pubmed_ids
stringlengths 41
6.9k
| questions
stringlengths 13
215
| ground_truth
stringlengths 2
7.79k
|
|---|---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20874444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18208360,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21076489,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942449,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19408108,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21431325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126506,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18371346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114762,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22187289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066462,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193389 | Can FOXOs modulate longevity? | FOXOs are reliable markers of longevity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25379047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24853856,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8194267,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275783,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22984203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664367,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12451613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11002482,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11442445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21631649,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18406474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23927937 | Which antibody is implicated in the Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis? | The syndrome defined by Bickerstaff of progressive, external ophthalmoplegia and ataxia, with disturbance of consciousness or hyperreflexia, has subsequently been associated with antiganglioside antibody, anti-GQ1b |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18383392,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21611196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649045,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21600203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18759964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22161761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22823586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19404929,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459811,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19931339,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23318734,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21416408,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20223711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20870441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864373,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21354921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23138379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22562984 | Which micro-RNAs have been associated in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis? | Different expression patterns of mir-146a, miRNA-155, miRNA-124a, mir-203, mir-223, mir-346, mir-132, mir-363, mir-498, mir-15a, and mir-16 were documented in several tissue sample types of RA patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23949953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17992550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17693524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21739570,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743367,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14577033,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9580776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253176,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216705 | Is there an association between FGFR3 mutation and plagiocephaly? | Yes, FGFR3 mutation is associated with plagiocephaly. It is the most common mutation in plagiocephaly. FGFR genes have important effects on bone development, and mutations in 4 "hot spot" exons of FGFR1-3 are found in many patients with craniosynostosis and some with synostotic plagiocephaly. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7587629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9732216,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601048,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12842543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7585612,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7544777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742519,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11751503,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9949626,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12747468,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9815811,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8869105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224749,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9849582,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9413216 | Are CD44 variants (CD44v) associated with poor prognosis of metastasis? | Yes, several isoforms (obtained by by usage of ten variant exons in various combinations) have been causally related to metastasis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2653554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3704568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8185987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614251,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1459383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6887404,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22453268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6534448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3758628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19281722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8394146,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20877608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3765943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20527606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10198479,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493360,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8022508 | Is Bladder training an effective method to treat urge incontinence ? | Yes. Bladder training is a simple, safe, and effective treatment in the management of mild to moderate forms of urinary incontinence in outpatient populations. It can be used as a first-line treatment or in combination with such other interventions as pelvic muscle exercises, bladder pressure biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and drug therapy. Quoted results vary from 26 to 90% . Patients with sensory urgency appeared to do better than those with detrusor instability and it is suggested that bladder training may be indicated as primary treatment in sensory urgency. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16381939,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22140104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18940862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982513,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097890 | What is the scope of the OMIA database? | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a comprehensive, annotated catalogue of inherited disorders and other familial traits in animals. OMIA is a comprehensive resource of phenotypic information on heritable animal traits and genes in a strongly comparative context, relating traits to genes where possible. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15693100,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22859354,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21145533,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949668 | What is the effect of methotrexate in treating uveitis due to juvenile idiopathic arthritis ? | The first-line standard therapy for uveitis is topical and systemic corticosteroids, often reinforced by methotrexate as a second-line disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). MTX has a topical steroid sparing effect as well. Early treatment with MTX is advocated to prevent complications such as cataract. There are no trial data on the effect of MTX. Most experience among DMARD's/ immunosuppressive drugs has been obtained with methotrexate (MTX) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. However, controlled studies in uveitis are still missing, so that treatment with MTX and all other immunosuppressive drugs (ciclosporine A, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil) only reaches an evidence level III (expert opinion, clinical experience or descriptive study). Biologic DMARDs can be used with Methotrexate in refractory uveitis as well. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200467,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7831320,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24552703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863084,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/729595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24273643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6478055,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/956186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118133,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22817748,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2072458,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9707557,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9725672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1002690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6649413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713356,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985415,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10662770 | Which are the enzymes involved in the addition of 7-methylguanosine in mRNA? | The 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5′ end of mRNA is essential for efficient gene expression and cell viability. Methylation of the guanosine cap is necessary for the translation of most cellular mRNAs in all eukaryotic organisms in which it has been investigated. In some experimental systems, cap methylation has also been demonstrated to promote transcription, splicing, polyadenylation and nuclear export of mRNA. In the addition of 7-methylguanosine in mRNA involved the RNA polymerase II, RNA guanylyltransferase and RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase enzymes.The enzymes involved in the addition of 7-methylguanosine in mRNA are RNA guanylyltransferase and 5'-phosphatase (RNGTT), RNA guanine-7 methyltransferase (RNMT or hMTr1), RNMT-activating mini-protein (RAM), RNA polymerase II, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), and Myc. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175603 | What is HOCOMOCO? | HOCOMOCO is a comprehensive collection of human transcription factor binding sites models constructed by integration of binding sequences obtained by both low- and high-throughput methods. HOCOMOCO contains 426 systematically curated TFBS models for 401 human TFs, where 172 models are based on more than one data source. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20596736 | In which condition was protein S100A7 originally identified? | Psoriasin (S100A7) was originally identified in psoriasis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073769,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22019751,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971728,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18942671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18996189,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20694403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7865648,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565522,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17669709,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9416973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19942153 | Do proton pump inhibitors affect thyroxine absorption? | Proton-pump inhibitors, antacids and a long list of drugs may decrease thyroxine absorption.
