Lincoln are buried in the nearby Shiloh Cemetery.[] On May 26, 1917, a tornado ripped through Charleston, killing 38 and wounding many more along with destroying 220 homes. Geography --------- According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Charleston has a total area of 9.59 square miles (24.84 km2), of which 8.88 square miles (23.00 km2) (or 92.68%) is land and 0.70 square miles (1.81 km2) (or 7.32%) is water. ### Climate The data below were taken from 1893 through January 2020, when this chart was made. They were accessed through the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). | Climate data for Charleston, Illinois (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1896–present) | | --- | | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | | Record high °F (°C) | 71(22) | 75(24) | 89(32) | 92(33) | 101(38) | 108(42) | 110(43) | 107(42) | 104(40) | 94(34) | 84(29) | 73(23) | 110(43) | | Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 37.9(3.3) | 43.3(6.3) | 54.3(12.4) | 67.3(19.6) | 77.1(25.1) | 85.5(29.7) | 88.1(31.2) | 86.6(30.3) | 81.2(27.3) | 68.9(20.5) | 54.4(12.4) | 42.4(5.8) | 65.6(18.7) | | Daily mean °F (°C) | 29.3(−1.5) | 33.9(1.1) | 44.0(6.7) | 55.7(13.2) | 65.6(18.7) | 74.2(23.4) | 77.2(25.1) | 75.5(24.2) | 69.0(20.6) | 57.3(14.1) | 44.6(7.0) | 34.3(1.3) | 55.0(12.8) | | Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 20.7(−6.3) | 24.6(−4.1) | 33.6(0.9) | 44.1(6.7) | 54.1(12.3) | 63.0(17.2) | 66.2(19.0) | 64.4(18.0) | 56.8(13.8) | 45.6(7.6) | 34.9(1.6) | 26.1(−3.3) | 44.5(6.9) | | Record low °F (°C) | −27(−33) | −23(−31) | −14(−26) | 14(−10) | 26(−3) | 35(2) | 45(7) | 39(4) | 25(−4) | 11(−12) | −2(−19) | −20(−29) | −27(−33) | | Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.54(65) | 2.69(68) | 3.11(79) | 5.09(129) | 4.52(115) | 4.84(123) | 4.40(112) | 2.94(75) | 3.15(80) | 3.94(100) | 3.74(95) | 2.79(71) | 43.75(1,111) | | Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.1(21) | 5.5(14) | 1.3(3.3) | 0.3(0.76) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.0(0.0) | 0.8(2.0) | 3.0(7.6) | 19.0(48) | | Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.2 | 8.3 | 10.7 | 12.0 | 12.9 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 10.6 | 120.2 | | Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.1 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 11.9 | | Source: NOAA | Demographics ------------ Historical population| Census | Pop. | Note | %± | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1850 | 849 | | — | | 1870 | 2,849 | | — | | 1880 | 2,867 | | 0.6% | | 1890 | 4,135 | | 44.2% | | 1900 | 5,488 | | 32.7% | | 1910 | 5,884 | | 7.2% | | 1920 | 6,615 | | 12.4% | | 1930 | 8,012 | | 21.1% | | 1940 | 8,197 | | 2.3% | | 1950 | 9,164 | | 11.8% | | 1960 | 10,505 | | 14.6% | | 1970 | 16,421 | | 56.3% | | 1980 | 19,355 | | 17.9% | | 1990 | 20,398 | | 5.4% | | 2000 | 21,039 | | 3.1% | | 2010 | 21,838 | | 3.8% | | 2020 | 17,286 | | −20.8% | | U.S. Decennial Census | As of the 2020 census there were 17,286 people, 7,847 households, and 3,850 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,803.25 inhabitants per square mile (696.24/km2). There were 8,319 housing units at an average density of 867.83 per square mile (335.07/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.65% White, 8.39% African American, 0.27% Native American, 2.54% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 3.88% from other races, and 5.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.84% of the population. There were 7,847 households, out of which 20.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.06% were married couples living together, 12.18% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.94% were non-families. 36.05% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.57% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 2.13. The city's age distribution consisted of 12.7% under the age of 18, 32.5% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,436, and the median income for a family was $52,521. Males had a median income of $24,609 versus $16,650 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,901. About 16.8% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Economy ------- Charleston is home to Eastern Illinois University, which has roughly 8,600 undergraduate and graduate students. Additionally, Eastern Illinois hosts the Illinois High School Association's Girls Badminton, Journalism, and Girls and Boys Track and Field State Finals. The establishment of an enterprise zone on the northern edge of Charleston has helped attract some manufacturing and industrial jobs, including Vesuvius USA, ITW Hi-Cone, and Dietzgen Corporation. Original Jimmy John's Shop Jimmy John Liautaud founded the first Jimmy John's restaurant in Charleston in 1983, occupying premises near the corner of Fourth Street and Lincoln Avenue. Arts and Culture ---------------- Charleston is home to the annual Coles County Fair, which typically runs for a week in the summer. The fair includes animal showings, carnival rides and attractions, a demolition derby, and more. The fair is held at the fairgrounds located at 603 W Madison Ave. ### Museums and Libraries * Charleston Carnegie Public Library * EIU Tarble Arts Center * Doudna Fine Arts Center * Lincoln Douglas Debate Museum * Five Mile House Parks and Recreation -------------------- Charleston has seven parks (one of which is a state park) and six trails, only one of which is not part of Lake Charleston (the Lincoln Prairie Grass Trail). ### Lake Charleston Lake Charleston lies approximately two miles (3 km) southeast of the city center. It covers 330 acres of surface area, and has a maximum depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and average depth of 5.7 feet (1.7 m). Fishing and boating are allowed, although there is a no-wake regulation. There are five trails in the park area around the lake, with the longest trail looping around the lake with a length of 3.6 miles (5.8 km). Lake Charleston at sunset. ### List of Parks * Fox Ridge State Park * Morton Park * Sister City Park * Kiwanis Park * North Park * VFW Way Park * Reasor Park ### Parks and Recreation Department Charleston's Parks and Recreation Department offers a variety of services, including before & after school clubs, a day club, dog training classes, and children sports leagues. Government ---------- ### City Manager Charleston is run under a City Manager style of government, where the City Manager is the city's chief administrative officer and oversees the City Council. The City Manager is an appointed position. As of September 18, 2003, R. Scott Smith, a former Parks & Recreation director, officially became Charleston's City Manager after serving as interim manager since August 9, 2003 and continues to hold that position as of January 2022. ### City Council and Mayor The City Council is an elected legislative body of the City of Charleston, of which the mayor is a part. They make policy decisions based on recommendations and information from the City Manager. Brandon Combs was appointed mayor of Charleston June 30, 2015 and continues to hold the office. Education --------- Charleston is served by Charleston Community Unit School District 1, one of three school districts located in the county of Coles. The district itself is composed of six schools: Ashmore Elementary School (PreK-4), Mark Twain Elementary School (PreK and K), Carl Sandburg Elementary School (1-3), Jefferson Elementary School (4-6), Charleston Middle School (7-8), and Charleston High School (9-12). Eastern Illinois University is a public university in Charleston and has served the community since 1895; and Lakeview College of Nursing has a campus located in Charleston. Media ----- Charleston is served by the JG-TC (Journal Gazette & Times Courier) local newspaper and Eastern Illinois University's daily newspaper *The Daily Eastern News* Infrastructure -------------- Charleston is located approximately 7 miles (11 km) east of Interstate 57's Mattoon exit. Illinois Route 16 serves as the city's main east-west road, titled Lincoln Ave. within city limits. ### Highways * Illinois Route 16 (Lincoln Ave.) * Illinois Route 130 (18th St./Olive Ave.) * Illinois Route 316 (Madison Ave./State St.) ### Airport Charleston is served by the Coles County Memorial Airport (MTO), which is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Charleston. Established in 1953, the airport received commercial service until 2000, and now serves as a public general aviation facility. ### Mass Transit Charleston is serviced by two transit providers: the Charleston Zipline run by Dial-A-Ride which serves the general city area with a deviated fixed-route and demand-response service, and the Panther Shuttle, which mainly services the Eastern Illinois University campus. ### Rail Charleston does not receive direct passenger rail service, however Amtrak's *Illini and Saluki* and *City of New Orleans* routes stop in neighboring Mattoon. Freight-wise, Charleston was serviced by the Eastern Illinois Railroad, which was acquired by the Decatur & Eastern Illinois Railroad, which now services businesses in the region. ### Healthcare Charleston is serviced by the Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, whose main campus is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Charleston. There is a Walk-In Clinic located within the city itself. Notable people -------------- See also Eastern Illinois University#Notable alumni for a list of people who lived in Charleston while attending EIU. * Kim Chizevsky-Nicholls, IFBB pro bodybuilder * Ronald W. Davis, director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center, biochemist, geneticist * Frank K. Dunn, Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court * Jim Edgar, governor of Illinois from 1990 to 1998, was raised in Charleston and graduated from Eastern Illinois University * Jeff Gossett, longtime journeyman punter who played in the NFL for 16 years * George Hilton Jones III, historian and author * Joshua Scott Jones, Big Machine Records recording artists (country music) and one-half of the duo "Steel Magnolia" * Tom Koch, longtime comedy writer for *Mad Magazine* and Bob and Ray * David Lamb, musician and songwriter for Brown Bird; born in Charleston in 1977 * James John Liautaud, founder of the Jimmy John's restaurant franchise * Lee Lynch, Illinois newspaper editor and politician * Rex Morgan, basketball player * Marty Pattin, pitcher for the California Angels, Seattle Pilots/Milwaukee Brewers, Boston Red Sox and Kansas City Royals * Curtis Price, the Principal of the Royal Academy of Music and a professor of music at the University of London; was raised in Charleston[] * Zeke Rosebraugh, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates; born in Charleston * Stan Royer, former Major League Baseball player. Graduated from Charleston High School * Willis R. Shaw, Illinois state senator; born in Charleston * Larry Stuffle, member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1977 to 1985. He was born in Charleston and represented the area in the Illinois House of Representatives. * Gregg Toland, cinematographer of *Citizen Kane* and *Wuthering Heights* (for which he won an Oscar), was born and raised in Charleston. Further reading --------------- * Kleen, Michael. "The Copperhead Threat in Illinois: Peace Democrats, Loyalty Leagues, and the Charleston Riot of 1864." *Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society* 105.1 (2012): 69-92. online * Parkinson, John Scott.  "Bloody spring: The Charleston, Illinois riot and Copperhead violence during the American Civil War" (PhD dissertation, Miami University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1998. 9912834).

Australian journalist **Christopher Kremmer** (born 1958) is an Australian journalist and author. He is known for his book-length fiction and nonfiction, short stories, and journalism. Over the past thirty years, he has written several books that explore different regions and cultures around the world, including the Bamboo Palace and Inhaling the Mahatma. As of 2023, he is a senior lecturer at the University of New South Wales. Background ---------- Kremmer was born in 1958 in Sydney, Australia. He arrived in Hanoi, Vietnam in 1993, while working as a correspondent for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. His two-year long stay there prompted him to write about the neighboring country of Laos. Career ------ As a journalist, Kremmer has covered a range of subjects, including war, politics, and social change. He is the author of several books, including Stalking the Elephant Kings: In Search of Laos, The Carpet Wars: From Kabul to Baghdad: A Ten-Year Journey along Ancient Trade Routes, Bamboo Palace, Inhaling the Mahatma, and The Chase. *Stalking the Elephant Kings: In Search of Laos*, which was published in 1997, presents a look at life in Laos over the course of two decades since the communist takeover of the country 1975 and provides a commentary on the history of the region under its former monarchy. The book was published in the United States, Britain, and Thailand. In 2003, it was updated and re-issued as *Bamboo Palace*. *The Carpet Wars: From Kabul to Baghdad: A Ten-Year Journey along Ancient Trade Routes*, which was published in 2002, is a portrait of Afghanistan and Islam in crisis. It was published in nine countries, including Japanese and Spanish translations, and became a bestseller in several countries. *Inhaling the Mahatma*, which was published in 2008, is a personal history of India that focuses on the events and people that the author experienced during the decade he spent living and working in that country. It is a personal and lyrical account of India, focusing on the Northern Indian temple town of Ayodhya and the Indian literary and religious classic, the Ramayana. In 2011, Kremmer published his debut novel, *The Chase*, which is based on the life of his father, who rode racehorses in the 1940s and '50s in Sydney. Kremmer has also contributed to the anthology "*Courage, Survival, Greed*", which was commissioned by Sydney PEN. In his essay, he examines the concept of greed from various perspectives, including social, historical, economic and cultural. The anthology also features essays from Anna Funder and Melissa Lucashenko, who explore the themes of courage and survival respectively. The collection of essays provides a nuanced look at contemporary issues facing Australia. ### Academia In 2013, Kremmer was awarded a doctorate in creative arts from Western Sydney University, where he had undertaken research into truth claims in the historical novel. In 2014, he became senior lecturer at the Centre for Advancing Journalism in the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Melbourne. He now teaches literary and narrative journalism practice at the University of New South Wales in Sydney. He is an honorary fellow of the Australia India Institute and has conducted research as an honorary research fellow at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the United States. ### Awards Kremmer's book "Stalking the Elephant Kings: In Search of Laos" won the inaugural Qantas/City of Brisbane Prize for Asia-Pacific Travel Writing in 1997. His book "The Carpet Wars: From Kabul to Baghdad: A Ten-Year Journey along Ancient Trade Routes" was shortlisted for The Age Book of the Year in 2002. "Inhaling the Mahatma" was shortlisted for the Australian Book Industry Awards for Best Nonfiction Book.

Australian politician **Philip Christian Koperberg** AO AFSM BEM (born 28 April 1943), is the Chairman of the New South Wales Emergency Management Committee, responsible for advising the New South Wales government on emergency response strategies, since 2011. Koperberg is a former Australian politician, was the New South Wales Minister for Climate Change, Environment and Water between 2007 and 2008; and was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing the electorate of the Blue Mountains for the Labor Party between 2007–2011. Prior to his political career, Koperberg was the Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service (RFS) in Australia between 1997–2007. > "An expert in risk and crisis management, Phil Koperberg was the overall emergency controller during the 2001 Christmas/New Year fires, when Australia faced its longest and most intense bush firefighting campaign. In 1994 Phil Koperberg was also the overall emergency controller, as firefighters battled to control over 800 New South Wales fires covering in excess of 800,000 hectares. In 1999, his expertise was again called upon during the severe hail storms which damaged more than 30,000 properties." > > In September 1997, Koperberg was appointed the RFS Commissioner when the Service was formed under the Rural Fires Act. Before this he had been Director-General of the New South Wales Bush Fire Service from May 1990. In March 2007 he was elected to State parliament and appointed to the Ministry. However, in December he was forced to stand aside due to a police investigation regarding domestic violence allegations from 1987. The NSW Director of Public Prosecutions declined to press charges and Koperberg was reinstated to the Ministry. He resigned from the Ministry on 22 February 2008. Koperberg did not recontest the 2011 state election. Background ---------- Dutch-born Koperberg arrived in Australia in 1953 from Indonesia. Prior to his involvement in emergency management, he worked in various fields including the finance industry. Koperberg fought his first bushfire as a teenager on the South Coast in 1959. He joined the North Springwood Bush Fire Brigade (now Winmalee Rural Fire Brigade) as a volunteer in 1967, working his way up to become captain of that brigade in 1969 and fire control officer for the Blue Mountains Fire Control Officer between 1970 and 1982. He held positions as the inaugural chair of the Fire Control Officer's Association, chairman of the Bush Fire Council of New South Wales and executive officer of the then Bush Fires Branch of the Office of the Minister for Police and Emergency Services. Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service ------------------------------------------------------ Koperberg was Commissioner at the time of the RFS occupying new headquarters in Carter Street, Lidcombe. In 1985 Koperberg was appointed Chairman of the Bush Fire Council of New South Wales and Executive Officer of the Bushfires Branch of the Office of the Minister for Police and Emergency Services. In 1993 he became of Commissioner of Bush Fire Services. On 1 September 1997, following the proclamation of the Rural Fires Act 1997, Phil Koperberg was appointed to the position of Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service. In April 1999 when severe hail storms battered eastern Sydney causing damage to more than 30,000 properties Koperberg was appointed to operationally coordinate the emergency control / initial recovery effort. He continues to chair the Rural Fire Service Advisory Council, the Bush Fire Co-ordinating Committee and the State Rescue Board. He is a member and director of the Australasian Fire Authorities Council and a member of the Institute of Emergency Services. Koperberg was Commissioner during the following major environmental events, most of which involved his professional skills: * 1994 Eastern seaboard fires * 1999 Sydney hailstorm * 2001 Black Christmas/Warragamba bushfires * 2003 Canberra bushfires * 2006 Jail Break Inn bushfire * 2006 Pulletop bushfire ### Legal actions In 2007 it was revealed on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's *Four Corners* TV program that legal action was launched by residents in the Blue Mountains against the NSW Rural Fire Service, the local fire brigade, the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Sydney Catchment Authority, as a result of damage caused by the 2001 Black Christmas/Warragamba bushfires. In separate action, a negligence claim was lodged in the ACT Supreme Court for damages against the NSW and Australian Capital Territory governments resulting from the 2003 Canberra bushfires. Koperberg was listed as a defendant in the Canberra bushfires legal proceedings in which the appellant claimed that he called the NSW Rural Fire Service Fire Control Centre 24 times over ten days, but was ignored. In hearings before the ACT Supreme Court, Koperberg admitted that at a meeting held in Queanbeyan he had understated the threat of the bushfires to Canberra's western suburbs. Political career ---------------- On 2 November 2006 Koperberg announced his intention to seek Labor Party preselection for the state seat of Blue Mountains in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at the 2007 state election after Attorney-General and Environment Minister Bob Debus announced he would not recontest his safe Labor seat. > > "The move comes despite denials as late as this week by Mr Koperberg that he had no plans to seek preselection in the seat which Labor holds by a 14.8 per cent margin. Mr Koperberg's years of high profile work fighting fires would make him a popular choice for the bushland electorate." > > > Almost immediately, it was revealed that Koperberg had been issued with an Apprehended Violence Order in 1987 after a domestic violence incident involving his wife of the time, Katherine Specking. On 6 November, Sydney radio personality Alan Jones made comment on air in response to these revelations: > "Look, can we end all this nonsense about Phil Koperberg. There's talk that there's an AVO taken out against him by his ex-wife and that someone's going to release that and put a dirt file together about Koperberg, et cetera et cetera. Politics has got to get rid of all of this stuff. And Morris Iemma and Peter Debnam have got to move heavily against anyone who tries it. Mr Koperberg's private life is just that, private. Any person who offers themselves to serve in public life deserves the support of the community. Mr Koperberg has done nothing illegal, he's broken no laws, he's confronted no court about anything that's happened in any of his marriages, I believe he's been married a couple of times. Who cares. Morris Iemma, to his credit, has backed Mr Koperberg. Look, no one's had more arguments with Phil Koperberg than I have. But it is absolutely sickening the way in which people's private lives are dragged through the sewers for the sake of some kind of public benefit. Mr Koperberg has ability. The electorate will decide whether it is enough to entitle him to a seat in the State Parliament. All the rest based on jealousy and hearsay ought to be left where it belongs, at the bottom of the garbage can." > > — Alan Jones, on *Radio 2GB*, broadcast on 6 November 2006. On 12 January 2007, Koperberg stood down from his role as RFS Commissioner in order to begin his campaign for political office. Official notification was sent (via e-mail) to RFS staff the following day announcing that Assistant Commissioner Robin Rogers AFSM had assumed the role of Acting Commissioner. In the 2007 NSW election, he was elected to the seat of Blue Mountains. On 30 March, New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma announced Koperberg would be the Minister for Climate Change, Environment and Water. In the aftermath of the election, it was revealed that Koperberg's ex-wife Specking had been involved in an affair with Paul Gibson, the Member for Blacktown and as a result the two men were bitter rivals. Koperberg had in fact earlier suggested Gibson was behind the domestic violence allegations, accusing him of running a smear campaign "bordering on evil". However, Gibson was dumped from Cabinet almost immediately when he was accused of assault against an ex-lover, former Minister for Sport Sandra Nori, in 1991. Police later found Gibson had no case to answer. On 2 December 2007, the claims regarding Koperberg's violence toward Specking re-emerged, this time with the additional implication that he had also assaulted his stepdaughter Paula Coad "with such force that one of her fillings was knocked out". Further claims were laid that the NSW Labor Party knew of the allegations before Koperberg's nomination for election and attempts were made to cover them up. Koperberg maintains he openly declared the allegations during the pre-selection process. While Koperberg continues to deny any wrongdoing, he was stood down from the front bench of Parliament the following day while a police inquiry was instigated into the allegations, primarily due to pressure on Iemma to take action in light of the allegations against Gibson in March. On 9 January 2008, the police handed the results of their investigation into Koperberg to the NSW Director of Public Prosecutions. *The Sydney Morning Herald* reported that there was speculation Specking and Coad were not prepared to make statements to the police, making it likely Koperberg would be cleared. On 17 January the prospect of any charges being laid was dismissed. Koperberg resigned from the New South Wales Ministry on 22 February 2008, citing ill health. But an unnamed source close to Koperberg, cited in *The Sydney Morning Herald*, said that the real reason for his resignation from the ministry was that he was fed up with continuing unsubstantiated allegations being promulgated by his party colleague, Blacktown MP, Paul Gibson. Verity Firth took over as Minister for Environment and Climate Change and Nathan Rees as Minister for Water. Koperberg remained on the backbench as member for the Blue Mountains. On 8 October 2010, Koperberg announced that he will not seek Labor Party endorsement or re-election at the 2011 state election citing "bruising factional fighting" and internal party politics. Post-political career --------------------- Following the 2011 state election that was won by the O'Farrell–Stoner Liberal/National coalition, Koperberg was appointed as chairman of the State Emergency Management Committee. The committee is responsible for advising the NSW government on the state's emergency response strategies. In the wake of the 2013 New South Wales bushfires, the NSW Government appointed Koperberg to the position of Blue Mountains Bushfire Recovery Coordinator. Koperberg is also a member of the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action – a growing cohort of former senior Australian fire and emergency service leaders who have observed how Australia is experiencing increasingly catastrophic extreme weather events that are putting lives, properties and livelihoods at greater risk and overwhelming emergency services. Honours and awards ------------------ * British Empire Medal (Civil) for service to the community on 30 December 1978. * National Medal for diligent long service to the community in hazardous circumstances, including in times of emergency and national disaster, in direct protection of life and property on 19 November 1990. * Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to the community through co-ordinating and controlling the firefighting effort during the New South Wales bushfires of January 1994 on 10 June 1994 * Australian Fire Service Medal (AFSM) on 26 January 1995. * Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for outstanding service to the community through the development of an internationally recognised firefighting service, ensuring that training and equipment are of a high standard, and providing informed comment on hazard reduction and educating the community on bushfire safety on 9 June 2003. Koperberg has also received the Pingat Ketua Pengarah Bomba from the Malaysian Fire Service.

National Police and CAPF University in Gujarat, India **Rashtriya Raksha University** (simply **RRU**; *lit*. Hindi **राष्ट्रीय रक्षा विश्वविद्यालय,** formerly **Rashtriya Shakti University**) is an Indian central university and an Institute of National Importance located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. RRU specializes in national and internal security and police. RRU should not be confused with the Indian Defence University (IDU) which is focused on the Indian military. It was established by the Government of Gujarat, India, in 2009. In 2020, via an act of Parliament of India, the Government of India took over the university from the Government of Gujarat. The university offers under-graduate, post-graduate, research degree programmes, and professional diploma and certificate programmes. The institute was inaugurated by the former chief minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi on 22 July 2010. The university has been upgraded as Rashtriya Raksha University, a national university, as an Institute of National Importance through the Rashtriya Raksha University Act, passed by Parliament in October 2020. History ------- Narendra ModiShri Narendra Modi, Former Chief Minister of Gujarat inaugurated Raksha Shakti University. It was established as Raksha Shakti University in 2009 by the Government of Gujarat when PM Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat. The university was set up to provide youth with better academic qualifications in the fields of counter-terrorism, counter-insurgency, internal security, police science, forensic science and cyber security. It lays great emphasis on professional security, strategy and defence education. Campuses -------- On 12 March 2022, the university after being dedicated to the nation was given the mandate to establish its campuses all across the country to produce trained manpower for the security organizations of India, by the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi, and the Minister of Home Affairs and Cooperation Minister, Shri Amit Shah. RRU at present has two campuses, with the first campus in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, and the second, in Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh. The third campus of the university is set to be inaugurated in Uttar Pradesh. Karnataka is permitted to establish a new campus in 2023. ### Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar Campus The main campus of RRU is located northeast of Ahmedabad, in a village named Lavad, near Dahegam in Gandhinagar district. The site is abutted by a 1.5 km stretch of Meshwo River across 230 acres on the southern boundary. The university follows a distinct TREE model (Training, Research, Education, Extension), and has 10 schools imparting training and education at UG, PG, and PhD levels. The university has received a 5-star GRIHA rating for Green Campus and acquired Green Campus Award in 2018. The nearest railway station is Kalupur Railway Station and the nearest Airport is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport and Dahegam is the nearest bus stand. The campus also has three dedicated helipads for VIP landings. ### Rashtriya Raksha University, Arunachal Pradesh Campus The university has opened its first campus outside Gujarat in Arunachal Pradesh, the campus has been established pursuant to a memorandum of understanding entered between the Government of Arunachal Pradesh and Rashtriya Raksha University. The new campus was inaugurated by the Union Home Affairs and Cooperation Minister Shri Amit Shah in the presence of Hon'ble Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh Shri Pema Khandu on 22 May 2022. The campus is located at Pasighat in the East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh. ### Rashtriya Raksha University, Uttar Pradesh Campus RRU is in talks with the Government of Uttar Pradesh to open its third campus in the state. RSU CampusRSU Campus Schools of Rashtriya Raksha University -------------------------------------- 1. School of Internal Security and Police Administration (SISPA) 2. School of IT, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Security (SITAICS) 3. School of Integrated Coastal and Maritime Security Studies (SICMSS) 4. School of Internal Security, Defence and Strategic Studies (SISDSS) 5. School of Forensics, Risk Management and National Security (SFRMNS) 6. School of International Cooperation, Security and Strategic Languages (SICSSL) 7. School of Criminology and Behavioural Sciences (SCBS) 8. School of National Security and Law (SNSL) 9. School of Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology (SASET) 10. School of Physical Education and Sports (SPES) ### Security and Scientific Technical Research Association (SASTRA) The Security and Scientific Technical Research Association (SASTRA) is India's first national security innovation center. Our primary objective is to facilitate a three-way engagement between academia, industry, and the government for innovation, incubation, and technology acceleration in the security space. Effectively, we are an aggregator of solution providers who work within the problem space with an emphasis on youth engagement and "Atmanirbhar Bharat". ### Research and publication centres Research is an integral part of the activities of RRU. The university conducts researches within its academic programmes under all the schools to study & explore semi-structured & unstructured problems. One of the major researches carried out is by Dr. Sumit Kumar Choudhary, from the Department of Forensic Science. It has busted a myth around 'Corrugated Lines as Evidence of Forgery' on which many forensic handwriting experts have relied upon until date. RRU regularly organizes Seminars, Conferences, TOTs, Workshops, Awareness Programs and Value-Added Courses among others. It always keeps a leading position in organizing seminars like National level Research Methodology workshop sponsored by ICSSR, International Conference on Police Science and national seminar on IPR and Cyber Security. **Publications by Researchers and Faculties:** • "Wonderful World of the Mounted Police in India" – A Pictorial Narration • Criminal Justice System in India: Need for Systemic Changes • Booklets on Police Commemoration Day • History of Mounted Police in India ### Training RRU provides training and education to its civilian students, and personnel from various central and state police forces, agencies of the government, paramilitary forces, defense forces, and private and corporate security. The university works towards skilling aspirants for security forces, upskilling the in-service personnel, and re-skilling the ex-servicemen and women. Major achievements ------------------ The first convocation of the university was organized on 12 March 2022, that was graced by the presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Along with Honorable Prime Minister Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Governor of Gujarat and Gujarat Chief minister were also present at the event. The union government introduced a bill to upgrade the Gujarat-based Raksha Shakti University as an institution of national importance. G Kishan Reddy, Union Minister of State for Home, introduced the Rashtriya Raksha University Bill, 2020. Amit Shah, The Union Minister for Home Affairs while speaking at the valedictory session of 47th All India Police Science Congress in December 2019, said that the government will establish 'Raksha Shakti University' and affiliated colleges in the states where there is no police university. Raksha Shakti University had signed an MoU with Israel based ‘HackerU’ for its course of PG Diploma in Cyber Forensics since 2017–18. Arjun Ram Meghwal, Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation awarded the Merit trophy to Raksha Shakti University at the 14th National Youth Parliament Competition, 2017–18. Forensic psychologist Reena Sharma while pursuing her Ph.D. from RRU opted for the positive criminology route and assessed violent behaviour of 110 prison inmates convicted under heinous offenses like murder, rape, etc. She convinced the prison authorities to set up a psychological cell in Sabarmati Jail, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. RRU has signed an memorandum of understanding with India Navy for collaboration for innovation and research in the field of defense. RRU was praised by Defence Minister Shree Rajnath Singh on the occasion. ### Placements The Internship & Placement Division of Rashtriya Raksha University endeavours to facilitate and provide suitable placement in reputed multinationals, government organizations and the private sectors. All students of the university are entitled to placement assistance, need-based training and counselling for employment. The division assures support to the visiting organizations at every stage of the placement by making university infrastructure available to them. The Internship & Placement Division acts as an interface between the recruiters and the students for primarily enabling the students to select the best available option for their career. The division liaisons with the recruiters to provide suitable jobs to the students completing their study from the university and the section continues to facilitate the students who have already graduated from the university depending upon the requirements of the recruiters and alumni. The division conducts extra classes and mock interviews to enable and prepare the students to become successful professionals. Student life ------------ ### Student accommodation RSU hostel The residences for students are anticipated as not just hostels with long corridors but rather as homes, shared by 25–30 people. These courtyard homes are put together forming a hierarchy of communities. When a cluster of homes come together they start sharing sports facilities such as badminton courts and playgrounds. ### Events Sangram is a sports fest of RRU which is organized every year. Various outdoor games such as kabaddi, kho-kho, cricket, badminton, volleyball, athletics, and indoor games like chess and table tennis provide an opportunity for sports enthusiasts so that they can show their skills and passion towards sports.[] Impact ------ ### Extension ### Training Rashtriya Raksha University is set to define a training module for commandos of Special Protection Group. The SPG protects the prime minister and their family members residing with them at the official residence.

Parts of the primary auditory cortex Brodmann areas 41 and 42 are parts of the primary auditory cortex. Brodmann area 41 is also known as the anterior transverse temporal area 41 (H). It is a cytoarchitectonic division of the cerebral cortex occupying the anterior transverse temporal gyrus (H) in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Brodmann area 41 is bounded medially by the parainsular area 52 (H) and laterally by the posterior transverse temporal area 42 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Brodmann area 42 is also known as the posterior transverse temporal area 42 (H), and is also a subdivision of the temporal lobe. Brodmann area 42 is bounded medially by the anterior transverse temporal area 41 (H) and laterally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Function -------- Brodmann areas 41 and 42 are parts of the primary auditory cortex. This is the first cortical destination of auditory information stemming from the thalamus. Neural activity in this brain part corresponds most strongly with the objective physical properties of a sound. Additional images ----------------- * BA41.BA41. * BA42BA42 * BA41. Inside lateral sulcus.BA41. Inside lateral sulcus. * BA42. Inside lateral sulcus.BA42. Inside lateral sulcus.

Landscape preservationist (born 1961) **Charles A. Birnbaum** (born 1961) is a nationally recognized advocate for the study of American landscapes. He is the President and CEO of The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF) in Washington, DC. Education and early career -------------------------- Charles Alan Birnbaum graduated from the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, receiving a Bachelor in Landscape Architecture in 1983. Before founding TCLF, Birnbaum spent fifteen years as the coordinator of the National Park Service Historic Landscape Initiative (HLI). In that position, he developed and helped implement the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties + Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. His experience includes ten years of private practice in New York City with a focus on landscape and urban design. Advocacy and education ---------------------- Birnbaum is known for his advocacy to identify and protect significant landscapes threatened by erasure, neglect or alteration. He has led efforts to save more than 50 parks, landmarks and gardens through open dialogue and education. TCLF identifies at-risk properties each year as part of its Landslide initiative. "Sites can be at-risk for numerous reasons, ranging from an imminent threat of demolition to an accumulation of factors — storm damage, lack of resources for needed maintenance, vandalism, etc." Among the projects that Birnbaum and TCLF have recently flagged is the A. M. E. Zion Church in Rossville, Staten Island. Another way that Birnbaum achieves consensus is through workshops where Birnbaum gathers members of the landscape community and the public together to discuss the interaction of the natural and the built environment. His first "Bridging the Nature Culture Divide Conference" was held in Rye, New York at the Jay Estate in 2011 and resulted in progress to reimagine historic gardens at the site in a sustainable manner. Subsequent forums were co-sponsored by the Central Park Conservancy (2012) and the Presidio Trust (2015). Birnbaum's "What's Out There" program has also received attention. It has advanced from a website database of over 1350 landscapes to a sophisticated interface technology that can be accessed via a mobile phone. In 2013, Birnbaum galvanized a group of advocates to stop the demolition of Peavey Plaza in Minneapolis and helped negotiate terms for the rehabilitation of the public space. Birnbaum garnered widespread attention when he and others condemned plans by the Frick Museum to eliminate what the museum termed a temporary 1977 Russell Page garden as part of their expansion plans in 2015. The garden was saved when Birnbaum produced a contradictory original document issued by the Frick clearly identifying the space as a permanent garden. Through TCLF, he has brought the names of forgotten landscape designers and stewards, particularly women like Ruth Shellhorn, an advisor to Walt Disney, and Harlem Renaissance poet Anne Spencer, to the forefront. "Women have literally shaped the American landscape and continue to today, but their names and contributions are largely unknown." In 2022, for the bicentennial of Frederick Law Olmsted's birth, Birnbaum issued an alert about the threats to a dozen of Olmsted's iconic green spaces noting the cumulatively negative impacts posed by climate change, coastal erosion and construction. Birnbaum has made numerous media appearances, including several segments on Fox News opposing the Obama Presidential Center in Chicago. Publications, oral history modules and film ------------------------------------------- Birnbaum has written and edited numerous publications. His book *Pioneers of American Landscape Design* (2000), co-researched with Robin Karson and Laura Byers was called "the first of its kind in America." It is an encyclopedic catalog of landscape architects and public space planners and engineers. Other Birnbaum works include *Shaping the American Landscape*, *Design with Culture: Claiming America's Landscape Heritage*, *Preserving Modern Landscape Architecture* and its follow-up publication, *Making Post-War Landscapes Visible*. He has produced numerous oral history modules about practitioners in his field along with profiles of notable modern landscape architects like James van Sweden, Cornelia Hahn Oberlander, Lawrence Halprin and Paul Friedberg. Fellowships and awards ---------------------- Birnbaum is a Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) and the American Academy in Rome. In 2008, he was the visiting Glimcher Distinguished Professor at Ohio State's Austin E. Knowlton School of Architecture and was also awarded the Alfred B. LaGasse Medal from the ASLA. Birnbaum is also the recipient of the 2017 ASLA Medal and a Garden Club of America awardee in 2020. Birnbaum teaches at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he was a Loeb Fellow (1997–98), and has been a visiting professor at Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP).

Canadian writer, artist, filmmaker **Katherine Dodds** is a Canadian Impact Producer, writer, artist, and filmmaker. In 2001 Dodds founded the social cause communications company Good Company Communications Inc, which is doing business as Hello Cool World. Dodds is the creative director and strategist behind all Hello Cool World projects. Most known for their work designing the logo and doing the grassroots marketing for the award-winning box office hit film The Corporation which had its theatrical launch in January 2004, Hello Cool World is still campaigning on behalf of the film, linking it to movement building to reduce corporate harm. Hello Cool World is now the educational distributor for The Corporation (Directed by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott), and with Mark Achbar they co-produced a three-part version of the DVD designed for high schools. Hello Cool World is also the Canadian distributor for the award-winning documentary 65 Redroses, and the educational sub-distributor of the 2017 Film "Indian Horse," based on the book of the same name by the acclaimed Indigenous author Richard Wagamese. In 2016 Dodds was profiled as an "Impact Producer" in Tracey Friesen's book "Story Money Impact: Funding Media for Social Change"(Routledge, 2016). Dodds is currently the Impact Producer for "The New Corporation" - the sequel to the first film which is being directed by Joel Bakan and Jennifer Abbott. She is directing the digital media companion project "TheNewCorporation.app," alongside a new platform for impact engagement"Cool.World". Dodds and Bakan pitched their impact campaign at the November 2018 Good Pitch Vancouver. July 19, 2021 Bakan and Dodds filed a constitutional challenge accuses Twitter, Canadian government of failing to protect freedom of expression and democracy over refusal to allow ads about Canadian documentary film, due to Twitter's refusal to boost an ad for The New Corporation. In 1992 Dodds worked as marketing manager for Adbusters magazine, and worked as an associate editor from 1992-1997 during which time she gave talks representing Adbusters' work and campaigns. She directed the 'uncommercial' Obsession Fetish, which parody's Calvin Klein, and addressed eating disorders with the tagline "The beauty industry is the beast". Dodds is the writer of *Picturing Transformation Nexw-áyantsut* a book published in October 2013 by Figure 1 Publishing. The book features the photographic artwork of Uts'am Witness Project co-founder Nancy Bleck and was written with Bleck and Squamish Nation Hereditary Chief Bill Williams. Education --------- Dodds studied painting at the University of Victoria in the 1980s, graduating with an honours BFA in 1985. She got an MA with distinction from the University of Leeds, UK in 1998 in feminist theory and the visual arts. Awards ------ In 2006 Dodds received a "Woman of Vision" Artistic Achievement Award from Women in Film Video Vancouver for her work in multi-media. Dodds is recipient of a 2019 BC Community Achievement Award

Port in Denmark and Sweden Port of Copenhagen seen from the spire of Our Saviour's Church, March 2013 **Copenhagen Malmö Port** AB (CMP) operates the ports in Denmark's capital Copenhagen and in Sweden's third largest city, Malmö. The ports are located either side of Øresund, a strait between the two countries. The combined Øresund Region is the Nordic countries' largest metropolitan area in terms of population. The region is connected by the Øresund Bridge, which spans the strait at its southern end, and the HH Ferry route between Helsingør, Denmark and Helsingborg, Sweden. Most ships *en route* between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea/Atlantic pass through the ports, making the Øresund one of the world's busiest sounds. Regional hub ------------ Nordhavnen, Copenhagen The central location in the Øresund Region means that in a number of cases CMP acts as a hub for freight that is transported onward to the Baltic States, Russia and other parts of Northern Europe. In addition, CMP is a hub for intermediate storage of crude oil in the trade between Russia and countries including Australia and United States. CMP is located in the heart of the Øresund Region with almost four million consumers. The region is experiencing increasing integration between the Danish and Swedish areas. At the same time, the Region is the gateway to the entire Baltic Region with more than 100 million consumers. The Baltic Sea is one of the oldest and busiest trade routes, accounting for some 15% of the world's maritime transportation. Background, history ------------------- Copenhagen Malmö Port is a Nordic company based in two countries – Sweden and Denmark. The company is owned by the By & Havn I/S Development Corporation (50%), Malmö City (27%) and private investors (23%). CMP is a Swedish-registered limited liability company (Aktiebolag). CMP was formed through a merger of Copenhagen Port and Malmö Port – two operations with a port and maritime history extending back to the Middle Ages. The merger took place in 2001, when the 16 kilometre long Öresund Bridge between Copenhagen and Malmö was completed and the task of integrating the Öresund Region got underway. Current operations ------------------ Loading cars onto a train in Malmö Loading of container ship in Copenhagen CMP is one of Scandinavia's largest port operators, handling more than 15.1 million tonnes of freight in 2018. This is down from 15.6 million tonnes in 2017. CMP provides access to an infrastructure that ensures goods are processed quickly and safely. Operations include roll-on/roll-off – and container traffic, cruises, combi-traffic via rail, and oil and dry bulk terminals. CMP receives ships of all sizes and handles all types of freight, including consumer goods, grain, liquid bulk, cars, scrap metal and building materials. In its role as port operator, CMP unloads, loads and stores goods, but also works with different logistics services via road and rail. Every year the ports in Copenhagen and Malmö receive about 4,500 ships. CMP is the Nordic region's largest car port, handling almost 303,000 cars during 2018. CMP has six car terminals covering a total of 800,000 square metres (8,600,000 sq ft) and four PDI centres to service them. Copenhagen is one of Europe's largest cruise destinations, that received around 953,000 passengers from 150 different countries in 2018. In recent years, both Copenhagen and CMP have received awards for their cruise operations: for example, winning "Europe's Leading Cruise Port", and "Best Turnaround Port Operations". Ferry and passenger services are also operated in both Copenhagen and Malmö. The major route is Copenhagen-Oslo and the other ferry line runs between Malmö and the German port of Travemünde. During 2018 the number of passengers amounted to around 879,000. Investments ----------- Cruise liners in Copenhagen Approximately SEK 2.5 billion has been invested in new logistics and infrastructure solutions[*buzzword*] in Copenhagen and Malmö between 2010 and 2014. The investments are in freight and passenger terminals, quay installations and machinery, cranes and other infrastructure. The largest project is Norra Hamnen (Northern Harbour) in Malmö, which was opened in autumn 2011. Three terminals have been built, quintupling CMP's freight capacity. The expansion is one of the largest infrastructure projects ever completed in the city, covering an area of 250,000 square metres. In the next stage, Malmö City and CMP will be jointly establishing Malmö Industrial Park – a new industrial estate where companies within areas including manufacturing, processing and logistics services can establish themselves. The area is expected to be fully developed in the mid-2020s, at which time it will extend over 900,000 square metres. Another major project is the new cruise quay in Copenhagen which was opened in May 2014. The quay is 1,100 meters long and has three terminal buildings. Thus, CMP can receive three cruise ships simultaneously and handle up to 500 calls from ships per year. In 2016 work began on a new cruise terminal in Visby, which was opened in April 2018. In conjunction with Copenhagen Municipality and Malmö Municipality, investments are also being made in access roads and other infrastructure in connection to the ports. Further investments are also being planned in Malmö – which is the largest rail hub in Southern Sweden – in railway traffic in order to provide even more capacity.

This article is about the book by Seth Godin. For other uses, see Purple Cow. 2003 book by Seth Godin ***Purple Cow: Transform Your Business by Being Remarkable*** is a 2003 book by Seth Godin. The book presents Godin's personal belief that creative advertising is less effective today because of clutter and advertising avoidance. The book advocates that companies produce remarkable products and target people who are likely to spread word of mouth about the product. *USA Today* said it "reminds business people of the tried-and-true path to success: Make a great product". Analysis -------- The book consists of general concepts interspersed with examples. The argument starts with the presumption that advertising is less effective than it has been, and that the only way now to gain attention in a market is to not only market a product in a remarkable manner, but also to have a remarkable product to market. Godin gives examples of products and marketing programs that have been remarkable, but indicates that it is no use copying these directly. He says, "Today, the one sure way to fail is to be boring. Your one chance for success is to be remarkable." The book ends with a Ten Point Checklist that sets out how to create a remarkable product. Criticism --------- The book's key assumption that advertising is broken has been criticised as being contradicted by research. Marketing and sales ------------------- *Purple Cow* was itself marketed through some of the techniques that Godin describes in his book. The first, self-published edition came packaged in a milk carton and was sold for just shipping and handling charges. The cover is purple and white, and the words are printed sideways. In the book's first two years of release, it sold more than 150,000 copies over the course of 23 printings.

Greek death metal band Musical artist **Dead Congregation** is a Greek death metal band from Athens formed in 2004. The band have released two full-length albums, two EPs, and a split release with Hatespawn. They released their latest full-length album *Promulgation of the Fall* on May 5, 2014, through their own label, Martyrdoom Productions, and on November 7, 2016, they released their EP 'Sombre Doom'. The band's name is derived from the title of a song written in their previous band Nuclear Winter. History ------- The band was founded by lead guitarist and vocalist Anastasis Valtsanis after the split-up of Nuclear Winter. Nuclear Winter started off as a crust punk band. Later, they began incorporating some influences from the early Swedish death metal scene. Their debut release was a self-financed EP, which already presents a blending of those styles. After a long hiatus, the band released in 2000 a split with Incriminated from Finland. Before the break-up of Nuclear Winter, Valtsanis recorded one last demo with the band. After one of bandmates quit the group, Valtsanis recorded the *Abomination Virginborn* demo as band's chief songwriter. Valtsanis said in an interview that "it was clear that we needed to form a new band, as Nuclear Winter was never my brainchild, and thus I needed to distance myself from anything with which I couldn’t relate to 100% musically, aesthetically or ideologically. We’d been friends with T.K. already, we knew he was a competent guitarist, and after all three of us rehearsed together for the first time, it was more than obvious that the line-up was complete. Soon after the first songs were ready, we were so confident in our material that we didn’t even record a demo, instead we went in the studio and recorded 5 songs that became our debut EP, *Purifying Consecrated Ground.*" The EP was released on May 1, 2005, through Konqueror Records to positive reviews. AllMusic's Cosmo Lee described it as "a formidable opening salvo in their war against modernity." Blabbermouth gave the EP 7/10 and praised the songwriting, writing that "stands apart from the failures of disingenuous imitators by putting work into the song structures. Varying tempos that run from the plodding and doomy to fast and vicious (with moments that approach raw black metal), there is plenty of meat on the bone here." They released their debut full-length album *Graves of the Archangels* on January 30, 2008, in collaboration with Nuclear War Now! Productions. The album received overwhelming critical praise and has gained a huge underground following since its release. Blabbermouth praised the album as a step up from their EP, writing that "It is one of those albums that is demonstrative of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts." Particular praise was directed towards the songwriting, atmosphere, and the interplay between the guitarists. Sputnik Music's Tyler Munro gave the album 4.5/5, writing that "pulls absolutely no punches. As said, it's an absolutely massive sounding album. Lose your focus and the album quite literally turns to background noise. The guitars continually overlap into an ocean of riffs. They splash around and when one guitar isn't doing something the other is. Everything layers unto itself and make no mistakes that the intention hear is to deafen the listener in the most traditional of fashions." He concluded by arguing that "*Graves of the Archangels* is not only one of the best metal releases of the year, but quite possibly one of the best in recent memory." On April 1, they released a split EP with Hatespawn. It was named by Pitchfork's Brandon Stosuy as the 5th best metal album of 2008. He later wrote that "It was my favorite death metal album of the year and it's only gotten better since". Following a period of inactivity, in April 2014 the band announced the title and artwork of their second-full-length album *Promulgation of the Fall*. The album was released on May 16, 2014, in collaboration with Profound Lore Records and Norma Envagelium Diaboli. *Promulgation of the Fall* received overwhelmingly positive critical acclaim from Pitchfork, Sputnik Music, Exclaim!, Metal Injection, and was featured on a number of end-of-year lists. Exclaim! wrote that "while *Promulgation of the Fall* can't take advantage of the element of surprise, burdened with the weight of expectation, the record is no less brilliant, displaying exquisite technical refinement. As glorious as the riffs are, the drumming steals the show here, elemental and mind-altering in its simultaneous precision and ravenousness. The transitions on the album in particular are something to behold, such as the way that the title track opens like a wound and gives way to the massive, crawling "Serpentskin," or the way the ecstatic violence of "Nigredo" shudders, hunches and splits into "Schisma." Located firmly in the liminal space between the abject and the sublime, the fascinatingly repulsive and the awfully beautiful, *Promulgation of the Fall* is a rare death metal accomplishment." On September 30, 2016 the band announced that they would release a new EP titled 'Sombre Doom' on November 7th in collaboration with Norma Envagelium Diaboli, and on October 25 began streaming the EP. Musical style ------------- Dead Congregation play a style of death metal with significant emphasis on atmosphere rather than speed or technicality, and has been described as "uncompromisingly brutal in a subsuming, freeing way." Comparisons have been frequently made to death metal bands such as Incantation, Immolation, and Morbid Angel, and are often described as "old-school" death metal, in reference to their influence from older death metal styles. The band have stressed the importance of "feeling and atmosphere above all." Valtsanis said that "The same riff can sound completely different if you alter important factors such us sound, drumming, the way you hit the chords on the guitar and many more. But in the end it’s all about the atmosphere a recording creates, if it doesn’t ooze of death and morbidity then it shouldn’t be labeled as Death Metal simply because the vocals are distorted and the drums are fast." He went on to describe their sound as "just darkened Death Metal the way we perceive it as true." Members ------- * Anastasis Valtsanis – vocals, lead guitar (2004–present) * Vagelis Voyiantzis – drums (2004–present) * T.K. – rhythm guitar (2004–present) * George Skullkos – bass (2012–present) Discography ----------- * *Purifying Consecrated Ground* (EP, 2005) * *Graves of the Archangels* (2008) * *Dead Congregation / Hatespawn* (split, 2008) * *Promulgation of the Fall* (2014) * *Sombre Doom* (EP, 2016)

American poet **Theodore O'Hara** (February 11, 1820 – June 6, 1867) was a poet and an officer for the United States Army in the Mexican–American War, and a Confederate colonel in the American Civil War. He is best known for the poems "Bivouac of the Dead", which is quoted in many cemeteries, and "The Old Pioneer". Early life ---------- Theodore O'Hara was born to educator Kean O'Hara and his wife in Danville, Kentucky on February 11, 1820. Afterwards, the family moved to Frankfort, Kentucky. He returned to Danville to go to Centre College and then continued his education at St. Joseph Academy in Bardstown, Kentucky, where he also served as a Greek professor during his senior year. He later studied law with future United States Vice President and Confederate Secretary of War John C. Breckinridge, and he was admitted to the bar in 1842. He decided to forgo law and went to journalism in 1845, just before being appointed for a position in the United States Treasury Department in 1845. Mexican–American War -------------------- As the Mexican–American War was beginning, O'Hara signed up for the U.S. Army on June 26, 1846. He held the positions of captain and quartermaster of volunteers under General Gideon J. Pillow as they advanced upon Mexico City, Mexico. For excellent conduct in the Battle of Contreras and the Battle of Churubusco, O'Hara was honored with the rank of brevet-major on August 20, 1847. He was honorably discharged on October 15, 1848. After the war ended in 1848, O'Hara returned to Washington, D.C. to continue his law practices until 1851. Between wars ------------ O'Hara was a firm believer in American expansion, in the form of filibustering. He joined others from Kentucky in an expedition to Cuba in 1850, after spending much of 1849 recruiting Kentuckians to the filibuster cause. Under the command of General Narciso López, O'Hara commanded a regiment, with the rank of colonel, in the hopes of removing Spanish rule from Cuba. In the battle of Cárdenas on May 18, 1850, he suffered a severe injury. After Lopez failed and died in his Cuba position in 1851, O'Hara returned to Kentucky, after fellow Kentuckians serving in Cuba took him with them as they escaped, returning to the United States at Key West, Florida. O'Hara returned to journalism, first working for the *Frankfort Yeoman* of Frankfort, Kentucky, and then helping to found the original *Louisville Times* of Louisville, Kentucky in 1852, which became an organ for spreading Democratic Party propaganda. O'Hara left the *Louisville Times* in 1853 to join General John A. Quitman's filibuster expedition to Cuba.[] After Quitman's efforts failed, O'Hara attained a commission in the United States Army, was appointed captain of the Second Cavalry on March 3, 1855, and returned to Louisville as a recruiter for the Army. He was reassigned to Indian fighting on the prairies of Texas. On December 1, 1856, he was forced to resign by Robert E. Lee (then Lt. Colonel), as Lee brought up charges of drunkenness against O'Hara, and threatened him with court martial. When John Forsyth Jr. editor-in-chief of the *Mobile Register* of Mobile, Alabama became minister to Mexico in 1856, O'Hara took his place in the newspaper. He continued to follow government orders, such as his diplomatic mission into the Tehuantepec grant debate.[] Civil War --------- At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, O'Hara joined the Confederate army and became lieutenant colonel of the Twelfth Alabama Regiment. Then he would serve on the staffs of General Albert Sidney Johnston and General John C. Breckinridge, his fellow law student. He distinguished himself in the Western Theater of the War in Tennessee at the Battle of Shiloh and Battle of Stone's River. But conflicts with General Braxton Bragg and with President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis hampered his military career and made his efforts to attain a regimental command futile. Legacy ------ After the war, O'Hara went to Columbus, Georgia to work in the cotton business, but eventually he lost his business to a fire. He later lived on a plantation near Guerryton, Bullock County, Alabama, where he died. He was returned to Columbus for burial. On September 15, 1874, his remains, along with those of other Mexican War officers, were buried in the state cemetery at Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky. His friend Sergeant Henry T. Stanton read "Bivouac of the Dead" at the reinterment and said, "O'Hara, in giving utterance to this song, became at once the builder of his own monument and the author of his own epitaph." Lines from the poem would eventually grace the gates of numerous national cemeteries and several monuments of Confederate Dead. In particular, the first verse's second quatrain is often quoted: > On Fame's eternal camping-ground > > Their silent tents are spread, > > And Glory guards, with solemn round, > > The bivouac of the dead. > > Because he served in the Confederacy, O'Hara often goes uncredited when the quatrain is used in non-Confederate settings. There is a dispute over when O'Hara wrote "Bivouac of the Dead". It is popularly thought to be written after the Battle of Buena Vista of 1847, where many Kentucky volunteers died. Others say it was actually written after the Battle of Cárdenas in 1851. *The New York Times* wrote that it was first published in the *Frankfort Yeoman* in 1850, which puts it before O'Hara's Cuba adventures. Sources ------- * Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Theodore O'Hara". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

**Balwantray Kalyanray Thakore** (Gujarati: બળવંતરાય કલ્યાણરાય ઠાકોર) (23 October 1869 – 2 January 1952), popularly known as **B. K. Thakore** (Gujarati: બ.ક.ઠાકોર), was a poetry teacher and one of the great pioneers of the *Pandit yug*, during the turn of the twentieth century period in Gujarati literature. Known as 'Ballukaka' in his intimate circle, he played a key role in the development of modern Gujarati poetry. Early life ---------- The son of a lawyer, Thakore was born on 23 October 1869 in Porbandar, and later moved to Bharuch in Gujarat. After attending school in Bharuch, he went to Rajkot for further education where he became acquainted with Navalram Pandya, a contemporary of Narmad, Mahatma Gandhi and Manishankar Bhatt 'Kant'. While studying at Rajkot, he came under the influence of Christianity. In his later life he also appreciated certain principles of Islam. At age 18, he married Chandramani. He later remarried after the death of his first wife. Education --------- Thakore learned Sanskrit from Manilal Dwivedi, a language in which he also composed poetry.[] He hoped to study abroad but was unable to do so due to the death of his wife, after which he had to take on the responsibility of raising his children. He graduated with honors from Deccan College in Pune, where he was awarded an Ellis scholarship for his high marks in English. Afterwards he went to Mumbai to sit the Indian Civil Service examinations, and started writing articles for *The Times of India* to support himself. He later worked as an assistant editor with the *Indian Spectator*. He subsequently returned to Deccan College to pursue his master's degree in Arts. He was offered the position of assistant editor for the celebrated news weekly *Maratha*, but he declined the invitation. In 1983, he was awarded a gold medal for his historical essay *An account of the first Madhavrao Peshwa*. Career ------ Thakore taught history, economics, political science, logic, and ethics at the D. J. Sindh College in Karachi. He remained active throughout his life, even lecturing at Wilson College, Mumbai at the age of 80. He also started his own publishing house at around the same time, hoping to invigorate Gujarati literature. He died shortly after, at the age of 82, in Mumbai. Works ----- Thakore wrote under the pen-names 'Sehni' (Senani or military officer, after his great grandfather Anuprai, who had been an officer in the army of the Scindias) and 'Valkal'. He wrote his first poem in 1886, published in the same year. His first essay on was published in 1891.[] His sonnet sequence *Premo Divas* ("Day of love") and the collection of poems *Bhankaar* (published in 1917) are major contributions to Gujarati literature.[] They were followed by *Mhara Sonnet* (1935). He also wrote books on literary criticism; his first collection of critical essays, *Kavitashikshana*, was published in 1924, followed by *Lyric* (1928), *Navin Kavita Vishe Vyakhyano* (1943), *Vividh Vyakhyano* and *Praveshako*.[] Thakore emphasized very strongly the need of intellection in the meaning of poetry and of flexibility in its metre. As an editor, he compiled a collection of Gujarati poetry, *Aapani Kavita Samriddhi*, in 1931, with the aim of introducing readers to some of the best poems in Gujarati literature. It has 85 poems written by 57 poets. The collection is considered to be a landmark in the history of Gujarati literature. With the same aim he started contributing a regular feature to a literary magazine called *Prasthan*, edited by Ramnarayan V. Pathak, where he selected a poem and discussed it in detail. He also edited Vachak Manimanikya's *Ambad Vidyadhar Ras* and Vachak Udaybhanu's *Vikramcharit Ras*. In co-operation with other scholars, he edited a series of six medieval 'Ras' poems called *Gurjar Rasavali*.[] As a translator, he produced versions from Sanskrit of Kalidasa's *Abhijnan Shakuntalam* in 1906, *Malvikagnimitra* in 1933 and *Vikramorvarshiyam* in 1958. He adapted a Russian comedy by Valentin Kataev called *Quadrature of the circle*.[] He also authored two plays, *Ugati Jawani* ("Rising Youth") and *Lagnaman Brahmacharya*, both published in 1923. A collection of his short stories was published as *Darshaniyun* in 1924. *B.K. Thakoreni Dinki* (1969) is a diary work by him. His historical works include *Itihas Digdarshan* (1928), *An account of First Madhavrao Peshwa* (1897) and *Indian Administration to the Dawn of Responsible Government* (1922).[] The Shree Lalshankar Umiyashankar Arts and Harivadan and Padmaben Thakore Commerce College for Women was established in part by Thakore's support. Further reading --------------- * Trivedi, Harshad M. (1979). *વિવેચક પ્રો. બલવન્તરાય ઠાકોર* [*Critic Pro. Balwantray Thakore*]. Vadodara: Department of Gujarati, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. OCLC 60604479. * Trivedī, Vishṇuprasāda Ra (1969). *Pro. Ba. Ka. Ṭhākora Adhyayana-grantha*. Vadodara: Gujaratī vibhāga, Mahārājā Sayājīrāva Viśvavidyālaya. OCLC 767541435.

