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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23746717,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24056102,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123816,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297686,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16290174,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23894076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23870163,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014018,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23742803 | Provide examples of how molecular transporters contribute to multi-drug resistance in bacteria. | MDR efflux pumps began causing clinical problems relatively recently, in parallel with the extensive use of antibiotics in medicine and as supplements in animal feeds. However, our analyses indicate that these MDR efflux pumps did not arise through recent mutations in genes encoding transporters that changed their substrate specificities.
Instead, such MDR pumps are encoded within the genomes of virtually all microorganisms, so these genes are present and thus need only to be activated to become problematic. Moreover, lateral transfer of genes among bacteria has occurred frequently, particularly for plasmid-encoded systems, suggesting that such genes can be acquired fairly readily even if they are not initially present. Finally, although mutations that enable transporters to act on different types of substrate are rare, experiments and phylogenetic analyses indicate that simple point mutations can readily narrow or broaden a particular transporter's specificity toward a single class of compounds (e.g., sugars, amino acids, or drugs). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21203957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23420643,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219343,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26539175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987714,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23873957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22916492 | What is the minimal genome build? | The identification of the essential genes of bacteria and the minimal genome for the free-living cellular life could provide insights into the origin, evolution, and essence of life forms. The field of Synthetic Biology seeks to apply engineering principles to biology in order to produce novel biological systems. One approach to accomplish this goal is the genome-driven cell engineering approach, which searches for functioning minimal genomes in naturally occurring microorganisms, which can then be used as a template for future systems. Currently a prototypical minimal genome has not been discovered. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7774897,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8628469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11456006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2909100,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696649,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20645024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2742464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185779,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20444626,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7482637,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7701492,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504335,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122836,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2492650,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8754572,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1623099 | Is cocaine use associated with increased risk for intracerebral hemorrhage? | Cocaine use is associated with increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhages most likely due to pressure increases. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21882851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719201,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19509156,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20702469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288924,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22291592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646541,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748927,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22316494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23049818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20309880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19175831,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21279518,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19906824,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22528454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19546886,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22709411,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435529,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22265967,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20480266,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473551,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18853072,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23466817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20682703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18507035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22638884,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22747440,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21494432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23416953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23255093,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187804,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072622,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476768,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620599,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21081469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20380575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21088996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23483606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22322462,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693987,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175214,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966691,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587821,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22168593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350005,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089790,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20346171,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475218,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22860003,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19789312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483747,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633539,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21406606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22430134,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19730150,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19737943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901002,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22703586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20338946,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22618808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532496,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22689922,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20952761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23481326,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001440,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682430,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20221895,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23212265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23335180,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446999,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23417858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18372920,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20876285,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596939,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21937590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597153,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387281,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22550943,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970173 | Is miR-21 related to carcinogenesis? | Yes. It has been demonstrated in several experimental studies that miR-21 has oncogenic potential, and is significantly dysregulated in numerous types of cancer. Therefore, miR-21 is closely related to carcinogenesis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23795692,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24828991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23259476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23541013,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24474959,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25432121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19888755,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25534665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25546992 | Which is the most prevalent form of arrhythmia worldwide? | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, and it has a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. It is a significant risk factor for stroke and peripheral embolization, and it has an effect on cardiac function. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia affecting up to 1-1.5% of the population. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23528896,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633213,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750454 | Are thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome? | thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 mutations are implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18176613,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21963618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430496,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23652585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22983588 | Which agents are included in the FLAMSA chemotherapy regimen? | Fludarabine, cytarabine and amsacrine are included in the FLAMSA chemotherapy regimen. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17977820,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23294515,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21784860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19830703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666475,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21603248,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21294676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24266532,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22627374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24242761 | Which are the subunits of the IkB protein kinase (IKK)? | Proinflammatory NF-kappaB activation requires the IkappaB (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) kinase (IKK) complex that contains two catalytic subunits named IKKalpha and IKKbeta and a regulatory subunit named NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO).Additional components may exist, transiently or permanently, but their characterization is still unsure.The IKK kinase complex is the core element of the NF-kappaB cascade. It is essentially made of two kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) and a regulatory subunit, NEMO (NF-kB Essential Modulator)/IKKgamma. Additional components may exist, transiently or permanently, but their characterization is still unsure. The IKK protein complex is comprised of IKKα, IKKβ and NEMO subunits, with IKKβ thought to play the dominant role in modulating NF-κB activity. The IkappaB-Kinase (IKK) complex is a multisubunit protein complex crucial for signal-induced phosphorylation of the IkappaB proteins and thus controls the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Besides the two kinases IKKalpha and IKKbeta, the IKK complex contains NEMO/IKKgamma, an additional subunit with regulatory and adaptor functions. