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4042106

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist%20Trophy%20%28video%20game%29

Tourist Trophy (video game)

is a 2006 motorcycle racing game. It was designed by Polyphony Digital, the developers of the popular Gran Turismo auto racing series. Tourist Trophy is one of only four titles for the PlayStation 2 that is capable of 1080i output, another being Gran Turismo 4, the game engine of which is also used by Tourist Trophy, therefore serving as a spin-off title to the Gran Turismo series. Tourist Trophy was first released in China on January 26, 2006, then in Japan on February 2, 2006. The North American version was officially released on April 4, 2006 with seven extra motorcycles, new riding gear, seven bonus background music tracks, enhanced visual effects, an exclusive "Semi-Pro Mode", and bike profiles. The game was launched in Australia on June 1, 2006, and in Europe the next day. The PAL version offered two additional motorcycles and five new BGM tracks from European artists Infadels, Vitalic and Hystereo. Gameplay TT Mode License School Tourist Trophy's core "Race Event" mode requires licenses, obtained after completing riding lessons on various circuits using various motorcycles. There are four licenses to unlock, and each following license is progressively more difficult to obtain and allows the player to unlock faster motorcycles in Challenge Mode upon completion. Challenge Mode Unlike the Gran Turismo games, Tourist Trophy does not contain a currency system. The player must obtain licenses in order to complete short races in "Challenge Mode", which award motorcycles to add to their garage. Motorcycles won by the player are used and tuned to compete in championships, and are unlocked for use in the game's Arcade mode. Tourist Trophy has 135 motorcycles with engine displacements from 124 cc to 1670 cc, including both road and race versions, from years 1961 through 2005. Dedicated racing bikes exist as semi-licensed "RacingModified" versions of street bikes, as well as five official fully licensed 2005 Suzuka 8 Hours endurance bikes. Motorcycles from many major manufacturers, as well as two specialized Japanese tuners, Moriwaki and Yoshimura, are included; bikes from the latter two can only be obtained as prizes in Race Events. 37 different track layouts are present in the game, including 22 original courses, the Tsukuba Circuit motorcycle layout, and two versions of Fuji Speedway as it appeared in the 1980s and 1990s. The motorcycle selection covers a broad range of modern motorcycles, including scooters, enduros, motards, sports bikes and naked bikes, as well as any respective "RacingModified" versions. For "RacingModified" bikes, a racing number from 5 through 99 can be selected—numbers 1 through 4 must be won in Race Events. Race Event Race Events are championships that consist of multiple races. Winning all races within a championship will award the player with new motorcycles and riding gear, and finishing an entire championship will grant the player's motorcycle a special racing number depending on their overall position. Prize bikes include "RacingModified" variants unavailable in Challenge Mode, and a classic racing motorcycle, the 1961 Honda RC162. Completing all 22 Race Events initially available will unlock a bonus 23rd Race Event. Completing the game will unlock an ending cinematic and add the "Clover Crown" ending theme to the "Music Theater". Riding Gear A feature exclusive to Tourist Trophy is "Riding Gear" (named "Closet" in the Asian editions). The player can unlock and collect 186 different riding accessories for their rider, including different helmets, gloves, boots or shoes, pants, jackets, and one-piece racing suits commercially available from more than a dozen manufacturers (Simpson, Vanson Leathers, Alpinestars, Arai, Shoei, Kushitani, RS Taichi, Dainese, AGV, Lewis Leathers, Bell, SPIDI, and XPD). Up to four different combinations can be saved, including two racing suits and two street riding outfits. The Suzuka 8 Hours racing motorcycles have their own respective racing suits, which can only be used with said bikes selected. The player cannot use any other riding gear with these motorcycles. Riding Form The "Riding Form" option is available in both Arcade Mode and TT Mode. Before an Arcade Mode race, the user can choose among four Riding Form presets: "Lean Body", "Neutral", "Lean Bike" and "Motard/Dirt". Lean Body focuses on quick cornering, Neutral focuses on handling, and Lean Bike prioritizes slow cornering. The Motard/Dirt form with one leg out in turns is dedicated to enduro and naked bike riding; however, the user is free to use it on all bikes. This mode is named after the mode in Gran Turismo games. In TT Mode, the user can enter the Garage Riding Form settings with up to four fully customizable forms to save. They are saved as "Form A", "Form B", "Form C" and "Motard/Dirt". Each one has eleven unique parameters and four presets: "Neutral", "Lean Body", "Lean Bike" and "Motard/Dirt" from which to choose. The adjustable parameters are as follows: "Head Roll Angle" dictates how far to the side the rider's head turns in corners. "Head Pitch Angle" dictates how far up or down the rider's head is positioned. "Lateral Slide" determines how far the rider's hips slide towards the inside of a turn. Increasing this value raises cornering speed at the cost of stability and responsiveness (as a result of the change in center of mass). "Vertical Slide" dictates how much the rider tucks their body in towards the bike in corners. "Body Lean (Full Bank)" dictates the extent to which the rider leans into corners. "Torso Roll Angle" determines how far the rider's torso leans into corners. Decreasing this value results in increased responsiveness at the cost of stability. "Torso Yaw Angle" determines how far the rider's torso twists toward corners. Decreasing this value results in increased responsiveness. "Arm Angle" determines how far in or out the rider's elbows are positioned. Decreasing this value results in increased cornering speed (due to lower drag) at the cost of responsiveness. "Seat Position (Forward/Back)" determines how far forward or back the rider sits, influencing their posture and the extent to which they tuck. "Leg Angle" works much the same as the "Arm Angle" setting; a high value offers increased responsiveness while sacrificing cornering speed. "Body Lean (Upright)" dictates the extent to which the rider tucks on straights. An increased value results in lower drag, and thus higher acceleration and top speed. Gameplay settings Tourist Trophy's default setting is "Normal". Using the Normal setting, the player can perform maneuvers such as wheelies and stoppies on powerful-enough bikes. These possibilities are disabled with the "Professional" setting. Enabling "Professional" over the arcade-oriented "Normal" will enhance the simulation aspect and difficulty level of the game. The "Professional" setting is intended to allow a more realistic experience, with manual tucking and separate front and rear brake controls instead of the default double-brake system. The in-between "Semi-Pro Mode" is an exclusive feature of the North American edition. Other options augmenting difficulty are "Strict Judgment"—a 10-second slowdown penalty for shortcuts as seen in Gran Turismo 4—and a "Best Line" display. Other features Photo Mode and Best Shot Pre-generated photos can be taken from a race replay and saved on a PS2 memory card or a connected USB flash drive, like in Gran Turismo 4. This function is known in the game as "Best Shot". Using various replay angles from different parts of the course as a digital camera, the game is able to produce a selection of screenshots with variable compression (Normal, Fine, or Super Fine) and size (up to 1280 x 960 px @ 72 dpi). Outside of Best Shot, the game's Photo Mode allows the player to take a photo at a particular moment in a replay; its parameters are almost fully adjustable, giving the player the opportunity to compose their own photographs. The user can choose to save the photo to the PS2 memory card or a USB flash drive, print it with a USB-compatible Epson printer, or display it in-game using the "Musical Diaporama" feature. Saved game screenshots can be exchanged with friends or published to the Internet. Formatting the USB device in Photo Mode or Best Shot will create the "DCIM/100PDITT" folder, allowing Tourist Trophy to store, upload and download game picture files generated under the form "IMG_00X.JPG". Standard USB 2.0 flash drives (including MP3 players and mobile phones) can be used to manage game JPEG files instead of the official I-O Data model. Replay/ghost files A memory card or USB flash drive can store Tourist Trophy replay/ghost files downloaded from either the official game website or elsewhere online, and can be used to exchange files with another USB device. Once the files are in the flash drive, the user can upload them from within the game in order to compete with a ghost (in "Time Attack" mode) or to watch a replay (in the "Replay Theater"). Each file can be used as a Replay or as a Ghost. Formatting the USB device from Theater Mode will create the "PDI" folder, allowing Tourist Trophy to store, upload and download files generated under the name "replay.dat". Standard third-party USB devices are also compatible with such files. Development Polyphony Digital reused the physics engine, graphical user interface design, and all but one circuit from Gran Turismo 4. However, the number of NPC opponents was reduced from five in existing Gran Turismo games to only three. Tourist Trophy also uses the License School feature that was popularized by the Gran Turismo series, as well as the Photo Mode introduced in Gran Turismo 4. The B-spec mode, which appeared in Gran Turismo 4, is absent in Tourist Trophy. While wet, dirt, and reverse racing conditions and tracks such as the Circuit de la Sarthe were removed, a unique course was recreated specifically for Tourist Trophy. The Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo is an official track appearing in the Superbike World Championship and MotoGP, which sees extensive use as a test circuit during the off season. It reappeared in Gran Turismo (PSP) due to its presence in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and the World Touring Car Championship, but did not appear in Gran Turismo 5. Polyphony ostensibly planned to add this track to Gran Turismo 5 (as it remains unused within the game's files), but it was left out for unknown reasons. Original soundtrack The Tourist Trophy original game soundtrack was released on March 15, 2006 by For Life Music Entertainment. Track listing Composed by: Sun Paulo and Makoto Performed by: Sun Paulo, Quadra, Makoto, KASAI and Mitsuo Okada "I against a speed" (Short Mix) – 3:14 "Discommunication" (Short Mix) – 3:32 "Who I am?" (Short Mix) – 3:46 "Forest" (Short Mix) – 8:00 "Fiber Optics" (Sun Paulo Remix) – 11:10 "Five Silver Rings" – 2:36 "Mystery" – 2:20 "Low Sky" – 2:30 "Mind Visions" – 2:31 "Introduction" – 2:34 "Far West" – 2:45 "Blue on Black" – 2:52 "Your Soul" – 2:23 "Take Your Soul" – 2:04 "Inside My Love" – 2:07 "Peaces of Mind" – 2:32 "OKINAWA WIND" – 3:00 "BRAZILIAN WIND" – 3:02 "CALIFORNIA WIND" – 3:32 "Digital Mononoke Beat PT.1" – 3:09 "Digital Mononoke Beat PT.2" – 2:49 Reception In October 2003, Sony Computer Entertainment's announcement of a Polyphony-developed motorcycle racing game generated excitement among Gran Turismo fans, and the debut of Tourist Trophy at the 2005 Tokyo Game Show was met with good reviews. The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four eights for a total of 32 out of 40. The game won IGN's award for Best PS2 Simulation of 2006. Possible sequel In 2015, when asked about the possibility of a sequel to Tourist Trophy, Kazunori Yamauchi said: "I am aware that the game is expected by many fans, so I can't deny a Tourist Trophy 2". While such a sequel has not yet come to fruition, Yamauchi later admitted in an interview in 2018 that it was "still [in] the back of his mind". References External links Tourist Trophy official website, Global 2006 video games Gran Turismo (series) Motorcycle video games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation 2-only games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Racing simulators Racing video games Multiplayer and single-player video games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in California Sports video games set in Germany Video games set in Hong Kong Sports video games set in Italy Sports video games set in Japan Video games set in Monaco Video games set in New York City Video games set in Seattle Video games set in Seoul Video games set in Spain

4042112

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMDR

SMDR

SMDR may refer to: Simple Metadata Registry, a way of describing metadata Station Messaging Detail Record, a way to record telecommunications system activity, also known as Call detail record or CDR Prince Rogers Nelson song title, SMDR is an abbreviation for "Sex, Music, Drugs, Romance".

4042116

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ross%20Roach

John Ross Roach

John Ross Roach (June 23, 1900 – July 9, 1973) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League between 1921 and 1935. His nicknames were "Little Napoleon", "The Housecleaner", "The Port Perry Cucumber", and the "Port Perry Woodpecker." Playing career Roach was born in Port Perry, Ontario. He won a Stanley Cup in 1922. Roach was one of only six goalies in the NHL to captain his team when he was with the Toronto St. Patricks during the 1924–25 season. He was a First Team All-Star during the 1932–33 NHL season. Roach was known for his acrobatic style of goaltending. In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Roach at No. 64 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs References External links 1900 births 1973 deaths Canadian ice hockey goaltenders Detroit Olympics (IHL) players Detroit Red Wings players Ice hockey people from Ontario New York Rangers players National Hockey League goaltender captains People from Scugog Sportspeople from the Regional Municipality of Durham Stanley Cup champions Syracuse Stars (IHL) players Toronto Maple Leafs players Toronto St. Pats players

4042119

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130P/McNaught%E2%80%93Hughes

130P/McNaught–Hughes

130P/McNaught–Hughes is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It takes 6.65 years to orbit the Sun and is 4.2 km in diameter. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 130P at Kronk's Cometography 130P/McNaught-Hughes – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net Lightcurve (Artyom Novichonok) Periodic comets 0130 Comets in 2011 Comets in 2018 19910930

4042123

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before%20There%20Were%20Slackers%20There%20Were...

Before There Were Slackers There Were...

Before There Were Slackers There Were... is a collection of recordings from 1992, 1994, and 1995 by The Slackers under the pseudonym, The Nods. Despite common misconception, the band was already known as The Slackers when this material was recorded and several of the tracks had previously appeared on their demo tapes. The pseudonym was used due to the album being self-released during the time that the Slackers were first signed to Hellcat Records. Track listing "Trash" – 3:20 "All I Ever Wanted" – 3:50 "You Don't Know I..." – 2:39 "Ray-Gun Sally" – 3:02 "Dead Girl" – 3:36 "Gasoline" – 2:47 "Dear Bossman" – 3:03 "Andre" – 2:58 "Sleep Outside" – 3:36 "Bed Bug" – 3:26 "Red Onions" – 2:36 "Rude Boy" – 4:22 "Sister Sister" – 2:26 "Greedy Girl" – 4:26 "Tarantula" – 2:41 "Yuk-Yah" – 5:36 1999 compilation albums The Slackers compilation albums