Patients with hypothyroidism and normal TSH values during LT4 replacement therapy may need additional thyroid function testing after treatment with PPIs and may need adjustment of their LT4 dose. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21070773 | Is PER3 required for CHK2 activation in human cells? | Depletion of Per3 by siRNA almost completely abolished activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) after inducing DNA damage in human cells.Per3, a circadian gene, is required for Chk2 activation in human cells.Per3, a circadian gene, is required for Chk2 activation in human cells. Per3, a circadian gene, is required for Chk2 activation in human cells.Per3 overexpression induced Chk2 activation in the absence of exogenous DNA damage,Per3 gene, involved in circadian rhythm control, is required for Chk2 activation in human cells. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6422832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358266,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12537197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9010711 | What is the typical alteration of the thyroid profile metabolism early after coronary artery bypass graft surgery? | Low T3 Syndrome is the more frequent alteration of thyroid hormone profile early after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17115031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21283078,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22090504,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15788569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20137952,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11169763,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14532112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675552,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835624 | Which proteins are involved in actin bundling and filopodia formation and function? | A number of proteins have been found to regulate F-actin bundling and enhance filopodia formation and motility. Among these are Cysteine-rich protein 1 (CRP1), Fascin, Macrophage actin-associated tyrosine phosphorylated protein (MAYP/PSTPIP2), Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate p53 (IRSp53), Missing in metastasis protein (MIM), Eps8, Diaphanous-related formin (dDia2) and Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25015293,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441028,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26100014,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26528322 | What does the SAGA complex acronym stands for? | SAGA stands for Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339216 | What is the result of the interaction between TSC1 and PLK1? | Phosphorylated TSC1 (hamartin) interacts with Plk1 independent of TSC2 (tuberin), with all three proteins present in a complex, and negatively regulates the protein levels of Plk1, to control centrosome duplication. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823122,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195105 | What are the characteristics of the "Universal Proteomics Standard 2" (UPS2)? | The UPS2 proteomic dynamic range standard was introduced by the Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Proteomics Standards Research Group in 2006 and it has a dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25027299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19625506,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24486837,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973246 | Which polyQ tract protein is linked to Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2? | Ataxin-2 is an evolutionarily conserved protein first identified in humans as responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). The molecular basis of SCA2 is the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in Ataxin-2, encoding a Lsm domain that may bind RNA and a PAM2 motif that enables interaction with the poly (A) binding protein. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10494833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10592219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16519798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1717335,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16679345,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2672273,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040183 | Which are the smallest known subviral pathogens of plants? | Contrary to earlier beliefs, viruses are not the smallest causative agents of infectious diseases. Single-stranded RNAs as small as 246 nucleotides exist in certain higher plants and cause more than a dozen crop diseases. These RNAs have been termed viroids. Viroids are plant subviral pathogens whose genomes are constituted by a single-stranded and covalently closed small RNA molecule that does not encode for any protein.Since the discovery of non-coding, small, highly structured, satellite RNAs (satRNAs) and viroids as subviral pathogens of plants , have been of great interest to molecular biologists as possible living fossils of pre-cellular evolution in an RNA world. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24985919,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24916752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1901428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19009810,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2511623,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24469437,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2515622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24176480,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8115806,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22470757,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7676521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996126 | What causes Katayama Fever? | Katayama fever is an acute clinical condition characterised by high fever, dry cough and general malaise occurring during early Schistosoma spp. infection. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21968872,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615229,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739566,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21159787 | List clinical trials for prevention of sarcopenia | Several clinical trials with androgen replacement therapy.