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983262,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21050448,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19004816 | Is PLK2 involved in alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in Parkinson disease? | PLK2 directly phosphorylates alpha-synuclein at Ser-129 in an in vitro biochemical assayThese results indicate that PLK2 plays a critical role in alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in central nervous system.Here, we report that Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2), an enzyme up-regulated in synucleinopathy-diseased brains, interacts with, phosphorylates and enhances α-synuclein autophagic degradation in a kinase activity-dependent manner. These results indicate that PLK2 plays a critical role in alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in central nervous system.Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) phosphorylates alpha-synuclein at serine 129 in central nervous system |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16221495,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11439159,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20408860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16761498,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17472721,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17127420 | Which glands are subject to attack by lymphocytes in Sjogren's syndrome? | Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a human autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine dysfunction resulting from chronic autoimmune attack primarily against the lacrimal and/or salivary glands. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24502106,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1465304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3111770,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11775195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9269112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1498111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7876010,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7431445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046617,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7204439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2766606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15195043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3230497,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1942182,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25135027,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3967429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7555349,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894080,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8769442,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403261 | Describe Malgaigne fracture. | Bilateral pubic rami fractures are characteristic to Malgaigne fractures. Patients with Malgaigne fractures are particularly prone to additional injuries. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023806,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15691859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9253604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16314312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337477,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14965344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11673234,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10779488,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12538242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16925843,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19099578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16925833,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16925832,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15613242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12176826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15924626,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332020,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11738707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19329068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15593401,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21901742,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14764563,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564452 | Name five popular computer programs used to identify genes in genomic sequences | Any five from the following not exhaustive list: AUGUSTUS, MGENE, CRAIG, Agene, EUGENE, Fgenesh++C, Fgenesh++, Fgenesh, GeneID, GeneMark.hmm, GENOMIX, GESECA, GLEAN, GlimmerHMM, Gramene,JIGSAW, MAKER, ,MGENE, N-SCAN, SGP2, SNAP, ExonHunter, Evigan, Genescan, HMMGene, MZEF, Genie, Twinscan, SLAM, GRAIL. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141841,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21625432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18391940,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18606808,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21042593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891351,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15664996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15838239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9371825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10823814,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17442734,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12054621,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673794,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19219035,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12200433,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16374431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22886605,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084727,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21968997,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7649406,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056893 | Which are the major transcription factors regulating glycolysis in mammals? | The main positive transcriptional regulator of Glycolysis in mammals is HIF1-alpha (Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1a). HIF1-alpha is upregulated by the oncogenes c-Myc and Src, which therefore also positively regulate glycolysis. Several reports have linked HIF-1α induction with STAT3 activation. SIRT6 appears to function as a corepressor of the transcription factor Hif1alpha. NF-κB also stimulates glycolysis through the inhibition of PDK4 expression. Loss of the widely expressed transcription factor Oct1 induces a coordinated metabolic shift: mitochondrial activity and amino acid oxidation are increased, while glucose metabolism is reduced. HNF4alpha is critical for regulating glucose transport and glycolysis and in doing so is crucial for maintaining glucose homeostasis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430269,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22738915,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23332287,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18799900,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19063875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777765,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19808904,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575237,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145836,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997733,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15737014,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16199108,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16730855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16009451,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22806307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23507588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920167,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20948254,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20512075,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18726117,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21904575,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329413 | Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib? | Patients who carry somatic activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, respond well to erlotinib and gefitinib. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030101,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23676277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252321,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21987634,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014515,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22496419,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918945,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23704930 | Which protein complexes contain mitofilin? | mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging (MIB) complex
mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS)
MitOS for mitochondrial organizing structure |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21169428,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23968355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068774,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23616470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24041543,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23126454,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16176596,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24212578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24060126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24060127,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164862,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22225547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22399469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23831146 | Define marine metaproteomics | Marine metaproteomics is the study of the activities of whole marine microbial communities. The proteomic analyses are applied directly without the need for prior microbial culturing. The samples can be sediments,seawater, etc. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7522538,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2491777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7519874,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23399325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16830335,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21482379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2491782,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2491780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2491784,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22962301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377376,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8768681,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860891,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10633134,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18331998,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678692,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22312371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16459992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927530,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10787042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12696059,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2562822 | Mutation of which gene and which chromosome cause Neurofibromatosis type I? | Neurofibromatosis Type I is an autosomal dominant condition associated with NF-1 gene mutation that is located in the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q11.2). In the majority (95%) of Neurofibromatosis Type I individuals, the mutation is found in the NF1 gene, while the remaining 5% of the patients have different types of genetic abnormalities.