4042136

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Lindsay

Mark Lindsay

Mark Lindsay (born March 9, 1942) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer of the rock band Paul Revere & the Raiders. Early life Lindsay was born in Eugene, Oregon, and was the second of eight children of George and Esther Ellis Lindsay. The family moved to Idaho when he was young, where he attended Wilder High School. Career Paul Revere & the Raiders Lindsay began performing at age 15 with local bands that played local venues. He was tapped to sing in a band, Freddy Chapman and the Idaho Playboys, after he won a local talent contest. After Chapman left the area, Lindsay saw the other band members and a new member, Paul Revere Dick, playing at a local I.O.O.F. Hall. He persuaded the band to allow him to sing a few songs with them. The next day, he was working at McClure Bakery in Caldwell, Idaho, when Paul Revere came in to buy supplies for a hamburger restaurant that he owned. This chance meeting began their professional relationship. Lindsay became lead singer and saxophone player in a band with Revere and several others. He suggested they call themselves "The Downbeats" after a magazine with the same title. They made some demo tapes in 1960 in Boise, Idaho, and signed with a record company called Gardena Records. The group scored their first national hit with the piano/guitar instrumental "Like, Long Hair" which peaked at No. 38 in the Billboard charts on April 17, 1961. After changing personnel a few more times, the band recorded the song "Louie, Louie" about the same time that a rival Pacific Northwest band, The Kingsmen, recorded the song. The Kingsmen version was the one that charted nationally, but Mark and his bandmates also were gaining attention. Around the time "Louie, Louie" was recorded, they decided to use Paul Revere's name as a gimmick and bill themselves as "Paul Revere & the Raiders". They began to dress in Revolutionary War-style outfits. Mark Lindsay carried the theme a bit further by growing his hair out and pulling it back into a ponytail, which became his signature look. Lindsay and the group caught the attention of Dick Clark, who was developing Where the Action Is, an afternoon show for the teen market. Clark hired the group as regular performers, and the group soon became very successful. Lindsay's lanky stature and good looks, as well as his excellent singing voice, quickly gained him immense popularity; he became one of the premier American teen idols of the 1960s. Lindsay soon started working not only as the singer of the group, but also as a composer and producer. The Raiders were the first rock group signed by Columbia Records and were produced by Terry Melcher, the son of actress and singer Doris Day. Lindsay and Melcher became friends and shared a house for a while. The house later became infamous as the site of the horrific murders of actress Sharon Tate and others, committed by members of Charles Manson's "family." According to a Rolling Stone interview (conducted in 1985), Lindsay left The Raiders because "there was a contractual thing I didn't agree with, and I just stopped." Television By 1968 Lindsay had completely taken over the writing and producing tasks for the group. Paul Revere & the Raiders had a revolving cast of band members, with only Revere and Lindsay remaining in the group since its inception. Where the Action Is had passed into television history. Dick Clark had created another show, Happening '68, which was to be hosted by Revere and Lindsay, and was to feature the group. The group itself was featured prominently in this show, whereas in Where the Action Is, the entire group was part of an ensemble of other musical performers. Happening '68 premiered in January 1968. The show was so popular that the group also hosted a daily version over the summer of 1968, called It's Happening. Happening '68 survived into 1969, at which point the name of the show became Happening. The show was canceled in October 1969. By this time, like many other groups, Mark Lindsay and his bandmates were trying to maintain their success, but also were exploring other opportunities. Lindsay began to record solo records and to produce records for his bandmate, Freddy Weller, who went on to have his own solo success in the country music genre. Lindsay had some success with such songs as "Arizona" (1969, Billboard #10), which sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc; and "Silver Bird" (Billboard #25) in 1970. Lindsay recorded "Indian Reservation", a song written by John Loudermilk and made into a Hot 100 top 20 hit by Don Fardon years earlier. It was intended to be a solo recording for Lindsay, but for marketing purposes, the decision was made to release the song under the simple band name of "Raiders" with just Lindsay & Revere appearing on the track along with L.A. session players from the Wrecking Crew, and the song was retitled with a subtitle, "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)". On the Hot 100, the record reached No. 1, whereas the highest position that Paul Revere & the Raiders had ever reached was No. 4. Lindsay continued to chart solo singles throughout 1970–71: "Miss America" (#44 – May 1970), "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" (#44 – November 1970), "Problem Child" (#80 – January 1971), "Been Too Long on the Road" (#98 – June 1971) and "Are You Old Enough" (#87 – October 1971). Lindsay kept his profile up by appearing on The Carpenters television variety show Make Your Own Kind of Music, as well as singing the themes to films Something Big (1971) and "Jody", the theme from Santee (1973 – credited to The Raiders). By the mid-seventies the group no longer sold as many records as they once had, and both Lindsay and the Raiders lost their Columbia contract. Lindsay officially left the group in 1975 when he and Paul Revere apparently had different visions for the group and their own individual pursuits. He did make a few more appearances in 1976 for some Bicentennial performances as well as a Dick Clark produced reunion with his Action era bandmates in 1977. Later works Lindsay continued to record solo singles for a few years (for Warner Bros., Elka and Greedy Records) before retiring from performing to serve as head of A&R for United Artists Records. He contributed to the recordings of artists such as Gerry Rafferty (on Baker Street ), Kenny Rogers, and others. His accomplishments also included composing jingles for commercials (including Baskin-Robbins, Datsun, Kodak, Pontiac, and Levi's) and scores for motion pictures. He contributed both his voice and his musical compositions to advertisements for companies such as Yamaha, which used the music from "Silver Bird" as the background to one of its commercials. He also composed music for the movies For Pete's Sake and The Love Machine, sung by Barbra Streisand and Dionne Warwick, respectively, and for a 1982 documentary, The Killing of America, as well as a song for the movie Savage Streets. In 1980 he dubbed a voice and co-wrote the musical score (with W. Michael Lewis) for the American version of the Japanese movie Shogun Assassin. Lindsay made some appearances in 1985 in conjunction with the centennial of the Statue of Liberty, the Legends for Liberty tour (backed by the sixties rock band Spirit), and began to tour on his own again. In 1989 he quietly began recording at Kiva Studios (now House of Blues Studios of Memphis) in Memphis, Tennessee with friend Michael Bradley. Although the album Looking for Shelter was not picked up for national release, Lindsay made the album available for fans through his website in 2003. In the early nineties he met the group, The Chesterfield Kings in Rochester, New York, on one of his tours, and later collaborated with them, performing on their recording of "Where Do We Go From Here?" He also appeared in a cameo in their film, Where is the Chesterfield King? (2000). Lindsay's next official solo release was Video Dreams in 1996. This effort was warmly received and Lindsay began an even more aggressive touring schedule. Video Dreams had originally started as a duet album with Carla Olson. Lindsay previously dueted with Olson on "Ups and Downs", included on her 1994 album Reap The Whirlwind. Olson co-produced the original sessions with Lindsay and brought in Danny Federici and Eric Johnson, as well as songs written by two friends of hers, Scott Kempner of the Del Lords and Michael Nold. A disagreement about the album's direction led to the album becoming a solo album by Lindsay, though the song selection remained the same, with only one song added that had not originally been recorded with Olson. He followed this release with a holiday record (Twas the Night Before Christmas (2000)) and Live at Rick's Cafe (1999) (not a live album, but a collection of pre-rock standards). In 2003, he had announced he would retire from touring, but he later reconsidered. A recording of his first "farewell" show was released in 2004 (The Last Midnight Ride). He currently does some touring, but as of January 7, 2006, he was heard on a webcast every Saturday night on the website of KISN radio from 7 p.m. to 12 a.m. PST, titled "Mark After Dark." On November 11, 2006, "Mark After Dark" switched to FM webcast "K-Hits 106-7" KLTH Saturday nights 7 p.m. to 11 p.m. PST. On March 10, 2007, the program "Mark After Dark" changed its name to "Mark Lindsay's Rock & Roll Cafe" to refer to Lindsay's restaurant, which opened to the public in Portland, Oregon, on August 27, 2007. The restaurant included a remote studio where Lindsay did his radio show in front of restaurant guests and can be seen from the street and sidewalk. The studio was also used at times by other K-Hits air personalities. On September 21, 2007, a federal lawsuit was filed against the new restaurant for the restaurant's allegedly unauthorized use of various trademarks owned by the Yaw family, who had operated Yaw's Top Notch Restaurants in the Portland area for many years. On May 12, 2008, "Mark Lindsay's Rock & Roll Cafe" announced its closure. Lindsay's recording of Treat Her Right with Los Straitjackets in 2001 was cited by Stephen King in his column for Entertainment Weekly in May 2008: "This remake of Roy Head's 1965 soul hit smokes. And Mark Lindsay sounds so good you just gotta wonder where he was all those years." During the summers of 2010–2013, Lindsay had a heavy touring schedule throughout the U.S. as part of the Happy Together: 25th Anniversary Tour, along with Flo & Eddie of The Turtles, The Grass Roots, The Buckinghams, and 'Monkees' member Micky Dolenz (2010 and 2013 only). In 2013, Lindsay recorded an album of new material on Bongo Boy Records entitled Life Out Loud. Lindsay was on the national tour of the "Happy Together" tours of 2015, 2016, and 2018, and will be on the upcoming "Happy Together" tour of 2020. Personal life Lindsay married his second wife, Deborah (née Brandt), on July 29, 1989, in McCall, Idaho after his first marriage to Jaime Zygon ended in the early 1980s. He previously resided in Maine downeast near Machias; but has recently built a new home in Florida. Discography With Paul Revere & the Raiders Studio albums Singles Solo Albums Arizona (Columbia) 1969, US 36 Silverbird (Columbia) 1970, US 82 You've Got A Friend (Columbia) 1971, US 180 Shogun Assassin (soundtrack) (w/ Michael Lewis)(import) 1980 The Best of Mark Lindsay (Columbia) 1984 Looking for Shelter (marklindsaysounds.com) 1989; 2003 Video Dreams (alala music) 1996 This album was originally a duet project with Carla Olson. Rumors of an eventual release of the Carla / Mark version of the album known as Revenge continue. Live at Rick's Cafe (alala music) 1999 Twas the Night Before Christmas (alala music) 2000 The Last Midnight Ride (marklindsaysounds.com) 2004 Mark Lindsay: The Complete Columbia Singles (Real Gone Music) 2012 Like Nothing That You've Seen – Single (Bongo Boy Records) 2013 Show Me The Love – Single (Bongo Boy Records) 2013 Life Out Loud (Bongo Boy Records) 2013 Singles "First Hymn from Grand Terrace" (Columbia) 1969, US BB 81, US AC 24 "Arizona" (Columbia) 1969, US BB 10, US AC 16, RIAA Gold "Miss America (Columbia) 1970, US BB 44, US AC 20 "Silver Bird" (Columbia) 1970, US BB 25, US AC 7 "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" (Columbia) 1970, US BB 44, US AC 5; Canada RPM 34, AC 14 "Problem Child" (Columbia) 1971, US BB 80, US AC 35 "Been Too Long on the Road" (Columbia) 1971, US BB 98 "Are You Old Enough" (Columbia) 1971, US BB 87 "Something Big" (Columbia) 1972, US AC 36 "Photograph" (Columbia) 1975, US RW 113 "Sing Your Own Song" (Greedy) 1976, US CB 103, US AC 22 Production credits Singles "Tighter"/"Young Enough to Cry" (1967), Marlin – The Unknowns, single "Birds of a Feather"/"To Know Her is to Love Her" (1969), Columbia Records – single/Keith Allison "First Hymn from Grand Terrace" (1969), Columbia Records "Everybody"/"Wednesday's Child" (1969), Columbia Records – single/Keith Allison "Arizona" (1970), Columbia Records "Miss America"/"Small Town Woman" (1970), Columbia Records "Silver Bird" (1970), Columbia Records "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" (1970), Columbia Records "Song Seller"/"A Simple Song" (1972), Columbia Records – The Raiders, single "Love Music"/"Goodbye No. 9" (1973), Columbia Records – The Raiders, single "(If I Had it to Do All Over Again, I'd Do It) All Over You"/"Seaboard Line Boogie" (1974), CBS – The Raiders "Sing Your Own Song" (1976), Greedy – Mark Lindsay, single w/Perry Botkin, Jr. "Oklahoma"/"Oklahoma" (1977), Capitol Records – w/Terry Melcher "Sing Me High (Sing Me Low)"/"Flips-Eyed" (1977), Warner Bros. – Mark Lindsay, single "Little Ladies of the Night"/"Flips-Eyed" (1977), Warner Bros. Records – Mark Lindsay, single "Tobacco Road" (1977), United Artists – Ritchie Lecea, exec. producer, single "Theme from Mork and Mindy"/"Disco Kicks" (1979), Ariola – Cake, w/Perry Botkin, Jr., single "Disco Kicks" (1981), J & D – The Original Mass, w/Perry Botkin, Jr., 12-inch single Albums Something Happening (1968), Columbia Records – Paul Revere & the Raiders Hard and Heavy (With Marshmallow) (1969), Columbia Records - /Paul Revere & the Raiders Alias Pink Puzz (1969), Columbia Records – Paul Revere & the Raiders Games People Play (1969), Columbia Records – Freddy Weller Listen to the Young Folks (1970), Columbia Records – Freddy Weller, 3 tracks Collage (1970), Columbia Records – The Raiders Indian Reservation (1971), Columbia Records – The Raiders You've Got a Friend (1971), Columbia Records – Mark Lindsay, all but two tracks Country Wine (1972), Columbia Records – The Raiders Boy from New York City (1979), United Artists – Michael Christian, w/Perry Botkin, Jr. Lifeline (1979), United Artists – Paul Balfour, w/Perry Botkin, Jr. Shogun Assassin Soundtrack (1980), Toshiba – Wonderland Philharmonic unreleased Paul Revere & the Raiders album w/vocalist Michael Bradley (1982) Looking for Shelter (1990), marklindsaysounds.com – Mark Lindsay, w/Michael Bradley Video Dreams (1996), alala – Mark Lindsay Live at Rick's Cafe (1999), alala – Mark Lindsay, w/W. Michael Lewis Twas the Night Before Christmas (2000), marklindsaysounds.com – Mark Lindsay, w/W. Michael Lewis The Last Midnight Ride (2004), marklindsaysounds.com – Mark Lindsay Filmography Shogun Assassin (1980)The Killing of America'' (1982) References External links Official Website 1942 births Living people Musicians from Eugene, Oregon Singers from Portland, Oregon American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer-songwriters People from Wilder, Idaho American male saxophonists American multi-instrumentalists Singer-songwriters from Oregon 21st-century American saxophonists 21st-century American male musicians Singer-songwriters from Idaho Paul Revere & the Raiders members

4042148

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing%20Riots%20of%201856

Know-Nothing Riots of 1856

The Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 occurred in Baltimore between September and November of that year. The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as native-born residents disliked the growing immigrant population. Local street gangs became divided on political grounds, with the Know-Nothing affiliated gangs clashing with Democrat affiliated gangs. The partisans were involved in widespread violence at the polls and across Baltimore during municipal and national elections that year. The Know Nothing Party platform The Know-Nothing Party originated in New York in 1844, when the American Republican Party officially split from the American Whig Party. The Know-Nothing Party's central policies were nativist, or hostile to immigrants. Nativists feared that the immigrants would use their voting power to elect unsuitable politicians, given the generalization that immigrants were aligned with radical political groups and typically worked in low paying jobs. Know-Nothing policies were highly anti-Catholic, as Know-Nothings feared that Catholics were more loyal to the church than the government. Irish Catholics were the main targets of nativist discrimination in the nineteenth century. Origins of the Know-Nothing Party in Baltimore, Maryland The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as the population of immigrants grew during the 1850s, and immigrants competed with native-born Americans for jobs. In 1850, twenty percent of Baltimore's population were immigrants, and by 1854, immigrants made up about 1/4 of the total population. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that sixty percent of the state population were Methodists who often associated Catholicism with stereotypes of immoral behavior among immigrants,. The Party's first meeting in Baltimore took place August 18, 1853, with about 5,000 in attendance. The party's central policies called for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855. Geography of politics in Maryland In the 1850s, ethnic groups often separated themselves into "territories" that neither native born or immigrants dared to cross. The Lexington Market area was predominantly Democratic while Know-Nothings generally lived in the Federal Hill area in Baltimore By 1857 Know-Nothings dominated cities in eastern and western Maryland. The cities of St. Michaels and St. Fredericks, with larger immigrant populations, were heavily Know-Nothing, showing hostility between native-born and immigrants that lived in the same place. Predominantly Democrat areas were higher in Catholic and immigrant populations, such as Leonardtown. Violence in Baltimore The formation of Baltimore street gangs Baltimore street gangs formed in the early 19th century but became more formally organized around the 1830s. The New Market Fire Company became notorious in Baltimore, often feuding with the gang called the Rip Raps. Street gangs in Baltimore developed connections with politicians from opposing political parties in the 1830s. The founding members of the Plug Uglies street gang were strongly nativist. General violence Baltimore was given the nickname "Mob-Town" because of a longer history of rioting and a poorly staffed police force that did little to stop the violence. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that violence regularly broke out in Baltimore on days when men did not have to work, and riots were very likely to break out during weekend activities such sporting events and festivals. Historian David Grimsted argues that there was at least one large riot yearly between local fire companies in Baltimore 1856-1861, and the tolerance for this violence by political figures was "but a step to the election riots that disgraced Baltimore." Election violence Violence on election days was especially common in nineteenth century Baltimore, as polling places were located in predominantly native-born districts, so immigrants travelling to these polling places were often targeted by nativist rivals. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that both Democrats and Know-Nothings in Baltimore used "press, pamphlet, and political speech," to promote violence in the name of political gains. 1856 Election riots September 12th riot September 12, 1856, on the celebration of Baltimore's founding, local Know-Nothing associated gangs the Blood Tubs, the Wampanoags, and the Rip Raps raided a tavern and fired shots. Two people were killed, and around twenty were injured. This riot solidified Baltimore's reputation of lawlessness in nationwide newspaper coverage. Municipal election riot on October 8th The days leading up to the municipal election on October 8, were already marked by violence between the Democrats and Know-Nothings. A riot ensued on October 5, 1856, when Democrats tore down a Know-Nothing flag. The Democrats, trying to ward off the Know-Nothings, took cover in a nearby home and had a cannon. Police interfered, arresting several Democrats. The next day, October 6, 1856, a shootout ensued after Know-Nothings provoked Democrats on Baltimore Street. Know-Nothings also sacked a tavern owned by Democrat Sam McElwee in the Centre Market area. Know-Nothings were about to raid the Democrat "Empire House" but were apprehended by police. Know-Nothings fled from the police towards Jones' Falls, ending in a fifteen minute shootout on Holliday Street between the rival parties. Election day October 8, 1856, was marked with violence in twenty city wards in Baltimore. Democrats incited a riot in the eighth ward, nicknamed "The Irish Eighth," when Democrats tried to drive Know-Nothings out of the eighth ward's polls, and a shootout occurred on Monument Street. 3 Democrats were killed. The same day another riot took place when Know-Nothing affiliated Rip Raps plundered the Democratic New Market Fire Company firehouse in the Lexington Market Area. 2 Know-Nothings died in the crossfire. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that the widespread riots of the day signified the deadliest outburst of violence in Baltimore history at that point. The partisans involved were overwhelmingly well-known fighting men with deep connections to the street violence of the fire companies. During the fighting at Lexington Market, Rip Raps specifically targeted the tavern owned by Petty Naff, the New Market's most notorious rowdy. Petty Naff was a target for Know-Nothing rivals as he led the New Market Fire Company. Naff was notorious in Baltimore for his history of conflict with the police, involvement in riots, assault charges, and his alleged connection to the murder of two men. National and state election riot November 4th National and state elections took place on November 4, 1856. Mayor Swann ordered the Maryland Light Division of Infantry to be on standby, but it was never put to action during the violence of that day, and Swann refused Governor Ligon's offering of military reinforcement. Tensions over whether or not the results of the election would be fairly polled resulted in election violence. In Baltimore's 6th ward, a mob fired a cannon at police. In the 2nd ward, Know-Nothings were thrown out of polling stations by Democrats, but Democrats were eventually curbed by Know-Nothings from the 4th ward who provided back-up. 67 people were injured and 17 died in the events of the riot. Know-Nothing Candidate for President Millard Fillmore was victorious in Baltimore, receiving 16,900 votes. Maryland was the only state in which Fillmore won votes in the electoral college. Response and continued violence Government response In the aftermath of the 1856 election riots, charges were pressed against only two men involved. Charges were dropped against one man and the other man was acquitted. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that local street gangs' affiliation with the Know-Nothing or the Democratic parties allowed them to commit acts of violence without consequences. On December 1, 1856, a bill was presented to the City Council that would strengthen the police force. The new force, led by a Marshal, would consist of 397 men of the Mayor's choosing. All officers were to be given a fixed pay, a baton, a gun, and an official uniform. Baltimore would be separated into districts where police would surveil the streets at all times. The bill was approved by Mayor Swann on January 1, 1857, and went into effect March 1, 1857. In the city elections of 1857, officials hoped to better prepare to control instances of election violence. Governor Thomas Ligon ordered George H. Steuart's militia of over 3,000 men because he felt that local authorities did not adequately respond to violence. Ligon was met with criticism by Mayor Swann, who argued that it was unconstitutional for the governor to order a militia without seeking permission first. Local officials ruled that Ligon did not have legal grounds to call a militia and did not provide enough evidence to support the need for one. Mayor Swann instead ordered 200 special policeman to support the existing force on election day. Additionally, Mayor Swann reinforced the existing police force, adding 105 men. The strengthened police force proved to be ineffective, as policemen did little to interfere during outbreaks of violence during election. To prevent violence at the polls, the city wards were redrawn and the number of polling stations increased, but the two parties would freely relocate the polls themselves. The Democratic Party in Baltimore asked voters to submit evidence of voter suppression by Know-Nothings. Continued violence Election violence and fraud in Baltimore continued in the following years despite efforts to stop it. In the 1857 gubernatorial election, riots were not as common but voter suppression was employed by Know-Nothings. Know-Nothings would beat anyone who was not voting on a Know-Nothing Ballot, marked by a red stripe. Know-Nothing candidate Thomas Holliday Hicks was elected governor, and assured that he would "Never call on a militia the night before an election," like Governor Ligon did. See also 1856 United States presidential election Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 Baltimore riot of 1861 Samuel Hinks Know-Nothing Party Know-Nothing Riot List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Presidential Election of 1856 Thomas Swann Xenophobia in the United States Notes References 1856 in Maryland 1856 riots 1856 in the United States Riot of 1856 Political riots in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Baltimore 1856 disasters in the United States 19th-century political riots 1850s political events