Study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the rate of muscle protein synthesis. This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00794079 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23328413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23894139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24093637 | Which is the database of molecular recognition features in membrane proteins? | mpMoRFsDB provides valuable information related to disorder-based protein-protein interactions in membrane proteins.mpMoRFsDB provides valuable information related to disorder-based protein-protein interactions in membrane proteins mpMoRFsDB provides valuable information related to disorder-based protein-protein interactions in membrane proteins |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23262288 | Which database is available for the identification of chorion proteins in Lepidopteran proteomes? | LepChorionDB |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17593379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12435217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8136666,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20979541,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753687,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15292498 | Are there any clinical trials of the effect of evening primrose oil on postmenopausal symptoms ? | Yes |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11906,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25256446,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26029718,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14643388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17805474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702882,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8935410,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19343043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6442343,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25217571,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8552676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19862843,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19371716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585405,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9505277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19775921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468225,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25036864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9668092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25786784,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9883081,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409258 | Is acid alpha-glucosidase the enzyme that causes Pompe disease when mutant? | Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme responsible for degradation of lysosomal glycogen (acid α-glucosidase (GAA))Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA), responsible for degradation of lysosomal glycogen. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23516487 | Which kinase is inhibited by Tripolin A? | Tripolin A reduced the localization of pAurora A on spindle microtubules (MTs), affected centrosome integrity, spindle formation and length, as well as MT dynamics in interphase, consistent with Aurora A inhibition by RNAi or other specific inhibitors, such as MLN8054 or MLN8237. Interestingly, Tripolin A affected the gradient distribution towards the chromosomes, but not the MT binding of HURP (Hepatoma Up-Regulated Protein), a MT-associated protein (MAP) and substrate of the Aurora A kinase. Therefore Tripolin A reveals a new way of regulating mitotic MT stabilizers through Aurora A phosphorylation. Mitotic regulators exhibiting gain of function in tumor cells are considered useful cancer therapeutic targets for the development of small-molecule inhibitors.Tripolin A inhibits Aurora A kinase activity both in vitro and in human cells. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380919,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25571406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23002710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24068903,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518144,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509078,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23366158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25518365,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026336,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25796616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23056472,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23664865,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25483880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25060859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25303540,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24555016,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24022017 | Is the optogenetics tool ChR2 light-sensitive? | Channelrhodospin-2 (ChR2) is a light-sensitive ion channel that has emerged as new optogenetics tool. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12088291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9494603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7544735,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223021,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18808732,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9494604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20065953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530599,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9329582,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19579539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925651,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11583357,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17559560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18355899,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18569246,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17233806,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7687205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10697616 | Is the Prostate- Specific Antigen (PSA) test relevant only for prostate cancer? | No, although the PSA test can detect high levels of PSA that may indicate the presence of prostate cancer, many other conditions, such as an enlarged or inflamed prostate, can also increase PSA levels. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19823916,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698923,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6583309,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21194654,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568668 | List symptoms of Hakim Triad. | Triad of Hakim--Adams is well known for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): dementia, gait disturbances and urinary incontinence. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276163,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23255952 | Which is the cellular target of gefitinib? | The specific cellular target of Gefitinib (Iressa) is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19925868,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24971553,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466495,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25947341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22705788,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19412554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683767 | What kind of bonds are connecting keratin molecules? | cystine disulfide bonds
amide bonds
hydrogen bonds |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15736079,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22832772,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621443,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255803,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1623312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2929356 | Is autism one of the characteristics of Moebius syndrome? | Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder usually defined as a combination of facial weakness with impairment of ocular abduction. A strong association of Moebius syndrome with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has been suggested in early studies with heterogenous age groups. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16519897,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17515962,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12237298,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833651,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12032137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22561503,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22496245,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16036219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17971438,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23362265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631655,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15556994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22961106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23455424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697544,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23341466 | Is Sarcolipin a regulatory/inhibitory protein of the Calcium ATPase SERCA? | Sarcolipin (SLN) is a 3 kD membrane protein found in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and it is a newly identified regulator of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (Serca) pump. SLN inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) activity and reduces its affinity of Ca(2+), resulting in dysfunction of myocardial contraction and heart failure. Sarcolipin is a key regulator of SERCA2a in atria.Sarcolipin (SLN) has emerged as an important regulator of the atrial sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ transport.Sarcolipin (SLN) is a 3 kD membrane protein found in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It has 31 amino acid residues; SLN and phopholamban (PLB) are belong to the same protein family, so they have similar physiological functions. SLN inhibits sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) activity and reduces its affinity of Ca(2+), resulting in dysfunction of myocardial contraction and heart failure. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8068955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9207444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1548931 | What is the risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia in Fanconi anemia? | A review of all of the cases of Fanconi anemia (FA) reported to the International Fanconi Anemia Registry (IFAR) indicates that at least 15% manifest acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or preleukemia.A review of all of the cases of Fanconi anemia (FA) reported to the International Fanconi Anemia Registry (IFAR) indicates that at least 15% manifest acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or preleukemia |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241680,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038757,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19755431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403557,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23378035 | How many different mutations have been associated with Muenke syndrome? | Muenke syndrome, also known as FGFR3-associated coronal synostosis, is defined molecularly by the presence of a heterozygous nucleotide transversion, c.749C>G, encoding the amino acid substitution Pro250Arg, in the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3 gene (FGFR3). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24778561,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25380024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21244652,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23024794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10985940,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24204719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22386678,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26140187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20938838,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18751991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26259290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576416,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21686347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23072857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10519426,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482298,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18945714 | How can the fetal Rhesus be determined with non-invasive testing? | The detection of fetal RhD status can be achieved with the non-invasive method of assessing free fetal DNA in the maternal blood. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281410,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24403316,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833660,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22558250,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362515,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307169,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25327883,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25023328,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24622121 | Which genes have been proposed as potential candidates for gene therapy of heart failure? | There are at least 6 genes which have been proposed as potential candidates of gene therapy in heart failure.
