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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32801768,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27431756,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31002008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33468799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26609205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30445951,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34207352,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33294265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34034550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31489588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568360,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32891715 | Which drugs are included in the Lonsurf combination pill? | Lonsurf is an oral fixed dose combination of trifluridine and tipiracil that is used for cancer treatment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34527703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34575910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807310 | What is the correlation of Cathepsin L and COVID-19? | Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a kind of the SARS-entry-associated CoV-2's proteases, which plays a key role in the virus's entry into the cell and subsequent infection |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15098001,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32650534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32341146,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31043522,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200852,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31571878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150165,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27974283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21453499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174726 | Is autism thought to be related to the Arginine Vasopressin Peptide (AVP)? | Differences in vasopressin levels in individuals suffering from the autism spectrum disorders have been demonstrated.Preclinical research suggests that arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neuropeptide involved in promoting mammalian social behaviors, may be a possible treatment for ASD. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31063641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33999203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31251384,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17888742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34265844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19046975,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18463136,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31388850,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20066664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23772049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15978619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18757875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26519323 | Are there any tools that could predict protein structure considering amino acid sequence? | Yes. Tools such as Jpred, Jnet, Porter 4.0 and PSIPRED Workbench have been developed that predict protein structure based solely on its amino acid sequence, whereas the recently updated Jnet algorithm provides a three-state (alpha-helix, beta-strand and coil) prediction of secondary structure at an accuracy of 81.5%.AlphaFold, PredictProtein, PSIPRED, Jpred and Porter do all predict protein stucture from amino acid sequence. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229705,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229709,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23086038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30683915,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25003191 | Which proteins does p110α interact with? | p110α interacts with p85α and RAS proteins.RAS interaction with PI3K p110α |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26168008 | Which is the protein-membrane interface of the Cholesterol-regulated Start protein 4 protein (STARD4)? | L124 is the protein-membrane interface of the Cholesterol-regulated Start protein 4 protein (STARD4).Our results show that STARD4 interacts with anionic membranes through a surface-exposed basic patch and that introducing a mutation (L124D) into the Omega-1 (Ω1) loop, which covers the sterol binding pocket, attenuates sterol transfer activity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17929738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28434443,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27741994,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9737490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22338211 | What causes the "worst headache" of a patient's life? | This is a classic description of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The gold standard for the diagnostic evaluation of a SAH remains non-contrast head computed tomography (CT) followed by lumbar puncture if the CT is negative.Headache is the most common presenting symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), ranging from mild headache to the "worst headache of my life"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with a mortality of more than 30%. Acute, severe headache, typically described as the worst headache of the patient's life, and meningismus are the characteristic manifestations of SAH. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20737197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18190704,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697349,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1493439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28623290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33390842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28160502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3332004,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3670047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24646303,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30226440,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2227545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29263157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28741879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30224636,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31144531,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26954716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306215,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8353142,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15929079 | Which are the types of cancer that c-Myc is associated with? | The types of cancer that c-Myc is associates with are breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.c-Myc is known to be deregulated in a variety of tumors, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), papillary thyroid cancer (PDA), ovarian cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and gastric cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29608137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33855023,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15743671 | Which pathways are involved in cellular senescence? | Cellular senescence requires signal transduction, and the two most important signaling pathways are the P16Ink4a/Rb (retinoblastoma protein) pathway and the P19Arf/P53/P21Cip1 pathway, which interact but independently regulate the process of the cells cycle. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34342696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1865568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637982,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21178099,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32791185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098710 | Which disease phenotype has the worst prognosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | A strong association between the risk of cognitive disability and the involvement of groups of DMD isoforms was found. In particular, improvements in the correlation of FSIQ with mutation location were identified when a new classification system for mutations affecting the Dp140 isoform was implemented. A strong association between the risk of cognitive disability and the involvement of groups of DMD isoforms was found. In particular, improvements in the correlation of FSIQ with mutation location were identified when a new classification system for mutations affecting the Dp140 isoform was implemented.Dp140 isoform is related to increased risk of cognitive impairment and thus worse prognosis.A strong association between the risk of cognitive disability and the involvement of groups of DMD isoforms was found. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31233613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32236823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34599308,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30524706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33835400,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31176720,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27428653 | What links developmental pathways to ALS? | A direct link between developmental pathways and ALS is not described. However, cytoskeletal proteins such as KIF5A are implicated in ALS, and the cytoskeletal protein N-cadherin is involved in plasticity of the cerebral cortex. Development depends on connections of the sympathetic nervous system, involving mechanisms such as axon growth, neuron survival, and dendrite growth. BACE1, which is involved in Alzheimer's disease, is also implicated in axonal regeneration. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29920472,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28571559,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31187860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1605898,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28154372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17369076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734114,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12803319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20223727,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16305990,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29285050,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12190008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22233815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15718159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12412207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15327481 | Is thalidomide used as an immunomodulatory drug nowadays? | Yes.Nowadays, thalidomide is being used as an immunomodulatory drug. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26475863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21984976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222500,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33127913 | Does p85α homodimerize? | p110α-free p85α homodimerizesYew, p85α forms homodimers |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11300855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21480669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21142079,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33217892,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31817628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22778837 | Which are the components that evaluate druglikeness? | Lipinski's rule states that, in general, an orally active drug has no more than one violation of the following criteria:
No more than 5 hydrogen bond donors (the total number of nitrogen–hydrogen and oxygen–hydrogen bonds)
No more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors (all nitrogen or oxygen atoms)
A molecular mass less than 500 daltons
An octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) that does not exceed 5In the discovery setting 'the rule of 5' predicts that poor absorption or permeation is more likely when there are more than 5 H-bond donors, 10 H-bond acceptors, the molecular weight (MWT) is greater than 500 and the calculated Log P (CLogP) is greater than 5 (or MlogP > 4.15) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33210357,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32514935,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32474043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33201001,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33842874,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34611496,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33614350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038021,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34599472,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32757246,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085063,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32579597,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33231487,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32651067,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33891615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32422062,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32587982,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32685191,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32875060,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33658619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33222020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33748156,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32485082,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33981731,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32611676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32320478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32558877,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32737124,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095513,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32242182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33504565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965603 | Do angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) increase the likelihood of severe COVID-19? | No. Patients receiving angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) should continue treatment with these agents if there is no other reason for discontinuation. Despite speculation that patients with COVID-19 who are receiving these agents may be at increased risk for adverse outcomes, accumulating evidence does not support an association of ACE inhibitors and ARBs with more severe disease. In addition, stopping these agents in some patients can exacerbate comorbid cardiovascular or kidney disease and increase mortality.ACEIs and ARBs were not associated with an increased risk of Covid-19 hospitalization or with hospitalization involving ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death.No. ACEIs and ARBs have not been shown to increase the likelihood of severe COVID-19 hospitalization. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18288422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24976143,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19432426,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17046567,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31679823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25114221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30880155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20801893,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306215,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26474287 | Which small molecules inhibit the c-Myc/Max dimerization? | Mycros are the first inhibitors of c-Myc/Max dimerization, which have been demonstrated to inhibit DNA binding of c-Myc with preference over other dimeric transcription factors in vitroMost Myc inhibitors prevent the association between Myc and its obligate heterodimerization partner Max via their respective bHLH-ZIP domainsPreviously we showed that two c-Myc-Max inhibitors, 10058-F4 and 10074-G5, bound to distinct ID regions of the monomeric c-Myc bHLHZip domainWe tested the efficacy of Mycro3, a small-molecule inhibitor of Myc-Max dimerizationIn a fluorescence polarization screen for the MYC-MAX interaction, we have identified a novel small-molecule inhibitor of MYC, KJ-Pyr-9, from a Kröhnke pyridine libraryWe have previously demonstrated that the small molecule 10058-F4, known to bind to the c-MYC bHLHZip dimerization domain and inhibiting the c-MYC/MAX interaction, also interferes with the MYCN/MAX dimerization in vitro and imparts anti-tumorigenic effects in neuroblastoma tumor models with MYCN overexpressionWe developed a series of small-molecule MYC inhibitors that engage MYC inside cells, disrupt MYC/MAX dimers, and impair MYC-driven gene expression.Inhibition of MYC/MAX dimerization by a small-molecule antagonist (IIA6B17) has been shown to interfere with MYC-induced transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts, suggesting that the functional inhibitors of the MYC family of oncoproteins have potential as therapeutic agents.The small molecules that inhibit c-Myc/Max dimerization are Mycro1, Mycro2, Mycro3, IIA6B17, celastrol, 10058-F4, 10074-G5, JY-3-094, KJ-Pyr-9, MYCi361 and MYCi975 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30571821,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31960231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248373,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32184340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6863354,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34877803 | Which models are used for predicting disease progression in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | Longitudinal changes in biomarkers were modeled with a cumulative distribution function using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach.Models used to predict disease progression of Duchenne Muscular Dyystrophy are: cumulative distribution function using a non-linear mixed effects approach, ...Longitudinal changes in biomarkers were modeled with a cumulative distribution function using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. Longitudinal progression of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy was also modeled using a weighted average probability method. Duchenne muscular dystrophy disease progression was modeled using the following models: linear progression function, logarithmological, multisubunit, linear multiple-parametry, and linear multiple sumModeling disease trajectory in Duchenne muscular dystrophy Longitudinal changes in biomarkers were modeled with a cumulative distribution function using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29765840,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657392,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889637,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25602021,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26041991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34137441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34776863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30682329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33661767,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34357138,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27195289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34018075 | What links muscle cellular pathways to ALS? | Changes to muscle cellular pathways may occur downstream of motor neuron pathology in ALS. Genetic changes to pathways that are important to muscle function may also be causal of the disease. In addition, changes to the muscle may be responsible for motor neuron death. Pathological changes occur in muscle before disease onset and independent from MN degeneration, and the muscle may release toxic elements, such as via extracellular vesicle secretion. Muscle metabolism and mitochondrial activity, RNA processing, tissue-resident stem cell function responsible for muscle regeneration, and proteostasis that regulates muscle mass in adulthood, are all deregulated in ALS. There may also be a link between motor neuron death, the immune system, and muscle cells, as muscle-resident glial cells have been shown to activate upon nerve injury. Muscle-restricted expression of a localized insulin-like growth factor Igf-1 isoform maintained muscle integrity and enhanced satellite cell activity in SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385028,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32956987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31289513,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25257576,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22247021,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26970110,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31309326,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846262,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034871,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33618059,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22329297,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34822010,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33325140,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30199525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31827279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26701267,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25065594,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32176377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34369256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29650325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9612526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33860195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11668624,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33709341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23572025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32308773,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440799 | For what known mutations is KRAS gene considered to be oncogenic? | G12C, G12V, G12D and G12A are all observed mutations of the KRAS oncogene. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29494137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30651929,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21057544,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29740032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135792,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21266249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28205613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222500,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300353,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24657164,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348926,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219545 | Which proteins does the p85α interact with? | p85α interacts with itself, with p110α and with p110d |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32737291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340971,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30688063,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27580047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28282132,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842804,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24803851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23742907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29750256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27254668,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33844527 | Computational tools for predicting allosteric pathways in proteins | CorrSite identifies potential allosteric ligand-binding sites based on motion correlation analyses between cavities.We find that CARDS captures allosteric communication between the two cAMP-Binding Domains (CBDs)Overall, it is demonstrated that the communication pathways could be multiple and intrinsically disposed, and the MC path generation approach provides an effective tool for the prediction of key residues that mediate the allosteric communication in an ensemble of pathways and functionally plausible residuesWe utilized a data set of 24 known allosteric sites from 23 monomer proteins to calculate the correlations between potential ligand-binding sites and corresponding orthosteric sites using a Gaussian network model (GNM)Here, we introduce the Correlation of All Rotameric and Dynamical States (CARDS) framework for quantifying correlations between both the structure and disorder of different regions of a proteinWe present a novel method, "MutInf", to identify statistically significant correlated motions from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulationsCorrSite identifies potential allosteric ligand-binding sites based on motion correlation analyses between cavities.Here, a Monte Carlo (MC) path generation approach is proposed and implemented to define likely allosteric pathways through generating an ensemble of maximum probability paths.Here, a Monte Carlo (MC) path generation approach is proposed and implemented to define likely allosteric pathways through generating an ensemble of maximum probability paths. Overall, it is demonstrated that the communication pathways could be multiple and intrinsically disposed, and the MC path generation approach provides an effective tool for the prediction of key residues that mediate the allosteric communication in an ensemble of pathways and functionally plausible residues We utilized a data set of 24 known allosteric sites from 23 monomer proteins to calculate the correlations between potential ligand-binding sites and corresponding orthosteric sites using a Gaussian network model (GNM)A Monte Carlo (MC) path generation approach is proposed and implemented to define likely allosteric pathways through generating an ensemble of maximum probability paths. A novel method, "MutInf", to identify statistically significant correlated motions from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. CorrSite identifies potential alloster-binding sites based on motion correlation analyses between cavities. The Correlation of All Rotameric and Dynamical States (CARDS) framework for quantifying correlations between both the structure and disorder of different regions of a proteinComputational tools for predicting allosteric pathways in proteins include MCPath, MutInf, pySCA, CorrSite, and CARDS. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19392601,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095269,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2759776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22951125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34236447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/717321,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1788430,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9800356 | What are the classic signs of a basilar skull fracture? | Basilar skull fractures are fractures of the lower part of the skull. The four classic signs are:
1. Periorbital ecchymosis (“raccoon eyes”).
2. Postauricular ecchymosis (Battle sign).
3. CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea (leakage of CSF, which is clear in appearance, from the ears or nose).