4042157

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor%20rehabilitation

Raptor rehabilitation

Raptor rehabilitation is a field of veterinary medicine dealing with care for sick or injured birds of prey, with the goal of returning them to the wild. Since raptors are highly specialized predatory birds, special skills, facilities, equipment, veterinary practices and husbandry methods are necessary. Raptor rehabilitators often use falconry techniques or gain assistance from falconers to exercise the birds prior to their release, as their muscles often atrophy during their convalescence. In the United States, a license is required to possess any bird which falls under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA), and so the rehabilitators are under loose scrutiny from their state wildlife management authority as well as the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Raptors that cannot be released back into the wild are sometimes used for education or transferred to licensed falconers. Some states require that birds that cannot be placed or released be euthanized. Most states do not allow rehabilitators to keep raptors under their rehabilitation permit for more than a few months. No funds for raptor rehabilitation are provided by the U.S. government, though it claims ownership of all raptors protected by the MBTA. How raptors become injured The most common ways that a raptor may become sick or injured are lead poisoning, electrocution, and collisions. Birds that have been poisoned may require treatment and rehabilitation if the amount of lead in their blood is greater than 0.4 parts per million. Raptors that have been electrocuted usually do not survive the initial electrocution, so rehabilitation is not possible. Raptors that experience collisions, with cars, windows, or barbed wire, often have broken bones that require rehabilitation. Rehabilitating a raptor Using physiotherapy to rehabilitate raptors after surgery Two case studies, one involving a black hawk eagle and the other a roadside hawk, have shown that physiotherapy may allow for the shortest recovery time for Raptors that have experienced collisions and required surgery. The rehabilitation process for a raptor that requires surgery begins two weeks after the surgery. The first therapies the birds should receive are contrast therapies and passive mobility therapies. Contrast therapy is applied by alternating hot and cold water packs on the affected area. The purpose of this therapy is to decrease swelling and pain in the affected area, this therapy should occur four times a week for two weeks. Passive range of motion therapy involves manually forcing movements similar to the movements the affected joint would experience in the wild. This movement helps to loosen the joints and improves the range of motion in the affected area; the bird should be stretched four times a week for four weeks. Four weeks after surgery the raptor should begin isometric resistance and stabilization exercises. The isometric resistance routine involves manually applying resistance when the bird moves the affected area, this is done to increase the strength of the affected area. As the bird gains strength, the amount of resistance should be increased, the raptor should perform these exercises until fully recovered. The first stabilization exercise that the bird should complete is to balance on a rotating perch. When the birds perch is rotated it must use the muscles and joints in the affected area to maintain its balance on the perch, this improves the birds strength and posture. When exercising the perch should be rotated clockwise, counterclockwise, left, and right. For the second stabilization exercise the raptor should be placed on an inflatable plastic cushion, with a mat on top to prevent popping. The bird will slide on top of the cushion and will be forced to use the affected area to maintain balance, increasing its strength. The raptor should perform these stabilization exercises until fully recovered. Release of rehabilitated raptors Raptors that have undergone rehabilitation and treatment are assessed on whether they are fit to be released back into the wild depending on flight quality (i.e., flight symmetry, lack of excessive panting, and the ability to gain altitude from the ground), and their ability to catch live prey; eagles and vultures are exceptions. Except for threatened and endangered species, post-release monitoring is not common due to its costly and time-consuming nature. If monitored, it is done through telemetry tracking such as GPS and tagging of the bird. References Bird health

4042166

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0%20Vu%20%28company%29

Déjà Vu (company)

Deja Vu Services, Inc., is an American company that operates nearly 200 strip clubs in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, Canada, and Mexico. It also operates a large chain of adult retail stores, adult websites, adult production studios, gay bars, nightclubs, sports bars, karaoke bars, restaurants, and has substantial real estate holdings. As the largest strip club operator in the world, it is also one of the largest adult businesses in history. Its flagship locations in Las Vegas and Tijuana are the largest adult nightclubs in the World. The company is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was founded by Harry Mohney, who opened his first Deja Vu Showgirls club in Lake City, WA, in 1985 with partners Larry Flynt and Roger Forbes. Deja Vu had a humble beginning when Mohney secured employment in the early 1960s as a projectionist at a drive-in movie theater in Durand, Michigan, later converting the failing enterprise into the infamous "Durand Dirties" drive-in porn theater. The company quickly grew to over 300 adult theaters and stores nationally. Mohney pioneered the concept of the modern strip club in 1971, opening various "go-go" bars in the Midwest. An elusive man often referred to as the "Howard Hughes of Porn," Mohney was the largest distributor of pornography from the late '60s to the mid '90s, grossing nearly $1 billion in the distribution business between 1970 and 1998. That business largely concluded with Mohney serving three years in federal prison for tax-related crimes. While he was indicted over 100 times, this was the only charge that ever resulted in a conviction. While Deja Vu's clubs operate under nearly 30 brand names, many are called Deja Vu Showgirls, Little Darlings, Dream Girls, Larry Flynt's HUSTLER Club, or HUSTLER's Barely Legal Club. Mohney's long-time friend, Larry Flynt, licenses Deja Vu the brand names for the HUSTLER Clubs and HUSTLER Hollywood stores, but is not involved in their operations. Deja Vu has monopolies or near-monopolies in many areas, including San Francisco, Washington State, and Tijuana, Mexico. The clubs typically aim for a clean and upscale atmosphere and offer fully nude or topless stage dancing as well as lap dances. Deja Vu clubs are widely known for hosting industry-wide contests, including Showgirl of the Year, Pole Princess, and Showgirl Spectacular. Its publicity stunts and charity events at various clubs often garner international media attention. Legal filings have indicated that Deja Vu’s affiliated entities have “ownership or controlling interest” in the real estate of more than 60% of the licensed adult entertainment clubs and stores in California.  Its other noteworthy real estate holdings include most of Bourbon Street in New Orleans and a large portion of the real estate zoned for adult entertainment in many major cities in Minnesota, Florida, and Ohio. Deja Vu's operation also includes a large chain of adult retail stores with nearly 60 locations. Those businesses also operate under a variety of trade names, including HUSTLER Hollywood, The Love Boutique, Adult Emporium, and Pleasure Emporium. They sell adult merchandise such as sex toys, lingerie, DVDs, etc., with most also featuring adult theaters and arcades. Deja Vu's Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas is a non-profit educational museum that features the world's largest collection of historical erotica, sexual artifacts, antique sexual devices, and one-of-a-kind exhibits, with nearly 30,000 feet of exhibition and education space. Its grand patron is Harry Mohney, with many items borrowed from his expansive personal collection. While Deja Vu does not publicize all of its assets, various newspaper articles and legal filings have disclosed investment in an array of companies, including various adult video production studios and websites, popular gay bars like The Gay 90's, renowned nightclubs like The World-Famous Cat's Meow, and even national restaurant chains like Dick's Last Resort. The company is also known for having operated various businesses that set various landmark First Amendment Supreme Court decisions, including Miller v. California, Marks v. United States, City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc., and Barnes v. Glen Theater, Inc. Awards 1998 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Midwest) – Lansing, Michigan 1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southwest) – Ontario, California 1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Industry Innovator of the Year – Harry Mohney 2000 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2001 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2001 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Northwest) – Seattle, Washington 2002 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2003 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Harry Mohney 2004 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2006 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2008 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2008 Exotic Dancer Award – General Manager of the Year – Sherry Cooper (Industry, California) 2008 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Jim St. John 2008 FSC Legacy Award – Harry Mohney 2009 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2010 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2011 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southeast) – Nashville, Tennessee 2012 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Midwest) – Lansing, Michigan 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Northeast) – New York, New York 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – General Manager of the Year – Ken DeGori (San Francisco, California) 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – DJ of the Year – Jon Harmon (San Francisco, California) 2014 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (East) – Lexington, Kentucky 2014 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California 2015 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Joe Carouba 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (East) – Baltimore, Maryland 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Washington Park, Illinois 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Employee of the Year – Ashely Sponsler (San Francisco, California) 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – DJ of the Year – Jay Crowley (San Francisco, California) 2016 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California 2016 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southwest) – San Francisco, California 2017 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Dallas, Texas 2017 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – Las Vegas, Nevada 2018 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2019 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (South) – Nashville, Tennessee 2019 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Dallas, Texas See also List of strip clubs References Sources Sex Trade Workers Organize, by Rebecca Kavoussi Stripping, a First Hand Account Collection of newspaper articles about Harry Mohney Battle of the Peeps, by Jay Allen Sanford Justice for Strippers, SFist, 2005-12-12 External links Strip clubs Entertainment companies of the United States Companies based in Las Vegas Adult entertainment companies

4042167

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2450

$50

There are many $50 banknotes, bills, or coins, including: Australian fifty-dollar note Canadian fifty-dollar bill New Zealand fifty-dollar note United States fifty-dollar bill Nicaraguan fifty-cordoba note Hong Kong fifty-dollar note, One of the banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe Other currencies that issue $50 banknotes, bills, or coins are:

4042168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquy

Colloquy

Colloquy may refer to: Colloquy (religious), a meeting to settle differences of doctrine or dogma Colloquy (company), a loyalty marketing company based in Milford, Ohio Colloquy (law), a legal term Colloquy (IRC client), an IRC client for Mac OS X and iOS See also Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy, the online companion of the Northwestern University Law Review

4042170

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Surman

Andrew Surman

Andrew Ronald Edward Surman (born 20 August 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He made over 100 appearances for both Southampton and AFC Bournemouth. Surman also played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Walsall, Norwich City and Milton Keynes Dons over the course of a 17-year professional career. Club career Early career Surman was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, where his parents had moved to from Britain, whilst his father worked for an insurance company. His parents returned to the city of Southampton in 1995, and he joined Tyro League club Hedge End Rangers, where he was spotted by Southampton club scouts and invited to join the Saints academy. He attended St. Mary's College in Bitterne and captained the football team. Southampton Surman was the youngest player ever to play for the Saints Reserves until Theo Walcott took his record. He scored on his league debut when on loan to Walsall during the 2004–05 season, and, when he rejoined the Saints at the beginning of the 2005–06 season, he performed well on their pre-season tour of Scotland. He then enjoyed a successful loan spell with AFC Bournemouth between August 2005 and January 2006, playing in every league match for the team, and scoring six goals. He might have figured in Southampton's FA Cup tie against Milton Keynes Dons, but was cup-tied, having played earlier in the season for Bournemouth against Tamworth. Surman made his full team debut for Southampton on 25 January 2006 under new manager George Burley at home to Crystal Palace, and in the next league match scored his first Southampton goal in a 2–1 defeat against Plymouth Argyle. On 17 February 2007, he scored a hat-trick (two strikes from outside the penalty box and a penalty) in the 5–2 victory over Barnsley. He became a vital part of the Southampton first team over the 2006–07 season, and was a part of their unsuccessful play-off bid, losing on penalties to Derby County after a 4–4 aggregate draw, where his great strike was not enough to take Saints to Wembley. Wolverhampton Wanderers Surman joined newly promoted Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers in a three-year deal, plus another year's option, for a fee worth around £1.2 million on 1 July 2009. Following his move to Wolves, Surman expressed his sadness of leaving Southampton and described the club's plight as "unbelievable". Surman made his debut on 18 August 2009 against Wigan Athletic, coming on for Greg Halford. He made his first Premier League start on 21 November 2009 against Chelsea, but struggled to hold down a first team place, making just nine appearances in total for the club. Norwich City Surman signed for newly promoted Championship side Norwich City on 22 June 2010 in a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on 6 August 2010 in the 3–2 defeat to Watford at Carrow Road. After an impressive start to his Norwich City career, he sustained a knee injury in training, two days before the 2–1 victory over Barnsley on 11 September 2010. He returned to action against Leeds United on 20 November in a 1–1 draw. He was subbed on 60 minutes. He suffered a re-occurrence of the injury in the 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town which sidelined him until February 2011. To improve his fitness, Surman played 65 minutes in the Norfolk Senior Cup match against Dereham. He made three appearances off the bench for the first team before making his first start in the 2–0 victory over Barnsley, playing the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 3–1 win against Bristol City. On 15 April 2011, Surman scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win over Nottingham Forest. The following week, Surman scored the opener in the 5–1 win over Ipswich at Portman Road on 21 April 2011. At the end of the season, Norwich City was promoted to the Premier League after a six-year absence. Surman played in three out of the opening four Premier League fixtures before losing his place, with manager Paul Lambert choosing to play a 4–2–3–1 formation, with Surman as an unused substitute, before returning to the starting line-up at the end of November. On 20 December 2011, he scored the opening goal against Wolves with a header in a 2–2 draw. On 14 January 2012, he scored the opening goal against West Bromwich Albion with a left-footed shot in a 2–1 win. On 4 February, he scored the opening goal against Bolton Wanderers with a right-footed shot in a 2–0 win. Surman believes that making more appearances in the Premier League is making him produce the best performances of his career. On 14 April 2012, he scored the only goal in the match for Norwich in a 6–1 defeat by Manchester City. After the match, Surman said that the defeat to Manchester City would turn things around to winning ways for Norwich by the end of the season. After Norwich survived in the Premier League, Surman signed a new three-year deal which will keep him at the club until 2015, saying, "It feels great. It's an honour for me to sign another contract at Norwich City. I've really enjoyed my time here and I'm looking forward to another three years at the club, It has been amazing. Everyone keeps talking about these last three years at the club, winning two promotions and then staying in the Premier League." After starting the new season in the team, Surman was ruled out of first team action from October until the New Year after suffering a knee injury in training. AFC Bournemouth On 31 July 2013, Bournemouth completed the signing of Surman on a one-year loan deal. Surman played a vital role in Bournemouth's first team in the 2013–14 season, making 35 appearances for the club. On 1 September 2014, he completed a permanent move to the club. On 2 May 2015, Surman was part of the Bournemouth team which won the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League. In Bournemouth's debut season and Surman's return to the Premier League, Surman was only one of three players (the other two being Wes Morgan and Kasper Schmeichel of Leicester City) to achieve playing every minute of every Premier League match. Although not scoring any goals that season, he received critical acclaim from manager Eddie Howe for his consistency. On 4 March 2017, Surman was sent off for two bookable offences in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United, the second being for a push on Zlatan Ibrahimović after the latter had elbowed Tyrone Mings. On 15 September 2017, he scored his first Premier League goal for Bournemouth in 64 Premier League appearances, in a 2–1 victory against Brighton. In July 2020, he was released by Bournemouth. Milton Keynes Dons On 17 November 2020, Surman signed a short-term deal with League One club Milton Keynes Dons. He made his debut on 21 November 2020 in a 3–1 home defeat to Hull City. On 14 January 2021, his contract was extended until the end of the season. On 20 February 2021, Surman scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 home win over Northampton Town. Retirement In July 2021, Milton Keynes Dons manager Russell Martin reported that Surman was yet to sign a new contract with the club and was likely to retire as a player. His retirement was seemingly confirmed by Bournemouth manager Scott Parker on 31 July 2021 in comments published in Bournemouth's match-day programme ahead of their EFL Cup first round fixture with MK Dons. Parker said of Surman: "He was a really talented midfielder and I wish him and his family all the best as they move into the next stage of their lives." International career Although qualified to play for South Africa, he was selected for the England under-21 national team for the European Championship qualifiers away to Montenegro on 7 September and Bulgaria on 11 September. In the match against Montenegro, he came on as a second-half substitute and scored the final goal in a 3–0 victory, tapping the ball home in stoppage time from a knock-down by former Saints' trainee Dexter Blackstock. In September 2012, Surman said that he had been "approached" to see if he was interested to play for South Africa. Though he declined, he said it was a "great honour to be approached". He went on to say that he has put any international ambitions "on the back burner" as he needs to concentrate fully on club matters and his family. He explained that "it would be a lot, especially with the African Nations Cup, to be travelling around the world". In July 2017, he told the Daily Echo: "I have never ruled out playing for South Africa but my priority has always been my club football. The past two or three years have been hugely important for me. If I had gone to play international football things might not have worked out the same way. I was really honoured to be called up and it certainly was not something I turned up my nose at. I really, seriously, considered it. But I have a young family and international football is a big commitment." Personal life In April 2015, Surman's wife gave birth to the couple's third child. Career statistics Honours Norwich City Football League Championship runner-up: 2010–11 AFC Bournemouth Football League Championship: 2014–15 References External links Andrew Surman profile at the AFC Bournemouth website 1986 births Living people Soccer players from Johannesburg South African men's soccer players English men's footballers England men's under-21 international footballers Men's association football midfielders Southampton F.C. players Walsall F.C. players Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players AFC Bournemouth players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players White South African people South African people of British descent People educated at St Mary's College, Southampton

4042174

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2410

$10

There are many $10 banknotes, bills or coins, including: Australian ten-dollar note Canadian ten-dollar note Nicaraguan ten-cordoba note United States ten-dollar bill Hong Kong ten-dollar note Hong Kong ten-dollar coin One of the Namibian dollars One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe Other currencies that issue $10 banknotes, bills or coins are:

4042180

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%245

$5

There are many $5 banknotes, bills or coins, including: Australian five-dollar note Canadian five-dollar note New Zealand five-dollar note United States five-dollar bill Hong Kong five-dollar coin Hong Kong five-dollar note Other currencies that issue $5 banknotes, bills or coins are: See also "5 dols", a 2018 song by Christine and the Queens, simultaneously released in English as "5 Dollars"