American lawyer, diplomat, judge (1897–1986) **Philip Caryl Jessup** (February 5, 1897 – January 31, 1986), also **Philip C. Jessup**, was a 20th-century American diplomat, scholar, and jurist notable for his accomplishments in the field of international law. Early life and education ------------------------ Philip Caryl Jessup was born on January 5, 1897, in New York, New York. He was the grandson of Henry Harris Jessup In 1919, he received his undergraduate A.B. degree from Hamilton College. In 1924, he received a law degree (LLB) from Yale Law School. In 1927, he received a doctorate from Columbia University. Career ------ ### Academia From 1925 to 1961, Jessup held teaching positions at Columbia University. While pursuing his doctorate, and for a good time thereafter (1925–1946), Jessup served as a lecturer and professor in international law at Columbia Law School. From 1942 to 1944, he served as assistant director of the Naval School of Military Government and Administration at Columbia University.In 1946, he was named the Hamilton Fish Professor of International Law and Diplomacy at Columbia Law, a post he held until 1961. In 1970, he was Sibley lecturer at University of Georgia's School of Law in Athens, Georgia. In 1971, he was Barnette Miller Lecturer at Wellesley College. ### Public sector: civil service In 1924, Jessup became an assistant solicitor for the United States Department of State. In 1929, he assisted Elihu Root for the Conference of Jurists on the Permanent Court of International Justice in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1943, Jessup served as assistant secretary-general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) conference through 1944. From 1943 to 1945, he also served as chief of the Division of Personnel and Training for Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations at the State Department. In 1944, he also served at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (the "Bretton Woods" conference). In 1945, he was a technical advisor to the American delegation to the San Francisco United Nations charter conference in 1945 (whose Acting Secretary was Alger Hiss). In 1947, he served as U.S. representative to the United Nations Committee on Codification of International Law. From 1948 through 1952, he served in several roles at the United Nations: U.S. representative to the General Assembly (second, third, and fourth special sessions), deputy U.S. representative to the Interim Committee of the General Assembly and Security Council, and deputy chief of the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. From 1949 to 1953, he also served as "Ambassador-at-large." As Ambassador, Jessup served on the 1949 U.S. delegation of the Sixth Session of the Paris Council of Foreign Ministers Meeting. Charles W. Yost was his assistant. The two continued to work together in Washington, researching and writing the 1949 Department of State White Paper, officially entitled "United States Relations with China." In 1960, Jessup was elected to become a member of the International Court of Justice at the Hague, where from 1961 to 1970 he served as a judge. ### Institute of Pacific Relations From 1938 to 1951, Jessup served as chairman of the Pacific Council and member of its parent, Institute of Pacific Relations. By 1948, he had become a trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which continued at least through 1956. From 1967 to 1986, he served as chairman of the Chile-Norway Permanent Commission and as an honorary member of the Governing Council for the International Institute for Unification of Private Law. From 1970 to 1971, he was a Whitney H. Shepardson senior research fellow in residence at the Council on Foreign Relations. Second Red Scare ---------------- Jessup became a primary target of Senator Joseph McCarthy, who charged in the 1950 Tydings Committee hearings that Jessup was a security risk who had "an unusual affinity... for Communist causes." McCarthy was not allowed by the Tydings Committee to outline his case regarding Jessup, but the committee allowed Jessup to fly in from Pakistan and give his defense. Jessup was subsequently cleared of all charges by the Loyalty Board of the State Department and the Tydings Committee, and McCarthy was rebuked by many fellow senators and other statesmen. However, in two speeches on the floor of the Senate, McCarthy gave his evidence regarding Jessup's "unusual affinity for Communist causes:" * That Jessup had been affiliated with five Communist front groups * That Jessup had been a leading light in the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) at a time that organization was reflecting the Communist Party's line * That he had "pioneered the smear campaign against Nationalist China and Chiang Kai-shek" and propagated the "myth of the 'democratic Chinese Communist'" through the IPR magazine, *Far Eastern Survey*, over which he had "absolute control" * That Jessup had associated with known Communists in the IPR * That the IPR's American Council under Jessup's guidance had received more than $7,000 of Communist funds from Frederick Vanderbilt Field * That Jessup had "expressed vigorous opposition" to attempts to investigate Communist penetration of the IPR * That Jessup had urged that United States atom bomb production be brought to a halt in 1946, and that essential atomic ingredients be "dumped into the ocean" * That Jessup had appeared as a character witness for Alger Hiss and that after Hiss's conviction, Jessup had found "no reason whatever to change his opinion about Hiss's veracity, loyalty and integrity" McCarthy's allegations severely damaged Jessup's reputation and career. Nonetheless, US President Harry S. Truman appointed Jessup as United States delegate to the United Nations in 1951. However, when the appointment came before the Senate, it was not approved, largely because of McCarthy's influence. Truman circumvented the Senate by assigning Jessup to the United Nations on an "interim appointment." Shortly after John F. Kennedy took office as president, the State Department approved the appointment of Jessup as U.S. candidate for the International Court of Justice, a post that did not need Senate confirmation. He served from 1961 to 1970. Upon returning from the Netherlands, Jessup took up a series of academic positions at the University of Georgia School of Law, Columbia University, and Wellesley College. Personal life and legacy ------------------------ In 1921, Jessup married Lois Walcott Kellogg. Jessup died on January 31, 1986, in Newtown, Pennsylvania. Jessup is the uncle of television writer Ted Jessup. ### Honors Jessup was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1932 and the American Philosophical Society in 1939. An international law moot court competition, the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, is named in Jessup's honor. It is held annually in Washington D.C. and is attended by law students from around the world. Works ----- * *The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction* (G.A. Jennings Co. 1927) * *Elihu Root* (Dodd, Mead & Co. 1938) * *A Modern Law of Nations* (Macmillan Co. 1948) * *Transnational Law* (Yale University Press, 1956) * *Controls for Outer Space and the Antarctic Analogy* (With Howard Taubenfeld, Columbia University Press, 1959) * *The Price of International Justice* (1971) * *The Birth of Nations* (Columbia University Press, 1974) Further reading --------------- * *Hearings before the Senate subcommittee investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations* * Cook, Fred J. (1971). *The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy*. Random House. ISBN 0-394-46270-X.

Set of Tibetan Buddhist tantric practices Thangka of Mahasiddha Naropa, 19th century The **Six Dharmas of Nāropa** (Wylie: *na ro'i chos drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍdharma*, "Naro's six doctrines" or "six teachings"), are a set of advanced Tibetan Buddhist tantric practices compiled by the Indian mahasiddhas Tilopa and Nāropa (1016-1100 CE) and passed on to the Tibetan translator-yogi Marpa Lotsawa (c. 1012). Another name for the six Dharmas is "the oral instruction transmission for achieving liberation in the bardo," or "the *Bardo Trang-dol* system". Bardo here, refers to the three bardos of waking, sleep and dying. They are also referred to as "the path of means" (*thabs lam*) in Kagyu literature. They are also sometimes called the *Six Yogas of Nāropa* (though not in the traditional literature which never uses the term *ṣaḍaṅga-yoga* or *sbyor-drug*). The six dharmas are a collection of tantric Buddhist completion stage practices drawn from the Buddhist tantras. They are intended to lead to Buddhahood in an accelerated manner. They traditionally require tantric initiation and personal instruction through working with a tantric guru as well as various preliminary practices. The six dharmas work with the subtle body, particularly through the generation of inner heat (*tummo*) energy. The six dharmas are a main practice of the Kagyu school (and was originally unique to that school) and key Kagyu figures such as Milarepa, Gampopa, Phagmo Drugpa and Jigten Sumgon taught and practiced these dharmas. They are also taught in Gelug, where they were introduced by Je Tsongkhapa, who received the lineage through his Kagyu teachers. Lineage ------- Gampopa, who wrote various meditation manuals on the six dharmas. The teachings of Tilopa (988-1069 CE) are the earliest known work on the six dharmas. He received these from various teachers. According to Glenn Mullin, Tilopa's lineage teachers were the mahasiddhas Nagarjuna (not to be confused with the Madhyamaka philosopher), Lawapa, Luipada, Shavari, and Krishnacharya. Furthermore, the sources for this compilation of tantric practices were said to be the *Guhyasamaja Tantra,* the *Hevajra Tantra* and the *Chaturpitha Tantra*. Nāropa learned the six dharmas from Tilopa. Nāropa's student Marpa taught the Tibetan Milarepa, renowned for his yogic skills. Milarepa in turn taught Gampopa, who wrote various meditation manuals (*khrid chos or khrid yig*) on the six dharmas, which are collected in the *Dakpö Kambum* (The Manifold Sayings of Dakpo) in a section titled "Meditation manuals on the six dharmas of Naropa" (*na ro 'i chos drug gi khrid yig*). From Gampopa, these teachings were passed on to the various Kagyu sub-schools and lineages were they remain a central practice. Numerous commentaries have been composed on these practices, including Shamar Chokyi Wangchuk's, *the Quintessence of Nectar.* They are also described in Dakpo Tashi Namgyal's *Light Rays from the Jewel of the Excellent Teaching* and in Jamgon Kongtrul's *Treasury of Knowledge*, (book eight, part three). Today, the six dharmas are one of the main tantric practices of the Kagyu school, and are practiced in three-year retreats by monastic and non-monastic yogis. Through the efforts of Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), Naro's Six Dharmas also became important in the Gelug tradition. Tsongkhapa wrote a commentary on them called *A Book of Three Inspirations: A Treatise on the Stages of Training in the Profound Path of Naro's Six Dharmas.* This commentary became the standard reference work on these practices in the Gelug tradition. Other figures who wrote on the six dharmas include Gyalwa Wensapa, the First Panchen Lama and Lama Jey Sherab Gyatso. Many Gelugpa practitioners including the Dalai Lamas and the Panchen Lamas were lineage holders of the six dharmas. Lama Yeshe and Lama Zopa are recent Gelug teachers of the six dharmas. 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In Kagyu and Gelug, initiation or empowerment into at least one *Anuttarayogatantra* system (generally Cakrasaṃvara and/or Vajrayogini/Vajravarāhi Tantras) and practice of its Generation Stage are the bases for practice of the six dharmas. According to Ulrich Timme Kragh, > After having visualized oneself and all other beings as deities and recited the mantras of the deity during the practices associated with the first empowerment, the practitioner uses these techniques of the six yogas, belonging to the second empowerment, to create strong experiences of bliss, presence, and non-thought, thereby providing a first glimpse of Awakening. > > ### The Six Dharmas Though variously classified (from just two, to up to ten dharmas), the most widely used list of six dharmas in the work of the Kagyu school figure Gampopa conforms to the following list: (Tibetan, Wylie transliteration and Sanskrit in parentheses) * *tummo* (Tibetan: གཏུམ་མོ་, Wylie: *gtum mo*; S: *caṇḍālī*) – the yoga of inner heat (or mystic heat). * *ösel* (Tibetan: འོད་གསལ་, Wylie: *od gsal*; S: *prabhasvara*) – the yoga of clear light, radiance or luminosity. * *milam* (Tibetan: རྨི་ལམ་, Wylie: *rmi lam*; S: *svapnadarśana*) – the yoga of the dream state. * *gyulü* (Tibetan: སྒྱུ་ལུས, Wylie: *sgyu lus*; S: *māyākāyā*) – the yoga of the illusory body. * *bardo* (Tibetan: བར་དོ, Wylie: *bar do*; S: *antarābhava*) – the yoga of the intermediate state. * *phowa* (Tibetan: འཕོ་བ་, Wylie: *pho ba*; S: *saṃkrānti*) – the yoga of the transference of consciousness to a pure Buddhafield. ### Other dharmas Other dharmas, sometimes grouped with those above, or set as auxiliary practices, include: * Generation Stage practice. According to Thubten Yeshe, Milarepa lists Deity Yoga Generation Stage meditation as part of the dharmas. * *Karmamudrā* or "action seal" (Wylie: *las kyi phyag rgya*, THL: *lé kyi chak-gya*; erroneously, S: *kāmamudrā* or "desire seal") .This is the tantric yoga involving sexual union with a consort or partner, either physical or visualized. Like all other yogas, it cannot be practiced without the basis of the tummo and generation stage practice. * Forceful Transference *(drongjuk phowa*) – a variation of phowa in which the sādhaka may transfer their mindstream into a recently deceased body. * Self-liberation – Nāropa himself, in the *Vajra Verses of the Whispered Tradition*, adds the practice of self-liberation in the wisdom of non-duality, which is the resolved view of Mahamudra. This is always considered as a distinct path. ### Classifications There are different ways of organizing and listing the dharmas of Naropa other than the list of Gampopa. For example, Tsongkhapa prefers the following listing, which follows Pagmo Drupa: (1) tummo (2) illusory body (3) radiance (4) transference (5) forceful projection and (6) bardo. The dharmas are also sometimes grouped into different sets of teachings. For example, Gyalwa Wensapa groups them into two dharmas: (1) the yogas for drawing the vital energies into the central channel; and (2) the yogas that are performed once the energies have been withdrawn in this way. According to Glenn Mullin, "Marpa Lotsawa seems mainly to have spoken of them as fourfold: (1) inner heat; (2) karmamudra, or sex yogas; (3) illusory body; and (4) clear light. Here three of the six-i.e. those of consciousness transference, forceful projection and the bardo yogas-are not given the status of separate "Dharmas," presumably because they are relegated to the position of auxiliary practices." Meanwhile, Milarepa seems to have classified the dharmas of Naropa as follows: (1) generation stage; (2) inner heat; (3) karmamudra; (4) introduction to the essence of the view of the ultimate nature of being; (5) the indicative clear light of the path; and (6) the indicative illusory nature, together with dream yoga. There is also a list of ten dharmas, which can be found in the work of Ngulchu Dharmabhadra: (1) the generation stage yogas; (2) the view of emptiness; (3) the inner heat; (4) karmamudra yogas; (5) the illusory body; (6) the clear light; (7) dream yoga; (8) the bardo yogas; (9) consciousness transference; and (10) forceful projection. Overview of practices --------------------- ### Preliminaries Main article: Ngöndro In all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, there are various preliminary practices drawn from common Mahayana that are prescribed to students before beginning the practice of completion stage yoga (such as taking refuge, bodhicitta aspiration, guru yoga, deity yoga, and dedication of merit). The details of this depend on the lineage, school and individual teacher. For more on this, see: Tibetan Buddhism and Tantra Techniques. For example, Milarepa is quoted by Tsongkhapa as stating that first one establishes the basics, "such as refuge in the three jewels and the two aspects of bodhicitta." Tsongkhapa also quotes poems by Milarepa which shows that he held that one should first practice contemplating the nature of karma, observing the faults of sensuality and samsara, as well as meditate on kindness and bodhicitta. Tsongkhapa divides the preliminaries into common and exclusive. The common preliminaries deal with Sutrayana practices such as contemplating karma, impermanence and death, contemplating the shortcomings of sensuality, giving rise to bodhicitta, practicing love (maitri) and compassion (karuna) meditation, keeping the bodhistatva vows, practicing the six perfections, and samatha-vipasyana. This corresponds to the sutra trainings found in Lamrim teachings. According to Tsongkhapa, if one does not practice these, one will not be "able to cut off clinging to the ephemeral things of this life, and as a consequence will not experience a stable aspiration to engage in spiritual practice." Thus, one's practice will "remain superficial," will lack bodhicitta and meditative focus, and thus will also lack insight into not-self. The exclusive preliminaries are Vajrayana practices such as receiving initiation (the best are Cakrasamvara or Hevajra since they are particularly associated with the six dharmas), keeping one's tantric pledges (samaya), Vajrasattva meditation and guru yoga. Tsongkhapa recommends that one practice generation stage meditation in preparation for the six yogas. According to Glenn Mullin,"it is obvious from Tsongkhapa' s tone that a number of his readers will have heard of practicing the Six Yogas without first having undergone sufficient training in the generation stage meditations." Tsongkhapa argues against this however. Tsongkhapa also writes that one must have an understanding of the doctrine of emptiness. Similarly, Shamar Chokyi Wangchuk's *Quintessence of Nectar* states that one must: receive tantric initiation, train in the common preliminaries (such as contemplating one's precious human birth and so on), develop compassion and bodhicitta, practice Vajrasattva purification, and practice guru yoga. ### Physical exercises There are also auxiliary physical exercises (*trül khor*) which use various postures (*asanas*) and movements. There are different traditions of these physical exercises with different sets of exercises. Jey Sherab Gyatso states that some schools practice a set of six exercises, while "The Pakmo Drupa and Drikung Kagyu schools both maintain a tradition of 108 exercises." The commonly taught "six exercises" are outlined in Phagmo Drukpa's *Verses on the Path Technology: A Supplement (Tib. Thabs lam tshigs bead ma'i lhan thabs)* as follows: > There are six exercises for purifying the body: filling like a vase; circling like a wheel; hooking like a hook; showing the mudra of vajra binding, lifting upward toward the sky, and then pressing downward; straightening like an arrow, and then forcefully re-leasing the air in the manner of a dog heaving; and, in order to energize the passageways and blood in the body, shaking the head and entire body and flexing the muscles. These are the six. > > The first exercise is particularly important, as it is a *kumbhaka* (vase breathing) breath retention practice, in which one breathes deeply into the navel and holds the breath there for as long as one can. This breath hold technique is also applied in tummo. According to Tsongkhapa, these six are to be done in conjunction with the hollow body contemplation. This practice will allow one to feel much joy, and also will help prevent any injury which might arise from the changing flow of the vital winds resulting from the practice of the six yogas. A related practice is the visualization on the body as being hollow: "here the body and the energy channels (*nadis*) are to be seen as completely transparent and radiant". This technique releases tension and gives suppleness to the subtle energy channels. Tsongkhapa describes this practice as follows: > One commences as before with the practice of visualizing oneself as the mandala deity. The special application here is to concentrate on the body, from the tip of the head to the soles of the feet, as being utterly empty of material substance, like an empty transparent balloon filled with light...Here the body is to be envisioned as being entirely without substance, appearing in the mind like a rainbow in the sky. > > ### Inner heat Main article: Tummo A Tibetan illustration depicting the central channel and the two side channels as well as five chakras where the channels loop around each other. Inner heat (*gtum mo*, skt. *chandali,* literally meaning "fierce, hot or savage woman") practice is the foundation for the rest of the six dharmas and is the first of the six dharmas. This practice works with the subtle body (also known as the *vajra-body*) system of channels (*nadis*), winds (*lung, vayu*), drops (*bindus*) and chakras. Through inner heat, the vital winds are caused to enter into the central channel (*avadhuti*), causing the four blisses or joys which is then unified with the wisdom that understands emptiness. This practice is a kind of *pranayama,* that generally involves sitting with a straight back, visualizing the channels, holding the breath deep in the abdomen for extended periods (called "vase breath", *kumbhaka*), then applying visualization of a fiery short stroke AH syllable on the navel. This practice leads the vital winds into the central channel, where they are said to melt the drops (*bindus*, which are tiny spheres of subtle energy) causing great bliss. This powerful bliss experience "is said to constitute a similitude of the actual bliss experienced in spiritual Awakening (*byang chub, \*bodhi*)." According to Glenn Mullin, tantric scriptures state that the tantric bliss experienced in this practice is "a hundred times more intense than ordinary sexual orgasm, [and] gives rise to a special state of consciousness." This ecstatic state of mind is then used to contemplate emptiness. This "ecstasy conjoined with (the wisdom of) emptiness" is what is referred to as Mahamudra (The Great Seal). Tilopa's verses of the six dharmas briefly outlines the practice as follows: > The yogic body, a collection of energy channels, coarse and subtle, possessing the energy fields, is to be brought under control. The method begins with the physical exercises. The vital airs [i.e. energies] are drawn in, filled, retained and dissolved. There are the two side channels, the central channel *avadhuti,* and the four chakras. Flames rise from the *chandali* fire at the navel. A stream of nectar drips down from the syllable *HAM* at the crown, invoking the four joys. There are four results, like that similar to the cause, and six exercises that expand them. > > #### Gampopa's presentation Ulrich Timme Kragh outlines the progression of this practice from one of Gampopa's manuals, titled *Closely Stringed Pearls*. After describing the visualization of the three channels, the text outlines the four chakras which are to be visualized along the central channel with various spokes radiating out of each chakra like an open umbrella. The four chakras described by Gampopa are: * At the navel, there is the emanation-cakra with 64 spokes. * At the heart, there is the Dharmacakra with 8 spokes. * In the throat, there is the enjoyment-cakra with 16 spokes. * At the top of the head, there is the great-bliss-cakra with 32 spokes. Kragh outlines the practice as follows: > it is instructed that the practitioner should hold the breath below the navel to make the A-letter flare up like a flame, the fire reaching so high that the flames strike the letter Ham visualized in the great-bliss-cakra. This causes an energy called bodhicitta (*byang sems*), which is stored in this cakra, to trickle down through the central channel. As it fills up the different cakras on its way down, it generates different experiences of bliss. After reaching and filling the navel-cakra, the bodhicitta is visualized as flowing back up, while yogi continues to use the *gtum mo* breathing technique of holding the breath for as long as possible in the abdomen. At the end of the practice, the practitioner stops visualizing (*yid la mi byed*) the channels, winds, and drops, and instead rests in an uncontrived state of Mahamudra (*phyag rgya chen po ma bcos pa'i ngang*). > > Another meditation manual by Gampopa also mentions a practice that relies on visualizing a drop (*thig le, \*bindu*) between the eye brows. This bindu descends and ascends through the central channel, spreading a sensation of bliss-emptiness along the way. Regarding post-meditation, the yogi is "instructed to train in experiencing all sensory impressions as blissful and to maintain a constant sense of inner heat and the soothing, cooling bliss of the descending bodhicitta. It is said that the experience of everything as being blissful will automatically give rise to the experience of non-thought (*mi rtog pa, \*nirvikalpa*)." #### Gelug presentation The Ah stroke syllable as taught in Gelug. In Tsongkhapa's system, inner heat is the foundation stone for the whole six dharmas (along with meditation on emptiness). Every time one practices one of this six dharmas, one must first generate inner heat, along with the four blisses and merge this with meditation on emptiness. Once mastered, tummo is then applied to the practice of illusory body, and based on illusory body yoga, one practices radiance/clear light yoga. Tsongkhapa's commentary "*The* *Three Inspirations,"* divides the practice of inner heat into three main components: * **Meditating on the channels**; one first visualizes the three channels (right is red, left is white and central channel is blue) and then the four chakras at the crown (multicolored with 32 petals), throat (red with 16 petals), heart (white with 6 petals) and below the navel (red with 64 petals). One fixes the mind on each chakra and with practice they become increasingly clear. If this is too difficult, one can just meditate on the channels first, or on the point where they meet below the navel. The goal is to achieve a stable clarity of the radiant appearance of the channels and chakras for a prolonged period of time. One can also join this practice with the vase breathing exercise (i.e. *kumbhaka*) and with the hollow body visualization. Upside down Tibetan script Haṃ seed syllable. * **Meditating on mantric seed syllables on the center of each chakra**; Tsongkhapa states: "one should concentrate on the syllables of the upper three chakras for just a short period of time, and then dedicate most of the session to meditating on the Ah-stroke at the navel chakra." The other syllables are: An upside down white *Haṃ* at the crown chakra, an upside down blue *Hūṃ* ཧཱུྃ at the heart chakra, a red *Oṃ* ཨོཾ at the throat chakra. The seed syllables should be visualized as tiny like the size of a mustard seed, though Tsongkhapa states that one can start imagining them as larger than that and then shrink them. * **Meditation on the chakras, syllables and channels joined with the vase breathing technique.** To practice vase breath, breathe a long deep breath through the nose. Then swallow and press down with the abdomen. Retains the air for as long as possible. Then one releases the breath gently and quietly. According to Tsongkhapa, until some progress has been made in this practice, one should practice gently without forcefulness. There should be no discomfort. One should also practice on an empty stomach. Tsongkhapa describes the outcome of the full method (with all three elements described above practiced at once) as follows: > Then the energies residing in the chakra at the secret place cause the AH-stroke syllable at the navel chakra, which is in nature the inner fire, to blaze with light. This light rises up the central channel avadhuti and melts the other three syllables, HAM, OM and HUM [respectively at the crown, throat and heart chakras]. These melt and fall into the syllable AH [at the navel chakra]. The four become of one inseparable nature. One then fixes the mind on the drop [formed by this fusion], the nature of which is the innate ecstasy. If one can do so, then from the drop comes the tongue of a tiny flame of the inner heat. One fixes the mind on it. Light from this flame rises up the central channel, where it melts the drop of white bodhimind substance abiding within the crown chakra. This drips down like nectar, filling the AH-stroke mantric syllable at the navel chakra. One meditates single-pointedly on the AH-stroke, until the signs of stability arise. When meditative stability has been achieved then the radiance of the light from the inner fire will illuminate the inside and outside of one's body, as well as one's dwelling place and so forth, rendering them as transparent as a piece of kyurura fruit held in the hand. > > This practice will cause the vital winds to enter the central channel. Tsongkhapa describes various signs that this has occurred, mainly that the breath flows smoothly and evenly through the nostrils, then it becomes increasingly subtle, and then it stops altogether. Tummo practice is also said to generate the four blisses. Tsongkhapa explains that the first bliss arises when the energy drop in the crown chakra is melted when the vital winds are brought to the crown by tummo. When the energies reach the throat, this is the second bliss ("supreme bliss"), when they reach the heart, the third bliss arises ("special bliss") and when they reach the navel, the fourth "innate bliss" arises. If one can hold the mind at the chakras for extended periods, one will gain the ability to control the movement of the energy drops. Then one can also bring the drop back up the central channel, experiencing the blisses again but starting from the navel chakra. One then continues to practice by moving the drop up and down the central channel, experiencing the four descending and the four rising blisses again and again. To meditate on innate wisdom, one lets the drop melt all the way down to the chakra at the secret place ("tip of the jewel"). Then one meditates on emptiness and rests in that ecstasy - emptiness meditation. Then one brings the drop back to the crown chakra, which meditates on "the sphere of ecstasy conjoined with emptiness." Tsongkhapa further states: "During the post-meditation periods one must consciously cultivate mindfulness of the experience of ecstasy and emptiness, and stamp all objects and events that appear and occur with the seal of this ecstasy and emptiness. This application causes a special ecstasy to be ignited, which one should foster." ### Karmamudrā Saṃvara in union with his consort the wisdom dakini Vajravārāhī. Vajradhara (Dorjechang, Vajra-holder) in union with his consort, Prajnaparamita, Tibet, 19th century. The practice of inner heat is closely related to the practice of *karmamudrā (las kyi phyag rgya, action seal)*, referring to meditative sexual union which leads to the four blisses and is practiced along with inner heat yoga. In some lists, such as that of Milarepa, it is listed as a separate dharma. In other systems, such as that of Gampopa, it is listed as a subset of inner heat yoga. This is because it is considered necessary to have control over the vital energies (through inner heat yoga) in order to be successful in *karmamudrā.* There are various classifications of action seal, *karmamudrā* (action seal) is a regular human sexual consort, while *jñānamudrā* (wisdom seal) is a deity consort created through the power of one's visualization. In Tibetan Buddhism, it is rare for this practice to be done with an actual person, and most commonly it refers to an imagined consort (which will be a buddhist tantric deity, i.e. a yidam). According to Ulrich Timme Kragh, in the writings of Gampopa, the six dharmas are associated with the second empowerment, while action seal practice is associated with the third empowerment. As such, action seal practice "represents a stage of practice that may be performed after having perfected the yogas of the Six Dharmas." According to Tsongkhapa, both practitioners of physical action seal yoga should be of the highest capacity, have tantric initiations, be learned in tantra and be able to keep the pledges (*samaya*), be skilled in the practice of the tantric sadhana and be mature in practicing four daily sessions of yoga. They should also be skilled in meditation on emptiness and in the techniques of inducing the four blisses. Tsongkhapa states that if they do not have these qualities, practicing physical sexual yoga is unwise. In this case, one should just practice with a visualized consort. While many of the traditional lists of types of consorts to seek out for joint practice to gain spiritual attainments are written for males and from a male point of view, there are some rare instructions for these sadhanas and for consort choice from the point of view of female practitioners. #### Gampopa's presentation Kragh provides the following overview of the practice (from a male perspective) found in Gampopa's *A Mirror Illuminating the Oral Transmission:* > Sitting still in sexual union, he should create an upwards movement of his breath while meditating on the sound of a certain mantric syllable. This will give rise to four levels of joy, i.e. sexual arousal. While experiencing these, he should concentrate on the nature of his mind. Thereupon, he performs the practice of Inner Heat, whereby the wind element dissolves into the fire element giving rise to the dissolution sign of 'smoke' (*rtags du ba*). The white bodhicitta (*byang sems*, i.e. semen) then descends from the crown of his head to the penis (*rdo rje nor bu, \*vajraratna*). At this point, the male yogi must remain in a meditative state without ejaculating any semen, thereby causing the water element to dissolve into the fire element, which produces the mirage-like sign (*rtags smig sgyu lta bu*). When the flow of bodhicitta has reached the very tip of the penis (*rdo rje rtse mo, \*vajrasekhara*), the male yogi must reverse its flow back up to the crown of his head. Thereby, the water element dissolves into the earth element, causing the lamp-like sign (*rtags mar me lta bu*) to appear. When this experience has become very steady and the firefly-like sign has appeared, that constitutes the perfection of tranquility meditation (*gzhi nas, \*samatha*), equivalent to the meditative concentration (*\*samadhi*) of the first level of absorption (*bsam gtan dang po, \*prathamadhyana*). Interrupting this absorption, the yogi should then train in insight meditation (*lhag mthong, \*vipasyana*). That is here done by means of a visualization focusing on a small ball of light (*thig le, \*bindu*) in the heart-cakra, which gradually turns into an experience of radiance and emptiness (*’od gsal stong pa nyid*). Thereby, the sign which is like a cloudless sky appears (*sprin med pa'i nam mkha' lta bu'i rtags*) and the yogi realizes the selflessness of all phenomena to be like the ungraspable center of the sky. > > ### Radiance yoga Luminosity, radiance or clear light (Skt. *prabhāsvaratā;* Tib.*’od gsal*) refers to the clear radiant nature the mind, which is associated with buddha-nature. It is said to be experienced during various events in one's life, such as orgasm, sleep, dreaming and in the dying - rebirth process. Tilopa's oral instructions explain this practice as follows: > The yogi working with the central channel places the mind in the central channel and fixes concentration on the drop at the heart. Visions arise, like lights, light-rays, rainbows, the sunlight and moonlight at dawn, the sun, the moon, and then the appearances of deities and forms. In this way the myriads of worlds are purified. > > Gampopa's *Closely Stringed Pearls* explains that this practice is to be done while falling asleep by initially setting an intention to "seize the radiance" (*’od gsal zin par bya*). Then the yogi visualizes five syllables in the heart-cakra. As sleep sets in, the yogi slowly shifts their attention from one syllable to the other. If one is successful in capturing the radiance or luminosity, a syllable Hum (ཧཱུྃ) will appear vividly in the heart, radiating powerful light and one will experience blissful sleep (and not the dream state, if one dreams, one has failed to capture the radiance). After waking up, it will appear as if one is in a strong glow. #### Gelug presentation In Tsongkhapa's exposition, there are various types of radiance or clear light. One is found in Mahayana sutras and in tantras, but there is an extraordinary radiance which is unique to tantra. The extraordinary radiance exclusive to highest yoga tantra is reached through inner heat practice and illusory body yoga joined with meditation on emptiness. This radiance, also termed "primordial wisdom of ecstasy and emptiness," is the focus of the system of six dharmas. Mullin (2005), p. 82. Tsongkhapa divides the practice of radiance into waking and sleep practices. The practice of radiance in the waking state involves visualizing oneself as the deity in sexual union and meditating on a blue HUM at the heart chakra which emanates light in all directions that purifies the universe. One dissolves the world into light and into oneself as the deity, then one dissolves into the mantric syllable HUM in one's heart chakra. The HUM then melts into light from the bottom up and one focuses the mind on the heart chakra. Then one practices collecting the vital winds into the central channel with the tummo method explained previously, which melts the drops, leading to the four blisses and the four emptinesses. One then experiences the dissolution of the elements and corresponding visions (see below), and then the radiance arises. One then joins the mind of radiance with meditation on emptiness. Gyalwa Wensapa, in his *A Source of Every Realization,* outlines how one practices generation stage and then tummo to generate the radiance yoga. First one imagines oneself as the Buddha Vajradhara in sexual union with a consort, and then one visualizes the channels and chakras. Then one generates inner heat and meditates on the melting of the drops, which leads to the entry of the winds in the central channel and their dissolution. There are various signs which indicate that the winds have entered and dissolved, mainly that one has visions of the dissolution of the elements and the visions which indicate the "four emptinesses" followed by the clear light/radiance experience. These visions are as follows: > Earth dissolves into water, and there is a vision like seeing a mirage; water dissolves into fire, and there is a smoke-like vision; fire dissolves into air, and there is a vision like flickering fireflies. Then the air element begins to dissolve into the visionary consciousness called "appearance." There is a vision like that of the glow of a butterlamp. Air fully dissolves into "appearance," and there is a vision of whiteness, like a clear autumn sky pervaded by the light of the full moon. This dissolves into the consciousness known as "proximity," and there is a vision of redness, like that of the clear sky pervaded by sunlight. This dissolves into "proximate attainment," and there is a vision of overwhelming darkness, like the sky before dawn, with neither sun nor moon. "Proximate attainment" then dissolves into the clear light; there is a vision of clear radiance, like the sky at daybreak, free from the three conditions. One must recognize these experiences as they occur. This is the process known as "blending with Dharmakaya during the waking state." > > Regarding the sleep practice of clear light, one first practices generation stage yoga and guru yoga, making prayers to the guru. Then one sets a firm resolution to recognize the clear light of sleep that arises before dreaming. Then one lies on the right side in the lion posture and visualizes oneself as the deity. One visualizes a blue four-petalled lotus at the heart chakra and the central channel running through it, with a blue HUM at the center (one can use just the HUM, or the HUM plus AH NU TA RA placed in the petals as well). The focusing of the mind in the central channel at the heart causes the winds to enter, which leads to the process of dissolution and the visions described above. Then when clear light arises like the sky at daybreak, one rests the mind in that state and retains it as long as one can without lapsing into a dream or waking up. ### Dream yoga Main article: Dream yoga Mahasiddha Ghantapa, from Situ Panchen's set of thangka depicting the Eight Great Tantric Adepts. 18th century. In the yoga of dreaming (*rmi lam, \*svapna*), the yogi learns to remain aware during the states of dreaming (i.e. to lucid dream) and uses this skill to practice yoga in the dream. Tilopa's oral instructions state: > Know dreams as dreams, and constantly meditate on their profound significance. Visualize the seed syllables of the five natures with the drop, the *nada* and so forth. One perceives buddhas and buddhafields. The time of sleep is the time for the method that brings realization of great bliss. This is the instruction of Lawapa. > > #### Gampopa's presentation Gampopa's *Closely Stringed Pearls* outlines four main sequential steps: * **Seizing the dream** – Becoming lucid in the dream. First, the yogi must see all perceptions and thoughts as a dream during the day. Then, they must go to sleep lying on their right side, with strong determination to recognize they are dreaming within the dream. This can be done by stating at least seven or up to twenty-one times that the dreams will be recognized as dreams. They visualize a lotus flower with five syllables that radiate gentle light in the throat chakra and slowly shift their awareness from one syllable to another while falling asleep. This should spontaneously produce the experience of lucid dreaming. In another meditation manual by Gampopa, *A Mirror Illuminating the Oral Transmission*, one is instructed to visualize a sphere of light in between the eyebrows instead. * **Training –** According to Kragh, "The yogi is here instructed to think of whatever dream arises as being merely a dream and to relate to it without any fear. If he dreams of water, he should plunge into it or walk across it. He should jump into an abyss or sit down to be bitten by dream-dogs or beaten by dream enemies. He should fly in air, visit the god realms, or go sight-seeing in India." * **Blessing as illusory and getting rid of fear** – Here, the yogi checks their mind during the dream to see if there is even the slightest fear, and if so, they should let go of it by recognizing that they are only in a dream. Once they've mastered the feeling of complete unobstructedness, they have "blessed their dreams as illusory" (*sgyu ma byin gyis brlabs pa*). * **Meditating on reality –** The yogi meditates on reality by "analyzing that all states of dream consciousness are his own mind which is unborn (*rang gi sems skye ba med pa*). If such a contemplation of Mahamudra did not occur during the night, the yogi should direct his focus on the syllables again in the morning after waking up and then rest in the state of Mahamudra." Another meditation manual by Gampopa also explains how the yogi should attempt to see Buddhas and dakinis giving them teachings in their dreams, and how this gives rise to blessing. It also recommends to practice kumbhaka breathing before sleep. #### Gelug presentation In Tsongkhapa's system, it is necessary to become acquainted with the tummo, radiance/clear light and illusory body practices before practicing dream yoga (which he sees as an extension of illusory body yoga). According to Tsongkhapa, before practicing dream yoga, one must first master the yoga of retaining the radiance/clear light that arises at the moment of falling asleep (through experiencing the visions etc.) as explained above. If one practices this before sleep, when a dream occurs, one will realize that one is in a dream. Dream yoga in Tsongkhapa's system consists of four trainings: "learning to retain [conscious presence during] dreams; controlling and increasing dreams; overcoming fear and training in the illusory nature of dreams; and meditating upon the suchness of dreams." Dream yoga practice begins by first acquiring the skill to recognize one is dreaming within the dream. If one is not successful in recognizing one's dream through the practice of retaining the radiance of sleep,"one should cultivate a strong resolution to retain conscious awareness in the dream state. In addition, one meditates on the chakras, especially that at the throat." If one can make this resolution to recognize one's dream strong and continuous throughout the day, one will be able to recognize one's dream. One can also practice the visualization meditations on the throat and forehead chakras during the day so as to enhance one's ability at night. One may also meditate upon oneself as the deity, and on guru yoga, offering prayers so that one may experience clear dreams. Tsongkhapa mentions various meditations to be done before falling asleep. In the first one, one generates a vision of oneself as the deity as well as a vision of one's guru, and prays to the guru to recognize the dream and so forth. Then one visualizes a small red four petaled lotus in the throat chakra, with an Ah or Om in the center. He mentions that in another tradition, it is taught that one meditates on five syllables (OM, AH, NU, TA, RA), with one at the center and the other four around it. One focuses on each of these in succession. The second method is to pray as before, and meditate on a white radiant drop the size of a mustard seed between the eyebrows. Then one performs vase breath seven times and goes to sleep. One can also meditate on the heart chakra before sleep. According to Tsongkhapa, if one finds it too difficult to recognize one is dreaming, then this means one is a deep sleeper, and thus one should switch to the crown chakra. This will lighten one's sleep. If this makes sleep difficult however, then one can focus on the chakra at the tip of the penis and unites the vital winds there 21 times through kumbhaka. Once one has recognized the dream, one can begin to learn to control it. One first practices controlling basic elements such as flying, going to the heavens, traveling to buddhafields etc. One can also train in "increasing", i..e multiplying dream objects, including one's body, into numerous duplicates. The practice of controlling the vital winds will enhance one's ability to control the dream. When the yogi has gained these skills, he should transform himself into the Patron Buddha body, and transform the things that he is seeing in his dreams into different objects. Next to that, supernatural powers should be practised in the dreaming state. With gaining all these skills, the yogi can eventually reach the Buddha's Pure Land and listen to the Buddha's preachings. The next step is training in becoming fearless by doing anything that might kill a person in the non-dream world, such as jumping into water or fire. One can use this to meditate on the empty nature of dreams and to recognize their illusory nature. Finally, one meditates on suchness in the dream. One visualizes oneself as the deity, with a HUM at the heart, radiating light everywhere. This light melts everything in the dream into light, which is drawn into the HUM. One's body also melts and is drawn into the HUM. Then the HUM dissolves into radiance/clear light, and one rests in the state of radiance. ### Illusory body The practice of the illusory body is a kind of contemplation on the illusory nature (*maya*) of phenomena. Tilopa's oral instructions state: > All animate and inanimate things of the three worlds are like the examples of an illusion, a dream and so forth. See this at all times, both in movement and in stillness. Contemplate an illusory deity reflected in a mirror; take a drawn image of Vajrasattva, and consider how the reflected image vividly appears. Just as that image is an illusory appearance, so it is with all things. The yogi thus contemplates the twelve similes and sees the reality of how all things are illusory. This is the instruction of [the mahasiddha] Nagarjuna. > > #### Gampopa's presentation According to Gampopa's *Closely Stringed Pearls*, the practice of Illusory Body (*sgyu lus, \*mayadeha or \*mayakaya*) is done by assuming a meditative posture and meditating by looking at one's body in a mirror, contemplating how it has an illusory nature. According to Kragh, "He should then speak to himself, voicing many self-criticisms and check whether he feels any unhappiness or expressing praises and see whether he feels pleased. As long as such emotions arise, he has not trained himself sufficiently in the practice. Once no emotion occurs, he should contemplate all appearances of himself and everything else as having a hallucinatory and dream-like quality." Another meditation manual by Gampopa states that one should meditate on reality as being dreamlike before doing the mirror practice. In a second phase of this practice, a yogi hangs a picture of his chosen deity behind them so that its image appears in a mirror placed in front. Then the yogi scolds or praises the image as his self-reflection and sees if there is any emotional response. When there is no response, the yogi contemplates the illusory (*maya*) nature of themselves and the reflection, feeling that everything is essenceless like the deity's body. This instruction is said to be a postmeditative practice and thus may have meant to be practiced in-between sessions of regular sitting meditation. #### Gelug presentation In the Gelug system, to give rise to the illusory body, one *must* first practice the previous dharmas of generation stage, inner heat, karmamudra and radiance/clear light. One begins by practicing inner heat and karmamudra, then going through the stages of the dissolution of the elements, and meditating until radiance and the four blisses arise. Then one uses this radiant blissful mind to meditate on emptiness and rest single pointedly in that non-conceptual absorption. Regarding post meditation, Tsongkhapa states that in times of the day when one is not meditation, "one maintains awareness of the vision of emptiness, and recollects the previous meditation on transforming all appearances into the mandala and its deities." This will lead all appearances to arise as illusions. ### Transference of consciousness Main article: Phowa A section of the Northern wall mural at the Lukhang Temple depicting *tummo*, the three channels (*nadis*) and *phowa* A painting of the Adibuddha, Vajradhara Transference (*'pho ba, \*saṃkrānti*), is a practice meant to eject one's consciousness out of the body into a state of Awakening at the time of death (or into a Buddha's pure land). Tilopa states: > By means of these yogas, at the time of transference and also of forceful projection into another body, the yogi can utilize the mantric seed syllable of the deity and train in the deity yoga practice in conjunction with the exhalation and inhalation [of the breath], long and short, and project consciousness to wherever is desired. Alternatively, those desiring to transfer to a higher realm can apply themselves to two syllables of *YAM*, and also *HI-KA*, and *HUM-HUM*. Consciousness is thrown to the heart of the deity inseparable from the guru, and from there to whatever buddhafield is desired. This too is the instruction of Sukhasiddhi. > > #### Gampopa's presentation According to Gampopa's *Closely Stringed Pearls*, there are three types of phowa: 1. Transference from the state of Radiance, used by the best practitioners 2. Transference from the state of Illusory Body, used by mid-level practitioners 3. Transference from the Generation Stage, used by lesser practitioners In the first type of phowa, one sits, generates bodhicitta and visualizes a letter Hum in the heart chakra. Light radiates out from the Hum and transforms the world into a pure palace and all beings into deities. This all dissolves into a light that merges with oneself. One's own deity form dissolves into the Hum syllable, which gradually fades away. Then one rests in the state of Mahamudra. This meditation is to be done repeatedly. At the time of death, one then follows the same process, which can lead to Buddhahood. In the second type of phowa, there is a preparatory stage (*sbyang*) done while dreaming and a stage of the actual practice (*'pho ba dngos*). In the preparatory training, one flies up to the seat of the celestial Buddha Vajradhara and forms a strong intention to cultivate Mahamudra. Then, at the time of death, when the subtle elements of the body have dissolved, the yogi transfers their consciousness to the seat of Vajradhara and appears there in the essenceless form of their chosen deity, appearing like a reflection in a mirror. They meditate on radiance from that state of illusory body and thus reach Buddhahood. In the third type, the yogi first visualizes themselves in the illusory form of a chosen deity and imagines the channels and chakras, with syllables in each chakra. Then they practice the pot belly breathing (*bum pa can, \*kumbhaka*), holding their breath in the abdomen while imagining that the syllables are moving in the central channel, opening up the channel at the crown of the head. At the time of death, when the yogi does this exercise, the letter in the heart chakra is shot out of the body through the crown and merges with the heart of the lama who has been visualized in front of the yogi. Imagining that the lama is also essenceless, the yogi rests in that state. When the yogi stops breathing and dies, their mind merges with natural Radiance and they achieve Buddhahood. There is also another kind of phowa practice, known as "forceful phowa" (*btsan thabs kyi 'pho ba*). This is a practice that is performed by a yogi on a dying person by putting them in a specific pose and pushing in their abdomen. This forcefully moves their inner winds upward through the crown of the head. The dying person should visualize their consciousness being sent out through the crown and merging with the lama's heart. #### Gelug presentation Buddha Akshobhya's pure land Abhirati To be successful in this practice according to Tsongkhapa, one's subtle channels should have been trained in one's life through inner heat, illusory body and clear light yogas. There are also special phowa practices which prepare the subtle channels for transference as death. Then when death comes, one will be ready to transfer one's consciousness to a buddhafield or into a proper future life. Tsongkhapa outlines phowa training as follows. First one visualizes oneself as the deity and brings the vital winds to the navel (or to the chakra in the secret place). > One then envisions the red AH-stroke syllable at the navel chakra; at the heart chakra, a dark blue HUM; and at the crown aperture, a white KSHA. Now one pulls up forcefully on the vital energies from below. These strike the AH-stroke syllable at the navel chakra, which then rises and strikes the HUM at the heart. This rises and strikes the KSHA at the crown. Then the process is reversed: the HUM comes back down to the heart chakra; and the AH comes back down to the navel chakra. Here sometimes it is said that the AH-stroke syllable dissolves into HUM [and that into the KSHA] during the upward movement. The approach as described above is more effective. One should apply oneself to this training until the signs of accomplishment manifest, such as a small blister appearing on the crown of the head, a sensation of itching, and so forth. > > This phowa practice "opens the death passage" so that at "the time of actual application" (i.e. death), it will be ready. Tsongkhapa further notes that if one has not trained in inner heat, this practice will not be effective. At the time of actual application, one takes refuge, arouses bodhicitta, visualizes oneself as the deity and visualizes the guru in front of one's crown, offering prayers to them. Then, > one turns one's concentration to the three mantric syllables: the red AH-stroke at the navel chakra; blue HUM at the heart chakra; and white KSHA at the crown. The energies are forcefully drawn up from below, causing the AH-stroke syllable to rise up the central chan-nel from the navel chakra and melt into the HUM at the heart chakra. One recites the mantra AH HIK several times. The HUM syllable moves up. One recites the mantra AH HIK twenty times, and it continues up to the throat chakra. One turns the attention to the syllable KSHA at the mouth of the Brahma aperture, silhouetted against a background of pure white sky-like light, like an object in a roof window. One recites AH HIK forcefully five times, and the syllable HUM shoots out the Brahma aperture and melts into the heart of the guru inseparable from one's mandala deity. Rest awareness there in the state beyond conceptuality. > > Tsongkhapa also discusses how to transfer one's consciousness into a Buddha's pure land. This is done by using one's meditative samadhi power to prevent the consciousness from exiting by any of the eight gates, and to project out of the ninth, the "golden gate". The eight gates are: mouth, navel, sexual organ, anus, "treasury' (forehead aperture), nose, eyes and ears. This is done by visualizing that the eight gates are closed with red AH stroke syllables. Then one uses tummo to draw the vital winds into the central channel, propelling one's consciousness, represented by the blue HUM at the heart, out of the crown aperture, to a pure Buddhafield. Regarding forceful projection (*grong 'jug*), Tsongkhapa counts this as a separate dharma. One trains in this practice by first transferring one's consciousness into the fresh corpse of small animals, until one is able to transfer into the fresh corpse of a person. Then at death, one can transfer one's consciousness to a fresh corpse. ### Post-mortem interim state yoga The deities that one may encounter in the post-mortem interim state These practices deal with navigating the bardo state in between death and rebirth. Tilopa's oral instructions state: > The yogi at the time of death withdraws the energies of the senses and elements, and directs energies of sun and moon to the heart, giving rise to a myriad of yogic samadhis. Consciousness goes to outer objects, but he regards them as objects of a dream. The appearances of death persist for seven days, or perhaps as much as seven times seven, and then one must take rebirth. At that time meditate on deity yoga or simply remain absorbed in emptiness. After that, when the time comes for rebirth, use the deity yoga of a tantric master and meditate on guru yoga with whatever appears. Doing that will arrest the experience of the bardo. This is the instruction of Sukhasiddhi. > > According to Gyalwa Wensapa, one should practice tummo before death to experience radiance and then arise as Buddha Vajradhara in one's bardo body. #### Gampopa's presentation Gampopa's *Closely Stringed Pearls* describe a "practical guidance" (*dmar khrid*) on the process of the interim state or inbetween state. It gives a long explanation of the death process and how it is experienced by the dying person. The interim state is said to occur after death for up to seven weeks until the next rebirth. There are three parts of these instructions: 1. recognizing the radiance in the first interim 2. recognizing the illusory body in the second interim 3. blocking the door to the womb in the third interim The process of dying is outlined as follows. First the five outer sense perceptions dissolve, one by one. Then the four material elements dissolve. When the earth element dissolves the body feels like sinking, when the water element dissolves spit and snot come out of the mouth and nose, and one's mouth and nose become dry. When the fire element dissolves, body heat disappears and the extremities shake and twitch. When the air element dissolves, breathing becomes irregular and eventually stops. Then the consciousness dissolves into light and the dying person sees a weak light, like the moon rising and their consciousness becomes smoky. Then comes the phase of rising, in which one sees a more intense light, which is like a sunrise, while one's consciousness flickers like fireflies. Then during the phase of arrival, one finds oneself in dense darkness and one's consciousness is weak like the light of a single flame. Then, the phase of arrival dissolves into the radiance (*’od gsal*) of emptiness, dharmakaya, which is found in all beings. For a yogi who has practiced meditation on radiance before, their radiance meditation merges with the natural radiance easily. The second instruction on recognizing the illusory body is meant for those yogis who fail to remain in the state of radiance and thus enter the bardo (between half a day and four days after death). It is divided into recognizing the impure illusory body and recognizing the pure illusory body. In the bardo, one appears in a dream-like body which is similar to one's previous living body, this is the impure illusory body. They are able to go anywhere and is unobstructed by physical things, but when they attempt to talk to people, they cannot hear the dead person. The dead person gradually realizes they are dead and after some days, they see that they will soon be reborn. If the dead person is a yogi, they may be able to recognize that this body is illusory and they may instead take up the form of their chosen meditation deity. They then meditate on Mahamudra and purify their habital tendencies. It is said that meditation in the in-between state is more efficient than meditating a hundred years while alive. The third type of instruction explains how to block rebirth if one fails to become awakened using the second set of instructions. At this stage, the person to be reborn sees their future parents having sex and feel attraction towards the father or the mother (depending on their sex). Then they will enter the womb and into a new rebirth. However, the deceased person can prevent this process by staying calm and entering meditative absorption when they have the vision. They can image their parents as lamas or as deities if this helps avoid feelings of desire for them. They can also contemplate that they are empty, like illusions and meditate on radiance and emptiness. #### Gelug presentation Tsongkhapa's commentary states that bardo yoga relies on the yogi's previous practice of tummo, radiance, illusory body and dream yoga. After all, the experiences of illusory body and clear light in waking and in sleep states is similar to the experiences in the post-mortem bardo. Thus, when death comes, one applies the same principles one used to attain the yoga of radiance/clear light in sleep: > Should death arrive before supreme enlightenment has been attained, and one wishes to apply the yoga for enlightenment at the time of death, then [as the death process sets in] one engages the yogas of controlling the vital energies in order to recognize the clear light of the moment of death, using the same principles that were applied in the yoga of retaining the clear light of sleep. In this way one enters into the bardo experience, applies the techniques learned through the yoga of the illusory body of dreams, and generates the bardo body as the illusory body of the bardo. > > Thus, to achieve the clear light of death, one must go through the practice of tummo, the dissolution of the elements process and the visions leading up to clear light and so forth. One must have the ability to stabilize one's mind on an understanding of emptiness and the yogic means for inducing the four blisses to succeed. Tsongkhapa also states that there are two lesser methods, one is to cultivate the thought, "I am dead. These appearances must be bardo manifestations." This may help one recognize that one is in the bardo. Likewise, one can apply whatever samadhi one has acquired to the process of the dissolution of the elements at death. But these methods are inferior to the tantric practice of clear light yoga and lead to weak realizations. He also mentions "the oath of rebirth" where one "cultivates the aspiration to take rebirth into any of the pure buddha lands." Related traditions ------------------ The six dharmas of Niguma are almost identical to the six dharmas of Nāropa. Niguma who was an enlightened dakini, a Vajrayana teacher, one of the founders of the Shangpa Kagyu Buddhist lineage, and, depending on the sources, either the sister or spiritual consort of Nāropa. The second Dalai Lama, Gendun Gyatso has compiled a work on these yogas. Niguma transmitted her teachings to yogini Sukhasiddhī and then to Khyungpu Neldjor, the founder of the Shangpa Kagyu lineage. A translator and teacher in the lineage, Lama Sarah Harding, has published a book about Niguma and the core role her teachings such as the six dharmas of Niguma have played in the development of the Shangpa Kagyu lineage. In the lineage of Machig Labdron, the practice of Mahamudra Chöd begins with The Yoga of the Transference of Consciousness. Sources ------- * Guenther, Herbert V. (1963). *The Life and Teaching of Naropa*, Oxford University Press. * Kragh, Ulrich Timme (2015) *Tibetan Yoga and Mysticism A Textual Study of the Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra Meditation in the Medieval Tradition of Dags po.* Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies (Studia Philologica Buddhica). ISBN 4-90626-772-6 * Wangyal, Tenzin (1998) *The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep*, Snow Lion Publications. * Mullin, Glenn H.; Tsong-Kha-Pa, (2005) *The Six Yogas Of Naropa, Tsongkhapa's Commentary Entitled A Book Of Three Inspirations A Treatise on the Stages Of Training in the Profound Path Of Naro's Six Dharmas*, Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-234-7 * Mullin, Glenn H. (1997) *Readings on the Six Yogas of Naropa*, Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 1-55939-074-3 * Harding, Lama Sarah (2012) *Niguma, Lady of Illusion* (Tsadra Foundation). Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN 978-1559393614 * Roberts, Peter Alan (translator) (2011) *Mahamudra and Related Instructions: Core Teachings of the Kagyu Schools*. Library of Tibetan Classics. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 9780861714445

Bilateral relations **Canada–Russia relations** (Russian: Российско-канадские отношения) are the bilateral relations between Canada and Russia, the world's two largest countries in terms of area. Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations became very tense after Canada imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed Canada on a list of "unfriendly countries", along with Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, the United States, European Union members, NATO members (except Turkey), Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, Micronesia and Ukraine. As vast northern countries, Canada and Russia share some interests and some cooperative policies. However, the open and democratic political system of Canada contrasts with the closed Russian system, as was the case during the Communist era of the Soviet Union (USSR). Under the Presidency of Vladimir Putin, the Canadian government has routinely criticized the erosion of Russian democracy, persistent human rights abuses, and hostile foreign policy towards Canada and its NATO allies. In 2014, relations significantly deteriorated as a result of the Russian annexation of Crimea and Russian involvement in the Donbass War. Relations between Russia and Canada reached a state of near total collapse after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Russia threatened to sever them entirely over the possibility of Canada transferring a Russian jumbo jet to Ukraine. As a result, Canada maintains sanctions on Russia, including on Vladimir Putin himself and other members of Putin's inner circle. Russia in turn has sanctioned Canada and Canadian individuals, including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, foreign minister Melanie Joly, and Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland. Some commentators argue that Russia-Canada relations since 2014 are more hostile and confrontational than at any point during the Cold War. History ------- ### Background Main article: Canada–Soviet Union relations A 1988 Soviet stamp commemorating the Soviet–Canadian polar expedition As part of the British Empire, Canada did not establish a foreign ministry (External Affairs) until 1909 and developed an independent foreign policy only after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the creation of the USSR. In 1931, Canada imposed an embargo on certain Soviet goods. The embargo was a response to the fact that the Soviet government had previously cut trade relations with Canada. This trade war between the USSR and Canada lasted until 1936. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were finally established on June 12, 1942 during World War II, when Canada joined the United Kingdom and other Western democratic countries in alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis Powers following the German invasion of the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Canada was part of the democratic Western bloc and NATO in opposition to the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. Compared to the United States and the United Kingdom, Canadian policy towards the Soviet Union was less confrontational, in part because Canada was not a nuclear power (without on-land nuclear warheads). In 1991, Canada was the first major Western country to recognize the independence of the Baltic states and Ukraine, which helped to cement their international legitimacy and formalize the end of the Soviet Union. Canada and post-Soviet Russia established relations in 1992. ### Relations since 1991 Soviet dissolution Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper and Russian president Vladimir Putin with other APEC dignitaries, September 2007 Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau and Russian president Putin at the 2018 Paris Peace Forum Meetings between Canadian and Russian representatives regularly occur at the highest levels. Prime Minister Stephen Harper and President Vladimir Putin met for the second time at the G8 Summit in Heiligendamm. They first met at the G8 Summit in St. Petersburg in 2006 in which they issued joint statements on Canada-Russia Relations and Canada-Russia Energy Cooperation. Canada and Russia maintain regular political dialogue on security, counter-terrorism and global issues. This dialogue has been incorporated into the Global Security Talks, which allow high-level officials to share concerns and solutions on non-proliferation, regional issues and defence relations. Canada's major security undertaking with Russia is the leading role in the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, a G8 initiative first proposed at Kananaskis. This programme had a budget of up to $25 billion over twenty years. On 12 June 2007, Canada and Russia marked the 65th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations. ### Deterioration since Russo-Ukrainian conflict See also: Canada–Ukraine\_relations § Entanglement\_in\_the\_Russian-Ukrainian\_war Canada is on Russia's "Unfriendly Countries List" (red). Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined sanctions against Russia. Relations between Canada and Russia deteriorated rapidly after the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. In response to the annexation, Canada imposed sanctions on Russian officials. On March 3, 2014, the Canadian House of Commons passed a unanimous motion condemning Russia's intervention in Crimea. According to a 2017 Pew Global Attitudes Project survey, 27% of Canadians have a favourable view of Russia, with 59% expressing an unfavourable view. As of December 2020, Canadian public opinion on Vladimir Putin and Russia remains highly negative, with 62% of Canadians holding an unfavourable view of Russia. On 1 February 2022 rumours of open conflict were thick and a helpful list of Canadian sanctions tools was provided by consultant attorneys. There were then three pieces of secondary legislation that collectively formed the "Sanctions Regime": * Special Economic Measures (Russia) Regulations (SEMRR) * Special Economic Measures (Ukraine) Regulations (SEMUR) * Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials (Ukraine) Regulations (FACFOUR) Relations remained frosty until February 24, 2022, when they turned openly hostile after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Canada's government condemned the invasion, imposed punitive sanctions on Russian officials, banned Russian aircraft from its airspace, and imposed a total ban on Russian oil imports in response to the invasion. On 27 April 2022, Canadian lawmakers in the House of Commons voted to recognize Russia's actions in Ukraine as genocide. In response to the sanctions from Canada, Russia banned many Canadian officials from entering the country, including Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and several provincial premiers. Cultural relations ------------------ Culture has a high profile in Russia, where a rapidly developing market presents new opportunities for Canadian cultural goods and services. Specialized film festivals, book fairs, cultural expos, performances and exhibitions are widely attended and are seen as a conduit of social values. Canada's cultural relations with Russia are increasingly vibrant, particularly following former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson's state visit to Russia in the fall of 2003, when a delegation of prominent Canadians in the cultural field established lasting contacts with their Russian counterparts.[] Music of Russian romantic composers - notably Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninoff and, to a lesser degree, Glinka, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Scriabin, and Glazunov - has been extremely popular with Canadian audiences in the 20th century. The expatriate Stravinsky has been the dominant figure of Russian music after 1900, but several Soviet composers - notably Prokofiev, Shostakovich, and, less often, Kabalevsky - have been represented steadily on Canadian programs. Kabalevsky visited Canada in 1978 (and several times previously), but by that year neither early nor recent works of Canadian composers had been adopted into the Soviet repertoire, though Canadian artists occasionally had performed such works on visits to the USSR. Overtures have been made. In the fall of 1977, the composer Harry Somers and the Canadian Music Centre's John Peter Lee Roberts spent two weeks in the USSR meeting members of the Union of Soviet Composers, performers, and critics, and playing for them recordings of Canadian works. In 1978, in exchange, the Soviet composer and the pianist Andrei Eshpai visited the CMCentre. In 2004, the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg hosted works by Tom Thomson, the first exhibition devoted to a Canadian artist at the Hermitage. The Hermitage also had a very successful Jean-Paul Riopelle exhibit in the summer of 2006. In 2007 artist Jeff Wall exhibited at the Moscow Art Biennale in February; and over 40 nights of Canadian theatrical performances in Russia were staged by Robert Lepage, Compagnie Marie Chouinard, Cirque Eloize and Theatre Smith-Gilmour at the Chekhov Theatre Festival. The year 2007 also marks the 50th anniversary of Glenn Gould's tour of the Soviet Union in 1957. Canadian and Russian ice hockey players shake hands after a game for the 2017 Channel One Cup Canada and Russia share an ice hockey rivalry, resulting in a number of events played between their national ice hockey teams; including the 1972 Summit Series, and the 1974 Summit Series. The CHL Canada/Russia Series, a junior ice hockey tournament between players of the Canadian Hockey League and a select team from Russia, has been played annually since 2003. Economic relations ------------------ Growing domestic demand combined with vast natural resource wealth has made Russia a prime destination for the export of Canadian goods and services and for new Canadian foreign direct investment. To help facilitate closer economic ties between Canada and Russia, the governments of both countries participate in the Canada-Russia Intergovernmental Economic Commission (IEC). Working groups are active year-round in the areas of agri-food and agriculture, fuel and energy, construction and housing, mining, and the Arctic and North. The first-ever Canada-Russia Business Summit, organized jointly by Canada Eurasia Russia Business Association (CERBA) and the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), was held March 26–27, 2007, in Ottawa. This event successfully combined the 6th session of the Canada-Russia IEC, co-chaired by Minister Emerson and Russian Agriculture Minister Alexey Gordeyev, and the second meeting of the Canada-Russia Business Council (CRBC). Interest and attendance from both sides were high with over 300 participants including special guests Vladislav Tretyak, the famed Russian goalie in the 1972 Canada Russia hockey summit, now Duma member and co-chair of the Canada Russia Parliamentary Friendship Group. The most recent Canada-Russia Business Summit was organized in Ottawa on June 1, 2011, by CERBA, in coordination with the Government of Canada and the Government of Russia. The event was co-chaired on the government level by the Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov and the Canadian Minister of International Trade Edward Fast. The event brought together CEOs from major Canadian players in the Russian market as well as shareholders and top management from their leading Russian partners, who discussed bilateral trade and investment issues. June 1 was a prelude to the meetings of the Intergovernmental Economic Commission (IEC) on June 2. From the Russian side, among participants in the Council were: H.E. Georgiy Mamedov, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Canada; O. Betin, Head of the Tambov Oblast Administration; A. Krasnov, Executive Vice-President of the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games "Sochi 2014"; A. Dzhordzhadze, Deputy CEO, "2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia"; A. Tikhonov, First Deputy Chairman of the Board Vnesheconombank; A. Varichev, General Director of Holding Company METALLOINVEST JSC; Y. Kotliarov, General Manager, Moscow Branch Office, SNC-Lavalin; A. Sitnikov, SKOLKOVO; M. Lachinov, "Russian Venture Company"; D. Akhanov, RUSNANO and other representatives of government authorities and business circles. Among participants from Canada were: Joan Sloan, the Canadian Ambassador to the Russian Federation; Edward Fast, Minister of International Trade; Gerry Ritz, Minister of Agricultural; Nathan Hunt, Chairman of the National Board CERBA; David Paterson, Vice-President of the RIM-Blackberry; Chris Erickson, Partner of the Pangaea Ventures Ltd.; Andrew Cranston, Managing Partner KPMG; David Aylen, Managing Partner of the Gowlings International Inc.; Isabelle Des Chenes, Vice-President of the Forest Products Association of Canada; Michael McAdoo, Vice-President of the Bombardier Inc. and other representatives of government authorities and business circles. A significant number of positive developments occurred on both June 1 and 2 including partnerships and perspective agreements in the nanotechnology industry, aerospace, energy efficiency, construction, innovation and sports infrastructure. As of June 2022, due to Russia invading Ukraine on the 24th. of February 2022, Canada has imposed economic sanctions on Russia that will ban Canada from exporting services related to Russia's oil, gas, and chemical industries. These sanctions will act to have pressure to vacate territory that Canada recognizes as Ukrainian and occupied by Russian forces. Diplomatic relations -------------------- Further information: List of ambassadors of Canada to Russia and List of ambassadors of Russia to Canada Embassy of Canada in MoscowEmbassy of Russia in Ottawa Canada is officially represented in Russia by an Embassy in Moscow as well as an Honorary Consulate in Vladivostok. The Russian Federation maintains an Embassy in Ottawa, two consulates-general (in Toronto and Montreal), and an Honorary Consulate in Vancouver. The Canadian ambassador to Russia is Alison LeClaire, appointed in October 2019. Russia's ambassador to Canada is Alexander Darchiev. ### Membership in international organizations Both countries cooperate in a number of bilateral and multilateral programs including the UN, APEC, and NATO-Russia Council. Active bilateral cooperation between the two countries began more than 35 years ago. Through the Arctic and North Working Group of the Canada-Russia IEC, both countries work together to develop a forward-looking agenda on northern cooperation. The Canadian International Development Agency's Russia Program, established in 1991, is a concrete demonstration of Canada's long term commitment to assist the process of reform and transition in Russia. The overall goal of the programme is to support the establishment of a stable, prosperous and democratic Russia with a well-developed market economy and efficient, responsive institutions. Both countries are also members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the International Ice Hockey Federation in which both states enjoyed a rivalry in ice hockey. Russian intelligence operations in Canada ----------------------------------------- Main article: Russian influence operations in Canada Operations that have been documented include: * According to Christopher Andrew's and Vasili Mitrokhin's book based on the Mitrokhin archive, the USSR's KGB probably established contact with Canadian terrorist group Front de libération du Québec (FLQ). John Barron also mentions an agreement between KGB and Cuba, referring to the FLQ in April 1970. Hugh Hambleton was established in Quebec in 1964 when Quebec established closer relations with France. * The KGB was concerned that FLQ's terrorist attacks could be linked to the Soviet Union. It designed a disinformation campaign and forged documents to portray FLQ as a CIA false flag operation. A photocopy of the forged "CIA document" was "leaked" to Montreal Star in September 1971. The operation was so successful that Canada's Prime Minister believed that the CIA had conducted operations in Canada. The story was still quoted in the 1990s, even among academic authors. * Russian government agents have a record of using Canadian passports and identities (either genuine, or false), as, in recent history, evidenced by the cases of Elena Miller, 'Paul Hampel' (2006) and some members of the group of Russian sleeper agents ("Illegals Program") arrested in the US June 2010. One of the best-known Soviet 'illegals' to have used a stolen Canadian identity as his cover for conducting espionage in the UK was Konon Molody (*Gordon Arnold Lonsdale*; 1922–1970).