|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171649,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15808842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831522,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23532677,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17317766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577024,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622044,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228172,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19832729,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16155104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687816,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704232 | Which genes does thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 regulate in the heart? | β-myosin heavy chain, alpha-myosin heavy chain, SR(Ca)ATPase, phospholamban, nucleotide-gated potassium channel 2, KCNE1, HCN2, HCN4, KCND2, KCND3, KCNA4 |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23185759,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25496351,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16404815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23631600,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696903,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22768229,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24015273,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19137116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23593322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322782,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20810534,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391889,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17951291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25462372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18627180,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15801754 | What is the content of the METLIN database? | METLIN is a metabolite database containing tandem mass spectrometry data for each metabolite. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535384,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22056681,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943048,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152550,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19169861,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19041263,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19509282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24177577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22306880,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19032167,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597839,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18658125 | Which is the RNA sequence of the canonical polyadenylation signal? | A polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) nearby the 3' end of pre-mRNA is required for poly(A) synthesis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382538 | Which computational frameworks are available for predicting enhancers? | DEEP integrates three components with diverse characteristics that streamline the analysis of enhancer's properties in a great variety of cellular conditions. DEEP uses features derived from histone modification marks or attributes coming from sequence characteristics. Experimental results indicate that DEEP performs better than four state-of-the-art methods on the ENCODE data. The PRISM (predicting regulatory information from single motifs) approach obtains 2543 TF function predictions in a large variety of contexts, at a false discovery rate of 16%. The predictions are highly enriched for validated TF roles, and 45 of 67 (67%) tested binding site regions in five different contexts act as enhancers in functionally matched cells. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19324376,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10510805,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21996556,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24133408,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15975056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941496,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8180825,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538373,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386929,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19278690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21971452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14699432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20558869,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903360,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2384121 | Which proteins in the cerebro-spinal fluid can be used for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? | CSF is a clear fluid that bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Adults have about 1 pint of CSF, which physicians can sample through a minimally invasive procedure called a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap. Research suggests that Alzheimer's disease in its earliest stages may cause changes in CSF levels of tau and beta-amyloid, two proteins that form abnormal brain deposits strongly linked to the disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9361032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16237225 | Is there evidence for somatic mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis? | Yes, somatic mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis has been documented with the use of mutation identification, and subsequent linkage analysis in the affected families. In a large family with both parents unaffected, 3 affected children and 5 unaffected siblings, a 4 bp insertion in TSC2 gene was shown to be inherited from the mother. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056941,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24304890,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21549415 | What is GRO-seq? | Global run-on sequencing (Gro-seq) that maps the position, amount, and orientation of transcriptionally engaged RNA polymerases genome-wide. In this method, nuclear run-on RNA molecules are subjected to large-scale parallel sequencing and mapped to the genome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22801375 | What is the role of the RUNX1-MYEF2 complex? | A novel complex, RUNX1-MYEF2, represses hematopoietic genes in erythroid cells. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2319291,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17372252,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568697,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19022673,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21742680,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494549,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20487573,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217772,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107440,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15685439 | Does smoking increase risk for glioblastoma? | No. Smoking does not increase risk for glioblastoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17497253,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14676148,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15890322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19013996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16226079,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22155372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126594,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18382206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16076272,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17432514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15828882,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19804087,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383000,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340359,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16887036,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798421,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21130771 | Which genes are implicated in short QT syndrome? | The genes that are implicated in short QT syndrome are KCNJ2, KCNH2, CACNA2D1 and KCNQ1. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20396722,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20879466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8779182 | What is SCENAR therapy used for? | all patients experienced substantial relief of pain from the first treatment. an electronic biofeedback device (scenar) may be successfully utilized in the management of post-herpetic neuralgia. scenar) as effective in the treatment of neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder in children with nocturnal enuresis. post-herpetic neuralgia using a bioelectronical device (scenar). addition of scenar therapy to the complex conventional pharmacotherapy fastened ulcer healing, increased the effectiveness of helicobacter pylori eradication, and improved the condition of the gastroduodenal mucosa. scenar therapy to patients with localized suppurative peritonitis in the postoperative period. a new technique of low-frequency modulated electric current therapy, scenar therapy, was used in treatment of 103 patients with duodenal ulcer (du). localized suppurative peritonitis in the postoperative period
management of post-herpetic neuralgia
treatment of 103 patients with duodenal ulcer
treatment of neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder in children with nocturnal enuresis |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696630,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22978305,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25232331,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24979569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24957520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315216 | List symptoms of Gradenigo's syndrome. | Gradenigo's syndrome is a rare but life threatening complication of acute otitis media, which includes a classic triad of otitis media, deep facial pain and ipsilateral abducens nerve paralysis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114711,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25050785,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863786 | Is Wnt16b secreted in response to chemotherapy? | Yes, WNT16B is secreted into the microenvironment by human ovarian fibroblasts after DNA damage-associated treatment, including chemotherapy drugs and radiation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11178982,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363173,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034884,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281740,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450137,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170030,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21511815,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22899337,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650867,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17985346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12488587,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20663777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17494053,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596281,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15918908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23469115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19027772,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366412,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23393345,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9111196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421565,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22979979 | Do DNA double-strand breaks play a causal role in carcinogenesis? | Yes. It has been demonstrated that induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and defects in overall DSBs repair capacity can lead to an accumulation of mutations, resulting in genomic instability of cells. Given that genomic instability is the hallmark of cancer, DSBs play a causal role in carcinogenesis. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615002 | Do conserved noncoding elements co-occur with matrix-attachment regions? | Yes. It is estimated that 11% of the conserved noncoding DNA consists of predicted MARs. Conversely, more than half of the predicted MARs co-occur with one or more independently identified conserved sequence blocks. An excess of conserved predicted MARs is seen in intergenic regions preceding 5' ends of genes, suggesting that these MARs are primarily involved in transcriptional control. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15259379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165115,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15521205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19926244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16524802 | What is the relationship between thyroid hormone and inflammatory markers in heart failure patients? | There is an inverse correlation between inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF alfa and PCR) and FT3 levels in patients with heart failure |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23894342,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24557701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25194739,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25542499,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175723,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25064957,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798141,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24473180 | Which variables are included in the SPAN-100 score? | SPAN-100 score includes patient's age and NIH Stroke Scale score. SPAN-100 is used for prognostication of stroke patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25618141 | Are Drosophila ultraconserved elements candidate ncRNAs? | Yes. Highly constrained intergenic Drosophila ultraconserved elements are candidate ncRNAs. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11222747,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282388 | Which genes does thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 regulate in the liver? | phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase"//