4042187

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Ouellette

Caroline Ouellette

Caroline Ouellette (born May 25, 1979) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player and current associate head coach of the Concordia Stingers women's ice hockey program. She was a member of the Canadian national women's ice hockey team and a member of Canadiennes de Montreal in the Canadian Women's Hockey League. Among her many accomplishments are four Olympic gold medals, 12 IIHF Women's World Championship medals (six gold, six silver), 12 Four Nations Cup medals (eight gold, four silver) and four Clarkson Cup championships. Ouellette is in the Top 10 in all-time NCAA scoring with 229 career points. She is a member of the Triple Gold Club (not officially recognized by the IIHF for women) as one of only three women to win the Clarkson Cup, an Olympic gold medal and an IIHF Women's World Championship gold medal. Along with teammates Jayna Hefford and Hayley Wickenheiser, Ouellette is one of only five athletes to win gold in four consecutive Olympic games. Nicknamed Caro by her teammates, she started playing hockey at the age of nine. She is the co-founder of athletichub.com, which helps student-athletes navigate the recruitment process, and an ambassador for Right to Play and Carrément Rose. Ouellette retired as a player from Canada's national women's team on September 25, 2018. In 2023, she was inducted into both the IIHF Hall of Fame and will be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Playing career Ouellette played for Team Quebec at the 1995 Canada Winter Games, and won gold for Canada's Under 18 team in 1997. When the Canadian Under 19 women's hockey team was founded on May 15, 1996, Ouellette was one of the played name to the team. One of her teammates was future Olympic speed skater Cindy Klassen. The head coach was Daniele Sauvageau Ouellette represented Team Quebec at the 1998 Esso women's hockey nationals. She scored a goal and two assists in the bronze medal game, as Team Quebec was awarded the Maureen McTeer Trophy. During the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, Ouellette assisted on all three goals as Canada defeated Finland by a 3–2 tally in round robin play. In the gold medal game of the 2011 Four Nations Cup, Ouellette notched a goal in a 4–3 loss. Ouellette has taken part in 3 Olympic Games, 9 World Championships and 9 Four Nations Cups. In 157 international games with Team Canada, Ouellette has racked up 169 points. In a game versus Russia at the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championship, Ouellette logged three assists in a 14–1 victory. Ouellette would score the game-winning goal in overtime versus the United States in the final game at the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championship, as Canada claimed the gold medal. NCAA Ouellette attended the University of Minnesota Duluth and played for the Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program. Ouellette set an NCAA record for most shorthanded goals in one game with 2. This was accomplished on November 14, 2003 versus North Dakota. In the 2004–05 season, Ouellette was a factor on more than 60 percent of goals scored by the Bulldogs. Among the top nine scorers on the Bulldogs, she had nine penalties, which were the fewest. Throughout her NCAA career, she never had double digits in penalties. By season's end, she was one of three finalists for the Patty Kazmaier Award. Ouellette is ranked third in all-time leading scoring in Bulldogs history and was named to the WCHA All-Decade team in 2009. She joined the national team in 1999 and has won four world championships (1999, 2000, 2001 and 2004) and four Olympic gold medals with the team (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014). CWHL During the 2000–01 NWHL season, Ouellette played with the Montreal Wingstar and finished third in league scoring with 53 points. She would also spend one season competing with the Minnesota Whitecaps in the former Western Women's Hockey League. In 2008–09, Ouellette joined the Montreal Stars. She won CWHL Top Scorer of the Month honours in November (tying the league record with 19 points in just six games) and December. At year's end, she was named CWHL Most Valuable Player. By winning a third gold medal in women's Olympic hockey, she became the Bulldog hockey player with the most gold medals. By winning the 2009 Clarkson Cup, Ouellette became an unofficial member of the Triple Gold Club (the accomplishment by women is not yet officially recognized by the IIHF), as she became one of only three women (at the time) to win the Clarkson Cup, a gold medal in ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics, and a gold medal at the IIHF World Women's Championships. In 2010–11, Ouellette won the Angela James Bowl as the CWHL's scoring leader with 68 points. She also became the first two-winner of the league's Most Valuable Player award. In the championship game of the 2011 Clarkson Cup, Ouellette led all scorers with three points (one goal, two assists). On December 11, 2016, Ouellette logged a pair of assists, eclipsing the 300-point mark. Of note, Ouellette became the first player in the history of the CWHL to reach this plateau. Coaching career For the 2007–2008 season, Ouellette was an assistant coach with the University of Minnesota Duluth women's hockey team alongside American Olympic ice hockey player Julie Chu. With Hockey Canada, she was an assistant coach for the Women's National Under-18 Team for a three-game series vs. the US in August 2008. She joined the coaching staff of the Concordia Stingers women's ice hockey program in the autumn of 2012. Personal life Ouellette graduated from the University of Minnesota Duluth in 2005 with a degree in criminology and women's studies, and she graduated from the National Police Academy in Quebec in 2000. She played for Quebec in softball at the 1997 Summer Canada Games. On September 11, 2010, the Centre Etienne Desmarteau in Montreal, named one of the two rinks in the arena in Ouellette's honour. Caroline Ouellette is involved in raising funds for the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, a disease that has affected the Ouellette family. On January 21, 2011, Ouellette, along with University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldog alumni Jenny Potter and Maria Rooth, took part in a ceremonial faceoff to mark the first ever game at Amsoil Arena at her alma mater in Duluth. She participated in various festivities commemorating the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa, Ontario. Said festivities included an interview (along with a fan question and answer period) at the Sirius XM Stage at the Scotiabank NHL Fan Fair, the Energizer Night Skate at the Ottawa Rink of Dreams (relocated from the Rideau Canal), and attended the Molson Canadian NHL All-Star Skills Competition on Saturday, January 28, 2012. On April 17, 2012, Ouellette (along with Meghan Agosta, Gillian Apps, Courtney Birchard, and head coach Dan Church) took part in the opening faceoff of the playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the New York Rangers at ScotiaBank Place. Ouellette is married to American hockey player and Olympic silver-medalist Julie Chu. Ouellette and Chu announced the birth of their daughter Liv in November 2017. They welcomed their second child, Tessa, in May 2021. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honours Hockey Canada 2019 Hockey Canada Female Breakthrough Award Isobel Gathorne-Hardy Award, 2013 CWHL Clarkson Cup Top Forward, 2009 Clarkson Cup Top Scorer, 2009 CWHL Most Valuable Player, 2008–09 and 2010–11 CWHL First All-Star Team, 2008–09 Angela James Bowl, 2010–11 NCAA Caroline Ouellette, 2003 NCAA Division I Women's Ice Hockey Tournament Most Valuable Player Caroline Ouellette, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Points per game, 2.38 Caroline Ouellette, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Assists per game, 1.47 February 7, 2005: Caroline Ouellette became the third Minnesota Duluth player to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-10 Finalist for two straight seasons. March 3, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named UMD's first ever WCHA Student-Athlete of the Year, while also earning a spot on the All-WCHA First Team. In addition, she is named to the WCHA All-Academic Team. March 6, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named to the WCHA All-Tournament Team. March 14, 2005: Caroline Ouellette becomes the second Bulldog to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-3 Finalist. March 23, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is honored with the USCHO.com Sportsmanship Award and a Second Team selection. March 28, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named a CCM All-America First Team selection for the second straight season. National honours In the 2019 Canadian honours, she was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada. This will give her the Post Nominal Letters "OC" for Life. In 2023, she was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame. References External links Caroline Ouellette website Live The Dream, Caroline Ouellette, Life After the World Championships for Ouellette Interview de Caroline Ouellette à la revue Elle Québec 1979 births Living people 21st-century Canadian LGBT people Angela James Bowl winners Canadian LGBT sportspeople Canadian women's ice hockey forwards Clarkson Cup champions French Quebecers Ice hockey people from Montreal Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics IIHF Hall of Fame inductees Les Canadiennes de Montreal players LGBT ice hockey players Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players Officers of the Order of Canada Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players for Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey

4042228

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding%20New%20Jersey%20%26%20Living%20in%20Sin

Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin

Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin is the first solo, acoustic album from The Slackers' keyboardist/lead singer Vic Ruggiero. It was released in the US in 2001. In 2006 it was released in Germany/Europe by Moanin'. The reissued version reverses the order of the albums and, as a result, was retitled Living in Sin & Understanding New Jersey A personal album expressing Vic's feelings over his mother's continued declining health, various relationships with women- see liner notes for name specifics, and his own battle with the demons of minor fame and alcohol. An album that captures Vic's desire to emulate both Jack Kerouac and Bob Dylan. Track listing Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin Papa Told Me (2:54) Intro (0:40) Sole Are Fish for Boots (3:30) Out of My Window (4:56) Sunday (4:26) Tree City, USA (1:41) This (2:31) Neatly (3:21) I Didn't Think (2:42) To Redeem (2:43) Junkie Parents (2:50) Emelia (2:02) A New Reflection (4:32) 23rd and 2nd (3:28) Monday (2:38) Jimmy (2:56) My Question (4:00) Do You Good (2:12) The Cat (2:44) Living in Sin & Understanding New Jersey Emelia (2:02) A New Reflection (4:32) 23rd and 2nd (3:28) Monday (2:38) Jimmy (2:56) My Question (4:00) Do You Good (2:12) The Cat (2:44) Papa Told Me (2:54) Intro (0:40) Sole Are Fish for Boots (3:30) Out of My Window (4:56) Sunday (4:26) Tree City, USA (1:41) This (2:31) Neatly (3:21) I Didn't Think (2:42) To Redeem (2:43) Junkie Parents (2:50) 2001 debut albums Vic Ruggiero albums

4042234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTCM

WTCM

WTCM may refer to: WTCM (AM), a radio station (580 AM) licensed to Traverse City, Michigan, United States WTCM-FM, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to Traverse City, Michigan, United States SIRRIS, knowledge centre for the technology industry in Belgium, formerly known as CRIF-WTCM

4042245

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow%20Airport%20%28disambiguation%29

Glasgow Airport (disambiguation)

Glasgow Airport is the primary airport serving Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport may also refer to: Canada Rodney (New Glasgow) Airport, in Rodney, Ontario United Kingdom Glasgow Prestwick Airport, in South Ayrshire, a secondary airport serving Glasgow, Scotland Glasgow (Renfrew) Airport, also known as RAF Renfrew, the predecessor of Glasgow International Airport Glasgow Seaplane Terminal, in Glasgow, Scotland United States Glasgow Airport (Montana), also known as Wokal Field, in Glasgow, Montana Glasgow Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base near Glasgow, Montana Glasgow Industrial Airport, a private airport located on the site of the former Glasgow Air Force Base near Glasgow, Montana Glasgow Municipal Airport, in Kentucky

4042247

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%20Saturday%20Baseball

Fox Saturday Baseball

Fox Saturday Baseball is an American television presentation of Major League Baseball (MLB) games produced by Fox Sports for the Fox network on Saturday afternoons. Fox's coverage includes 4 weeks worth of coverage as of 2023. Coverage usually includes 2 to 4 separate games all starting at 4PM ET, local affiliates air the game of most interest to their audience. History Fox has used numerous scheduling formulas for its Saturday regular season coverage. These have often changed based on the rights granted by new television contracts, and the pregame programs that the network has chosen to air. From 1996 to 2006, Fox began its weekly game telecasts on the Saturday of Memorial Day weekend or the weekend before. The selection of games varied on a regional basis, and the start times were staggered based on region. A half-hour pregame show aired at 12:30 p.m. Eastern Time, followed by game broadcasts held at 1 p.m. in the Eastern and Central Time Zones. West Coast games did not air until 4 p.m. Eastern Time (1 p.m. in the Pacific Time Zone). All of these games were exclusive to the broadcast network, and as a result, Fox's exclusivity window lasted through the entire afternoon. In 2007, Fox began airing games every Saturday during the season. A new scheduling format was devised, in which all of the regional games started simultaneously. Fox moved the pregame, which became part of the exclusive game window, to 3:30 p.m. Eastern Time. All of the Fox games would then start at 3:55 p.m. Eastern Time, regardless of region. This format gave more leeway for teams not being shown on Fox to schedule daytime games. Fox's exclusivity began at the start of the pregame at 3:30 and ran until 7 p.m. Eastern. Fox discontinued its pregame show in 2009, with the telecasts now beginning at 4 p.m. Eastern and the game time being pushed to 4:10. Fox gave up the first half-hour of its exclusivity, with its window now beginning at 4 p.m. Eastern Time. This scheduling formula was used through 2011 for the regular season. Beginning in 2010, several of the Saturday games aired in prime time during the spring. These telecasts used an exclusivity window from 7 to 10:30 p.m. Eastern Time, as the network revived a pregame show for these games, airing at 7 p.m. with the game at 7:15. In 2012, the pregame show returned full-time, prompting another change in scheduling. The normal scheduling in 2012 and 2013 was for the pregame airing at either 12:30 or 3:30 p.m. Eastern Time. The pregame is not a part of Fox's exclusive window, which began with the game telecast starting a half-hour later. The scheduling did not change for the spring prime time games, however, as the scheduling for these games remained the same as in 2010 and 2011. However these games began being branded as Baseball Night in America games instead of Fox Saturday Baseball. In 2021 and 2022, Fox did not air Fox Saturday Baseball afternoon games, instead moving its entire MLB schedule to primetime Baseball Night in America windows. For 2023, with an increase in Fox windows, Fox returned to airing four weeks of Fox Saturday Baseball. On air staff Play-by-play commentators Joe Davis (Lead) Adam Amin Jason Benetti Color commentators John Smoltz (Lead) Eric Karros A. J. Pierzynski Tom Verducci Field reporters Ken Rosenthal Studio Kevin Burkhardt (Host) Chris Myers (Host) Mike Hill (Host) Jenny Taft (Host) Eric Karros (Analyst) Mark Sweeney (Analyst) Dontrelle Willis (Analyst) References External links Major League Baseball on Fox Major League Baseball on television 1996 American television series debuts 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2020s American television series Sports telecast series

4042248

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20%28typeface%29

Albertus (typeface)

Albertus is a glyphic serif display typeface designed by Berthold Wolpe in the period 1932 to 1940 for the British branch of the printing company Monotype. Wolpe named the font after Albertus Magnus, the thirteenth-century German philosopher and theologian. Wolpe studied as a metal engraver, and Albertus was modelled to resemble letters carved into bronze. The face began as titling capitals. Eventually a lowercase roman was added, and later a strongly cursive, narrow italic. Albertus has slight glyphic serifs. It is available in light and italic varieties. The project began in 1932. Titling caps were released first, and the Monotype Recorder of summer 1935 presented the capitals as an advance showing. Other characters and a lower case were added by 1940. Albertus has remained popular since its release and since the end of mass use of metal type phototypesetting and digital versions have been released. Characteristics In the uppercase "M" the middle strokes descend only partway, not reaching the baseline, in the default version. The uppercase "U" has a stem on the right side. Figures are lining. In the metal type period, Albertus was offered with alternative characters, including a non-descending 'J' that stops at the baseline, an 'M' that reaches the baseline, and a different ampersand, similar to that used on Dwiggins' Metro. Wolpe later designed Pegasus, a spiky serif design intended to complement Albertus with more body text-oriented proportions. It was less popular and had faded in popularity by the end of the metal type period, although Matthew Carter digitised it and added a bold and italic in 1980 as part of a commemorative exhibition project on Wolpe's work. Use Albertus is used for the street name signs in the City of London, City of London Corporation and London Borough of Lambeth (where Wolpe resided until his death in 1989). Wolpe frequently used it in book jackets he designed for the London publisher Faber and Faber. It has also been used in many other publications. Outside of publications an adapted version of Albertus is particularly known for its use in surreal British Television series The Prisoner (1967–68), where it was used for all signage in the show's unusual prison setting (an Italianate village), as well as for the series' logo. The key adaptations were the removal of the dots from 'i's and 'j's and an uncial-style 'e'. It is also used for the title card on the American television series How to Get Away with Murder and was the typeface for Electronic Arts from 1999-2006. It is also known for its use by director John Carpenter in the opening credits of several of his films, including Escape from New York, The Thing, Big Trouble in Little China, Prince of Darkness, and They Live. British band Coldplay used the Albertus Medium variant on the album covers and subsequent single releases associated with their first three albums, Parachutes, A Rush of Blood to the Head, and X&Y. Premier League team Liverpool F.C. uses the font in the club's brand, ranging from their crest, media, memorabilia and fashion products. Major League Soccer team Charlotte Football Club uses the font in their brand, including their crest and logotype. Australian drum and bass band Pendulum used the Albertus Medium variant on the artwork for "Propane Nightmares", "Granite", "Showdown", and "The Other Side". Uncharted uses the Albertus medium variant in of all the releases. Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City uses the font in the film, a tribute to John Carpenter. Digitisations Monotype released an updated digital version of Albertus, named Albertus Nova, in 2017. It was digitised by Toshi Omagari as part of a Berthold Wolpe Collection series that included Pegasus and three other Wolpe typefaces. Monotype promoted the digitisation with an exhibition at the Type Museum in London. Omagari added a number of alternates, including metal type alternates, an 'A' based on Wolpe's lettering and an uncial 'e' used in the production design of The Prisoner. Monotype's previous digital version is also available and Albertus digitisations have also been sold by Adobe, Bitstream, Fontsite, SoftMaker and others. Bitstream's version is called Flareserif 821. URW++ released a lookalike version known as A028 for free for use with Ghostscript and TeX. Featuring medium and extra-bold weights but no italics, A028 is widely available on Linux systems and other open source environments. See also Carter Sans (2011), by Matthew Carter and influenced by Albertus Friz Quadrata (1965), a similar font References Blackwell, Lewis. 20th Century Type. Yale University Press: 2004. . Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. . Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopædia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983. . Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. . Williams, Owen Berthold Wolpe and His Typeface Albertus Letter Arts Review, Vol 20 No 1, 2006 External links Albertus Pro Albertus at Monotype Albertus Font Family - by Berthold Wolpe A028: an open-source digitisation of regular and bold roman styles Incised typefaces Letterpress typefaces Photocomposition typefaces Digital typefaces Monotype typefaces Display typefaces Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 1930s