German physician (1715–1762) **Dorothea Christiane Erxleben** (13 November 1715 – 13 June 1762) was a German doctor who became the first female doctor of medicinal science in Germany. Early life ---------- Dorothea was born on 13 November 1715, in the small town of Quedlinburg, Germany to the town’s progressive doctor, physician Christian Polycarp Leporin. Her father noticed her excelling at her schoolwork early on in life as well as her general brightness and arranged for Dorothea to be tutored in Latin, math and the sciences alongside her brother Tobias. When asked about his daughter’s studies, Christian Polycarp Leporin was noted as saying that gifted women’s talents are being wasted in the kitchen. The new ideas of age of enlightenment such as the values of Germany’s Burgertum had been embraced by the Leporin family, which led to Christian’s belief that both of his children should receive the best education possible. Tobias planned to study medicine at the University of Halle, and so Dorothea followed him. At the time, women had to receive special permission to attend university, so Dorothea’s father petitioned King Frederick the Great of Prussia to allow her entry into the University of Halle. Frederick the Great approved this request in April of 1741.[] University years and marriage ----------------------------- Dorothea’s admission into university was both criticized and admired. Critics like Johann Rhetius, a pamphleteer, argued that women were by law forbidden to practice medicine and therefore earning a degree in such a field would be a waste of time. Although Dorothea never publicly remarked on the controversy behind women’s education, she began to write her arguments and opinions on the topic down on paper, which were later published in 1742 as a book titled *A Thorough Inquiry into the Causes Preventing the Female Sex from Studying*. Her book argued for Germany to take advantage of the talents of half of its population, while her father Christian wrote a foreword that described the need for reform in Germany’s universities and how the admittance of women would spur this long-needed change. Despite her admittance, Dorothea decided to postpone her university studies at the age of 26 to marry Johann Christian Erxleben, a widower who already had five children from his previous marriage. Their marriage was a generally happy one, and Dorothea went on to have four children with Johann over the next few years. Despite being busy at home for years managing her nine children, Dorothea was able to continue her medical studies at a slower pace. Dorothea’s main influence in her life and career was Laura Bassi, an Italian physicist and academic who was the first woman in the world to be a professor at a university, the University of Bologna in her case. Career ------ House in Quedlinburg where Dorothea Erxleben lived and worked In 1747, her father died and her husband's health began to deteriorate, leaving the Leporin family with serious debts. To pay off these debts, Dorothea began to practice medicine in Quedlinburg even without a degree, and became highly respected by the town. However, some of the local physicians felt their monopoly on medicine was being threatened and filed a law suit against Dorothea, charging her with medical quackery. The case rose through the courts and was brought before Frederick the Great in January 1754. The king ruled that Erxleben would have to pass an examination and submit a dissertation at the University of Halle, and with the support of the university's rector, Dorothea did just that. Dorothea’s medical inaugural dissertation was titled *Concerning the Swift and Pleasant but for that Reason less than Full Cure of Illnesses*, in which she argued that doctors were too quick to prescribe unnecessary cures. She stated that doctors intervened too quickly to prescribe medicines like opiates for illnesses that did not require them and made several suggestions regarding the proper use of purgatives, best interventions to promote menstruation and urination, as well as the correct usage and dosage of opiates. Erxleben's dissertation quickly spread throughout Germany, particularly among women with health problems, and Erxleben even translated the dissertation from Latin into German to make it more accessible to the poor. On 12 June 1754, Dorothea Erxleben received her M.D. degree, becoming the first woman in Germany to do so. She spent the rest of her life practicing medicine in her hometown of Quedlinburg. She died on 13 June 1762. Legacy ------ For nearly 150 years, German medical history did not see another woman. Only in the early 20th century would women once again become admitted into German medical schools. However, she is still a pioneer in this field for women and for her ideas about opiates and the proper use of medicines. Clinics and foundations have been named after her and on 17 September 1987, the German Federal Post Office issued a 60 pfennig postage stamp for the purpose of honoring Dorothea as part of its stamp series "The Women of German History". On 13 November 2015, Google celebrated her 300th birthday with a Google Doodle. Sources ------- * Howard, Sethanne (2007). "SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science". *Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences*. **93** (1): 1–15. JSTOR 24536249. * Poeter, Elisabeth (2008). "Gender, Religion, and Medicine in Enlightenment Germany: Dorothea Christiane Leporin's Treatise on the Education of Women". *NWSA Journal*. **20** (1): 99–119. JSTOR 40071254. * Schiebinger, Londa (1990). "The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science". *Eighteenth-Century Studies*. **23** (4): 387–405. doi:10.2307/2739176. JSTOR 2739176. * "The First Lady Doctor". *The British Medical Journal*. **1** (2416): 952. 1907. JSTOR 20294024. * Markau, Kornelia (2006). *Dorothea Christiana Erxleben (1715 – 1762): Die erste promovierte Ärztin Deutschlands. Eine Analyse ihrer lateinischen Promotionsschrift sowie der ersten deutschen Übersetzung* (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in German). Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. doi:10.25673/2555. Further reading --------------- * Ludwig, H. (September 2012). "Dorothea Christiana Erxleben (1715–1762): Erste promovierte Ärztin in Deutschland". *Der Gynäkologe*. **45** (9): 732–734. doi:10.1007/s00129-012-3031-8. * Bolter, Christina (December 2002). *Dorothea Erxleben: Eighteenth-Century Role Model for Today's Working Parent* (Thesis). hdl:10125/7060. | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | | --- | | International | * FAST * ISNI * VIAF | | National | * Norway * Germany * United States * Czech Republic * Australia * Netherlands | | People | * Deutsche Biographie * Trove | | Other | * IdRef |

***Diplomatarium Norvegicum*** is a series of books containing the texts of documents and letters from Norway older than 1590, verbatim and in the original language. The series consists of 22 volumes, containing the texts of approximately 20,000 documents. The first volume was published in 1848 at the initiative of historian Christian C. A. Lange (1810–1861), who served as the national archivist of Norway (*Riksarkivar*). The work of transcribing the sources continued for over a hundred years until 1972. The oldest document is from approximately 1050, but the great mass of documents are from after 1300. The language in most of the letters is Old Norse, Old Norwegian, or Old Danish. Some letters, particularly connected with the Church or international correspondence are in Latin. *Diplomatarium Norvegicum* (commonly abbreviated DN) is an indispensable source for historians of Norwegian medieval history from approximately 1300. The series has also been published as a searchable database on the internet.

American politician William S. Irvine's photo, from the 1903 edition of the Wisconsin Blue Book. **William Stephens Irvine** (March 18, 1851 – November, 1942) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Biography --------- Irvine was born on March 18, 1851, in Lona Cora, Maryland. He came with his parents to Wisconsin in 1852, settling in Trempealeau County. He moved to Clark County in 1870, and began farming there in 1873. Irvine was also in the lumber business. He represented his town, the town of Beaver and county board for 16 years, was a tax assessor for four years, and was appointed tax commissioner for Eau Claire County for the year 1901. Irvine was also chairman of the town board (similar to city council) and served on the school board. Career ------ He was elected as a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1902, receiving 2,561 votes against 1,679 votes cast for Richard B. Slater (Dem.), and 167 votes for Wilbur Cutts (Pro.). Irvine was re-elected in 1904. Later, he served five terms as Sergeant-at-Arms of the Assembly.

Petrol retailer in the United Kingdom **Motor Fuel Limited** (trading as **Motor Fuel Group** and **MFG**) is a British operator of filling stations, convenience stores and food service providers in the United Kingdom, founded by Sharad Mohanlal Raja and Sailesh Ranchhoddas Sejpal in 2004. As of March 2024, the group is the UK's largest independent forecourt provider. The company is currently based in St Albans and is owned by Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, who also own the Morrisons supermarket chain. History ------- The former Q8 brand in Yorkshire. The company formed via a series of mergers of smaller operators. Malthurst acquired 75 sites branded Q8 from Kuwait Petroleum Corporation in 2004. Malthurst and Refined Holdings (which used the Pace brand) merged into MRH. MFG acquired MRH with its 500 sites in 2018. In 2020, the group had revenue of £3,308 million, with an operating profit of £249 million. The former Pace brand in Warwickshire. In September 2021, the group opened electric vehicle charging forecourts at its Putney and Stretford sites. In December 2022, the group was awarded joint-best UK charging network by Zap-Map users. By September 2023, the group had opened over 500 electric vehicle chargers across its network. As of March 2024, the group's food service provider deals include McDonald's, Burger King, Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Subway, Greggs, and Pret a Manger. The group also has deals with BP, Esso, Shell, Texaco, JET, Murco and EV Power.

**Structural synthesis of programs** (SSP) is a special form of (automatic) program synthesis that is based on propositional calculus. More precisely, it uses intuitionistic logic for describing the structure of a program in such a detail that the program can be automatically composed from pieces like subroutines or even computer commands. It is assumed that these pieces have been implemented correctly, hence no correctness verification of these pieces is needed. SSP is well suited for automatic composition of services for service-oriented architectures and for synthesis of large simulation programs. History ------- Automatic program synthesis began in the artificial intelligence field, with software intended for automatic problem solving. The first program synthesizer was developed by Cordell Green in 1969. At about the same time, mathematicians including R. Constable, Z. Manna, and R. Waldinger explained the possible use of formal logic for automatic program synthesis. Practically applicable program synthesizers appeared considerably later. The idea of structural synthesis of programs was introduced at a conference on algorithms in modern mathematics and computer science organized by Andrey Ershov and Donald Knuth in 1979. The idea originated from G. Pólya’s well-known book on problem solving. The method for devising a plan for solving a problem in SSP was presented as a formal system. The inference rules of the system were restructured and justified in logic by G. Mints and E. Tyugu in 1982. A programming tool PRIZ that uses SSP was developed in the 1980s. A recent Integrated development environment that supports SSP is CoCoViLa — a model-based software development platform for implementing domain specific languages and developing large Java programs. The logic of SSP ---------------- Structural synthesis of programs is a method for composing programs from already implemented components (e.g. from computer commands or software object methods) that can be considered as functions. A specification for synthesis is given in intuitionistic propositional logic by writing axioms about the applicability of functions. An axiom about the applicability of a function *f* is a logical implication *X*1 ∧ *X*2 ∧ ... ∧ *Xm* → *Y*1 ∧ *Y*2 ... *Yn*, where *X*1, *X*2, ... *Xm* are preconditions and *Y*1, *Y*2, ... *Yn* are postconditions of the application of the function *f*. In intuitionistic logic, the function *f* is called a realization of this formula. A precondition can be a proposition stating that input data exists, e.g. *Xi* may have the meaning "variable *xi* has received a value", but it may denote also some other condition, e.g. that resources needed for using the function *f* are available, etc. A precondition may also be an implication of the same form as the axiom given above; then it is called a subtask. A subtask denotes a function that must be available as an input when the function *f* is applied. This function itself must be synthesized in the process of SSP. In this case, realization of the axiom is a higher order function, i.e. a function that uses another function as an input. For instance, the formula (*state* → *nextState*) ∧ *initialState* → *result* can specify a higher order function with two inputs and an output *result*. The first input is a function that has to be synthesized for computing *nextState* from *state*, and the second input is *initialState*. Higher order functions give generality to the SSP – any control structure needed in a synthesized program can be preprogrammed and used then automatically with a respective specification. In particular, the last axiom presented here is a specification of a complex program – a simulation engine for simulating dynamic systems on models where *nextState* can be computed from *state* of the system.

Norwegian footballer (born 1972) **Jon Olav Hjelde** (born 30 July 1972) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a central defender. Career ------ Born in Levanger, Hjelde began his career at his local team Vuku, which competed in the Norwegian Third Division. He joined Rosenborg in 1994, becoming backup to the team's regular central defenders Erik Hoftun and Bjørn Otto Bragstad. Despite not being a regular in the Rosenborg side, he played in the club's historic 1996–97 UEFA Champions League group-stage win over A.C. Milan at the San Siro that eliminated the Italians, and featured in the quarter-final first-leg draw against previous-season Champions League winners Juventus. The two performances caused the squad to be nicknamed the "Heroes of Milan", and scouts from across Europe became interested in Rosenborg players, including Hjelde. Although Italian club Bari attempted to sign Hjelde in 1997, he instead accepted a late offer from Nottingham Forest. He soon became a regular in Forest's first-team, where he played for six seasons. Hjelde moved to South Korea in 2003 to join former Asian Club Championship and Afro-Asian Club Championship winners Busan I'cons, despite interest from Stoke City manager Tony Pulis. Busan had once been a dominant K League side, but due to a change in ownership ahead of the 2000 season, triggered by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the club suffered from a reduced budget. Busan manager Ian Porterfield, famous during his earlier playing career for scoring the winning goal of the 1973 FA Cup Final, signed three out-of-contract players from English football in mid-2003, including Hjelde. Hjelde played the latter-half of the 2003 K League season for Busan, but didn't feature in the 2004 season due to a knee injury, and was released by Busan in mid-2004. Hjelde's time playing in South Korea is documented in the book, *Who Ate All the Squid?: Football Adventures in South Korea*. He rejoined Forest after one year in Korea, but played only sporadically and was released at the end of the 2004–05 season. At this point, Hjelde considered moving back to Norway, but instead signed a one-year deal with Forest's lower-league neighbours Mansfield Town in the summer of 2005. He played regularly for the Stags, forming a defensive team alongside Alex Baptiste. Hjelde indicated that he would move back to Norway at the end of the 2005–06 season, but later changed his mind, and signed a new one-year contract with the Stags. In May 2007, he retired from football. Personal life ------------- Hjelde's son, Leo Hjelde, is also a footballer, playing for EFL Championship club Sunderland AFC and the Norway U19 national team.

American composer, pianist and art critic For other people named Sam Barlow, see Sam Barlow (disambiguation). **Samuel Latham Mitchell Barlow II** (June 1, 1892 – September 19, 1982) was an American composer, pianist and art critic. His compositional style was conservative and he once said that he wrote "tunes that wouldn't shock Papa Brahms." But, his music frequently explored new performance techniques and practices; in addition, he used slide projections to accompany his 1936 symphonic concerto *Babar*. Early life ---------- Born in New York City, Samuel Latham Mitchell Barlow was the second son of Peter Townsend Barlow, a New York City magistrate, and his wife Virginia Louise (Matthews). Her brother was author Brander Matthews. Barlow was named after his paternal grandfather, a prominent Wall Street attorney. Samuel's older brother, Edward Mitchell Barlow, was named after their maternal grandfather, a successful merchant. Edward Barlow died in 1901 at the age of thirteen. Samuel Barlow graduated with the Harvard Class of 1914. He studied at the Institute of Musical Art (Juilliard School) in New York City, under Percy Goetschius and Franklin Robinson, and later in Paris with Isidor Philipp at the Paris Conservatoire, and in Rome with Ottorino Respighi at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. During the First World War, he put his music studies on hold while serving as a lieutenant with US Army Intelligence. Career ------ Early in his career, Samuel Barlow taught at Settlement schools, contributed to the literary journal *North American Review*, and served as the first chairman of the New York City Community Chorus. Beginning in 1917, it presented free concerts on Sunday afternoons at Central Park. In 1935 Barlow became the first American composer to have an opera presented at the Opéra-Comique in Paris; the opera house staged his one-act work *Mon Ami Pierrot*. The opera was based on the life of Jean-Baptiste Lully and used a French-language libretto by Sacha Guitry. The opera was well received, and he was awarded the prestigious Légion d'honneur for his achievement. The following year the Philadelphia Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski performed his *Concerto for Magic Lantern and Symphony Orchestra*, Barlow's adaptation of the French children's book, *Babar the Elephant*. In 1937 Barlow contributed music to the Broadway Musical *Amphitryon*, starring Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne. Barlow composed one other opera, *Amanda*, which was never performed. He wrote a number of orchestral and chamber music pieces. His compositional style was conservative for his day, and he once stated that he wrote "tunes that wouldn't shock Papa Brahms." He frequently explored new performance techniques and practices in his music. In addition, he used slide projections to accompany his adaptation of *Babar*. Barlow lived much of his life in New York City, where he promoted classical music in various civic and professional organizations for several decades. He was the first chairman of the New York City Community Chorus. He was also a regular contributor to the journal *Modern Music,* published by the American League of Composers. In the 1950s he served as the President of the board of the American Opera Society. Marriages --------- Portrait of Ernesta Beaux by William Bruce Ellis Ranken, 1933 Samuel L. M. Barlow married Evelyn Harris Brown on April 25, 1916, at New York City. Evelyn, a noted diseuse who had performed on both sides of the Atlantic, had previously been married to Herbert Pomeroy Brown, a Wall Street broker. Their only child, daughter Audrey Townsend, was born in 1917. Their marriage ended eight years later in Paris. Evelyn was granted a divorce on grounds of abandonment. Barlow married again on May 10, 1928, to Aimee Ernesta Drinker, then called Ernesta Beaux. She had previously been married to Ambassador William C. Bullitt. Ernesta was the daughter of Sturgis Drinker, one-time president of Lehigh University, and his wife, and descended from a family that traced its Philadelphia roots to the colonial period of William Penn. As a child her beauty caught the eye of her aunt, painter Cecilia Beaux, and Ernesta became the subject of a number of her paintings. After her divorce from Ambassador Bullitt, Drinker changed her name to Ernesta Beaux. She married Samuel Barlow at her aunt Cecilia's New York residence. At the time of their marriage, Ernesta was an interior decorator. She became well known on the national lecture circuit and as a writer, commenting on numerous social issues of the day. During World War II, she discussed drafting women for national service. Barlow Chateau at Èze --------------------- In the early 1920s Samuel Barlow fell in love with a charming French medieval village discovered while vacationing along the Mediterranean, midway between Nice and Monaco. Èze occupies a pinnacle of rock some 1,400 feet (430 meters) above Cape Ferrat on the French Riviera. On a clear day one could see the peaks of Corsica to the south and virtually all the Riviera westward toward Toulon. After discussions with the village mayor, Barlow received permission to purchase a dozen or so houses that were clinging to the cliff's side. Over the next few years, Barlow demolished them to build a picturesque estate on the large site. it blended in with the surrounding architecture. He made it a family retreat and a mecca for artists and intellectuals. Death ----- Samuel Latham Mitchell Barlow died on September 19, 1982, at the age of 90 at the Springfield Retirement Residence in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania. He was survived by his daughter, Mrs. Audrey Orndorff. His wife Ernesta Beaux Barlow had died the year before, at the age of 89. Works ----- *Partial* * *3 Songs from the Chinese* (voice and ensemble, 1924) * *Vocalise* (1926) * *Alba* (symphonic poem, 1927) * *Ballo Sardo* (ballet, 1928) * *Circus Overture* (1930) * *Piano Concerto* (1931) * *Scherzo* (string quartet, 1933) * *Spanish Quarter* (piano, 1933) * *Mon ami Pierrot* (opera, 1934) * *Biedermeier Waltzes* (1935) * *Babar* (symphonic concerto, 1936) * *Amanda* (opera, 1936) * *Aphitryon 38* (incidental music, 1937) * *Leda* (1939) * *Sousa ad Parnassum* (1939) * *Conversation with Tchekhov* (piano trio, 1940) * *Jardin de La Notre* (piano)

16th-century Italian Renaissance architect of the Republic of Venice "Palladio" redirects here. For other uses, see Palladio (disambiguation). **Andrea Palladio** (/pəˈlɑːdioʊ/ *pə-LAH-dee-oh*; Italian: [anˈdrɛːa palˈlaːdjo]; 30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580) was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Venetian Republic. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily Vitruvius, is widely considered to be one of the most influential individuals in the history of architecture. While he designed churches and palaces, he was best known for country houses and villas. His teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, *The Four Books of Architecture*, gained him wide recognition. The city of Vicenza, with its 23 buildings designed by Palladio, and 24 Palladian villas of the Veneto are listed by UNESCO as part of a World Heritage Site named City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto. The churches of Palladio are to be found within the "Venice and its Lagoon" UNESCO World Heritage Site. Biography and major works ------------------------- Palladio was born on 30 November 1508 in Padua and was given the name **Andrea di Pietro della Gondola**. His father, Pietro, called "della Gondola", was a miller. From an early age, Andrea Palladio was introduced into the work of building. When he was thirteen, his father arranged for him to be an apprentice stonecutter for a period of six years in the workshop of Bartolomeo Cavazza da Sossano, a noted sculptor, whose projects included the altar in the Basilica del Carmine in Padua. Bartolomeo Cavazza is said to have imposed particularly hard working conditions: Palladio fled the workshop in April 1523 and went to Vicenza, but was forced to return to fulfill his contract. In 1524, when his contract was finished, he moved permanently to Vicenza, where he resided for most of his life. He became an assistant to a prominent stonecutter and stonemason, Giovanni di Giacomo da Porlezza in Pedemuro San Biagio, where he joined the guild of stonemasons and bricklayers. He was employed as a stonemason to make monuments and decorative sculptures. His career was unexceptional until 1538–1539; when he had reached the age of thirty, he was employed by the humanist poet and scholar Gian Giorgio Trissino to rebuild his residence, the Villa Trissino at Cricoli. Trissino was deeply engaged in the study of ancient Roman architecture, particularly the work of Vitruvius, which had become available in print in 1486. In 1540, Palladio received the formal title of architect. In 1541, he made a first trip to Rome, accompanied by Trissino, to see the classical monuments first-hand. He took another, longer trip to Rome with Trissino from the autumn of 1545 to the first months of 1546, and then another trip in 1546–1547. He also visited and studied the Roman works in Tivoli, Palestrina and Albano. Trissino exposed Palladio to the history and arts of Rome, which gave him inspiration for his future buildings. In 1554 he would publish guides to the city's ancient monuments and churches. Trissino also gave him the name by which he became known, Palladio, an allusion to the Greek goddess of wisdom Pallas Athene and to a character in a play by Trissino. The word *Palladio* means *Wise one*. ### Early villas * One of the first works by Palladio, Villa Godi (begun 1537)One of the first works by Palladio, Villa Godi (begun 1537) * Hall of the Muses of the Villa Godi (1537–1542)Hall of the Muses of the Villa Godi (1537–1542) * Villa Piovene (1539)Villa Piovene (1539) * Villa Pisani, Bagnolo (1542)Villa Pisani, Bagnolo (1542) His earliest work is held to be an addition to Villa Trissino at Cricoli, built before his first trip to Rome. The earliest of his villas is generally considered to be the Villa Godi (begun 1537). This design already showed the originality of Palladio's conception. A central block is flanked by two wings; the central block is recessed and the two wings are advanced and more prominent. Inside the central block, the *piano nobile* or main floor opened onto a loggia with a triple arcade, reached by a central stairway. On the reverse of the building, the rounded gallery projects outward to the garden. Palladio made numerous changes and additions over the years, adding lavish frescoes framed by classical columns in the Hall of the Muses of the Villa Godi in the 1550s. In his early works in Vicenza in the 1540s, he sometimes emulated the work of his predecessor Giulio Romano, but in doing so he added his own ideas and variations. An example was the Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza, which Romano had begun but which, after Romano's death, Palladio completed. It was his first construction of a large town house. He used Romano's idea for windows framed by stone *corbeaux*, a ladder of stone blocks, but Palladio gave the heavy facade a new lightness and grace. Several other villas of this time are attributed to Palladio, including the Villa Piovene (1539) and Villa Pisani (1542). Of the Villa Pisani, only the central structure of the original plan remains. The loggia is opened by three arcades beneath a frieze, beneath a pediment. The interior of the main hall has a barrel-vaulted ceiling lavishly decorated with murals of mythological themes. ### Urban palaces One of the most important works of his early Vicenza period is the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza (1546), the palace of the city government. Palladio called it "Basilica", explaining that the functions and form of a modern city hall resembled those of an ancient Roman Basilica. He did not construct the building from the ground up, but added two-story loggias to the exterior of an older building, which had been finished in 1459. For the facade, Palladio made use of two levels of arcades with rounded arches and columns, which opened the exterior of the building to the interior courtyard. The arcades were divided by columns and small circular windows (*oculi*), with a variety and richness of decorative detail. The building was not completed until 1617, after Palladio's death. Its design had a notable influence on many buildings across Europe, from Portugal to Germany. * Palazzo Thiene (1542–1558), (begun by Giulio Romano, revised and completed by Palladio)Palazzo Thiene (1542–1558), (begun by Giulio Romano, revised and completed by Palladio) * Facade of the Basilica Palladiana (begun 1546)Facade of the Basilica Palladiana (begun 1546) * Ground floor and entrance stairway of the Basilica PalladianaGround floor and entrance stairway of the Basilica Palladiana * Upper level loggia of the Basilica PalladianaUpper level loggia of the Basilica Palladiana ### Variations of the urban palace Palazzo Chiericati (begun in 1550) was another urban palace, built on a city square near the port in Vicenza. It was constructed after the Palazzo della Ragione, but it was very different in its plan and decoration. The two-story facade with a double loggia was divided into eleven spaces by rows of Doric columns, while a Doric cornice separated the lower level from the more important *piano nobile* above. The original plan of Palladio had the upper level identical to the lower level, but the owners wanted more space for ceremonies, so the central section on the *piano nobile* was brought forward and given windows with decorative frontons, doubling the interior space. The Palazzo del Capitaniato, the offices of the Venetian governor of the region, is a later variation on the urban palace, built in Vicenza facing the Basilica Palladiana, and the finest of his late urban palaces. The four brick half-columns on the facade give a strong element of verticality, carefully balanced by the horizontal balustrades on the *piano nobile*, and on the projecting cornice at the top. The red brick of the walls and columns and the white stone of the balustrades and bases of the columns give another contrast. The facade was later given stucco sculptural decoration in the Mannerist style, which has considerably deteriorated. * Palazzo Chiericati (1550) in VicenzaPalazzo Chiericati (1550) in Vicenza * Palazzo del Capitaniato (1565–1572)Palazzo del Capitaniato (1565–1572) ### Classical studies The success of the Basilica Palladiana propelled Palladio into the top ranks of the architects of Northern Italy. He had travelled to Rome in 1549, hoping to become a Papal architect, but the death of Pope Paul III ended that ambition. His patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, died in 1550, but in the same year Palladio gained a new supporter, the powerful Venetian aristocrat Daniele Barbaro. Through Barbaro he became known to the major aristocratic families of Northern Italy. In addition to the Barbaros, the aristocratic Cornaro, Foscari, and Pisani families supported Palladio's career, while he continued to construct a series of magnificent villas and palaces in Vicenza in his new classical style, including the Palazzo Chiericati in Vicenza, the Villa Pisani in Montagnana, and the Villa Cornaro in Piombino Dese. Cardinal Barbaro brought Palladio to Rome and encouraged him to publish his studies of classical architecture. In 1554, he published the first of a series of books, *Antiquities of Rome*. He continued to compile and write his architectural studies, lavishly illustrated, which were published in full form in 1570 as *I quattro libri dell'architettura* (*The Four Books of Architecture*), in Venice. These books, reprinted in different languages and circulated widely in Europe, secured his reputation as the most influential figure in the renewal of classical architecture, a reputation which only continued to grow after his death. * The front page of I quattro libri dell'architettura (The Four Books of Architecture) (1642 edition)The front page of *I quattro libri dell'architettura* (*The Four Books of Architecture)* (1642 edition) ### Rustic-suburban villas The type of villa invented by Palladio at the Villa Cornaro (begun 1553), located at Piombino Dese near Padua, was a mixture of *villa rustica* (country house), designed for country living, and a suburban villa, designed for entertaining and impressing. The distinction between the two parts was clearly expressed in the architecture. The central block is nearly square, with two low wings. The rear facade facing the garden has a spacious loggia, or covered terrace, supported by independent columns, on both the ground level and above on the *piano nobile*. The front facade facing the road has the same plan but with narrower loggias. The Hall of the Four Columns, the grand salon, could be entered by a grand stairway from either the front or back of the house. It has a very high ceiling, creating a large cubic space, and a roof supported by four Doric columns. Palladio placed niches in the walls of this salon, which were later filled with full-length statues of the ancestors of the owner. The more rustic functions of the house were carried on in the adjoining wings. * Villa Cornaro (begun 1553) combined rustic living and an imposing space for formal entertainingVilla Cornaro (begun 1553) combined rustic living and an imposing space for formal entertaining * The Hall of the Four ColumnsThe Hall of the Four Columns * Plan of the Villa CornaroPlan of the Villa Cornaro ### Suburban villas The suburban villa was a particular type of building, a house near a city designed primarily for entertaining. Villa Barbaro (begun 1557) at Maser was an imposing suburban villa, built for the brothers Marcantonio and Daniele Barbaro, who were respectively occupied with politics and religious affairs in the Veneto, or Venice region. The long facade was perfectly balanced. The interior, following the professions of the brothers, had both classical and religious motifs. The central hall, The Hall of Olympus on the ground floor, was decorated with Roman gods and goddesses, but when one mounted the stairs, the long upper floor was in the form of a cross and Christian images predominate. The villa also has a series of remarkable frescos and ceiling paintings by Paolo Veronese combining mythical themes with scenes of everyday life. Behind the villa, Palladio created a remarkable nymphaeum, or Roman fountain, with statues of the gods and goddesses of the major rivers of Italy. The most famous suburban villa constructed by Palladio was the Villa Capra "La Rotonda", not far from Vicenza, begun in 1566 for Count Paolo Almerico, the canon of Pope Pius IV and Pope Pius V. The site is on a gentle wooded hilltop, with views of the countryside in all directions. The villa is perfectly symmetrical, with four identical facades with porticos around the domed centre. The height of the base is exactly the height of the attic, and the width of each portico exactly half the length of the facade. The interior frescos were painted by Ludovico Dorigny in 1680–1687, and were not part of Palladio's plan. The building was especially influential, particularly in England and the United States, where it inspired "Neo-Palladianist" buildings such as Mereworth Castle (1724) in Kent and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in Virginia (1772). * The Villa Barbaro in Maser (begun 1557)The Villa Barbaro in Maser (begun 1557) * The Nymphaeum of the Villa BarbaroThe Nymphaeum of the Villa Barbaro * Detail of the Hall of Olympus, with frescoes by Paolo VeroneseDetail of the Hall of Olympus, with frescoes by Paolo Veronese * Villa Capra "La Rotonda" (begun 1566) Villa Capra "La Rotonda" (begun 1566) * Palladio's plan of the Villa in I quattro libri dell'architettura, 1570Palladio's plan of the Villa in *I quattro libri dell'architettura*, 1570 Villa Foscari, also known as "La Malcontenta" for the name of the suburban village near Venice where it is located, faces the Brenta Canal and for this reason, unlike his other villas, it faces south to the canal. The villa is set upon a large base, and the central portico is flanked by two stairways. The upper and lower borders of the *piano nobile* are clearly indicated on the facade by darker reddish bands of stone. The same reddish border outlines the pediment over the portico and the attic, and appears on the rear facade. In another departure from traditional villas, the front doors lead directly into the main salon. The salon is let by a virtual wall of glass around the doorway of the south facade. The exterior and interior are closely integrated; the same classical elements own the facade, the columns and pediments, reappear in the interior, decorated with *trompe-l'œil* murals on the walls and ceiling. * North facade of Villa Foscari, facing the Brenta CanalNorth facade of Villa Foscari, facing the Brenta Canal * Interior decoration of grotesques on salon ceiling of Villa FoscariInterior decoration of grotesques on salon ceiling of Villa Foscari * South facade of Villa Foscari, with the large windows that illuminate the main salonSouth facade of Villa Foscari, with the large windows that illuminate the main salon ### Churches Daniele Barbaro and his younger brother Marcantonio introduced Palladio to Venice, where he developed his own style of religious architecture, distinct from and equally original as that of his villas. His first project in Venice was the cloister of the church of Santa Maria della Carità (1560–1561), followed by the refectory and then the interior of the San Giorgio Monastery (1560–1562). His style was rather severe compared with the traditional lavishness of Venetian Renaissance architecture. San Georgio Maggiore was later given a new facade by Vincenzo Scamozzi (1610), which integrated it more closely into the Venetian skyline. The original rigorous, perfectly balanced interior is the original work of Palladio. In 1570, he was formally named "Proto della Serenissima" (chief architect of the Republic of Venice), following Jacopo Sansovino. * Nave of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice (1565)Nave of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice (1565) * Il Redentore Church in Venice (1576)*Il Redentore* Church in Venice (1576) * Interior of Il Redentore Church in Venice (1576)Interior of *Il Redentore* Church in Venice (1576) ### Last church The Tempieto Barbaro, built at the end of his life, was one of his most accomplished works. It was begun in 1580 as an addition to the Villa Barbaro at Maser. It unites two classical forms, a circle and a Greek cross. The facade features a particularly imposing classical portico, like that of the Pantheon in Rome, placed before two tall bell towers, before an even higher cupola, which covers the church itself. The effect is to draw the eye upward, level by level. Inside, the circular interior is surrounded by eight half columns and niches with statues. An open balustrade runs around the top of the interior wall, concealing the base of the dome itself, making it appear that the dome is suspended in the air. This idea would be adopted frequently in later Baroque churches. He achieves a perfect balance between the circle and the cross, and the horizontal and vertical elements, both on the facade and in the interior. * Plan by Ottavio Bertotti ScamozziPlan by Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi * Facade of the Tempietto BarbaroFacade of the Tempietto Barbaro * Section of the Tempietto Barbaro, drawn by Scamozzi (1783)Section of the Tempietto Barbaro, drawn by Scamozzi (1783) ### Last work The final work of Palladio was the Teatro Olimpico in the Piazza Matteotti in Vicenza, built for the theatrical productions of the Olympic Society of Vicenza, of which Palladio was a member. He was asked to produce a design and model, and construction began in February 1580. The back wall of the stage was in the form of an enormous triumphal arch divided into three levels, and three portals through which actors could appear and disappear. This wall was lavishly decorated with columns and niches filled with statuary. The view through the arches gave the illusion of looking down classical streets. The painted ceiling was designed to give the illusion of sitting under an open sky. Behind the hemicycle of seats Palladio placed a row of Corinthian columns. Palladio died on 19 August 1580, not long after the work was begun. It was completed, with a number of modifications, by Vincenzo Scamozzi and inaugurated in 1584 with a performance of the tragedy *Oedipus Rex* by Sophocles. * Stage with scenery designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, who completed the theatre after the death of PalladioStage with scenery designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi, who completed the theatre after the death of Palladio * Stage and seating of his last work, the Teatro Olimpico (1584)Stage and seating of his last work, the Teatro Olimpico (1584) Personal life ------------- Very little is known of Palladio's personal life. Documents show that he received a dowry in April 1534 from the family of his wife, Allegradonna, the daughter of a carpenter. They had four sons: Leonida, Marcantonio, Orazio and Silla, and a daughter, Zenobia. Two of the sons, Leonida and Orzzio, died during a short period in 1572, greatly affecting their father. He died on 19 August 1580 at either Vicenza or Maser, and was buried in the church of Santa Corona in Vicenza. In 1844, a new tomb was built in a chapel dedicated to him in that cemetery. Although all of his buildings are found in a relatively small corner of Italy, they had an influence far beyond. They particularly inspired neoclassical architects in Britain and in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries. While he designed churches and urban palaces, his plans for villas and country houses were particularly admired and copied. His books with their detailed illustrations and plans were especially influential. His first book, *L'Antichida di Roma* (*Antiquities of Rome*) was published in 1554. He then made architectural drawings to illustrate a book by his patron, Daniele Barbaro, a commentary on Vitruvius. His most famous work was *I quattro libri dell'architettura* (*The Four Books of Architecture*), published in 1570, which set out rules others could follow. The first book includes studies of decorative styles, classical orders, and materials. He illustrated a rich variety of columns, arcades, pediments, pilasters and other details which were soon adapted and copied. The second book included Palladio's town and country house designs and classical reconstructions. The third book had bridge and basilica designs, city planning designs, and classical halls. The fourth book included information on the reconstruction of ancient Roman temples. The books were translated into many languages, and went through many editions, well into the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Influence --------- ### France and Germany Palladio's style inspired several works by Claude Nicolas Ledoux in France, including the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, begun in 1775. In Germany, Johann von Goethe in his *Italian Journey* described Palladio as a genius, declaring that his unfinished Convent of Santa Maria della Carità was the most perfect existing work of architecture. The German architects David Gilly and his son Friedrich Gilly were also admirers of Palladio, and constructed palaces for the King of Prussia Frederick-William III in the style, including the Paretz Palace. Friedrich Gilly's work, the National Theatre in Berlin (1798), built for Frederick the Great was in the style. Most of the buildings were destroyed during World War II. * House of the Director of the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, by Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1775)House of the Director of the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, by Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1775) * La Rotonde customs barrier, Parc Monceau, by Claude Nicolas LedouxLa Rotonde customs barrier, Parc Monceau, by Claude Nicolas Ledoux * Palladian garden structure at Steinhöfel by David Gilly (1798)Palladian garden structure at Steinhöfel by David Gilly (1798) ### England Main article: Palladian architecture Palladio's work was especially popular in England, where the villa style was adapted for country houses. The first English architect to adapt Palladio's work was Inigo Jones, who made a long trip to Vicenza and returned full of Palladian ideas. His first major work in the style was the Queen's House at Greenwich (1616–1635), modelled after Palladio's villas. Wilton House is another adaptation of Palladio's villa plans. It had a particularly famous feature, the Palladio Bridge, designed around 1736. The bridge was extremely popular, and copies were made for other houses, including Stowe House. Another variation, the Marble Bridge, was made for Empress Catherine the Great of Russia for her gardens at Tsarskoe Selo near Saint Petersburg, Russia. Other English architects, including Elizabeth Wilbraham, and Christopher Wren also embraced the Palladian style. Another English admirer was the architect, Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork, also known as Lord Burlington, who, with William Kent, designed Chiswick House. The Italian-born Giacomo Leoni also constructed Palladian houses in England. * The Queen's House, Greenwich by Inigo Jones (1616–1635)The Queen's House, Greenwich by Inigo Jones (1616–1635) * Chiswick House by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and William Kent (completed 1729)Chiswick House by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and William Kent (completed 1729) * Wilton House south front by Inigo Jones (1650)Wilton House south front by Inigo Jones (1650) * Palladio Bridge at Wilton House (1736–1737)Palladio Bridge at Wilton House (1736–1737) * Stourhead House by Colen Campbell (1721–1724), inspired by Villa CapraStourhead House by Colen Campbell (1721–1724), inspired by Villa Capra ### United States The influence of Palladio also reached to the United States, where the architecture and symbols of the Roman Republic were adapted for the architecture and institutions of the newly independent nation. The Massachusetts governor and architect Thomas Dawes also admired the style, and used it when rebuilding Harvard Hall at Harvard University in 1766. Palladio's villas inspired Monticello, the residence of the third U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson, himself an architect. Jefferson organized a competition for the first United States Capitol building. It was won by William Thornton with a design inspired in part by Palladio and La Rotonda. The One Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America called him the "Father of American Architecture" (Congressional Resolution no. 259 of 6 December 2010). His influence can also be seen in American plantation buildings. * Harvard Hall at Harvard University by Thomas Dawes (1766)Harvard Hall at Harvard University by Thomas Dawes (1766) * Monticello, residence of Thomas Jefferson (1772)Monticello, residence of Thomas Jefferson (1772) * Winning design for the first United States Capitol by William Thornton (1793)Winning design for the first United States Capitol by William Thornton (1793) ### Archives More than 330 of Palladio's original drawings and sketches still survive in the collections of the Royal Institute of British Architects, most of which originally were owned by Inigo Jones. Jones collected a significant number of these on his Grand Tour of 1613–1614, while some were a gift from Henry Wotton. The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc. a nonprofit membership organization, was founded in 1979 to research and promote understanding of Palladio's influence in the architecture of the United States. Palladian style --------------- Palladio is known as one of the most influential architects in Western architecture. His architectural works have "been valued for centuries as the quintessence of High Renaissance calm and harmony". The basic elements of Italian Renaissance architecture, including Doric columns, lintels, cornices, loggias, pediments and domes had already been used in the 15th century or earlier, before Palladio. They had been skillfully brought together by Brunelleschi in the Pazzi Chapel (1420) and the Medici-Riccardi Palace (1444–1449). At the beginning of the High Renaissance in the early 16th century, Bramante used these elements together in the Tempietto in Rome (1502), which combined a dome and a central plan based on a Greek Cross. The architect Baldassare Peruzzi had introduced the first Renaissance suburban villas, based on a Roman model and surrounded by gardens. The Farnese Palace in Rome (1530–1580) by Sangallo introduced a new kind of Renaissance palace, with monumental blocks, ornate cornices, lateral wings and multiple stairways. Michelangelo had made a plan for a central dome at Saint Peter's Basilica and added a new loggia to the facade of the Farnese Palace. All of these plans already existed before Palladio; his contribution was to refine, simplify, and use them in innovative ways. The style of Palladio employed a classical repertoire of elements in new ways. He clearly expressed the function of each part of the building by its form, particularly elevating and giving precedence to the *piano nobile*, the ceremonial floor, of his villas and palaces. As much as possible he simplified the forms, as he did at Villa Capra "La Rotonda", surrounding a circular dome and interior with perfectly square facades, and placing the building pedestal to be more visible and more dramatic. Palladio was inspired by classical Roman architecture, but he did not slavishly imitate it. He chose elements and assembled them in innovative ways appropriate to the site and function of the building. His buildings were often placed on pedestals, raising them and making them more visible, and so they could offer a view. The villas very often had loggias, covered arcades or walkways on the outside of upper levels, which gave a view of the scenery or city below, and also gave variety to the facade. When he designed his rustic villas and suburban villas, he paid particular attention to the site, integrating them as much as possible into nature, either by sites on hilltops or looking out at gardens or rivers. The Sarlian window, or Venetian window, also known as a Palladian window, was another common feature of his style, which he used both for windows and the arches of the loggias of his buildings. It consists of an arched window flanked by two smaller square windows, divided by two columns or pilasters and often topped by a small entablature and by a small circular window or hole, called an oculus. These particular features originally appeared in the triumphal arches of Rome, and had been used in the earlier Renaissance by Bramante, but Palladio used them in novel ways, particularly in the facade of the Basilica Palladiana and in the Villa Pojana. They also became a common feature of later Palladian buildings in England and elsewhere. In his later work, particularly the Palazzo Valmarana and the Palazzo del Capitaniato in Vicenza, his style became more ornate and more decorative, with more sculptural decoration on the facade, tending toward Mannerism. His buildings in this period were examples of the transition beginning to what would become Baroque architecture. * Clarity and harmony. Villa Badoer (1556–1563), an early use by Palladio of the elements of a Roman templeClarity and harmony. Villa Badoer (1556–1563), an early use by Palladio of the elements of a Roman temple * The Basilica Palladiana, Vicenza, (begun 1546) with arched Palladian window and round oculi to the loggia.The Basilica Palladiana, Vicenza, (begun 1546) with arched Palladian window and round oculi to the loggia. * A variation of the Palladian or Venetian window, with round oculi, at Villa Pojana (1548–1549)A variation of the Palladian or Venetian window, with round oculi, at Villa Pojana (1548–1549) * Late Palladio style, Mannerist decoration on the facade of the Palazzo del Capitanio (1565–1572)Late Palladio style, Mannerist decoration on the facade of the Palazzo del Capitanio (1565–1572) Characteristics --------------- Palladio's architecture was not dependent on expensive materials, which must have been an advantage to his more financially pressed clients. Many of his buildings are of brick covered with stucco. Stuccoed brickwork was always used in his villa designs in order to give the appearance of a classical Roman structure. His success as an architect is based not only on the beauty of his work, but also for its harmony with the culture of his time. His success and influence came from the integration of extraordinary aesthetic quality with expressive characteristics that resonated with his clients' social aspirations. His buildings served to communicate, visually, their place in the social order of their culture. This powerful integration of beauty and the physical representation of social meanings is apparent in three major building types: the urban palazzo, the agricultural villa, and the church. Relative to his trips to Rome, Palladio developed three main palace types by 1556. In 1550, the Palazzo Chiericati was completed. The proportions for the building were based on musical ratios for adjacent rooms. The building was centralized by a tripartite division of a series of columns or colonnades. In 1552, the Palazzo Porto located in Vicenza was rebuilt incorporating the Roman Renaissance element for façades. A colonnade of Corinthian columns surrounded a main court. The Palazzo Antonini in Udine, constructed in 1556, had a centralized hall with four columns and service spaces placed relatively toward one side. He used styles of incorporating the six columns, supported by pediments, into the walls as part of the façade. This technique had been applied in his villa designs as well. Palladio experimented with the plan of the Palazzo Porto by incorporating it into the Palazzo Thiene. It was an earlier project from 1545 to 1550 and remained uncompleted due to elaborate elevations in his designs. He used Mannerist elements such as stucco surface reliefs and large columns, often extending two stories high. * Palazzo Strozzi courtyardPalazzo Strozzi courtyard * Villa Capra "La Rotonda" outside VicenzaVilla Capra "La Rotonda" outside Vicenza * San Francesco della Vigna in VeniceSan Francesco della Vigna in Venice In his urban structures he developed a new improved version of the typical early Renaissance palazzo (exemplified by the Palazzo Strozzi). Adapting a new urban palazzo type created by Bramante in the House of Raphael, Palladio found a powerful expression of the importance of the owner and his social position. The main living quarters of the owner on the second level were clearly distinguished in importance by use of a pedimented classical portico, centered and raised above the subsidiary and utilitarian ground level (illustrated in the Palazzo Porto and the Palazzo Valmarana). The tallness of the portico was achieved by incorporating the owner's sleeping quarters on the third level, within a giant two-story classical colonnade, a motif adapted from Michelangelo's Capitoline buildings in Rome. The elevated main floor level became known as the *piano nobile*, and is still referred to as the "first floor" in Europe. Palladio also established an influential new building format for the agricultural villas of the Venetian aristocracy. Palladio's approach to his villa designs was not relative to his experience in Rome. His designs were based on practicality and employed few reliefs. He consolidated the various stand-alone farm outbuildings into a single impressive structure, arranged as a highly organized whole, dominated by a strong centre and symmetrical side wings, as illustrated at Villa Barbaro. In the project of the Villa Barbaro, Palladio most likely was also engaged in the interior decoration. Alongside the painter Paolo Veronese, he invented the complex and sophisticated illusionistic landscape paintings that cover the walls of various rooms. The Villa Capra "La Rotonda" of 1552, outside Vicenza, was constructed as a summer house with views from all four sides. The plan has centralized circular halls with wings and porticos expanding on all four sides. Palladio began to implement the classical temple front into his design of façades for villas. He felt that to make an entry appear grand, the Roman temple front would be the most suitable style. The Palladian villa configuration often consists of a centralized block raised on an elevated podium, accessed by grand steps, and flanked by lower service wings, as at Villa Foscari and Villa Badoer. This format, with the quarters of the owners at the elevated centre of their own world, found resonance as a prototype for Italian villas and later for the country estates of the British nobility (such as Lord Burlington's Chiswick House, Vanbrugh's Blenheim, Walpole's Houghton Hall, and Adam's Kedleston Hall and Paxton House in Scotland). His villas were used by a capitalist gentry who developed an interest in agriculture and land. The configuration was a perfect architectural expression of their world view, clearly expressing their perceived position in the social order of the times. His influence was extended worldwide into the British colonies. Palladio developed his own prototype for the plan of the villas that was flexible to moderate in scale and function. The Palladian villa format was easily adapted for a democratic world view, as may be seen at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and his arrangement for the University of Virginia. It also may be seen applied as recently as 1940 in Pope's National Gallery in Washington D.C. where the public entry to the world of high culture occupies the exalted centre position. The rustication of exposed basement walls of Victorian residences is a late remnant of the Palladian format, clearly expressed as a podium for the main living space for the family. Similarly, Palladio created a new configuration for the design of Catholic churches that established two interlocking architectural orders, each clearly articulated, yet delineating a hierarchy of a larger order overriding a lesser order. This idea was in direct coincidence with the rising acceptance of the theological ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas, who postulated the notion of two worlds existing simultaneously: the divine world of faith, and the earthly world of humans. Palladio created an architecture which made a visual statement communicating the idea of two superimposed systems, as illustrated at San Francesco della Vigna. In a time when religious dominance in Western culture was threatened by the rising power of science and secular humanists, this architecture found great favor with the Catholic Church as a clear statement of the proper relationship of the earthly and the spiritual worlds. Aside from Palladio's designs, his publications further contributed to Palladianism. During the second half of his life, Palladio published many books on architecture, most famously, *I quattro libri dell'architettura* (*The Four Books of Architecture*, Venice, 1570). Chronology of the works ----------------------- Note: The first date given is the beginning of the project, not its completion. ### Villas See also: Palladian villas of the Veneto * 1534 (built 1534–1538): Villa Trissino a Cricoli, Vicenza (once traditionally attributed, but probably designed by Gian Giorgio Trissino) * 1537 (built 1539–1557): Villa Godi, for Girolamo, Pietro and Marcantonio Godi, Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza * c. 1539 (built 1539–1587): Villa Piovene, Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza, Province of Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * Before 1542 (built 1542–c. 1550): Villa Gazzotti, for Taddeo Gazzotti, Bertesina, Vicenza * 1542 (built 1542–1560): Villa Valmarana, for Giuseppe and Antonio Valmarana, Vigardolo di Monticello Conte Otto, Province of Vicenza * 1542 (built 1542–1545): Villa Pisani, for Vettore, Marco and Daniele Pisani, Bagnolo di Lonigo, Province of Vicenza * 1542 ? (built before 1545–1550): Villa Thiene, for Marcantonio e Adriano Thiene, Quinto Vicentino, Province of Vicenza (probably a re-elaboration of a project by Giulio Romano) * c. 1546: Villa Contarini degli Scrigni, for Paolo Contarini and brothers, Piazzola sul Brenta, Province of Padua (attributed) * 1547 (built 1547, 1565): Villa Arnaldi, for Vincenzo Arnaldi, Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza (unfinished) * c. 1548 (built 1548–before 1555): Villa Saraceno, for Biagio Saraceno, Finale di Agugliaro, Province of Vicenza * 1548 (built 1554–1556): Villa Angarano, for Giacomo Angarano, Bassano del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (main body of the villa later rebuilt by Baldassarre Longhena; the *barchesse* are part of the original) * 1549 (built 1549–1563): Villa Pojana, for Bonifacio Pojana, Pojana Maggiore, Province of Vicenza * After 1550 (built c. 1555–1584): Villa Chiericati, for Giovanni Chiericati, Vancimuglio di Grumolo delle Abbadesse, Province of Vicenza (completed in 1584 by Domenico Groppino after Palladio's death) * 1552 (built 1552; 1569; 1588): Villa Cornaro, for Giorgio Cornaro, Piombino Dese, Province of Padua * c. 1552 (built 1552–1555): Villa Pisani, for Francesco Pisani, Montagnana, Province of Padua * c. 1553: Villa Ragona Cecchetto, per Girolamo Ragona, Ghizzole di Montegaldella, Province of Padua (unbuilt project) * c. 1553 (built 1553–1554; 1575): Villa Trissino, Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza (only partially realized) * 1554 (built 1554–1558): Villa Porto, for Paolo Porto, Vivaro di Dueville, Province of Vicenza (attributed) * c. 1554 (built 1554–1558): Villa Barbaro, for Daniele and Marcantonio Barbaro, Maser, Province of Treviso * 1554 ? (built 1560–1565): Villa Foscari called "La Malcontenta", for Nicolò and Alvise Foscari, Malcontenta di Mira, Province of Venice * 1554 ? (built: 1555 ?): Villa Zeno, for Marco Zeno, Donegal di Cessalto, Province of Treviso * 1554 ? (built 1560–1564): Villa Mocenigo "sopra la Brenta", Dolo, Province of Venice) (demolished) * 1554 – c. 1555 (built before 1556): Villa Badoer called "La Badoera", for Francesco Badoer, Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo * before 1556 (built 1559–1565): Villa Emo, for Leonardo Emo, Fanzolo di Vedelago, Province of Treviso * 1556 (built 1563–1567): Villa Thiene, for Francesco Thiene and sons, Cicogna di Villafranca Padovana, Province of Padua (unfinished; only a *barchessa* remaining) * 1560 ? (built after 1563–before 1565; after 1570 ?): Villa Repeta, for Mario Repeta, Piazza Vecchia, Campiglia dei Berici, Province of Vicenza (destroyed by a fire, then rebuilt in other shape in 1672) * c. 1561 (built before 1569): Big *barchesse* of villa Pisani, Bagnolo di Lonigo, Province of Vicenza (attributed; destroyed) * 1562 (built 1564–1566): Villa Sarego called "La Miga", for Annibale Serego, Miega di Cologna Veneta, Province of Verona (unfinished, demolished in the 1920s) * c 1563 (built 1564–1566): Villa Valmarana, for Gianfrancesco Valmarana, Lisiera di Bolzano Vicentino, Province of Vicenza * After 1564 (built 1565–1570): Villa Forni Cerato, for Girolamo Forni, Montecchio Precalcino, Province of Vicenza * 1565 (built 1565–c. 1585): Villa Serego, for Marcantonio Serègo, Santa Sofia di Pedemonte di San Pietro in Cariano, Province of Verona * 1566 – 1567 (built 1567–1605): Villa Almerico Capra called "La Rotonda", for Paolo Almerico, Vicenza (completed in 1585 by Vincenzo Scamozzi after Palladio's death) * 1570 (built 1572–1580): Villa Porto, for Iseppo da Porto, Molina di Malo, Province of Vicenza (unfinished) * Villa PortoVilla Porto * Villa ValmaranaVilla Valmarana * Villa EmoVilla Emo * Villa SaracenoVilla Saraceno * Villa CornaroVilla Cornaro ### Palaces * 1540 (built 1540–1542): Palazzo Civena, for Giovanni Giacomo, Pier Antonio, Vincenzo and Francesco Civena, Vicenza (rebuilt in 1750 and after World War II) * 1542 (built 1542–1558): Palazzo Thiene, for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene, Vicenza (probably on a project by Giulio Romano) * 1545: Palazzo Garzadori in contra' Piancoli, for Girolamo Garzadori, Vicenza (unbuilt, uncertain attribution) * 1546–1549 (built 1549–1614): Loggias of the Palazzo della Ragione (then called Basilica Palladiana), Vicenza (completed in 1614 after Palladio's death) * c. 1546 (built: 1546–1552): Palazzo Porto, for Iseppo da Porto, Vicenza * 1548 (built 1548–1552): Palazzo Volpe in contra' Gazzolle, for Antonio Volpe, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1550 (built 1551–1557; c. 1680): Palazzo Chiericati, for Girolamo Chiericati, Vicenza (completed about 1680 after Palladio's death) * c. 1555–c. 1566: Palazzo Pojana, for Vincenzo Pojana, Vicenza (attributed) * c. 1555: Palazzo Dalla Torre, for Giambattista Dalla Torre, Verona (only partially realized; partially destroyed by a bombing in 1945) * 1555 ?: Palazzo Poiana in contra' San Tomaso, for Bonifacio Pojana, Vicenza (unfinished) * 1555–1556 ?: Palazzo Garzadori, for Giambattista Garzadori, Polegge, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * c. 1556 (built 1556–1595): Palazzo Antonini, for Floriano Antonini, Udine (altered by later arrangements) * After 1556: Loggia Valmarana in the Giardini Salvi, for Gian Luigi Valmarana, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1557–1558: Palazzo Trissino in contra' Riale, for Francesco and Ludovico Trissino, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * 1559 (built 1559–1562): Casa Cogollo, for Pietro Cogollo, traditionally known as *Casa del Palladio* ("Palladio's home"), Vicenza (attributed) * 1560 (built 1560–1565; 1574–1575): Palazzo Schio, for Bernardo Schio, Vicenza (façade) * After 1561: Palazzo Della Torre ai Portoni della Bra', for Giambattista Della Torre, Verona (unbuilt project) * 1564 (built 1565–1586): Palazzo Pretorio, for the town council, Cividale del Friuli, Province of Udine (project, attributed) * 1564 ?: Palazzo Angaran, for Giacomo Angaran, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * After 1564: Palazzo Capra al Corso, for Giulio Capra, Vicenza (unbuilt project) * 1565 (built 1571–1572): Palazzo del Capitaniato (or Loggia del Capitanio), for the town council, Vicenza * 1565 (built 1566–1580): Palazzo Valmarana, for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana, Vicenza * 1569 (built 1570–1575): Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, for Montano Barbarano, Vicenza * 1571 ? (built 1572–1585): Palazzo Porto in Piazza Castello, for Alessandro Porto, Vicenza (unfinished; partially completed in 1615 by Vincenzo Scamozzi) * 1572 ? (built before 1586–1610s): Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare, for Francesco Thiene, Vicenza (progetto; costruito da Vincenzo Scamozzi) * 1574: Rooms of Palazzo Ducale, Venice * Basilica Palladiana, VicenzaBasilica Palladiana, Vicenza * Palazzo del Capitaniato, VicenzaPalazzo del Capitaniato, Vicenza * Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare, VicenzaPalazzo Thiene Bonin Longare, Vicenza ### Church architecture * 1531: Portal for the church of Santa Maria dei Servi, Vicenza (attributed; with Girolamo Pittoni and Giacomo da Porlezza) * 1537: Monument to Girolamo Schio, Bishop of Vaison in the Cathedral of Vicenza (with Girolamo Pittoni, attributed) * 1558 (built 1558–1559; 1564–1566): Dome of the Cathedral, Vicenza (destroyed in a bombing during World War II, then rebuilt) * 1559: Façade for the Basilica of San Pietro di Castello, Venice (completed after Palladio's death) * 1560 (built 1560–1563): Refectory of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venezia * 1560 (built 1561–1562): Convento della Carità, Venice (only the cloister and the atrium destroyed in 1630 in a fire) * 1560: Monument to Giano Fregoso in the church of Santa Anastasia of the Dominicans, for Ercole Fregoso, Verona (uncertain attribution; with Danese Cattaneo) * After 1563: Funeral monument to Luigi Visconti in the cloister of the Chapter in the Basilica of Saint Anthony, Padua (attributed) * 1564 (built 1564–1565): North portal and Almerico Chapel in the Vicenza Cathedral, for Paolo Almerico, Vicenza * 1564: Façade for the church of San Francesco della Vigna, for Giovanni Grimani, Venice * 1565 (built 1565–1576): Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, for the Congregation of Santa Giustina, Venice (completed between 1607 and 1611, after Palladio's death, with a different façade, by Vincenzo Scamozzi) * 1574: Façade for San Petronio Basilica, Bologna (studies) * 1574 or 1579 ?: Church of Le Zitelle, Venice (uncertain attribution) * c. 1576 (built 1576–1580): Valmarana Chapel in the Church of Santa Corona, for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana, Vicenza * 1576 (built 1577–1586): Church of Il Redentore, Venice * 1578 (built 1588–1590): Church of Santa Maria Nova, Vicenza (project attributed, completed after Palladio's death) * 1580: Church of Santa Lucia, Venice (drawings for the interior; demolished) * 1580 (built 1580–1584): Church of Villa Barbaro (Tempietto Barbaro), for Marcantonio Barbaro, Maser, Province of Treviso Panorama of San Giorgio Maggiore viewed from the main island of Venice ### Other * 1536: Portal of the Domus Comestabilis, Vicenza (attributed) * 1550 (built 1550–1552): Bridge on Cismon, Cismon del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (destroyed) * 1556: Arco Bollani (an arch over the road leading to the Udine Castle), for Domenico Bollani, Udine (attributed) * 1561: Wooden theater in the Basilica for the play *L'Amor Costante* by Alessandro Piccolomini, for the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza * 1562: Wooden theater in the Basilica for the play *Sofonisba* by Giangiorgio Trissino, for the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza * 1566: Rialto Bridge (*Ponte di Rialto*), Venice (unbuilt project) * 1567; 1569: Ponte Vecchio, Bassano del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (rebuilt in 1748 and after World War II) * 1569 o 1580 ? (built 1580–1588): Bridge on Tesina, Torri di Quartesolo, Province of Vicenza (attributed) * 1576 (built 1595): Arco delle Scalette, for Giacomo Bragadino, Vicenza (attributed, built after Palladio's death) * 1578: Jewel of Vicenza, for the city as an ex-voto, Vicenza (uncertain attribution) * 1579: Porta Gemona, for the town council, San Daniele del Friuli, Province of Udine * 1580 (built 1580–1584): Teatro Olimpico, for the Accademia Olimpica, Vicenza (completed after Palladio's death by Vincenzo Scamozzi) Notes and references -------------------- 1. ↑ "Andrea Palladio (Italian architect) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 2. 1 2 3 Palladio 1965, p. v. 3. ↑ The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc. His conception of classical architecture was heavily influenced by Vitruvian ideas and his mentor Trissino. "Andrea Palladio." Archived 26 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine 4. ↑ "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto". *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 5. ↑ *The Houghton Mifflin dictionary of biography*. Houghton Mifflin. 2003. p. 1167. ISBN 0-618-25210-X. 6. ↑ Moose, Christina J. ed. (2005). *Great lives from history*. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press. ISBN 978-1-58765-211-0. 7. ↑ Wundram 2016, p. 93. 8. 1 2 3 Palladio 1965, p. vi. 9. 1 2 Wundram 2009, p. 8. 10. ↑ Curl, James Stevens, "A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture", Oxford University Press 11. ↑ Hart, Vaughan, Hicks, Peter, *Palladio’s Rome*. Translation of Andrea Palladio’s *L’Antichita di Roma* and *Descritione de le chiese…in la città de Roma,* (1554) including as an appendix Raphael’s famous Letter to Leo X, Yale University Press, London and New Haven, Connecticut 2006, ISBN 0-300-10909-1. 12. ↑ Pearman, Hugh (3 March 2009). "How I Spent a Few Days in Palladio's World". *Wall Street Journal*. Retrieved 30 April 2023. 13. ↑ Wundram 2009, pp. 19–2111. 14. ↑ Wundram 2009, p. 11. 15. ↑ Wundram 2009, p. 27. 16. ↑ Wundram 2009, p. 33. 17. ↑ Wundram 2009, pp. 36–37. 18. ↑ Wundram 2009, pp. 76–77. 19. ↑ Tafuri, Manfredo (1995). *Venice and the Renaissance*. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-70054-2. 20. 1 2 Wundram 2009, p. 94. 21. ↑ Wundram 2009, pp. 38–41. 22. 1 2 Wundram 2009, pp. 70–71. 23. ↑ Oudin, *Dictionniare des Architectes* (1994), p. 368 24. ↑ *Mostra del Palladio: Vicenza / Basilica Palladiana* (in Italian). Electa. 1973. p. 46. 25. ↑ Wundram 2009, pp. 84–87. 26. ↑ Oudin 1994, pp. 365–369. 27. ↑ "Palladio Museum". *Palladio Museum*. Retrieved 30 April 2023. 28. ↑ P. Clini "Vitruvius' Basilica at Fano: The drawings of a lost building from 'De Architectura Libri Decem'" The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIV, Part 5/W12 pp. 121–126 2002 ISPRS.org Archived 17 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine 29. ↑ Oudin 1994, pp. 367–369. 30. ↑ Oudin 1994, pp. 255–56. 31. ↑ "The US Congress: 'Palladio, the Father of American Architecture'". *www.marcadoc.it*. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2013. 32. ↑ De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991). *Gardner's Art Through the Ages* (9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 677. ISBN 0-15-503769-2. 33. ↑ Collecting Palladio's drawings Archived 26 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, website of the Royal Institute of British Architects, accessed 24 April 2010 34. ↑ Inigo Jones Archived 26 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, website of the Royal Institute of British Architects, accessed 24 April 2010 35. ↑ Watkin, D. *A History of Western Architecture*. 36. ↑ Ducher 1988, pp. 70–73. 37. 1 2 3 Ducher 1988, pp. 74. 38. ↑ Ackerman, Jaaes S. (1994). *Palladio* (series "Architect and Society") 39. ↑ Andrea Palladio, Caroline Constant. *The Palladio Guide*. Princeton Architectural Press, 1993. p. 42. 40. ↑ For the illusionistic landscape paintings and the relationship of Palladio and Veronese see 41. ↑ Source: "Catalog of works [by Palladio]". CISA. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ### Bibliography * Ducher, Robert (1988). *Caractéristique des Styles*. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 2-08-011539-1. * Hart, Vaughan, Hicks, Peter (2006), *Palladio’s Rome*. Translation of Andrea Palladio’s *L’Antichita di Roma* and *Descritione de le chiese…in la città de Roma,* (1554) including as an appendix Raphael’s famous Letter to Leo X, Yale University Press, London and New Haven, ISBN 0-300-10909-1. * Oudin, Bernard (1994). *Dictionnaire des Architects* (in French). Paris: Seghiers. ISBN 978-2-2321-0398-8. * Palladio, Andrea (1965) [1570]. *The Four Books of Architecture*. intro. by Adolf K. Placzek. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21308-0. * Wundram, Manfred (2009). *Andrea Palladio, 1508–1580: the rules of harmony*. Hong Kong: Taschen. ISBN 9783836502894. * Wundram, Manfred (2016). *Andrea Palladio – Les règles de l'harmonie* (in French). Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-5020-8.