"pyruvate kinase"//
"D1", "deiodinase 1"// |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077494,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615601 | What is the color of the protein Ranasmurfin? | Ranasmurfin is a blue protein. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437264,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16905130,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21116703,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22185090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850401 | What is the role of Caenorhabditis elegans Heterochromatin protein 1 (HPL-2) in development? | Caenorhabditis elegans Heterochromatin protein 1 (HPL-2) links developmental plasticity, longevity and lipid metabolism. HPL-2 regulates the expression of germline genes, extracellular matrix components and genes involved in lipid metabolism. In addition, HPL-2 regulates the dauer developmental decision, a striking example of phenotypic plasticity in which environmental conditions determine developmental fate. Furthermore, it is required for the formation of a functional germline and for the development of the vulva by acting in an Rb-related pathway. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8737616,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7202738,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22695290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034960,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11526777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425908,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15136074,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231199,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12419041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17399914,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2943896,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277022 | Does surgery for ovarian endometriomas improve fertility? | Yes, endometrioma surgery seems to improve the success rates of fertility treatment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22407809,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358459,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15495263,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11257471,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15564032,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945536,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805120,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648653,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012312,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11166164 | Are ACTA1 (alpha actin) and NEB (nebulin) genes related to nemaline myopathy? | Yes, most nemaline myopathy patients have mutations in the nebulin (NEB) or skeletal muscle alpha-actin (ACTA1) genes.Yes. Most nemaline myopathy patients have mutations in the nebulin (NEB) or skeletal muscle alpha-actin (ACTA1) genes. Mutations in six genes have been reported to cause NM: Nebulin (NEB Pelin 1999), alpha-skeletal muscle actin (ACTA1 Nowak 1999), alpha-slow tropomyosin (TPM3 Laing 1995), beta-tropomyosin (TPM2 Donner 2002), slow troponin T (TNNT1 Johnston 2000) and cofilin 2 (CFL2 Agrawal 2007). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19826816,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22176821,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508972,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23773975,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359233,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20337545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028718,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2189302,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19406733,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534371,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20131283 | What are the pregnancy outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis? | There is increased obstetrical and neonatal morbidity. Women with RA had an increased risk of LBW, SGA babies, preeclampsia and CS compared with unaffected women.
Women with RA appear to have a higher age-adjusted risk of adverse outcomes of pregnancy and longer hospital stays than do pregnant women in the general population, and careful antenatal monitoring should be performed.Patients with rheumatic disease can have successful pregnancy outcomes, particularly when a collaborative approach between the rheumatologist and obstetrician is applied.
In general, active inflammation from rheumatic diseases poses a stronger threat to the well-being of both mother and foetus than many immunosuppressant medications. Therefore, continued immunosuppression with the least risky medications will allow for the most optimal pregnancy outcomes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703209 | What is DNAshape? | DNAshape is a method and web server for predicting DNA structural features in a high-throughput (HT) manner for massive sequence data. This approach provides the framework for the integration of DNA sequence and shape analyses in genome-wide studies. The HT methodology uses a sliding-window approach to mine DNA structural information obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. It requires only nucleotide sequence as input and instantly predicts multiple structural features of DNA (minor groove width, roll, propeller twist and helix twist). The results of rigorous validations of the HT predictions based on DNA structures solved by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, hydroxyl radical cleavage data, statistical analysis and cross-validation, and molecular dynamics simulations provide strong confidence in this approach. The DNAshape web server is freely available at http://rohslab.cmb.usc.edu/DNAshape/. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2934121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2059900,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3181644,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2830793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8590944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6134470 | How are thyroid hormones involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy? | The diabetic state is associated with lowered T3 and T4 levels. Thyroid hormone treatment in diabetic cardiomyopathy may partially reverse cardiac dysfunction |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423664,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748458,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20207713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21851592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12857639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15008414,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940609,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11411692,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7544864,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289866,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21899420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23060619 | By which methods can we evaluate the reliability of a phylogenetic tree? | The methods for assessing the robustness/reliability of the topology of the inferred phylogenetic trees are: the widely used bootstrap method and the jackknife method.In contrast to other similar software, the program FreeTree (available at http://www.natur.cuni.cz/~flegr/programs/freetree or http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/vol51/issue3/) can also assess the robustness of the tree topology by bootstrap, jackknife or operational taxonomic unit-jackknife analysis. (PMID: 11411692) |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21423663,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17046836,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23209427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346757,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12667453,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184065,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503129 | Which histone modification is primarily linked to elongating transcription? | Similarly, H3K36 trimethylation, a mark associated with transcription elongation, was specifically increased at the HD locus in the striatum and not in the cerebellum. Recent studies reviewed here demonstrate that histone deacetylation on the body of a transcribed gene is regulated via Set2-mediated methylation of histone H3-K36. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23400593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24900694,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24812409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23084521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24579771,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21391905,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22753001 | Could RG7112 be used as cancer therapy? | Yes, RG7112 has shown promising results in early phases of trials in cancer patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321981,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042199,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20699329,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25784388,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26392750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294016,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23432640,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23913484,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25655379,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21795409,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25873122,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625121,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20179212,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21241278,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24922005,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828917,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216930 | Which interleukin is blocked by Siltuximab? | Siltuximab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to interleukin-6 with high affinity and specificity. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21354569,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16239179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18584275,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24850487,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22919191,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402744,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25343496 | ROSIER scale is used for which disorder? | ROSIER (Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room) scale was developed as a stroke recognition tool on suspected patients in the prehospital setting. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555315,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19259094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20516197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22689577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21186298,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22990449,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184063,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22865229,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22991226,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114751,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22929011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22955275,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22266186,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22947425,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042362,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140481,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15172996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211723,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21130077,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22117026,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683042,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347433,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21926091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20504333,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11134508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147512,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542455,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324470,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22638581,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811718,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21811564,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21953612,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222205,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21710206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22156375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357272,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23029547,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21947346,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382858,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22841502,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23408190,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622000,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19745053,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142826,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325281,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064865,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22472323,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22701735,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21947282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23312906,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22641068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23226217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393235,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23479617,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102827,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22959268,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19782027,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23271976,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22504884,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21622623,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730529,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21706058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22577027 | How histone deacetylation causes transcriptional gene silencing? | Histone deacetylation, catalyzed by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, is an epigenetic modification. Histone deacetylation leads to the formation of a condensed and transcriptionally repressive chromatin structure which inhibits gene transcription. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843625,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11443914,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7945327,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603325,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9299500,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22384259,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18246300,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438557,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21528671 | Which is the subcellular localization of the protein angiogenin? | Under growth conditions, ANG is located in nucleolus where it promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription thereby stimulating cell growth. In adverse conditions, ANG is relocated to cytoplasm to promote damage repairs and cell survival. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24170634,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300365,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20426708,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15099321,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21061765,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689478 | List FDA approved treatments for androgenetic allopecia | Recently, in addition to the two currently approved U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medications (minoxidil and finasteride), a novel device was FDA-approved for the treatment of hair loss, the laser hair comb. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956324,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21800128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20131322,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174420,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323185,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21959970,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1910520,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21606484,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16921562,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327307,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019191,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22125157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19899187,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21953954,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21953952 | Which bone protein is used in archaelogy for dating and species identification? | Collagen is the main protein extracted from bones and analyzed by mass spectrometry. It is traditionally used for radiocarbon dating but sophisticated new technologies are using collagen for species identification as well. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23532677,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23409791,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17315395,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152286,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24014964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19096930,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990180,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159562,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23958074,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21568669,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24157158,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315768,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114432,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24187401,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24322910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24217559,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22649319,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23555069,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23762386,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24246300,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9489964,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19125327,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16719939 | Does thyroid hormone affect cardiac remodeling ? | Cardiac function and mechanics are significantly affected by low thyroid function. l-T4 therapy improves but does not completely recover cardiac function in patients with mild hypothyroidism.
Long-term T4 treatment after myocardial infarction has beneficial effects on myocyte, arteriolar, and collagen matrix remodeling in the non-infarcted area. Most importantly, results suggest improved survival of myocytes in the peri-infarct area. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21726209,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22140466,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19484127,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12576549 | What is the effect of SAHA treatment in Huntington's disease? | Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, protects dopaminergic neurons from neurotoxin-induced damage. SAHA is predominantly an inhibitor of class I HDACs. However, it can also bind to class IIa HDACs and has been shown to degrade class IIa HDACs at the protein level in vitro. The neuroprotective effects of SAHA were mediated in part by promoting release of neurotrophic factors from astroglia through inhibition of histone deacetylation. SAHA can lead to the degradation of class IIa HDACs 4 and 5 via RANBP2 mediated proteasome degradation in vitro. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24133558,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23330022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23549699,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23624056,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24246427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22548607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24050486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294329 | What is known about the role of mHealth in the prevention of disease? | Most reported uses of mHealth are for treatment, we identified report on approaches to child obesity prevention. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24215799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21473737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24680372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23024835,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964859,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920041,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25489915,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25147058,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22725839,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197752,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23692283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25407283,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25197807,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533960,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24757363,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25397996,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24942635,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21528938,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25227290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23282091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25291725,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23731216,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23372274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24550770 | Which receptors are targeted by suvorexant? | Suvorexant is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of orexin 1 receptor and orexin 2 receptor currently under clinical investigation as a novel therapy for insomnia. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051221,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21275439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880686,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21904092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20957846,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861091,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908126,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16684437,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17181377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596995,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874255,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074507 | Is armodafinil used for treatment of insomnia? | No, armodafinil is not used for treatment of insomnia. Armodafinil is a wakefulness-promoting medication. Its efficacy and tolerability have been established in patients with excessive sleepiness (ES) associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), shift work disorder (SWD), or narcolepsy. The wakefulness-promoting agents armodafinil and modafinil are FDA approved for the treatment of ES in patients with SWD. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12422360,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22954629,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915006,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12872232,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20641139 | A common problem in proteomics is the contamination of samples with exogenous proteins (often from other species). These proteins can be found in specific databases. List some contaminants. | Some common contaminants in proteomics are proteases (used for the digestion of the proteins), keratins (usually from the skin), proteins originated from the serum of the culture media and antibodies if used in the experiment. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19369868,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994876,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127713,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24811178,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908270,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25300978,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17330256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087183,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16122996 | Which gene has been implicated in Majeed Syndrome? | Homozygous mutations in LPIN2 are responsible for the syndrome of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia (Majeed syndrome).Genetic alteration of LPIN2 in humans is known to cause Majeed syndrome. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24160177,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24289578,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24212220,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123008,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139500,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24228750,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24238300,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24190701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24231574,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24279639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296136,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24320727,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24236478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24129092,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24228508,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316855,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354080,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24300339,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256980,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24304568,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24312318,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24140394,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24244400 | What is Trypan blue used for? | Trypan blue is used in the "trypan blue exclusion assay" for assessing cell viability/cell death. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24392948,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22362844,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26152132,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918043,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277144 | Selexipag is used for which disease? | Selexipag is a novel, oral, selective prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor agonist in clinical development for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23271797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677263 | How does ranolazine affect kinase signaling activation in the heart? | Ranolazine inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activity |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382304,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16123337,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19169493,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326206,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16609879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23783767,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16019717,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462667,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22768671,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145471,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22694282,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150202,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686306 | List features of the DEND syndrome. | Clinical features of the DEND syndrome include developmental delay, epilepsy and neonatal diabetes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12520062,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15174122,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9847179,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10592227 | What is the RESID database? | The RESID Database of Protein Modifications is a comprehensive collection of annotations and structures for protein modifications and cross-links including pre-, co-, and post-translational modifications |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446684,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21586914,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20667452,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616707,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22948856,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22071279,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22560595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450660,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23468085,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373247 | Pridopidine has been tested for treatment of which disorder? | Pridopidine is a dopaminergic stabilizer that has shown promising results for treatment of Huntington disease patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25948244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24931975 | Are there currently applications of deep learning in genomics? | Yes. Deep learning has been used so far in genomics for predicting splicing patterns in individual tissues and differences in splicing patterns across tissues. The deep architecture surpasses the performance of the previous Bayesian method for predicting alternative splicing (AS) patterns. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784181,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474211,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15546139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1968658,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3186440,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17591602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1505946,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3656447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632720,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990116 | Are CpG islands located close to housekeeping genes? | Our analysis indicates that the association of CGIs with housekeeping genes is not as strong as previously estimated. These regions represent about 1% of genomic DNA and are generally found in the promoter region of housekeeping genes. In housekeeping and many tissue-specific genes, the promoter is embedded in a so-called CpG island. Methylation-free CpG clusters, so-called HTF islands, are most often associated with the promoter regions of housekeeping genes, whereas genes expressed in a single-cell type are usually deficient in these sequences. All housekeeping and widely expressed genes have a CpG island covering the transcription start, whereas 40% of the genes with a tissue-specific or limited expression are associated with islands. It has been envisaged that CpG islands are often observed near the transcriptional start sites (TSS) of housekeeping genes. CpG islands, which are found almost exclusively at the 5'-end of housekeeping genes. CpG islands were associated with the 5' ends of all housekeeping genes and many tissue-specific genes, and with the 3' ends of some tissue-specific genes. Yes, CpG islands are preferentially located at the start of transcription of housekeeping genes and are associated with tissue-specific genes.These regions represent about 1% of genomic DNA and are generally found in the promoter region of housekeeping genes. Our analysis indicates that the association of CGIs with housekeeping genes is not as strong as previously estimated. In housekeeping and many tissue-specific genes, the promoter is embedded in a so-called CpG island. Methylation-free CpG clusters, so-called HTF islands, are most often associated with the promoter regions of housekeeping genes, whereas genes expressed in a single-cell type are usually deficient in these sequences. All housekeeping and widely expressed genes have a CpG island covering the transcription start, whereas 40% of the genes with a tissue-specific or limited expression are associated with islands. It has been envisaged that CpG islands are often observed near the transcriptional start sites (TSS) of housekeeping genes. CpG islands, which are found almost exclusively at the 5'-end of housekeeping genes. CpG islands were associated with the 5' ends of all housekeeping genes and many tissue-specific genes, and with the 3' ends of some tissue-specific genes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23574622 | Is COL5A2 gene associated to ischemic heart disease? | Analysis of a gene co-expression network establishes robust association between Col5a2 and ischemic heart disease In a gene co-expression network from microarray data originating from a mouse model of myocardial infraction, Col5a2 shows predictive potential, and in principle may represent a novel candidate marker for the identification and treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22037302,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034054,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23822887,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695130,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616904,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16258456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055533,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19037995,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21862633,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18347166,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22204764,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14688465,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21824109,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19164757,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17197231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18491989,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846112,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18205878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504161,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17591945,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687646,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21242725 | Which is the target of bortezomib used in cancer therapy? | Bortezomib is a potent and specific reversible ubiquitin/proteasome pathway inhibitor, which has shown strong in vitro antitumor activity as single agent and in combination with other cytotoxic drugs in a broad spectrum of hematological and solid malignancies. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22909203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412770,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20585341,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187804,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22445829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21047203,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16854228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22630332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21499217,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376192,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23189953,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483436 | Have microRNAs been implicated in pharmacogenomics? | Yes. MicroRNAs have been implicated in pharmacogenomics. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22689679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22706301,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23257444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715690,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22262766,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773262,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454576,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20655265,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812780 | Which genes are known to be involved in Diamond-Blackfan anemia? | Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited red blood cell aplasia that usually presents during the first year of life. The disease has been associated with point mutations and large deletions in ten ribosomal protein (RP) genes RPS19, RPS24, RPS17, RPL35A, RPL5, RPL11, RPS7, RPS10, RPS26, and RPL26, as well as in GATA1, in about 60-65 % of patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25561219,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488693,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19804594,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349012 | Is nicotinamide effective for skin cancer prevention? | Yes, oral nicotinamide is safe and effective in reducing the rates of new nonmelanoma skin cancers and actinic keratoses in high-risk patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2906043 | Which is the chromosomal location of the gene MAOA? | The MAOA gene is locatad on chromosome X (Xp21-p11). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20205147,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003593,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6622345,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7785431,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7651445,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10391085,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14703107,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010952,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628429,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16575624,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12884831,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8353712 | Do Parkinson's disease patients experience stridor? | Yes. Stridor has been described in Parkinon's disease patients. Stridor has been linked to deep brain stimulation and L-Dopa medication use.