1. Cardiac Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 2A (SERCA2A)
2. Inhibitor 1 (I-1) of Protein Phosphatase 1B
3. Protein Phosphatase 1B (PP1B)
4. Yes Associated Protein (YAP)
5. Survivin
6. S100A1 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16916274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19093699,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18220151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481442,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14572819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21760740,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613770 | DX-88 is investigational name of which drug? | DX-88 is investigational name of a drug Ecallantide, a 60-amino acid recombinant protein discovered through phage display technology, that is a highly specific, potent inhibitor of human plasma kallikrein that has been used successfully in the treatment of patients experiencing acute hereditary angioedema attacks. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14556882,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6180691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118730,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23094889,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1713403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17655675 | What type of arrhythmia is known as bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BDVT)? | Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT), which is characterized by an alternating beat-to-beat ECG QRS axis, is a rare but intriguing arrhythmia associated with digitalis toxicity, familial catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and several other conditions that predispose cardiac myocytes to delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and triggered activity. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT) is an uncommon type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT). Based on similarity of electrocardiographic features, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia has been considered a variant of long QT syndrome. Evidence from human and animal studies attributes BVT to alternating ectopic foci originating from the distal His-Purkinje system in the left and/or right ventricle, respectively. This "ping pong" mechanism of reciprocating bigeminy readily produces the characteristic ECG pattern of BVT and its degeneration to polymorphic VT if additional sites develop bigeminy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21572129,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21287604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23940258,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23227859 | Which genes have been found to be associated with restless leg syndrome | Human L-Ferritin
The genotypes of five specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three genes
Homozygosity for the T-allele of BTBD9 rs9296249
MEIS1
Intragenic guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 duplication
LRRK2 gene mutation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300384 | Is the circadian clock involved in ribosome biogenesis? | Yes. The circadian clock coordinates ribosome biogenesis. It influences the temporal translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in ribosome biogenesis by controlling the transcription of translation initiation factors as well as the clock-dependent rhythmic activation of signaling pathways involved in their regulation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24076290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807557 | Can mutations in Calmodulin cause ventricular fibrillation? | Yes, mutations in CALM underly IVF manifesting in childhood and adolescence. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19391106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164785,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21516337,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17005721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20606646 | Do the Sleeping Beauty or the piggyBac transposons have higher transposition efficiency? | Compared with Sleeping Beauty, PiggyBac exhibits higher transposition efficiencies. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22727621 | Where does TORC1 sequester during heat stress? | Upon heat stress, TORC1 is recruited to stress granules. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23631188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177763,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712596,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23652451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22825670,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790601 | Is rivaroxaban metabolized in kidneys? | rivaroxaban undergoes renal metabolism |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16379031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3826875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3680580,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3943269,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2315439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16449486 | What are the side effects of Nalmefene? | Side effects of nalmefene include nausea, dizziness / lightheadedness, insomina, fatigue, vomiting, reduced caloric intake / apetite, increased self-rated alertness and decreased tiredness. In horses some passage of semifluid fecal material, intermittent penile relaxation, and mild sedation has been described. In some studies nalmefene was well tolerated by all subjects, and no clinically significant adverse effects were observed. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15908750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17958891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21893004,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486326,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14681759,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24092421,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16088920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24029077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21336163,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23610866,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16150342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19302864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20158378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11891681,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428734,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20145308,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23427518 | Is Hirschsprung disease one of the characteristics of the Mowat-Wilson syndrome? | Mowat-Wilson syndrome is characterized by typical facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, genital anomalies, congenital heart disease, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and eye defects.Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare genetic condition where variable and multiple congenital anomalies including Hirschsprung s disease, intellectual disability, and prominent facial features are present Yes. Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare genetic condition where variable and multiple congenital anomalies including Hirschsprungs disease, intellectual disability, and prominent facial features are present |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24260251,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23028459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23434623,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17646288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24110485,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855662,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23185389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22719993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18508807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19346957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602267,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17267438,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21731658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465376,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21609954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21668950,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23696895,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680138,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17939863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633938,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602527,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20823330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654636,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689812,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22808075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074336,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22893106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433471 | Which are the most common methods for gene prioritization analysis? | Functional annotation-based approaches and literature-based approaches have been initially used. In recent years, network-based methods - which utilize a knowledge network derived from biological knowledge - have been utilized for gene prioritization. Currently network-based methods are the ones most widely used. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14978161,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19186246,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14983006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21439862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18407555,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694559,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17429051,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273592 | Which is the most common disease attributed to malfunction or absence of primary cilia? | When ciliary function is perturbed, photoreceptors may die, kidney tubules develop cysts, limb digits multiply and brains form improperly. Mice display abnormalities very similar to those of patients with neonatal diabetes and hypothyroidism syndrome, including the development of diabetes and polycystic kidney disease. Malformation of primary cilia, and in the collecting ducts of kidney tubules this is accompanied by development of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (PKD). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22593086,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23824177,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24021724,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22207614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232343 | What is the usefulness of ultraconserved elements in phylogeny? | Because orthologous UCEs can be obtained from a wide array of taxa, are polymorphic at shallow evolutionary timescales, and can be generated rapidly at low cost, they are an effective genetic marker for studies investigating evolutionary patterns and processes at shallow timescalesUltraconserved elements and their flanking DNA are novel phylogenomic markers that resolve placental mammal phylogeny when combined with species-tree analysis. Because orthologous UCEs can be obtained from a wide array of taxa, are polymorphic at shallow evolutionary timescales, and can be generated rapidly at low cost, they are an effective genetic marker for studies investigating evolutionary patterns and processes at shallow timescales. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897647,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480736,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12082102,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23328389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23597147,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17261956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22814427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23231023,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21278326,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20195728,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23429588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21085923,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12437507,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24402297,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20045181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21400214,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12689580,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23927483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24033615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22231731,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18378784,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15920997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23872196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15302727,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253609,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17578162 | Treprostinil is an analogue for which prostaglandin? | Treprostinil is a prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) analog. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14564153,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358632,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023959,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7981855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11477602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213048,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059018 | Which are the characteristics of the Meier-Gorlin syndrome? | The Meier-Gorlin syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by the association of bilateral microtia, aplasia or hypoplasia of the patellae, and severe pre- and postnatal growth retardation.The Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by bilateral microtia, aplasia or hypoplasia of the patellae, and severe intrauterine and post-natal growth retardation The Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by bilateral microtia, aplasia or hypoplasia of the patellae, and severe intrauterine and post-natal growth retardation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17644022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18627336,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843412,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8294487,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15024629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433057,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15453048,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21653695,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8437594,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16781064,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12412377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228687,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1379912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10155294,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22652185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24485911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2023606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24389070 | Which enzyme is deficient in Gaucher's disease? | Gaucher's disease is caused by deficient lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activityGaucher disease is an inborn recessive autosomal disease due to a partial deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme beta glucocerebrosidase. The deficient activity leads to accumulation of the lipid glucocerebroside in the liver, the spleen and bone marrow with concomitant anemia and thrombocytopenia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134243,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23394616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525527 | What is the role of Hsp90 inhibition in cancer therapy? | Hsp90 inhibition is followed by G1/S cell cycle arrest, downregulation of key signalling proteins such as IGF-IR, Akt, IKK-α, IKK-β, FOXO1, ERK1/2 and c-Met, and sequestration-mediated inactivation of NF-κB, resulting in disruption of oncogenic signalling integrity, reduced cell proliferation, decline of cell motility, enhanced apoptotic cell death, and finally, sensitization of cancer cells to additional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23951168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25499213,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6502196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479172,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9447621 | Which is the most common type of pediatric cerebellar tumor? | Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant cerebellar tumor seen in the pediatric age group, which has a known ability to metastasize extraneurally.Medulloblastoma is a malignant cerebellar tumor seen primarily in the pediatric age group that has a known ability to metastasize extraneurally |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23344957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209571,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20618441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23429937 | Which is the E3 ubiquitin ligase of Hsp90? | Carboxyl terminus of hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) can mediate ubiquitination of the 90 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp90) in vitro, with subsequent proteasomal degradation of the chaperone. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242812,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18062815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16569506,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2431391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1409666,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24063013,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306699,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12416885,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234404,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744320,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6802826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16592117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3127591,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18954974,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1903389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9548282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11690696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19224391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8187585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16190625,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8344905,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23664178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3931221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2502578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16593484,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3086870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7678762,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11504069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8419325 | Which are the major phycobiliproteins present in cyanobacteria? | Phycobiliproteins are derived from the photosynthetic apparatus of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae, and form their large extrinsic antenna complexes called phycobilisomes. Phycobilisomes have a core composed from allophycocyanin (APC) and rods, which are of variable phycobiliprotein composition. C-Phycocyanin (C-Pc) is one of the major light harvesting biliprotein pigments constitutively produced by many cyanobacteria, such as Spirulina platenesis (a blue-green alga). B-Phycoerythrin (B-PE) is an other major light-harvesting pigment found in red algae and cyanobacteria. R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) is the major light-harvesting pigment protein of most red algal phycobilisomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21162130,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983262,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24128992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004816 | Is PLK2 involved in alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in the nervous system? | Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) phosphorylates alpha-synuclein at serine 129 in the central nervous system.Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) phosphorylates alpha-synuclein at serine 129 in central nervous system |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23917025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22651672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24104931,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24558617,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182222,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572334,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10666703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22503551,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25134955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012 | In which kingdom do microsporidia belong, according to their current classification scheme? | Traditionally, microsporidia were considered as protozoans, but recently they have been reclassified as the earliest-diverging clade of sequenced fungi. Microsporidia are a diverse group of obligate, intracellular, eukaryotic, spore-forming parasites; they are ubiquitous fungi, with genomes that have undergone a strong reduction. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9536090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8445613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799477,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11863303,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349612,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8042665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3729752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4022362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3203701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3701378,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585054,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11731280,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16791377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10080180,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2163170,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18266676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2230849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967842 | What is the inheritance pattern of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy? | The inheritance pattern of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) can be X-linked, autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20589316,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22388002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21666370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16637459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20888031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19888525 | What is the mechanism of action of anticoagulant medication Dabigatran? | Dabigatran is orally administered, reverisble direct and competetive inhibitor of both free and bouded thrombin. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10332042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16423829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15471887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9384607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10384264 | What is the effect of a defective CLN3 gene? | Mutations in the CLN3 gene, which encodes a lysosomal membrane protein, are responsible for the neurodegenerative disorder juvenile Batten disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11731613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18031713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831522 | Which genes are regulated by TRalpha2 in the heart? | ARB1, ARB2, TAK1, p38, TRalpha1 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25103963 | Is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) able to affect tendon protein synthesis in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients? | Tendon protein synthesis rate in classic Ehlers-Danlos patients can be stimulated with insulin-like growth factor-I In an experimental setting, baseline protein synthesis rates in connective tissue appeared normal in classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon protein synthesis rate to IGF-I injections. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18989393,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19785723,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24225132,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16568545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17237066,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16597327,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11590105 | List available methods for transmembrane protein topology prediction. | HMMpTM, MetaTM, Philius, HMM_RA, HMMTOP, MEMSAT3, HMM-TM, TMHMM, Phobius and SignalP. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18092827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591467,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22934101,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15978039,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17317955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17674077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669806,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108743,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17389148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20948965,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795750 | Does GC content vary markedly within a given isochore? | Isochores are relatively long regions with a relatively homogeneous GC content, and with rather sharp boundaries with neighboring isochores. The base composition, and thus the GC content may differ between different isochores, but is more or less consistent within a given isochore. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22193721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12024216,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22589388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23019416,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677000 | Is tubulin acetylation involved in cell motility? | Yes, induction of alpha-tubulin acetylation correlates with inhibition of cell motility, while it is involved in additional cellular processes, e.g. cell cycle progression, differentiation, intracellular trafficking, and signalling. Dynamic microtubule (MT) acetylation/deacetylation mediating cell motility and adhesion is controlled by enzymes such as HDAC6, a major cytoplasmic α-tubulin deacetylase. While its overexpression and activation is capable to enhance cell motility, HDAC6 activity can also be negatively regulated by a number of cellular inhibitors, thus decreasing the ability of cells for migration. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25657347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21297621,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21297619 | List available genetic multicolor cell labeling techiniques in Drosophila | Flybow and Drosophila Brainbow. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365168,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15121845,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11790801,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7593195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24045665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11526479,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16868306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18792103,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22627188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075196 | Which growth factors are known to be involved in the induction of EMT? | EMT is characterized by acquisition of cell motility, modifications of cell morphology, and cell dissociation correlating with the loss of desmosomes from the cellular cortex. A number of growth factors have been shown to be involved in this process. These include fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TNF-α, CCN family, Sonic Hedgehog (SHh), Notch1, GF-β, Wnt, EGF, bFGF, IGF-I and IGF-II. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8670839,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11877447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7720713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439772,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9200812,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15649888,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17096368,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19469713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11223939,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22157760,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21361388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648636 | What is the function of the yeast protein Aft1? | The Aft1 transcription factor regulates the iron regulon in response to iron availability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Aft1 activates a battery of genes required for iron uptake under iron-starved conditions, whereas Aft1 function is inactivated under iron-replete conditions. Aft1 interacts with the FOB (ferrioxamine B) transporter Arn3 and may regulate the ubiquitination of Arn3 in the cytosolic compartment. Aft1 has been implicated in numerous cellular processes including cell-cycle progression and chromosome stability. Aft1 has also been shown to affect a diverse range of cellular processes, including the RIM101 pH pathway, cell-wall stability, DNA damage, protein transport, chromosome stability, mitochondrial function, while it was recently shown to interact with the kinetochore protein Iml3 and to promote pericentromeric cohesin. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20634894,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137083,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15336969,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15769782,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17019811,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22820313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16432188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235537,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610310,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19324307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17998275,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010801,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22155237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22427649 | Can PLN mutations lead to dilated cardiomyopathy? | Yes, PLN mutations can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7620118 | Which is the genetic lesion associated with Huntington’s disease? | The genetic lesion associated with Huntington's disease is a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the HD (or HTT) gene. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17958891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19842203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23243526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12746390,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23427518,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23322667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486326,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428734,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24282181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17103451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21957361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18792984,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21893004,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401652,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14681759,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16088920 | Is corpus callosum involved in the Mowat–Wilson syndrome? | Yes, agenesis of the corpus callosum is common patients with Mowat–Wilson syndrome. Other characteristic features of Mowat–Wilson syndrome include typical facial features, moderate-to-severe mental retardation, epilepsy and variable congenital malformations, including Hirschsprung disease, genital anomalies, congenital heart disease, and eye defects. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23595227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24038352,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23166019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106759,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25250711 | Which histone modification discriminates between active and poised enhancers? | Monomethylation of histone H3 on Lys 4 (H3K4me1) and acetylation of histone H3 on Lys 27 (H3K27ac) are histone modifications that are highly enriched over the body of actively transcribed genes and on enhancers. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25801169,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25650801,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24119843,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26569311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25263595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25564661,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23582322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857652 | What are the properties of super-enhancers? | Super-enhancers differ from typical enhancers in size, transcription factor density and content, ability to activate transcription, and sensitivity to perturbation. Defined by their magnitude of size, transcription factor density, and binding of transcriptional machinery, super-enhancers have been associated with genes driving cell differentiation. In this respect, the super-enhancer definition is useful in identifying regulatory elements likely to control genes important for cell type specification. Super-enhancers thus play key roles in the control of mammalian cell identity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2190528,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7981072,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22672556,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075382 | What is the inheritance pattern of Li–Fraumeni syndrome? | Li-Fraumeni syndrome shows autosomal dominant inheritance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9152623,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10649815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6788711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12477530,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2738821,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10649814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23090264,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2520800,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2803131,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6868876 | Which pituitary adenoma is common cause of infertility is women? | Prolactinoma is a pituitary adenoma that is strongly associated with infertility in women mainly due to increased prolactin secretion causing hyperprolactinemia. Other pituitary lesions can also be associated with infertility. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12184783,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11841206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10581234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20852254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9699633,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9489705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10339434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12531390,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12482242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11555290 | What is the role of mismatched uracil glycosylase (Mug) in DNA repair? | The mismatch-specific uracil DNA glycosylase (MUG) belongs to a homologous family of DNA glycosylases that initiate base-excision repair of G:U/T mismatches. The crystal structure of the Mug repair complex points to a preference of Mug for G:U over G:T mispairs. Nonetheless, Mug does not repair U:G or T:G mismatches in vivo. Mug possesses xanthine DNA glycosylase (XDG) activity in E.coli. The repair activity of Mug is more robust against xanthine than uracil. Furthermore, Mug excises the alkylated base, 3, N(4)-ethenocytosine (epsilonC) from epsilonC:G mismatches, and may be the only enzyme in E.coli that can remove this mutagenic adduct. Thus, the principal role of Mug may be the repair of DNA damages caused by exogenous chemical agents such as chloroacetaldehyde. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18954857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20880963,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204552,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016324,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17579492,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073124,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18486124 | Which are the cardiac effects of thyronamines? | Thyronamines have negative chronotropy, negative inotropy; in particular thyronamines are considered negative inotropic agentsIn the heart, thyronamines cause negative chronotropy, negative inotropy,reduced cardiac output and resistance to ischemic injury. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18181050,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17126894,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482958,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20497967,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533873,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807624,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16622465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22832803,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300028,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15871762,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19238629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387666,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19691369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978446,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15011787,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16336753 | Matuzumab has been tested for treatment of which cancers? | Matuzumab has been tested for treatment of non-small cell lung, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, primary peritoneal, pancreatic, ovarian and cervical cancers. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079621 | Which are the synonyms of prostate-specific antigen? | Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a 33 kDa single chain glycoprotein belonging to the kallikrein family of serine proteases which is produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. PSA is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. PSA is also known as human kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (hK3).Human kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (hK3), also known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), is a 33 kDa single chain glycoprotein belonging to the kallikrein family of serine proteases. (PMID: 19079621) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26121906,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25189622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25132820,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24394544,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25894691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25110833 | What is the lipid droplet used for in the cell? | Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous and physiologically active organelles regulating storage and mobilization of lipids in response to metabolic demands. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24339831,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26052092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24039610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24609083,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25404635,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7678559 | What is the function of circular RNA? | Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of RNA that, unlike linear RNAs, form a covalently closed continuous loop and are highly represented in the eukaryotic transcriptome. The biogenesis of circular RNA is an integral, conserved, and regulated feature of the gene expression program. Circular RNAs play a crucial role in fine tuning the level of miRNA mediated regulation of gene expression by sequestering the miRNAs. Recent research has revealed that circRNAs can function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, regulators of splicing and transcription, and modifiers of parental gene expression.Circular RNAs are new players in regulation of post transcriptional gene expression. Circular RNAs play a crucial role in fine tuning the level of miRNA mediated regulation of gene expression by sequestering the miRNAs. This new type of transcript might represent a novel aspect of gene expression and hold some interesting clues about the splicing mechanism. Here we determine the structure of these novel transcripts, showing that they correspond to circular RNA molecules containing only exons in genomic order. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21651461,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975102,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074479,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19631615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18416999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420989,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23419732,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467546,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17579658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109881,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17687131,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12848592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17244778,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18673209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19167593 | Can NXY-059 be used for treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients? | No. 2,4-disulfonylphenyl PBN derivative, called NXY-059 in the stroke studies, was shown to be safe in humans and was taken all the way through clinical phase 3 trials and then was deemed to be ineffective. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421417,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25659981,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25187905,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24281236,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22727480 | Is flibanserin effetive for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder? | Yes, flibanserin, a novel serotonin (5-HT)(1A) agonist and 5-HT(2A) antagonist, has been shown to increase sexual desire and reduce distress in women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990503,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23244628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274647 | List available biomedical question answering systems. | We live in an age of access to more information than ever before. The exponential growth in the volume of publications in the biomedical domain has made it impossible for an individual to keep pace with the advances. Thus, there is a need for intelligent information retrieval systems that can summarize relevant and reliable textual sources to satisfy a user's query. Question answering is a specialized type of information retrieval with the aim of returning precise short answers to queries posed as natural language questions. This accentuates the need for fast and accurate biomedical question answering systems. In this paper we introduce INDOC -- a biomedical question answering system based on novel ideas of indexing and extracting the answer to the questions posed. Increased access to information allows for more informed and empowered researchers, while information overload becomes an increasingly serious risk. INDOC displays the results in clusters to help the user arrive the most relevant set of documents quickly. Evaluation was done against the standard OHSUMED test collection. We present a review and comparison of three biomedical question answering systems: askHERMES, EAGLi ( http://eagl.unige.ch/EAGLi/ ), and HONQA ( http://services.hon.ch/cgi-bin/QA10/qa.pl ). askHERMES, EAGLi, HONQA and INDOC. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3595535,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7768329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3197644 | Which dediodinases are present in kidney? | Type 1 and Type 3 deiodinases are both present in liver |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675617,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15601828,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937699,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15502827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383454 | What is the presumed key event in Fanconi anemia pathogenesis? | Monoubiquitination of the Fanconi anaemia protein FANCD2 is a key event leading to repair of interstrand cross-links. Failure of FANCD2 monoubiquitination by the nuclear FA protein complex has a severe impact on the DNA repair functions of cells. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428356,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102633,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778717,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12436031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167117 | What is the effect of Allopurinol on asphyxia in neonates? | Allopurinol was shown in a number of clinical trial to be safe and effective for treatment of neonatal asphyxia. Allopurinol improves short-term and long-term clinical outcomes of neonatal asphyxia. Allopurinol should be administered as soon as possible. Postulated mechanism of allopurinol action in this setting is prevention of hypoxia-perfusion injury by reduction of free radical formation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20668034,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500064,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12643405,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8633935,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12079930,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1859661,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10343261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18290900,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719939,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3872103,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12213743,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594265 | Is recommended the use of perioperative treatment with thyroid hormone therapy in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting? | Currently there is no substantial evidence to justify routine use of thyroid hormones in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571714,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24479774,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24242746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24073237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16894110,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24935984,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14694036,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25934855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23827424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25192482,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21197541,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23763388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22496755,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273687,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20132991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24941067,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23529999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596713 | When is the protein NFL a biomarker? | Neurofilament light protein (NFL), may be released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS).