Chadian nun Sister **Aïda Yazbeck** (Arabic: عيدا يزبك) is a Catholic nun who is the Director of the Al-Mouna Cultural Center in N'Djaména, Chad. Her work focuses on educating international and domestic groups as well as NGOs about conflicts between different groups in Chad. By training people in conflict resolution, Sister Yazbeck's organization seeks to promote respect among culturally different groups and foster peace in all aspects of life. Early life ---------- Sister Yazbeck originally lived in Mount Lebanon, Jdeidet El Matn, near Beirut. Before moving to Chad, Yazbeck worked for 22 years in university education and was an active member of Caritas in Lebanon, where she worked with Palestinian migrants who had been displaced amid wars. Activism -------- Sister Yazbeck worked for Caritas in Lebanon for 20 years, helping those displaced by wars in the south of the country and Palestinian migrants. Yazbeck is a proud migrant herself, and supports acceptance and integration of migrants, describing the Al-Mouna center as a place that accepts all without exception. Sister Yazbeck and her foundation have worked with groups outside of Chad to promote conflict resolution. These include the Swiss Embassy in Chad and the Cordoba Peace Institute (CPI) of Geneva, who helped to train the staff of the Cultural Center to understand the religious, environmental, and ethnic conflicts in Chad and how to resolve them peacefully by fostering mutual respect between groups and institutions. ### COVID-19 Pandemic In April 2020, Sister Yazbeck shifted her efforts to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with roughly 100 volunteers at the Cultural Center, Yazbeck helped to distribute hand sanitizers, drinks and face masks to those who needed them in the capital. In addition, Yazbeck helped to organize a virtual awareness campaign about ways to mitigate the impact of the pandemic, such as teaching participants hand-washing techniques and the rational management of water. The Al-Mouna Center also worked to train the community in practical matters such as how to create plastic bottle faucets, as running water is not available to all. Yazbeck notes a lack of government assistance in contrast to the work performed by the center, and advocates for a change of volunteer-mentality in Chad, as she describes a lack of volunteering culture.

1712 duel in London An eighteenth century representation of the duel The **Hamilton–Mohun Duel** occurred on 15 November 1712 in Hyde Park, then on the outskirts of London. The principal participants were James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton, and Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun. Both men died from wounds received. Background ---------- The Duke of Hamilton, a leading Scottish Tory politician, had recently been appointed as Ambassador to France.Lord Mohun, painted by Godfrey Kneller in 1707, was a committed Whig. Although ostensibly fought over a disputed inheritance, the duel had strong political overtones. Mohun was a prominent Whig while Hamilton had close links to the Tory government of Robert Harley. Hamilton had recently been appointed as British Ambassador to Paris where he was expected to negotiate the peace agreement that would end the War of the Spanish Succession. Mohun's political patron the Duke of Marlborough had recently been dismissed from his command, and was strongly opposed to the peace plan. This may have motivated Mohun to issue his challenge. Mohun had developed a reputation as a violent and frequent duellist, having been involved in several fatal encounters. His father, the 3rd Baron Mohun, had himself been killed in a duel. Duel ---- Hamilton accepted Mohun's challenge to fight with swords. Hamilton selected his relation Colonel John Hamilton as his second, while Mohun employed his friend and political ally, Irish officer George Macartney. As was often customary at the time, seconds actively engaged in the combat. The group assembled in Hyde Park very early in the morning. Once the duel began, Hamilton and Mohun went at each other "like wild beasts, not fencing or parrying". In these fierce exchanges both Mohun and Hamilton were wounded. Mohun was run through the chest, a fatal wound, while Hamilton was cut on the arm. Exactly what happened next remained contentious. Colonel Hamilton claimed that, with the duel over, he went to the assistance of the Duke who had dropped his sword. Macartney stepped forward and delivered a fatal blow to him. The Duke soon died of his wounds. Aftermath --------- Queen Anne was critical of the practice of duelling in the aftermath of the Hyde Park fight. The two seconds, Macartney and Colonel Hamilton were both charged as accessories to murder. While Hamilton gave himself up, Macartney fled into exile in Hanover. He only returned to Britain once George I came to the throne. Based on Hamilton's testimony, Tories in Parliament portrayed the whole affair as a Whig plot designed to derail the prospective peace agreement with France. After being put on trial in December 1712, Colonel Hamilton was found guilty of manslaughter. He received a much lesser punishment than he might potentially have been given because the jury accepted his claim that he had not known a duel was to take place when he arrived at the park. The apparent savagery of the duel led to a public outcry. This reinvigorated the campaign to clamp down on dueling, and, in April 1713, Queen Anne spoke out against the practice. While dueling continued to be a popular way of settling disputes during the eighteenth century, fresh conventions developed such as the use of pistols rather than swords. The traditional involvement of seconds in the actual fighting rapidly declined. In popular culture ------------------ The duel forms the basis for a scene in William Makepeace Thackeray's 1852 novel *The History of Henry Esmond*. Further reading --------------- * Field, Ophelia (2008). *The Kit-Cat Club: Friends who Imagined a Nation*. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0007178933. * Stater, Victor (1999). *High Life, Low Morals: The Duel that Shook Stuart Society*. John Murray. ISBN 978-0719557194.

Slovak philosopher and writer(born 1943) **Etela Farkašová** (née Zipserová; born 5 October 1943) is a Slovak writer and philosopher. Biography --------- Etela Farkašová was born on 5 October 1943 in Levoča. She studied Mathematics and Physics at the University of Trnava. Following her graduation, she worked as a high school teacher. At the same time, she studied Philosophy and Sociology at the Comenius University, graduating in 1972. Since then, she has lectured at the Department of Philosophy of the Comenius University. She retired in 2010, but as of 2023 she is still active as an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy as well as a researcher of the Center for Gender Studies at the university. She occasionally translates from German and English. As a philosopher, Farkašová is interested in epistemology, in particular the relationship between philosophy and science as well as philosophy and art. From 1990s, she has developed interest in Feminist philosophy. She is a member of the Network of East-West Women (NEWW), the Slovak branch of PEN club, Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband and a co-founder of the Slovak female writer club FEMINA. Achievements ------------ Etela Farkašová debuted as a fiction writer in 1978 with a collection of short stories *Reproduction of time* (Reprodukcia času), which won the Ivan Krasko Award. She cooperated extensively with Austrian writers and was awarded a medal for developing cultural cooperation between Slovakia and Austria by the Austrian president in 2004. In 2018 she was awarded the Anasoft Litera prize for her book *Script* (Scenár), which discusses the possibility of living slowly in fast times. In 2018, she was additionally awarded the Crystal Wing Award in the Literature category. As of 2023, she published 14 fiction books.

* iconCatholicism portal **Edmund MacGauran** (Magauran, Mac Gauran, McGovern; 1548 – 23 June 1593) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland from 1587 to 1593 and Bishop of Ardagh from 1581 to 1587. Signature of Edmund MacGauran on a document signed in the Maguire castle at Enniskillen, County Fermanagh on 8 May 1593 Birth ----- Edmund MacGauran (his Gaelic name was Émonn Mác Shamhradháin) was a member of the McGovern clan, who were the rulers in the Middle Ages of the tuath of Teallach n-Eachach in Breifne (now Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland). There are no particulars surviving relating to his birth apart from the fact that he was born about 1548 of legitimate birth from a noble family in Kilmore diocese (according to the Consistorial Acts appointing him as Archbishop of Armagh). However it is likely he was born in the Barony of Tullyhaw which formed the McGovern territorial lands at that time. The surviving McGovern genealogies do not name him specifically, but he would have been in about the 14th generation of descent from Samhradhán, the patriarch of the clan, who flourished c. 1100. The name Edmund was common among the McGovern clan in Tullyhaw during the Archbishop's lifetime, as we can see from the 1586 Fiants of Queen Elizabeth I of England which list, inter alia, "Edmund son of Brian son of Thomas Magawran of Lisanover, Tullyhaw; Cormock son of Edmund son of Shanglas Magawran of Gortmoye" (probably now Gortmore, Tullyhaw) and "Edmund son of Cormuck son of Ferrall Magawran of Kilfert" (now Kilnavert, Tullyhaw). The McGovern chief of Tullyhaw about the time of Edmund's birth was Uaithne Mág Samhradháin. In the 1590s when he was archbishop, Edmund MacGauran sought refuge among his McGovern kinsmen while hiding from the English government. The 1930s Dúchas folklore collection remembers the incident as- "Edward McGovern. Primate of Ireland, was slain by Sir William Russell in 1593. During the time he was in hiding he had a hiding-place beside the present well of Eshveagh in Glangevlin." In a letter dated 26 May 1592 a reference is made to his sisters and mother still living. Priesthood ---------- When he completed his secular education, Edmund followed the well-beaten path to Europe and joined a seminary to study for the priesthood, probably in Spain as he had Spanish friends and visited there regularly. He was not educated at any of the Iberian Irish colleges as they had not been founded at the time of his ordination. His particular friend in Spain was Juan de Sanclemente Torquemada, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela who was educated at the University of Alcalá de Henares in Spain so it is likely Magauran was also educated there. If not then possibly at Salamanca or Santiago de Compostela universities. Jeroen Nilis in his book "Irish Students at Leuven University, 1548-1797. A Prosopography, Fasti Academici 4 (Leuven: Acco 2010)" does not list MacGauran except for a note to entry number 56 on page 41. That entry state "Eduardus ? from Waterford diocese in Ireland, matriculated in 1577". The note in the Addenda asks "Is this Edmund Magauran, Archbishop of Armagh?". This is unlikely as he was from Kilmore diocese and is never referred to as Eduardus but Edmundus in all surviving documentation. He was ordained in Rome c.1576 when Pope Gregory XIII gave him permission as "a scholar of Kilmore Diocese to be ordained to clerical and all holy orders". It is likely that he returned to Ireland and was appointed to a parish in Roman Catholic Diocese of Kilmore, as Tullyhaw was situated therein. The McGovern's parish was Templeport but the priest in 1576 was Fergal Magauran. Edmund MacGauran is described as a Kilmore priest by John Lynch at the time of his appointment to the See of Ardagh in 1581 and in 1586 he still held the rectorial tithes of the parishes of Kinawley and Knockninny in Kilmore diocese which might indicate he had been parish priest of those parishes before his elevation to the episcopacy. The Bishop of Kilmore during the early years of Edmund's priesthood was Hugh O'Sheridan who ruled from 1560 to 1579. The McGovern chief at the time was Brian Óg Mág Samhradháin who died in 1584. Edmund's priesthood witnessed a decline in the hegemony of both the Catholic Church and the McGovern chiefs in Tullyhaw. Another early mention of Edmund Magauran is in connection with the attempt of James FitzMaurice FitzGerald to invade Ireland from Spain. On 14 April 1577 the President Sir William Drury wrote from Dungarvan to the Secretary of State, Sir Francis Walsingham- "The intelligence from France is worthy of consideration" and he encloses a report dated 19 February 1577 stating- "James Fitzmaurice has gone to the Pope, to get his benediction and aid; after his return he will, with a host of French soldiers under M. De L Roche, M. Daukin and his brother, invade Munster. James will visit the Kings of Spain and Portugal, who will give him of their treasure. David Wolf will be sent to the Indies. The spiritual benefices of Munster are all granted by the Pope to James' men. Letters brought from Wexford to James. Two priests from Rome with letters from James will sail presently for Wexford. The French King to persecute the French Protestants and James Fitzmaurice to invade Ireland simultaneously." Edmund Magauran was probably one of the two priests referred to in the above intelligence of 19 February as he was arrested and interrogated upon landing along with his co-conspirators. A dispatch from Waterford on 10 May 1577 stated- "Examinations of Edmund McGawran, John Wise, Walter White, George Quemerford, Thomas Wise, Dorothy Walshe and Peter Tramlye, relative to the proceedings of James Fitzmaurice and his wife. 4,000 Frenchmen destined for Ireland." Bishop of Ardagh ---------------- Edmund Magauran's value as an emissary from Catholic Europe to the Irish chiefs was recognised by Pope Gregory XIII. who rewarded him with a bishopric. Magauran was praeconised in the Papal Consistory of 2 September 1581 and on 11 September 1581 he was appointed Bishop of Ardagh, a diocese adjacent to Kilmore. The Consistorial Act states- "*Die 11 Sept. 1581, referente Senonen. Providit ecc. Ardachaden, in Hib. vac. per trans. Reverendissimus Pater Dominus Richardi ad ecc. Kilmoren. de persona Edmundi Macsaruraghan, ipsumque etc*." Bishop Magauran was neither the first nor last Kilmore priest to hold this bishopric as his immediate predecessor Richard Brady O.F.M. a Franciscan from Cavan, ruled Ardagh from 1576 to 1580 when he was transferred to the See of Kilmore. Furthermore a namesake of Edmund's, Cormac Mác Shamhradháin, the Prior of Drumlane Abbey, was Bishop of Ardagh from 1444 to 1476, while another namesake James Magauran was parish priest of Oughteragh in Kilmore diocese before he ruled as Bishop of Ardagh from 1815 to 1829. As Edmund Magauran was only aged about 34 at the time of his appointment, he must have been highly regarded by his superiors. Pope Gregory XIII later proved this by entrusting Bishop Magauran with a special mission to the Ulster Gaelic chiefs, when he was to attempt to obtain their support for the Geraldine war or Desmond Rebellions (1579–83), which was then raging in Munster. It is regarded as the first Counter-Reformation military crusade in Ireland. Following the reduction of Desmond, MacGauran was exiled from Ireland in 1585 by Queen Elizabeth I of England and he went first to Scotland with some trusty servants. In the summer of 1585 Magauran travelled around Scotland and claimed to have confirmed upwards of 10,000 Scottish Catholics. The English government was afraid Magauran was trying to start a joint uprising in both Scotland and Ireland to overthrow the Protestant religion, so at the request of Queen Elizabeth, the Scottish government issued orders for his arrest but he evaded them by boarding a ship bound for France in September 1585. On the way the ship was captured by Sir Francis Drake on 7 September 1585 and taken to London. However Magauran and his companions were concealed in a hideout in the bottom of the ship and escaped detection when it was searched. The bishop then boarded another ship for France which was attacked by pirates. However they escaped and landed in France where they made their way to Paris, arriving shortly before 30 September 1585. Father James Tyrie, a Jesuit priest in Paris, wrote a letter to Fr. Claudio Acquaviva, the Superior-General of the Jesuits in Rome on 31 September, stating- > "We have had a visit from an Irish Bishop, who has been some time in Scotland, and with Fathers Hay and Gordon. He was entrusted by them with letters, which he eventually threw into the sea when in peril from enemies. From letters by Robert Bruce and others, I extract these particulars. Fathers Hay and Gordon are in the North of Scotland with the Earl of Huntly; Fathers Holt and Dury are in the West with the Earl of Morton i.e. Lord Maxwell at Dumfries. The number of Catholics increases rapidly every day, and the Irish Bishop assures me that during the short time he remained in Scotland, he administered the sacrament of confirmation to at least ten thousand persons." > > Corroboration of this event is provided by a later report in the same year which suggested that the same number of souls had been reconciled to Catholicism in the previous six months. Bishop Magauran then left France for Spain. The Lord Deputy, Sir John Perrot writing from Dublin on 12 January 1586 to Sir Francis Walsingham, stated- > "Sir Cuconnaught Maguire is at this present with me here, and telleth me that the Pope's bishop of Ardagh, maintained by O'Rourke, went this last summer to Scotland, and thence to France and thence to Spain, did assure him that Spaniards would land this Spring, either in the west or in the north or in both places, but he durst not deliver this matter to any other but to myself. It was that bishop which Brian McGeoghegan told Captain Nicholas Dawtrey of." > > > In 1586 Magauran left Spain for Rome. On entering Italy he first went on a pilgrimage to the Marian Shrine at Loreto, Marche on foot to fulfill a double vow he made when saved from capture at sea. Loreto is a hilltown and comune of the Italian province of Ancona, in the Marche. It is mostly famous as the seat of the Basilica della Santa Casa, a popular Catholic pilgrimage site and it was the foremost Marian Shrine in Europe at that time. The reason Bishop Magauran gave for this pilgrimage to Loreto was that his escape from Drake's search happened on the eve of the birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary, who had warned one of his companions in a dream. Magauran spent three days at Loreto and left the above account of his adventures in the shrine. He reached Rome before 25 April 1586 as on that date we find him acting as one of the principal co-consecrators of Maol Muire Ó hÚigínn, the new Archbishop of Tuam. Following this visit to Rome he returned to Spain to continue his efforts to extract help with the Counter-Reformation movement in Ireland from King Philip II of Spain. The King selected Magauran to perform the consecration ceremony for the new basilica at El Escorial on 10 August 1586 so he must have been held in high regard. In Spain he associated with the Geraldine exiles from Lisbon such as Maurice Fitzgerald, Edmund Eustace, Charles O'Conor-Faly, and Bishop Cornelius O'Mulrian of Killaloe. Archbishop of Armagh -------------------- At this time the Archbishop of Armagh Richard Creagh was in prison in the Tower of London and died there in December 1586. Father Creighton, who attended Primate Creagh at his death, was in Paris towards the end of May 1587, and headed for Rome on 1 June 1587 where he conveyed the details of the Primate's death to the Holy See. During Archbishop Creagh's imprisonment, Redmond O'Gallagher, Bishop of Derry, was Vice-Primate of Ireland from 1575 to 1 July 1587 and probably expected to succeed. However Bishop Magauran was on the spot in Rome and although still a young man of about 39, he seemed an ideal candidate to lead the Counter-Reformation in Ireland, in part because of his efforts in the Desmond Rebellion and also because of his leadership of the Irish exiles in Scotland and Spain. In any event on 1 July 1587 MacGauran was translated from Ardagh to the archbishopric of Armagh in succession to Archbishop Creagh. On 7 August 1587, both MacGauran and his friend Juan de Sanclemente Torquemada, who had been appointed the new Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela in Spain on 27 July 1587, received the pallium in Rome from Pope Sixtus V. They had requested the pallium through the same Spanish proxy and after the consistory they travelled together to Spain. The Consistorial Acts state – (1) > "*Die 1 Julii, 1587, R. Card. Senon. Proposuit. Armacanam ecclesiam in Hybernia, vacantem per obitum R. D. Richardi Creaghii, ultimi illius archiepiscopi, anno preterite in carceribus Angliae defuncti, ubi per 20 annos detentus fuerat, et providendam de persona Reverendissimus Pater Dominus Edmundi, Episcopi Ardacadensis. Retulit imprimis predictam ecclesiam Metropolitanam esse totius regni, suffraganeos 10 habentem, omnesque principes et populos dictae provincial Catholicos esse et sitam in civitate Armacana, sub S. Patritii invocatione, rebus pro cultu divino requisilis sufficienter ornatam, cum Dignitatibus et Canonicatibus, et in ea ritu Catholico celebrari affirmavit. Deinde subjunxit diocesim illam ad miliaria in longitudine 40, in latitudine vero ad 30 se extendere, fructus autem ad florenos 1,500 ascendere et ita in libris Cameras taxari. Demum R. D. Edmundum transferendum, nobilem Hybernum, Belmeren (sic) diocesis, de legitime matrimonio procreatum, aetatis annorum 40, et virum denique idoneum dixit regimini dictae Metropolitanae ecclesiae, et eius instaurationi, et gratum Episcopis ac Principibus ejusdem provincise, a quibus ad hanc S. Sedem mossus est, et eundem fidei professionem emisisse, et processum formatum, et a Rmis. ordinum Capitibus subscriptum supra praedictis asseverasset. Supplicavit pro expeditione gratis, attenta prsesentis ecclesiae devastatione et juxta morem sic pro Hybernis expediendi. Quamobrem obtenuit ut petiit. Bologna*". (2) "*July 1, 1587. Refte. R. Senonen, S. D. N. absolvit R. P. D. Edmundum Episcopum Ardacaden. a vinculo quo tenebatur ecclesiae Ardacaden. et eum transtulit ad Metrop. Armachanam vac. per obitum Richardi; ipsumque etc." Barberini*". (3) "*Die 7 Augusti, 1587, archiepiscopo Armacano in Hybernia, presenti et petenti. Pallium fuit datum. Bologna*." > > One of Magauran's first acts as archbishop was to become one of the principal co-consecrators of Tadeo O'Farrell, the new Bishop of Clonfert on 30 August 1587. In 1588 Magauran travelled to Lisbon in Portugal. He was there on 25 January 1588 and had brought with him a part of the skull of St. Brigit of Kildare. He presented this relic in a beautiful reliquary to the Church of Igreja de São Roque, the principal church of the Jesuits in Lisbon. A contemporary account stated- "The feast of San Roque was celebrated this year with the accustomed solemnity of a solemn Pontifical Mass to hear the Irish bishop officiate. The best singers in the city were there and assisted by several musicians. Father Jeronimo Dias preached and was heard by the secular nobles and men of quality, as well as various religious orders, many of whom ate that day in our dining hall with three bishops present." The plans to invade Ireland were well under way and in early 1589 Magauran travelled to Brussels and tried to enlist the help of the Irish officers in the Spanish army in Flanders. This came to the notice of the English authorities in Ireland. Sir William Fitzwilliam (Lord Deputy) wrote from Dublin Castle on 14 March 1589 to Sir William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, the Lord Treasurer of England, enclosing "Reports touching the King of Spain's new preparations for invasion", one of which he had received from Sir Henry Duke, the High-Sheriff of County Cavan, which stated- "The arrival of one called Ferres O'Hooin, son to the Cooharbe O'Hooin of Fermanagh. He is the secret messenger of Bishop Magawran and Cahil O'Conor, whom he left in Flanders with the Prince, labouring for forces to come into Ireland. He is in Maguire's country, and intends to return to Spain." On 7 May 1589 he was granted a passport to go from Brussels to Spain. In the winter of 1590 Edmund asked Fr. Claudio Acquaviva, the Superior-General of the Jesuits, for the services of James Archer and another Jesuit to reopen the Jesuit mission in Ireland. Acquaviva hesitated because he wanted more information before he could authorise a new Jesuit mission in Ireland. On 22 January 1591 Acquaviva denied the archbishop's request. In his eagerness to restore Catholicism as the official religion in Ireland, Archbishop MacGauran travelled to Spain and Portugal, seeking financial and military assistance for another uprising. Perhaps Acquaviva's fear that the Society of Jesus would become involved in such military matters was a reason for rejecting the archbishop's request. On 28 June 1591 Magauran was in Madrid where he wrote the following letter (in Gaelic, which is translated here) to a Mr. Mody asking him to convey a message to Captain Oliver Eustace who was with the Spanish Army in Brussels- > "Edmund Magawran, Primate of Armagh, to Capt. Oliver Eustace, Yrlandes, Brussels. Commendations to Capt. Eustace and tell him that I am very thankful for such business as he hath written to me, and albeit much hindrances have happened to him and to many others of our country by means of Englishmen, yet I hope in God it will not be long before they be free from the said nation. And notwithstanding that the Catholic king and his captains be slow in their affairs, I am certain that the men who are proposed to be sent to comfort the same poor island, which is in distress a long time, will not be slow. I ought not to write much to you touching those causes, for I know that a Spaniard shall be chief governor of the whole army. The Irish regiment is written for, and whether they come or not, come you in any wise at all haste. The good Bishop of Ross is dead at Lysborne. The Bishop of Limerick, Edmond Eustace, Morish McShane, Thomas McShane and John Lacy and his kinsmen hath them commended unto you and to the other Irishmen that are there. No more, but stay not for any business and come to overtake us. Madryd 28 June 1591." > > The Reverend Bernard O'Donnell stated that he saw the Archbishop in Spain in 1591 and was induced by him to study for the priesthood. On 5 January 1592 the Irish State Papers list "Edmund Magawran, Primate of Armagh", among the Irish leaders who were plotting with Spain. On Pentecost Sunday 14 May 1592 Archbishop Magauran presided over a sung mass at the solemn inauguration of St. Patrick's Church at the Irish College at Salamanca. On 26 May 1592 MacGauran was in Lisbon according to John Howlin- "The Lord Primat is here and sought to goe to his contry, but seeing Oroke which was his chiefe frend, is executed in London and that there be sherifes in all his contry appointed by the Lord Deputy,his mother and sisters sported and leaft beare naked. I see not howe his Lordship may goe into Ireland". Brian O'Rourke was Magauran's chief ally in Ireland at the time so when news of his execution on 3 November 1591 reached Magauran, he delayed his return to Ireland until autumn 1592. Magauran held a meeting in early September 1592 at Burgos with King Philip II of Spain, at which meeting the King promised to send Spanish troops to Ireland in the following summer. In the meantime the King arranged and financed Magauran for a trip back to Ireland to prepare the native Irish leaders for the invasion. On 12 September 1592 King Philip wrote from Burgos to Diego de Orellana de Chaves, regarding "Edmund Macgauran, the Catholic Archbishop Armaugh of Ireland who is returning to his own country – Orellana is to arrange passage for him and be certain that he has enough money to travel, and to advise the king if the Archbishop should choose to sail from Bilbao instead of Laredo". Magauran choose Bilbao, as the Purveyor of Bilbao, Baltasar de Laçama, reported to the King on the measures taken to facilitate Magauran's journey, with a list of the supplies he was to take. The Archbishop departed from Bilbao in early October 1592 with two servants. On the way the ship was attacked by pirates but Magauran escaped by dressing as a sailor and reached Drogheda in December 1592 aboard the ship of a local merchant, James Fleming. He stayed there at the house of Walter Brady, a Cavan merchant, for a couple of days and then headed for Tyrconnell. At Christmas 1592 he held a conference of seven northern bishops in the Franciscan friary in Donegal. This meeting proposed the formation of a Catholic confederacy or league among the nobility and clergy of Ulster and Connaught under the leadership of Tyrconnell. In January 1593 Magauran had travelled on to Fermanagh where he stayed with Hugh Maguire. Sir George Bingham wrote to his brother Richard from Ballymote on 3 January 1593 as follows- > "James O'Crean came lately out of the north from Hugh Roe O'Donnell, where as he saith, he saw seven bishops. Some of them he named unto me. But the chiefest among them was the Bishop M'Gawran, whom the Pope hath made Lord Primate of all Ireland. They were in great Council for two or three days together, and have some great despatch of certain letters, which shall be sent out of hand (as James O'Crean saith) by Bishop O'Hely to the Pope and the King of Spain. He further learned by the Primate M'Gawran that the King of Spain came into France by Waggon and brought his daughter with him to be married to the Duke of Guise. The Primate himself came in his company, and that the King determined to send two armies this next summer, the one for England, the other for Ireland, and the army that should come for Ireland should come by Scotland and land in the north, but their only want was to have some great man here to be (as it were) their leader or general, and have now thought Hugh Roe O'Donnell to be 'the most fittest' for the same. The Primate himself landed at Drogheda, and staid there two or three days after his landing. All which I have thought good to signify unto you, that you may advertise the Lord Deputy thereof. And if it be his pleasure to lay privy at Drogheda, no doubt the Bishop O'Hely may be apprehended, and with him all their practises will be found out. This Bishop M'Gawran is now in Maguire's country and is most relieved there". > > More meetings were held with the local chiefs and on 4 April 1593, Archbishop Magauran wrote to King Philip's councillor in charge of British matters, Juan de Idiáquez y Olazábal, to inform him that all the Gaelic lords promised to support a Spanish invasion, amongst whom were O'Donnell, the Bourkes and O'Rourke. On 7 April Hugh Roe O'Donnell followed up with another letter to King Philip confirming it was a good idea to invade as it would cost little and would divert the English from Spanish Flanders. On 11 April 1593, Patrick M'Arte Moyle M'Mahon gave evidence at Monaghan "of the assemblies sworn by M'Gawran, the titular Primate, to help the Spaniards, who would arrive before mid-May, 1593". A further letter dated 8 May from Enniskillen Castle requested an army of up to 10,000 men by 8 September and was signed by Edmund Magauran, Hugh Maguire, Brian Ogge O'Rourke, six northern bishops and others. All the aforesaid letters from the Irish leaders were entrusted to the Archbishop of Tuam Seamus Ó hÉilidhe but he did not arrive in Spain until September 1593. In the meantime, trouble started in Fermanagh when the English appointed a sheriff there in May 1593. Hugh Maguire threw the sheriff out of Fermanagh and about 1 June 1593 held a council with the other Northern chiefs. On 19 June 1593, Moris O'Skanlon upon examination declared-"that about Thursday was seven night" [7 June 1593], > "Sir Hugh Maguire, Cormock M'Barron Henry Oge, Alexander M'Donnell Oge, Shane Evarry, brother to Maguire, and the supposed Primate called Edmond M'Gawran, met upon a hill in Slight Art's country [Part of Sir Turlough O'Neill's country bounding upon Fermanagh], where the said Edmond held a book, whereupon the said parties took their oath; but what it was this examinate knoweth not, but by hearsay, for that he stood sixty yards off, and as he heard it was that they should faithfully join together in all their doings and actions. The cause of his knowledge is that he was then present and saw every of them take the book from the pretended Primate and put it towards their heads, and heard the report as before; and for a further testimony he saith, that he sent the Seneschal of Monaghan word by his own messenger the same evening that he should be well upon his keeping, for that he feared they would come to prey his country". > > Hugh Maguire then went to O'Rourke's aid against Sir George Bingham, the President of Connacht by attacking Ballymote in County Sligo. Sir Richard Bingham wrote to Burghley on 6 June 1593 (forwarded by Sir H. Bagenall). "One M'Gawran who terms himself Primate, doth much mischief riding on his chief horse, with his staff and shirt of mail. Tirone's own foster brothers at the burning of Ballymote". A dispute arose amongst the O'Rourkes and Maguires about the division of the spoils from Ballymote and Archbishop Magauran tried to settle it. He wrote to Hugh Oge O'Rourke in Gaelic, which was translated into English as follows – > "Magawran, the titular primate of Armagh, hath him commended unto you, Hugh Oge O'Rourke. These are to let you to understand that Maguire appointed me to make as good agreements between you and Brian Oge O'Rourke as possibly I may, which if it may not be effected, to signify unto him which of you hinders it. Therefore I request you to meet a Saturday in some convenient place of appointment, and I with certain gentlemen of Maguires, as Shane M'Hughe's and Brian M'Hughe's children, will meet you. But I request you not to come with any train, and yet not to fail, if ever you will have my favour, to meet for this agreement". > > On 13 June 1593, Thadie Nolan, one of Her Majesty's pursuivants declared at Dundalk that-"The Earl of Tirone's great hatred to Marshal Bagenall. Assistance to Maguire. The O'Hagans who killed Phelim M'Tirlough are conversant with the Earl of Tirone. 180 Scots landed. M'Sweeny Ne Doe doth join Maguire with 400 galloglas. The North standeth altogether at the pleasure of the Earl and the pretended Primate Magawran". On 15 June 1593, the Lord Deputy and Council were in Dundalk where they examined the aforesaid Patrick M'Arte Moyle M'Mahon who informed them that- "Bishop M'Gawran's promise of forces out of Spain. The messages sent to him by Henry Oge O'Neill not to expose himself to danger." On 18 June 1593, Marshall Bagenall stated that he was informed- "The Earl of Tirone's command for wasting the barony of Cremorne. Confederacy between O'Donnell, Maguire, the titular Primate M'Gawran, and the Earl of Tirone." On 20 June 1593, William Moate declared at Dundalk-"that the Earl of Tirone, O'Donnell, Maguire, and Primate Magawran, received the sacrament together at Strabane". On 25 June 1593, Sir Morish O'Cullen, the Chancellor of Armagh, stated at Dundalk that- "Thurlough O'Boile has got the treasurership of Armagh from the Primate M'Gawran." Battle of Sciath na Feart / Death --------------------------------- On 23 June 1593 (The Vigil of St. John or Bonfire Night), Archbishop Edmund MacGauran was killed in Skeanavart townland in the Parish of Kilmacumsy, Barony of Frenchpark, County Roscommon, whilst accompanying Hugh Maguire on his raid into Connacht. There are conflicting dates of the incident owing to the use of both Old & New Style dates. The Annals of the Four Masters state- > "A hosting was made by Maguire (Hugh, the son of Cuconnaught), to emulate that excursion of Brian O'Rourke. He proceeded first through the eastern part of Breifny, keeping Lough Allen to the left; then through the upper part of Tirerrill, through Corran, and across the bridge at the monastery of Boyle, into Machaire Connacht. Early in the day he dispatched marauding parties through the country around. This night the Governor, Sir Richard Bingham, happened to be on a hill near the gate of Tulsk, in the barony of Roscommon, watching the surrounding country; and a party of his cavalry went forth to scour the hills around the hill on which he was [stationed]; but they noticed nothing, in consequence of a thick fog of the early morning, until they and Maguire's cavalry met face to face. The Governor's cavalry turned their backs to them, and they were hotly pursued by Maguire and his people, who continued to lash and strike them until they arrived at the camp and fortification where the Governor was. They again turned upon Maguire, and pursued him back by the same road, until he had reached the middle of his forces. When the Governor saw that he had not an equal number of men with them, he returned back, he himself and all his people having escaped scathless from that conflict, except only William Clifford, a distinguished gentleman, and five or six horsemen, who were slain on that occasion. On the other side were slain, Edmond Magauran, Primate of Armagh, who happened accidentally to be along with Maguire on this occasion; the Abbot Maguire, (Cathal, son of the Abbot); Mac Caffry (Felim), and his brother's son. These were slain on the third day of July. Maguire was not pursued any more on that day; and, having carried away the preys and great spoils of that country, he proceeded steadily and slowly, from one encampment to another, to Fermanagh." > > Philip O'Sullivan Beare stated that- > "About this time Edmund MacGauran, Primate of Ireland, Archbishop of Armagh, was conveyed from Spain by James Fleming, a merchant of Drogheda, bearing a message to the Irish from the King of Spain, to declare war on the Protestants in defence of the Catholic Faith, and informing them that he would very speedily send them aid. The Primate going to Maguire who was already at war and a man of warlike propensities, had no difficulty in persuading him to continue the struggle on the faith of his Catholic Majesty's assurances, and reliance on his sending assistance. Maguire with the Primate and slender forces crossed O'Rourke's country of Breifny and again attacked Connaught. On hearing this, Richard Bingham, an English Knight, Governor of Connaught, sent against him William Gilbert, an Englishman with a small force. They met at a place anciently called 'The Shield of Miracles' (Skieth na Bhfeart). The cavalry of both parties preceded the foot battalions, covering the wings. The day was very dark owing to a thick mist, so that they did not see one another until they came face to face. The trumpet suddenly giving the command, precipitated both into battle. Maguire, who never in the least lost his presence of mind, ran Gilbert through with a spear, killed him, and routed and put his cavalry to flight. The foot closely followed Maguire. The Primate was mounted on horseback and accompanied by only two gentlemen—Felim MacCaffrey and Cathal Maguire. While Maguire was fighting Gilbert, another troop of royalist cavalry fell upon the Primate, who, as he was flying fell from his horse and was killed as he lay on the ground. Felim was also slain fighting. Some foot-soldiers of the Catholic army recognising the Primate's voice, although they could not see him on account of the thick mist, rushed up and thinking Cathal who with drawn sword was defending the Primate, was one of the Protestants, they killed him with many wounds, while the Protestants escaped unhurt, owing to the fleetness of their horses. Maguire was more grieved at the Primate's death than rejoiced at the victory, and laden with booty returned home. Subsequently O'Rourke and Maguire resolving to punish, not only the English Protestants, but also those Irish Catholics who aided them, laid waste O'Ferrall's country of Annaly in Meath. William O'Ferrall tried to rescue the spoils in a cavalry fight, but at the very first charge Maguire put an end to the combat, having by his dexterity and valour pierced William with a spear. On his death the others offered no further resistance, and O'Rourke and Maguire retained the booty". > > On 28 June 1593 Sir Richard Bingham wrote to Burghley stating - "the killing of the arch-traitor M'Gawran, a venomous person, who hath chiefly contrived all these mischief". Bingham's fuller report to the Privy Council on the same date states- > "M'Guire was on horseback; and all their principal men and himself escaped so narrowly, and the very next unto him, round about him, were stricken down; amongst whom his ghostly father, the Titulary Primate Mac Gauran, lost his life, a man of more worth in respect of the villany and combinations which he hath wrought with the ill Irishry than the overthrow of divers hundreds of the other Beggars; and so generally is his death lamented as if the same were their utter overthrow. And, assuredly (right honorable), he was the only stirrer and combiner of their mischiefs towards in Ulster (and the primer of M'Guire to come forward in their two journeys, making the Irishry full of belief that they should have the aid this summer of Spaniards) and another champion of the Pope's, like Doctor Allen, the notable traitor; but, God be thanked, he hath left his dead carcase on the Maugherie, only the said Rebels carried his head away with them, that they might universally bemoan him at home". > > And again, on 30 June, the Lord Deputy and Council informed the Privy Council- "the traitorous titulary Bishop Magawran, with seven or eight of the Maguires, slain in the Maghery." The list of those slain on the side of Maguire is given "Names of the principal men slain by Sir R. Bingham, on Midsummer Eve, in the encounter with Maguire. The Primate Magawran, the Abbot Magwire, M'Elan the chief leader of the Scots, M'Caffry, chief of his name, Turlough M'Caffrey's two sons, M'Thomas, M'Turlough Moile Magwire, son to the Lord of Clancally, James M'Turlough M'Philip Magwire, Cuconnought M'Hugh Magwire's son, and Con M'Turlough O'Neill." The Archbishop's corpse would probably have been buried in the adjoining graveyard of Caldragh. There is a local tradition that the Archbishop's head was buried by the O'Rourkes in the Cemetery of Kiltoghert, County Leitrim, where a stone sculpture of a mitred head still marks the spot. The sculpture was a keystone removed from the 14th century church nearby and placed on a headstone, which states a Bishop Mac Raith ua Móráin (died 1168) was buried there, which was probably the reason Archbishop MacGauran was buried in the same plot. There are many mentions of the McGovern clan in the various Irish Annals throughout the ages and it is perhaps fitting that the very last such mention is of the death of their most illustrious son, Edmund MacGauran, Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland, confidante of Emperors and Popes.

"AnyKey" redirects here. For the stock phrase in command prompts, see Any key. Programmable PC keyboard The **Gateway AnyKey** is a programmable computer keyboard that was sold exclusively by Gateway 2000, Inc. as an option for some of their desktop computers. Introduced in the spring of 1991, the keyboard was manufactured in at least five known versions and incarnations by Tucson, Arizona–based Maxi Switch, Inc. a subsidiary of the Lite-On Technology Corporation. It was also sold by Maxi Switch themselves, as the **ProKey II** (later the **ProKey 124**). The AnyKey proved popular, especially among power users and computer programmers, and soon gained a cult following. The AnyKey is no longer manufactured, Gateway having discontinued it by 1998 at the latest. The AnyKey keyboard is easily distinguished from other generic keyboards by its wide footprint—20 inches (51 cm)—necessitated by an extra double column of function keys on the left side, a unique eight directional arrow keys as opposed to the traditional inverted T, and a quartet of extra keys directly above the numeric pad that control the programmable aspects of the keyboard. They are labeled "Program Macro", "Suspend Macro", "Repeat Rate", and "Remap", reading left to right. All versions of the AnyKey are white or very light gray with some keys (notably the programming keys, extra function keys, and arrows) in a darker gray. Features and construction ------------------------- The AnyKey is a 124-key PC keyboard, comprising the usual complement of 101 keys as well as 23 additional keys. The keyboard includes twelve extra function keys, four programming keys, and four additional arrow keys for diagonal input, as well as one blank key in the center of the eight way arrow key area that normally acts as a second space bar but which can be reprogrammed. The AnyKey has a fourth indicator light labeled "Program", located to the right of the Num Lock, Caps Lock, and Scroll Lock lights. Revisions of its design that predate the advent of the Windows key and Menu key in 1995 have an asterisk (\*), backslash (\), or number sign (#) in the positions of these keys, depending on the intended locale. A unique feature of the AnyKey is its hardware programmability. The keyboard contains an internal controller as well as an EEPROM chip that can store user-defined macros. Any key on the keyboard can be programmed to contain a macro of arbitrary length or can be programmed to act like any other key on the keyboard (remapped). This is done on the hardware level inside the keyboard's controller itself. No driver software is required to use the AnyKey's programming functionality, as the keyboard's own controller dictates which key-press codes are sent to the attached computer. A utility for MS-DOS exists to quickly remap the entire keyboard to a predefined configuration or save its current configuration to a file, but it is not required to use or program the keyboard. The AnyKey's EEPROM memory will retain its data even if the keyboard is unplugged indefinitely, so settings and programming are not lost if the computer is powered down, unplugged, or if the keyboard is unplugged or moved to a different computer. The AnyKey was originally available only with an AT-style connector at the end of its 60-inch cable. Gateway provided a simple adapter with the purchase of an AnyKey, allowing it to be used with the PS/2 port, which Gateway started including in their machines circa 1991. As its design predates the implementation of the USB standard, no USB AnyKey keyboard was ever produced. However, a PS/2 to USB converter will allow the AnyKey to be used with modern USB systems. The AnyKey is built out of a plastic chassis that, at 20 inches (51 cm) wide, is quite large compared to most modern keyboards, primarily owing to the extra columns of keys on the left side. It is also slightly thicker than most keyboard casings of the present era and features a distinctive wedge shape similar to contemporaneous keyboard offerings by Dell. As with many keyboards, there are two plastic feet that can be flipped down from the upper corners to tilt the keyboard into a suitable typing position. There is also a long central plastic foot, on some versions, that can be flipped down to tilt the keyboard to a less severe angle than the two outside feet. The AnyKey uses rubber dome key switches, imparting a smooth, "mushy" key feel versus that of mechanical offerings, such as IBM's popular Model M keyboard. Programming ----------- The AnyKey keyboard is extensively programmable. This takes two forms: remapping, and macro programming. The only keys on the AnyKey that cannot be programmed in at least some way are those used to control the programming itself–"Program Macro", "Suspend Macro", "Repeat Rate", and "Remap". Any *other* key on the keyboard—including letters, numbers, arrow keys, and even special keys like modifiers such as Shift, Alt, Ctrl, Enter, and the Space Bar—can be programmed. ### Remapping A key can be remapped (copied to a different location on the keyboard) by pressing the Remap key once, pressing the key to be copied, and then pressing the new key that will serve as the new destination for the old key's command. The Program light on the keyboard will flash as long as it is awaiting remapping commands. Multiple keys can be remapped without pressing Remap again. The Program light will continue blinking after one key has been remapped and the keyboard will await more remapping commands with the same method as before. On each keypress, the Remap light will pause, flashing momentarily to signal that a keypress has been registered. Pressing Remap again before completing a remapping cancels the operation. Pressing Remap after at least one remapping has been completed will save all the remappings but will cancel an incomplete one if it is in progress. After remapping, the old key will retain its original function even after being remapped elsewhere, effectively creating two copies of the same key. After it is remapped somewhere else, the original or "old" key can be remapped to a different function or have a macro programmed to it. To restore a remapped key to its original function, press the Remap key and then press the remapped key twice. This is known as "remapping a key to itself". Pressing the Remap key will cause the Program light to begin flashing, indicating that the very next key that is pressed will be remapped. ### Macros Any key can also be programmed with a macro and can be combined with key modifiers Alt, and/or Ctrl (e.g. `Ctrl`+`Alt`+`Q`, `Ctrl`+`Alt`+`F1`). Macros are multiple presses of various keys in sequence of arbitrary length. The extra function keys on the left of the keyboard are essentially reserved for having macros programmed to them, though they mirror the function of the function keys along the top of the keyboard before they are programmed. The keyboard treats both sets of function keys as separate, however. Remapping or programming one of the function keys will not change the function of its counterpart. A macro is programmed to a key by pressing the Program Macro key once (depending on the revision of the keyboard, the Ctrl key may also need to be held down), pressing the key that will have the macro assigned to it once, and then entering the commands to be programmed. Any sequence of key presses is valid input, including letters, numbers, keys used in conjunction with Shift, Alt, and Ctrl, function keys, cursor movement, remapped keys, and even *other keys programmed with macros*. The Program light flashes as long as the keyboard is accepting programming input. It pauses momentarily when the key to be assigned the macro is pressed to indicate that the keypress was picked up. Pressing Program Macro for a second time ends the programming session and saves the macro to the target key. Pressing it again before entering any programming input cancels the operation. A key can be cleared of its macro by pressing Program Macro and then pressing the key twice. Pressing a programmed key will "play back" all the keypresses that were programmed into it at the current repeat rate of the keyboard. The Program light normally remains solidly on or off depending on whether the keyboard is set to use macros, which can be toggled by pressing the Suspend Macro key. The state of the Program light does not reflect whether there are any macros programmed into the keyboard, merely whether the keyboard is in macro mode. Pressing the Suspend Macro key will cause the Program light to go out and will cause all keys programmed with macros to behave with their usual functions instead of their programmed macros. Keys that have been remapped do not reset themselves while macros are suspended. Pressing Suspend Macro again relights the Program light and restores the macros to all programmed keys. A DOS utility, ANYKEY.EXE, was offered by Gateway for saving and uploading AnyKey key mappings and macros. It offers three functions: Saving key mappings and settings from the keyboard's non-volatile memory to a file, uploading settings from the file to the keyboard's nonvolatile memory, and checking the file's integrity. It must run in DOS, and it may require the keyboard be connected through a PS/2 or AT-style 5-pin-DIN socket, though a PS/2-to-USB adapter seems to work well for normal keyboard usage. ### Resetting Holding the Control and Alt keys and pressing the Suspend Macro key clears all of the keyboard's programming. The Program light will flash while the keyboard erases its memory. Afterwards, it will go dark and all keys will be reset to their original function, all macros deleted, and all remappings reset. Holding down the Suspend Macro key while powering on the computer will also reset all keys to their original function. ### Quirks The AnyKey also has a user-programmable repeat rate (the rate at which a key will repeat its function on the computer if it is held down) that is handled by the controller inside the board and therefore overrides the BIOS or operating system controlled repeat rate on the attached computer. (On Linux, this has been known to conflict with the included kbdrate utility.) The repeat rate is set by pressing the Repeat Rate key and then one of the top-row function keys, with F1 being the slowest rate and F8 being the fastest—then press "Repeat Rate" again. The programmability of the AnyKey results in complex rules being forged pertaining to its behavior. For example, the Num Lock, Caps Lock, and Scroll Lock keys cannot have macros assigned to them, but they can be included in other macros. These keys can be remapped and remapped to others, however. The keyboard can be programmed to call up and execute software programs in the computer, but the user must compensate for the time it takes the computer to execute the program via inserting a delay of 1–5 seconds before entering a subsequent series of commands. Despite the fact that "AnyKey" is in the name, there is no "Any" key on these keyboards. In customer service lore, the blank key in the center of the AnyKey's arrow key cluster often served as a stand-in for the nonexistant "Any" key, however. History ------- Gateway bundled or offered the AnyKey keyboards with most of their desktop systems from 1991 to 1995. The keyboard featured advanced programmability, making it possible for novice users to reprogram the AnyKey keyboards in unintentional and arcane ways. Manufacturing of the AnyKey ceased circa 1998, and Gateway stopped offering them shortly thereafter. Neither Maxi Switch, Gateway, nor Lite-On currently offer any product labeled as or comparable to the AnyKey.