4042252

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaland

Lomaland

Lomaland was a Theosophical community located in Point Loma in San Diego, California from 1900 to 1942. Theosophical Society leader Katherine Tingley founded it in 1900 as a school, cultural center, and residential facility for her followers. The American headquarters of the Theosophical Society Pasadena was also situated there. The facility was important to the growing city of San Diego for its cultural offerings, and it left a lasting legacy in its campus (now Point Loma Nazarene University) which still retains many of the unique architectural features of the original Lomaland. The residents of Lomaland also transformed their Point Loma neighborhood by planting so many trees, orchards and shrubs that the formerly barren neighborhood is now known as the "Wooded Area". Led by Katherine Tingley, the group came to Point Loma to establish a community that would model the philosophical and humanitarian goals of Theosophy. The "White City" envisioned by Tingley was to be located on the extreme western edge of the North American continent but oriented toward India, the spiritual center of Theosophical beliefs. The blend of new world confidence, Victorian morality, a love of antiquity, and Indian spirituality created a unique community that found its expression in architecture that is still visible on the campus of Point Loma Nazarene University. History of the Point Loma site Gottfried de Purucker visited Point Loma in 1894, and in 1896 he met Katherine Tingley in Geneva where he spoke about the place. In 1897 Tingley bought a piece of land at Point Loma, and in February 1897 she laid the first stone for a School for the Revival of the Lost Mysteries of Antiquity (SRLMA). In 1899 Tingley moved to Lomaland, and in 1900 Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society (UBTS) also established their headquarters there. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects, and the group imported and tried many different types of plants and trees including avocados, oranges, and other fruit. Katherine Tingley's goal was to serve fresh fruits and vegetables at Lomaland every day of the year. In summer 1900, the educational arm of Lomaland, a Raja yoga school, was opened up. In 1901 followed an open air Greek theatre, a temple, in 1914 a college, and by 1919 a theosophical university. Many other buildings were established including a hotel, a theatre, a textile factory, a joinery, a bakery, a publishing house, and more. Vegetable and fruit gardens were planted. Around 60 percent of the community was female, and notable for this time, the same percentage was also represented in executive positions. "Raja Yoga" meant divine union, and the educational goals of the school involved not only the intellect, but also moral and spiritual development. The Raja Yoga Academy was a boarding school; over 300 students lived together in group homes that were known as "Lotus Houses." Children from poor families could go to school without paying any charges. The students also played classical dramas, as well as those of Shakespeare. Each student had to learn to play at least one instrument, so that after 1905 the first school orchestra of the United States could hold weekly concerts and go on tour. A theosophical university was established in 1919. It offered courses in the humanities and in science, and was accredited by the state of California. In 1942 the university was relocated to Covina. The publishing house changed its name several times, it was called The Theosophical publishing company, Aryan theosophical press, or Theosophical university press. In 1942 Lomaland was sold, and the Theosophical Society moved to Covina, near Los Angeles. Historic buildings At its height, the community consisted of at least five or six dozen buildings, some quite distinctive. By 1900, the campus was dominated by the imposing Academy Building and the adjoining Temple of Peace. Both buildings were constructed in the Theosophical vernacular that included a flattened arch motif and whimsical references to antiquity. The buildings were topped by amethyst domes, which were lighted at night and could be seen offshore. The entrance to the Temple of Peace was dominated by two massive carved doors that symbolized the Theosophical Principles of spiritual enlightenment and human potential. These doors are currently located in the archives of the San Diego Historical Society. The sculptor, Reginald Machell, was educated in England, but moved to Lomaland with the community in 1899. The interior furnishings he carved for the Academy Building were influenced by the Symbolist style popular in Europe at that time. Machell also supervised the woodworking school at Point Loma. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects. Lomaland had public buildings for the entire community and several private homes. The home of Albert Spalding, the sporting goods tycoon, was built in 1901. The building combines late-Victorian wooden architecture with historical motifs such as the modified Corinthian column (now shaped like a papyrus leaf) and flattened arches. The amethyst dome was restored by a team of scholars led by Dr. Dwayne Little of the department of history and political science at Point Loma Nazarene University in 1983. The first Greek theater in North America was built on this site in 1901. It was used for sporting events and theatrical performances. Tessellated pavement and stoa were added in 1909. The theatre was the site of a number of productions of Greek and Shakespearean dramas. Cabrillo Hall, which served as the International Center Headquarters, and the Brotherhood Headquarters (also called "Wachere Crest" and "Laurel Crest"), was completed in 1909. It served as office for the Theosophical Society and as a residence for Katherine Tingley after 1909. It was originally located on the west side of Pepper Tree Lane but was moved in the early 2000's to the east side. Cabrillo Hall is currently the home of the Communication Studies department. The reception area was housed in a rectangular building known as the Executive Building. This multi-purpose structure was originally located just southwest of the Academy Building. It served a variety of functions that included telephone and mail services; in 1908 it was used as a display center for the Woman's Exchange and Mart. The unusual truss design in the interior of the building emphasized the square and the circle, which were symbolic of heaven and earth. After the Theosophical Society Lomaland dissolved in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s and the death of Katherine Tingley in 1929. In 1942, the campus was sold to Coronado developer George W. Wood. The Theosophical Society staff and remaining students moved to Covina. Wood planned to use the buildings and site to create a 5,000 population housing district (after using the property for temporary war housing during World War II.) However, due to limitations in the property transfer agreement and the dangerous condition of many of the buildings on the site, he was allowed to move in only 300 patrons. After Wood died, Dwight Stanford helped purchase the property for the struggling Balboa University, a deal which was finalized on September 15, 1950. That same year, Balboa University became affiliated with the Southern California Methodist Conference, changed its name to California Western University and relocated to Lomaland. In 1960, the Cal Western law school moved from its downtown location to Rohr Hall at Point Loma to join the rest of the school. The law school received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1962. In 1968, California Western University changed its name to United States International University (USIU). The law school, however, retained the name Cal Western. In 1973, the law school relocated from its Point Loma location to the current downtown campus and Pasadena College moved to Point Loma to replace it. USIU moved to Scripps Ranch and in 2001 it merged with California School of Professional Psychology to form Alliant International University. Pasadena College was renamed Point Loma College, then Point Loma Nazarene University, and remains at that location. See also Alliant International University California Western School of Law Point Loma Nazarene University Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum Sibyl Anikeef, raised in Lomaland Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse References Further reading Ashcraft, W. Michael, The Dawn of the New Cycle: Point Loma Theosophists and American Culture. The University of Tennessee Press, 2002. Gafford, George N.: Odyssey of a Law School. Mountain N' Air Books, La Crescenta, CA, 2001. Greenwalt, Emmett A.: California utopia, Point Loma, 1897–1942. Point Loma Publications, San Diego 1978 Greenwalt, Emmett A.: City of glass, the theosophical invasion of Point Loma. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego 1981 Greenwalt, Emmett A.: The Point Loma community in California, 1897–1942, a theosophical experiment. AMS Press, New York 1979; Streissguth, Thomas: Utopian visionaries. Oliver Press, Minneapolis 1999; Whiting, Lilian: Katherine Tingley, theosophist and humanitarian. Aryan Theosophical Press, Point Loma 1919 Whiting, Lilian: Katherine Tingley und ihr Râja-Yoga-System der Erziehung. Buchhandlung für Universale Bruderschaft und Theosophie, Nürnberg o.J. (ca. 1920) External links Iverson and Helen Harris Papers MSS 130. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. Katherine Tingley gewidmete Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Sunrise mit mehreren Artikeln über Lomaland (pdf-Dokument, 3100 kB) German Gottfried de Purucker gewidmete Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Sunrise mit mehreren Artikeln über Lomaland (pdf-Dokument, 824 kB) German Artikel über Katherine Tingley und Lomaland in der Zeitschrift Das Forum (pdf-Dokument, 666 kB) German Lomaland theatre Lomaland by Iverson L. Harris Art and Theosophy in Lomaland Gender-Studies in Lomaland Lomaland Interview about Lomaland History of Lomaland with pictures Theosophical Society Point Loma, San Diego History of San Diego Utopian communities in California Populated places established in 1897 1897 establishments in California 1942 disestablishments in California Landmarks in San Diego Point Loma Nazarene University

4042253

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20medicine

Oral medicine

An oral medicine or stomatology doctor/dentist (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region, essentially as a "physician of the mouth". History The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a "barometer" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-stomato- + -ology). In some institutions, it is termed "oral medicine and oral diagnosis". American physician and dentist, Thomas E Bond authored the first book on oral and maxillofacial pathology in 1848, entitled "A Practical Treatise on Dental Medicine". The term "oral medicine" was not used again until 1868. Jonathan Hutchinson is also considered the father of oral medicine by some. Oral medicine grew from a group of New York dentists (primarily periodontists), who were interested in the interactions between medicine and dentistry in the 1940s. Before becoming its own specialty in the United States, oral medicine was historically once a subset of the specialty of periodontics, with many periodontists achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics. Scope Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathologies affecting the orofacial region (the mouth and the lower face). Many systemic diseases have signs or symptoms that manifest in the orofacial region. Pathologically, the mouth may be affected by many cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. There is also the unique situation of hard tissues penetrating the epithelial continuity (hair and nails are intra-epithelial tissues). The biofilm that covers teeth therefore causes unique pathologic entities known as plaque-induced diseases. Example conditions that oral medicine is concerned with are lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, such as leukoplakias or erythroplakias and of chronic and acute pain conditions such as paroxysmal neuralgias, continuous neuralgias, myofascial pain, atypical facial pain, autonomic cephalalgias, headaches and migraines. Another aspect of the field is managing the dental and oral condition of medically compromised patients such as cancer patients with related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral pathology related to radiation therapy. Additionally, it is involved in the diagnosis and management of dry mouth conditions (such as Sjögren's syndrome) and non-dental chronic orofacial pain, such as burning mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint disorder. Lumps and swellings of the mouth Types of lumps and swelling It is not uncommon for an individual to experience a lump/swelling in the oral environment. The overall presentation is highly variable and the progression of these lesions can also differ, for example: development of a lesion into a bulla or a malignant neoplasm. Lumps and swellings can occur due to a variety of conditions, both benign and malignant such as: Normal variation lesions Pterygoid hamulus: This is a hook-shaped structure protruding postero-laterally from the inferior boundary of the medial plate of the pterygoid process Parotid papillae: This is the exiting duct from the parotid gland which is commonly found adjacent to the upper second molar on the buccal mucosa Lingual papillae: Seen covering the dorsum of the tongue Inflammatory Abscess: An abscess is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection Cellulitis: Commonly due to a bacterial infection spreading to the deeper layers of the skin leading to a multitude of complications Cysts: A cyst is an epithelial lined sac of tissue that has either fluid or semi-fluid content inside Sialadenitis: Infection of the salivary glands Pyogenic granuloma: Is a relatively common, tumor-like, exuberant tissue response to localized irritation or trauma Chronic granulomatous disorders Orofacial granulomatosis: This is an uncommon condition but is seen to be increasing in prevalence. This condition presents with facial/labial swellings commonly accompanied with angular stomatitis or cracked lips, ulcers, mucosal tags, cobblestone mucosea or gingival swellings Crohn's disease: This is a disease affecting the bowel but commonly has oral lesions associated. Examples of some oral presentations are: raised gingival lesions, hyperplastic folds/cobble-stone mucosa, ulcers, facial swelling and/or angular cheilitis Sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system condition which may lead to gingival enlargement or salivary gland swelling which may result in xerostomia Developmental Unerupted teeth Odontogenic cysts Eruption cysts Haemangioma Lymphangioma Palatal tori and mandibular tori: formation of new bone upon the surface of a present bone Lingual thyroid: this is an abnormal mass of ectopic thyroid tissue seen at the base of tongue Traumatic Denture-induced hyperplasia Epulis Fibroepithelial polyp Haematoma Mucocele Surgical emphysema Hormonal Pregenancy epulis Oral contraceptive pill gingivitis Metabolic Amyloidosis Drugs Phenytoin Calcium channel blockers Ciclosporin Allergy Angioedema Infective HPV Fibro-osseous Cherubism Fibrous dysplasia Paget's disease Neoplasms Carcinoma Leukeamia Lymphoma Myeloma Odontogenic tumours Minor salivary gland tumours So as seen above the list is extensive and by no means is this a complete and comprehensive representation of all the possible lumps/swellings that can occur in the mouth as to the means of acquiring a swelling in the mouth. When considering what a lump might be caused by the site of which it has appeared can be of significance. Below are some examples of swellings/lumps which usually are present as specific locations in the oral cavity: Gingiva Congenital hyperplasia Abscesses Pyogenic granuloma Neoplastic Pregnancy epulis Drug-induced hyperplasia Angioedema Papilloma/warts Palate Torus palatinus Abscesses Unerupted teeth Pleomorphic adenomas/salivary neoplasms Invasive carcinoma from maxillary sinus Kaposi's sarcoma Developmental swellings associated with Paget's disease FOM Most commonly salivary calculi and denture-induced hyperplasia Mucocele Ranula Mandibular tori Tongue and buccal mucosa Congenital haemangioma Congenital macroglossia Mucocele Vesiculobullous lesions Ulcers Hyperplasia Diagnosis of the cause of a lump or swelling If there is any suspect or unknown reason as to why a lump has arisen in an individual's mouth it is important to establish when this first was noticed and the accompanied symptoms if any. On examination ensure that there is not an obvious cause to the swelling/lump via a thorough: medical, social, dental and family history, followed by an oral examination. Whilst examining the suspected lesion there are some diagnostic aids to note which can be used to formulate a provisional diagnosis. There are many factors taken into consideration in this diagnosis, such as: The anatomical position & symmetry Midline associated lesions tend to be of a developmental origin (e.g. torus palatinus) Bilateral lesions tend to be benign (e.g. sialosis, diabetes etc.) Consider associations with surrounding anatomical structures Malignant lesions are usually unilateral Size and shape Diagrams or photographs are usually recorded alongside the actual measurement of the lesion Colour Brown and black pigmentation may occur from a variety of aetiologies s such as: tattoo, naeuvus, melanoma Purple or red pigmentation may occur due to conditions such as: haemangioma, kaposi's sarcoma or a giant cell lesion Temperature If the lesion is warm it is thought an inflammatory cause is most likely (e.g. abscess or haemangioma) Tenderness If a lesion is significantly tender on palpation the origin is usually thought to be inflammatory Discharge Are there any secretions associated with the lesion upon palpation or spontaneously occurring Movement The lesion should be tested to determine whether it is attached to adjacent structures or the overlying mucosa Consistency Carcinoma is usually suggested by a hard/indurated consistency If a lesion is palpated and a crackling, ‘egg shell’ sound occurs this tends to be a swelling overlying a bony cyst Surface texture Abnormal vascular changes suggests neoplasm Malignant lesions tend to be nodular and may ulcerate Papillomas are usually comparative to a wart-like appearance Ulceration Squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a malignancy which can present with superficial ulceration Margin Malignant lesions tend to have an ill-defined margin Benign lesions tend to have a clearly defined margin Number of lesions Multiple lesions might suggest an infective or developmental aetiology Investigations Once the surrounding tissues and the immediate management of any lumps/swellings are taken care of, an image of the full extent of the lesion is needed. This is done to establish what the lump/swelling is associated with and to ensure that any damaging probability is kept to a minimum. There are a variety of imaging technique options which are chosen based on the lesion: size, location, growth pattern etc. Some examples of images used are: DPT, Scintigraphy, Sialography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound. As described some lumps or swellings can be in close relation to anatomical structures. Commonly, Teeth are associated in a lesion which brings about the question – “are they still vital?” In order to clarify, any tooth that is associated with a lump or swelling is vitality tested, examined for any pathology or restorative deficiencies in order to determine the long term prognosis of this tooth and how this might affect treatment of the lump/swelling at hand. Alongside any radiographs which may be justified, Blood tests may be needed in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis if there is a suspicion of potential blood dyscrasias or any endocrinopathy involvement. Finally, a particularly vital means of diagnosis is a biopsy. These tend to be regularly done in the cases of singular, chronic lesions and are carried out in an urgent manner as lesions of this category have a significant malignant potential. The indications to carry out a biopsy include: Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features or are enlarging Persistent lesions that are of uncertain aetiology Persistent lesions that are failing to respond to treatment Once a small piece of tissue is removed for the biopsy, it is then microscopically histopathologically examined. Training and practice Australia Australian programs are accredited by the Australian Dental Council (ADC). They are three years in length and culminate with either a master's degree (MDS) or a Doctor of Clinical Dentistry degree (DClinDent). Fellowship can then be obtained with the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons, FRACDS (Oral Med) and or the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, FRCP. Canada Canadian programs are accredited by the Canadian Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDAC). They are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master's (MSc) degree. Currently, only the University of Toronto, the University of Alberta, and the University of British Columbia offer programs leading to the specialty. Most residents combine oral medicine programs with oral and maxillofacial pathology programs leading to a dual specialty. Graduates are then eligible to sit for the Fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada (FRCD(C)). India Indian programs are accredited by the Dental Council of India (DCI).Oral Medicine is in conjunction with oral radiology in India and it is taught in both graduate and post graduate levels as Oral Medicine and Radiology. They are three years in length and culminate with a master's degree (MDS) in Oral Medicine and Radiology. New Zealand New Zealand has traditionally followed the UK system of dual training (dentistry and medicine) as a requisite for specialty practice; the University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry currently offers a 5-year intercalated clinical doctorate/medical degree (DClinDent/MBChB) program. On 9 July 2013, the dental council of New Zealand proposed that the prescribed qualifications for oral medicine be changed to include the new DClinDent in addition to a medical degree, with no requirement for a standard dental degree. United Kingdom In the UK, oral medicine is one of the 13 specialties of dentistry recognized by the General Dental Council (GDC). The GDC defines oral medicine as: "[concerned with] oral health care of patients with chronic recurrent and medically related disorders of the mouth and with their diagnosis and non-surgical management." Unlike many other countries, oral medicine physicians in the UK do not usually partake in the dental management of their patients. Some UK oral medicine specialists have dual qualification with both medical and dental degrees. However, in 2010 the GDC approved a new curriculum for oral medicine, and a medical degree is no longer a prerequisite for entry into specialist training. Specialist training is normally 5 years, although this may be reduced to a minimum of 3 years in recognition of previous training, such as a medical degree. In the UK, oral medicine is one of the smallest dental specialties. According to the GDC, as of December 2014 there were 69 clinicians registered as specialists in oral medicine. As of 2012, there were 16 oral medicine units across the UK, mostly based in dental teaching hospitals, and around 40 practising consultants. The British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine has suggested that there are not enough oral medicine specialists, and that there should be one consultant per million population. Competition for the few training posts is keen, although new posts are being created and the number of trainees increased. United States The American Dental Association (CODA) accredited programs are a minimum of two years in length. Oral medicine, is an American Dental Association recognized speciality, and many oral medicine specialists fulfil a very important role by teaching at dental schools and graduate programs to ensure dentists and other dental specialists receive excellent training in medical topics pertinent to the dental practice. The ADA has recently started a dental practice parameters for world-class quality services. See also Oral and maxillofacial surgery Oral surgery Periodontology Tooth pathology Oral pathology References External links British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine American Academy of Oral Medicine Oral Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand International Academy of Oral Medicine European Association of Oral Medicine Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology Oral and maxillofacial surgery Dentistry branches Dentistry education