Neurofilament light chain is a prognostic biomarker in neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal degeneration, axonal injury, late-onset cerebellar ataxia, multiple sclerosis and head trauma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23822165,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650783,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473623,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936528,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23213054,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26221287,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395387 | Is protein CXCR4 used as a prognostic marker of cancer? | Yes, the chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been found to be a prognostic marker in various types of cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687816,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22975595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18658259,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10198194,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11470472,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312172,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274800,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11145561,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2142022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1415533,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20232113,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17317766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779840,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1827123,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8977381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15242794 | How does thyroid hormone regulate SR-Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) protein in the heart? | The thyroid hormone (TH) induced regulation of SERCA is mediated both by non-genomic and genomic actions.
Genomic actions are mediated by the binding of T(3) receptors (TRs) to the thyroid response elements in the SERCA promotor and result in increased gene expression.
Thyroid hormone increases the transcription of SERCA 2 through three thyroid hormone response elements.
Data show that the regulation of cardiac SERCA by thyroid hormone is made at the pretranslational and possibly transcriptional level
TRβ1 is shown to be coupled to the expression of SERCA in the heart
An increase of TR expression in the hypertrophied heart has been show to result in increased SERCA expression.
Inhibition of TRα1 by dronedarone does not change the expression of SERCA in the heart
Findings show that SERCA 2 gene expression is regulated by TR isoform-specific interactions with transcription factor (MEF-2)
Hypothyroidism is accompanied by decreased expression of SERCA in the heart. T3 increases expression of the cardiac SERCA
TH treatment can reverse the reduction in the ratio of SERCA to phospholamban expression which is found in postinfarcted hearts
TH treatment results in increased expression of SERCA in hearts from banded rats |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25436858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19791510 | Which trancription factor activates the betalain pathway? | The beet Y locus encodes an anthocyanin MYB-like protein that activates the betalain red pigment pathway. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291220 | List common symptoms of patients with the DOORS syndrome. | DOORS syndrome is a constellation of deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, mental retardation, and seizures. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of unknown cause. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25218787,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500647,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22839575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17697502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12498419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21303301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22773950 | Which is the most well-accepted method for Down syndrome non-invasive prenatal diagnosis? | Currently, two applications for NIPD of Down syndrome have been developed with potential and have displayed positive results; the NIPD using next-generation sequencing technologies and the NIPD using the methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This study examined the methylation difference in AIRE and RASSF1A between maternal and placental DNA, and the implication of this difference in the identification of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma and in prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. Diagnosis of trisomy 21 was established according to the ratio of fetal-specific AIRE to RASSF1A in maternal plasma. Both methods confirmed that AIRE and RASSF1A were hypomethylated in maternal blood cells but hypermethylated in placental or chorionic villus tissues. It was concluded that hypermethylated AIRE and RASSF1A may serve as fetal-specific markers for the identification of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and may be used for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21.This study examined the methylation difference in AIRE and RASSF1A between maternal and placental DNA, and the implication of this difference in the identification of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma and in prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. Similarly, cell-free fetal DNA can be reliably recovered from maternal plasma and assessed by quantitative PCR to detect fetal trisomy 21 and paternally derived single gene mutations. The presence of foetal DNA in the plasma of pregnant women has opened up new possibilities for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Moreover, the differential methylation for each locus could be seen during the whole pregnant period. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22855832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23284292,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22768981,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23355544,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682226,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904080 | Is the H3K4me3 histone mark related to transcriptional initiation or elongation? | H3K4me3 is associated with transcriptionally active genes, but its function in the transcription process is still unclear. It is well known to occur in the promoter region of genes for transcription activation but its levels correlate positively with the antisense expression levels of the associated sense genes implying that it may be also involved in the activation of antisense transcription. Although it is mostly associated with transcription initiation H3K4me3 levels determine the efficiency of transcription elongation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23938467,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21518916,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884093,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300856,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14717712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22896784,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15676026 | What does polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP4) bind to? | PABP4 binds mRNA poly(A) tails. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523546,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22126386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18726512,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15373777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19559031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21669844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2264817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16458019 | What is the average diameter of intermediate filaments? | Intermediate filaments have an average diameter of 10 nanometers (nm). |