Scottish footballer **Thomas Stanton** (born 3 May 1948 in Glasgow) is a former professional footballer who played as a full back and a midfielder in The Football League between 1967 and 1976. Stanton started out playing junior football for Liverpool before turning professional in 1965. After a year with their senior squad without playing a League match he moved to Arsenal in September 1966, with whom he again failed to play in a League game. He eventually made his League debut after joining Mansfield Town in 1967, and went on to play 37 times for them before joining Bristol Rovers in June 1968. In eight seasons with Bristol Rovers he made 168 League appearances, eleven of those as a substitute, and scored seven times, before dropping down into non-League football in 1976 when he joined Weymouth. In 1977, he joined Forest Green Rovers as a player-coach, and in 1980 returned to Bristol Rovers as reserve team coach. Another stint as a player-coach followed in 1982, this time with Clevedon Town, and he was later appointed their manager. He returned for a third spell with Bristol Rovers in 1983, where he spent a year coaching their schoolboy teams. Following his retirement from football, Stanton started up an antiques business in the Clifton area of Bristol.

Caccini, *Le nuove musiche*, 1601, title page ***Le nuove musiche*** ("The New Musics") is a collection of monodies and songs for solo voice and basso continuo by the composer Giulio Caccini, published in Florence in July 1602. It is one of the earliest and most significant examples of music written in the early baroque style of the *seconda pratica*. It contains 12 madrigals and 10 arias. The volume was dedicated to Lorenzo Salviati and is dated February 1601, *stile fiorentino* (1602, *stile comune*); it was to be published early in 1602 but the printer, Giulio Marescotti, died before publication was completed, and its release was delayed until July 1602. The introduction to this volume is probably the most clearly written description of the purpose, intent and correct performance of monody from the time. It includes musical examples of ornaments—for example, how a specific passage can be ornamented in several different ways, according to the precise emotion that the singer wishes to convey. Caccini expressed disappointment at inappropriate ornamentation by the singers of his day. The preface also includes effusive praise for the style which he himself invented, and amusing disdain for the work of more conservative composers of the period. An abridged English translation of *Le nuove musiche*'s preface was printed in John Playford's *Introduction to the Skill of Music* from 1664 to 1694. *Le nuove musiche*'s success inspired many similar collections in the seventeenth century, and it is regularly anthologized in modern collections.

**Auguste Angellier** (1 July 1848 – 28 February 1911) was the first teacher of language and English literature at the Faculté de Lettres of Lille, before becoming its dean from 1897 to 1900. A literary critic and historian of literature, he was also a poet, and made sensation at the Sorbonne attacking the theories of Hippolyte Taine in his thesis about Robert Burns in 1893. Biography and career -------------------- ### Early life and education Auguste Angellier was born on 1 July 1848 in Dunkerque in the department of Nord, to a carpenter father and a secretary mother. He was educated in Boulogne-sur-Mer after the precocious death of his father. His attachment to this town had never denied. He then prepared the contest of the École Normale Supérieure at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris in 1866. During the written and oral test of the exam, he was rejected from the high school by the head teacher who considers him, wrongly by others, as a leader of a rebellion movement concerning the bad quality of the food. This disastrous episode of his education forced him to leave to England, due to a lack of financial resources, where he received a job offer of a teacher in a small boarding school. ### Early career and later training Engaged as a volunteer during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he moved to Lyon and then to Bordeaux. A serious breathing infection forced him to go back to Paris, during the Commune, and at the end of the war, he was named repeater at the Lycée Louis-Descartes. He was finally allowed to enter in the Instruction Publique. He graduated soon after. Accepted at a certificate for English teaching, two years later, he taught as a repeater for three years, a required period at that time before registering to prepare the agrégation. He graduated with this contest at the age of 28, and taught right after at the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris, until his departure to England in 1878. ### Poetry and English teaching Angellier cultivated numerous literary friendships, and developed his sensitivity as a poet. His reputation came better in his academic work than in his poetry work. Until that period, he hesitated between journalism and teaching, but this leave just accorded to him permitted him to become interested at the reform project in the study of modern languages in France, through the study of the system in the English universities. In 1881, a job of Maître de conférences in Douai, gave him the opportunity of a brilliant career as an English teacher (the Faculté de Lettres of Douai was transferred to Lille in 1887). Twelve years later, he made two thesis, each one dedicated to a poet : the major thesis to Scottish poet Robert Burns, and an additional thesis to John Keats, entirely written in Latin. Even the quotations of the poems by Keats were written in Latin. Since then, Angellier held the title of professor. He was also the president of the jury at the agrégation of English from 1890 to 1904, and since February 1897, he became the dean with several responsibilities. In 1902, he returned as a Maître de conférences at the École Normale Supérieure and went back to Lille in 1904. Death ----- Auguste Angellier died on 28 February 1911, in Boulogne-sur-Mer.

Chemical reaction that releases energy as light or heat The thermite reaction is famously exothermic. The reduction of iron(III) oxide by aluminium releases sufficient heat to yield molten iron. In thermochemistry, an **exothermic reaction** is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change Δ*H*⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat. The term is often confused with exergonic reaction, which IUPAC defines as "... a reaction for which the overall standard Gibbs energy change Δ*G*⚬ is negative." A strongly exothermic reaction will usually also be exergonic because Δ*H*⚬ makes a major contribution to Δ*G*⚬. Most of the spectacular chemical reactions that are demonstrated in classrooms are exothermic and exergonic. The opposite is an endothermic reaction, which usually takes up heat and is driven by an entropy increase in the system. Examples -------- Examples are numerous: combustion, the thermite reaction, combining strong acids and bases, polymerizations. As an example in everyday life, hand warmers make use of the oxidation of iron to achieve an exothermic reaction: 4Fe  + 3O2  → 2Fe2O3  Δ*H*⚬ = - 1648 kJ/mol A particularly important class of exothermic reactions is combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. the burning of natural gas: CH4  + 2O2  → CO2  + 2H2O  Δ*H*⚬ = - 890 kJ/mol Video of an exothermic reaction. Ethanol vapor is ignited inside a bottle, causing combustion. These sample reactions are strongly exothermic. Uncontrolled exothermic reactions, those leading to fires and explosions, are wasteful because it is difficult to capture the released energy. Nature effects combustion reactions under highly controlled conditions, avoiding fires and explosions, in aerobic respiration so as to capture the released energy, e.g. for the formation of ATP. Measurement ----------- The enthalpy of a chemical system is essentially its energy. The enthalpy change Δ*H* for a reaction is equal to the heat *q* transferred out of (or into) a closed system at constant pressure without in- or output of electrical energy. Heat production or absorption in a chemical reaction is measured using calorimetry, e.g. with a bomb calorimeter. One common laboratory instrument is the reaction calorimeter, where the heat flow from or into the reaction vessel is monitored. The heat release and corresponding energy change, ΔH, of a combustion reaction can be measured particularly accurately. The measured heat energy released in an exothermic reaction is converted to Δ*H*⚬ in Joule per mole (formerly cal/mol). The *standard* enthalpy change Δ*H*⚬ is essentially the enthalpy change when the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction are considered as the amounts of reactants and products (in mole); usually, the initial and final temperature is assumed to be 25 °C. For gas-phase reactions, Δ*H*⚬ values are related to bond energies to a good approximation by: ΔH⚬ = total bond energy of reactants − total bond energy of products An energy profile of an exothermic reaction In an exothermic reaction, by definition, the enthalpy change has a negative value: ΔH = *H*products - *H*reactants < 0 where a larger value (the higher energy of the reactants) is subtracted from a smaller value (the lower energy of the products). For example, when hydrogen burns: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (g) ΔH⚬ = −483.6 kJ/mol

German painter (1750–1812) Self-portrait (1782) **Johann Friedrich August Tischbein**, known as the *Leipziger Tischbein* (9 March 1750, Maastricht - 21 June 1812, Heidelberg) was a German portrait painter from the Tischbein family of artists. Biography --------- He received his first lessons from his father, the set painter Johann Valentin Tischbein. In 1768, he went to Kassel to work in the studios of his uncle, Johann Heinrich Tischbein. Four years later, he took a long trip through France, ending in Paris, where he studied with Johann Georg Wille. In 1777, he took a trip to Naples and Rome, where he met and worked with Jacques-Louis David. He returned to Germany in 1780. That same year, he was appointed court painter to Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont in Bad Arolsen and was later named "Council and Cabinet Painter". During the 1780s he made three trips to the Netherlands, on behalf of his patron, where he improved his skills in portrait painting. In 1795, he was hired by Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau but, by this time, noble patronage was no longer the necessity it once was so, only one year later, Tischbein went to Berlin and became a successful independent portrait painter. In 1799, he had even greater success in Dresden. The following year, he received an appointment to replace Adam Friedrich Oeser as Director of the Academy of Visual Arts in Leipzig. In 1806, he went to Saint Petersburg to settle the estate of his brother, the architect and set designer, Ludwig Philipp Tischbein (1744-1806). He remained there for three years to finish several lucrative commissions from the Russian aristocracy. His daughter, Caroline (1783–1843) and son Carl Wilhelm (1797-1855) also became artists. Selected portraits ------------------ * Willem Arnold AltingWillem Arnold Alting * Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of OrangeWilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange * Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-EisenachKarl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach * Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz with Turban, 1796–97Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz with Turban, 1796–97 * Christiane Amalie of Anhalt-Dessau, 1797–98Christiane Amalie of Anhalt-Dessau, 1797–98 * Margravine Louise of Brandenburg-SchwedtMargravine Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt Further reading --------------- * Adolf Stoll: *Der Maler Johann Friedrich August Tischbein und seine Familie. Ein Lebensbild nach den Aufzeichnungen seiner Tochter Caroline.* Strecker & Schröder, Stuttgart 1923. (mit Werkverzeichnis)

The term **snowburst** was coined in the 1960s by Prof. Robert Sykes who taught meteorology at SUNY Oswego, in northern New York. He used the term to describe a snowstorm that occurred December 7–11, 1958 in Oswego, New York. This particular storm dropped almost 6 feet of snow on the city including 40 inches in 24 hours. It was commonly referred to as "The Blizzard of '58" which was an inaccurate title, as the storm was not accompanied by high wind and the snow fell straight down. Another Blizzard of '58 occurred earlier that year in February across Oswego and Onondaga counties. This storm was an actual blizzard due to the high winds, blowing snow and cold. 26.1" of snow was measured at Syracuse N.Y. and drifts reached 20 feet in Oswego County. (See Thirtieth Publication of the Oswego County Historical Society, (1969) and The Climate and Snow Climatology of Oswego N.Y. (1971) Since then the term "snowburst" has been used to describe any heavy lake effect snowfall not accompanied by high winds. If high winds are present the conditions are referred to as "snow squalls"; and in extreme circumstances it becomes a blizzard. In mid January 1997 a snow burst dropped 95 inches of snow on the hamlet of Montague, New York on the Tug Hill Plateau. This storm included a record for the contiguous United States of 77" in 24 hours on the 11th and 12th, 40" of this total fell in 8 hours. "Snowburst" is now a commonly used term in meteorology, used frequently by the National Weather Service, the Weather Channel and local meteorologist throughout the Great Lakes region. The meteorological definition of a snowburst is as follows: "A short period of heavy snowfall, say on the order of 10-14 hours or so with snowfall rates around two inches per hour and greater. It is believed that snow frequently forms and falls out within "short" distances - say hundreds of feet. There is a tendency for the larger flakes to fall out closer to the shore." NOAA defines snowburst as: "Very intense shower of snow, often of short duration, that greatly restricts visibility and produces periods of rapid snow accumulation."

Comic book series ***X-Men Blue*** was an ongoing comic book published twice monthly by Marvel Comics and initially created by writer Cullen Bunn and artist Jorge Molina. The first issue was released April 12, 2017. It is a continuation of the *All New X-Men* series that began in 2012 and features young members of the original X-Men team who have time traveled to the present day. Publication history ------------------- *X-Men Blue* and its sister book, *X-Men Gold*, were created following the crossover series *Inhumans vs. X-Men*. The new titles were announced October 21, 2016, as part of the ResurrXion brand. The color-coded names are a reference to storylines from the early 1990s when various comics in the X-Men franchise were best-sellers. The first issue was released April 12, 2017, and subsequent issues were released twice monthly. The storyline in *X-Men Blue* is a continuation of the 2012 series *All New X-Men*. In February 2018, the spin-off sister book *X-Men Red* was released. The main cast of the book departed to a space mission, narrated in the "Poison-X" arc of the *Venom* comic book, which set up the *Venomized* crossover. Their absence was used to establish a new line-up. In September 2018, the series ended with issue 36. The story of the time-displaced X-Men is concluded in the *Extermination* event which was part of Marvel's Fresh Start initiative. Fictional team history ---------------------- ### Strangest After learning they are from a different timeline, the time-displaced X-Men leave X-Haven to find their place in the world. They align themselves with their former enemy, Magneto, and operate in secret out of a base in Madripoor. Under Jean Grey's leadership, they defeat Black Tom Cassidy, Juggernaut, and a group of mutant sentinels in Barcelona led by Bastion. Unknown to the team, Magneto is secretly building a Time Platform to send the young X-Men back to their time period of origin. After learning of a Wendigo-related disturbance in the North, the X-Men investigate alongside a local sheriff named Kira Lee and encounter an amnesiac Jimmy Hudson, who helps defeat the Wendigo, on the run from other mutants who also came from the Ultimate Universe. During the ensuing battle Jean ends up in telepathic contact with Miss Sinister, who takes a keen interest in her. After the battle ends they decide to bring Jimmy with them to join their team instead of sending him to the school with Kitty Pryde in order to better protect him and keep him under the radar. While exploring Madripoor during a festival on a night off, Jean, Beast and Jimmy confront a group of mutants, known as the Raksha, who were buying a chemical from a local dealer. Upon seeing Jimmy's claws the Raksha voluntarily end the fight, acknowledging the X-Men as allies due to everyone involved having a positive history with Wolverine. ### Toil and Trouble During the *Secret Empire* storyline, the team rebels against the government of New Tian, located somewhere in California, following Hydra's takeover of the United States. While in their hideout, they're attacked by Havok, Archangel, Marrow, Firestar, Wolfsbane, Mondo and Toad who were sent by Emma Frost. Each of them exhibited much stronger abilities which Beast concludes is due to secondary mutations. While Jean and Jimmy escape, the rest of the team is captured. Emma then talks to Cyclops in his cell. As Jean and Jimmy regroup and plan their next move they are rescued by Danger, who stages a series of elaborate holograms to keep Emma's forces occupied. The rest of the team begins to lose hope as Emma begins telepathically tormenting Cyclops. Havok is about to intercept Jean and Jimmy when he is suddenly ambushed by Polaris. While Polaris fights Havok, Jean and Jimmy manage to rescue their teammates and Briar until they're caught by Emma, who has upgraded her powers using a fragment of the Cosmic Cube, allowing her to take control of Cyclops and force him to attack his teammates. Jean manages to release Cyclops from Emma's mental control and the team successfully escapes. Meanwhile, Magneto speaks with Steve Rogers about the team's recent actions and Emma and Havok meet with Miss Sinister and Bastion. Sometime later, it's revealed that Beast has learned his magic from the Goblin Queen, who was using him to free a group of demons known as the Hex-Men who take the form of Pixie, Colossus, Bloodstorm and Nightcrawler so that she may begin a dark ritual to summon her fellow Queens to take the world as their own. Danger trains Iceman and notes that he is distracted which could endanger the team during a fight because his boyfriend Romeo has stopped replying to his calls and messages. Jean and Scott find out that, when she released him from Emma's mind control, that a unique, unbreakable connection had formed between them meaning that they will always be able to read each other's minds. This initially causes some conflict as Jean discovers that Scott is jealous of her budding relationship with Jimmy. While trying to make sense of their new connection, the pair almost kiss but are interrupted by a massive explosion as the Golbin Queen begins her attack. The team confronts the Goblin Queen and the Hex-Men, seeing Beast transformed into a demonic creature. During the battle, Jean and Scott manage to escape with help from the teleporting demon Pickles and enlist the aid of the Raksha. Back at the mansion, the Goblin Queen and the Hex-Men manage to capture the rest of the team and begin a ritual to summon the Goblin Queen's sisters. During the ritual, Jean, Scott and the Rashka infiltrate the mansion and battle the Goblin Queen's demons. Bloodstorm realises that the promises made to her by the Golbin Queen are false and that she will dispose of the Hex-Men once her sisters have been summoned so she betrays her and convinces Beast to break the Goblin Queen's hold on him and banish her to the hellish dimension where her sisters have been trapped. In the aftermath, Bloodstorm, is welcomed into the team despite her worries that she will massacre them as she did to the X-Men of her own reality. Meanwhile, Angel and Jimmy return to Colorado and join forces with Kira to investigate Jimmy's mysterious past only to discover a hidden lab where they find Blob, who had been experimented on by Miss Sinister. When they enter, a special holographic message from Miss Sinister activates because it is attuned to Jimmy's genetic code but Angel turns it off before they can hear what she has to say because he believes she is trying to manipulate them. Angel, Kira and Jimmy battle Blob until he starts to melt as a side effect of the experiments and Angel vows to help him. They realise that the mutants that attacked them in New Tian must have been experimented on by Miss Sinister as well, meaning their powers were not because of secondary mutations. After finding the bodies of dead mutants, they theorise that the experiments, which Sinister refers to as "Mothervine" must be harmful to mutants, killing some but greatly powering up those who survive. ### "Mojo Worldwide" When the team are invited to the Xavier Institute by Kitty, their reunion is interrupted by three floating objects that land in various areas of New York. The Blue and Gold teams join forces and split off into groups to investigate. When they come into contact with the objects, a powerful force fields surrounds them that they are unable to escape from. The force fields create virtual reality constructs of Asgard, Inferno and the Future that Rachel came from. Their clothing is transformed and the teams begin to fight off approaching enemies. It is revealed that Mojo, in an effort to boost his ratings, is creating a special "greatest hits" show that recreates famous X-Men battles from throughout their history and that he is broadcasting it live to audiences across the multiverse. The first team, consisting of Kitty, Prestige, Cyclops and Bloodstorm, try to rescue civilians in the Future but they are interrupted by Mojo who broadcasts his face onto an army of Sentinels. Proving to them that the threats they face are real and not simply special effects, impales Bloodstorm on a metal spear, killing her. Prestige used Scott and Jean's psychic connection to boost her own telepathy, enabling her to contact Logan, Storm, Angel and Iceman who are trapped in Asgard battling Frost Trolls and Nightcrawler, Colossus, Jimmy, Beast and Marvel Girl who are fighting demons in Inferno to tell them that Mojo is behind everything. The first team is rescued from the Sentinels by Longshot, who has hacked into Mojo's system and is broadcasting his adventures to his own subscribers. Mojo becomes angry when he is informed that his ratings are not rising as quickly as he expected so he begins showering his audience with gifts and encourages them to vote on which scenario they would like to see the X-Men face using an app. Transported to Asteroid M, Longshot, Kitty, Prestige and Cyclops are forced to fight a simulation of Magneto. Scott then admits that the X-Men Blue have been working with Magneto and concludes that they never should have agreed as it is impossible for someone to change their behaviour so significantly. Meanwhile, Logan, Storm, Iceman and Angel are sent to the X-Tinction Agenda where they come under attack by the Magistrates and the Press Gang who swiftly kill the entire team. Meanwhile, Marvel Girl, Beast, Jimmy, Colossus and Nightcrawler are still fighting demons and are confronted by a simulation of the Goblin Queen who Jean manages to defeat, causing the team to be teleported to the Savage Land. Mojo is delighted when Polaris, Danger and the real Magneto arrive to rescue the X-Men, sending them into the Morlock tunnels to face the Apocalypse and the Marauders. Longshot manages to teleport his team away from the Avengers.Still in the Savage land, Hank uses magic to fight off their enemies, much to the concern of Jean. Longshot and the others arrive and the surviving X-Men regroup before freeing the X-Men that had previously been "killed" from stasis chambers on Mojoworld. Magneto, Polaris and Danger defeat Apocalypse but then come face-to-face with the Shi'ar and Krakoa although Danger manages to free them from the simulation. While the rest of the X-Men engage Spiral and Mojo's forces, Kitty finds out the location of Mojo's control room. The team reach the control room for their final showdown with Mojo, who leeches energy from his viewers to increase his strength. He appears to be getting the upper hand until Magento and Polaris arrive and combine their powers to create an EMP that disables his broadcasting technology, leaving him helpless. Kitty berates the young X-Men for working with Magneto and confronts Magneto about his actions but Colossus convinces her to stand down. After teleporting away, Mojo and his crew are stranded on Earth but manage to set up their own news network. ### "Cross Time Capers" The X-Men return to Magneto's mansion in Madripoor. Jean, concerned about Hank after he attempted to cast more spells, starts keeping an eye on him although Hank believes she is only hanging out with him in order to stay away from Scott, who she has started developing feelings for. Scott also tries to separate himself from Jean (even though their psychic rapport means the pair can never truly be alone) and grows closer to Bloodstorm, who he realizes he has more in common with than he first thought. Bobby watches Mojo's new television show in which contestants attempt to survive a day being hunted by various creatures to win a cash prize. Polaris and Angel train Jimmy but they are interrupted when Polaris suddenly disappears. Sensing this, Jean and Hank rush to Magneto who instructs her to read his mind. Jean discovers that Magneto has somehow been communicating with Professor Xavier from beyond the grave and, before disappearing, Magneto orders them into the labs underneath the mansion. The X-Men find out that Magneto had been secretly building a time machine to send them back home and, believing they are to blame for the disappearances, Hank activates the machine in the hope that returning to their original time will fix the timestream. The machine mistakenly sends the team to 2099 where they are confronted by the X-Men of that timeline. Hank explains that he believes something has happened in their original time and, because the X-Men were not there to stop it, ripples through time are erasing people from existence. They find out 2099 is a dystopian future where the original five X-Men have destroyed the planet and leave most people to starve and die. Horrified, Hank and the team travel to another time in the hope of rewriting history so that this future will never happen. The device sends them to the wrong time period again and the X-Men are forced to battle the students of Generation X but the battle is interrupted by the student's teachers Banshee and Emma Frost, who reveal that the original X-Men turned on them and decimated any attempts at resistance. Hank finally manages to teleport the team back to their original time. In the past, due to the absence of the X-Men when they travelled to the future, evil versions of the original X-Men from an alternate reality led by Professor X took their place and killed Magneto using a nuclear missile. That time's original Xavier is kept hooked up to Cerebro but somehow managed to send a message through time to Magneto in the present asking for help. Hank manages to rescue Magneto just before his death and he reluctantly teams up with the X-Men. It is revealed that the evil X-Men are actually the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants who were last encountered by the team during the Battle of the Atom storyline. The teams engage each other in combat, with Beast teleporting in the 2099 X-Men and Generation X while Jean locates and rescues their Professor X from Cerebro. The Brotherhood jump back into the timestream before they can be apprehended and the X-Men have a tearful reunion with their Xavier, who explains that there is still things they must do before they can stay in their time, noting that when they do return for good, it must be from the exact moment in which they left. Sending them back to the present, the X-Men find that Magneto and the others have returned with no memory of what has happened, although Bobby quickly fills him in. The X-Men are disheartened that they must eventually return to the original time, with Bobby particularly upset that all of their growth as people will be undone. Magneto finds the Brotherhood in the timestream and kills them for what they have done. ### "Poison X" During Scott's video call between Scott and his father Corsair, he and the rest of the Starjammers are attacked by people wearing symbiotes. Before the call cuts off, Corsair shouts some co-ordinates to Scott which are also heard by Jean via their psychic rapport. Hoping to find answers, the X-Men intercept Venom during one of his missions. While Eddie Brock refuses to go with the X-Men, his Venom symbiote wants to learn more about what is going on and puts him to sleep so that the X-Men can question him. They locate the Strarjammer's ship and are greeted by Sikorsky, who hid during the attack and explains more about the symbiotes that were responsible. Fearful of the damager they can do, Venom agrees to help the X-Men. After barely surviving an encounter with some of the symbiotes, Scott is badly wounded and the X-Men retreat while Venom manages to track down the arms dealer responsible for selling the symbiotes however, once inside, a battle ensues causing some of the symbiotes to bond with the X-Men. The team board the ship of the symbiote-wearing bounty hunters who have been holding the Starjammers hostage and incapacitate them, enabling Scott to free his father. Jean's psychic link is suddenly severed and it is revealed that Poisons, special symbiotes that completely take over a host and turn them into a weapon, have boarded the ship and bonded with her, killing her. ### "Cry Havok" Magneto discovers that Emma Frost and the Hellfire Club are planning something and heads to their mansion to investigate, coming face to face with Sebastian Shaw whose powers have been augmented by Miss Sinister. Although they pretend to be in league with Miss Sinister and Bastion (who are planning to use their combined technology to cause an increase in the mutant population), Havok and Emma Frost privately conspire to double cross them when the moment arises. Malice is revealed to have possessed Polaris and, although she manages to break free, Malice has already gravely injured the Raksha leaving only one, Gazing Nightshade, unharmed. Jimmy and Bloodstorm rescue Xorn from a group of Marauders and regroup with Polaris, Gazing Nightshade and new recruit Daken to form a new team of X-Men. Magneto meets with Miss Sinister, Bastion, Havok and Emma and tries to convince them to reconsider their actions but they refuse and defeat him. The group unleash their technology and mutants all over the world begin to develop new mutations that they are unable to control. Miss Sinister reveals that their technology also takes away their free will, allowing her to control them and, while Emma is taken aback, Havok explains that he knew all along and supports her plan. The X-Men do battle with the mutants and are captured while Magneto flees and meets with Exodus and Elixir who help him to heal the new mutants. Emma turns on Sinister and frees Jimmy, who kills Sinister, before releasing the rest of the X-Men. Xorn sacrifices himself to kill Bastion and Polaris, with Emma's help, breaks through to Havok and makes him see the error of his ways. Emma meets with Magneto, who vows to destroy her for what she has done. In the depths of space, a traumatised Cyclops is unable to come to terms with Jean's death and, despite having some difficulty, Beast manages to fly their ship back home. ### "Surviving the Experience" Following an invasion of Earth by the Poisons, which results and Jean being resurrected, the X-Men search for Jimmy, who was taken over by one of the last surviving Poisons. They track him to the woods where they try to break through to Jimmy and encourage him to fight against the Poison which is controlling him but they are interrupted by Daken who announces that he has been sent by Magneto to assassinate Jimmy. Jean lets Jimmy go off to find himself. Searching for Emma, Magneto attacks several Hellfire Club parties and kills everyone in attendance. The X-Men investigate, shocked that Magneto is capable of such things but Bloodstorm explains that, while the X-Men were in space, Magneto was forced to kill some of the mind-controlled mutants he had sworn to protect and that he is now seeking revenge on those that caused it. The X-Men track Emma to France and offer to help protect her from Magneto, who subsequently attacks with powers enhanced using mutant growth hormone. After they help Emma escape, it becomes clear that Magneto is too powerful for the X-Men and, not wanting to kill the team he had mentored, Magneto leaves. Jean meets with her adult self and the two speak about their various resurrections. The younger Jean expresses her wish that they would have had more time to get to know one another but that the time-displaced X-Men must return to their original time soon. She expresses her sadness that their minds must all be erased of their experiences in the present so that they do not change things when they return to the past. Young Hank reconciles with the present version of Best and asks him to find a way to make them forget who they are. During a game of pool with his older self, Bobby breaks down in the knowledge that he will be forced back into the closet when he returns to his original time. Iceman tries to reassure him that he will grow up to be someone awesome but younger Bobby admits that he quite likes the person he's become but the option to remain that person is no longer possible. Angel catches up to Archangel to say goodbye. Scott and Bloodstorm visit the adult Cyclops' grave and Scott comes to terms with the fact that he won't be a part of the future and that going back to their timeline is ensuring this. The X-Men meet in a Florida military base (the first place they became an official team in X-Men #1 in 1963) and resolve to tie up some loose ends. They destroy Mojo's new TV network, Scott says goodbye to Corsair and the Starjammers and recruit the Raksha as official X-Men who are to be trained by Danger and Polaris. At the X-Mansion, Jean and Scott finally give into their feelings and share a kiss. As they prepare to travel back in time, they see a news report that Magneto has formed a new Brotherhood and is attacking a nearby city so the X-Men resolve to stay in the present for just a little while longer. ### Time-displaced X-Men Roster Headlined *All-New X-Men* in 2012 to 2017 and *X-Men Blue* in 2017 to 2018. Original members| Character | Real name | | --- | --- | | Cyclops | Scott Summers | | Iceman | Robert Louis "Bobby" Drake | | Beast | Henry Philip "Hank" McCoy | | Marvel Girl / Phoenix | Jean Grey | | Angel / Archangel | Warren Kenneth Worthington III | Recruits| Character | Real name | Joined in | | --- | --- | --- | | Shadowcat | Kitty Pryde | *X-Men: Battle of the Atom* #2 (2013) | | X-23 / Wolverine | Laura Kinney | *All-New X-Men* #20 (2013) | | Oya | Idie Okonkwo | *All-New X-Men* vol. 2 #1 (2016) | | Genesis | Evan Sabahnur | | Pickles | | Magneto | Max "Erik Magnus" Eisenhardt | *X-Men Blue* #1 (2017) | | Poison | James Hudson Jr. | *X-Men Blue* #6 (2017) | | Bloodstorm | Ororo Munroe | *X-Men Blue* #12 (2017) | | Polaris | Lorna Dane | *X-Men Blue* #25 (2018) | | Xorn | Shen Xorn | | Daken | Akihiro | | Gazing Nightshade | Mentors| Character | Real name | Joined in | | --- | --- | --- | | Danger | "Danger Room" | Revealed as the Blackbird in *X-Men Blue* #8 | | Briar Raleigh | | *X-Men Blue* #7 (July 2017) | | Critical reception ------------------ According to review aggregator Comic Book Roundup, the first issue received an average score of 7.8 out of 10 based on 26 critical reviews. Collected editions ------------------ | # | Title | Material collected | Pages | Publication date | ISBN | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 0 | **Reunion** | *Uncanny X-Men* #351-359, *X-Men Unlimited* #17, *Uncanny X-Men/Fantastic Four Annual* 1998 and excerpts from *Cerebro's Guide To The X-Men* | 328 | April 5, 2018 | 978-1302909536 | | 1 | **Strangest** | *X-Men Blue* #1–6 | 144 | September 5, 2017 | 978-1302907280 | | 2 | **Toil and Trouble** | *X-Men Blue* #7–12 | 136 | December 5, 2017 | 978-1302907297 | | **X-Men Gold Vol. 3: Mojo Worldwide** | *X-Men Gold* #13–15 and *X-Men Blue* #13–15 | 136 | February 6, 2018 | 978-1302910891 | | 3 | **Cross-Time Capers** | *X-Men Blue* #16–20 | April 3, 2018 | 978-1302909789 | | **Venom & X-Men: Poison X** | *X-Men Blue* #21–22 & Annual #1, *Venom* #162–163 (story concluded in *Venomized #1-5*) | June 5, 2018 | 978-1302912253 | | 4 | **Cry Havok** | *X-Men Blue* #23–28 | 144 | August 7, 2018 | 978-1302909796 | | 5 | **Surviving the Experience** | *X-Men Blue* #29–36 | 188 | November 13, 2018 | 978-1302909802 | |

1995 American film ***Deadly Sins*** is a 1995 American-Canadian slasher film directed by Michael Robison, and stars David Keith and Alyssa Milano. It had a limited VHS release. In Germany, the film was released on VHS under the title *Sins*. Plot ---- Eleven girls have disappeared from an Eau Claire, Wisconsin Catholic school in the last five years. When one of them, an orphaned outsider named Gwendolyn (Telek), is found dead, hanged from the church bells, Seattleite deputy sheriff Jack Gates (Keith) is assigned to the task to the mystery. When he arrives, he is upset to find out that the inexperienced Doc (Mulligan) has already claimed to have examined the body and that the body has already been removed. Mother Superior (Perry) assigns her secretary and the school's history teacher, nun Cristina Herrera (Milano), to help Jack with the case. Jack is especially interested in a stolen cross that was also reported along with the death. Through one of the students, Beth (Clark) - a popular student who bullies Polly (Collins) - Jack learns that the school keeps the spirit of Mother Bernadette, the former mother superior, alive. Mother Bernadette has her own - locked from the outside - sanctuary and the students are taught that she is always with them. That night, Beth sneaks out to have sex with delivery boy Eric (Bacic). Meanwhile, student Suzy Carroll (Copping) is being chased and murdered by an unknown person. The following morning, Jack learns from Doc that Gwen did not commit suicide, but was murdered: there was a cross sign carved in her stomach after her death. Doc thinks that Gwen was being punished for being four months pregnant at the time of her death. Jack is next informed that Suzy has disappeared, and that this has happened before at the school. He gets mad at Mother Superior for not having informed him earlier, but she explains that she did not bother, because all the girls were of age, and were probably eloping. Meanwhile, in class, Beth accuses her teacher Gray (Hanlon) of having impregnated Gwen; Headmaster Gray responds by revealing that he knows about her affair with Eric. The following night, Marie (Lenhart) is chased by an unknown person near the graveyard. She is saved by Jack, and claims that a woman has touched her. She tries to kiss him, but Jack holds his distance, as does he with Rita (Bates), a waitress of a nearby bar whom he befriended. The next day, Cristina shares her doubt in the integrity of some of the staff with Jack: she finds it strange that Father Anthony graduated top of his class at Harvard and is now teaching at the small Catholic school; Mother Superior supposedly killed her husband in the past; and Emily (Warn-Pegg) - the school's cook - gave birth to a stillborn child. She is unable to find out, however, why Headmaster Gray left his previous school eight years earlier. Jack has recently found out that Headmaster Gray, previously known as Marc Anthony, was arrested in Webster, Illinois for having sex with one of his students; the charges were later dropped. Meanwhile, the girls fear that they might be the next to disappear. Nevertheless, Beth sneaks out to meet with Eric, but he is stabbed to death by a person dressed in white. Beth is chased as well, but escapes; she later claims to have witnessed the presence of Mother Bernadette. Jack then confronts Gray with his record, and then finds sex tapes of the missing girls and Beth among Gray's stuff. He concludes that Gray is the killer, but Gray kills himself before an arrest can be made. Jack celebrates having solved the case with Cristina, who reveals herself not as a nun, but as a private investigator hired by the church. They end up having sex that night. The next morning, however, when Marie attends to sacristan duties in the school chapel, she is strangled by the murderer inside the confessional. When she is reported missing, Jack and Cristina realize that Gray was not the killer. Cristina concludes that all the girls murdered were good girls and that the murderer must have learned of their innocence through the confessional. Cristina finds a secret tunnel behind the confessional, and is knocked unconscious by the murderer. Jack also finds the secret door, and within the tunnel the tied-up Cristina and a secret chamber in which the corpses of Mother Bernadette and the missing girls have been arranged in a gruesome replication of the Last Supper. There he is assailed and stabbed in the stomach by the murderer, who is revealed to be Emily. Cristina eventually rescues Jack by dropping a cross hanging above the supper table on Emily, which stabs her to death. After they escape the tunnel, they conclude that Gwen killed herself all along, because she was the only girl who had a sin and thus could not have been a victim of Emily. Cast ---- * David Keith as Jack Gates * Alyssa Milano as Cristina Herrera * Terry David Mulligan as Doc * Corrie Clark as Elizabeth 'Beth' * Heidi Lenhart as Marie * Pamela Perry as Mother Superior * Peter Hanlon as Headmaster Charles Gray * Joely Collins as Polly * Jo Bates as Rita * Oliver Becker as Father Anthony * April Telek as Gwendolyn 'Gwen' Jones * Ann Warn Pegg as Emily * Robert Jones as Billy * Steve Bacic as Eric * Jennifer Copping as Suzy Carroll * Mary McDonald as Mrs. Gray Production ---------- The film was shot between August 20 and September 10, 1994.

American clarinetist, alto saxophonist, and flutist **Wilbur Schwartz** (17 March 1918 Newark, New Jersey – 3 August 1990 Los Angeles), aka Wil Schwartz or Willie Schwartz, was an American studio session clarinetist, alto saxophonist, and flutist who was widely known as a member of the Glenn Miller Orchestra. Early years ----------- Born in 1918 to Charles and Pearl Schwartz of Newark, New Jersey, young Willie studied music as a child, along with his older brother Jack. At the 14th Avenue School, he performed in various ensembles, some under the direction of Henry Melnick. Despite the trepidation of their parents, young West Side High schoolers Jack and Wil took a paying gig on a cruise ship, the Atlantida, down to Havana one summer. Jack graduated in January of 1935, with Wil following suit in January 1936. Club dates and an engagement with Julie Wintz's band kept young Wil employed, until a fateful night in lower Manhattan in 1938 changed everything - Wil was playing with a trio, and veteran trombonist Glenn Miller came into the club and liked what he heard. Miller hits it big ------------------ With twenty year-old Wil playing lead clarinet over four saxes, Miller assiduously rehearsed and polished his band's sound: a smooth, "sweet" style of swing with distinctive arrangements by Miller and Bill Finnegan, among others. According to big band chronicler George T. Simon, "Willie's tone and way of playing provided a fullness and richness so distinctive that none of the later Miller imitators could ever accurately reproduce the Miller sound." Then, on March 1, 1939 (Miller's birthday), the band received word of being booked for the summer season at the Glen Island Casino, an auspicious showcase. Dates at the Meadowbrook Ballroom followed, with recording sessions for Bluebird and coast-to-coast radio broadcasts sponsored by Chesterfield. The Miller band was accorded the first gold record ever by the RIAA for "Chattanooga Choo-Choo" and hits that defined the era followed: "In The Mood", "Pennsylvania 6-5000", "A String Of Pearls", "I've Got A Gal In Kalamazoo", "American Patrol", "Tuxedo Junction", "Elmer's Tune", "Little Brown Jug", and the band's theme and the swing era's archetypical ballad, "Moonlight Serenade" on which Wil's golden clarinet tone was imprinted on a generation. World War shake-up ------------------ Upon the United States' entry into the Second World War, Miller's patriotism spurred him to disband his civilian band at the peak of its success and enlist in the Army Air Force. Despite repeated entreaties from Miller, Wil initially struck out on his own as a sideman, but sensing the inevitable, eventually enlisted in the Merchant Marines. Stationed on Catalina Island, he met lifelong friend Ted Nash, another woodwind legend who had come up from the Les Brown band. Following the war, Hollywood studio work blossomed and Wil was playing a five day-a-week radio show for Bob Crosby when he met Peggy Clark, she of the Sentimentalists with Tommy Dorsey. Six weeks later, they wed on September 17, 1948. Postwar career -------------- The studio work continued. Wil was in demand as a perfect sightreader and doubler on sax, clarinet, and flute (having studied with Roger Stevens). Sessions with his friend from the Miller days Billy May led to work with young Nelson Riddle, Gordon Jenkins, and others. Album work with Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Nat Cole, Judy Garland, and many others was supplemented by film work for up-and-comers like Henry Mancini and Neal Hefti. Playing for the Kennedy inauguration was a highlight, as was playing for Johnny Mandel on the film score of "The Sandpiper". Johnny Mann hired him in the band for The Joey Bishop Show (up against The Tonight Show With Johnny Carson, for which he occasionally played under Doc Severinson, or The Merv Griffin Show with leader Mort Lindsey). Wil's sound was in demand well into the 1980's, when composer John Williams tapped him to play for the score of "Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom", and James Horner for "Cocoon" and "Batteries Not Included". Family life ----------- Wil married Peggy Clark, whose career rivaled his. She was singing on The Jack Smith Show for radio when they met, and she became a prodigious session singer, recording for Mancini, Jud Conlon, Jimmy Joyce, Earl Brown, and many others. Schwartz was the father of Karen, session singer for film, records, commercials, and television, and of Grammy-winning composer-arranger Nan Schwartz. Youngest son Doug is a music engineer.

American 19th century newspaper editor **John Allen Lewis** (1819–1895) was an American newspaper editor who later became interested in American history, producing many works on the subject. In 1851 he established and became the editor of the *Los Angeles Star*, the first newspaper published in Los Angeles, California. Lewis came into printing and editing at an early age working for another newspaper editor in Massachusetts. Early years ----------- Lewis was born on November 23, 1819, in Barnstable, Massachusetts. At the age of eleven, Lewis began to set type in the office of *The Barnstable Patriot*, and he later found employment in other newspaper offices in the Boston area. His father was Josiah Lewis, also of Barnstable. His paternal ancestor was George Lewis (Lewice, Lewes), who settled in Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. At eleven years of age Lewis apprenticed under the printing office of S. B. Phinney also from Barnstable who founded *The Barnstable Patriot* in 1830, Cape Cod's oldest newspaper. Career ------ In 1849, when the California Gold Rush rush occurred, Lewis moved to San Francisco, California, taking his printing press, and after editing a newspaper there for a short time, he took as a partner a relative and established the *Los Angeles Star* in Los Angeles. The first issue of this "pioneer" newspaper was issued on May 17, 1851, and was entitled, *La Estrella de Los Angeles*. (The Star of Los Angeles). It consisted of four pages with five column each. The first two pages were printed in English and the following two in Spanish. Lewis edited the two English pages, while Manuel Clemente Rojo edited the two in Spanish. After some two and a half years from its first publication, the *Los Angeles Star* was completely out of Lewis' hands by August 1, 1853. Foster's printing shop was located opposite the Bell block, which stood on the south-east corner of Aliso and Los Angeles streets. As managing editor of the *Star*, Lewis' editorial policy was non-partisan in politics, maintaining that, > "I professed all along to print an independent newspaper, and although my own preferences were with the Whig Party, I never could see enough either in the Whig or Democratic Party to make a newspaper of. I never could muster up fanaticism enough to print a party paper." > > The prospect of establishing a newspaper in mid-nineteenth century Los Angeles proved to be somewhat difficult and something of an experiment for Lewis. The closest major source of news was San Francisco, which was more than 500 miles distant, where Lewis had to depend on the mails, either by sea or overland, which took anywhere from two to six weeks to arrive. Subsequently Lewis' journalistic pursuits were mostly limited to local news in and around Los Angeles, and where any word of out of town news was often considerably dated. Lewis's journalist writings in his newspaper were praised for their accuracy and research and many contemporary newspaper editors regarded him as a most valued contributor. Upon his return to Boston, Lewis married Elizabeth Ritchie, the daughter of Uriah Ritchie, a resident of the old North End. Lewis has written many dozens of works which are listed in *Catalogue of a collection of early New England books made by the late John Allen Lewis and now in the Boston Public Library*. He intended to make his books and his knowledge of early Massachusetts history useful to students. He was also connected with the Illinois Central Railroad, and lived in Chicago for approximately five years. The remainder of his life was spent in Boston, where he died on November 2, 1885 at the age of 65; he is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts. Citations --------- 1. 1 2 John A. Lewis Library, 1892, p. 151 2. 1 2 3 New England Historical Society, 1907: *Memorial Biographies*, p. 228 3. ↑ "Sturgis Library Archives: Town and Local History Collection: S. B. Phinney Newspaper Scrapbooks MS. 133" (PDF). *Sturgis Library*. Retrieved October 20, 2022. 4. ↑ McCorkle, 1915-1916, p. 25 5. 1 2 3 Guinn, 1915, p. 407 6. ↑ John A. Lewis Library, 1892, p. 151 7. ↑ John A. Lewis Library, 1892, 30 pages 8. ↑ John A. Lewis Library, 1892, p. 151 Sources ------- * Guinn, James Miller (1915). *A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well-Known Citizens of the Past and Present*. Vol. I. Los Angeles: Historic Record Co. * Boston Public Library (1892). *Catalogue of a collection of early New England books made by the late John Allen Lewis and now in the Boston Public Library*. Vol. 1. Boston Public Library. * McCorkle, Julia Norton (1915–1916). "A History of Los Angeles Journalism". *Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California*. University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern California. **10** (1 & 2): 24–43. doi:10.2307/41168909. JSTOR 41168909. * New England Historic Genealogical Society (1907). *Memorial biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society*. Vol. VIII. New England Historic Genealogical Society.

Blood flow through an artery is partially occluded by the deposition of an atherosclerotic plaque. **Arterial occlusion** is a condition involving partial or complete blockage of blood flow through an artery. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to body tissues. An occlusion of arteries disrupts oxygen and blood supply to tissues, leading to ischemia. Depending on the extent of ischemia, symptoms of arterial occlusion range from simple soreness and pain that can be relieved with rest, to a lack of sensation or paralysis that could require amputation. Arterial occlusion can be classified into three types based on etiology: embolism, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. These three types of occlusion underlie various common conditions, including coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and pulmonary embolism, which may be prevented by lowering risk factors. Without proper prevention or management, these diseases can progress into life-threatening complications of myocardial infarction, gangrene, ischemic stroke, and in severe cases, terminate in brain death or cardiac arrest. Arterial occlusion is diagnosed by exercise testing, ultrasonic duplex testing, and multi-detector coronary tomography angiography. Meanwhile, treatment can vary from surgical interventions such as bypass, endarterectomy, and embolectomy, to blood-thinning medication. Signs and symptoms ------------------ Signs and symptoms of arterial occlusion depend on several factors, including the location, extent, and onset of blockage. Normally, the blockage should affect approximately 70% of the artery for symptoms to become noticeable. Symptoms can be less severe during gradual narrowing, as this allows time for the widening of existing vessels and the formation of new ones (collateral vessels), allowing blood to still reach the area. Symptoms in this case will simply be intermittent claudication. Sudden narrowing leads to more severe consequences, given the lack of time for collateral vessels to grow. As such, coldness, numbness or even paralysis of the affected body parts may result. The commonest symptom of arterial occlusion is intermittent claudication, which consists of a painful, aching sensation in the affected muscle. This is often provoked with physical activity and relieved with rest. Pain and muscle aching may build up with walking, and accelerate with light jogging or walking uphill. Often, pain is relieved after several minutes of rest.  However, affected individuals are limited to short spurts of activity, impairing their quality of life. For severe symptoms, the signs are usually visible and lead to ischemia. The clinical presentation of ischemia consists of the 6 Ps, including pallor, pain, paresthesia, paralysis, pulselessness, and poikilothermia. Affected individuals initially notice a paleness of the affected region and feel severe pain. As the condition worsens, the region appears bluish and numb. In extreme cases, this will give way to paralysis and poikilothermia, possibly requiring amputation of the affected limb. Types of arterial occlusion --------------------------- Commonly observed types of arterial occlusion include thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and embolism. ### Embolism An embolism involves the occlusion of blood vessels by an embolus. Arterial occlusion by an embolus is termed 'arterial embolism'. An embolus is an agent that blocks blood flow by physically obstructing blood vessels. This includes gas bubbles, fatty deposits, amniotic fluid, blood clots, and foreign material. Arterial emboli occasionally detach from primary sites and travel via circulation to occlude secondary arteries, causing multiple ischemic sites. ### Thrombosis Thrombosis occurs when thrombi occlude vessels in the body. A thrombus, or a blood clot, is a mobilized mass of blood cells that circulates within the body. Thrombi can occlude veins (venous thrombosis) or arteries (arterial thrombosis). The etiology of thrombosis is described by Virchow's Triad, which includes hemostasis, vascular wall damage, and hypercoagulability. Arterial thromboses significantly narrow or completely block arterial blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. ### Atherosclerosis In atherosclerosis, the inner endothelial layer of arteries is stiffened by the deposition of an atheromatous plaque. Atheromatous plaques, also called atherosclerotic plaques, are made of fats and lipid-laden macrophages. Plaque deposition both physically narrows an artery and impairs the function of endothelial cells, potentiating their production of vasoconstrictive chemicals to constrict the arterial lumen. This leads to turbulent blood flow in the arteries, affecting oxygen supply to tissues downstream. Diseases of arterial occlusion ------------------------------ The pathophysiology of diseases of arterial occlusion depends on the type of occlusion, the severity of blockage, and the location of the occluded artery. Common diseases of arterial occlusion include Coronary Artery Disease, Peripheral Artery Disease, and Pulmonary Embolism. ### Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) results from the stenosis of coronary arteries by an atherosclerotic plaque. The coronary arteries perfuse the cardiomyocytes located within the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes require constant perfusion to aid the pumping of the heart. In CAD, atheromatous plaque formation in a coronary artery limits oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes, impairing heart contractility. CAD severity varies based on the extent of coronary artery occlusion. At 75% luminal narrowing, patients experience symptoms associated with limited perfusion of cardiomyocytes, especially under strenuous conditions. Under physical exertion, CAD induces chest pain, termed 'stable angina'. Stable angina may deteriorate into unstable angina, marking the initiation of Acute Coronary Syndrome, which may further deteriorate into a myocardial infarction.   Risk factors for CAD include smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, and family history of CAD. Primarily, the accumulation of cholesterol in the bloodstream from high-fat diets lead to atherosclerotic occlusion and its clinical consequences. Therefore, preventative measures for CAD mainly involve diet changes. A diet low in saturated and trans fats with an abundance of vegetables, fruits, and grains may lower the incidence of CAD. ### Peripheral Artery Disease Peripheral artery disease (PAD), or limb ischemia, affects the femoral, popliteal, or iliac arteries. PAD is caused by atherosclerotic plaques that occlude blood flow to extremities. Once blood flow is impeded, ischemic muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism to cope with oxygen scarcity. Anaerobic metabolism, however, is energy-inefficient, lowering the concentration of the intracellular energy molecule, ATP, within muscles. ATP depletion leads to a leakage of calcium into muscle cells, disrupting various muscular components and eventually causing muscle fiber necrosis. Risk factors for PAD include old age, smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol, with smoking being the greatest contributing factor. This is because tobacco smoke contains potent chemicals that severely increase the occurrence of PAD. Thus, primary prevention of PAD is achieved with smoking cessation. ### Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary embolism (PE) involves occlusion of a pulmonary artery by an embolus, most often a thrombus, obstructing blood flow to the lungs. Impairment of pulmonary circulation leads to severe ventilation-perfusion mismatching of the lungs, terminating in hypoxemia and respiratory failure. Most PEs are sequelae of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), resulting from the breakage and propagation of a venous thrombus formed within the extremities to a pulmonary artery. As DVT commonly precedes PE, risk factors for PE overlap with risk factors for DVT. These include a sedentary lifestyle, prior surgery, trauma, history of DVT, and hypertension. A sedentary lifestyle and lack of movement are critical modifiable risk factors for PE. Immobility reduces the rate of leg muscle contraction, enhancing thrombus formation in vessels of the calves that may propagate to the lungs. Thus, physical activity is essential in preventing PE. Complications ------------- Diseases of arterial occlusion may progress into life-threatening conditions with improper prevention or management. Myocardial infarction, gangrene, and ischemic stroke are among the complications of severe arterial occlusion. ECG traces recorded in a healthy heart (top) and in myocardial infarction (bottom). MIs cause an elevation of the ST segment on ECG traces. In MI, transmural ischemia impairs electrical potential within the heart, causing a great difference in voltage potential between uninjured and ischemic cardiomyocytes. This difference is recorded by ECG leads and is presented as ST segment elevation in ECG traces. ### Myocardial Infarction A myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, arises from complete occlusion of a coronary artery. The most frequent cause of MI is the rupturing of an atherosclerotic plaque formed in CAD. Plaque rupture exposes the subendothelial matrix beneath the plaque, initiating thrombus formation within the vasculature. The thrombus deposits on the ruptured plaque to completely block the coronary artery, halting oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes. Under hypoxia, cardiomyocytes perform anaerobic respiration, producing more lactate. With blocked coronary circulation, lactate clearance from cardiomyocytes is also hindered. Lactate accumulation reduces contractility and eventually necroses cardiomyocytes, releasing their troponin storage into the bloodstream. Serum troponin elevation is a characteristic biomarker of MI. Depending on the severity of ischemia, MIs are categorized as NSTEMI or STEMI. NSTEMI stands for 'Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction', referencing the lack of ST-segment elevation in ECG traces. This is because in NSTEMI, only part of the myocardial wall is infarcted, which does not diagnostically present with ST-elevation. NSTEMI becomes STEMI when the entire myocardial wall is infarcted. Diagnostically, STEMI displays prolonged ST-segment elevation in ECG traces, and is thus named 'ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction'. Minutes after STEMI, fatal cardiac arrest could occur. STEMI is life-threatening if immediate reperfusion therapy is not initiated. ### Gangrene Gangrene, specifically dry gangrene, is caused by an atherosclerotic or thromboembolic arterial occlusion. Gangrene is a complication of prolonged PAD, leading to shriveling, blackening, and infarction of peripheral tissue, commonly in the extremities. In severe cases, amputation of the affected limb is required. ### Ischemic Stroke Ischemic stroke is a thrombotic, or rarely, thromboembolic or atherosclerotic complication of arteries supplying the brain. Occlusion of brain arteries leads to rapid ischemic death of neurons, both at the infarct core and ischemic penumbra. Similar to cardiomyocytes, neurons require constant perfusion for proper function. Any interruption of blood supply causes neurons to switch to anaerobic metabolism, exhausting intracellular ATP levels. ATP depletion causes an influx of calcium cations into neurons and efflux of excess glutamate, triggering the apoptosis and necroptosis of neurons. Neuronal necrosis precipitates irreversible brain damage. Cerebral areas most susceptible to ischemic damage include the speech and motor cortices, leading to contralateral paralysis, speech, and comprehension loss. Severe or prolonged strokes may terminate in coma or brain death. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke are time-dependent. Diagnosis --------- There are several methods of diagnosing arterial occlusion, ranging from straightforward setups like exercise testing, to advanced scanning equipment such as ultrasonic duplex scanning or Multi-Detector Coronary Tomography (MDCT) angiography. ### Exercise Testing Exercise testing is a simplistic, non-invasive method of diagnosing intermittent claudication. Blood pressure measurements at the suspected area can be taken before and after exercise, as some symptoms only appear during strenuous activity. Commonly, a treadmill setting at 2 mph with a 12-degree slope is utilized. Subjects are asked to walk on the treadmill for a maximum of 5 minutes or until moderate pain is felt. The time to pain or maximal walking duration is recorded and compared with baselines. Healthy individuals maintain systolic blood pressures at a normal range. Once exercise becomes more intense, there may be a temporary fall in systolic pressure, which quickly returns to normal with rest. However, those with intermittent claudication struggle to maintain standard values of systolic pressure, while recovery back to baseline is prolonged. ### Ultrasonic Duplex Testing Ultrasonic duplex scanning was developed to primarily determine the extent of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Since then, its application has widened to include arteries in the limbs. The technique utilizes high-frequency sound waves for visualization of flow direction and velocity within the arteries in an area of interest. The term duplex refers to 2 modes of ultrasound scanning being conducted. The B-mode transducer allows for an image of the vessel to be obtained, providing visual cues on the extent of occlusion. Meanwhile, the doppler probe is used to acquire data on velocity and direction of blood flow. ### Multi-Detector Coronary Tomography (MDCT) Angiography Traditionally, angiography is an invasive technique which involves inserting a flexible plastic catheter into the artery of interest. A radioactive contrast dye is then injected through the catheter and viewed on an X-ray. This contrast material does not permanently discolor any organs, but simply interacts with X-rays to produce a more precise diagnosis. Due to technological advances, clinicians have begun to use a less invasive approach called Multi-Detector Coronary Tomography (MDCT) angiography. Rather than inserting a large catheter into the artery, this technique requires a small injection of contrast dye using a standard intravenous catheter inserted into the arm, much like a regular injection. MDCT scanners then locate the contrast dye to show blockages within the arteries. MDCT angiography is more sensitive in detecting blockage and subsequent diseases such as CAD compared to invasive X-ray angiography. Treatment --------- Treatment for arterial occlusion varies depending on the extent of blockage. In severe cases, surgical intervention is needed to remove the blockage from the affected artery. Currently, there are 3 types of surgical approaches, including surgical bypass, endarterectomy, and embolectomy. If surgery is not required, blood-thinning medication may be prescribed. ### Surgical Bypass A surgical bypass is a procedure performed to treat CAD. This procedure involves bypassing the blocked portion of the artery by replacing it with a healthy vessel from elsewhere in the body. The surgeon attaches one end of the new vessel right before the blockage, and the other end in the area after the affected portion. This reestablishes proper blood flow toward the desired area. Steps of performing an endarterectomy on the carotid artery, in which the accumulated atheroma is removed via surgery. ### Endarterectomy An endarterectomy is an intervention aiming to remove accumulated plaques directly from the affected artery. This involves an incision on the side of the neck of the affected artery. The plaque is then exposed and removed accordingly, with the artery then stitched back together. With the plaque removed, blood can travel through the artery unimpeded. ### Embolectomy An embolectomy is a procedure conducted when a blockage moves from its original site to another place in the body, thus forming an embolus. There are two methods of performing embolectomy. The first method is catheter embolectomy, which involves the insertion of a catheter into the affected artery and the subsequent removal of the embolus. This option is minimally invasive, and thus lowers risk and recovery time. The other option is a traditional surgical option, where the surgeon will expose the affected region, open the blood vessel and remove the embolus. ### Blood-thinning Medication Blood-thinning medications are beneficial short-term options in managing arterial occlusion. Anticoagulants such as warfarin and antiplatelets such as aspirin and clopidogrel reduce the risk of thrombosis by making blood flow easily through arteries. Side effects include increased bleeding and heavier bruising.