4042260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie%20%28album%29

Angie (album)

Angie is the debut album by American R&B singer Angela Bofill. It was produced by the GRP Records label heads Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen. It was released in 1978 on the GRP label; a digitally remastered version was released on Buddah Records in 2001. Reception The album was heralded as a mild success, popularizing on some of the themes of the times. The song "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" charted fairly well on the U.S. R&B front. Being the first of her kind to do so, Bofill's sophisticated vocals would prove to have an effect on the jazz, Latin and urban contemporary music audiences of the time. Track listing All tracks composed by Angela Bofill; except where noted. "Under the Moon and Over the Sky" - 5:45 "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" - (Gwen Guthrie, Patrick Grant) 4:21 "Baby, I Need Your Love" - 4:14 "Rough Times" - (Ashford & Simpson) 4:41 "The Only Thing I Would Wish For" - 4:26 "Summer Days" - (Timothy Blixseth) 5:09 "Share Your Love" - (Derrik Hoitsma) 5:14 "Children of the World United" - 5:51 Personnel Angela Bofill - lead and backing vocals Dave Grusin - electric piano, piano, percussion Eric Gale - electric guitar Buddy Williams, Steve Gadd - drums Dave Valentin - flute, bass guitar Richard Resnicoff - acoustic guitar George Young - alto saxophone on "Share Your World" Ralph MacDonald - Roger Squitero - percussion Eddie Daniels, George Young, Howard Johnson, Jim Pugh, Irvin "Marky" Markowitz, Marvin Stamm, Michael Brecker, Phil Bodner, Walt Levinsky - horns Barry Finclair, Charles Libove, Charles McCracken, Diana Halprin, Emanuel Vardi, Harry Cykman, John Pintavalle, Jonathan Abramowitz, Lamar Alsop, Matthew Raimondi, Max Ellen, Paul Gershman, Richard Sortomme - strings Arthur Woodley, Cheryl Freeman, Clara Antoine, Dance Theater of Harlem Choral Ensemble, Irma LaGuerre, Lorraine Baucum, Raj McIntyre, Stacy Gaines, Sylvia Bhourne, Wilbur Archie - choir David Nadien - concertmaster Gwen Guthrie, Patti Austin, Vivian Cherry - backing vocals "This album is dedicated to my little nephew Pas and to all the children of the world. . .that they grow up knowing the true meaning of love." Covers and samples Chilean hip hop band Makiza samples "The Only Thing I Would Wish For" in the song "La Rosa de los Vientos". American rapper Smoke DZA samples "Under the Moon and Over the Sky" on the track "Pass Off," from the album Dream. Zone. Achieve. Charts Singles References External links Angela Bofill - Angie at Discogs 1978 debut albums Albums produced by Dave Grusin Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios Angela Bofill albums GRP Records albums

4042267

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Final%20Countdown%20Tour%201986

The Final Countdown Tour 1986

The Final Countdown Tour 1986 is a concert video released by the Swedish hard rock band Europe. It features footage from a concert filmed at Solnahallen in Solna, Sweden on May 26, 1986. It was first released on VHS in Japan in 1986, and was released on DVD and CD in 2004. A remastered edition, entitled The Final Countdown Tour 1986: Live in Sweden - 20th Anniversary Edition, was released on DVD on October 4, 2006 to mark the 20th anniversary of the album The Final Countdown. Track listing "The Final Countdown" "Ninja" "Carrie" "On the Loose" "Cherokee" "Time Has Come" "Open Your Heart" "Stormwind" "Rock the Night" Personnel Joey Tempest – lead vocals, acoustic guitars John Norum – lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals John Levén – bass guitar Mic Michaeli – keyboards, backing vocals Ian Haugland – drums, backing vocals Europe (band) video albums 1986 live albums Live video albums 1986 video albums

4042270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering%20ratio

Steering ratio

Steering ratio refers to the ratio between the turn of the steering wheel (in degrees) or handlebars and the turn of the wheels (in degrees). The steering ratio is the ratio of the number of degrees of turn of the steering wheel to the number of degrees the wheel(s) turn as a result. In motorcycles, delta tricycles and bicycles, the steering ratio is always 1:1, because the steering wheel is fixed to the front wheel. A steering ratio of x:y means that a turn of the steering wheel x degree(s) causes the wheel(s) to turn y degree(s). In most passenger cars, the ratio is between 12:1 and 20:1. For example, if one and a half turns of the steering wheel, 540 degrees, causes the inner & outer wheel to turn 35 and 30 degrees respectively, due to Ackermann steering geometry, the ratio is then 540:((35+30)/2) = 16.6:1. A higher steering ratio means that the steering wheel is turned more to get the wheels turning, but it will be easier to turn the steering wheel. A lower steering ratio means that the steering wheel is turned less to get the wheels turning, but it will be harder to turn the steering wheel. Larger and heavier vehicles will often have a higher steering ratio, which will make the steering wheel easier to turn. If a truck had a low steering ratio, it would be very hard to turn the steering wheel. In normal and lighter cars, the wheels are easier to turn, so the steering ratio doesn't have to be as high. In race cars the ratio is typically very low, because the vehicle must respond to steering input much faster than in normal cars. The steering wheel is therefore harder to turn. Variable-ratio steering Variable-ratio steering is a system that uses different ratios on the rack in a rack and pinion steering system. At the center of the rack, the space between the teeth are smaller and the space becomes larger as the pinion moves down the rack. In the middle of the rack there is a higher ratio and the ratio becomes lower as the steering wheel is turned towards lock. That makes the steering less sensitive when the steering wheel is close to its center position and makes it harder for the driver to over steer at high speeds. As the steering wheel is turned towards lock, the wheels begin to react more to steering input. Steering quickener A steering quickener is used to modify the steering ratio of factory-installed steering system, which in turn modifies the response time and overall handling of vehicle. When a steering quickener is employed in an automobile, the driver of the automobile can turn the steering wheel a smaller degree compared to a factory-installed steering system without a steering quickener, to turn the vehicle through same distance. On the other hand, the steering effort needed will greatly increase. If the automobile is equipped with power steering, overloading the power steering pump can also be a concern. References Engineering ratios Automotive steering technologies Motorcycle dynamics