4. Hemotympanum (blood behind the eardrum).Possible clinical signs are the presence of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea or otorrhea, periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), retroauricular ecchymosis (battle sign) and cranial nerve injuries |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26091074,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28252048,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594036,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813925,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28821969,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26963343,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31892637,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34439489,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32791870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34533053,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23945935,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27778157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27979502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32390640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21479190,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25150707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27854211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32695843,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31881125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31838454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32476037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24460924 | Which biomarkers are currently used for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | MRI measurements can be used as biomarkers of disease severity in ambulant patients with DMD. malate dehydrogenase 2 as candidate prognostic biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophyMRI, fat fraction MRI, MRI mean T2, malate dehydrogenase 2 are some biomarkers that are used for DMD.malate dehydrogenase 2 as candidate prognostic biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophyMRI measurements can be used as biomarkers of disease severity in ambulant patients with DMD.MRI measurements can be used as biomarkers of disease severity in ambulant patients with DMD. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34518331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24600344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31406145,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20362558,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33905537,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34343139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33332650,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34623437,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34469619,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29904341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962914,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29410613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28870551,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33707063,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34502460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32656815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32927603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30767689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33544228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31562633,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34782793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31848577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483191 | What links lipid metabolism pathways to ALS? | Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is observed early in the spinal cord of the SOD1 ALS mouse model, and abnormal levels of cholesterol and other lipids are observed in the blood and CNS of ALS patients. In addition, higher blood high density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A1 levels are associated with reduced risk of developing ALS. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34107136,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34246424,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33463127,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34881206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33841438,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34203277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32631771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32755212,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33679227,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34880708,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32946801,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34087834,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33190340,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33872261,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33011038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34507521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34116467,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32923992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34472807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32966765,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34553691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33445833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34509326 | What is the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19? | Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a well described and documented condition that is associated with the active or recent COVID-19 infection. A similar presentation in adults is termed as Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in Adults (MIS-A). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a novel, life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition that develops in children a few weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease has created a diagnostic challenge due to overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD) and KD shock syndrome. The majority of patients with MIS-C present with the involvement of at least four organ systems, and all have evidence of a marked inflammatory state. Most patients show an increase in the level of at least four inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, neutrophil count, ferritin, procalcitonin, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, and triglycerides). Therapy is primarily with immunomodulators, suggesting that the disease is driven by post-infectious immune dysregulation. Most patients, even those with severe cardiovascular involvement, recover without sequelae. Since coronary aneurysms have been reported, echocardiographic follow-up is needed.Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but life-threatening condition that develops in children a few weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It shares clinical features with Kawasaki disease (KD) and KD shock syndrome. Clinical features include persistent fever, severe illness with involvement of multiple organ systems, and elevated inflammatory markers. Therapy is primarily with immunomodulators, suggesting that the disease is driven by post-infectious immune dysregulation. Most children with MIS-C, even those with severe cardiovascular involvement, recover without sequelae. A very similar syndrome has also been reported in adults in association with COVID-19 infection or exposure and is termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A).Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a novel, life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition that develops in children a few weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease has created a diagnostic challenge due to overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD) and KD shock syndrome. The majority of patients with MIS-C present with the involvement of at least four organ systems, and all have evidence of a marked inflammatory state. Therapy is primarily with immunomodulators, suggesting that the disease is driven by post-infectious immune dysregulation. Most patients, even those with severe cardiovascular involvement, recover without sequela |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26356412,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28739181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32611643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25338682,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28859693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30448867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22639722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33918694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28807723,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34877803,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32791870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34682100,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34776418 | What datasets are available related to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | Using data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet) Five sources of RWD/NHD were contributed by Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, DMD Italian Group, The Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group, ImagingDMD, and the PRO-DMD-01 study (n = 430 patients, in total).MD STARnet, ImagingDMD and PRO-DMD-01 are some of the available DMD datasets.Using data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet)Five sources of RWD/NHD were contributed by Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, DMD Italian Group, The Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group, ImagingDMD, and the PRO-DMD-01 study (n = 430 patients, in total).Using data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet)Using data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet). Five sources of RWD/NHD were contributed by Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, DMD Italian Group, The Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group, ImagingDMD, and the PRO-DMD-01 study.Five sources of RWD/NHD were contributed by Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, DMD Italian Group, The Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group, ImagingDMD, and the PRO-DMD-01 study (n = 430 patients, in total). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29568058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25889790,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32594542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24170856,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34402459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27308305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33918092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25344935 | What links immune response pathways to ALS? | Microglia, which are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, are strongly implicated in ALS, their activation being correlated with various clinical features, and inflammatory microglial responses being correlated withe disease progression. The immune response may be implicated in other ways with ALS molecular pathology. such as through inflammatory regulation and circulating interleukins. It is possible the T cell receptor signalling and activation is involved. It is also possible that the innate / non-specific immune system is involved - i.e. immune protection against foreign substances, viruses, and bacteria. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31838171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21590622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20402062,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31094486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33961285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15142228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32228659,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6164769,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3722679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23697293,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31837157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33231056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28771404,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115632,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24365342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1648656,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8682350,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9527151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6308196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012278,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22450609,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26385097,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303049,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33343698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23834987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31193945,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31490402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714053,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20640946,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28331457 | Which vitamin deficiencies may present with neurologic signs or symptoms? | Many vitamin deficiencies have been described as a cause of neurologic signs and symptoms. For instance, vitamin B12 deficiency can cause several types of neurological manifestations, such as subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, ataxia, peripheral polyneuropathy, optic nerve neuropathy, and cognitive disorders. In addition, vitamin B1 (Thiamine) and B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency can both cause peripheral neuropathy. Specifically, vitamin B1 deficiency can also cause confusion, ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, and ataxia in the context of beriberi and Wernicke's encephalopathy. Finally, vitamin A deficiency has been described to cause retinal change-related visual defects and subsequent vision loss. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28582264,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32858918,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071811,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31397906 | Which are the uses of deep learning models in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | Deep Learning of Ultrasound Imaging for Evaluating Ambulatory Function of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.Deep Learning of Ultrasound Imaging for Evaluating Ambulatory Function of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The results show that each deep learning model endows muscle ultrasound imaging with the ability to enable DMD evaluations.URL_0 > Deep learning of Ultrasound imaging for evaluation of Ambulatory Function of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.The results show that each deep learning model endows muscle ultrasound imaging with the ability to enable DMD evaluations.Deep Learning of Ultrasound Imaging for Evaluating Ambulatory Function of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The results show that each deep learning model endows muscle ultrasound imaging with the ability to enable DMD evaluations. Deep learning models are used to predict muscle function in DMD patients.Deep learning models enable the evaluation of DMD patients using ultrasound images. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34163217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34580069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33172844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34068009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34024217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33532785,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33786465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34276671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33892403,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34533807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34709019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34485849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34319569 | What is "long-COVID"? | "Long-COVID" is a complex condition where the affected individuals do not recover for several weeks or months following the onset of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, and the symptoms are not explained by an alternative diagnosis.