American baseball player Baseball player **Ryan David Langerhans** (born February 20, 1980) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He was drafted in the third round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft by the Atlanta Braves, and made his debut with them in 2002. Langerhans also played in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics, Washington Nationals, Seattle Mariners, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Toronto Blue Jays. Amateur career -------------- Langerhans attended Round Rock High School in Round Rock, Texas. During the 1996 season, Langerhans batted .442 and was selected to the All-State team. His next season, 1997, Langerhans batted .427 and was again selected to the All-State team. That season, Langerhans also won 11 games as a pitcher for the State Champion Dragons. During his senior season in 1998, Langerhans batted .512, was named to the All-State team, was selected as a Nike All-American, was selected to play in the 1998 Texas High School All-Star Game, and was named Texas Player of the Year. Langerhans is one of five players who attended Round Rock High School and have played in the major leagues. The four other players are John Danks, Brian Gordon, Jordan Danks and Travis Schlichting. Ryan Langerhans's father, John Langerhans, was his coach while playing for the Round Rock baseball team. During his senior year, Langerhans signed a letter of intent with the University of Texas, however, after being drafted by the Atlanta Braves, Langerhans went straight to professional baseball. Professional career ------------------- ### Atlanta Braves #### Early minor league career Langerhans made his professional debut in 1998 with the rookie-level GCL Braves of the Gulf Coast League. He batted .277 with 41 hits, 10 doubles, 4 triples, 2 home runs, and 19 RBIs. In 1999, Langerhans was promoted to the Class-A Macon Braves of the South Atlantic League. In 121 games, Langerhans batted .268 with 120 hits, 30 doubles, 1 triple, 9 home runs, 49 RBIs, and 19 stolen bases. In 2000, Langerhans was assigned to the Class-A Advanced Myrtle Beach Pelicans of the Carolina League. He appeared in 116 games with the Pelicans and batted .212 with 14 doubles, 7 triples, 6 home runs, 37 RBIs, and 25 stolen bases. Langerhans's 7 triples was tied for third most in the league with Choo Freeman (7), was and behind Damione Merriman (9), and Chone Figgins (14). Langerhans continued playing with the Class-A Advanced Myrtle Beach Pelicans in 2001. He batted .287 with 30 doubles, 3 triples, 7 home runs, 48 RBIs, and 22 stolen bases. In 2002, Langerhans was promoted to the Double-A Greenville Braves of the Southern League. He batted .251 with 23 doubles, 2 triples, 9 home runs, and 62 RBIs in 109 games. #### Major league beginning Langerhans was called up to the Atlanta Braves from the Double-A Greenville Braves in April 2002. He appeared in one game that season where he had one at-bat against the Houston Astros where he did not record a hit. He was sent back down to the minors to start the 2003 season where he batted a combined .261 with 33 doubles, 4 triples, 10 home runs, and 49 RBIs between the Double-A Greenville Braves and the Triple-A Richmond Braves. Langerhans was called up by the Braves in September. On September 5, in his second game of the season, Langerhans got his first major league hit coming against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Despite making his major league debut in 2002, Langerhans did not become an everyday big-league player until 2005, getting playing time for the Braves in all three outfield positions. He is part of the group of 18 rookie players nicknamed the "Baby Braves" that Atlanta called up from its minor league system during the 2005 season. Langerhans started 2006 as the Braves regular left fielder but a severe drop-off in his production from 2005 combined with the hot hitting of Matt Diaz resulted in a drop in Langerhans's playing time. By the end of the 2006 season, he was a platoon left-fielder, with Diaz as his right-handed partner. Scott Thorman often also took starts from Langerhans as the left-handed part of the left-field platoon. ### Oakland Athletics After a poor start to 2007 at the plate, he was traded on April 29 to the Oakland Athletics for a player to be named later. He played just two games for the A's, going a combined 0-for-4 with a walk and an error. ### Washington Nationals On May 2, 2007, he was traded to the Washington Nationals for Chris Snelling. ### Seattle Mariners Langerhans batting for the Seattle Mariners in 2009 On June 28, 2009 he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for utility player Mike Morse. With the Mariners, Langerhans had better results hitting curve balls and sliders than fastballs and changeups, causing some speculation that this skill set could be responsible for his tendency to play in a part-time role. He was non-tendered at the deadline to offer arbitration on December 12, 2009. On December 18, however, the Mariners re-signed Langerhans to a minor league contract. On April 7, Langerhans was designated for assignment to make room for Jesús Colomé. On December 14, 2010, the Mariners again re-signed Langerhans to a minor league contract. On May 9, 2011, Langerhans was again designated for assignment to make room for Mike Wilson. ### Arizona Diamondbacks On July 29, 2011, Langerhans was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for cash considerations. ### Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Langerhans signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on December 23, 2011. Ryan was recalled by the Angels on May 14, 2012, when Torii Hunter was placed on the restricted list. On May 20, Langerhans was removed from a game against the Padres when he injured his right shoulder after crashing into the left-field wall at San Diego's Petco Park. After coming off the 15-day disabled list, Langerhans was outrighted by the Angels. On October 6, 2012, Langerhans elected free agency. ### Toronto Blue Jays/Sugar Land Skeeters On December 18, 2012, the Toronto Blue Jays announced that Langerhans had been signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to major league spring training. Langerhans played for the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons during the 2013 season until he was released on June 21. After leaving the Bisons, Langerhans played for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the independent Atlantic League. Langerhans was signed to a minor league contract and assigned to the Buffalo Bisons again on August 22, 2013. When the Bisons season ended, Langerhans asked for and received his release, and returned to the Sugar Land Skeeters for their playoff run. On September 26, Langerhans again signed with the Blue Jays. This time a major league contract as the Blue Jays were short on position players. He became a free agent on October 8, 2013. Notable moments --------------- He hit a game-winning home run against J.P. Howell on August 7, 2009, with two outs in the bottom of the 11th inning. This was his first career game-winning homer. On August 25, 2009, Langerhans hit another game-winning home run against the Oakland Athletics off Craig Breslow on a two-ball two-strike pitch with one out and one runner on with the score tied, 2–2, in the bottom of the tenth. Personal life ------------- Langerhans and his wife, Shari, live in Round Rock, Texas, where he also graduated from high school. In high school Langerhans improved his baseball skills and participated in cross country. Langerhans won a Class 5A state championship with the Round Rock High School Dragons in 1997. The Dragons were coached by his father John, a former standout baseball player for the University of Texas, where Ryan was signed to play before signing a professional contract. Ryan hit a tournament-record three triples in the state tournament semi-final against Corpus Christi Moody before earning the win as the pitcher in the championship game against traditional Texas powerhouse Lubbock Monterey, who was coached by Bobby Moegle, the winningest coach in United States high school baseball history.[] After leaving baseball, Langerhans earned a real estate license.

1961 film by José Ferrer ***Return to Peyton Place*** is a 1961 American drama film in color by De Luxe and CinemaScope, produced by Jerry Wald, directed by José Ferrer, and starring Carol Lynley, Tuesday Weld, Jeff Chandler, Eleanor Parker, Mary Astor, and Robert Sterling. The screenplay by Ronald Alexander is based on the 1959 novel *Return to Peyton Place* by Grace Metalious. The film was distributed by 20th Century Fox and is a sequel to their earlier film *Peyton Place* (1957). The film's storyline centers on the life and loves of bestselling author Allison MacKenzie. She has followed in the footsteps of her mother Constance by having an affair with a married man, her publisher Lewis Jackman (Chandler). She goes on to publish a tell-all novel that fictionalizes the scandal, homicide, suicide, incest, and moral hypocrisy that belies the tranquil façade of her hometown. She is quickly criticized by friends, family, and neighbors as a result. Plot ---- ***The film takes place some eight to ten years after the events of the original film.*** Allison MacKenzie receives a phone call from publisher Lewis Jackman, who shows interest in publishing her book, promising to turn her into a household name whose books are exclusively bestsellers. Allison is ecstatic after hearing the news. Her best friend Selena Cross, however, continues to receive a lot of criticism from the townspeople for her "shameful" past. Among these criticizing her is Mrs. Roberta Carter, an old-fashioned, domineering woman who is unhappy that her son Ted has a close bond with Selena. Later that day, Mrs. Carter is visited by her son, who is in town while visiting from Boston. He surprises her with the shocking news of his having impulsively married a former Italian fashion model, Raffaella. Mrs. Carter looks down on the foreigner and contacts Selena with the couple's news, with the hope that Selena will drive the couple apart. Selena sees through Mrs. Carter's scheme and refuses, angrily leaving and getting herself involved in a car accident. At the accident scene, young ski instructor Nils Larsen helps Selena, and although she initially treats him coldly, she feels attracted to him. Meanwhile, Constance reluctantly allows her daughter to visit New York for a meeting with her publisher, Lewis. Allison is unhappy when she finds out that he wants to make changes to her book, but she finally agrees to cooperate. Constance calls the next morning and discovers that Allison and Lewis have been working together all night, so she immediately suspects the worst. Back in Peyton Place, Raffaella threatens to ban Ted's mother from their life, if she continues to treat her horribly. Raffaella and Ted go skiing later that day, and Ted is surprised to see Selena with Nils. Selena finally agreed to date him after bumping into him several more times following the accident. During the following weeks, Allison spends her time promoting her book, doing TV talk shows and radio show interviews. She is slowly turned into a celebrity, and she is continually with Lewis. She is angry after their time together to discover that he is married, but after she receives the first copy of her book, she kisses him. The book soon becomes a commercial success due to its scandalous contents. In Peyton Place the book is heavily criticized by its townspeople. Constance is soon disappointed with Allison for allowing so many changes to be made during the book's editing process. Selena is disgusted by the way she is portrayed in the book. She loses her mind, as a result, and strikes Nils with a fireplace poker, having flashed back to her past trauma and confusing him with Lucas, her abuser. Meanwhile, Mike Rossi, principal of the local high school, husband of Constance and the only defender of Allison's book, risks being discharged by the head of the school board, Mrs. Carter, for refusing to remove Allison's book from the school library. At the Carter home, Ted confronts Raffaella about her quarrel with his mother. Realizing that Ted will never stand up to his mother, Raffaella reveals she is pregnant, before angrily leaving him. Determined, now, to terminate her pregnancy, she purposely causes a skiing accident to end it. When Allison finds out Mike has been fired, she decides to face the wrath of Peyton Place's residents. They are still incensed by their barely disguised fictional counterparts and her book's revelations of the town's many secrets. She is immediately confronted by her mother for having sold her decency and self-respect for success and money. Despite the quarrel with her mother, Allison decides to support Mike, who has taken his case of being fired directly to Peyton Place's town hall. Among the people defending Mike are Lewis, Nils, and Ted. Nils points out that the bigoted townspeople have now driven away Selena, who is nowhere to be found, revealing his hope to marry her if she ever returns to Peyton Place. Selena returns and blames the small-minded townspeople for making her feel ashamed, while thanking Allison for having written the truth about their hypocrisy. In the end Roberta is denounced and Mike is given back his job after Constance publicly points out that the older, bigoted townspeople have been manipulating the lives of their children for far too long. Afterwards, Allison, having emotionally matured and become an adult, breaks off her affair with Lewis, explaining that she does not want to ruin his marriage. She decides to leave Peyton Place to start a new life elsewhere. Cast ---- * Carol Lynley as Allison MacKenzie, a stubborn young writer who agrees to turn her book into a controversial, tell-all novel in order to become famous and successful. * Jeff Chandler as Lewis Jackman, a married editor and publisher, who helps Allison become a celebrity, while they have a romantic affair. * Eleanor Parker as Constance Rossi, Allison's overprotective mother and wife of Mike, who is upset about her daughter's novel. She changes her mind, however, and later defends her daughter. * Mary Astor as Mrs. Roberta Carter, a snobbish, domineering woman who is reluctant to allow her son to lead his own life and is among the people boycotting Allison's novel. * Robert Sterling as Mike Rossi, the high school principal and husband of Constance, and one of the few locals supporting Allison's novel. * Luciana Paluzzi as Raffaella Carter, a former Italian fashion model and the current pregnant wife of Ted, who deals with the constant judgment and criticism of her mother-in-law. * Brett Halsey as Theodore "Ted" Carter, the son of Roberta, who is afraid to stand up to his mother's dominant behavior. * Gunnar Hellström as Nils Larsen, a ski instructor who constantly bumps into Selena, resulting in a romantic relationship. * Tuesday Weld as Selena Cross, Allison's best friend, a former rape victim by her stepfather, who is still looked down upon by various judgemental townspeople because of her past. Production ---------- ### Development The 1957 screen adaptation of Metalious' first novel had been a critical and commercial success, ranking second at the box office and garnering nine Academy Award nominations. Film rights to the sequel were sold to Fox for $500,000 before a word of the novel had been written. This amount also meant Fox owned the film rights to Metalious' second novel, *The Tight White Collar*. This was part of a long range plan: Buddy Adler, head of production at Fox, was paying authors in advance to write novels that he could turn into films. ### Casting Fox wanted Diane Varsi to reprise her role of Allison MacKenzie. However, in March 1959, Varsi announced she was walking out on Hollywood, despite being only two years into a seven-year contract with the studio. "Acting is destructive to me", she said. "I don't see any reason to be made miserable just because other people say I should go on with my career". In June 1959 Hedda Hopper announced that Margaret Leighton would play a woman who tries to kill her daughter-in-law. Producer Jerry Wald was hopeful that Varsi would play Allison but said Diane Baker was a possible back up. Lana Turner had already passed the role of Constance MacKenzie, which was then offered to Joan Crawford. In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with Anna Maria Alberghetti, with production slated to begin in November 1959. By that time, producer Buddy Adler had already cast Robert Evans as Nils Larsen. Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced. While shooting *Hound-Dog Man* in the fall of 1959, Wald met Carol Lynley. With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 that Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie. Despite rumors that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked about a possible return of Varsi, he responded: "Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again". In October 1959, Wald announced Hope Lange would return as Selena. By November she had pulled out. In June 1959, Brett Halsey was revealed to be among the co-stars of the film. It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported Dean Stockwell was cast in that role. Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor. In February 1960, it was reported that Trevor Howard would play a doctor who marries young bride "Stephanie", played by Suzy Parker. By June Parker's role had been cut from the script; Wald announced that none of the original cast were returning. In January 1960, Wald said Stephen Boyd would play Lewis. That month Joan Crawford was set to play Roberta and he was hoping for Norma Shearer as Constance, with Carol Lynley as Crawford's daughter in law and Diane Baker as Alison. The production was stalled in early 1960 through the following summer because of a Hollywood writer's strike. It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East in order to offer a role in the film to Mary Ure, a stage actress. He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 "to avoid the influx of tourists". When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, Bette Davis was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to previous Broadway commitments. At one point in late 1960, Gene Tierney and Lee Remick were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy. Eventually in November 1960, Eleanor Parker was cast as Constance. Parker said she would "probably do it differently" than Turner. Lynley was cast as her daughter. In December 1960 Mary Astor was cast as Roberta. Joan Crawford pulled out of the film, saying she did not want to work over the Christmas holiday and be away from her family. Tuesday Weld replaced Lois Smith as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while Luciana Paluzzi took over Barbara Steele's role as Ted's wife. By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully approached as her replacement. Mary Astor was eventually cast in the role. ### Script In August 1959, Irene Kamp was reportedly working on the script. In September, Walter Reisch was working on it. The novel came out in November 1959. The *New York Times* called it "so labored, so repetitious of its predecessor (both literally and in terms of more of the same) that it can scarcely reward even the thrill seeker". ### Shooting The film was shot in CinemaScope on location in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Shooting began in the Winter of 1960. However, some of Astor’s scenes were cut before the final release. After failing to have Michael Rossi discharged, she goes home and burns her house down in order to kill Ted and his wife. In the trailer for the film we see the fire, but not in the film itself. There is even a reference to a fire, exactly as one character refers to it. *Return to Peyton Place* was the last Fox film to shoot on what was known as "the permanent garden set". This had been built in 1935 and was sold off in 1961 for real estate development. ### Music The film's theme, "The Wonderful Season of Love," was written by Paul Francis Webster and Franz Waxman and performed by Ferrer's then-wife Rosemary Clooney. The soundtrack was later released on CD by Varèse Sarabande, and the film is available on DVD. Reception --------- ### Critical reception *Variety* described the film as "a high-class soap opera" and added, "José Ferrer's direction of this material is deliberate, but restrained and perceptive... The lovely Lynley does a thoroughly capable job, although a shade more animation would have been desirable. But it is the veteran Astor who walks off with the picture". Bosley Crowther of *The New York Times* praised Mary Astor, but wrote, "... the script of Ronald Alexander is simply shallow and diffuse, and the direction of José Ferrer does very little to improve on those qualities". *TV Guide* said, "the story and its themes tend to evolve to a predictable ending. Astor is marvelous in her role as the overbearing mother... and Weld, virtually unknown at the time, starred in a role that displayed her natural sex appeal". Robert Firsching of *AllMovie* said the film was "sillier than the original, adding to its problems by completely recasting all the roles, combining several of them into existing characters". Calling it "overwrought and overblown", he said "the film is still a treat for fans of campy 'suburban sin' melodramas". ### Box office The film grossed $9,996,178 in the US, far less than the $25,600,000 earned by its predecessor, but still a profit-earner for Fox. It was the 15th highest grossing movie of the year.

Space research mission sent to the Saturnian system ***Cassini–Huygens*** (/kəˈsiːni ˈhɔɪɡənz/ *kə-SEE-nee HOY-gənz*), commonly called ***Cassini***, was a space-research mission by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) to send a space probe to study the planet Saturn and its system, including its rings and natural satellites. The Flagship-class robotic spacecraft comprised both NASA's *Cassini* space probe and ESA's *Huygens* lander, which landed on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. *Cassini* was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit, where it stayed from 2004 to 2017. The two craft took their names from the astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christiaan Huygens. Launched aboard a Titan IVB/Centaur on October 15, 1997, *Cassini* was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn and studying the planet and its system after entering orbit on July 1, 2004. The voyage to Saturn included flybys of Venus (April 1998 and July 1999), Earth (August 1999), the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter (December 2000). The mission ended on September 15, 2017, when *Cassini*'s trajectory took it into Saturn's upper atmosphere and it burned up in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, which might have offered habitable environments to stowaway terrestrial microbes on the spacecraft. The mission was successful beyond expectations – NASA's Planetary Science Division Director, Jim Green, described *Cassini-Huygens* as a "mission of firsts" that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturn system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the Solar System. *Cassini*'s planners originally scheduled a mission of four years, from June 2004 to May 2008. The mission was extended for another two years until September 2010, branded the *Cassini Equinox Mission*. The mission was extended a second and final time with the *Cassini Solstice Mission*, lasting another seven years until September 15, 2017, on which date *Cassini* was de-orbited to burn up in Saturn's upper atmosphere. The *Huygens* module traveled with *Cassini* until its separation from the probe on December 25, 2004; Huygens landed by parachute on Titan on January 14, 2005. The separation was facilitated by the SED (Spin/Eject device), which provided a relative separation speed of 0.35 metres per second (1.1 ft/s) and a spin rate of 7.5 rpm. It returned data to Earth for around 90 minutes, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer Solar System and the first landing on a moon other than Earth's Moon. At the end of its mission, the *Cassini* spacecraft executed its "Grand Finale": a number of risky passes through the gaps between Saturn and its inner rings. This phase aimed to maximize *Cassini*'s scientific outcome before the spacecraft was intentionally destroyed to prevent potential contamination of Saturn's moons if *Cassini* were to unintentionally crash into them when maneuvering the probe was no longer possible due to power loss or other communication issues at the end of its operational lifespan. The atmospheric entry of *Cassini* ended the mission, but analysis of the returned data will continue for many years. Overview -------- Scientists and individuals from 27 countries made up the joint team responsible for designing, building, flying and collecting data from the *Cassini* orbiter and the *Huygens* probe. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the United States, where the orbiter was assembled, managed the mission. The European Space Research and Technology Centre developed *Huygens*. The centre's prime contractor, Aérospatiale of France (part of Thales Alenia Space from 2005), assembled the probe with equipment and instruments supplied by many European countries (including *Huygens*' batteries and two scientific instruments from the United States). The Italian Space Agency (ASI) provided the *Cassini* orbiter's high-gain radio antenna, with the incorporation of a low-gain antenna (to ensure telecommunications with the Earth for the entire duration of the mission), a compact and lightweight radar, which also used the high-gain antenna and served as a synthetic-aperture radar, a radar altimeter, a radiometer, the radio science subsystem (RSS), and the visible-channel portion VIMS-V of VIMS spectrometer. NASA provided the VIMS infrared counterpart, as well as the Main Electronic Assembly, which included electronic sub-assemblies provided by CNES of France. On April 16, 2008, NASA announced a two-year extension of the funding for ground operations of this mission, at which point it was renamed the Cassini Equinox Mission. The round of funding was again extended[*by whom?*] in February 2010 with the Cassini Solstice Mission. Naming ------ Huygens' explanation for the aspects of Saturn, *Systema Saturnium* (1659) The mission consisted of two main elements: the ASI/NASA *Cassini* orbiter, named for the Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, discoverer of Saturn's ring divisions and four of its satellites; and the ESA-developed *Huygens* probe, named for the Dutch astronomer, mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens, discoverer of Titan. The mission was commonly called Saturn Orbiter Titan Probe (SOTP) during gestation, both as a Mariner Mark II mission and generically. *Cassini-Huygens* was a Flagship-class mission to the outer planets. The other planetary flagships include *Galileo*, Voyager, and Viking. Objectives ---------- *Cassini* had several objectives, including: * Determining the three-dimensional structure and dynamic behavior of the rings of Saturn. * Determining the composition of the satellite surfaces and the geological history of each object. * Determining the nature and origin of the dark material on Iapetus's leading hemisphere. * Measuring the three-dimensional structure and dynamic behavior of the magnetosphere. * Studying the dynamic behavior of Saturn's atmosphere at cloud level. * Studying the time variability of Titan's clouds and hazes. * Characterizing Titan's surface on a regional scale. *Cassini–Huygens* was launched on October 15, 1997, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Space Launch Complex 40 using a U.S. Air Force Titan IVB/Centaur rocket. The complete launcher was made up of a two-stage Titan IV booster rocket, two strap-on solid rocket engines, the Centaur upper stage, and a payload enclosure, or fairing. The total cost of this scientific exploration mission was about US$3.26 billion, including $1.4 billion for pre-launch development, $704 million for mission operations, $54 million for tracking and $422 million for the launch vehicle. The United States contributed $2.6 billion (80%), the ESA $500 million (15%), and the ASI $160 million (5%). However, these figures are from the press kit which was prepared in October 2000. They do not include inflation over the course of a very long mission, nor do they include the cost of the extended missions. The primary mission for *Cassini* was completed on July 30, 2008. The mission was extended to June 2010 (*Cassini* Equinox Mission). This studied the Saturn system in detail during the planet's equinox, which happened in August 2009. On February 3, 2010, NASA announced another extension for *Cassini*, lasting 61⁄2 years until 2017, ending at the time of summer solstice in Saturn's northern hemisphere (*Cassini* Solstice Mission). The extension enabled another 155 revolutions around the planet, 54 flybys of Titan and 11 flybys of Enceladus. In 2017, an encounter with Titan changed its orbit in such a way that, at closest approach to Saturn, it was only 3,000 km (1,900 mi) above the planet's cloudtops, below the inner edge of the D ring. This sequence of "proximal orbits" ended when its final encounter with Titan sent the probe into Saturn's atmosphere to be destroyed. ### Itinerary | Selected destinations (ordered largest to smallest but not to scale) | | --- | | | | | | | | | | **Titan** | **Earth's Moon** | **Rhea** | **Iapetus** | **Dione** | **Tethys** | **Enceladus** | | | | | | | | | | **Mimas** | **Hyperion** | **Phoebe** | **Janus** | **Epimetheus** | **Prometheus** | **Pandora** | | | | | | | | | **Helene** | **Atlas** | **Pan** | **Telesto** | **Calypso** | **Methone** | History ------- *Cassini-Huygens* on the launch pad *Cassini–Huygens*'s origins date to 1982, when the European Science Foundation and the American National Academy of Sciences formed a working group to investigate future cooperative missions. Two European scientists suggested a paired Saturn Orbiter and Titan Probe as a possible joint mission. In 1983, NASA's Solar System Exploration Committee recommended the same Orbiter and Probe pair as a core NASA project. NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) performed a joint study of the potential mission from 1984 to 1985. ESA continued with its own study in 1986, while the American astronaut Sally Ride, in her influential 1987 report *NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space*, also examined and approved of the *Cassini* mission. While Ride's report described the Saturn orbiter and probe as a NASA solo mission, in 1988 the Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications of NASA, Len Fisk, returned to the idea of a joint NASA and ESA mission. He wrote to his counterpart at ESA, Roger Bonnet, strongly suggesting that ESA choose the *Cassini* mission from the three candidates at hand and promising that NASA would commit to the mission as soon as ESA did. At the time, NASA was becoming more sensitive to the strain that had developed between the American and European space programs as a result of European perceptions that NASA had not treated it like an equal during previous collaborations. NASA officials and advisers involved in promoting and planning *Cassini–Huygens* attempted to correct this trend by stressing their desire to evenly share any scientific and technology benefits resulting from the mission. In part, this newfound spirit of cooperation with Europe was driven by a sense of competition with the Soviet Union, which had begun to cooperate more closely with Europe as ESA drew further away from NASA. Late in 1988, ESA chose Cassini–Huygens as its next major mission and the following year the program received major funding in the US. The collaboration not only improved relations between the two space programs but also helped *Cassini–Huygens* survive congressional budget cuts in the United States. *Cassini–Huygens* came under fire politically in both 1992 and 1994, but NASA successfully persuaded the United States Congress that it would be unwise to halt the project after ESA had already poured funds into development because frustration on broken space exploration promises might spill over into other areas of foreign relations. The project proceeded politically smoothly after 1994, although citizens' groups concerned about the potential environmental impact a launch failure might have (because of its plutonium power source) attempted to derail it through protests and lawsuits until and past its 1997 launch. Spacecraft design ----------------- Diagram of Cassini*Cassini-Huygens* assembly The spacecraft was planned to be the second three-axis stabilized, RTG-powered Mariner Mark II, a class of spacecraft developed for missions beyond the orbit of Mars, after the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission, but budget cuts and project rescopings forced NASA to terminate CRAF development to save *Cassini*. As a result, *Cassini* became more specialized. The Mariner Mark II series was cancelled. The combined orbiter and probe is the third-largest uncrewed interplanetary spacecraft ever successfully launched, behind the Phobos 1 and 2 Mars probes, as well as being among the most complex. The orbiter had a mass of 2,150 kg (4,740 lb), the probe 350 kg (770 lb) including 30 kg (66 lb) of probe support equipment left on the orbiter. With the launch vehicle adapter and 3,132 kg (6,905 lb) of propellants at launch, the spacecraft had a mass of 5,600 kg (12,300 lb). The *Cassini* spacecraft was 6.8 meters (22 ft) high and 4 meters (13 ft) wide. Spacecraft complexity was increased by its trajectory (flight path) to Saturn, and by the ambitious science at its destination. *Cassini* had 1,630 interconnected electronic components, 22,000 wire connections, and 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) of cabling. The core control computer CPU was a redundant system using the MIL-STD-1750A instruction set architecture. The main propulsion system consisted of one prime and one backup R-4D bipropellant rocket engine. The thrust of each engine was 490 N (110 lbf) and the total spacecraft delta-v was about 2,040 m/s (4,600 mph). Smaller monopropellant rockets provided attitude control. *Cassini* was powered by 32.7 kg (72 lb) of nuclear fuel, mainly plutonium dioxide (containing 28.3 kg (62 lb) of pure plutonium). The heat from the material's radioactive decay was turned into electricity. *Huygens* was supported by *Cassini* during cruise, but used chemical batteries when independent. The probe contained a DVD with more than 616,400 signatures from citizens in 81 countries, collected in a public campaign. Until September 2017 the *Cassini* probe continued orbiting Saturn at a distance of between 8.2 and 10.2 astronomical units (1.23×109 and 1.53×109 km; 760,000,000 and 950,000,000 mi) from the Earth. It took 68 to 84 minutes for radio signals to travel from Earth to the spacecraft, and vice versa. Thus ground controllers could not give "real-time" instructions for daily operations or for unexpected events. Even if response were immediate, more than two hours would have passed between the occurrence of a problem and the reception of the engineers' response by the satellite. Instruments ----------- Titan's surface revealed by VIMS Rhea in front of Saturn Saturn's north polar hexagon Saturn in natural-color (January 2010) Animated 3D model of the spacecraft ### Summary Instruments: * Optical Remote Sensing ("Located on the remote sensing pallet") + Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) + Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) + Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) + Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) * Fields, Particles and Waves (mostly in situ) + Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) + Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) + Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) + Magnetometer (MAG) + Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) + Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) * Microwave Remote Sensing + Radar + Radio Science (RSS) ### Description *Cassini*'s instrumentation consisted of: a synthetic aperture radar mapper, a charge-coupled device imaging system, a visible/infrared mapping spectrometer, a composite infrared spectrometer, a cosmic dust analyzer, a radio and plasma wave experiment, a plasma spectrometer, an ultraviolet imaging spectrograph, a magnetospheric imaging instrument, a magnetometer and an ion/neutral mass spectrometer. Telemetry from the communications antenna and other special transmitters (an S-band transmitter and a dual-frequency Ka-band system) was also used to make observations of the atmospheres of Titan and Saturn and to measure the gravity fields of the planet and its satellites. Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) CAPS was an in situ instrument that measured the flux of charged particles at the location of the spacecraft, as a function of direction and energy. The ion composition was also measured using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. CAPS measured particles produced by ionisation of molecules originating from Saturn's and Titan's ionosphere, as well as the plumes of Enceladus. CAPS also investigated plasma in these areas, along with the solar wind and its interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere. CAPS was turned off in June 2011, as a precaution due to a "soft" electrical short circuit that occurred in the instrument. It was powered on again in March 2012, but after 78 days another short circuit forced the instrument to be shut down permanently. Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) The CDA was an in situ instrument that measured the size, speed, and direction of tiny dust grains near Saturn. It could also measure the grains' chemical elements. Some of these particles orbited Saturn, while others came from other star systems. The CDA on the orbiter was designed to learn more about these particles, the materials in other celestial bodies and potentially about the origins of the universe. Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) The CIRS was a remote sensing instrument that measured the infrared radiation coming from objects to learn about their temperatures, thermal properties, and compositions. Throughout the *Cassini–Huygens* mission, the CIRS measured infrared emissions from atmospheres, rings and surfaces in the vast Saturn system. It mapped the atmosphere of Saturn in three dimensions to determine temperature and pressure profiles with altitude, gas composition, and the distribution of aerosols and clouds. It also measured thermal characteristics and the composition of satellite surfaces and rings. Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) The INMS was an in situ instrument that measured the composition of charged particles (protons and heavier ions) and neutral particles (atoms and molecules) near Titan and Saturn to learn more about their atmospheres. The instrument used a quadrupole mass spectrometer. INMS was also intended to measure the positive ion and neutral environments of Saturn's icy satellites and rings. Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) The ISS was a remote sensing instrument that captured most images in visible light, and also some infrared images and ultraviolet images. The ISS took hundreds of thousands of images of Saturn, its rings, and its moons. The ISS had both a wide-angle camera (WAC) and a narrow-angle camera (NAC). Each of these cameras used a sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) as its electromagnetic wave detector. Each CCD had a 1,024x1,024 square array of pixels, each pixel 12 μm square. Both cameras allowed for many data collection modes, including on-chip data compression, and were fitted with spectral filters that rotated on a wheel to view different bands within the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 μm. Dual Technique Magnetometer (MAG) The MAG was an in situ instrument that measured the strength and direction of the magnetic field around Saturn. The magnetic fields are generated partly by the molten core at Saturn's center. Measuring the magnetic field is one of the ways to probe the core. MAG aimed to develop a three-dimensional model of Saturn's magnetosphere, and determine the magnetic state of Titan and its atmosphere, and the icy satellites and their role in the magnetosphere of Saturn. Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) The MIMI was both an in situ and remote sensing instrument that produces images and other data about the particles trapped in Saturn's huge magnetic field, or magnetosphere. The in situ component measured energetic ions and electrons while the remote sensing component (the Ion And Neutral Camera, INCA) was an energetic neutral atom imager. This information was used to study the overall configuration and dynamics of the magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn's atmosphere, Titan, rings, and icy satellites. Radar The on-board radar was an active and passive sensing instrument that produced maps of Titan's surface. Radar waves were powerful enough to penetrate the thick veil of haze surrounding Titan. By measuring the send and return time of the signals it is possible to determine the height of large surface features, such as mountains and canyons. The passive radar listened for radio waves that Saturn or its moons may emit. Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument (RPWS) The RPWS was an in situ instrument and remote sensing instrument that receives and measures radio signals coming from Saturn, including the radio waves given off by the interaction of the solar wind with Saturn and Titan. RPWS measured the electric and magnetic wave fields in the interplanetary medium and planetary magnetospheres. It also determined the electron density and temperature near Titan and in some regions of Saturn's magnetosphere using either plasma waves at characteristic frequencies (e.g. the upper hybrid line) or a Langmuir probe. RPWS studied the configuration of Saturn's magnetic field and its relationship to Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR), as well as monitoring and mapping Saturn's ionosphere, plasma, and lightning from Saturn's (and possibly Titan's) atmosphere. Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) The RSS was a remote-sensing instrument that used radio antennas on Earth to observe the way radio signals from the spacecraft changed as they were sent through objects, such as Titan's atmosphere or Saturn's rings, or even behind the Sun. The RSS also studied the compositions, pressures and temperatures of atmospheres and ionospheres, radial structure and particle size distribution within rings, body and system masses and the gravitational field. The instrument used the spacecraft X-band communication link as well as S-band downlink and Ka-band uplink and downlink. Cassini UVIS*Cassini* UVIS instrument built by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado. Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) The UVIS was a remote-sensing instrument that captured images of the ultraviolet light reflected off an object, such as the clouds of Saturn and/or its rings, to learn more about their structure and composition. Designed to measure ultraviolet light over wavelengths from 55.8 to 190 nm, this instrument was also a tool to help determine the composition, distribution, aerosol particle content and temperatures of their atmospheres. Unlike other types of spectrometer, this sensitive instrument could take both spectral and spatial readings. It was particularly adept at determining the composition of gases. Spatial observations took a wide-by-narrow view, only one pixel tall and 64 pixels across. The spectral dimension was 1,024 pixels per spatial pixel. It could also take many images that create movies of the ways in which this material is moved around by other forces. UVIS consisted of four separate detector channels, the Far Ultraviolet (FUV), Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV), High Speed Photometer (HSP) and the Hydrogen-Deuterium Absorption Cell (HDAC). UVIS collected hyperspectral imagery and discrete spectra of Saturn, its moons and its rings, as well as stellar occultation data. The HSP channel is designed to observe starlight that passes through Saturn's rings (known as stellar occultations) in order to understand the structure and optical depth of the rings. Stellar occultation data from both the HSP and FUV channels confirmed the existence of water vapor plumes at the south pole of Enceladus, as well as characterized the composition of the plumes. VIMS spectra taken while looking through Titan's atmosphere towards the Sun helped understand the atmospheres of exoplanets (artist's concept; May 27, 2014). Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) The VIMS was a remote sensing instrument that captured images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. It consisted of two cameras - one used to measure visible light, the other infrared. VIMS measured reflected and emitted radiation from atmospheres, rings and surfaces over wavelengths from 350 to 5100 nm, to help determine their compositions, temperatures and structures. It also observed the sunlight and starlight that passes through the rings to learn more about their structure. Scientists used VIMS for long-term studies of cloud movement and morphology in the Saturn system, to determine Saturn's weather patterns. Plutonium power source ---------------------- A *Cassini* GPHS-RTG before installation Because of Saturn's distance from the Sun, solar arrays were not feasible as power sources for this space probe. To generate enough power, such arrays would have been too large and too heavy. Instead, the *Cassini* orbiter was powered by three GPHS-RTG radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which use heat from the decay of about 33 kg (73 lb) of plutonium-238 (in the form of plutonium dioxide) to generate direct current electricity via thermoelectrics. The RTGs on the *Cassini* mission have the same design as those used on the *New Horizons*, *Galileo*, and *Ulysses* space probes, and they were designed to have very long operational lifetimes. At the end of the nominal 11-year *Cassini* mission, they were still able to produce 600 to 700 watts of electrical power. (Leftover hardware from the *Cassini* RTG Program was modified and used to power the *New Horizons* mission to Pluto and the Kuiper belt, which was designed and launched later.) Power distribution was accomplished by 192 solid-state power switches, which also functioned as circuit breakers in the event of an overload condition. The switches used MOSFETs that featured better efficiency and a longer lifetime as compared to conventional switches, while at the same time eliminating transients. However, these solid-state circuit breakers were prone to erroneous tripping (presumably from cosmic rays), requiring them to reset and causing losses in experimental data. A glowing-hot plutonium pellet that is the power source of the probe's radioisotope thermoelectric generator To gain momentum while already in flight, the trajectory of the *Cassini* mission included several gravitational slingshot maneuvers: two fly-by passes of Venus, one more of the Earth, and then one of the planet Jupiter. The terrestrial flyby was the final instance when the probe posed any conceivable danger to human beings. The maneuver was successful, with *Cassini* passing by 1,171 km (728 mi) above the Earth on August 18, 1999. Had there been any malfunction causing the probe to collide with the Earth, NASA's complete environmental impact study estimated that, in the worst case (with an acute angle of entry in which *Cassini* would gradually burn up), a significant fraction of the 33 kg of nuclear fuel inside the RTGs would have been dispersed into the Earth's atmosphere so that up to five billion people (i.e. almost the entire terrestrial population) could have been exposed, causing up to an estimated 5,000 additional cancer deaths over the subsequent decades (0.0005 per cent, i.e. a fraction 0.000005, of a billion cancer deaths expected anyway from other causes; the product is incorrectly calculated elsewhere as 500,000 deaths). However, the chance of this happening were estimated to be less than one in one million, i.e. a chance of one person dying (assuming 5,000 deaths) as less than 1 in 200. NASA's risk analysis to use plutonium was publicly criticized by Michio Kaku on the grounds that casualties, property damage, and lawsuits resulting from a possible accident, as well as the potential use of other energy sources, such as solar and fuel cells, were underestimated. Telemetry --------- The *Cassini* spacecraft was capable of transmitting in several different telemetry formats. The telemetry subsystem is perhaps the most important subsystem, because without it there could be no data return. The telemetry was developed from the ground up, due to the spacecraft using a more modern set of computers than previous missions. Therefore, *Cassini* was the first spacecraft to adopt mini-packets to reduce the complexity of the Telemetry Dictionary, and the software development process led to the creation of a Telemetry Manager for the mission. There were around 1088 channels (in 67 mini-packets) assembled in the *Cassini* Telemetry Dictionary. Out of these 67 lower complexity mini-packets, 6 mini-packets contained the subsystem covariance and Kalman gain elements (161 measurements), not used during normal mission operations. This left 947 measurements in 61 mini-packets. A total of seven telemetry maps corresponding to 7 AACS telemetry modes were constructed. These modes are: (1) Record; (2) Nominal Cruise; (3) Medium Slow Cruise; (4) Slow Cruise; (5) Orbital Ops; (6) Av; (7) ATE (Attitude Estimator) Calibration. These 7 maps cover all spacecraft telemetry modes. *Huygens* probe --------------- Main article: Huygens (spacecraft) *Huygens* view of Titan's surfaceSame image with different data processing The *Huygens* probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA) and named after the 17th century Dutch astronomer who first discovered Titan, Christiaan Huygens, scrutinized the clouds, atmosphere, and surface of Saturn's moon Titan in its descent on January 15, 2005. It was designed to enter and brake in Titan's atmosphere and parachute a fully instrumented robotic laboratory down to the surface. The probe system consisted of the probe itself which descended to Titan, and the probe support equipment (PSE) which remained attached to the orbiting spacecraft. The PSE includes electronics that track the probe, recover the data gathered during its descent, and process and deliver the data to the orbiter that transmits it to Earth. The core control computer CPU was a redundant MIL-STD-1750A control system. The data were transmitted by a radio link between *Huygens* and *Cassini* provided by Probe Data Relay Subsystem (PDRS). As the probe's mission could not be telecommanded from Earth because of the great distance, it was automatically managed by the Command Data Management Subsystem (CDMS). The PDRS and CDMS were provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). After *Cassini*'s launch, it was discovered that data sent from the *Huygens* probe to *Cassini* orbiter (and then re-transmitted to Earth) would be largely unreadable. The cause was that the bandwidth of signal processing electronics was too narrow and the anticipated Doppler shift between the lander and the mother craft would put the signals out of the system's range. Thus, *Cassini*'s receiver would be unable to receive the data from *Huygens* during its descent to Titan. A work-around was found to recover the mission. The trajectory of *Cassini* was altered to reduce the line of sight velocity and therefore the doppler shift. *Cassini'*s subsequent trajectory was identical to the previously planned one, although the change replaced two orbits prior to the *Huygens* mission with three, shorter orbits. Selected events and discoveries ------------------------------- Main article: Cassini–Huygens timeline Animation of *Cassini*'s trajectory from October 15, 1997, to May 4, 2008. * *Cassini–Huygens* * Jupiter * Saturn * Earth * Venus * 2685 Masursky Animation of *Cassini*'s trajectory around Saturn from May 1, 2004, to September 15, 2017.* *Cassini* * Saturn * Enceladus * Titan * Iapetus ### Venus and Earth fly-bys and the cruise to Jupiter Picture of the Moon during flyby The *Cassini* space probe performed two gravitational-assist flybys of Venus on April 26, 1998, and June 24, 1999. These flybys provided the space probe with enough momentum to travel all the way out to the asteroid belt, while the Sun's gravity pulled the space probe back into the inner Solar System. On August 18, 1999, at 03:28 UTC, the craft made a gravitational-assist flyby of the Earth. One hour and 20 minutes before closest approach, *Cassini* made its closest approach to the Earth's Moon at 377,000 kilometers, and it took a series of calibration photos. On January 23, 2000, *Cassini* performed a flyby of the asteroid 2685 Masursky at around 10:00 UTC. It took photos in the period five to seven hours before the flyby at a distance of 1.6×10~~^~~6 km (0.99×10~~^~~6 mi) and a diameter of 15 to 20 km (9.3 to 12.4 mi) was estimated for the asteroid. ### Jupiter flyby A Jupiter flyby picture *Cassini* made its closest approach to Jupiter on December 30, 2000, at 9.7 million kilometers, and made many scientific measurements. About 26,000 images of Jupiter, its faint rings, and its moons were taken during the six-month flyby. It produced the most detailed global color portrait of the planet yet (see image at right), in which the smallest visible features are approximately 60 km (37 mi) across. *Cassini* photographed Io transiting Jupiter on January 1, 2001. A major finding of the flyby, announced on March 6, 2003, was of Jupiter's atmospheric circulation. Dark "belts" alternate with light "zones" in the atmosphere, and scientists had long considered the zones, with their pale clouds, to be areas of upwelling air, partly because many clouds on Earth form where air is rising. But analysis of *Cassini* imagery showed that individual storm cells of upwelling bright-white clouds, too small to see from Earth, pop up almost without exception in the dark belts. According to Anthony Del Genio of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, "the belts must be the areas of net-rising atmospheric motion on Jupiter, [so] the net motion in the zones has to be sinking". Other atmospheric observations included a swirling dark oval of high atmospheric haze, about the size of the Great Red Spot, near Jupiter's north pole. Infrared imagery revealed aspects of circulation near the poles, with bands of globe-encircling winds, with adjacent bands moving in opposite directions. The same announcement also discussed the nature of Jupiter's rings. Light scattering by particles in the rings showed the particles were irregularly shaped (rather than spherical) and likely originate as ejecta from micrometeorite impacts on Jupiter's moons, probably Metis and Adrastea. ### Tests of general relativity On October 10, 2003, the mission's science team announced the results of tests of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, performed by using radio waves transmitted from the *Cassini* space probe. The radio scientists measured a frequency shift in the radio waves to and from the spacecraft, as they passed close to the Sun. According to the general theory of relativity, a massive object like the Sun causes space-time to curve, causing a beam of radiowaves travelling out of its gravitational well to decrease in frequency and radiowaves travelling into the gravitational well to increase in frequency, referred to as gravitational redshift / blueshift. Although some measurable deviations from the values calculated using the general theory of relativity are predicted by some unusual cosmological models, no such deviations were found by this experiment. Previous tests using radiowaves transmitted by the *Viking* and *Voyager* space probes were in agreement with the calculated values from general relativity to within an accuracy of one part in one thousand. The more refined measurements from the *Cassini* space probe experiment improved this accuracy to about one part in 51,000. The data firmly support Einstein's general theory of relativity. ### New moons of Saturn The possible formation of a new moon was captured on April 15, 2013. In total, the *Cassini* mission discovered seven new moons orbiting Saturn. Using images taken by *Cassini*, researchers discovered Methone, Pallene and Polydeuces in 2004, although later analysis revealed that Voyager 2 had photographed Pallene in its 1981 flyby of the ringed planet. Discovery photograph of moon Daphnis On May 1, 2005, a new moon was discovered by *Cassini* in the Keeler gap. It was given the designation S/2005 S 1 before being named Daphnis. A fifth new moon was discovered by *Cassini* on May 30, 2007, and was provisionally labeled S/2007 S 4. It is now known as Anthe. A press release on February 3, 2009, showed a sixth new moon found by *Cassini*. The moon is approximately 500 m (0.3 mi) in diameter within the G-ring of the ring system of Saturn, and is now named Aegaeon (formerly S/2008 S 1). A press release on November 2, 2009, mentions the seventh new moon found by *Cassini* on July 26, 2009. It is presently labeled S/2009 S 1 and is approximately 300 m (980 ft) in diameter in the B-ring system. On April 14, 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon in Saturn's A Ring. ### Phoebe flyby *Cassini* arrival (left) and departure mosaics of Phoebe (2004) On June 11, 2004, *Cassini* flew by the moon Phoebe. This was the first opportunity for close-up studies of this moon (Voyager 2 performed a distant flyby in 1981 but returned no detailed images). It also was *Cassini's* only possible flyby for Phoebe due to the mechanics of the available orbits around Saturn. The first close-up images were received on June 12, 2004, and mission scientists immediately realized that the surface of Phoebe looks different from asteroids visited by spacecraft. Parts of the heavily cratered surface look very bright in those pictures, and it is currently believed that a large amount of water ice exists under its immediate surface. ### Saturn rotation In an announcement on June 28, 2004, *Cassini* program scientists described the measurement of the rotational period of Saturn. Because there are no fixed features on the surface that can be used to obtain this period, the repetition of radio emissions was used. This new data agreed with the latest values measured from Earth, and constituted a puzzle to the scientists. It turns out that the radio rotational period had changed since it was first measured in 1980 by *Voyager 1*, and it was now 6 minutes longer. This, however, does not indicate a change in the overall spin of the planet. It is thought to be due to variations in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere at the latitudes which are magnetically connected to the radio source region. In 2019 NASA announced Saturn's rotational period as 10 hours, 33 minutes, 38 seconds, calculated using Saturnian ring seismology. Vibrations from Saturn's interior cause oscillations in its gravitational field. This energy is absorbed by ring particles in specific locations, where it accumulates until it is released in a wave. Scientists used data from more than 20 of these waves to construct a family of models of Saturn's interior, providing basis for calculating its rotational period. ### Orbiting Saturn Saturn reached equinox in 2008, shortly after the end of the prime mission. On July 1, 2004, the spacecraft flew through the gap between the F and G rings and achieved orbit, after a seven-year voyage. It was the first spacecraft to ever orbit Saturn. The Saturn Orbital Insertion (SOI) maneuver performed by *Cassini* was complex, requiring the craft to orient its High-Gain Antenna away from Earth and along its flight path, to shield its instruments from particles in Saturn's rings. Once the craft crossed the ring plane, it had to rotate again to point its engine along its flight path, and then the engine fired to decelerate the craft by 622 m/s to allow Saturn to capture it. *Cassini* was captured by Saturn's gravity at around 8:54 pm Pacific Daylight Time on June 30, 2004. During the maneuver *Cassini* passed within 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud tops. When Cassini was in Saturnian orbit, departure from the Saturn system was evaluated in 2008 during end of mission planning.[*clarification needed*] ### Titan flybys Titan – infrared views (2004 – 2017) *Cassini* had its first flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, on July 2, 2004, a day after orbit insertion, when it approached to within 339,000 km (211,000 mi) of Titan. Images taken through special filters (able to see through the moon's global haze) showed south polar clouds thought to be composed of methane and surface features with widely differing brightness. On October 27, 2004, the spacecraft executed the first of the 45 planned close flybys of Titan when it passed a mere 1,200 km (750 mi) above the moon. Almost four gigabits of data were collected and transmitted to Earth, including the first radar images of the moon's haze-enshrouded surface. It revealed the surface of Titan (at least the area covered by radar) to be relatively level, with topography reaching no more than about 50 m (160 ft) in altitude. The flyby provided a remarkable increase in imaging resolution over previous coverage. Images with up to 100 times better resolution were taken and are typical of resolutions planned for subsequent Titan flybys. Cassini collected pictures of Titan and the lakes of methane were similar to the lakes of water on Earth. ### *Huygens* lands on Titan Main article: Huygens (spacecraft) *Cassini* released the *Huygens* probe on December 25, 2004, by means of a spring and spiral rails intended to rotate the probe for greater stability. It entered the atmosphere of Titan on January 14, 2005, and after a two-and-a-half-hour descent landed on solid ground. Although *Cassini* successfully relayed 350 of the pictures that it received from *Huygens* of its descent and landing site, a software error failed to turn on one of the *Cassini* receivers and caused the loss of another 350 pictures. While landing, for caution, NASA loaded Huygens with 3 parachutes. ### Enceladus flybys View of Enceladus's Europa-like surface with the Labtayt Sulci fractures at center and the Ebony (left) and Cufa dorsa at lower left; imaged by *Cassini* on February 17, 2005 During the first two close flybys of the moon Enceladus in 2005, *Cassini* discovered a deflection in the local magnetic field that is characteristic for the existence of a thin but significant atmosphere. Other measurements obtained at that time point to ionized water vapor as its main constituent. *Cassini* also observed water ice geysers erupting from the south pole of Enceladus, which gives more credibility to the idea that Enceladus is supplying the particles of Saturn's E ring. Mission scientists began to suspect that there may be pockets of liquid water near the surface of the moon that fuel the eruptions. On March 12, 2008, *Cassini* made a close fly-by of Enceladus, passing within 50 km of the moon's surface. The spacecraft passed through the plumes extending from its southern geysers, detecting water, carbon dioxide and various hydrocarbons with its mass spectrometer, while also mapping surface features that are at much higher temperature than their surroundings with the infrared spectrometer. *Cassini* was unable to collect data with its cosmic dust analyzer due to an unknown software malfunction. On November 21, 2009, *Cassini* made its eighth flyby of Enceladus, this time with a different geometry, approaching within 1,600 km (990 mi) of the surface. The Composite Infrared Spectrograph (CIRS) instrument produced a map of thermal emissions from the Baghdad Sulcus 'tiger stripe'. The data returned helped create a detailed and high resolution mosaic image of the southern part of the moon's Saturn-facing hemisphere. On April 3, 2014, nearly ten years after *Cassini* entered Saturn's orbit, NASA reported evidence of a large salty internal ocean of liquid water in Enceladus. The presence of an internal salty ocean in contact with the moon's rocky core, places Enceladus "among the most likely places in the Solar System to host alien microbial life". On June 30, 2014, NASA celebrated ten years of *Cassini* exploring Saturn and its moons, highlighting the discovery of water activity on Enceladus among other findings. In September 2015, NASA announced that gravitational and imaging data from *Cassini* were used to analyze the librations of Enceladus' orbit and determined that the moon's surface is not rigidly joined to its core, concluding that the underground ocean must therefore be global in extent. On October 28, 2015, *Cassini* performed a close flyby of Enceladus, coming within 49 km (30 mi) of the surface, and passing through the icy plume above the south pole. On December 14, 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the plumes of Enceladus, of hydrogen cyanide, a possible chemical essential for life as we know it, as well as other organic molecules, some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to the researchers, "these [newly discovered] compounds could potentially support extant microbial communities or drive complex organic synthesis leading to the origin of life". ### Radio occultations of Saturn's rings In May 2005, *Cassini* began a series of radio occultation experiments, to measure the size-distribution of particles in Saturn's rings, and measure the atmosphere of Saturn itself. For over four months, the craft completed orbits designed for this purpose. During these experiments, it flew behind the ring plane of Saturn, as seen from Earth, and transmitted radio waves through the particles. The radio signals received on Earth were analyzed, for frequency, phase, and power shift of the signal to determine the structure of the rings. Upper image: visible color mosaic of Saturn's rings taken on December 12, 2004. Lower image: simulated view constructed from a radio occultation observation on May 3, 2005. Color in the lower image represents ring particle sizes. ### Spokes in rings verified In images captured September 5, 2005, *Cassini* detected spokes in Saturn's rings, previously seen only by the visual observer Stephen James O'Meara in 1977 and then confirmed by the Voyager space probes in the early 1980s. ### Lakes of Titan Main article: Lakes of Titan Ligeia Mare, on the left, is compared at scale to Lake Superior. Titan: evolving feature in Ligeia Mare (August 21, 2014) Radar images obtained on July 21, 2006, appear to show lakes of liquid hydrocarbon (such as methane and ethane) in Titan's northern latitudes. This is the first discovery of currently existing lakes anywhere besides on Earth. The lakes range in size from one to one-hundred kilometers across. On March 13, 2007, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that it had found strong evidence of seas of methane and ethane in the northern hemisphere of Titan. At least one of these is larger than any of the Great Lakes in North America. ### Saturn hurricane In November 2006, scientists discovered a storm at the south pole of Saturn with a distinct eyewall. This is characteristic of a hurricane on Earth and had never been seen on another planet before. Unlike a terrestrial hurricane, the storm appears to be stationary at the pole. The storm is 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across, and 70 km (43 mi) high, with winds blowing at 560 km/h (350 mph). ### Iapetus flyby Taken on September 10, 2007, at a distance of 62,331 km (38,731 mi) Iapetus's equatorial ridge and surface are revealed. (CL1 and CL2 filters) Closeup of Iapetus surface, 2007 On September 10, 2007, *Cassini* completed its flyby of the strange, two-toned, walnut-shaped moon, Iapetus. Images were taken from 1,600 km (1,000 mi) above the surface. As it was sending the images back to Earth, it was hit by a cosmic ray that forced it to temporarily enter safe mode. All of the data from the flyby were recovered. ### Mission extension On April 15, 2008, *Cassini* received funding for a 27-month extended mission. It consisted of 60 more orbits of Saturn, with 21 more close Titan flybys, seven of Enceladus, six of Mimas, eight of Tethys, and one targeted flyby each of Dione, Rhea, and Helene. The extended mission began on July 1, 2008, and was renamed the **Cassini Equinox Mission** as the mission coincided with Saturn's equinox. ### Second mission extension A proposal was submitted to NASA for a second mission extension (September 2010 – May 2017), provisionally named the extended-extended mission or XXM. This ($60M pa) was approved in February 2010 and renamed the **Cassini Solstice Mission**. It included *Cassini* orbiting Saturn 155 more times, conducting 54 additional flybys of Titan and 11 more of Enceladus. ### Great Storm of 2010 and aftermath Northern hemisphere storm in 2011 On October 25, 2012, *Cassini* witnessed the aftermath of the massive Great White Spot storm that recurs roughly every 30 years on Saturn. Data from the composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) instrument indicated a powerful discharge from the storm that caused a temperature spike in the stratosphere of Saturn 83 K (83 °C; 149 °F) above normal. Simultaneously, a huge increase in ethylene gas was detected by NASA researchers at Goddard Research Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Ethylene is a colorless gas that is highly uncommon on Saturn and is produced both naturally and through man-made sources on Earth. The storm that produced this discharge was first observed by the spacecraft on December 5, 2010, in Saturn's northern hemisphere. The storm is the first of its kind to be observed by a spacecraft in orbit around Saturn as well as the first to be observed at thermal infrared wavelengths, allowing scientists to observe the temperature of Saturn's atmosphere and track phenomena that are invisible to the naked eye. The spike of ethylene gas that was produced by the storm reached levels that were 100 times more than those thought possible for Saturn. Scientists have also determined that the storm witnessed was the largest, hottest stratospheric vortex ever detected in the Solar System, initially being larger than Jupiter's Great Red Spot. ### Venus transit On December 21, 2012, *Cassini* observed a transit of Venus across the Sun. The VIMS instrument analyzed sunlight passing through the Venusian atmosphere. VIMS previously observed the transit of exoplanet HD 189733 b. ### *The Day the Earth Smiled* Main article: The Day the Earth Smiled *The Day the Earth Smiled* – Saturn with some of its moons, Earth, Venus, and Mars as visible in this *Cassini* montage (July 19, 2013) On July 19, 2013, the probe was pointed towards Earth to capture an image of the Earth and the Moon, as part of a natural light, multi-image portrait of the entire Saturn system. The event was unique as it was the first time NASA informed the public that a long-distance photo was being taken in advance. The imaging team said they wanted people to smile and wave to the skies, with *Cassini* scientist Carolyn Porco describing the moment as a chance to "celebrate life on the Pale Blue Dot". ### Rhea flyby On February 10, 2015, the *Cassini* spacecraft visited Rhea more closely, coming within 47,000 km (29,000 mi). The spacecraft observed the moon with its cameras producing some of the highest resolution color images yet of Rhea. ### Hyperion flyby *Cassini* performed its latest flyby of Saturn's moon Hyperion on May 31, 2015, at a distance of about 34,000 km (21,000 mi). Hyperion – context view from 37,000 km (23,000 mi) (May 31, 2015)Hyperion – close-up view from 38,000 km (24,000 mi) (May 31, 2015) ### Dione flyby *Cassini* performed its last flyby of Saturn's moon Dione on August 17, 2015, at a distance of about 475 km (295 mi). A previous flyby was performed on June 16. ### Hexagon changes color Main article: Saturn's hexagon Between 2012 and 2016, the persistent hexagonal cloud pattern at Saturn's north pole changed from a mostly blue color to more of a golden color. One theory for this is a seasonal change: extended exposure to sunlight may be creating haze as the pole swivels toward the Sun. It was previously noted that there was less blue color overall on Saturn between 2004 and 2008. * 2012 and 2016: hexagon color changes2012 and 2016: hexagon color changes * 2013 and 2017: hexagon color changes2013 and 2017: hexagon color changes Grand Finale and destruction ---------------------------- Main article: Cassini retirement Animation of *Cassini*'s Grand Finale* *Cassini* * Saturn *Cassini*'s end involved a series of close Saturn passes, approaching within the rings, then an entry into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15, 2017, to destroy the spacecraft. This method was chosen because it is imperative to ensure protection and prevent biological contamination to any of the moons of Saturn thought to offer potential habitability. In 2008 a number of options were evaluated to achieve this goal, each with varying funding, scientific, and technical challenges. A short period Saturn impact for an end of mission was rated "excellent" with the reasons "D-ring option satisfies unachieved AO goals;[*definition needed*] cheap and easily achievable" while collision with an icy moon was rated "good" for being "cheap and achievable anywhere/time".[] There problems in 2013–14 about NASA receiving U.S. government funding for the Grand Finale. The two phases of the Grand Finale ended up being the equivalent of having two separate Discovery Program-class missions in that the Grand Finale was completely different from the main *Cassini* regular mission. The U.S. government in late 2014 approved the Grand Finale at the cost of $200 million. This was far cheaper than building two new probes in separate Discovery-class missions. On November 29, 2016, the spacecraft performed a Titan flyby that took it to the gateway of F-ring orbits: This was the start of the Grand Finale phase culminating in its impact with the planet. A final Titan flyby on April 22, 2017, changed the orbit again to fly through the gap between Saturn and its inner ring days later on April 26. *Cassini* passed about 3,100 km (1,900 mi) above Saturn's cloud layer and 320 km (200 mi) from the visible edge of the inner ring; it successfully took images of Saturn's atmosphere and began returning data the next day. After a further 22 orbits through the gap, the mission was ended with a dive into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15; signal was lost at 11:55:46 UTC on September 15, 2017, just 30 seconds later than predicted. It is estimated that the spacecraft burned up about 45 seconds after the last transmission. In September 2018, NASA won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Interactive Program for its presentation of the *Cassini* mission's Grand Finale at Saturn. In December 2018, Netflix aired "NASA's Cassini Mission" on their series *7 Days Out* documenting the final days of work on the *Cassini* mission before the spacecraft crashed into Saturn to complete its Grand Finale. In January 2019, new research using data collected during *Cassini*'s Grand Finale phase was published: * The final close passes by the rings and planet enabled scientists to measure the length of a day on Saturn: 10 hours, 33 minutes and 38 seconds. * Saturn's rings are relatively new, 10 to 100 million years old. *Cassini* orbiting Saturn before Grand Finale (artist concepts) *Cassini* impact site on Saturn (visual/IR mapping spectrometer; September 15, 2017) A close-up image of Saturn's atmosphere from about 3,100 km (1,900 mi) above the cloud layer, taken by *Cassini* on its first dive on April 26, 2017, at the start of the Grand FinaleLast image (color) taken by *Cassini* as it descended toward Saturn. The image was taken 634,000 km (394,000 mi) above Saturn on September 14, 2017, at 19:59 UTC.Last image (b&w) taken by the imaging cameras on the *Cassini* spacecraft (September 14, 2017, at 19:59 UTC) Video (03:40) detailing *Cassini*'s Grand Finale mission and a look back at what the mission has accomplished. ### Missions The spacecraft operation was organized around a series of missions. Each is structured according to a certain amount of funding, goals, etc. At least 260 scientists from 17 countries have worked on the *Cassini–Huygens* mission; in addition thousands of people overall worked to design, manufacture, and launch the mission. * Prime Mission, July 2004 through June 2008. * *Cassini* Equinox Mission was a two-year mission extension which ran from July 2008 through September 2010. * *Cassini* Solstice Mission ran from October 2010 through April 2017. (Also known as the XXM mission.) * Grand Finale (spacecraft directed into Saturn), April 2017 to September 15, 2017. * Saturn by Cassini, 2016Saturn by *Cassini*, 2016 * Cassini-Huygens by the numbers(September 2017)*Cassini-Huygens* by the numbers (September 2017) * Farewell to Saturn and moons (Enceladus, Epimetheus, Janus, Mimas, Pandora and Prometheus) (September 13, 2017)Farewell to Saturn and moons (Enceladus, Epimetheus, Janus, Mimas, Pandora and Prometheus) (September 13, 2017) Glossary -------- * AACS: Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem * ACS: Attitude Control Subsystem * AFC: AACS Flight Computer * ARWM: Articulated Reaction Wheel Mechanism * ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Italian space agency * BIU: Bus Interface Unit * BOL: Beginning of Life * CAM: Command Approval Meeting * CDS: Command and Data Subsystem—Cassini computer that commands and collects data from the instruments * CICLOPS: Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations Archived May 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine * CIMS: *Cassini* Information Management System * CIRS: Composite Infrared Spectrometer * DCSS: Descent Control Subsystem * DSCC: Deep Space Communications Center * DSN: Deep Space Network (large antennas around the Earth) * DTSTART: Dead Time Start * ELS: Electron Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument) * EOM: End of Mission * ERT: Earth-received time, UTC of an event * ESA: European Space Agency * ESOC: European Space Operations Centre * FSW: flight software * HGA: High Gain Antenna * HMCS: *Huygens* Monitoring and Control System * HPOC: *Huygens* Probe Operations Center * IBS: Ion Beam Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument) * IEB: Instrument Expanded Blocks (instrument command sequences) * IMS: Ion Mass Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument) * ITL: Integrated Test Laboratory—spacecraft simulator * IVP: Inertial Vector Propagator * LGA: Low Gain Antenna * NAC: Narrow Angle Camera * NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States space agency * OTM: Orbit Trim Maneuver * PDRS: Probe Data Relay Subsystem * PHSS: Probe Harness SubSystem * POSW: Probe On-Board Software * PPS: Power and Pyrotechnic Subsystem * PRA: Probe Relay Antenna * PSA: Probe Support Avionics * PSIV: Preliminary Sequence Integration and Validation * PSE: probe support equipment * RCS: Reaction Control System * RFS: Radio Frequency Subsystem * RPX: ring plane crossing * RWA: Reaction Wheel Assembly * SCET: Spacecraft Event Time * SCR: sequence change requests * SKR: Saturn Kilometric Radiation * SOI: Saturn Orbit Insertion (July 1, 2004) * SOP: Science Operations Plan * SSPS: Solid State Power Switch * SSR: Solid State Recorder * SSUP: Science and Sequence Update Process * TLA: Thermal Louver Assemblies * USO: UltraStable Oscillator * VRHU: Variable Radioisotope Heater Units * WAC: Wide Angle Camera * XXM: Extended-Extended Mission Further reading --------------- * Ralph Lorenz (2017). *NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens: 1997 onwards (Cassini orbiter, Huygens probe and future exploration concepts) (Owners' Workshop Manual)*. Haynes Manuals, UK. ISBN 978-1785211119. * Karl Grossman (1997). *The Wrong Stuff: The Space Program's Nuclear Threat to Our Planet*. Common Courage Press. ISBN 978-1-56751-125-3. * David M. Harland (2002). *Mission to Saturn: Cassini and the Huygens Probe*. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-85233-656-1. * Ralph Lorenz; Jacqueline Mitton (2002). *Lifting Titan's Veil: Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79348-3. * Meltzer, Michael (2015). *The Cassini-Huygens Visit to Saturn: A Historic Mission to the Ringed Planet*. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-07608-9. * Irene Klotz (August 31, 2017). "Cassini's Ringside Seat At Saturn Coming To An End". *Aviation Week & Space Technology*. An epic journey of discovery at Saturn ends, leaving mysteries for future explorers.