4042282

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%20Tissa

Ki Tissa

Ki Tisa, Ki Tissa, Ki Thissa, or Ki Sisa (—Hebrew for "when you take," the sixth and seventh words, and first distinctive words in the parashah) is the 21st weekly Torah portion (parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the ninth in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of building the Tabernacle, the incident of the Golden calf, the request of Moses for God to reveal God's Attributes, and how Moses became radiant. The parashah constitutes Exodus 30:11–34:35. The parashah is the longest of the weekly Torah portions in the book of Exodus (although not the longest in the Torah, which is Naso), and is made up of 7,424 Hebrew letters, 2,002 Hebrew words, 139 verses, and 245 lines in a Torah scroll (Sefer Torah). Jews read it on the 21st Sabbath after Simchat Torah, in the Hebrew month of Adar, corresponding to February or March in the secular calendar. Jews also read the first part of the parashah, Exodus 30:11–16, regarding the half-shekel head tax, as the maftir Torah reading on the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim (as on March 1, 2014, when Exodus 30:11–16 was read along with parashah Pekudei). Jews also read parts of the parashah addressing the intercession of Moses and God's mercy, Exodus 32:11–14 and 34:1–10, as the Torah readings on the fast days of the Tenth of Tevet, the Fast of Esther, the Seventeenth of Tammuz, and the Fast of Gedaliah, and for the afternoon (Mincha) prayer service on Tisha B'Av. Jews read another part of the parashah, Exodus 34:1–26, which addresses the Three Pilgrim Festivals (Shalosh Regalim), as the initial Torah reading on the third intermediate day (Chol HaMoed) of Passover. And Jews read a larger selection from the same part of the parashah, Exodus 33:12–34:26, as the initial Torah reading on a Sabbath that falls on one of the intermediate days of Passover or Sukkot. Readings In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings (, aliyot). In the Masoretic Text of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), Parashat Ki Tisa has ten "open portion" (, petuchah) divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter (peh)). Parashat Ki Tisa has several further subdivisions, called "closed portion" (, setumah) divisions (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter (samekh)) within the open portion divisions. The first three open portion divisions divide the long first reading (aliyah), and the next three open portion divisions divide the long second reading. The seventh open portion corresponds to the short third reading, and the eighth open portion corresponds to the short fourth reading. The ninth open portion spans the fifth and sixth readings. And the tenth open portion begins in the seventh reading. Closed portion divisions further divide the first and second readings, and conclude the seventh reading. First reading—Exodus 30:11–31:17 In the long first reading, God instructed Moses that when he took a census of the Israelites, each person 20 years old or older, regardless of wealth, should give a half-shekel offering. God told Moses to assign the proceeds to the service of the Tent of Meeting. The first open portion ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to place a copper laver (, kiyor) between the Tent of Meeting and the altar (, mizbeiach), so that Aaron and the priests could wash their hands and feet in water when they entered the Tent of Meeting or approached the altar to burn a sacrifice, so that they would not die. The second open portion ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God directed Moses to make a sacred anointing oil from choice spices—myrrh, cinnamon, cassia—and olive oil. God told Moses to use it to anoint the Tent of Meeting, the furnishings of the Tabernacle, and the priests. God told Moses to warn the Israelites not to copy the sacred anointing oil's recipe for lay purposes, at pain of exile. A closed portion ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God directed Moses make sacred incense from herbs—stacte, onycha, galbanum, and frankincense—to burn in the Tent of Meeting. As with the anointing oil, God warned against making incense from the same recipe for lay purposes. Another closed portion ends here with the end of chapter 30. As the reading continues in chapter 31, God informed Moses that God had endowed Bezalel of the Tribe of Judah with divine skill in every kind of craft. God assigned to him Oholiab of the Tribe of Dan and granted skill to all who are skillful, that they might make the furnishings of the Tabernacle, the priests' vestments, the anointing oil, and the incense. The third open portion ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to admonish the Israelites nevertheless to keep the Sabbath, on pain of death. The first reading and a closed portion end here. Second reading—Exodus 31:18–33:11 In the long second reading, God gave Moses two stone tablets inscribed by the finger of God. Meanwhile, the people became impatient for the return of Moses, and implored Aaron to make them a god. Aaron told them to bring him their gold earrings, and he cast them in a mold and made a molten golden calf. They exclaimed, "This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!" Aaron built an altar before the calf, and announced a festival of the Lord. The people offered sacrifices, ate, drank, and danced. The fourth open portion ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses what the people had done, saying "let Me be, that My anger may blaze forth against them and that I may destroy them, and make of you a great nation." But Moses implored God not to do so, lest the Egyptians say that God delivered the people only to kill them off in the mountains. Moses called on God to remember Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and God's oath to make their offspring as numerous as the stars, and God renounced the planned punishment. The fifth open portion ends here. In the continuation of the reading, Moses descended the mountain bearing the two Tablets. Joshua told Moses, "There is a cry of war in the camp," but Moses answered, "It is the sound of song that I hear!" When Moses saw the calf and the dancing, he became enraged and shattered the Tablets at the foot of the mountain. He burned the calf, ground it to powder, strewed it upon the water, and made the Israelites drink it. When Moses asked Aaron how he committed such a great sin, Aaron replied that the people asked him to make a god, so he hurled their gold into the fire, "and out came this calf!" Seeing that Aaron had let the people get out of control, Moses stood in the camp gate and called, "Whoever is for the Lord, come here!" All the Levites rallied to Moses, and at his instruction killed 3,000 people, including brother, neighbor, and kin. Moses went back to God and asked for God either to forgive the Israelites or kill Moses too, but God insisted on punishing only the sinners, which God did by means of a plague. A closed portion ends here with the end of chapter 32. As the reading continues in chapter 33, God dispatched Moses and the people to the Promised Land, but God decided not to go in their midst, for fear of destroying them on the way. Upon hearing this, the Israelites went into mourning. Now Moses would pitch the Tent of Meeting outside the camp, and Moses would enter to speak to God, face to face. The second reading and the sixth open portion end here. Third reading—Exodus 33:12–16 In the short third reading, Moses asked God whom God would send with Moses to lead the people. Moses further asked God to let him know God's ways, that Moses might know God and continue in God's favor. And God agreed to lead the Israelites. Moses asked God not to make the Israelites move unless God were to go in the lead. The third reading and the seventh open portion end here. Fourth reading—Exodus 33:17–23 In the short fourth reading, God agreed to lead them. Moses asked God to let him behold God's Presence. God agreed to make all God's goodness pass before Moses and to proclaim God's name and nature, but God explained that no human could see God's face and live. God instructed Moses to station himself on a rock, where God would cover him with God's hand until God had passed, at which point Moses could see God's back. The fourth reading and the eighth open portion end here with the end of chapter 33. Fifth reading—Exodus 34:1–9 In the fifth reading, in chapter 34, God directed Moses to carve two stone tablets like the ones that Moses shattered, so that God might inscribe upon them the words that were on the first Tablets, and Moses did so. God came down in a cloud and proclaimed: "The Lord! The Lord! A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness, extending kindness to the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin; yet He does not remit all punishment, but visits the iniquity of parents upon children and children's children, upon the third and fourth generations." Moses bowed low and asked God to accompany the people in their midst, to pardon the people's iniquity, and to take them for God's own. The fifth reading ends here. Sixth reading—Exodus 34:10–26 In the sixth reading, God replied by making a covenant to work unprecedented wonders and to drive out the peoples of the Promised Land. God warned Moses against making a covenant with them, lest they become a snare and induce the Israelites' children to lust after their gods. God commanded that the Israelites not make molten gods, that they consecrate or redeem every first-born, that they observe the Sabbath, that they observe the Three Pilgrim Festivals, that they not offer sacrifices with anything leavened, that they not leave the Passover lamb lying until morning, that they bring choice first fruits to the house of the Lord, and that they not boil a kid in its mother's milk. The sixth reading and the ninth open portion end here. Seventh reading—Exodus 34:27–35 In the seventh reading, Moses stayed with God 40 days and 40 nights, ate no bread, drank no water, and wrote down on the Tablets the terms of the covenant. As Moses came down from the mountain bearing the two Tablets, the skin of his face was radiant, and the Israelites shrank from him. Moses called them near and instructed them concerning all that God had commanded. In the maftir () reading of Exodus 34:33–35 that concludes the parashah, when Moses finished speaking, he put a veil over his face. Whenever Moses spoke with God, Moses would take his veil off. And when he came out, he would tell the Israelites what he had been commanded, and then Moses would then put the veil back over his face again. The parashah and the final closed portion end here with the end of chapter 34. Readings according to the triennial cycle Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading read the parashah according to the following schedule: In ancient parallels The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources: Exodus chapter 31 Noting that Sargon of Akkad was the first to use a seven-day week, Gregory Aldrete speculated that the Israelites may have adopted the idea from the Akkadian Empire. Exodus chapter 33 Exodus 3:8 and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, Leviticus 20:24, Numbers 13:27 and 14:8, and Deuteronomy 6:3, 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20 describe the Land of Israel as a land flowing "with milk and honey." Similarly, the Middle Egyptian (early second millennium BCE) tale of Sinuhe Palestine described the Land of Israel or, as the Egyptian tale called it, the land of Yaa: "It was a good land called Yaa. Figs were in it and grapes. It had more wine than water. Abundant was its honey, plentiful its oil. All kind of fruit were on its trees. Barley was there and emmer, and no end of cattle of all kinds." In inner-Biblical interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources: Exodus chapters 25–39 This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings: The Priestly story of the Tabernacle in Exodus 30–31 echoes the Priestly story of creation in Genesis 1:1–2:3. As the creation story unfolds in seven days, the instructions about the Tabernacle unfold in seven speeches. In both creation and Tabernacle accounts, the text notes the completion of the task. In both creation and Tabernacle, the work done is seen to be good. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, God takes an action in acknowledgement. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, a blessing is invoked. And in both creation and Tabernacle, God declares something "holy." Martin Buber and others noted that the language used to describe the building of the Tabernacle parallels that used in the story of creation. Jeffrey Tigay noted that the lampstand held seven candles, Aaron wore seven sacral vestments, the account of the building of the Tabernacle alludes to the creation account, and the Tabernacle was completed on New Year's Day. And Carol Meyers noted that Exodus 25:1–9 and 35:4–29 list seven kinds of substances—metals, yarn, skins, wood, oil, spices, and gemstones—signifying the totality of supplies. Exodus chapter 31 2 Chronicles 1:5–6 reports that the bronze altar, which Exodus 38:1–2 reports Bezalel made, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it. The Sabbath Exodus 31:12–17 refers to the Sabbath. Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times. Genesis 2:1–3 reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God’s work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day. The Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. Exodus 20:8–11 commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it. Deuteronomy 5:12–15 commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work—so that one’s subordinates might also rest—and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm. In the incident of the manna (, man) in Exodus 16:22–30, Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook, and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one’s place on the seventh day. In Exodus 31:12–17, just before giving Moses the second Tablets of Stone, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested. In Exodus 35:1–3, just before issuing the instructions for the Tabernacle, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath. In Leviticus 23:1–3, God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation. The prophet Isaiah taught in Isaiah 1:12–13 that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In Isaiah 58:13–14, the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed them with the heritage of Jacob. And in Isaiah 66:23, the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God. The prophet Jeremiah taught in Jeremiah 17:19–27 that the fate of Jerusalem depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates. The prophet Ezekiel told in Ezekiel 20:10–22 how God gave the Israelites God’s Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God’s fury upon them, but God stayed God’s hand. In Nehemiah 13:15–22, Nehemiah told how he saw some treading winepresses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the gates to sanctify the Sabbath. Exodus chapter 32 The report of Exodus 32:1 that "the people assembled" (, vayikahel ha'am) is echoed in Exodus 35:1, which opens, "And Moses assembled" (, vayakhel Mosheh). 1 Kings 12:25–33 reports a parallel story of golden calves. King Jeroboam of the northern Kingdom of Israel made two calves of gold out of a desire to prevent the kingdom from returning to allegiance to the house of David and the southern Kingdom of Judah. In Exodus 32:4, the people said of the Golden Calf, "This is your god, O Israel, that brought you up out of the land of Egypt." Similarly, in 1 Kings 12:28, Jeroboam told the people of his golden calves, "You have gone up long enough to Jerusalem; behold your gods, O Israel, that brought you up out of the land of Egypt." Jeroboam set up one of the calves in Bethel, and the other in Dan, and the people went to worship before the calf in Dan. Jeroboam made houses of high places, and made priests from people who were not Levites. He ordained a feast like Sukkot on the fifteenth day of the eighth month (a month after the real Sukkot), and he went up to the altar at Bethel to sacrifice to the golden calves that he had made, and he installed his priests there. In Exodus 32:13 and Deuteronomy 9:27, Moses called on God to "remember" God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from God's wrath after the incident of the Golden Calf. Similarly, God remembered Noah to deliver him from the flood in Genesis 8:1; God promised to remember God's covenant not to destroy the Earth again by flood in Genesis 9:15–16; God remembered Abraham to deliver Lot from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19:29; God remembered Rachel to deliver her from childlessness in Genesis 30:22; God remembered God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage in Exodus 2:24 and 6:5–6; God promised to "remember" God's covenant with Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham to deliver the Israelites and the Land of Israel in Leviticus 26:42–45; the Israelites were to blow upon their trumpets to be remembered and delivered from their enemies in Numbers 10:9; Samson called on God to deliver him from the Philistines in Judges 16:28; Hannah prayed for God to remember her and deliver her from childlessness in 1 Samuel 1:11 and God remembered Hannah's prayer to deliver her from childlessness in 1 Samuel 1:19; Hezekiah called on God to remember Hezekiah's faithfulness to deliver him from sickness in 2 Kings 20:3 and Isaiah 38:3; Jeremiah called on God to remember God's covenant with the Israelites to not condemn them in Jeremiah 14:21; Jeremiah called on God to remember him and think of him, and avenge him of his persecutors in Jeremiah 15:15; God promises to remember God's covenant with the Israelites and establish an everlasting covenant in Ezekiel 16:60; God remembers the cry of the humble in Zion to avenge them in Psalm 9:13; David called upon God to remember God's compassion and mercy in Psalm 25:6; Asaph called on God to remember God's congregation to deliver them from their enemies in Psalm 74:2; God remembered that the Israelites were only human in Psalm 78:39; Ethan the Ezrahite called on God to remember how short Ethan's life was in Psalm 89:48; God remembers that humans are but dust in Psalm 103:14; God remembers God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in Psalm 105:8–10; God remembers God's word to Abraham to deliver the Israelites to the Land of Israel in Psalm 105:42–44; the Psalmist calls on God to remember him to favor God's people, to think of him at God's salvation, that he might behold the prosperity of God's people in Psalm 106:4–5; God remembered God's covenant and repented according to God's mercy to deliver the Israelites in the wake of their rebellion and iniquity in Psalm 106:4–5; the Psalmist calls on God to remember God's word to God's servant to give him hope in Psalm 119:49; God remembered us in our low estate to deliver us from our adversaries in Psalm 136:23–24; Job called on God to remember him to deliver him from God's wrath in Job 14:13; Nehemiah prayed to God to remember God's promise to Moses to deliver the Israelites from exile in Nehemiah 1:8; and Nehemiah prayed to God to remember him to deliver him for good in Nehemiah 13:14–31. Exodus chapter 34 William Propp found variants or citations of Exodus 34:6–7 (the Attributes of God) in Exodus 20:5–6; Numbers 14:18; Deuteronomy 5:9–10; Jeremiah 30:11; 32:18–19; 46:28; 49:12; Joel 2:13, Jonah 4:2; Micah 7:18–20; Nahum 1:2; Psalms 103; 145:8; Lamentations 3:32; Daniel 9:4; and Nehemiah 9:17, as if the words were known to all. James Limburg asked whether the Book of Jonah might be a Midrash on a text like Exodus 34:6. Benjamin Sommer read Exodus 34:6–7 and Numbers 14:18–20 to teach that God punishes children for their parents' sins as a sign of mercy to the parents: When sinning parents repent, God defers their punishment to their offspring. Sommer argued that other Biblical writers, engaging in inner-Biblical interpretation, rejected that notion in Deuteronomy 7:9–10, Jonah 4:2, and Psalm 103:8–10. Sommer argued that Psalm 103:8–10, for example, quoted Exodus 34:6–7, which was already an authoritative and holy text, but revised the morally troubling part: Where Exodus 34:7 taught that God punishes sin for generations, Psalm 103:9–10 maintained that God does not contend forever. Sommer argued that Deuteronomy 7:9–10 and Jonah 4:2 similarly quoted Exodus 34:6–7 with revision. Sommer asserted that Deuteronomy 7:9–10, Jonah 4:2, and Psalm 103:8–10 do not try to tell us how to read Exodus 34:6–7; that is, they do not argue that Exodus 34:6–7 somehow means something other than what it seems to say. Rather, they repeat Exodus 34:6–7 while also disagreeing with part of it. Passover Exodus 34:18 refers to the Festival of Passover, calling it "the Feast of Unleavened Bread." In the Hebrew Bible, Passover is called: "Passover" (, Pesach); "The Feast of Unleavened Bread" (, Chag haMatzot); and "A holy convocation" or "a solemn assembly" (, mikrah kodesh). Some explain the double nomenclature of "Passover" and "Feast of Unleavened Bread" as referring to two separate feasts that the Israelites combined sometime between the Exodus and when the Biblical text became settled. Exodus 34:18–20 and Deuteronomy 15:19–16:8 indicate that the dedication of the firstborn also became associated with the festival. Some believe that the "Feast of Unleavened Bread" was an agricultural festival at which the Israelites celebrated the beginning of the grain harvest. Moses may have had this festival in mind when in Exodus 5:1 and 10:9 he petitioned Pharaoh to let the Israelites go to celebrate a feast in the wilderness. "Passover," on the other hand, was associated with a thanksgiving sacrifice of a lamb, also called "the Passover," "the Passover lamb," or "the Passover offering." Exodus 12:5–6, Leviticus 23:5, and Numbers 9:3 and 5, and 28:16 direct "Passover" to take place on the evening of the fourteenth of Aviv (Nisan in the Hebrew calendar after the Babylonian captivity). Joshua 5:10, Ezekiel 45:21, Ezra 6:19, and 2 Chronicles 35:1 confirm that practice. Exodus 12:18–19, 23:15, and 34:18, Leviticus 23:6, and Ezekiel 45:21 direct the "Feast of Unleavened Bread" to take place over seven days and Leviticus 23:6 and Ezekiel 45:21 direct that it begin on the fifteenth of the month. Some believe that the proximity of the dates of the two festivals led to their confusion and merger. Exodus 12:23 and 27 link the word "Passover" (Pesach, ) to God's act to "pass over" (pasach, ) the Israelites' houses in the plague of the firstborn. In the Torah, the consolidated Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread thus commemorate the Israelites' liberation from Egypt. The Hebrew Bible frequently notes the Israelites' observance of Passover at turning points in their history. Numbers 9:1–5 reports God's direction to the Israelites to observe Passover in the wilderness of Sinai on the anniversary of their liberation from Egypt. Joshua 5:10–11 reports that upon entering the Promised Land, the Israelites kept the Passover on the plains of Jericho and ate unleavened cakes and parched corn, produce of the land, the next day. 2 Kings 23:21–23 reports that King Josiah commanded the Israelites to keep the Passover in Jerusalem as part of Josiah's reforms, but also notes that the Israelites had not kept such a Passover from the days of the Biblical judges nor in all the days of the kings of Israel or the kings of Judah, calling into question the observance of even Kings David and Solomon. The more reverent 2 Chronicles 8:12–13, however, reports that Solomon offered sacrifices on the festivals, including the Feast of Unleavened Bread. And 2 Chronicles 30:1–27 reports King Hezekiah's observance of a second Passover anew, as sufficient numbers of neither the priests nor the people were prepared to do so before then. And Ezra 6:19–22 reports that the Israelites returned from the Babylonian captivity observed Passover, ate the Passover lamb, and kept the Feast of Unleavened Bread seven days with joy. Shavuot Exodus 34:22 refers to the Festival of Shavuot. In the Hebrew Bible, Shavuot is called: The Feast of Weeks (, Chag Shavuot); The Day of the First-fruits (, Yom haBikurim); The Feast of Harvest (, Chag haKatzir); and A holy convocation (, mikrah kodesh). Exodus 34:22 associates Shavuot with the first-fruits (, bikurei) of the wheat harvest. In turn, Deuteronomy 26:1–11 set out the ceremony for the bringing of the first fruits. To arrive at the correct date, Leviticus 23:15 instructs counting seven weeks from the day after the day of rest of Passover, the day that they brought the sheaf of barley for waving. Similarly, Deuteronomy 16:9 directs counting seven weeks from when they first put the sickle to the standing barley. Leviticus 23:16–19 sets out a course of offerings for the fiftieth day, including a meal-offering of two loaves made from fine flour from the first-fruits of the harvest; burnt-offerings of seven lambs, one bullock, and two rams; a sin-offering of a goat; and a peace-offering of two lambs. Similarly, Numbers 28:26–30 sets out a course of offerings including a meal-offering; burnt-offerings of two bullocks, one ram, and seven lambs; and one goat to make atonement. Deuteronomy 16:10 directs a freewill-offering in relation to God's blessing. Leviticus 23:21 and Numbers 28:26 ordain a holy convocation in which the Israelites were not to work. 2 Chronicles 8:13 reports that Solomon offered burnt-offerings on the Feast of Weeks. Sukkot And Exodus 34:22 refers to the Festival of Sukkot, calling it "the Feast of Ingathering." In the Hebrew Bible, Sukkot is called: "The Feast of Tabernacles (or Booths)"; "The Feast of Ingathering"; "The Feast" or "the festival"; "The Feast of the Lord"; "The festival of the seventh month"; and "A holy convocation" or "a sacred occasion." Sukkot's agricultural origin is evident from the name "The Feast of Ingathering," from the ceremonies accompanying it, and from the season and occasion of its celebration: "At the end of the year when you gather in your labors out of the field"; "after you have gathered in from your threshing-floor and from your winepress." It was a thanksgiving for the fruit harvest. And in what may explain the festival's name, Isaiah reports that grape harvesters kept booths in their vineyards. Coming as it did at the completion of the harvest, Sukkot was regarded as a general thanksgiving for the bounty of nature in the year that had passed. Sukkot became one of the most important feasts in Judaism, as indicated by its designation as "the Feast of the Lord" or simply "the Feast." Perhaps because of its wide attendance, Sukkot became the appropriate time for important state ceremonies. Moses instructed the children of Israel to gather for a reading of the Law during Sukkot every seventh year. King Solomon dedicated the Temple in Jerusalem on Sukkot. And Sukkot was the first sacred occasion observed after the resumption of sacrifices in Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity. In the time of Nehemiah, after the Babylonian captivity, the Israelites celebrated Sukkot by making and dwelling in booths, a practice of which Nehemiah reports: "the Israelites had not done so from the days of Joshua." In a practice related to that of the Four Species, Nehemiah also reports that the Israelites found in the Law the commandment that they "go out to the mountains and bring leafy branches of olive trees, pine trees, myrtles, palms and [other] leafy trees to make booths." In Leviticus 23:40, God told Moses to command the people: "On the first day you shall take the product of hadar trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook," and "You shall live in booths seven days; all citizens in Israel shall live in booths, in order that future generations may know that I made the Israelite people live in booths when I brought them out of the land of Egypt." The book of Numbers, however, indicates that while in the wilderness, the Israelites dwelt in tents. Some secular scholars consider Leviticus 23:39–43 (the commandments regarding booths and the four species) to be an insertion by a later redactor. King Jeroboam of the northern Kingdom of Israel, whom 1 Kings 13:33 describes as practicing "his evil way," celebrated a festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, one month after Sukkot, "in imitation of the festival in Judah." "While Jeroboam was standing on the altar to present the offering, the man of God, at the command of the Lord, cried out against the altar" in disapproval. According to the prophet Zechariah, in the messianic era, Sukkot will become a universal festival, and all nations will make pilgrimages annually to Jerusalem to celebrate the feast there. Milk In three separate places—Exodus 23:19 and 34:26 and Deuteronomy 14:21—the Torah prohibits boiling a kid in its mother's milk. In early nonrabbinic interpretation The parashah is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources: Exodus chapter 31 Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. 