Persistent physical symptoms following acute COVID-19 are common and typically include fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, and cough. Headache, joint pain, myalgias, and loss of smell have also been reported. Common psychological and cognitive symptoms include poor concentration, cognitive impairment/confusion, insomnia, and overall reduced quality of life."Long COVID" is the condition whereby affected individuals do not recover for several weeks or months following the onset of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, whether tested or not. Emerging aspects of the Covid-19 clinical presentation are its long-term effects, which are characteristic of the so-called "long COVID". The main symptoms associated with "long COVID" were headache, fatigue, muscle aches/myalgia, articular pains, cognitive impairment, loss of concentration, and loss of smell. Additionally, the subjects showed significant levels of insomnia (p < 0.05) and an overall reduced quality of life (p < 0.05). Long COVID is a complex condition with prolonged heterogeneous symptoms. The nature of studies precludes a precise case definition or risk evaluation. There is an urgent need for prospective, robust, standardised, controlled studies into aetiology, risk factors and biomarkers to characterise long COVID in different at-risk populations and settings. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22699538,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8347064,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30404418,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32022138,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30688316,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29742798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22974002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21954141,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24762862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31009620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21800026,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084836,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16102988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31879850,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174526,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546754,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32390640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30180785,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34155911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29167533 | Are functional tests a good biomarker for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? | North Star Ambulatory Assessment is practical and reliable. allow assessment of high-functioning boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Yes, functional tests are a good biomarker for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
North Star Ambulatory Assessment is practical and reliable. allow assessment of high-functioning boys with Duchenna muscular dystrophy
Functional tests are used for assessment of boys with muscular atrophy.Functional tests such as North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) are good biomarkers for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.North Star Ambulatory Assessment is practical and reliable.allow assessment of high-functioning boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.North Star Ambulatory Assessment is practical and reliable. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400831,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919200,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3208208,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003089,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6830166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7629529,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1449838,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2795066,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8164014 | What is the most sensitive test for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? | These results support previous conclusions that MRI is the most sensitive test for detecting white matter asymptomatic lesions, and the most predictive for the diagnosis of CDMS.MRI is the most sensitive tool for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). It can detect asymptomatic lesions in the white matter and is the most predictive test for diagnosing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). It is also a reliable measure of the current disease activity. The presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides supportive evidence for the diagnosis of MS.MRI is the most sensitive test for detecting white matter asymptomatic lesions, and the most predictive for the diagnosis of CDMS. MRI also is a reliable measure of the extent of the MS process, serial MRI scans detect evidence of disease activity in MS not always disclosed by clinical evaluation. Results indicate that the presence of oligoclonal bands provides sensitive supporting evidence |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23265564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8721925,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10529973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23136035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27128512,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32736880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11524298,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449933,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2347863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29393752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444398,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532364,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11680122,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7049034,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3799419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20721668,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614156,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33717740,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16388155,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15010717 | Define pseudotumor cerebri. How is it treated? | Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) is characterized by an elevation of the intracranial pressure not associated with an intracranial process or hydrocephaly, and with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents. The elevation of the intracranial pressure is isolated; therefore, diseases such as cerebral venous thrombosis or dural fistulas should not be considered as etiologies of BIH. The exact definition of BIH remains debated, and other terms such as "pseudotumor cerebri" or "idiopathic intracranial hypertension" are often used in the literature. The management of patients with BIH depends mainly on the presence and severity of ocular symptoms and signs on which the prognostic of the disease is based. Repeated lumbar punctures associated with acetazolamide and weight loss are usually efficient enough. However a surgical treatment (optic nerve sheath fenestration or lumboperitoneal shunt) is required when appropriate medical management does not prevent progressive alteration of vision (visual loss or visual field defect), or when the patients complains of severe, refractory headaches. Careful follow-up with repeated formal visual field testing may help preventing a devastating visual loss in these patients.Pseudotumor cerebri is a condition characterized by an elevation of the intracranial pressure not associated with an intracranial process or hydrocephaly, and with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contents. It most often occurs in obese women of childbearing age. The management of patients with pseudotumor cerebri mainly depends on the presence and severity of ocular symptoms and signs on which the prognostic of the disease is based. Repeated lumbar punctures associated with acetazolamide and weight loss are usually efficient enough. However a surgical treatment (optic nerve sheath fenestration or lumboperitoneal shunt) is required when appropriate medical management does not prevent progressive alteration of vision (visual loss or visual field defect), or when the patients complains of severe, refractory headaches. Careful follow-up with repeated formal visual field testing may help preventing a devastating visual loss in these patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995351,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7316680,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979551,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9658274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/453349,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6342420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3911280,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30319082,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2204977,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12910854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32318620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4050642 | What is pseudodementia? | Depression can cause some clinical symptoms and signs of dementia, classically in older adults. This type of "dementia" is called pseudodementia and is typically reversible with treatment.Pseudodementia is defined as an intellectual impairment in patients with a primary psychiatric disorder, in which the features of intellectual abnormality resemble, at least in part, those of a neuropathologically induced cognitive deficit. This neuropsychological impairment is reversible, and there is no apparent primary neuropathological process that leads to the genesis of this disturbance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32805057,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33824640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34318916,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135113,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33658615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32447629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34339037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32256706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32460369,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33997800,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33197762,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32505846 | Should acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be used when providing supportive care for COVID-19? | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been theorized to cause harm in patients with COVID-19, but clinical data are limited. Given the uncertainty, acetaminophen is the preferred antipyretic agent for most patients rather than NSAIDs. If NSAIDs are needed, the lowest effective dose is recommended.Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135801,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542934,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32881022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33537361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32856744,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33742041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34016193,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32445165 | Is there a way to distinguish COVID-19 clinically from other respiratory illnesses, particularly influenza? | No, the clinical features of COVID-19 overlap substantially with influenza and other respiratory viral illnesses. There is no way to distinguish among them without testing.Findings indicate that clinical symptoms alone would be insufficient to distinguish between coronavirus disease 2019 and other respiratory infections (eg, influenza) and/or to evaluate the effects of preventive interventions (eg, vaccinations)Findings indicate that clinical symptoms alone would be insufficient to distinguish between coronavirus disease 2019 and other respiratory infections (eg, influenza) and/or to evaluate the effects of preventive interventions (eg, vaccinations). At present, clinical workup of COVID-19 remains a hard task to accomplish. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34579681,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34131198,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33998486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34368314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33915459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34485577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34117868,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33548553,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33035373,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32627172,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34886835,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33643779,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33748041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34541481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33706702,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32848488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33818217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32594928,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34423821,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33832511,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33362233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33773195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32801208,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32661509 | What is the incubation period for COVID-19? | For COVID-19, the mean incubation period was 6.0 days globally but near 7.0 days in the mainland of China, which will help identify the time of infection and make disease control decisions. The Delta VOC yielded a significantly shorter incubation period (4.0 vs. 6.0 days), higher viral load (20.6 vs. 34.0, cycle threshold of the ORF1a/b gene), and a longer duration of viral shedding in pharyngeal swab samples (14.0 vs. 8.0 days) compared with the wild-type strain.The incubation period for COVID-19 is thought to be within 14 days following exposure, with most cases occurring approximately five to seven days after exposure. The incubation period also varies by viral variant. For example, the incubation period for the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) appears to be slightly shorter, with symptoms first appearing around four days after exposure. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33002998,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26560944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30895887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24872655,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15168961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32537271,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26793497,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117942,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19202218,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24731000,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31639842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16708185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8478553,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23431480,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30069105,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15018590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24511391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16206698,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12415961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15921641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34434441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192609 | What is Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)? | Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune mediated neuropathy, polyradiculoneuritis, characterized by rapid onset of symmetric extremity muscle paralysis, areflexia and albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recently, the heterogeneity of GBS has been noticed with definition of several GBS variants. The diagnosis of GBS includes clinical, electrophysiological and laboratory (CSF) criteria.Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune mediated neuropathy, polyradiculoneuritis, characterized by rapid onset of symmetric extremity muscle paralysis, areflexia and albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune mediated neuropathy, polyradiculoneuritis, characterized by rapid onset of symmetric extremity muscle paralysis, areflexia and albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune mediated neuropathy, polyradiculoneuritis, characterized by rapid onset of symmetric extremity muscle paralysis, areflexia and albuminocytological dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25685562,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129599,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10608260,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2277190,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21541088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11985377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3550721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5763958,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28965126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3520526 | Is lumbar puncture the first test that should be performed on a patient with increased intracranial pressure? | No. A lumbar puncture is contraindicated in any patient with signs of increased intracranial pressure because it may precipitate cerebral herniation and death. For this reason, a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is done first. When the findings of the scan are normal, a lumbar puncture can be performed, if needed.Lumbar puncture (LP) is usually contra-indicated in situations where the ICP is suspected to be high. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33973190,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33726761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542934,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33936225,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32336069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34374346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32501877,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32344313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32656888,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33548996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33210948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33986318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32877961,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34258956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33522493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352401,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34383402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32449374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32721958,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33482780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33407543 | What laboratory abnormalities are commonly seen in patients with COVID-19? | Common laboratory abnormalities among patients with COVID-19 include:
1. Elevated inflammatory markers (e.g., ferritin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate).
2. Elevated aminotransaminase levels (i.e., AST, ALT).
3. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels.
4. Lymphopenia, leucocytosis.
Abnormalities in coagulation testing (e.g., increased D-Dimers, decreased platelets), elevated procalcitonin levels, and elevated troponin levels have also been reported. The degree of these abnormalities tends to correlate with disease severity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34022131 | Do only changes in coding regions of MEF2C cause developmental disorders? | No. Non-coding region variants upstream of MEF2C cause severe developmental disorder through three distinct loss-of-function mechanisms. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34558200,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752670,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34494428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34780683 | Which factor is inhibited by Milvexian? | Milvexian is a small molecule, active-site inhibitor of factor XIa (FXIa) being developed to prevent and treat thrombotic events. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32324629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302642,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32079690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34549432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32608278,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34509050 | What is Granzyme B? | Granzyme B is a serine protease that is secreted by Natural Killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes during a cellular immune response and can induce apoptosis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32751504,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265491,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33614648,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31931031,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33662561,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27365365,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34160816,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34313732,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34179306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29322444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29116363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33649838 | Is CircRNA produced by back splicing of exon, intron or both, forming exon or intron circRNA? | Human transcriptome contains a large number of circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are mainly produced by back splicing of pre-mRNA. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24062159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236810,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17360754,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14600262,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133392 | How does condensin affect the function of topoisomeraseII? | Condensin prevents deleterious anaphase bridges during chromosome segregation by promoting sister chromatid decatenation.aids sister chromatid decatenation by topoisomerase IICondensin prevents deleterious anaphase bridges during chromosome segregation by promoting sister chromatid decatenation which are created by topoisomerase II. Condensin-dependent localisation of topoisomerase II to an axial chromosomal structure is required for sister chromatid resolution during mitosis.aids sister chromatid decatenationCondensin interferes with the function of Topo II. It prevents catenanes from persisting between sister chromatids during mitosis.Condensin aids sister chromatid decatenation by topoisomerase II and minimizes topoisomerase II-mediated entanglements of DNA in vivo |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34820336 | Which signaling pathway does LY294002 inhibit? | LY294002, can block the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34352207 | Is METTL1 overexpression associated with better patient survival? | No. METTL1 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in cancers and is associated with poor patient survival. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34393218,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34159343,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34587383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34716907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34347950,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34673689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34463470 | List monoclonal antibodies included in the REGEN-COV. | REGEN-COV is a combination of the monoclonal antibodies casirivimab and imdevimab. It has been shown to markedly reduce the risk of hospitalization or death among high-risk persons with coronavirus disease 2019. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34339548,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29216683,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33869605,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31865540 | Which disease is caused by mutations in the gene PRF1? | The presence of mutations in PRF1, UNC13D, STX11 and STXBP2 genes in homozygosis or compound heterozygosis results in immune deregulation. Most such cases lead to clinical manifestations of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31962288,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22277331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30862089,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31626287,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33433878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33028409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33433870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32507413,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34433069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31864418,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26652843,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31291241,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29744576,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33636385,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24503614,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24709683,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28828399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28778989,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20946666,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23383391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053785 | What protein is encoded by the GRN gene? | Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding for the protein progranulin (PGRN), GRN, are one of the major genetic abnormalities involved in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21685894,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22573616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832538 | What is the difference in the roles of Tcf1 and Tcf3 during development? | Τhere are opposing effects of Tcf3 and Tcf1 in the control of Wnt stimulation of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. In contrast to β-catenin-dependent functions described for Tcf1 the known embryonic functions for Tcf3 are consistent with β-catenin-independent repressor activity. Wnt signal stimulation reduces the level of Tcf3, and increases those of Tcf1 (also known as Tcf7) and Lef1, positive mediators of Wnt signaling.Tcf3 antagonizes Wnt signaling, while Tcf1 enhances |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31828807 | Why mix γ-cyclodextrin with grapefruit juice? | Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice enhances the oral bioavailability of drugs that are metabolized by intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Patients are advised to avoid drinking grapefruit juice to prevent this drug-grapefruit juice interaction. The inhibition of CYP3A by grapefruit juice was significantly attenuated by processing particularly with γCD. The inhibition of CYP3A by grapefruit juice was significantly attenuated by processing particularly with γCD. Similar attenuation effects by γCD were observed in the cases of BG and DHBG. Furthermore, BG and DHBG were suggested to be strongly encapsulated in the cavity of γCD.The encapsulation of BG and DHBG by γCD and the resulting attenuation of the inhibition of CYP3A activity by grapefruit juice may be applicable to juice processing for preventing drug-grapefruit juice interactions. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34099552 | What is disrupted by ALS- and FTD-associated missense mutations in TBK1? | ALS- and FTD-associated missense mutations in TBK1 differentially disrupt mitophagy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266744,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579812,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33508615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34401233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33792213,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32716145,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24639319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23332912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30652431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30025335,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33438963,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30547132,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25114393,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25785224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26506679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965645,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351119,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33217297,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33310472,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33936913,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33775030,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26023620,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24161364,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32335518,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257483 | What is Morel–Lavallée lesion? | Morel-Lavallée lesion is a closed degloving soft-tissue injury that results in the accumulation of a hemolymphatic fluid between the skin/superficial fascia and the deep fascia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33272761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34509145 | What is known about the protein patatin? | Patatin, the major protein found in potatoes, was purified and shows several isoforms. The essential amino acid content of patatin was ashighas 76%, indicating that it is a valuable protein source. Patatin was an O-linked glycoprotein that contained fucose monosaccharides, as well as mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Patatin had a fucosylated glycan structural feature, which strongly bound AAL (Aleuria aurantia Leukoagglutinin), a known fucose binding lectin. Moreover, thelipid metabolism regulatory effects of patatin on the fat catabolism, fat absorption, and inhibition of lipase activity were measured after high-fat feeding of zebrafish larvae. Results revealed that 37.0 μg/mL patatin promoted 23% lipid decomposition metabolism. Meanwhile patatin could inhibite lipase activity and fat absorption, whose effects accounted for half that of a positive control drug. Our findings suggest that patatin, a fucosylated glycoprotein, could potentially be used as a naturalactiveconstituent with anti-obesity effects. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34474834,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34216464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4625625,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475854,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34546758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34257648,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1657920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31217011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/698128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28289025,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10501629 | What is the mode of action of primaquine? | Primaquine (PQ) not only eliminates P. falciparum gametocytes but also kills liver dormant forms of P. vivax and P. ovale. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30286773,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29106613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27734896,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868282 | Which databases are devoted to 3D genome interactions? | 3DIV is a 3D-genome Interaction Viewer and database. The 3D Genome Browser is a web-based browser for visualizing 3D genome organization and long-range chromatin interactions. GMOL is an Interactive Tool for 3D Genome Structure Visualization. 3Disease Browser is a Web server for integrating 3D genome and disease-associated chromosome rearrangement data. The 3DGD is a database of genome 3D structure, that currently holds Hi-C data on four species, for easy accessing and visualization of chromatin 3D structure data. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33651100 | Where does REGN5458 bind to? | The bispecific antibody REGN5458 binds to B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and CD3. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34061450 | Do mutations in KCNT2 only cause phenotypes with epilepsy? | No. There is a report of pathogenic variants in KCNT2 causing a developmental phenotype without epilepsy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21305742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27377117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24379574,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27433081,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9747282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27830291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2037493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28209014,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26864508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31035024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28639684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19242389,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9528646,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19552719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12890215,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28958141 | Is there an association between pyostomatitis vegetans and Crohn's disease? | Yes. Pyostomatitis vegetans (PV) is a rare condition characterized by pustules that affect the oral mucosa. It is a highly specific marker for inflammatory bowel disease and its correct recognition may lead to the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31570504,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34662506,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31624776,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32901992 | Is serotonin transported by platelets? | Yes,
platelets transport serotonin. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33571591,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21347375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10385521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11777942,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34034774,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33728352,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31487436,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17116750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33482249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32474299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21029754,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33681296,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33300986,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357553,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309407,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9391096,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32023817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15367670,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19117056 | Proteins in the karyopherin family (Kaps) are associated with what cellular process? | Nuclear translocation of large proteins is mediated through specific protein carriers, collectively named karyopherins (importins, exportins and adaptor proteins) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22732409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26415210,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469316 | What percentage of human genes have no introns? | About 3% of human genes have no introns. URL_0Intronless genes (IGs) constitute approximately 3% of the human genome. Intronless genes (IGs) fraction varies between 2.7 and 97.7% in eukaryotic genomes.3 percent of the human genomeIntronless genes (IGs) constitute approximately 3% of the human genome.Intronless genes (IGs) constitute approximately 3% of the human genome. Intronless genes, which constitute 3 percent of the human genome, differ from intron-containing genes in evolution and function.Intronless genes, which constitute 3 percent of the human genome, differ from intron-containing genes in evolution and function. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34549911 | What are the currently FDA approved monoclonal antibodies for myeloma? | The US Food and Drug Administration approved MoAbs, include belantamab mafodotin, daratumumab, elotuzumab, and isatuximab. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34244665 | What is caused by biallelic variants in PCDHGC4? | Biallelic variants in PCDHGC4 cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome with progressive microcephaly, seizures, and joint anomalies. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34531332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34819468,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34706189,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34556486 | Is Sotrovimab effective for COVID-19? | Yes. Among high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate Covid-19, sotrovimab reduced the risk of disease progression. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29076638,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28498270,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20856818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410381 | Is Otolin-1 a matrix protein? | Yes,