However, stridor was shown to be more common in multiple system atrophy patients. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18039246,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074478,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23385849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1410202,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12297607,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15387399,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18648195,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23167974 | Which depression rating scales were shown to have acceptable psychometric properties for screening of poststroke depression? | The Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire, The Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Poststroke Depression Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression scale appeared to have acceptable psychometric properties for identifying depression in patients after stroke. Therefore, these scales can be used for screening of post-stroke depression. Signs of Depression Scale and Visual Analogue Mood Scale showed inferior psychometric properties and therefore should not be used for screening for post-stroke depression. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22167207,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22290509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16865256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19649719,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22994780,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122231,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564421,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23451817,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12769777,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22552321,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22476901,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12433798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868005,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23225425,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887557,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17121923,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18056955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388912,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218485,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16094635 | What is the mechanism of action of trichostatin A (TSA) as an antitumoral agent? | Trichostatin A (TSA) exerts antitumoral activity as a histone deacetylase inhibitor |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17337911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048088,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14730251,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18685925,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295149 | Is there an association between serum interleukin-6 concentrations and outcomes of stroke patients? | Yes. Greater serum interleukin-6 concentrations are associated with worse outcomes in ischemic and hemmorhagic stroke patients |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798570,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25866560,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25093879,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25376489 | Could bioprinting be used in regenerative medicine against bone disease? | The developments in bioprinting (3D cell printing) techniques will be used in regenerative medicine and may allow the fabrication of customized implants for patients suffering in bone diseases in the future, once several technological limitations are addressed. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26069913,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899749,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26088576,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095746,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26088268 | Idarucizumab is an antidote of which drug? | Idarucizumab is an antidote of Dabigatran. It is used for Dabigatran Reversal. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15355436,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611902,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965030,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10700480,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21511235,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630497,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19205523,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302427,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11919333,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8706311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17322586,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9604973,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9849679,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17766716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235486,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250610,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21745434,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10902795,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906308 | What are the main clinical characteristics of Pendred syndrome? | Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital sensorineural deafness, goiter, and impaired iodide organification. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19614588,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23603847,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20537955,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944204,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297255 | What is the Pfam database? | The Pfam database provides a collection of curated protein families. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19835606,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385047,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22971240,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23222129,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23428641,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232676,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287631,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872506,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22688717,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21179022 | What is a popular mesaure of gene expression in RNA-seq experiments? | A commonly used measure for gene expression in RNA-seq experiments is Reads Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads (RPKM). In ocasions, and to account for partially mapped read, read Fragments per Kilobase per Million mapped reads (FPKM) is alternatively used. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18362514,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681022,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064313,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21787863,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19619495,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19793921,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23267366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20346769,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739783,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21818581,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159909,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20659474,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22017874,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20543572,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22561104,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17351330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874038,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20359542,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17622797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20417604,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576396,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19242639,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20364111,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22554685,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20798600,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22518139,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703094,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204848,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12960228,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539900,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23295856,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22915758,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22977244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839922,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23046644,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18336289,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383079,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22481944,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913110,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343297,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935563,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9184851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309418,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9296392,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21431350 | Is macroautophagy a selective degradation process? | Yes. Macroautophagy (commonly referred to simply as autophagy) is a catabolic process conserved throughout the eukaryotes, and is distinct from other forms of autophagy by the formation of the autophagosome: this is a vesicle-like formation surrounded by a double membrane that sequesters the cytoplasmic material to be degraded. It was initially considered that macroautophagy was a bulk process; however, recent findings illustrate that specific cargos (ranging from misfolded or excess proteins, to organelles or even bacterial cells) can be selectively targeted to the pre-autophagosome membrane (i.e. the phagophore) and finally to the vacuoles/lysosomes for their degradation. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22488249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940834,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23037716,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23431463,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22753585,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772063,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153524,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755375,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180582,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24501545,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863010,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101146,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767670,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755370,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016509,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23847761,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446853,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22350019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23723712,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24240108,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972611 | Inhibition of which enzyme is mechanism of action of alisertib? | Alisertib (MLN8237) is selective Aurora kinase inhibitor that acts by interfering with spindle organization and chromosome alignment during mitosis. It has been tested in patients with gastric cancer, breast cancer, relapsed and refractory aggressive B- and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal carcinoma. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22522688,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23837798,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25273355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24533160,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24446554,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25120960,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886071,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23838444,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22445929,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876490,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25333277,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23045802,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623628,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742788 | List the three most prevalent pathogenic species of Borrelia in Europe. | The most prevalent pathogenic species of Borrelia in Europe are: B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi ss. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21874823,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132274,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22986150,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459689,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8421095,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17574009,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9350446,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334584,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825978,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12946875,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17684393,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17040361,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1422238,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10687857,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24170966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8115332,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161330,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092799,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594618,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8475937,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7833674,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23392090,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468521,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18940949,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2885829,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1580595 | Which thyroid hormone transporter is implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndrome? | thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 is implicated in thyroid hormone resistance syndromeHemizygous MCT8 mutations cuases TH resistance syndrome in males characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, known as the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22726116,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17686849,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636254 | Which are the subunits of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in the canonical pathway activation? | The NF-κB canonical pathway is mediated by the p65/relA and p50 subunits. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24681619 | Is there any link between conserved noncoding elements and alternative splicing in vertebrates? | Yes. Some of the most highly conserved sequences occur in genes encoding RNA binding proteins, particularly the RNA splicing-associated SR genes. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11566103,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313966,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23032483,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100391,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948422,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12598532,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159405 | Which protein is affected by dusp8 activation? | dusp8 (M3/6) is a dual-specificity phosphatase selective for JNK. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22311911,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22862294,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23192269,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23830395,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122306,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23984728,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23900878,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23077657,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22458347,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21611927,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21541781,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780830,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297706,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189899,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20730702,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765655,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122797,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23204120,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23817130,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23353592,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24261583,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23568224,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23682110,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22348175,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23068290,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21670421,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22525377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829793,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23997048 | Which receptors are targeted by a drug Macitentan? | Endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B are targeted by a drug Macitentan. Macitentan is a potent, orally active, non-peptide dual antagonist of endothelin receptors A and B that is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19497087,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819125,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16284433 | What is known as the cause of subacute thyroiditis? | Most cases of subacute thyroiditis are caused by a variety of viruses, for example, Coxsackie, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19533356,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22475741,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22561055,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457157,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23011019,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23478244,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277394 | Which drugs are utilized to treat eosinophilic esophagitis? | Therapeutic options of eosinophilic esophagitis include use of proton-pump inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, elimination diets, and esophageal dilatation.