Census-designated place in Florida, US Census-designated place in Florida, United States **Lecanto** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Citrus County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 5,882, up from 5,161 in 2000. It is home to several county government facilities such as the Citrus County Sheriff's Office and the Citrus Campus of the College of Central Florida. Geography --------- Lecanto is located at the geographic center of Citrus County at 28°51′N 82°29′W / 28.850°N 82.483°W / 28.850; -82.483 (28.8488, -82.4811). State Road 44 (Gulf to Lake Highway) runs through the center of the CDP, leading west 7 miles (11 km) to Crystal River and east 10 miles (16 km) to Inverness, the county seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 26.9 square miles (69.8 km2), of which 0.008 square miles (0.02 km2), or 0.03%, is water. Demographics ------------ Historical population| Census | Pop. | Note | %± | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1990 | 1,243 | | — | | 2000 | 5,161 | | 315.2% | | 2010 | 5,882 | | 14.0% | | 2020 | 6,301 | | 7.1% | | source: | At the 2000 census there were 5,161 people, 1,861 households, and 1,369 families in the CDP. The population density was 190.8 inhabitants per square mile (73.7/km2). There were 2,095 housing units at an average density of 77.5 per square mile (29.9/km2). The racial makup of the CDP was 93.88% White, 2.96% African American, 0.76% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.71%. Of the 1,861 households 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 22.0% of households were one person and 11.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.81. The age distribution was 20.5% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 22.6% 65 or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males. The median household income was $40,826 and the median family income was $46,987. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $27,296 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,625. About 5.3% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over. Lecanto is the site of the privately operated Citrus County Detention Facility, which holds a maximum of 760 prisoners of the county, of the federal government, and prisoners from the Virgin Islands. Education --------- The CDP is served by Citrus County Schools. Elementary schools serving sections of the CDP include Lecanto, Forest Ridge, Rock Crusher, and Hernando. Lecanto Middle School and Lecanto High School also serve the CDP. College of Central Florida's Citrus Campus was built in Lecanto in 1996. Public transportation --------------------- Citrus County Transit has its headquarters in Lecanto, and runs one flex-route service in the area.

Dutch mathematician **Frits Beukers** (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfrɪts ˈbøːkərs]) (born 1953, Ankara) is a Dutch mathematician, who works on number theory and hypergeometric functions. In 1979 Beukers received his PhD at Leiden University under the direction of Robert Tijdeman with thesis *The generalized Ramanujan–Nagell Equation*, published in *Acta Arithmetica*, vol. 38, 1980/1981. From 1979 to 1980 he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. He became a professor in Leiden and in the 2000s at Utrecht University. Beukers works on questions of transcendence and irrationality in number theory, and on other topics. In connection with the famous proof by Roger Apéry (1978) on the irrationality of the values of the Riemann zeta function evaluated at the points 2 and 3, Beukers gave a much simpler alternate proof using Legendre polynomials. He also published on questions in mechanics about dynamical systems and their exact solvability. Selected works -------------- * Beukers, Frits (1992). "Differential Galois Theory". *From Number Theory to Physics*. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 413–439. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02838-4\_8. ISBN 978-3-642-08097-5. S2CID 123608326. * Beukers, F. (1999). *Getaltheorie voor beginners* (in Dutch). Utrecht: Epsilon Uitgaven. ISBN 90-5041-049-9. OCLC 67951885. * *A rational approach to Pi*, Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, 2000, Heft 4 * Beukers, F. (1979). "A Note on the Irrationality of ζ(2) and ζ(3)". *Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society*. Wiley. **11** (3): 268–272. doi:10.1112/blms/11.3.268. ISSN 0024-6093.

Chinese shot putter **Liu Hao** (Chinese: 刘昊; born 19 November 1968) is a Chinese former track and field athlete who competed in the men's shot put. His personal best for the event is 19.72 m (64 ft 8+1⁄4 in), set in 1993. He was among Asia's best shot putters in the 1990s. He was a two-time champion at the Asian Games and was the 1993 gold medallist at the Asian Athletics Championships. A five-time winner at the Chinese outdoor championships, he never represented his country on the global stage. He was the gold medallist at the 2001 East Asian Games. Career ------ Based in Beijing, Liu began to establish himself at national level in his early twenties. A personal best of 18.78 m (61 ft 7+1⁄4 in) in 1990 was followed by an improvement to 19.04 m (62 ft 5+1⁄2 in) in 1992 – a mark which ranked him second at the Chinese Athletics Championships to Ma Yongfeng and placed him within the top 100 globally that year. He had his breakthrough on the international scene the following year. He progressively improved his best over the 1993 season, culminating in a lifetime best throw of 19.72 m (64 ft 8+1⁄4 in) to win the title at the 7th National Games of China. After this first victory at national level, he was selected for the 1993 Asian Athletics Championships and won the gold medal there, beating runner-up Bilal Saad Mubarak by a margin of nearly 80 cm. His season's best placed him within the top forty in the world and made him the top ranked Asian shot putter for the year. Liu continued to dominate both nationally and regionally into the 1994 season. He won for the first time at the Chinese Championships with a throw over nineteen metres, then outdid both national rival Xie Shengying and Uzbekistan's Sergey Rubtsov at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima to take another international gold medal. The winning throw of 19.26 m (63 ft 2+1⁄4 in) was an Asian Games record and the first time the winner had cleared nineteen metres (this mark stood until the 2006 edition). Rubtsov led the Asian rankings that year, but Liu was Asia's next best performer. He defended his national title in 1995 and 1996, as well as winning at the national indoor meet in the latter year. Though still ranked in the top 80 in the world, he dropped behind Asian rivals Rubtsov and Mubarak during this period. He was deposed at the top of the Chinese circuit by Wen Jili in 1997, taking second to him at the 8th National Games of China and losing his three-year streak at the national championships. The 1998 season marked a revival in fortunes, starting with a silver medal performance behind Mubarak at the 1998 Asian Athletics Championships. A win at the national championships came in September and that December, at the age of 30, he managed to have his best throw in four years in the 1998 Asian Games final. This mark of 19.20 m (62 ft 11+3⁄4 in) relegated Shakti Singh and Rubtsov to the minor medals as he became the first Chinese man to successfully defend the Asian Games title. He ranked third in Asia that year, behind Singh and another Indian athlete Bahadur Singh Sagoo, who both threw well in Calcutta. Despite this form, he faltered in 1999, trailing to Wen at the national championships and falling outside the world's top 100 as he failed to clear nineteen metres during the season. In 2000 Liu won for a fifth and final time at the Chinese Championships with a modest mark of 18.62 m (61 ft 1 in) (his shortest winning throw at the competition). His season's best for 2001 was a throw of 18.91 m (62 ft 1⁄4 in) in Ningbo – this was to be the nearest he got to nineteen metres in his career after 1998. The last international medal for Liu came at the 2001 East Asian Games, where he bested Wen Jili to take the gold medal. Neither was victorious at the 9th National Games of China later that year as Liu took second place to Wang Zhiyong, marking the emergence of a new generation of throwers. Liu was out of the top three at the Chinese Championships that year. Liu's final years of competition came in 2002 and 2003. He was runner-up at the nationals in 2002 (Jia Peng took the honours) and had a marked decline in his final season, during which he failed to throw beyond eighteen metres and was out of the top ten nationally. Personal bests -------------- * Shot put (outdoor) – 19.72 m (64 ft 8+1⁄4 in) (1993) * Shot put (indoor) – 18.58 m (60 ft 11+1⁄4 in) (1996) National titles --------------- * Chinese Athletics Championships: 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000 * National Games of China: 1993 * Chinese Indoor Championships: 1996 International competitions -------------------------- | Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1993 | Asian Championships | Manila, Philippines | 1st | Shot put | | 1994 | Asian Games | Hiroshima, Japan | 1st | Shot put | | 1998 | Asian Championships | Fukuoka City, Japan | 2nd | Shot put | | 1998 | Asian Games | Bangkok, Thailand | 1st | Shot put | | 2001 | East Asian Games | Osaka, Japan | 1st | Shot put |

British businessman **Phil Popham** is a British Business man who has mainly been employed in the automotive industry. He had a long career at Jaguar Land Rover, and latterly was the chief executive officer of Lotus Cars. He has also been CEO of Sunseeker during his career. Background ---------- He was born in 1965 in Redditch, Worcestershire, England, and graduated with a BSc (Hons) in management studies from the University of Aston, Birmingham. Career ------ ### Jaguar Land Rover Having joined Land Rover as a graduate trainee in 1988, Popham held a number of senior positions in the company including Director of Land Rover European Operations, marketing director for Land Rover South Africa, and Vice President of Marketing for Land Rover North America. He briefly joined Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles in the UK in 1999 before returning to Land Rover to become UK Sales Director in 2001. Two years of record sales followed and saw him promoted to become managing director of both Jaguar and Land Rover UK national sales companies in 2003. In 2006, following the departure of Matthew Taylor, Popham was promoted to a board level role as Land Rover Global Managing Director where he was responsible for the sales and marketing operations of Land Rover globally. He held this role until 2010, when he became Global Sales and Service Operations Director, with responsibility for the global sales and after sales operations of both brands, overseeing the regional business units and worldwide dealer network. During his time as Jaguar Land Rover sales director, overall sales increased significantly fuelled by increased demand for the Land Rover product lines as sport utility vehicles gained popularity, and the business expanding into a number of global markets, most notably China. In 2013, he moved to his final role at Jaguar Land Rover to become Group Marketing Director with responsibility for all global marketing activity for both brands, including product marketing, consumer insight, communications, and experiential. ### Sunseeker In 2014, Popham announced his intention to leave Jaguar Land Rover to become CEO of luxury boat manufacturer, Sunseeker. He joined Sunseeker in 2015, and sought to turnaround a business which had posted losses for 2014. By 2016, he had successfully developed and executed a turnaround plan which saw the business return to profitability, ahead of schedule following a number of challenging years. He announced his intention to leave Sunseeker in 2018 to pursue other opportunities and in comments by owners Dalian Wanda made at the time, credited with leaving the business in a very healthy position and record order book. ### Lotus Cars In October 2018, Popham returned to the automotive industry, and was appointed Senior Vice President Commercial Operations for Group Lotus, and CEO of Lotus Cars. At Lotus, he set about devising another turnaround strategy for a company owned by Chinese investors, with Geely having taken majority control of Lotus in 2017. He developed and implemented Lotus Cars’ Vision80 strategy which will see transformational change across the company including a complete transformation and unprecedented investment at Lotus’ headquarters in Hethel, Norfolk including wholesale upgrades across the site, a new sports car factory and hypercar assembly. Product wise he spearheaded the launch of the Lotus Evija and announced the discontinuation of the Lotus Elise, Exige, and Evora to be replaced by a new Lotus, dubbed "Type 131". Shortly after this announcement, Popham announced his intention to step down as CEO in March 2021 to pursue personal projects. Personal -------- Popham is married with two children and lives in Warwickshire and supports West Bromwich Albion F.C.

2009 young adult novel by Philip Reeve ***Fever Crumb*** is a young adult post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Philip Reeve, published in 2009. The first in a series, it is followed by *A Web of Air* in 2010 and *Scrivener's Moon* in 2011. The books of the *Fever Crumb* series are prequels to the *Mortal Engines* Quartet series of novels by the same author. Plot ---- Fever Crumb is a 14-year-old girl raised by engineer Dr. Giddeon Crumb. She serves as an apprentice and is a member of the Order of Engineers in the not-yet traction city of London. She leaves her sheltered life to help find archaeologist Kit Solent on a secret project. Within a few days of working for Kit, she is recognized by Bagman Creech, the legendary killer/skinner of Scriven. He tries to kill her, forcing her to flee the city. The Scriven were a race superior to humans and were violent rulers of London until rebellion forced them out. Bagman is a hunter who wants to get rid of any evidence of Scriven. It is revealed that the mother of Fever, Wavey Godshawk, is a Scriven, and more importantly, she is the daughter of the Scriven leader Auric Godshawk. As both of them eventually leave London to join "The Movement", Kit is wounded in an attack. They make it to "The Movement" and Kit eventually dies. The body of Kit Solent is turned into a Stalker (a mechanical undead warrior) called Shrike, one of many turned into Stalkers that year. Her mother performs the transformation. Shrike does not possess the memories of his previous life, knowing only the Movement's objectives. The movement moves to attack London and Land admiral Quercus challenges the London Mayor to a fight in which he is victorious. Fever and her mother Wavey return to the vault buried beneath the former home of Auric Godshawk. Within the vault are plans and engines constructed by Auric to move London, making it mobile. Shrike kills the other Stalkers accompanying them and leaves. Fever heads to the Solent children, hoping to protect them. Unknown, a person named Charley Shallow followed them, and uses a magneto gun, carried by Fever, to attack Shrike. It was only designed to hurt robots and shoots Fever. However, Fever does not die, and falls to the ground, having certain mechanical parts inside her. Charley, believing he killed Fever, walks away. Shrike does not hurt anyone. Fever takes the Children and escape, paddling down a river and joins a traveling group of actors, welcoming them in. Reception --------- *Fever Crumb* has a score of 3.67 out of 5 on Goodreads. *Kirkus Reviews* called it an "essential read for fans great entry point for newcomers to the world". Dash Cooray of *Fantasy Book Review* gave Fever Crumb a 9.7 out of 10. He praised the "amazing details" that the author put into the book, and praising how Philip Reeve "has a talent for creating endearing female protagonists that are unconventional and rather deep". *The Guardian* praised the "terrific read", a great prequel to the Mortal Engines Quartet, all the while crediting Philip Reeve as a fantastic author. Awards and recognition ---------------------- * 2010 Shortlist for the Carnegie Medal * 2011 American Library Association Notable Children's Book for Older Readers

**Timothy Shawn Sullivan** is a retired rear admiral in the United States Coast Guard who served as the Deputy Commander, Pacific Area Coast Guard Defense Forces West. He was assigned as Commander of the Pacific Maintenance and Logistics Command, but was detached from those duties while serving as Deputy PACAREA. He has also served as the First Coast Guard District Commander and Commander, Maritime Defense Command One as well as the Senior Military Advisor to the Secretary of Homeland Security serving as the primary coordinator between the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security as well as operational advisor to the Secretary during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Early life and career --------------------- A native of Milwaukee, Sullivan graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy in 1975, and later earned a master's degree in Communication Arts/Public Affairs from Cornell University. He is also a graduate of Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Senior Executive National and International Security Program. Prior to becoming a flag officer, Sullivan served as Pacific Area, Eleventh Coast Guard District Chief of Staff for a geographical area encompassing over 73 million square miles. He commanded Group San Francisco during the 9/11 national crisis. His shipboard commands include the Coast Guard Cutter MALLOW in Honolulu, and the Coast Guard Cutter JUNIPER, homeported in Newport, RI, where he had the distinction of being the first "Plankowner" Commanding Officer. He was also the Commanding Officer and "Plankowner" of the Eastern Regional Recruiting Command in Norfolk, Virginia. Prior to that, he served as Commanding Officer of the Coast Guard LORAN station on the island of Saipan in the Western Pacific. Other afloat tours include Deck Watch Officer aboard the Coast Guard Cutters MESQUITE and ACACIA in Sturgeon Bay, and Executive Officer aboard the Coast Guard Cutter PAPAW in Charleston, South Carolina. Staff assignments include Eighth District Public Affairs Officer, Coast Guard Headquarters Chief of Media Relations, Press Assistant to the Commandant and Ninth District Chief of Aids to Navigation and Waterways Branch. Awards and decorations ---------------------- He has been awarded the Legion of Merit (3), the Meritorious Service Medal (5), the Coast Guard Commendation Medal (3), the 9-11 Medal and the Coast Guard Achievement Medal. He is also authorized to wear the Cutterman's Insignia.

Extinct baronetcy in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom There have been two **baronetcies** created for persons with the surname **Leighton**, one in the Baronetage of England and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. One creation is extant as of 2010. Wattlesborough Tower Loton Park The **Leighton Baronetcy**, of Wattlesborough in the County of Shropshire, was created in the Baronetage of England on 2 March 1693 for Edward Leighton, subsequently Member of Parliament for Shropshire and Shrewsbury. The Leighton family took their name from the village of Leighton in Shropshire, where they were settled in the 12th century. Richard de Leighton represented Shropshire in the House of Commons from 1312 to 1318 and many later members of the family served as Knights of the Shire for the county. The third and fourth Baronets both sat as Members of Parliament for Shrewsbury. The 6th baronet was injured in the American War of Independence. The seventh Baronet was High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1835 and both he and the eighth Baronet represented Shropshire South in Parliament. The tenth Baronet was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Shropshire Yeomanry and served as High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1956. The Wattleborough and Loton Park estates came into the family through marriage in the reign of Edward IV of England. The second Baronet made Loton Park the main family seat and greatly enlarged the house in 1712. It remains the ancestral seat of the family. The **Leighton Baronetcy** was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 11 February 1886. For more information on this creation, see Baron Leighton. Leighton baronets, of Wattlesborough (1693) ------------------------------------------- Escutcheon of the Leighton baronets of Wattlesborough * Sir Edward Leighton, 1st Baronet (c. 1650–1711) * Sir Edward Leighton, 2nd Baronet (1681–1756) * Sir Charlton Leighton, 3rd Baronet (c. 1715–1780) * Sir Charlton Leighton, 4th Baronet (1747–1784) * Sir Robert Leighton, 5th Baronet (1752–1819) * Sir Baldwin Leighton, 6th Baronet (1747–1828) * Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet (1805–1871) * Sir Baldwyn Leighton, 8th Baronet (1836–1897) * Sir Bryan Baldwin Mawddwy Leighton, 9th Baronet (1868–1919) * Sir Richard Tihel Leighton, 10th Baronet (1893–1957) * Sir Michael John Bryan Leighton, 11th Baronet (born 1935) There is no heir to the title. Leighton baronets (1886) ------------------------ * see the Baron Leighton

British civil servant For other people named Robert Scott, see Robert Scott (disambiguation). **Sir Robert Heatlie Scott**, GCMG, CBE (20 September 1905 – 26 February 1982) was a British civil servant who became Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence. Career ------ Educated at Inverness Academy, Queen's Royal College in Trinidad and New College, Oxford, Scott was called to the bar before joining the civil service in 1927. In 1941, during the Second World War, he sat on the Governor's War Council in Singapore. He was taken prisoner by the Japanese after Singapore was captured and beaten and tortured. After the war Scott became Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office and then Minister at the British Embassy in Washington D. C. before returning to Singapore as Commissioner-General in 1955. He went on to be Commandant of the Imperial Defence College in 1960 and then Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence in 1961. In retirement Scott was Lord Lieutenant of Peeblesshire and then Lord Lieutenant of Tweeddale. He lived at Lyne Station House in Peebleshire. Family ------ In 1933 Scott married Rosamond Aeliz Dewar-Durie; they had a son and a daughter.

**Firm services**, also called **uninterruptible services**, are services, such as electricity (firm power) and natural gas supplies, that are intended to be available at all times during a period covered by an agreement. Also, the service is not subject to a prior claim from another customer and receives the same priority as any other firm service. **Conditional firm service** is similar to firm service in that it is reserved and has priority over interruptible service. However, it can have restrictions, such as times when it would be curtailed before firm service but after interruptible service. The cost per unit with this service is called a **firm rate** or **uninterruptible rate**. The opposite of firm service is **non-firm service**, also called **interruptible service** or **as-available service**. The cost per unit for this service is called a **non-firm rate** or **interruptible rate**. The **interruptible load** is the portion of a utility's load that comes from customers with interruptible service. Firm service cannot be interrupted during adverse conditions, such as periods of high demand. However, firm service may also refer to service that is covered by a long-term contract, such as a year or more. There are extreme cases when firm services may be interrupted, such as emergencies and when system reliability is threatened. Services to homes and small businesses are usually firm. Some businesses that cannot afford interruptions also have firm service. Businesses that can afford to have services interrupted or that can significantly reduce their consumption when notified by the provider can get better rates by having non-firm service. Customers that have non-firm service may have a low level or baseline firm service that is guaranteed so that they do not have to shut down completely. Firm and non-firm service is also available for companies that rent or lease pipeline or electrical transmission capacity. Firm service for natural gas pipelines and electrical transmission lines often include two charges. The first is a reservation charge related to how much capacity the customer reserves. This charge is paid regardless of how much capacity is actually used. The second charge is based on how much capacity is used. Interruptible rates are volumetric, being based only on the volume of gas or electricity delivered.

South African golfer **Sean Critton Pappas** (19 February 1966 – 7 June 2015) was a professional golfer from South Africa. Early life ---------- Pappas was born in Phalaborwa, South Africa. He is the second oldest of four brothers Craigen (born 1959), Deane (born 1967), and Brenden (born 1970). He attended the University of Arkansas from 1984 to 1987, with Deane and Brenden following him there. Deane and Brenden are both professional golfers who have won on the Nationwide Tour and played on the PGA Tour. Sean turned professional in 1990 and stayed in South Africa playing on the Sunshine Tour and teaching. As a result of the sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era, the Pappas brothers represented Greece in the European Amateur Team Championship and the Eisenhower Trophy in the 1980s. Professional career ------------------- Pappas turned professional in January 1990 and played a few events on the Nationwide Tour in 1991 and 1992. He also shot a 59 in the first round of the Hartland Classic, a T. C. Jordan Tour event in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He did not find much success in his early professional years and moved back to South Africa for the 1993 season. He first joined the Sunshine Tour in the 1993 season. He would win five times on the Sunshine Tour between 1993, when he won his first title, and the 2000 season. Pappas has earned over R768,000 in his career between 1993 and his most recent season 2002. He has played over 230 events in South Africa and finished in the top-10 over 30 times winning 1/3 of his playoffs. Pappas had a double-eagle in December 1999 at the Vodacom Players Championship on the 3rd hole at the Royal Cape Golf Club during the 3rd round. He played briefly again in the United States from 1994-95 finding limited success, with two mini-tour wins on the NGA Hooters Tour in 1994. He then moved back to his residence in Phalaborwa. His most recent full season on the Sunshine Tour was in 2002. In 2010, Sean Pappas became the resident Club Professional at The Ranch Resort Executive Golf Course and Academy – officially opened on 22 May by the Premier of Limpopo Province, Cassel Mathale. 24.5 km south of Polokwane. Pappas died in June 2015 of a heart attack. Professional wins (7) --------------------- ### Southern Africa Tour wins (4) | No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin ofvictory | Runner(s)-up | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 21 Feb 1993 | Hollard Royal Swazi Sun Classic | −16 (71-64-69-68=272) | Playoff | South Africa Ernie Els | | 2 | 15 Nov 1996 | Lombard Tyres Classic | −12 (68-68-68=204) | 2 strokes | South Africa James Kingston, South Africa Ashley Roestoff,South Africa Roger Wessels | | 3 | 12 Apr 1997 | Kalahari Classic | −7 (67-73-69=209) | 1 stroke | South Africa Justin Hobday, South Africa Andrew McLardy,South Africa Tjaart van der Walt | | 4 | 1 Oct 2000 | Bearing Man Highveld Classic | −16 (68-67-65=200) | 1 stroke | South Africa Bobby Lincoln | **Southern Africa Tour playoff record (1–1)** | No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent(s) | Result | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 1993 | Hollard Royal Swazi Sun Classic | South Africa Ernie Els | Won with par on first extra hole | | 2 | 1995 | Amatola Sun Classic | South Africa Richard Kaplan, South Africa Bobby Lincoln | | ### T. C. Jordan Tour wins (2) | No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin ofvictory | Runner(s)-up | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 21 Jul 1991 | Hartland Classic | −32 (59-61-64-68=252) | 6 strokes | United States Steve Ford | | 2 | 28 Jul 1991 | Jefferson Landing Classic | −16 (66-64-70=200) | 6 strokes | United States Jeff Barlow | ### Other wins (1) * 1994 Highveld Classic Team appearances ---------------- **Amateur** * Eisenhower Trophy (representing Greece): 1984, 1986, 1988 * European Amateur Team Championship (representing Greece): 1985

Professor of Behavioral Medicine and Neuroscience **Mustafa al’Absi** is a Yemeni academic who is a Professor of Behavioral Medicine and the holder of the Max & Mary La Due Pickworth Chair at University of Minnesota Medical School. Al'Absi also holds faculty positions at Department of Family Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Neurosciences, and the Integrated Biological Science Program. He is the founding director of the Duluth Medical Research Institute (DMRI), the Behavioral Medicine Laboratories, and the Khat Research Program (KRP). Al’Absi completed his undergraduate education at Cairo University and his doctoral training at the University of Oklahoma in biological psychology with specialization in clinical psychology and behavioral medicine. After completing his graduate training in 1997, Al’Absi joined the University of Minnesota Medical School. He directs research programs focusing on neurobiology of stress, appetite regulation, and addiction. Al'Absi's research programs have been funded by grants from the National Institute of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National Cancer Institute, the National Health, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the American Heart Association. Al'Absi has chaired various national and international scientific committees and functions, and has received several honorary awards, including the Neal E. Miller Young Investigator Award from the Academy for Behavioral Medicine Research and the Herbert Weiner Early Career Award from the American Psychosomatic Society.[] Education --------- Undergraduate: Cairo University; Graduate: University of Oklahoma Published research ------------------ Al’Absi has published more than 200 scientific articles and several books and book chapters. His research has been published in high-impact journals including the journal *Nature*, *New England Journal of Medicine*, and *JAMA*. He has also published multiple books and chapters. Including his book *Stress and Addiction: Biological and Psychological Mechanisms*, which was published by Elsevier Academic Press and considered an important reference on the topic in clinical research. The introduction to the book was written by George Koob from the Scripps. Al’Absi has also published his book *Neuroscience of Pain, Stress, and Emotion*. He has also guest-edited special issues for *Psychosomatic Medicine*, *Biological Psychology*, and served as an associate editor for *Psychophysiology* and *Biological Psychology*.[]

2015 Italian film ***Sick Sock Monsters from Outer Space*** (original title: ***Dolcezza Extrema***) is a 2015 Italian science fiction-horror film directed by Alberto Genovese. Its one live-action actor is Marco Antonio Andolfi; the remaining characters are represented by sock puppets. It was acquired for distribution in the United States by Troma Entertainment. Plot ---- In a galactic empire dedicated to a cult of fitness and beauty, the monarch Grigorio orders tanning showers delivered to all places of assembly on every planet in memory of the personal trainer Elfisio Masciago, who was electrocuted by a tanning lamp ten years before and has been elevated to the status of a martyr. *Dolcezza Extrema*, a pirate ship captained by the washed-up rock star and ex-convict Pixws and with a crew of recovering drug addicts, is assigned the mission. After their arrival on the planet Nemesis, Pixws comes to question his orders and a mutiny takes place. Production and distribution history ----------------------------------- Genovese and his production company, Loboarts Production, produced *Dolcezza Extrema* in 2015 as their second full-length film after *L'invasione degli AstroNazi*. It was a "no-budget" production combining animation (including anime), horror and science fiction, using sock puppets made of recycled materials, but also using digital techniques. Marco Antonio Andolfi (Eddy Endolf) as the king is the only live-action protagonist; the cast also includes in voice parts Alessandro Bianchi (Bakterio Piloro), Giovanni De Giorgi (Pixws) and Paola Masciardi (Yomo). The film features violence and sexual debauchery and a fragmented plot. In 2016 the film was acquired by Troma Entertainment for U.S. distribution on its streaming service under the title *Sick Sock Monsters from Outer Space*. It was released on Blu-ray in May 2018. Reception --------- The London International Festival of Science Fiction and Fantastic Film described *Dolcezza Extrema* as "quite simply insane". A reviewer for *Cinema Italiano* called it "an anarchic cinematic experiment, able to reach the viewer with the power of a virtual punch in the stomach". A reviewer on the *Quinlan* film website emphasised its "daring juxtapositions" and diversity of references (including *Alien*, *Star Wars*, *Captain Harlock* and *The Muppet Show*, and musically, science-fiction film scores and electronic music as well as grindcore and death metal) and found it "out of the box" even in the context of recent Italian independent film and "pleasantly amusing" despite the frustration of its "inevitably" loose plotting. Awards ------ * Official selection, Fantafestival 2015 * Best film: Weird and Wrong category, Broken Knuckle Film Festival 2015 * Official selection, London International Festival of Science Fiction and Fantastic Film 2016 * Official selection, Indie Film Festival, Switzerland * Official selection, Lumiere Film Festival * Best Trash Feature Film, The Optical Theatre Festival 2016

Japanese TV series or program ***The Three Musketeers*** (連続人形活劇 新・三銃士, Renzoku Ningyo Katsugeki Shin Sanjushi) is a Japanese puppet television show produced by NHK and broadcast by NHK Educational TV from 12 October 2009 to 28 May 2010. The show is written by Kōki Mitani and the puppets are designed by Bunta Inoue. Story ----- In 1625, d'Argtagnan heads for Paris from Gascony and tries to meet the Three Musketeers there. From this, he grows up into a musketeer despite being involved in a struggle of power between Anne of Austria and Cardinal Richelieu. But the dissolution of the Guards by Richelieu makes the lives of the musketeers change a lot. D' Artagnan meets former captain Treville who is a groom for king and then searches Athos, Porthos and Aramis with labour. Then Trėville tells the musketeers that d'Artagnan is a son of Bertand who taught them fencing and train him to a full-fledged musketeer. He also tells d'Artagnan to learn courage from Athos, wisdom from Aramis and humour from Porthos. One day Bonacieux, owner of the house the musketeers and d'Atragnan live in asks them to search his young wife Constance who serves Anne of Austria. At that time, Constance is imprisoned and questioned by Cardinal Richelieu about the Duke of Buckingham, who is said to visit Paris incognito. After that, Constance runs away from prison and make the queen meet the Duke of Buckingham secretly. Anne hands him her necklace with twelve diamonds as a memory of their tryst. However, Mylady de Winter, a spy for Richelieu who serves Anne under the false name of Charlotte schemes the queen to wear a necklace at a ball to be held one week later. Then the musketeers, d'Artagnan and Constance hurry to London to take back it despite being chased by Milady and Rochefort. Finally only d'Artagnan and Constance reach the residence of the Duke of Buckingham safely but find that two of twelve diamonds are stolen by Milady and O'Reilly, a jeweller adds two diamonds anew. Though they lose it on their way to Paris, the necklace is sent to Anne miraculously. After the ball, d'Artagnan becomes a musketeer for the achievement. At the same time, Milady tries to revenge the musketeers and seduces Bonacieux to kidnap his wife Constance but Aramis saves her and she is sheltered in a convent. On the other hand, d'Artagnan is worried about the request of leading the Guards of Richrlieu and his isolation from the three musketeers for he never hears of the kidnaping of Constance and what Aramis does for her. Finally he accepts the cardinal's offer. Both the Guards of Louis XIII and that of Richelieu march to La Rochelle but are forced into a hard fight against the Protestant rebel supported by the Duke of Buckingham and d'Artangan and his soldiers are commanded to spearhead. It is schemed by Richelieu to kill the king's musketeers at an early stage though he survives the war while the three musketeers leaves the battlefield. And Milady goes to England to assassinate the Duke of Buckingham who is killed by a scorpion at last. After the war, Trėville is killed by Rochefort after a duel and tells Constance and d'Artagnan that he is a son of Rochefort in reality before his death. Milady is arrested for killing the Duke of Buckingham and about to be executed but saved by the musketeers. She then runs away breaking the promise of living with Athos. It makes Athos disappointed but he is encouraged by d'Artagnan, who is appointed as a new captain of the Guards. Porthos, who becomes shell shock at La Rochelle gets back his health by Madame Coquenard's dedicated care and marries her. And Aramis returns to their house from monastery in which he shuts himself. One evening, the three musketeers are in their favourite tavern and find a boy who resembles young d'Artagnan imitates fencing. He tells them that he would like to become a musketeer and serve king so they teach him how to fence uttering "attack, attack, and parry!" Characters ---------- ### Musketeers D'Argtagnan (voiced by Sosuke Ikematsu) Young man from Gascony who tries to avenge the murder of his father and joins the Musketeers of the Guard though his real father is Rochefort. Athos (voiced by Koichi Yamadera) Hot-blooded and brave musketeer but has thirsty soul. He takes a fatherly interest in d'Artangan and encourages him. Porthos (voiced by Wataru Takagi) Cheerful and fat musketeer who is popular among women and consoles d'Argtagnan when he gets depressed because of his inexperience. Aramis (voiced by Masashi Ebara) Tall, good-looking musketeer with intelligence and calmness and gives d'Artagnan a good advice when he wavers in his judgment. He is deeply religious also. Trėville (voiced by Masashi Ebara) Captain of the Musketeers and one of old friends of Bertrand. Bertrand (voiced by Toshiyuki Nishida) Father of d'Argtagnan who is killed by Rochefort. He leaves a will to his son before his death. Planchet (voiced by Koichi Yamadera) A monkey who escaped from street performers and goes along with d'Artagnan. He often helps the musketeers by his quickness and cleverness. ### Richelieu and his followers Cardinal Richelieu (voiced by Masashi Ebara) Cardinal and prime minister of France. He controls the country ignoring Louis XIII and is opposed to Anne of Austria. Rochefort (voiced by Koichi Yamadera) Right-hand man of Richelieu who is cruel and kills Bertrand before joining the Musketeers of the Guard again. Milady de Winter (voiced by Keiko Toda) Spy for Richelieu and serves Anne under the false name of Charlotte to deceive her. She once had a close and unknown relationship with Athos. Ketty (voiced by Keiko Toda) A cat kept as a pet by Milady who assists her mistress and competes with Planchet. ### Royal Family Louis XIII (voiced by Koichi Yamadera) King of France. A weak-hearted and lonely young man who escapes from reality. He closes his mind to everyone but d'Artagnan who is close to him in age. Anne of Austria (voiced by Catherine Seto) Queen consort of Louis XIII who is opposed to Richelieu. She meets her former lover Duke of Buckingham secretly but it causes trouble. She plans to reestablish the Musketeers of the Guards dissolved by Richelieu forcibly to recover the sovereignty of her husband. ### Others Duke of Buckingham (voiced by Wataru Takagi) Politician and aristocrat of England who loves Anne and supports the Protestant rebel. Later he is assassinated but revived by O'Reilly. Constance (voiced by Shihori Kanjiya) Waiting-maid of Anne and wife of Bonacieux who is loved by d'Artagngan and Aramis. She sometimes cooperates with the musketeers to save Anne when she gets into a scrape. Bonacieux (voiced by Wataru Takagi) Husband of Constance and owner of the house in which the musketeers live and informs Richelieu how they behave. He is a man who tries to please everyone and is sly and vulgar but sometimes behaves superhumanly because of his deep love to Constance. He is commended as a honorary citizen of Paris for his crossing the Channel using washtub. Patrick (voiced by Koichi Yamadera) Follower of Duke of Buckingham. Madame Coquenard (voiced by Catherine Seto) Fiancėe of Porthos who does housework for the musketeers. She also nurses Porthos who becomes ill during the Siege of La Rochelle and later becomes his wife. Bassonpierre (voiced by Yuji Tanaka) Leader of the Protestant rebels who is supported by Duke of Buckingham. Lumiėre (voiced by Hikaru Ota) Cheesemaker who is forced to become a soldier of a rebel army and falls in battle. O'Reilly (voiced by Koki Mitani) Skilful jeweller who is employed by Duke of Buckingham. * Koichi Yamadera, Wataru Takagi and Masashi Ebara voice Sherlock Holmes, John H. Watson and Jim Moriarty in Mitani's another show "Sherlock Holmes". Production ---------- Mitani was impressed by a puppetry "Shin Hakkenden" (新八犬伝) adapted from Nanso Satomi Hakkenden that was broadcast by NHK in his childhood and longed to produce puppetry. At that time, he played with many soldier figures but let them play family framas for he didn't like war stories. According to Mitani, he was "exactly like a hero of 'Toy Story'". The experience helped him write the script of this show. After that, he wrote a *bunraku* play in 2012. Before writing the script of "The Three Musketeers", he discussed appearance of the puppets with Bunta Inoue and was concerned in selecting the voice actors/actresses also. The puppets are made of resin but put grain of wood to give warmth. Their costumes are handmade and devised to give the atmosphere of Europe in the 17th century as well as the set construction. All characters are voiced by seven voice actors/actresses. Koichi Yamadera voices six characters as Athos, Louis XIII, Rochefort, Patrick, Duke of Orléan and Planchet. There are some jokes in the show as the Duke of Buckingham jogs wearing a jogging suit daily and the dishes with the words "Fin." (End) and "Rappel" (Curtain Call) are on a table of at the end of the final episode. In addition, Bonacieux crosses the Channel using washtub as a boat while Milady cooks unappetising stew for d'Artagnan whom she falls in love with. In addition, the puppets of O'Reilly and Bassonpierre are made after Koki Mitani and narrator Yuji Tanaka. Various properties appear in the show. Not only swords, guns, armour and the queen's necklace but also food, books and handkerchieves Porthos is given by many women are included. Spanish Connection is in charge of music. And the ending theme "Hitori ja nai" (You are not alone) expresses the bonds of friendship, especially that of d'Artagnan and the musketeers and the words are written by Mitani. Episodes -------- | Episodes | Air date (ETV) | Air date (GTV) | Titles | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 12 October 2009 | 4 April 2010 | "Tabidachi no asa" (旅立ちの朝 Departure to Paris) | | 2 | 13 October | 11 April | "Chichi no yuigon"(父の遺言 Bertrand's Words) | | 3 | 14 October | 18 April | "Densetsu no jushitachi"(伝説の銃士たち The Legendary Musketeers) | | 4 | 15 October | 25 April | "Saikai no yoru" (再会の夜 D'artagnan meets Rochefort again) | | 5 | 16 October | 2 May | "Unmei no deai" (運命の出会い A Fateful Encounter) | | 6 | 19 October | 9 May | "Jushi no okite" (銃士の掟（おきて）Rule of Musketeers) | | 7 | 20 October | 16 May | "Himeru omoi"(秘める思い A Hidden Love) | | 8 | 21 October | 23 May | "Mangetsu no mori" (満月の森 A forest that the full moon shines) | | 9 | 22 October | 30 May | "Konsutansu no himitsu" (コンスタンスの秘密The Secret of Constance) | | 10 | 23 October | 6 June | "Ohi no koi" (王妃の恋 The Queen's Love) | | 11 | 30 October | 13 June | "Koi no otoshiana" (恋の落とし穴 The Queen Caught in a Trap) | | 12 | 6 November | 20 June | "Ohi no tegami" (王妃の手紙 The Queen's Letter) | | 13 | 13 November | 27 June | "Aramisu no kisaku" (アラミスの奇策 Aramis resorts to Clever Schemes) | | 14 | 20 November | 11 July | "Arata naru inbo" (新たなる陰謀 Another Scheme of Richelieu) | | 15 | 27 November | 18 July | "Miredi no sakuryaku" (ミレディーの策略 Milady's Plot) | | 16 | 4 December | 25 July | "Kiken na tsuribashi" (危険なつり橋 An Insecure Suspension Bridge) | | 17 | 11 December | 1 August | "Iza, Rondon e"(いざ、ロンドンへ Hurry up to London) | | 18 | 18 December | 8 August | "Senjo no damashiai" (船上のだましあいCheating Milady on Board ) | | 19 | 25 December | 15 August | "Kybikazari no yukue" (首飾りの行方 The Queen's Necklace is Lost) | | 20 | 8 January 2010 | 22 August | "Haran no butokai" (波乱の舞踏会 A Ball with Trouble) | | 21 | 15 January | 29 August | "Jushi eno michinori" (銃士への道のり A way to become a Musketeer) | | 22 | 22 January | 5 September | "Atosu no kokai" (アトスの後悔 The Remorse of Athos) | | 23 | 29 January | 12 September | "Miredi no takurami" (ミレディーのたくらみ Milady's Plot) | | 24 | 5 February | 19 September | "Rishuryu no sasoi" (リシュリューの誘い The Cardinal's Offer) | | 25 | 12 February | 26 September | "Toraware no Konsutansu" (とらわれのコンスタンス Imprisoned Constance) | | 26 | 19 February | 3 October | "Yurusarenu koi" (許されぬ恋 Unoforgiven Love) | | 27 | 26 February | 10 October | "Sanjushi tono ketsubetsu" (三銃士との決別 Farewell to the Three Musketeers) | | 28 | 5 March | 17 October | "Honto no kimochi" (本当の気持ち Milady's real intention) | | 29 | 12 March | 24 October | "Ikusa eno josho" (戦への序章 Prologue to the battle) | | 30 | 19 March | 31 October | "Senjo e" (戦場へ Departure to La Rochelle) | | 31 | 26 March | 7 November | "Roshuforu o sukue"(ロシュフォールを救え Save Rochefort) | | 32 | 2 April | 14 November | "Tekisho, Bassonopieru"(敵将、バッソンピエール Bassonpiere, Leader of the Rebel Army) | | 33 | 9 April | 21 November | "Darutanian kyushutsu sakusen" (ダルタニアン救出作戦 D'Artagnan has a Narrow Escape) | | 34 | 16 April | 28 November | "Hanrangun tono kobo" (反乱軍との攻防 Offence and Defence against the Rebel) | | 35 | 23 April | 5 December | "Tatakai no hate" (戦いの果て At the End of the Battle) | | 36 | 30 April | 12 December | "Jinsei no kiro" (人生の岐路 Crossroads of Their Lives) | | 37 | 7 May | 19 December | "Ketsudan no toki" (決断のとき Time of Decision) | | 38 | 14 May | 26 December | "Toreviru no yuigon" (トレヴィルの遺言 The Last Words of Trėville) | | 39 | 21 May | "Saigo no tatakai" (最後の戦い The Last Battle) | | 40 | 28 May | "Jushitai-cho Darutanian" (銃士隊長ダルタニアン D'Artagnan, Captain of the Guards) | Related programmes and events ----------------------------- From 5 to 10 October 2009, "Countdown! Shin Sanjushi" was broadcast daily by NHK Educational TV and "Shin Sanjushi Mamonaku Sutato Special" ("The Three Musketeers" will start soon) was broadcast on 12 October by NHK General TV. And another special programme was put on the air on 29 August 2010 by NHK General TV. The puppetry was played on the stage in Yokohama Red Brick Warehouse from 23 to 25 July 2010. Media ----- * The DVD of eight volumes was released in 2014 by Happinet Pictures, a company of Bandai Namco Group. At the end of the final episode in the DVD, voice actors/actresses appear one by one with the puppets they voice and bow to viewers. And at the end of the volume 6 (episode 30), main characters sing the ending theme "Hitori ja nai" by one phrase and finally becomes the chorus by all characters.

**Gavino Contini** (in Sardinian, *Gavinu Còntene*) ((12 December 1855 – 24 July 1915)) was a Sardinian poet, was probably the greatest exponent of improvised poetry of Sardinia, certainly the most beloved. Life and work ------------- He was born in Siligo in a modest house in the oldest part of the village. After attending three years of elementary school, he devoted himself to work in the fields with his father, but he had always cultivated her passion for reading history books and poetry. In 1875 was enlisted in the Corps of the Royal Guard and was stationed in Rome. In a poetry contest for Victor Emmanuel II's birthday was awarded in recognition of his art, a life annuity. Forced by illness in 1890 left the Corps and returned to Siligo where he lived with his sisters Raimonda and Anatolia, and from that moment he devoted himself entirely to poetry. Collections of poetry --------------------- * Antonio Carta (a cura di), *Poesie/Gavino Contini*, Sassari, 1967 * Don Giommaria Dettori (a cura di), *Gavinu Contene* , 1983 * Antonio Cuccu (a cura di), *Gavinu Contini cun sa morte. – Cenni sulla vita del povero agricoltore*, Cagliari, s.d. * G. Contini, *Esistentzia e onnipotentzia de Deus. Critica contr'a Moretti e Poddighe*, Cagliari, Litotip. TEA. Find more about Gavino Contini ------------------------------ wikisource | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | | --- | | International | * VIAF | | National | * Italy |

Italian film critic and festival curator (born 1950) **Alberto Barbera** (born 20 February 1950) is an Italian film critic and festival curator, who currently serves as president of the Venice Film Festival. Life and career --------------- Born in Biella, Barbera graduated in modern literature with a thesis about cinema history, and then started collaborating with the Turin film association AIACE, being its president between 1977 and 1989. Between 1980 and 1983 he was the film critic of the newspaper *Gazzetta del Popolo*, and later collaborated with several publications, including *La Stampa*, as well as with radio and television programs. In 1982, he began a long collaboration with the Turin Film Festival, first as press officer, then as secretary-general and member of the selection committee from 1984 to 1988, and finally as director from 1989 to 1998. Between December 1998 and April 2002 Barbera served as president of the Venice Film Festival, heading three editions (1999, 2000 and 2001). In 2004, he was nominated director of the National Museum of Cinema in Turin. In December 2011, Barbera was appointed president of the Venice Festival for the second time. He was confirmed in this role for two more mandates, with the last term set to expire in 2024.

The **social earnings ratio**, sometimes abbreviated to **S/E**, is a single-number metric, used to measure the social impact of various organisations. The non-financial metric is similar to the price earnings ratio, but instead focuses on valuation against social impact, rather than projected earnings. The ratio was founded in 2011 by Olinga Ta'eed and a team of financial experts, in order to find a way of measuring financial investment against real social impact. It began as a university collaboration in the United Kingdom, before becoming an internationally recognized form of measurement, when the CCEG was founded. In 2013, it was identified in a news article as "the most rapidly adopted metric in the world". History ------- The Social Earnings Ratio (S/E) is a form of measuring sentiment and converting it into financial value. The ratio began as an idea to develop a single number metric to measure social value. In November 2011, a university collaboration was formed to manage this development. Around 18 months later, the Centre for Citizenship, Enterprise and Governance (CCEG) was formed in April 2013, to act as the standards body to curate the ratio globally. The standards body would also be run as a non-profit. The Board for the CCEG was to include Professor Nick Petford, who was also the Vice-Chancellor at the University of Northampton. Following the establishment of the CCEG, Olinga Ta'eed was the keynote speaker at the Global Citizen Forum. In early 2015, it was announced that Seratio would be launched as a spin-off organization to control the licensing of the Social Earnings Ratio platform. Barbara Mellish would be the CEO of Seratio. By late 2015, the CCEG had over 37,500 members, including a number of key sustainability leaders. The UK Intellectual Property Office accepted the terms "Social Earnings Ratio", "S/E Ratio" and "Seratio" as having "acquired a distinctive character as a result of the use made of it." Full Registration rights have been granted. This is an important milestone for the Social Earnings Ratio which will allow it to achieve parity to the Price Earnings Ratio. Serat.io was launched as a subsidiary project by the CCEG, for the measuring of personal value. Pre-launched at the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race in September 2015, PV targets 1 million users. It is a campaign backed by celebrities such as the former First Lady Cherie Blair, broadcaster Jonathan Dimbleby, Italian footballer Gianluigi Buffon, politician Rt Hon Peter Hain, as well as the Desmond Tutu Foundation. Personal Value was formally launched in December 2015. Algorithm --------- T o t a l V a l u e = F i n a n c i a l V a l u e + N o n F i n a n c i a l V a l u e = p / e + s / e {\displaystyle TotalValue=FinancialValue+NonFinancialValue=p/e+s/e} {\displaystyle TotalValue=FinancialValue+NonFinancialValue=p/e+s/e} Interpretation -------------- S/E Ratio is a financial metric that converts sentiment into financial value, and purports to be the currency of intangible values. Citizenship Framework The S/E utilises financial value data, claimed outcomes and independent verification within a Citizenship Framework. S/E provides digital articulation of value across micro, meso and macro levels. Regardless of the organisation or market that is measured, the same algorithm is used. In a similar way to comparative currency flow, it means that both simple and sophisticated correlations can easily be compared. The ratio was developed using a university collaboration, involving over 90 universities globally. The framework examines the influences between the value formed at citizen, family, community, team, organisation, regional, national, and global levels. A principle rule is that S/E is never applied to negative actions. An example of this would be that slavery would never be measured directly, but it would be treated as a lack of freedom. Similarly, violence and safety levels wouldn't be measured, but the level of peace and its absence could be used in the framework. Some have compared its application similar to that of a digital non-financial currency. The framework utilises deep academic analysis tools, which are commonly used for calculating the financial value. Since the initial collaboration between the United Kingdom universities, a number of interdependencies have been discovered. ### Interdependencies * Time dependency - Value changes over time * Direction - Value changes depending on which stakeholder viewpoint is assessed * The 1/r2 rule (Distance) - Value dilutes over increasing distance * Multiplier effect - Enhancing, diminishing, neutral processes * Tracking Movement - Transfer between stakeholders ### Metrics | | Focus | Metric | Application | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | Institution | Organisational | UK Social Value Act 2012, Corporate CSR, NGO efficiency | | 2 | Citizen | Personal Value | Recruitment, Social Media, Retail, Therapy | | 3 | Slavery | Freedom | UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 | | 4 | Health | Wellbeing | Health, Corporate HR | | 5 | Regional | Hyperlocality | Regional Government, Corporate CSR | | 6 | Collaboration | Team | Clipper Round the World Yacht Race 2015 | | 7 | Ethics | Leadership | Mission Performance | | 8 | Enablement | Independence | NHS integrated social and health care | | 9 | Inspiration | Art | Arts Council | | 10 | Impact | Investment | Sustainable investment | | 11 | Intellectual | Capital | Universities, Corporate UK | | 12 | Happiness | City | Local Government, Politics | | 13 | Violence | Peace | Domestic Violence | | 14 | Animal | Welfare | Pet industry | | 15 | Tax | Avoidance | Corporate evasion | | 16 | Pay | Equalities | Gender | | 17 | Love | Relationship | Online dating | | 18 | Retail | Consumer | b2c | Reception --------- It is often difficult or not possible to compare Social Earnings Ratio with other forms of financial measurement. Comparing S/E to other social impact tools is something that is more common. Social Return on Investment (SROI) is one example of this and is quite a popular search on most search engines. When its results are compared to that of S/E's, its clear that SROI has a greater amount of coverage. Social Impact Analysis by Metric (Lord Loomba) 2014 It could be argued that the history of SROI and the fact it was released in 2002, nine years prior to S/E, could indicate why it has a greater number of search engine results. Equally, HACT claims to "have created the largest bank of methodologically consistent and robust social values ever produced." By this they are referring to a database of financial proxy data which can be used in conjunction to SROI, although in August 2015 they have criticised SROI comprehensively in the "Seven Principle Problems of SROI." Continuing with the comparison, in 2014 Lord Loomba presented a report to the House of Lords, "Social Impact Analysis", which included metrics from Business in the Community and Benefit Corporation, as well as SROI and S/E. The steep rise in S/E take-up in 2013 represents the automation of the metric and not necessarily any indication of quality. A 'big-data' approach has been provided by CSR-Hub who have harvested 417 metrics; in May 2014 they announced an MoU with CCEG to explore S/E. S/E has undergone considerable analysis and critique in recent years. Most recent comparing IIRC (International Integrated Reporting Council) to S/E, concluding "*Together, the Framework and the S/E Ratio provide a powerful set of metrics and analysis for both founders and funders to evaluate value as well as strategic risk.*" Earlier in 2015, The Guardian wrote: *"Since 2013, there has certainly been an increase in the number of online measurement tools. But the challenge of calculating social impact goes back to the early 1990s. One measure, called LM3, allows organisations to calculate the local economic impact, while another, called SROI, calculates social return on investment. But both are very complex and are based on lots of assumptions that the people who do the evaluation will have to identify, agree and sign off." Perhaps we need a simpler tool such as the social earnings ratio, which doesn’t require lots of assumptions and is based on a one-size-fits-all approach."* The focus on the broad context of applications of S/E have drawn sometimes heated debate amongst the international academic and social innovation community in Italy, Romania, and Russia. Mohammad Yunus, a Nobel Prize laureate, has also spoken publicly about the framework. These discussions surrounding the concept of a 'universal metric' draw both praise and scepticism. Criticism of the timeframes to calculate the data has been made, with many wondering how accurate statistics be drawn in such a short period of time. other debates about the usability of the framework are still forming, as S/E begins to become more prominent in the social measuring tools field. Some S/E exponents embrace the disruptive metric tag arguing it as an instrument for change, others debate the moral and potential future implications. There are a number of platforms discussing and organically developing S/E including a forum, a micro-blog, and an international journal in 8 languages, the *Social Value & Intangibles Review.* Application ----------- The S/E makes use of Big Data, Social Media and Sentiment Analysis to automate the algorithm on a SaaS platform, with results normally reported within 10 seconds. Organisation's whose financials are available via XBRL, allows the framework to be applied without intervention. For the measurement of individual personal values can take up to 60 seconds to input and start reporting. S/E Ratio can be applied across all organisational, institutional, and personal levels, as well as projects, processes, products in private, public, third (NGO, voluntary, civil society), and community sectors. This widespread approach is a key factor in its adoption in certain high profile applications which have gained it traction. S/E Ratio is the leading provider of metrics for delivery of public sector procurement under the UK Social Value Act 2012 legislation. Currently some UK£3.15 billion of public sector procurement is measured through the Social Earnings Ratio. The Lord Young Review (February 2015) of the Social Value Act described S/E as *"The Centre for Citizenship, Enterprise and* *Governance (CCEG) has developed the social earnings ratio as a quick, low cost, high volume way to assess social impact. It is calculated by dividing the social value by the money spent on it. This can be calculated using very simple information (e.g. the CSR budget, the carbon reduction, and the number of people helped), and is meant to provide a single metric that can be used as a quick benchmark"* Seratio, the SaaS licensing arm of CCEG, announced that in Q1 2016 it will launch a Freedom metric to support the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015. This promotes Transparency in the Supply Chain for all companies over £36 million turnover - an estimated 12,000 companies need to comply to this new piece of legislation as from October 2015. CCEG chairs the EU Procurement Social Value & Transparency in Supply Chain Forum. ### Corporate social responsibility There is a propensity of non-financial value data covered by over 1000 different metrics and measures. There is remarkable[*clarification needed*] lack of consistency between them. Due to the speed of S/E and its ability to translate empirical data from other metrics to an S/E score, it has harvested a significant[*clarification needed*] database of organisational values reported. The EU SEiSMiC Social Value Group have charted growth and their 2015–16 forecasts for measured asset value (Euro € trillion) by S/E. Figures for 2015 and 2016 include other value measurements outside organisational value; the key differentiator presumably is personal value.