otolin-1 is a otoconia matrix protein. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34511878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34188445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32785136,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31513439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32342814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33471572,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32729897,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32729888 | List the drug targets of Faricimab? | Faricimab, a bispecific antibody that inhibits VEGF-A and Ang-2.Faricimab is a bispecific antibody that has been developed as an inhibitor of both VEGF and Ang2 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928151,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9343185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30089468,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29945683,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26861889,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29147672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29548296 | What induces downstream of gene (DoG) readthrough transcription? | Stress-induced transcriptional readthrough generates very long downstream of gene containing transcripts (DoGs), which may explain up to 20% of intergenic transcription. Massive induction of transcriptional readthrough generates downstream of gene-containing transcripts (DoGs) in cells under stress condition. Ca2+ signaling mediates reduced transcription termination in response to certain stress conditions. This reduction allows readthrough transcription, generating a highly inducible and diverse class of downstream of gene containing transcripts (DoGs) that we have recently described.osmotic stressDoGs are induced by osmotic stress at the level of transcription by a mechanism that depends on calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum mediated by IP3 receptors. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34875308 | What is the effect of rHDL-apoE3 on endothelial cell migration? | rHDL-apoE3 has been shown to promote endothelial cell migration. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34117353 | Is AGO2 related to cytokinesis? | Yes. AGO2 localizes to cytokinetic protrusions in a p38-dependent manner and is needed for accurate cell division. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24862753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8372182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521192 | Hampton’s hump is characteristic to which disease? | Hampton’s hump is characteristic to pulmonary embolism. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535017,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34520819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34752953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34557196 | What is the activity of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1. | Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a known immunosuppressive enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn), has received increasing attention as an attractive immunotherapeutic target for cancer therapy. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30967003,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33520357,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30967006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30967007,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30967008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30967009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32756454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25096879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10321993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029048,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890548,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15533943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32745890,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31924779,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34755081,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30617109,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333835,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30966999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29085336,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14732047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27503856,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30725454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27647881,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17760832 | What is the purpose of Macropinocytosis? | Macropinocytosis is an endocytic process, which involves the engulfment of extra-cellular content in vesicles known as macropinosomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29556078,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28943376,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27358863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28642936,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29216381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28325876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346517,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27103098 | Which was the first species in which a de novo gene emergence ("gene birth") was reported? | New genes can arise through duplication of a pre-existing gene or de novo from non-coding DNA, providing raw material for evolution of new functions in response to a changing environment. A prime example is the independent evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein genes (afgps) in the Arctic codfishes and Antarctic notothenioids to prevent freezing. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24925412 | What are chromones? | The chromones are a class of chemical compounds characterised by the presence of the structure 5:6 benz-1:4-pyrone in their chemical make-up. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33902106 | Which type of cancer has been suggested as a strategy for potential small-molecule inhibition of METTL3? | Small-molecule inhibition of METTL3 is a strategy against myeloid leukaemia. Targeting of RNA-modifying enzymes represents a promising avenue for anticancer therapy.Small-molecule inhibition of METTL3 as a strategy against myeloid leukaemia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32613381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29446942,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32360434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33987427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33278455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34670042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30261763,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34488870 | What is the mechanism of action of Lanifibranor? | Lanifibranor is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34844098,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33515421,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32347039 | Is the protein HOXA11 associated with endometrial disease? | Yes,
Low HOXA11 expression may promote the proliferation, migration, invasion of endometrial cancer cells |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29899445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33857359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33857358,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34862880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33021960,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34025941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29269411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30910870,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25653156,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797375 | Summarize the function of DEAH helicase DHX36 and its role in G-quadruplex-dependent processes. | DEAH-Box helicase 36 (DHX36), a member of the large DExD/H box helicase family, enzymatically unwinds both G4 DNA and G4 RNA. RNA helicases of the DEAH/RHA family form a large and conserved class of enzymes that remodel RNA protein complexes (RNPs) by translocating along the RNA |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9359867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046414,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24575094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15955096,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16314846,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18542060,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570637,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411495,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696045,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8276234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822951 | What is the function of the YY1 transcriptional regulator? | The ubiquitous transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is known to have a fundamental role in normal biologic processes such as embryogenesis, differentiation, replication, and cellular proliferation. YY1 is a transcription factor that can activate or repress transcription of a variety of genes and is involved in several developmental processes. YY1 overexpression and/or activation is associated with unchecked cellular proliferation, resistance to apoptotic stimuli, tumorigenesis and metastatic potential. YY1, in addition to its regulatory roles in normal biologic processes, may possess the potential to act as an initiator of tumorigenesis and may thus serve as both a diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker; furthermore, it may provide an effective target for antitumor chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy.The ubiquitous transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is known to have a fundamental role in normal biologic processes such as embryogenesis, differentiation, replication, and cellular proliferation. YY1 exerts its effects on genes involved in these processes via its ability to initiate, activate, or repress transcription depending upon the context in which it binds. Mechanisms of action include direct activation or repression, indirect activation or repression via cofactor recruitment, or activation or repression by disruption of binding sites or conformational DNA changes.YY1 is a transcription factor that can activate or repress transcription of a variety of genes and is involved in several developmental processes. Although YY1 is a ubiquitous transcription factor, YY1 interacts with M-MITF, the Waardenburg Syndrome IIA gene and a master transcriptional regulator of melanocytes. We present evidence that YY1, a ubiquitously expressed DNA-binding protein, regulates the activity of the c-fos promoter primarily through an effect on DNA structure. the principal function of YY1 in this promoter is to bend DNA to regulate contact between other proteins. By using oligonucleotide competition and a specific antibody we demonstrated that the transcription factor YY1 is responsible for the formation of complex BIII. Also in this case, the transient expression of the YY1 cDNA in CHO cells resulted in an increased transcription from the FE65 minimal promoter. The absence of any co-operative effect when CHO cells were co-transfected with both YY1 and Pur alpha cDNA species suggests that two different transcription regulatory mechanisms could have a role in the regulation of the FE65 gene.YY1 is a transcriptional regulator. It is a protein that binds to the C-fos promoter. The function of this protein is to bend DNA to allow it to contact with other proteins. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18158835 | Which CYP genes' expression is decreased at the in vivo level following pomegranate juice consumption? | It was found that pomegranate juice consumption decreased total hepatic CYP content as well as the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33956058 | Class-defining mutations in which genes drive FLT3-ITD-mutant AML? | Advances in cancer genomics have revealed genomic classes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by class-defining mutations, such as chimeric fusion genes or in genes such as NPM1, MLL, and CEBPA. These class-defining mutations frequently synergize with internal tandem duplications in FLT3 (FLT3-ITDs) to drive leukemogenesis.Advances in cancer genomics have revealed genomic classes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by class-defining mutations, such as chimeric fusion genes or in genes such as NPM1, MLL, and CEBPA.NPM1, MLL, and CEBPANPM1, RUNX1, CEBPA, MLL |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34482771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34613603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34818478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33931436,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33945366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34590859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34479868 | Belzutifan has shown effectiveness for which diseases? | Belzutifan is the small-molecule HIF 2 alpha inhibitor that has demonstrated significant efficacy in the von Hippel-Lindau disease related renal cell carcinomas, hemangioblastomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors while demonstrating an acceptable safety profile |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32601292,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34141135 | Where are the PUX proteins found? | PUX proteins specifically associate with the nucleoskeleton underneath the INM. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19816193,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18205702,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386770,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848162,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531479,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17826781,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095986,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809644,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17368474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843956,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17407195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749847,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34495808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18032693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384869,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27109178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18580479,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24754976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543397,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15778406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393984,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21597299,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234458,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24483245,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21655351,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899644 | Are Tregs CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells a positive regulator of the immune response? | CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are negative regulators of the immune system that induce and maintain immune tolerance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547603,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27376235,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28839111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23582322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23582323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416749,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25263550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25955728,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978570 | Is Mediator present at super enhancers? | Yes. Super enhancers are clusters of enhancers that are densely occupied by the master regulator and mediator.Many genes determining cell identity are regulated by clusters of Mediator-bound enhancer elements collectively referred to as super-enhancers.Super-enhancers, consist of clusters of enhancers that are densely occupied by the master regulators and Mediator.BRD4 and Mediator were found to co-occupy thousands of enhancers associated with active genes. Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genesBRD4 and Mediator were found to co-occupy thousands of enhancers associated with active genes. Master transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog bind enhancer elements and recruit Mediator to activate much of the gene expression program of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs).Master transcription factors and mediator establish super-enhancers at key cell identity genes Master transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog bind enhancer elements and recruit Mediator to activate much of the gene expression program of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs).clusters of enhancers that are densely occupied by the master regulatorsMaster transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog bind enhancer elements and recruit Mediator to activate much of the gene expression program of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). These domains, which we call super-enhancers, consist of clusters of enhancers that are densely occupied by the master regulators and MediatoryesMaster transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog bind enhancer elements and recruit Mediator to activate much of the gene expression program of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). BRD4 maintains transcription of core stem cell genes such as OCT4 and PRDM14 by occupying their super-enhancers (SEs), large clusters of regulatory elements, and recruiting to them Mediator and CDK9, the catalytic subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), to allow Pol-II-dependent productive elongation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34881402 | Does atemoya juice inhibit the CYP1A2 enzyme? | Yes, atemoya juice inhibits the CYP1A2 enzyme. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34626583 | What is caused by biallelic variants in SPATA5L1? | Biallelic variants in SPATA5L1 lead to intellectual disability, spastic-dystonic cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and hearing loss.Bi-allelic variants in SPATA5L1 lead to microcephaly, intellectual disability, spastic-dystonic cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and hearing loss. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33442538,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32349374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34853653,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34798793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33663220,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34522691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33139264,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34051880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33549983,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34771637,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32984090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33213161,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34377156,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34167423,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34189869,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34245216 | A combination of which two drugs was tested in the IMbrave150 trial? | IMbrave150 trial tested a combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31959876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33027627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34025336,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34587215,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32391572 | Is ALS a heritable disease? | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the motor system. The etiology is still unknown and the pathogenesis remains unclear. ALS is familial in the 10% of cases with a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251886 | What is ARNIL? | Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) is involved in several human cancers. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34256819 | What is the indication of CPX-351? | CPX-351 has been approved by the US FDA and the EMA for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34172899 | List signs of patients with biallelic variants in KARS1 | KARS1-associated signs are autism, hyperactive behavior, pontine hypoplasia, and cerebellar atrophy with prevalent vermian involvement.Biallelic variants in KARS1 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and hearing loss recapitulated in the knockout zebrafish. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31579608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32659068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32300441,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32771937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9111096,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132381,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30280655,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30022308 | Which substance use is associated with Brodifacoum poisoning? | Brodifacoum poisoning was linked to marijuana use. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34469019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34265844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34586808 | What is Alphafold? | AlphaFold is a novel machine learning approach that incorporates physical and biological knowledge about protein structure, leveraging multi-sequence alignments, into the design of the deep learning algorithm. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526165,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886163,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34502075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8908515,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420841,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25726753,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29325606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32695777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766906,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8900536,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32619224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32589669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302257 | List diseases that are repeat expansion disorders (REDs). | The expansion of Short tandem repeats underlies the pathogenesis of multiple neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, and myotonic dystrophies, known as repeat expansion disorders (REDs).he Fragile-X related disorders (FXDs) are Repeat Expansion Diseases (REDs) that result from expansion of a CGG-repeat tract located at the 5' end of the FMR1 gene. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34256819,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32055000 | What is bb21217? | BB21217 is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T-cell therapy used to target B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in the treatment of multiple myeloma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33970200 | Describe the syndrome that is caused by biallelic variants in HPDL | Biallelic HPDL variants cause a syndrome varying from juvenile-onset pure hereditary spastic paraplegia to infantile-onset spastic tetraplegia associated with global developmental delays. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33919434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34626330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34678325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33661508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33785490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34085329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32884319 | Which receptor is targeted by Spesolimab? | Spesolimab is a novel anti-interleukin-36 receptor antibody. |