Oral viscous budesonide (OVB) is an effective treatment of pan-esophageal disease in children with EoE. OVB improves symptoms and endoscopic and histologic features. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11948988,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15211979,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7513296,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1722259,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19787152,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/659256,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2999612,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22989055,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7509311,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968991,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15698945,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7635469,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1756602,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18078202,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2570015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18344710,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1392366,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1281842,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1683481 | What is the incidence of cystic fibrosis in the caucasian population? | Estimates of the newborn frequency of cystic fibrosis in different Caucasian groups range from 4 times more to 40 times less common than the generally accepted figure of 1:2000.Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in the Caucasian population, affecting approximately 1 in 2,000-1/2,500 live births, but the actual estimate varies with the geographic location. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154615,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26018251,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25899321,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25827060,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26137860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26086109,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26034200,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26034201,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25779646,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26055788,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25896661,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25878248 | What is the effect of thapsigargin treatment? | Thapsigargin is an endoplasmic stress inducer. It is a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580068,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21761402,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22878818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805372,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392042 | What is the Her2 status in Li-Fraumeni syndrome? | In the background of a germline TP53 mutation of the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, the Her2 status was found to be positive in 63-83% of the cases. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23331310,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293374,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293373,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575364,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22975810,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22893239,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21230665,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23214818,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22330507,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031037,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23396131,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23196907,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22653729,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21500720,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665786,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517525,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16642197,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22278059,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250067,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21190672,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23263128,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355576,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22714377,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22684196,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22852678,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083249,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281652,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22565760,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23031030,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412482,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11390993,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23291355,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286383,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164644,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23003992,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22181929 | Where is X-ray free electron laser used? | X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) technologies provide coherent and extremely intense photon pulses of short duration. XFELs are particularly useful in structural biology and imaging, in structural studies of single biological macromolecules (e.g. high resolution protein structure determination) and assemblies (e.g. viruses) or nanocrystals, which are not amenable to investigation with traditional crystallographic methods. Moreover, XFELs have the potential to be used for studying enzyme kinetics. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22463608,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22707725,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19696029,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671701,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20060004,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20349314,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772476,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2544595,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25451386 | Which protein kinases have been found to phosphorylate Phospholamban and affect its biological activity? | Phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser16 is mainly mediated by PKA and at Thr17 by Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII). Phospholamban is also a reporter for PKG activity and akt kinase interacts with and phosphorylates PLN at Thr(17). |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25003133,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124893,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971931,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669916,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24505439,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23520510,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16806174,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22390546,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20452577,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25517696,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15972653,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24829344,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19156207 | Why can't humans synthesize Neu5Gc (N-Glycolylneuraminic acid)? | N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is a sialic acid synthesized by animals, but not by humans or birds. Humans lack a functional cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) protein and cannot synthesize the sugar Neu5Gc, an innate mammalian signal of self. Losing this sugar changed how humans interact with some of our deadliest pathogens: malaria, influenza, and streptococcus among others. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533464,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24759590,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799061,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856460,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965748,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537627,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24314737,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264242,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21978946,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24844235,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23146910,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297456,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788266,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880851,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24276076,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24418642,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23371447,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22249003 | Which enzyme is inhibited by Orteronel? | Orteronel inhibits the 17,20 lyase activity of the enzyme CYP17A1, which is important for androgen synthesis in the testes, adrenal glands and prostate cancer cells. Orteronel is used for treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer. |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21815888,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24865609,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21990275,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474760,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474761 | What is the disorder in which mutations in U4atac snRNA are detected? | Mutations in U4atac snRNA are thought to be the cause of Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism type I (MOPDI), a recessive form of developmental disorder.Biallelic mutations of the human RNU4ATAC gene, which codes for the minor spliceosomal U4atac snRNA, cause the developmental disorder, MOPD I/TALS |