**Greg Campbell** (born July 7, 1970) is an American journalist, documentary filmmaker and nonfiction author who lives in Denver, Colorado with his wife. Biography --------- Campbell graduated from Terry Sanford High School in 1988. He then studied English and journalism at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and University of Colorado at Boulder. He began his journalism career in 1995 as a freelance writer at the *Boulder Weekly,* becoming a full time reporter and eventually the editor in chief. As a reporter, Campbell covered the reunification of Sarajevo after the Bosnian War. In 1999 Campbell worked at the *Longmont Times-Call* as a business editor and special projects reporter. He left the paper in 2001. Campbell co-founded the *Fort Collins Weekly* in 2002, a free weekly local newspaper that was distributed in Fort Collins, Colorado. It was bought by Swift Communications in 2007 and changed to *Fort Collins Now.* Campbell left in 2009 to continue his career as a freelance writer. His freelance work has been published in *The Atlantic,* *The Economist,* *USA Today,* *WSJ. Magazine,* *The Guardian,* *Salon,* *Paris Match,* CNNMoney.com, *The Christian Science Monitor,* *San Francisco Chronicle,* *The Daily Beast,* *World Policy Journal,* Lonely Planet and *Foreign Policy.* Work in Kosovo -------------- Campbell traveled on assignment in 1996 for the *Boulder Weekly* to the Balkans to cover the reunification of Sarajevo. His work led to his first book, *The Road to Kosovo: A Balkan Diary* in 1998/1999, about the Balkan War published by Westview Press. *The Road to Kosovo* was a finalist for the Colorado Nonfiction Book of the Year for 1999. *Blood Diamonds* ---------------- In 2001, Campbell traveled to Sierra Leone to conduct research for his next book about blood diamonds. *Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones,* was published by Basic in 2002 and then released an updated version in 2012. *Blood Diamonds* won the Colorado Non-Fiction Book of the year award in 2002. The book also served as the basis for the 2006 film *Blood Diamond* starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Djimon Honsou. *Flawless* ---------- Campbell (along with Scott Selby) wrote *Flawless: Inside the Largest Diamond Heist in History,* a chronicle of one of the world's largest diamond heists from The Diamond District in Antwerp, Belgium. The book was published by Union Square Press in 2010. *Flawless* was a finalist for the Colorado Book Award in 2011. *Pot, Inc.* ----------- In 2012, Sterling released *Pot, Inc.: Inside Medical Marijuana, America's Most Outlaw Industry.* The book is a mix of a first-person journey into the world of medical marijuana and a discussion and analysis of marijuana cultivation, ethics, politics, and legality in the United States. *Hondros* --------- Main article: Hondros (film) Campbell directed, co-wrote and produced a feature-length documentary about the life and legacy of his friend, late Getty Images photojournalist Chris Hondros, who was killed on April 20, 2011, while covering the conflict in Libya. Campbell met Hondros in high school. After Hondros' death, Campbell was contacted by Liberian Joseph Duo, the subject of one of Hondros's most famous photographs. Campbell learned that Hondros had returned to Liberia to help Duo earn his high school and college education. The film was executive produced by Jake Gyllenhaal and Jamie Lee Curtis. Curtis also assisted Campbell in finding the first significant funding for the project from the Annenberg Foundation. In April 2017 the film had its world premiere as *Hondros* at Tribeca Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award, Documentary First Place. It had a limited theatrical release in the United States and London in March, 2018. The film was released online on March 6, 2018.

Ghanaian politician **Imoro Yakubu Kakpagu** (born February 1958) is a Ghanaian politician and a former member of the Parliament of Ghana for the Kumbungu constituency in the Northern Region of Ghana from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the National Democratic Congress. Early life and education ------------------------ Kakpagu was born in Kumbungu in the Northern Region of Ghana in February 1958. He obtained his Local Government Certificate from the Institute of Local Government Studies. After his studies he was employed at the Ministry of Local Government as a Revenue Inspector. In 2008 he graduated from the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration with a Bachelor of Public Administration degree. Political career ---------------- In 2004, Kakpagu entered into politics when he contested the Kumbungu parliamentary seat. ### 2004 elections All those who stood for elections that year were new faces because the incumbent MP Muhammad Mumuni had been chosen as the running mate of the NDC presidential candidate, John Atta Mills. Kakpagu competed with two other candidates namely, Prince Imoro Alhassan Andani of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and Mohammed Imoro of the Convention People's Party (CPP). He won the election with 22,245 votes which represented 77.50% of the total votes cast. His closest rival was the NPP candidate who got 5,968 votes which represented 20.80% of the total votes cast. The CPP candidate came third with 498 votes representing 1.70%. ### 2008 elections In 2008 there was no constituency primary as the opposition NDC decided that Kakpagu contest the election on the party's ticket unopposed. He went on to retain his seat after he had been challenged by two candidates Alidu Binda Talhat of the NPP and Peter Ibrahim Neidow of the CPP. The incumbent won with 18,155 votes which represented 67.83% of the total votes cast. The NPP candidate got 6,096 votes which represented 22.78% and the CPP candidate got 2,515 votes which represented 9.40% of the total votes. ### 2012 parliamentary primaries In the 2012 presidential and parliamentary elections, former MP Muhammed Mumuni, returned to contest the seat. He defeated the sitting MP, Kakpagu in the constituency primary election. Muhammad Mumuni, who was then the Foreign Minister, got 161 votes while the incumbent had 133 votes. Muhammad Mumuni won the constituency parliamentary election with 18,285 votes (56.57%). He defeated four candidates: Abdulai Mohammed Saani of the NPP, Amadu Moses Yahaya of the CPP, Alhassan Abukari of the Progressive People's Party, and Imoro Issahaku of the National Democratic Party. ### 2013 constituency primary by-elections In April 2013, he contested the constituency seat after Muhammad Mumuni vacated it to take up an international appointment. This was after he had contested and won the constituency's parliamentary primary elections against four other candidates. The primaries were held on 14 April 2013 at temporal Kumbungu district assembly yard. Hon. Kakpagu got 170 votes out of a total of 289 valid votes cast. His closest competitor, Dr Jacob Yakubu, pulling 84 votes. ### 2013 by-elections The opposition New Patriotic Party did not partake in the by-elections because of the petition that the leadership of the party had filed at the Supreme Court regarding results of the 2012 Elections. Kakpagu lost the election to Moses Amadu Yahaya of the Convention Peoples' Party. His loss meant that the two terms he served as MP for the Kumbungu Constituency was sandwiched between MP terms for Muhammed Mumuni.

American actor, singer and writer (1952–2002) For other people with the same name, see Ron Taylor. **Ronald James Taylor** (October 16, 1952 – January 16, 2002) was an American actor, singer and writer. He grew up in Galveston, Texas, and later moved to New York City to attend the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. After graduating, Taylor began working in musical theater, appearing in *The Wiz* (1977), before getting his break with the 1982 off-Broadway production *Little Shop of Horrors*. Taylor voiced the killer plant Audrey II in the show, which ran for five years and over 2,000 performances. Taylor created and starred in the musical revue *It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues*, which charted the history of blues music from its African origin to American success. Originally performed at high schools in Denver as a 45-minute piece, the revue was expanded to two hours, played around the country and opened on Broadway in 1999. It was met with critical acclaim, ran for eight months, and saw Taylor receive two Tony Award nominations. He also had numerous television roles, appearing in *Family Matters*, *The Simpsons*, *Twin Peaks*, *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*, *Ally McBeal, Matlock* and *L.A. Law*. His performance in the latter, as a singer who performed the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" at baseball games, led him to perform the anthem at several real-life sporting events. Taylor was married and had one son. He died in January 2002 after suffering a heart attack. Early life ---------- Taylor was born on October 16, 1952, in Galveston, Texas to Marian and Robert "Bruno" Taylor and had two sisters, Roberta and Frances. He attended O'Connell High School, and Wharton County Junior College, where he was a football player, and a participant in the school choir and theater. The choir teacher suggested he join after overhearing him singing The Temptations. He favoured music over football, and at the age of 19 attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, intending to become a singer. Career ------ ### Theater #### Early theater work > > "Being in the box bothered me at first, because I am used to being on stage, and when you sing on stage, there is open space; you can throw your voice all the way to the end of the house. When you are in that small space, it plays a psychological trick on you. You feel you have nowhere to sing to. I had to keep telling myself: 'O.K. I have a microphone right here, I don't have to push. They can hear me.' You know I can't hear anything in there. I can't hear applause." > > > —Taylor on his role in *Little Shop of Horrors*. Taylor, a "barrel-chested bass-baritone", had an extensive career in musical theater. Upon graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Taylor was unable to read sheet music and could "barely" play the piano, but found work as a singer. In 1977 he played the Cowardly Lion in a national touring production of *The Wiz*. Taylor subsequently played Great Big Baby in the 1978 Broadway production *Eubie!* and Caiaphas in a performance of *Jesus Christ Superstar*. He voiced Audrey II, the "street-smart, funky, conniving" talking killer plant which is an "anthropomorphic cross between a Venus flytrap and an avocado", in the original off-Broadway production of Howard Ashman and Alan Menken's "black-comedy musical" *Little Shop of Horrors* from 1982. Audrey II was played by four increasingly large puppets, operated by Martin P. Robinson, while Taylor sat in a box at the back of the stage to voice the role, standing to perform his musical numbers. The two kept in close proximity to ensure "that voice and action are always synchronized" and "developed a rapport" which was "the only thing that allow[ed] the character to really bloom." Taylor disliked sitting in the box as it left him feeling disconnected from the audience. The part was his break and was described by Jesse McKinley of *The New York Times* as "a role Mr. Taylor's booming voice was made for...[he] soon put his stamp on Audrey's signature line: 'Feed me, feed me!'" Members of the public often used the line when they saw Taylor. *Little Shop of Horrors* was performed over 2000 times before it closed in 1987. At the 1983 Drama Desk Awards, Taylor won the award for Outstanding Special Effects for his performance, which he shared with Robinson. In the 1984 Broadway production of *The Three Musketeers* at The Broadway Theatre, Taylor played Porthos, one of the three title characters. After fifteen preview performances, the show ran just nine times before closing. Frank Rich wrote that the musketeers were "professionally played" by Taylor and his co-stars Brent Spiner and Chuck Wagner but felt the three had "little dialogue and often seem like interchangeable stand-ins for the Three Stooges." A similar view was held by William B. Collins of the *Philadelphia Inquirer* who said they "speak as in one voice and behave like comedians who have been stranded without good material." #### *It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues* Taylor created and starred in the musical revue *It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues*, which charted the history of blues music from its African origin to American success. He conceived the original idea for the show when he played blues musician Rufus Payne in a 1987 production of *Lost Highway*, a play about singer Hank Williams at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts in Denver, Colorado. He proposed the idea to director Randal Myler who eventually accepted it in 1994. Taylor co-wrote the revue with Myler, Lita Gaithers, Charles Bevel and Dan Wheetman, and also served as its associate producer. Taylor was the revue's lead singer and acted as its narrator; his numbers included "I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man", "The Thrill is Gone", "Blues Man" and "Let the Good Times Roll". It was initially performed as a 45-minute production at 25 local high schools. Because of their positive reception, the show was expanded to two hours and 50 songs, with three people being added to the original cast of four, and was regularly performed at the Denver Center. Taylor described the performance as "very cordial", with the audience close to performers, and that "one show is never the same as the next because of the songs, of what they are. Blues is about how you feel today. One day, you're down; another day is real happy and giddy. We're all laughing. Randy's direction captures that. It's always so personal, bringing the audience into the piece." As well as African music, the revue includes "country, gospel, the old blues, Appalachian music," featuring music by Patsy Cline, Brenda Lee, Mahalia Jackson, Jimmy Rogers, Nina Simone and Muddy Waters. In 1995, the revue ran for a month at the Cleveland Play House, in conjunction with the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, before touring at other regional theaters. It played at the Crossroads Theatre in New Jersey for seven weeks in November 1998 and opened off-Broadway at New York's New Victory Theater in March 1999, presented by Crossroads Theatre, in association with San Diego Repertory Theatre and Alabama Shakespeare Festival. It was met with critical and audience acclaim and the following month moved to Broadway to the Vivian Beaumont Theater. *New York Times* critic Lawrence Van Gelder wrote that the show had a "cornucopia of splendidly interpreted song," and "is a potent blend of visual eloquence and historical sweep that engages the eye and touches the heart while its songs soothe the ear, occasionally work mischief on the funny bone, and always raise the spirits." A week after opening at the Beaumont, the show received four Tony Award nominations, with Taylor being nominated for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical and Best Book of a Musical. The cast's performance on the live Tony Awards show on CBS was bumped due to limited time, sparking controversy, costing the show potential revenue, and damaging its prospects for survival. The cast performed two days later on the CBS talkshow *Late Show with David Letterman*, while media attention and radio coverage of the Tony snub boosted the show's takings for the following two weeks. This did not last and did not "build a long-lasting audience like the Tonys could", leading to dwindling attendance. A large word-of-mouth networking campaign to advertise the performance was set up by the producers and the show moved to the Ambassador Theatre, where the box office takes began to break even. The show closed in January 2000 after a total run of eight months on Broadway. For the rest of the year, *It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues* again toured at regional theaters, running in Atlanta, San Diego, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. and returning to New York in August 2000 at the B.B. King Blues Club and Grill for a month-long run. Jim Trageser of *The Press-Enterprise*, in a review of one of the San Diego performances, praised Taylor, saying he "has the lung power to simply take over any show, especially his own" and "shows surprising grace and athleticism as well as the kind of leonine masculinity that certain big men (Orson Welles, Babe Ruth) possess". Trageser also praised the writing, calling it "a superb job not only of selecting the songs, but in choosing arrangements that blow away all the cobwebs history has laid on many of them." *It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues* was the longest-running show Taylor appeared in, as well as his final Broadway appearance. Taylor planned an IMAX film version of the production; and nine years after his death, it was revived by the New Harlem Arts Theater at the Aaron Davis Hall on the City College of New York campus. ### Film, television and music Taylor had numerous television roles. He voiced jazz musician "Bleeding Gums" Murphy on *The Simpsons*, appearing in the first season episode "Moaning Lisa" (1990) and returning for the character's death in the season six episode "'Round Springfield" (1995). He was one of the first people to guest star on the show. Taylor was supposed to reprise his role in the season two episode "Dancin' Homer", but was in New York and unable to record his part. Keith Phipps of *The A.V. Club* said the role gave Taylor "television immortality". He also reprised the role on a recording of Billie Holiday's song "God Bless the Child" on the 1990 *The Simpsons*' album *The Simpsons Sing the Blues*. He appeared as a Klingon chef in *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*, and played wrestling instructor Coach Wingate in *Twin Peaks*. Other television roles included guest spots on *NYPD Blue*, *ER*, *Profiler*, *Family Matters*, *Home Improvement* and *Ally McBeal*. Taylor also had a recurring part in the 2000 series *City of Angels*, and played a blues singer in a two-part episode of *Matlock*, a role that was written for him. He also appeared in more than 20 films. These included *Trading Places*, *Amos & Andrew*, *A Rage in Harlem* (as Hank), *The Mighty Quinn* and *Rush Hour 2*. After a 1991 appearance on the series *L.A. Law*, on which he played a singer sacked by a baseball team for "embellish[ing]" his performances of the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", Taylor received several invitations to sing it before sports events, although never expected anything to happen when he had taken the part. He sang it before the Major League Baseball game between the Baltimore Orioles and Detroit Tigers on July 1, 1991. His rendition did not mimic that of his character: "the song is self-explanatory. I'm just going to sing the song straightforwardly and that's that." Taylor received travel and accommodation expenses but no other payment for his performance. He also sang for a Los Angeles Kings National Hockey League game, and on August 5, 1995, he sang the anthem before the MLB match between the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox. Taylor was part of the blues group The Nervis Bros and performed across the United States. He also sang with Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen, Etta James, Slash and Sheila E. Personal life ------------- Taylor met DeBorah Sharpe in 1977 during the production of *The Wiz* where she was the understudy for Dorothy. They married in 1980 and had a son, Adamah. In his spare time, Taylor often helped teach vulnerable young people through a variety of projects, including at the George Street Playhouse in New Jersey. He noted "things have come out of the air for me...I'm grateful; that's why I work with kids. I've had a blessing in my career, to have gone as far as I've gone." A 1995 piece in *The Plain Dealer* described Taylor as "A jolly giant of a man, he looks like a natural force – a mountain, perhaps, who can tell great stories." Taylor was a Christian. Taylor suffered a small stroke in 1999; he was able to perform again in *It Ain't Nothin' But the Blues* 73 days later. He died from a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles on January 16, 2002, at the age of 49. His funeral took place on January 28 at the New Christ Memorial Church of God in Christ. Filmography ----------- ### Films | Year | Title | Role | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1983 | *Trading Places* | Big Black Guy | | | 1984 | *The Ice Pirates* | Pimp Robot | Voice; uncredited | | 1984 | *Exterminator 2* | Dude | | | 1987 | *Who's That Girl* | 1st Dock Worker | | | 1988 | *Astronomy* | Johnny's Dad | Short film | | 1988 | *Dead Heat* | Shoot Out Zombie | | | 1989 | *The Mighty Quinn* | Officer McKeon | | | 1989 | *Collision Course* | Auto Worker At Bowling Alley #2 | | | 1989 | *Relentless* | Captain Blakely | | | 1989 | *Second Sight* | Carl | | | 1990 | *Heart Condition* | Bubba | | | 1990 | *Downtown* | Bruce Tucker | | | 1990 | *Masters of Menace* | Man At Door | | | 1991 | *A Rage in Harlem* | Hank | | | 1991 | *Rover Dangerfield* | Mugsy / Bruno | Voice | | 1992 | *There Goes the Neighborhood* | Bubble Man | | | 1993 | *Amos & Andrew* | Sherman | | | 1993 | *Deadfall* | The Baby | | | 2002 | *Ritual* | Superintendent Archibald | (final film role) | ### Television | Year | Title | Role | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1984 | *Robert Klein: Child of the 50s, Man of the 80s* | Irving | Television special | | 1984 | *My Little Pony: Rescue at Midnight Castle* | Scorpan | Television special; voice | | 1984 | *Miami Vice* | Linus Oliver | Episode: "Calderone's Return: The Hit List (Part 1)" | | 1984 | *3-2-1 Contact* | Pawn Shop Owner | Episode: "Space: Living There" | | 1988 | *Night Court* | Attendant Cal | Episode: "Fire" | | 1989 | *Wiseguy* | Monroe Blue | 2 episodes | | 1989-1990 | *Matlock* | Deacon Holmes / Tyler Mullins | 4 episodes | | 1990 | *China Beach* | Mess Sergeant | Episode: "Warriors" | | 1990 | *Quantum Leap* | Papa David Harper | Episode: "Black And White On Fire" | | 1990-1993 | *Family Matters* | Darnell Coleman / Pastor Peebles | 3 episodes | | 1990–1991 | *Twin Peaks* | Coach Wingate | 2 episodes | | 1990–1995 | *The Simpsons* | "Bleeding Gums" Murphy (voice) | Episodes: "Moaning Lisa" and "'Round Springfield" | | 1991 | *Amen* | "String Bean" | Episode: "Ernie and the Sublimes" | | 1991 | *L.A. Law* | Ron Miller | Episode: "On the Toad Again" | | 1991 | *Fever* | Merton | Television film | | 1991 | *Home Improvement* | Kyle | Episode: "Nothing More Than Feelings" | | 1992 | *Vinnie & Bobby* | Stanley | 3 episodes | | 1992 | *Batman: The Animated Series* | Orderly (voice) | Episode: "Dreams in Darkness"; voice | | 1993 | *Lush Life* | The Clerk | Television film | | 1993 | *A Cool Like That Christmas* | Reverend | | 1993-1997 | *NYPD Blue* | Prisoner #1 / Bus Driver | 2 episodes | | 1993–1994 | *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* | Klingon Chef | Episodes: "Melora" and "Playing God" | | 1994 | *In the Line of Duty: The Price of Vengeance* | Reddick | Television film | | 1994 | *The George Carlin Show* | Norman | Episode: "George Goes on a Date: Part 1" | | 1994 | *ER* | Bob | Episode: "Hit and Run" | | 1998 | *Profiler* | "Fat Cat" | Episode: "Ties That Bind" | | 1999 | *Ally McBeal* | Singer In Bar | Episode: "Saving Santa" | | 2000 | *City of Angels* | Lester Bell | 3 episodes |

**Mario Gino Merlino** (April 5, 1928 – January 8, 2024) was an American singer and musician, known for providing the singing voice of Lancelot in the musical film *Camelot*, for being part of the Grammy Award winning quartet, The Anita Kerr Singers, and for being a prolific singer of song poems. Early life ---------- Gene Merlino was born Mario Gino Merlino on April 5, 1928, in San Francisco, California, to Cesare and Teresa (née Incaviglia) Merlino. His first exposure to music came from his two older brothers; John was an accomplished accordionist, and Victor took up the clarinet but did not stick with it for long. Gene originally wanted to play trumpet, as he admired Harry James, but instead picked up the available clarinet in his early teens. A few years later he had learned the saxophone well enough to start playing for dances and weddings near his Potrero Hill neighborhood. After graduating from Mission High School he enrolled in San Francisco State as a Music major, playing clarinet and achieving first chair concertmaster in the college's symphonic band by his sophomore year. He also spent one semester at Eastman School of Music. Career ------ ### Radio In 1950, Merlino left college before graduating when he got his first steady musical job with the Bill Weaver show on KCBS radio, which at that time broadcast out of the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. Although he initially only played saxophone, he soon became the regular male vocalist, performing five nights a week. At this time he "realized that singing was going to be [his] main career in music". He stayed with KCBS for three years before moving to Los Angeles, California. ### Jazz Bands After arriving in Los Angeles, Merlino joined the jazz bands of Frankie Carle, then Ray Anthony. Anthony then started his short-lived television variety show, The Ray Anthony Show, in 1956, allowing Merlino to be seen by a nationwide audience. When the Anthony show was canceled in May 1957 after only one season, Merlino joined the Freddy Martin band, who played regularly at the famous Cocoanut Grove club in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Merlino remained with this band until 1963. ### Television Beginning in 1963 and continuing through 1979, Merlino was a regular performer for many television variety shows, starting with *The Red Skelton Show*. He would eventually become a regular for *The Pearl Bailey Show*, *The Judy Garland Show*, the *Carol Burnett Show*, *The Julie Andrews Hour*, the *Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour*, *Donny & Marie*, and the Ken Berry *Wow* Show. In later years, his vocals could be heard on *The Simpsons*. He performed the song "Born Free" on the episode "Whacking Day", "South of the Border" on "Kamp Krusty", and "Jellyfish" in "A Star Is Born Again". ### Studio Recordings and Film In 1956 he provided the singing voice for the character of Tom Robinson Lee, played by John Kerr, in the movie Tea and Sympathy. In 1965 he was part of the four-man singing group that recorded the theme song for Gilligan's Island. In 1966, Merlino joined the male singing quartet, The Mellomen, with Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee and Bill Cole, after Max Smith retired.[] Merlino and the Mellomen appeared in the Elvis Presley movie, The Trouble With Girls. Thanks to this, Merlino began to get regular work as a session singer in the various recording studios in Hollywood and Los Angeles, eventually singing for thousands of movies, television programs, radio and television commercials, audio recordings, and song poems, during a career that lasted more than 50 years. His most famous recordings were as part of the Anita Kerr Singers, who won a 1967 Grammy Award (Best Performance by a Vocal Group) for their performance of "A Man and a Woman" (along with a 1969 Edison Award), and for providing the singing voice for the character of Lancelot, played by Franco Nero, in the 1967 movie "Camelot". In 1973 he was part of the chorus who went on a worldwide tour with Burt Bacharach to promote the movie Lost Horizon, for which Bacharach wrote the music. Additionally, Merlino was part of the "L.A. Voices", who were nominated for a Grammy Award (Best Jazz Vocal Performance - Duo or Group) in 1983 for the Supersax album "Supersax & L.A. Voices". He also claims to have recorded more than 10,000 song poems, primarily under the pseudonyms Gene Marshall or John Muir, and was featured in the 2003 PBS documentary "Off the Charts". Personal life ------------- Merlino married Lois Elizabeth Draper on November 18, 1953. Merlino met Draper in the symphonic band at San Francisco State, where she played flute. Almost immediately after marrying they moved to the North Hollywood region of Los Angeles, so Gene could foster his singing career, as there was much more studio recording work available in Hollywood and Los Angeles than in San Francisco. They had two children, Monica and John. They lived in various parts of Los Angeles until 1995, when they moved to Camarillo, California. Their marriage lasted for 55 years until Lois died on April 3, 2009, at the age of 78. Gene Merlino died in Camarillo on January 8, 2024, at the age of 95.

American rapper Musical artist Willard Hill at the House of Blues **Willard Hill** (born June 8, 1982 in Atlanta, GA) is an American rapper, singer-songwriter, and producer from New Orleans, LA. Hill got his start in song writing and producing working with Wyclef Jean and Jerry Wonda after moving to New York City in 2008. He currently lives in Los Angeles and works on music and film compositions. Early life ---------- Born in Atlanta, Ga. to parents Manuella Francois Hill and Willard Hill Jr. Hill's family moved back to their hometown of New Orleans in 1985 where he subsequently grew up. Although no members of his immediate family ever pursued careers as recording artists, they were all musically inclined in their own way. His mother sang with Moses Hogan and traveled with his choir, his grandmother sang and directed the Wings Over Jordan Choir and received her master's degree in music from Louisiana State University, and both his father and grandfather sang and played various instruments. At an early age he became interested in music and received piano lessons from his grandmother until she died when he was 8. He continued to play the piano by ear and began playing the alto saxophone in his elementary school band, but lost interest as he got older. Education --------- In 1996 Hill attended St. Augustine High School (New Orleans) because of his fascination with their "Marching 100" band, but ventured into varsity sports. Although he earned starting positions on both the track and football teams, he decided to shift his focus to music and turned down collegiate athletic scholarships to attend Howard University to study Jazz Voice and Audio Production. Music career ------------ Willard Hill on stage at Southpaw in BrooklynWhile in college he began to perform as a vocalist and made a name for himself on campus. Hill decided to leave Washington, D.C. in 2004 and return home to work and attend Loyola University New Orleans to study Music Business. Subsequently, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita forced him to evacuate to Cleveland, OH. While in Cleveland he was featured on the cover of John Carroll University magazine playing the piano for the school's new president. He performed for the president's inauguration dinner as well as other school functions. Later that year he returned to New Orleans in 2006 and began working and writing articles for Nola.com's Music and Culture sections. Around this time he met rapper and producer William Kendrick (stage name "ill Will the Champ") through a mutual friend, and became interested in rapping. He recorded his first mixtape *Ramblin's of an Outer Child, Inner Man*, using the instrumental versions of popular songs. After returning to New Orleans, post Hurricane Katrina, Hill sustained an eye injury while playing basketball and required major surgery. He had to move in with his father who had evacuated to Cleveland, OH. His father bought him an Akai MPC 1000 to give him something to do while he recovered and he began making beats in their apartment. After leaving New Orleans to return to Cleveland, OH he decided to finish his Audio Production degree at Howard University. While in Washington, D.C. he met Wyclef Jean and Jerry Wonda at a panel discussion on Haiti and got into an impromptu freestyle session with other students and Jean. Later he told them of his music and plans to move to New York City and they each gave him their phone numbers. After moving to New York, in 2008, he briefly interned at Quad Recording Studios before being hired at Wyclef and Jerry Wonda's "Platinum Sound Studios". While working for Jean and Wonda he began to slowly make his way into recording sessions and began to write as well as play keyboard and bass, which he picked up from Jerry Wonda. After leaving Platinum Sound Studios in pursuit of more opportunities, he began making his rounds around NYC as a session musician and writer. Around this time he also began freelancing as a Sound Designer and Mix/Recording Engineer for TV and Film. He later became Pro Tools certified in Music to learn how to produce music. Gemini Mood SwingsIn 2010, he quit his job and decided to focus solely on music. He built a home studio and began working on his concept album *Gemini Mood Swings.* He also decided to get back to his singing roots by taking vocal lessons with vocal coach Ankh Ra Amenhetep, who was featured on Making The Band 4. After commercially releasing his first single *Future Fresh*, he began performing around NYC and garnered the attention of several U.S. record labels as well as one European label, but chose to keep sole ownership of his music instead of signing a contract. His single *Future Fresh* caught the attention of New Orleans radio mainstay Wild Wayne who put the song in rotation during his live web/radio broadcast 504 Radio on WQUE-FM. In 2012 Hill decided to return to New Orleans to further develop his sound and fully incorporate the city's musical influences into his production style. After a brief period in New Orleans he began to travel once more, landing in Los Angeles, Ca as well as Atlanta, Ga. to work with various artists and producers. On February 27, 2015 Hill independently released his second project *Sketches of Spain Street*. Sketches of Spain Street Discography ----------- **Albums** * Gemini Mood Swings. (2011) * Sketches of Spain Street (2015) * Untitled/TBA (2018) **Singles** * Future Fresh (2011) * Requiem For A Queen (2014) * Self-Made King (2014) * To Miss New Orleans ft. Asante Amin (2015) **Mixtapes** * Ramblin's of an Outer Child, Inner Man (2006) Personal life ------------- Hill began delving further into music in 1997 after several family tragedies caused him to focus more on his emotional needs. In December 1997 his grandfather died at home while Hill watched as his father tried to resuscitate him. A week later, his father suffered kidney failure and had to receive emergency dialysis. Later that year Hill's mother was diagnosed with Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease and needed constant care. Hill's mother passed in 2013. He has one sibling, an older sister. In 2014, he married filmmaker and producer Quan Lateef. The two were married in Paris, France and their pictures were featured on Glamour.com. Hill said he uses various forms of art and music to find creative inspiration and is also a multi-instrumentalist. Hill also designs his own cover art, merchandise, and solo show fliers for fun. He says Bob Marley and Quincy Jones are his biggest musical influences.

**Damian Johnson** (born March 9, 1987) is an American former professional basketball player. He played four years of college basketball for Minnesota and spent the first two years of his professional career in Japan and the NBA Development League. Upon moving to Australia in 2014, he made a name for himself in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). Over three seasons in the SEABL, Johnson was a champion every year and won back-to-back Defensive Player of the Year honours in 2015 and 2016. High school career ------------------ Johnson attended Thibodaux High School in Thibodaux, Louisiana. He was an All-state performer in Louisiana as a senior and was the All-Bayou Region Player of the Year that same year. Johnson was also selected as the best defensive player in his conference during his last three years of high school. College career -------------- Coming out of Louisiana in 2005, Johnson redshirted his first season with Minnesota, joining the Golden Gophers for the 2006–07 season. After playing sparingly as a freshman, Johnson sprung up the depth charts as a sophomore and averaged 7.1 points in 22.6 minutes per game. As a junior in 2008–09, he averaged 9.8 points, 4.2 rebounds, 1.6 assists, 1.9 steals and 2.0 blocks per game in 30 games. As a senior in 2009–10, he averaged 9.9 points, 4.3 rebounds, 2.3 assists, 1.8 steals and 1.9 blocks per game in 35 games. Johnson played in 127 games for Minnesota and finished his career second on the Gophers' all-time steals list with 195 and third on the Gophers' all-time blocks list with 191. His 64 steals as a senior tied him for fifth place on the Gophers' single-season list. He came into 2009–10 season with the 11th and 12th place spots on the steals list with 59 steals and 58 steals, respectively, in his sophomore and junior seasons. He rejected 60 shots as a junior, ninth-most in program history, and followed that up with 67 blocks as a senior, seventh all-time. The Gophers played in three-straight post-seasons in Johnson's final three seasons. He finished his career with averages of 7.3 points, 3.8 rebounds, 1.5 blocks, 1.5 steals and 21.6 minutes per game. Professional career ------------------- After going undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft, Johnson spent time with the Miami Heat and the Minnesota Timberwolves during the 2010 NBA Summer League. In August 2010, he signed with the Oita Heat Devils for the 2010–11 bj league season. In 47 games for Oita, he averaged 15.9 points, 8.7 rebounds, 2.9 assists, 1.8 steals and 1.5 blocks per game. In November 2011, Johnson joined the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA Development League. On December 28, 2011, he was waived by the Jam. Two days later, he was acquired by the Springfield Armor. In January 2014, Johnson signed with the Mount Gambier Pioneers for the 2014 SEABL season. In December 2014, he re-signed with the Pioneers for the 2015 season. He helped the team win back-to-back championships in 2015 and earned Defensive Player of the Year honors. In 55 games for the Pioneers over two seasons, he averaged 15.1 points, 9.2 rebounds and 1.9 assists per game. On November 12, 2015, Johnson signed with the Bendigo Braves for the 2016 SEABL season. He helped Bendigo win the 2016 SEABL championship while earning his third straight title. He also earned back-to-back Defensive Player of the Year honors. In 24 games for the Braves in 2016, he averaged 15.9 points, 8.8 rebounds, 3.6 assists, 1.4 steals and 2.8 blocks per game. In the wake of winning his third straight SEBAL title, Johnson retired from playing basketball.

Aviation Museum in Mount Maunganui, New Zealand The **Classic Flyers Museum** is an aviation museum located at the Tauranga Airport, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, owned by a registered New Zealand charitable trust, the *Bay of Plenty Classic Aircraft Trust*. The museum has a range of flying and static aircraft displays as well as a cafe. History ------- The museum was started in 2000 when several local businessmen, who were also aviation enthusiasts, decided to see if an existing World War II-era hangar at the Tauranga Airfield could be renovated for use. The hangar proved to be unsalvageable but the group decided to build a new facility instead and formed the *Bay of Plenty Classic Aircraft Trust*. The new hangar is at the entrance to the Tauranga Airport, on Jean Batten Drive, Mount Maunganui. The founders decided to focus on creating a flying museum, as opposed to one that just had static displays, with the intention of having a high number of museum aircraft movements. The museum was officially opened on Saturday 28 May 2005 with an air display and fly-past. Inside the main hangar In October 2012, the museum launched the Legacy Jet Centre and celebrated the arrival of an Aermacchi aircraft to be restored. In recognition of funding from the Legacy Trust, the main hangar was named "The Legacy Jet Centre". Currently, the museum is spread across three adjacent hangars, the first of which houses the visitor centre, Avgas Cafe, event spaces, and most of the museum exhibits, while the other two accommodate the bulk of the classic aircraft in working flying condition, and the museum archives. Additional airplanes are on display outside the hangars. One of them is an old New Zealand National Airways Corporation DH-Heron, which is open to the public, but not in airworthy condition.[] Aims ---- The museum aims are: * Preserve classic and historic aircraft * Support the retention of New Zealand’s aviation history The Trust focuses on preserving aircraft and memorabilia that has a connection to the Bay of Plenty area or New Zealand generally. Collection ---------- The museum aircraft collection includes: * Aermacchi MB-339 * Boeing Stearman * Cessna 188 AGwagon * Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina (fuselage) * Curtiss P-40E Kittyhawk * de Havilland DH 104 Devon C.1 * de Havilland DH 114 Heron * de Havilland Vampire * de Havilland DH 112 Venom * Douglas A-4K Skyhawk * EEL ULF 1 ultralight glider * Fletcher FU24 * Grumman TBF-1C Avenger * Hall Cherokee II glider * Hawker Hunter T75 * Hughes 300 * North American Harvard * North American F-86 Sabre * Pacific Aerospace Corporation CT-4B Airtrainer * Pitts Special S-1C * Schleicher Ka-6CR glider * Slingsby T-45 Swallow glider * Supermarine Spitfire Mk V - replica * Victa Airtourer T-3A * Yakovlev Yak 52

Nigerian politician **Binta Bello** was a former class teacher, state commissioner, and current Deputy Minority Whip in the Nigerian House of Representatives. Bello represents the Kaltungo/Shongom Federal Constituency of Gombe State. She is the only woman in the leadership of the House. Early life and education ------------------------ Bello was born in Igbuzo, Delta State to a military officer father. She moved all around the country before finally returning to her native Gombe State. She obtained a grade II certificate from W.T.C Bajoga, Gombe state in 1988, a Diploma in Public Administration from the University of Jos in 1995, and a B.Sc. in Public Administration from the University of Maiduguri in 2010. Career ------ Bello worked as a Commissioner for Women Affairs in Gombe State from 2007 to 2010. She then contested as a Representative for the Kaltungo/Shongom Federal Constituency on the platform of the PDP which she won. The other PDP women elected were Nnenna Elendu-Ukeje, Sodaguno Festus Omoni, Nkiruka Chidubem Onyejeocha, Rita Orji, Evelyn Omavovoan Oboro, Beni Butmaklar Langtang, Omosede Igbinedion Gabriella, Stella Obiageli Ngwu and Eucharia Okwunna. In 2019 she lost the election to the APC. Amos Bulus APC party having 80,549 and PDP having 63,312.

For the record producer, singer and musician of the same name, see LeVert. Not to be confused with Mark Gordon. Musical artist **Marcus Melvin "Marc" Gordon** (October 14, 1935 – June 16, 2010) was an American Grammy-winning record producer, songwriter and music executive, best known for his work with Hal Davis at Motown, and for his later involvement with The 5th Dimension. Biography --------- Gordon was born in Denver, Colorado and initially worked as an engineer with the Howard Hughes Corporation. Around 1960, he started managing and also writing songs with R&B singer Hal Davis, in Los Angeles. Though Davis' own recordings were unsuccessful, he and Gordon continued to collaborate on the recordings of other musicians, including the Champs, Bobby Pickett, and the Hollywood Argyles; they sang backing vocals on the latter group's hit "Alley Oop". Gordon and Davis became a record production team and began working with teenage singer Brenda Holloway, as well as recording with Mary Love, a local singer for Modern Records, whose "You Turned My Bitter Into Sweet" became a Northern Soul favorite in the UK. After meeting Berry Gordy, they were given the responsibility of recording material for Motown in Los Angeles. Between 1962 and 1965, Davis and Gordon collaborated on records including Little Stevie Wonder's "Hey Harmonica Man" and "Castles in the Sand" (and the album *Stevie at the Beach*), Brenda Holloway's "Every Little Bit Hurts" (a #13 US pop hit), and Frank Wilson's "Do I Love You (Indeed I Do)". They also produced albums by Marvin Gaye, the Supremes, and others. They acted as managers for many of the acts they recorded, and also produced records by Ike & Tina Turner, and the Ikettes. Marc Gordon became President of Motown's Los Angeles office, before leaving the organization in 1965 and setting up an independent management company. He auditioned a new group, the Versatiles, and became their manager. They signed to a new label, Soul City, set up by singer Johnny Rivers, and Gordon changed their name to The 5th Dimension. Gordon and Rivers co-produced some of their early singles, and their 1967 debut album *Up, Up and Away*, for which he won a Grammy. Gordon introduced the group to songwriter Jimmy Webb and producer Bones Howe, and remained the group's manager through their later recordings. He also managed singer Thelma Houston, and, with Rivers, produced Al Wilson's recording of "The Snake". As with many of Gordon's earlier productions with Hal Davis, the recording became popular on the British Northern soul scene a few years later. In 1969, Gordon married Florence LaRue, lead singer with The 5th Dimension, in a hot air balloon above the Century Plaza Hotel; they later divorced. In 1970, he formed Carousel Records, with Al Wilson, Sonny Geraci's band The Outsiders, producer Leon Ware and others. The label was renamed Rocky Road, and had a #3 US pop hit in 1972 with "Precious and Few" by Climax. In 1973, Al Wilson had the label's biggest hit with the million-seller, "Show and Tell", a US pop #1 (#10 R&B). After Rocky Road was taken over by Bell Records in 1974, Gordon continued to manage acts including The 5th Dimension, Thelma Houston, Al Wilson, the Staple Singers, Tony Orlando and Dawn, and Willie Hutch. He left the music business in 1979 and became involved in merchandising for the 1984 Summer Olympics, but returned to management in the 1990s. He died in 2010, aged 75, after several years of ill health. He is no relation to Marc Gordon of the group LeVert.

Municipality in Bern, Switzerland **Thierachern** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. History ------- Thierachern is first mentioned in 1250 as *Tierachern*. The area around Thierachern was occupied during the neolithic era, the Bronze Age and the La Tène era. The remains of a Roman era settlement and graves were discovered under the village church. Additional Roman or early medieval stone lined cists were found near Egg. Other graves, of an indeterminate age, have been found in Oberen Hasliholz, by Halterain and by Wahlen. All the prehistoric artifacts indicate that the area has had a long history of human habitation. The village first appears in historic records as a part of the *Herrschaft* of Strättligen. The village church of St. Martin was first mentioned in 1228 as one of the 12 Lake Thun churches in the Strättliger Chronicle. The current church dates to 1706-08 when Abraham Dünz the Younger rebuilt the old building. When the Strättligen family died out in 1349, the village was inherited and sold to several lords over the following centuries. In 1594 the von May family from Bern acquired the village. They sold it to Bern in 1607 and the village became part of the Bernese Thun District. In 1841 the village sold a large *Allmend* or common field (about 23% of the total land area) to the Swiss Army for a training ground for the barracks at Thun. In the 1960s commuters began to move into the village to escape the growing city of Thun. To house the growing population several new housing developments grew up in the municipality. Today over 80% of the population commutes to jobs in Thun. Of the jobs remaining in the municipality, about 35% are in agriculture, while only 13% are in industry. Geography --------- Thierachern has an area of 7.53 km2 (2.91 sq mi). As of the 2004 survey, a total of 5.01 km2 (1.93 sq mi) or 66.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.3 km2 (0.50 sq mi) or 17.3% is forested. Of rest of the municipality 0.93 km2 (0.36 sq mi) or 12.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km2 (9.9 acres) or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes and 0.26 km2 (0.10 sq mi) or 3.5% is unproductive land. Between the 1981 and 2004 surveys the settled area increased from 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi) to 0.93 km2 (0.36 sq mi), an increase of 32.86%. From the same survey, housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.9%. A total of 16.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 41.1% is used for growing crops and 23.8% is pasturage, while 1.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 2.4% is unproductive vegetation and 1.1% is too rocky for vegetation. The municipality is located 5 km (3.1 mi) from downtown Thun along the Aare river. It consists of the village of Thierachern and the hamlets of Wahlen, Egg and Schwand. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Thun, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Thun. Coat of arms ------------ The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Or a Deer rampant Gules on a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert.* Demographics ------------ Thierachern has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 2,514. As of 2012[update], 3.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of 3.4%. Migration accounted for 1.6%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.0%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (1,838 or 97.4%) as their first language, French is the second most common (17 or 0.9%) and English is the third (7 or 0.4%). There are 6 people who speak Italian. As of 2008[update], the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The population was made up of 1,074 Swiss men (47.3% of the population) and 34 (1.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,136 Swiss women (50.0%) and 29 (1.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 470 or about 24.9% were born in Thierachern and lived there in 2000. There were 1,060 or 56.1% who were born in the same canton, while 235 or 12.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 93 or 4.9% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2012[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.9%. As of 2000[update], there were 761 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 953 married individuals, 94 widows or widowers and 80 individuals who are divorced. As of 2010[update], there were 223 households that consist of only one person and 78 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 758 apartments (93.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 31 apartments (3.8%) were seasonally occupied and 23 apartments (2.8%) were empty. As of 2012[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 9.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2013[update], was 0.6%. In 2012, single family homes made up 60.1% of the total housing in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following chart: Economy ------- As of  2011[update], Thierachern had an unemployment rate of 1.42%. As of 2011[update], there were a total of 425 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 97 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 33 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 79 people and there were 20 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 248 people, with 84 businesses in this sector. There were 1,020 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce. In 2008[update] there were a total of 285 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 64, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 72 of which 16 or (22.2%) were in manufacturing and 56 (77.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 149. In the tertiary sector; 52 or 34.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 6 or 4.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 10 or 6.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.3% were the insurance or financial industry, 24 or 16.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 32 or 21.5% were in education and 12 or 8.1% were in health care. In 2000[update], there were 158 workers who commuted into the municipality and 815 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 205 workers (56.5% of the 363 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Thierachern. Of the working population, 15.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 53.2% used a private car. The local and cantonal tax rate in Thierachern is one of the lowest in the canton. In 2012 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Thierachern making 150,000 CHF was 11.9%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 17.8%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in 2011, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2010 there were a total of 1,009 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 330 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 9 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Thierachern was 107,395 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 131,244 CHF. In 2011 a total of 1.7% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government. Politics -------- In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 34.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party (SP) (16.0%), the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (14.1%) and the Evangelical People's Party (EVP) (9.2%). In the federal election, a total of 917 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.7%. Religion -------- From the 2000 census[update], 1,462 or 77.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 182 or 9.6% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 9 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.48% of the population), and there were 101 individuals (or about 5.35% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 6 (or about 0.32% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 85 (or about 4.50% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 36 individuals (or about 1.91% of the population) did not answer the question. Education --------- In Thierachern about 65.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 16.9% have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 215 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 75.8% were Swiss men, 20.0% were Swiss women, 2.8% were non-Swiss men. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship. During the 2012-13 school year, there were a total of 362 students attending classes in Thierachern. There were a total of 50 students in the German language kindergarten classes in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 4.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality's primary school had 168 students in German language classes. Of the primary students, 2.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, the lower secondary school had a total of 144 students. There were 0.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 2.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language. As of  2000[update], there were a total of 306 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 225 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 81 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 50 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Thierachern is home to the *Schul- und Volksbibliothek Thierachern* library. The library has (as of 2008[update]) 5,072 books or other media, and loaned out 13,669 items in the same year. It was open a total of 125 days with average of 6 hours per week during that year.

American jazz saxophonist "Wess Anderson" redirects here. For the American filmmaker, see Wes Anderson. Musical artist **Wessell "Warmdaddy" Anderson** (born 1966) is an American jazz alto and sopranino saxophonist. Anderson grew up in Bedford-Stuyvesant and Crown Heights, and played jazz early on at the urging of his father, who was a drummer. He played in local clubs from his early teenage years, and studied at the Jazzmobile workshops with Frank Wess, Charles Davis, and Frank Foster. He also met Branford Marsalis, who convinced him to study with Alvin Batiste at Southern University in Louisiana. Soon after this, Anderson began touring with the Wynton Marsalis Septet, and collaborated with Marsalis through the middle of the 1990s. He continued to play with Marsalis's Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra beyond this. In 1994, he released his debut album on Atlantic Records; pianist Eric Reed and bassist Ben Wolfe were among those who played as sidemen. His 1998 album *Live at the Village Vanguard* featured trumpeter Irvin Mayfield, bassist Steve Kirby, pianist Xavier Davis and drummer Jaz Sawyer. Discography ----------- * *Warmdaddy in the Garden of Swing* (Atlantic, 1994) * *The Ways of Warmdaddy* (Atlantic, 1996) * *Live at the Village Vanguard* (Leaning House, 1998) * *Warm It Up, Warmdaddy!* (Nu Jazz, 2009) ### As sideman **With Wynton Marsalis** * *Big Train* (Columbia/Sony Classical, 1999) * ’’Live at the House of Tribes’’ (Blue Note, 2005)

Proposed US state referendums The **Taxpayer Bill of Rights** (abbreviated **TABOR**) is a concept advocated by conservative and free market libertarian groups, primarily in the United States, as a way of limiting the growth of government. It is not a charter of rights but a provision requiring that increases in overall tax revenue be tied to inflation and population increases unless larger increases are approved by referendum. 1992 Colorado amendment ----------------------- In 1992, the voters of the state approved a measure which amended Article X of the Colorado Constitution that restricts revenues for all levels of government (state, local, and schools). Under TABOR, state and local governments cannot raise tax rates without voter approval and cannot spend revenues collected under existing tax rates without voter approval if revenues grow faster than the rate of inflation and population growth. Revenue in excess of the TABOR limit, commonly referred to as the "TABOR surplus", must be refunded to taxpayers, unless voters approve a revenue change as an offset in a referendum. Under TABOR, the state has returned more than $2 billion to taxpayers. The allowance for spending to grow at the rate of inflation plus population growth means that inflation-adjusted per capita spending generally did not decrease. However, spending growth could be interrupted due to an economic recession, in which case inflation-adjusted per capita spending did decrease—and TABOR did not permit inflation-adjusted per capita spending to return to its pre-recession level. This was known as the "ratchet-down effect", and it occurred in FY2001–02 and FY2002–03. The ratchet-down effect was desirable to those who believed government was consuming too large a fraction of Colorado's gross state product (GSP), and undesirable to those who believed government was consuming too small a fraction of Colorado's GSP. In November 2005, Coloradans approved Referendum C, a ballot measure that loosened many of TABOR's restrictions. This measure allows the state to retain and spend money from existing revenue sources above the TABOR limit each year beginning in FY 2005–06. The state may spend all revenue subject to TABOR for five years through FY 2009–10. Beginning in FY 2010–11, the state may spend revenue above the TABOR limit up to a capped amount known as the "Referendum C cap. The Referendum C cap grows from the prior year's cap instead of the prior year's spending by inflation plus population growth. In effect, Referendum C eliminated the ratchet-down effect. Any retained Referendum C revenue (revenue above the allowable TABOR limit but below the Referendum C cap) is statutorily required to be spent on health care, education, firefighter and police retirement plans and strategic transportation projects. Colorado Legislative Council Staff reported in 2009 that the state would have faced a significant budget shortfall had Referendum C not passed. Therefore, in many instances the Referendum C money that has been spent is not new money to programs, rather it maintained the programs and prevented them from undergoing cuts. It is money the programs may not have received without Referendum C, but it is not additional money when compared with prior years. However, the report also admits that it is impossible to enumerate this impact because it would require knowledge of what budgetary actions the state would have taken had Referendum C failed. Referendum C and other attempts to mitigate the effects of TABOR are referred to as "de-Brucing" after Douglas Bruce, the author of the amendment. In November 2005, Colorado residents voted to suspend for five years the state's self-imposed revenue caps as outlined in the state's Taxpayer Bill of Rights.The effects of TABOR on government spending and economic growth have been a popular discussion topic in recent years. Proponents accredit much of Colorado's economic prosperity in the period immediately following adoption of the law to the limit and its effect on government spending and taxes When Colorado voters passed the law that decriminalized marijuana, the voters approved using tax money generated from marijuana sales for schools, police, and drug education. However, the tax money might end up not being used for any of those programs. The Taxpayer's Bill of Rights restrains the state's ability to tax and spend. As of April 2015, projections for marijuana tax revenue for Colorado are at $58 million. But that money might have to be returned to taxpayers, due to the provisions in the state's Taxpayer Bill of Rights. ### Advocates Douglas Bruce is a conservative activist and former legislator in the U.S. state of Colorado, most widely known for being the author of Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TABOR). A strict advocate for limited government, Bruce wrote and promoted TABOR, a spending limitation measure approved by Colorado voters in 1992; his name is so associated with the measure that attempts to bypass its restrictions are known as "de-Brucing." Advocates like Douglas Bruce see the experience of Colorado as an example of the positive effects of tax decreases. They cite the fact that Colorado's economic growth in the dozen or so years since this system was implemented has been well in excess of that of the U.S. as a whole. They also say that deciding tax increases in referendums is more democratic, as legislators may be beholden to lobby groups, special interests and lobbyists. One prominent advocacy group in favor of TABOR is Americans for Prosperity. Many of their twenty state chapters are currently working on plans to implement TABOR in their respective states. In Florida, AFP lobbied the Taxation and Budget Reform Committee to place a TABOR on the November 2008 ballot. And in Texas, AFP spearheaded the Taxpayer Protection Act concept of giving taxpayers greater control over how much government taxpayers want and are willing to pay for. It was also on the 2008 Republican Primary Ballot as a nonbinding initiative. Many advocates of a more libertarian view, such as Americans for Limited Government, say that reduced taxation is a noble goal for its own sake, leading to increases in financial freedom and economic prosperity. Others note that Colorado has continued growth as well as larger tax revenues concurrent with the TABOR act. The TABOR Foundation has partnered with Mountain States Legal Foundation to sue to enforce TABOR in Colorado, challenging car taxes and sales taxes enacted without a vote of the people. MSLF has also sued on behalf of the Colorado Union of Taxpayers Foundation's members, challenging the City of Aspen's grocery bag tax. ### Opponents Opponents argue that the lack of tax revenue has hurt Colorado in many ways. For instance, Colorado ranks 48th in the nation for higher education funding (per personal income level), which is the lowest in 40 years, representing a drop from 34th in 1992. Opponents also argue that Colorado's economic growth has largely been despite – not because of – this system, and is a result of changing societal desires for open spaces, outdoor sports opportunities, and other "quality of life" issues that are now imperiled by Colorado's inability to provide expanding governmental services. They point out that almost 90% of state tax revenues are now already earmarked for various purposes, handicapping the state legislature and giving it very little flexibility. They also add that the process has not been as "democratic" as its advocates purport, citing the off-year voting and complex wording that may skew results. Some opponents claim that complicated tax decisions are best decided by deliberation based on well-informed argument and informed consent, such as presumably occurs in legislatures, rather than the simplistic and emotionally charged appeals that tend to dominate referendums. Many others argue against the "Population Plus Inflation" formula, because 1. Population: public service are focused on populations (e.g. senior citizens, children, ... ) whose number do not run parallel with the population of the state as a whole. For example, the population in Florida is expected to increase by 27% over the next twenty years, but the senior citizen population is expected to increase by 87%. 2. Inflation: public services are services, and services as a whole have a higher rate of increase than inflation because services are less likely to experience benefits that consumer products do. ### Repeal efforts Over the years, TABOR opponents have tried to challenge it in various ways. A federal lawsuit was filed in May 2011, which has dragged through the courts for years. In May 2017, the U.S. District Court ruled the plaintiffs didn't have standing to sue, but in July 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit reversed that decision, allowing the lawsuit to proceed. In early 2015, former Governor Roy Romer, offering Governor John Hickenlooper advice for his new term, said he should lead the charge to repeal TABOR. Gov. Hickenlooper smiled and applauded but did not respond at the event; however, a few weeks later, he said such a move would be doomed. The Denver Post editorial board, which opposed TABOR in 1992, ran an editorial in Feb. 2017 titled "Make Colorado greater: Fix TABOR", in which they offered three reasons why an outright repeal wasn't realistic, but suggested three possible workarounds. TABOR in other states --------------------- Reforms similar to Colorado's have been put forward in several states. In 2006, two Libertarian groups financially backed by New York real estate developer Howie Rich campaigned for laws similar to TABOR in eight states. Measures similar to the "Taxpayer Bill of Rights" are more likely to be adopted on the county and municipal level than on a statewide basis beyond Colorado; one municipality adopting the plan in recent years has been Spring Hill, Tennessee. After the November 2005 setback for proponents in Colorado, advocates in many regions are now downplaying the name "Taxpayer Bill of Rights" in favor of other terms such as "Spending Limitation Movement". Organizations dedicated to shrinking government are pushing for the adoption of TABORs in other states. Currently, Colorado is the only state with TABOR. In 2005, TABOR proposals were introduced in about half of the states. A TABOR referendum on the ballot in Maine as an initiative effort led by Mary Adams was defeated in November 2006. Similar referendums were also defeated in Nebraska and Oregon that year. Similar initiatives in Maine and Washington were defeated in 2009. In North Carolina, some Republicans want a constitutional amendment to limit growth in spending to population growth and the rate of inflation. National legislation -------------------- The concept is connected to several laws that have been passed. Examples include the *Omnibus Taxpayer Bill of Rights* (Subtitle J of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988), the Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2 passed in 1996, and the Taxpayer Bill of Rights III passed in 1998. Nationally, Members of Congress have made attempts to give taxpayers more rights in terms of tax debts and interactions with the IRS. Congressman Pete Roskam (R-IL) introduced a bill in the House of Representatives called the Taxpayer Bill of Rights (H.R. 1058). 11 Republicans cosponsored the bill. The bill would require that the IRS provide people with quality service; people would only have to pay the correct amount of their taxes owed; the IRS would be required to implement better customer service; and people would have a "voice" in the process when challenging an IRS ruling. IRS Taxpayer Bill of Rights --------------------------- The IRS has offered its own version of a taxpayer bill of rights since the year 2014. Describing the rights, the IRS has written, "Each and every taxpayer has a set of fundamental rights they should be aware of when dealing with the IRS. Explore your rights and our obligations to protect them." The rights are available to the public online in a document called *Publication 1: Your Rights as a Taxpayer*. To help people understand their rights when dealing with the IRS, the IRS has an independent agency within the IRS called the Taxpayer Advocate Service. 1989 Illinois law ----------------- The *Taxpayers' Bill of Rights Act* (20 ILCS 2520), is a provision of Illinois state law. It is broken up into seven sections throughout the act. Section 1 is stating the name of the act. Section 2 is Legislative Declaration and states "The General Assembly further finds that the Illinois tax system is based largely on self-assessment." Section 2 also states "The General Assembly finds and declares that taxes are the most sensitive point of contact between citizens and their government." Section 4 explains "the Department of Revenue shall have the following powers and duties to protect the rights of taxpayers," and list 10 different responsibilities the government has. Section 5 is the taxpayer's suits. It says "Taxpayers have the right to sue the Department of Revenue if such Department intentionally or recklessly disregards tax laws or regulations in collecting taxes" Section 6 is the review of liens, and section 7 is dedicated to the cost.

Mexican artisan (1935–2018) Don Sshinda in his workshop in 2016 **Gumercindo España Olivares** (13 January 1935 – 17 February 2018) was a Mexican artisan who specialized in traditional toys hand carved from wood. He was from a family of toymakers, beginning with his grandfather, which started in clay but switched to wood. In addition to making traditional toys, the artisan also experimented with new designs, such as those related to the history of Guanajuato. His efforts have won him various awards. Life ---- España Olivares was from Santa Cruz de Juventino Rosas, Guanajuato. He learned toy and mask making from his father and grandfather. The family starting in the business by copying old ceramics toys called "negros" (black) due to their color, opening a workshop called "La puerta vieja." His grandfather traveled on foot as far as Michoacán and San Luis Potosí to sell toys as there was no motorized transportation at that time. Popularly known as Sshinda or Chinda, the artisan continued this tradition, with his own workshop located behind his house. He had a large family which works in some way with the family business even though most have other jobs. This included his wife, children and grandchildren. España Olivares has also served as his town's historian, with wide knowledge of herbs and his geographic region, much of it learned from his grandfather. He died at the age of 83 on 17 February 2018. Toy production -------------- Although he began with clay, most of España Olivares’ toy production was made of wood, particularly a wood called copalillo, brought from a nearby mountain. Most toys were made from one piece of wood, unless there are movable parts such as heads, arms and legs. Finished toys were painted with commercial enamel paint. The kinds of toys that he made varied by season and the holidays coming up, with an eye towards selling in the markets and fairs. Figures included boxers, riders on horseback, clowns, bullfighters and animals, especially birds. They also included items such as carrousels and multi-pieces sets to depict scenes such as bullfights, wrestling matches and even funerals. One very traditional toy were hens and doves whose heads and tails move when a ball attached to strings extending underneath is swung. The artisan experimented with new designs and themes such as those related to Guanajuato's history, such as the story of Pipila. The artisan believed that in order to make good toys, one had to have a good disposition. If one is angry, toys come out ugly. He also believed the toys have a life of their own as they were made to make people laugh. His work has earned him recognition including the Cigarrera La Moderna and the Premio Fomento Cultural Banamex in 1996, support from the Programa de Apoyo a las Culturas Municipales y Comunitarias in 2001 and the Galardón Nacional from the first Concurso Nacional del Juguete Popular Mexicano sponsored by Museo del Juguete Popular Mexicano "La Esquina" in San Miguel de Allende and FONART.