1 Maccabees 2:27–38 told how in the second century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus’s soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, Exodus 31:12–17), a thousand died. 1 Maccabees 2:39–41 reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath. In classical rabbinic interpretation The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud: Exodus chapter 30 The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that upon entering a barn to measure the new grain one should recite the blessing, "May it be Your will O Lord, our God, that You may send blessing upon the work of our hands." Once one has begun to measure, one should say, "Blessed be the One who sends blessing into this heap." If, however, one first measured the grain and then recited the blessing, then prayer is in vain, because blessing is not to be found in anything that has been already weighed or measured or numbered, but only in a thing hidden from sight. Rabbi Abbahu taught that Moses asked God how Israel would be exalted, and God replied in the words of Exodus 30:12 (about collecting the half-shekel tax), "When you raise them up," teaching that collecting contributions from the people elevates them. Rabbi Eleazar taught that God told David that David called God an inciter, but God would make David stumble over a thing that even school-children knew, namely, that which Exodus 30:12 says, "When you take the sum of the children of Israel according to their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul into the Lord . . . that there be no plague among them." Forthwith, as 1 Chronicles 21:1 reports, "Satan stood up against Israel," and as 2 Samuel 24:1 reports, "He stirred up David against them saying, 'Go, number Israel.'" And when David did number them, he took no ransom from them, and as 2 Samuel 24:15 reports, "So the Lord sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed." The Gemara asked what 2 Samuel 24:15 meant by "the time appointed." Samuel the elder, the son-in-law of Rabbi Hanina, answered in the name of Rabbi Hanina: From the time of slaughtering the continual offering (at dawn) until the time of sprinkling the blood. Rabbi Joḥanan said it meant at midday. Reading the continuation of 2 Samuel 24:16, "And He said to the Angel that destroyed the people, 'It is enough (, rav),'" Rabbi Eleazar taught that God told the Angel to take a great man (, rav) from among them, through whose death many sins could be expiated. So Abishai son of Zeruiah then died, and he was individually equal in worth to the greater part of the Sanhedrin. Reading 1 Chronicles 21:15, "And as he was about to destroy, the Lord beheld, and He repented," the Gemara ask what God beheld. Rav said God beheld Jacob, as Genesis 32:3 reports, "And Jacob said when he beheld them." Samuel said that God beheld the ashes of the ram of Isaac, as Genesis 22:8 says, "God will see for Himself the lamb." Rabbi Isaac Nappaha taught that God saw the atonement money that Exodus 30:16 reports God required Moses to collect. For in Exodus 30:16, God said, "And you shall take the atonement money from the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tent of meeting, that it may be a memorial for the children of Israel before the Lord, to make atonement for your souls.'" (Thus God said that at some future time, the money would provide atonement.) Alternatively, Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God saw the Temple. For Genesis 22:14 explained the meaning of the name that Abraham gave to the mountain where Abraham nearly sacrificed Isaac to be, "In the mount where the Lord is seen." (Solomon later built the Temple on that mountain, and God saw the merit of the sacrifices there.) Rabbi Jacob bar Iddi and Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani differed on the matter. One said that God saw the atonement money that Exodus 30:16 reports God required Moses to collect from the Israelites, while the other said that God saw the Temple. The Gemara concluded that the more likely view was that God saw the Temple, as Genesis 22:14 can be read to say, "As it will be said on that day, 'in the mount where the Lord is seen.'" The first four chapters of Tractate Shekalim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the law of the half-shekel head tax commanded by Exodus 30:13–16. Reading Exodus 30:13, "This they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord," to indicate that God pointed with God's finger, Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God showed the little finger of the hand to Noah, pointing out how to make the Ark, as in Genesis 6:15, God says, "And this is how you shall make it." With the second finger, next to the little one, God smote the Egyptians with the ten plagues, as Exodus 8:15 (8:19 in the KJV) says, "The magicians said to Pharaoh, 'This is the finger of God.'" With the middle finger, God wrote the Tablets of the Law, as Exodus 31:18 says, "And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God." With the index finger, God showed Moses what the children of Israel should give for the redemption of their souls, as Exodus 30:13 says, "This they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord." With the thumb and all the hand, God will in the future smite God's enemies (who Rabbi Ishmael identified as the children of Esau and Ishmael), as Micah 5:9 says, "Let your hand be lifted up above your adversaries, and let all your enemies be cut off." A Midrash taught that God considers studying the sanctuary’s structure as equivalent to rebuilding it. The Mishnah taught that any sacrifice performed by a priest who had not washed his hands and feet at the laver as required by Exodus 30:18–21 was invalid. Rabbi Jose the son of Rabbi Hanina taught that a priest was not permitted to wash in a laver that did not contain enough water to wash four priests, for Exodus 40:31 says, "That Moses and Aaron and his sons might wash their hands and their feet thereat." ("His sons" implies at least two priests, and adding Moses and Aaron makes four.) The Mishnah reported that the High Priest Ben Katin made 12 spigots for the laver, where there had been two before. Ben Katin also made a machine for the laver, so that its water would not become unfit by remaining overnight. A Baraita taught that Josiah hid away the anointing oil referred to in Exodus 30:22–33, the Ark referred to in Exodus 37:1–5, the jar of manna referred to in Exodus 16:33, Aaron's rod with its almonds and blossoms referred to in Numbers 17:23, and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in 1 Samuel 6:8, "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof [of the Ark]; and send it away that it may go." Having observed that Deuteronomy 28:36 predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as 2 Chronicles 35:3 reports, "And he [Josiah] said to the Levites who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, 'Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of David, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.'" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "there" in Exodus 30:6 with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in Numbers 17:25 with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "generations" in Exodus 30:31 with regard to the anointing oil. The Mishnah counted compounding anointing oil in the formula prescribed in Exodus 30:23–33 and using such sacred anointing oil in a way prohibited by Exodus 30:32 as 2 among 36 transgressions in the Torah punishable with excision (, karet). The Mishnah taught that for these transgressions, one was liable to excision if one violated the commandment willfully. If one violated the commandment in error, one was liable to a sin offering. If there was a doubt whether one had violated the commandment, one was liable to a suspensive guilt offering, except, taught Rabbi Meir, in the case of one who defiled the Temple or its consecrated things, in which case one was liable to a sliding-scale sacrifice (according to the means of the transgressor, as provided in Leviticus 5:6–11). Rabbi Judah taught that many miracles attended the anointing oil that Moses made in the wilderness. There were originally only 12 logs (about a gallon) of the oil. Much of it must have been absorbed in the mixing pot, much must have been absorbed in the roots of the spices used, and much of it must have evaporated during cooking. Yet it was used to anoint the Tabernacle and its vessels, Aaron and his sons throughout the seven days of the consecration, and subsequent High Priests and kings. The Gemara deduced from Exodus 30:31, "This (, zeh) shall be a holy anointing oil unto Me throughout your generations," that 12 logs existed. The Gemara calculated the numerical value of the Hebrew letters in the word , zeh ("this") to be 12 (employing Gematria, where equals 7 and equals 5), indicating that 12 logs of the oil were preserved throughout time. Exodus chapter 31 Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. 2 Kings 8:1 shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." Ezekiel 36:29 shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And Exodus 31:1–2 shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 'See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that we cannot appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the people, as Exodus 35:30 says: "And Moses said to the children of Israel: 'See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, surely Moses must also. God told Moses that, all the same, Moses should go and consult the people. Moses then asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. They replied that if God and Moses considered Bezalel suitable, then surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , betzel El, "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in Exodus 31:7) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, betzel El) and had thus come to know this. Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that Exodus 35:31 indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For Exodus 35:31 says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and Proverbs 3:19 says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and Proverbs 3:20 says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up." Rabbi Tanḥuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of Exodus 38:22, "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For Exodus 38:22 does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses." And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them. Tractate Shabbat in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in Exodus 16:23 and 29; 20:8–11; 23:12; 31:13–17; 35:2–3; Leviticus 19:3; 23:3; Numbers 15:32–36; and Deuteronomy 5:12. Reading the words "everyone who profanes [the Sabbath] shall surely be put to death" in Exodus 31:14 (in which the verb for death is doubled), Samuel deduced that the Torah decreed many deaths for desecrating the Sabbath. The Gemara posited that perhaps Exodus 31:14 refers to willful desecration. The Gemara answered that Exodus 31:14 is not needed to teach that willful transgression of the Sabbath is a capital crime, for Exodus 35:2 says, "Whoever does any work therein shall be put to death." The Gemara concluded that Exodus 31:14 thus must apply to an unwitting offender, and in that context, the words "shall surely be put to death" mean that the inadvertent Sabbath violator will "die" monetarily because of the violator's need to bring costly sacrifices. The Sifra taught that the incidents of the blasphemer in Leviticus 24:11–16 and the wood gatherer in Numbers 15:32–36 happened at the same time, but the Israelites did not leave the blasphemer with the wood gatherer, for they knew that the wood gatherer was going to be executed, as Exodus 31:14 directed, "those who profane it [the Sabbath] shall be put to death." But they did not know the correct form of death penalty for him, for God had not yet been specified what to do to him, as Numbers 15:34 says, "for it had not [yet] been specified what should be done to him." With regard to the blasphemer, the Sifra read Leviticus 24:12, "until the decision of the Lord should be made clear to them," to indicate that they did not know whether or not the blasphemer was to be executed. (And if they placed the blasphemer together with the wood gatherer, it might have caused the blasphemer unnecessary fear, as he might have concluded that he was on death row. Therefore, they held the two separately.) A Midrash asked to which commandment Deuteronomy 11:22 refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all this commandment that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the recitation of the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4–9), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah. The Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed—the World To Come. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come. The Mishnah taught that the two Tablets of the Ten Commandments that God gave Moses in Exodus 31:18 were among ten things that God created on the eve of the first Sabbath at twilight. Rabbi Meir taught that the stone Tablets that God gave Moses in Exodus 31:18 were each 6 handbreadths long, 6 handbreadths wide, and 3 handbreadths thick. Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish (Resh Lakish) taught that the Torah that God gave Moses was of white fire and its writing of black fire. It was itself fire and it was hewn out of fire and completely formed of fire and given in fire, as Deuteronomy 33:2 says, "At His right hand was a fiery law to them." Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥman taught that when God passed the two Tablets to Moses (as reported in Exodus 31:18), the Tablets conveyed to Moses a lustrous appearance (as reported in Exodus 34:30). Rabbi Eleazar taught that from the words of Exodus 31:18, "tablets (, luchot) of stone," one may learn that if one regards one's cheeks (, lechayav) as stone that is not easily worn away (constantly speaking words of Torah, regardless of the strain on one's facial muscles), one's learning will be preserved, but otherwise it will not. Reading "the finger of God" in Exodus 31:18, Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God wrote the Tablets of the Law with the middle finger, as Exodus 31:18 says, "And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God." Exodus chapter 32 A Baraita taught that because of God's displeasure with the Israelites, the north wind did not blow on them in any of the 40 years during which they wandered in the wilderness. Rabbi Tanḥum bar Hanilai taught that Aaron made the Golden Calf in Exodus 32:4 as a compromise with the people's demand in Exodus 32:1 to "make us a god who shall go before us." Rabbi Benjamin bar Japhet, reporting Rabbi Eleazar, interpreted the words of Exodus 32:5, "And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it," to mean that Aaron saw (his nephew) Hur lying slain before him and thought that if he did not obey the people, they would kill him as well. (Exodus 24:14 mentions that Moses appointed Hur to share the leadership of the people with Aaron, but after Moses descended from Mount Sinai, Hur's name does not appear again.) Aaron thought that the people would then fulfill the words of Lamentations 2:20, "Shall the Priest and the Prophet be slain in the Sanctuary of God?" and the people would then never find forgiveness. Aaron thought it better to let the people worship the Golden Calf, for which they might yet find forgiveness through repentance. And thus Rabbi Tanḥum bar Hanilai concluded that it was in reference to Aaron's decision-making in this incident that Psalm 10:3 can be read to mean, "He who praises one who makes a compromise blasphemes God." The Sages told that Aaron really intended to delay the people until Moses came down, but when Moses saw Aaron beating the Golden Calf into shape with a hammer, Moses thought that Aaron was participating in the sin and was incensed with him. So God told Moses that God knew that Aaron's intentions were good. The Midrash compared it to a prince who became mentally unstable and started digging to undermine his father's house. His tutor told him not to weary himself but to let him dig. When the king saw it, he said that he knew the tutor's intentions were good, and declared that the tutor would rule over the palace. Similarly, when the Israelites told Aaron in Exodus 32:1, "Make us a god," Aaron replied in Exodus 32:1, "Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me." And Aaron told them that since he was a priest, they should let him make it and sacrifice to it, all with the intention of delaying them until Moses could come down. So God told Aaron that God knew Aaron's intention, and that only Aaron would have sovereignty over the sacrifices that the Israelites would bring. Hence in Exodus 28:1, God told Moses, "And bring near Aaron your brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that they may minister to Me in the priest's office." The Midrash told that God told this to Moses several months later in the Tabernacle itself when Moses was about to consecrate Aaron to his office. Rabbi Levi compared it to the friend of a king who was a member of the imperial cabinet and a judge. When the king was about to appoint a palace governor, he told his friend that he intended to appoint the friend's brother. So God made Moses superintendent of the palace, as Numbers 7:7 reports, "My servant Moses is . . . is trusted in all My house," and God made Moses a judge, as Exodus 18:13 reports, "Moses sat to judge the people." And when God was about to appoint a High Priest, God notified Moses that it would be his brother Aaron. A Midrash noted that in the incident of the Golden Calf, in Exodus 32:2, Aaron told them, "Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of your wives," but the women refused to participate, as Exodus 32:3 indicates when it says, "And all the people broke off the golden rings that were in their ears." Similarly, the Midrash noted that Numbers 14:36 says that in the incident of the spies, "the men . . . when they returned, made all the congregation to murmur against him." The Midrash explained that that is why the report of Numbers 27:1–11 about the daughters of Zelophehad follows immediately after the report of Numbers 26:65 about the death of the wilderness generation. The Midrash noted that Numbers 26:65 says, "there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh," because the men had been unwilling to enter the Land. But the Midrash taught that Numbers 27:1 says, "then drew near the daughters of Zelophehad," to show that the women still sought an inheritance in the Land. The Midrash taught that in that generation, the women built up fences that the men broke down. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer expounded on the exchange between God and Moses in Exodus 32:7–14 after the sin of the Golden Calf. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that after the incident of the Golden Calf, God told Moses that the Israelites had forgotten God's might and had made an idol. Moses replied to God that while the Israelites had not yet sinned, God had called them "My people," as in Exodus 7:4, God had said, "And I will bring forth My hosts, My people." But Moses noted that once the Israelites had sinned, God told Moses (in Exodus 32:7), "Go, get down, for your people have corrupted themselves." Moses told God that the Israelites were indeed God's people, and God's inheritance, as Deuteronomy 9:29 reports Moses saying, "Yet they are Your people and Your inheritance." Did the prayer of Moses in Exodus 32:11–14 change God's harsh decree? On this subject, Rabbi Abbahu interpreted David's last words, as reported in 2 Samuel 23:2–3, where David reported that God told him, "Ruler over man shall be the righteous, even he that rules through the fear of God." Rabbi Abbahu read 2 Samuel 23:2–3 to teach that God rules humankind, but the righteous rule God, for God makes a decree, and the righteous may through their prayer annul it. Rava employed Numbers 30:3 to interpret Exodus 32:11, which says: "And Moses besought (va-yechal) the Lord his God" in connection with the incident of the Golden Calf. Rava noted that Exodus 32:11 uses the term "besought" (va-yechal), while Numbers 30:3 uses the similar term "break" (yachel) in connection with vows. Transferring the use of Numbers 30:3 to Exodus 32:11, Rava reasoned that Exodus 32:11 meant that Moses stood in prayer before God until Moses annulled for God God's vow to destroy Israel, for a master had taught that while people cannot break their vows, others may annul their vows for them. Similarly, Rabbi Berekiah taught in the name of Rabbi Helbo in the name of Rabbi Isaac that Moses absolved God of God's vow. When the Israelites made the Golden Calf, Moses began to persuade God to forgive them, but God explained to Moses that God had already taken an oath in Exodus 22:19 that "he who sacrifices to the gods . . . shall be utterly destroyed," and God could not retract an oath. Moses responded by asking whether God had not granted Moses the power to annul oaths in Numbers 30:3 by saying, "When a man vows a vow to the Lord, or swears an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word," implying that while he himself could not break his word, a scholar could absolve his vow. So Moses wrapped himself in his cloak and adopted the posture of a sage, and God stood before Moses as one asking for the annulment of a vow. The Gemara deduced from the example of Moses in Exodus 32:11. that one should seek an interceding frame of mind before praying. Rav Huna and Rav Ḥisda were discussing how long to wait between recitations of the Amidah prayer if one erred in the first reciting and needed to repeat the prayer. One said: long enough for the person praying to fall into a suppliant frame of mind, citing the words "And I supplicated the Lord" in Deuteronomy 3:23. The other said: long enough to fall into an interceding frame of mind, citing the words "And Moses interceded" in Exodus 32:11. A Midrash compared Noah to Moses and found Moses superior. While Noah was worthy to be delivered from the generation of the Flood, he saved only himself and his family, and had insufficient strength to deliver his generation. Moses, however, saved both himself and his generation when they were condemned to destruction after the sin of the Golden Calf, as Exodus 32:14 reports, "And the Lord repented of the evil that He said He would do to His people." The Midrash compared the cases to two ships in danger on the high seas, on board of which were two pilots. One saved himself but not his ship, and the other saved both himself and his ship. Interpreting Exodus 32:15 on the "tablets that were written on both their sides," Rav Ḥisda said that the writing of the Tablets was cut completely through the Tablets, so that it could be read from either side. Thus the letters mem and samekh, which each form a complete polygon, left some of the stone Tablets in the middle of those letters standing in the air where they were held stable only by a miracle. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥman told that when the Israelites exclaimed, "This is your God, O Israel" in Exodus 32:4, Moses was just then descending from Mount Sinai. Joshua told Moses (in Exodus 32:17), "There is a noise of war in the camp." But Moses retorted (in Exodus 32:18), "It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery; neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome, but the noise of them that sing do I hear." Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥman interpreted the words, "but the noise of them that sing do I hear," to mean that Moses heard the noise of reproach and blasphemy. The men of the Great Assembly noted that Nehemiah 9:18 reports, "They had made a molten calf, and said: 'This is your God that brought you up out of Egypt.'" That would be sufficient provocation, but Nehemiah 9:18 continues, "And wrought great provocations." The men of the Great Assembly thus concluded that Nehemiah 9:18 demonstrates that in addition to making the Golden Calf, on that occasion the Israelites also uttered reproaches and blasphemy. A Midrash explained why Moses broke the stone Tablets. When the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, God sat in judgment to condemn them, as Deuteronomy 9:14 says, "Let Me alone, that I may destroy them," but God had not yet condemned them. So Moses took the Tablets from God to appease God's wrath. The Midrash compared the act of Moses to that of a king's marriage-broker. The king sent the broker to secure a wife for the king, but while the broker was on the road, the woman corrupted herself with another man. The broker (who was entirely innocent) took the marriage document that the king had given the broker to seal the marriage and tore it, reasoning that it would be better for the woman to be judged as an unmarried woman than as a wife. Rabbi Eleazar taught that one could learn from the words of Exodus 32:16, "carved on the tablets," that if the first two Tablets had not been broken, the Torah would have remained carved forever, and the Torah would never have been forgotten in Israel. Rav Aha bar Jacob said that no nation or tongue would have had any power over Israel, as one can read the word "carved" (, charut) in Exodus 32:16 as "freedom" (, cheirut). (Thus, for the sake of the original two Tablets, Israel would have remained forever free.) A Baraita taught that when Moses broke the Tablets in Exodus 32:19, it was one of three actions that Moses took based on his own understanding with which God then agreed. The Gemara explained that Moses reasoned that if the Passover lamb, which was just one of the 613 commandments, was prohibited by Exodus 12:43 to aliens, then certainly the whole Torah should be prohibited to the Israelites, who had acted as apostates with the Golden Calf. The Gemara deduced God's approval from God's mention of Moses' breaking the Tablets in Exodus 34:1. Resh Lakish interpreted this to mean that God gave Moses strength because he broke the Tablets. A Midrash taught that in recompense for Moses having grown angry and breaking the first set of Tablets in Exodus 32:19, God imposed on Moses the job of carving the second set of two Tablets in Deuteronomy 10:1. The Rabbis taught that Exodus 32:19 and Deuteronomy 10:1 bear out Ecclesiastes 3:5, "A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together." The Rabbis taught that Ecclesiastes 3:5 refers to Moses. For there was a time for Moses to cast away the Tablets in Exodus 32:19, and a time for him to restore them to Israel in Deuteronomy 10:1. Reading the report of Exodus 32:20 that Moses "took the calf . . . ground it to powder, and sprinkled it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink it," the Sages interpreted that Moses meant to test the Israelites much as the procedure of Numbers 5:11–31 tested a wife accused of adultery (sotah). The Rabbis taught that through the word "this," Aaron became degraded, as it is said in Exodus 32:22–24, "And Aaron said: '. . . I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf,'" and through the word "this," Aaron was also elevated, as it is said in Leviticus 6:13, "This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer to the Lord on the day when he is anointed" to become High Priest. A Midrash noted that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as Exodus 32:24 says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of Isaiah 54:16, "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as Isaiah 54:16 says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus Moses said in Exodus 35:30, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." Rav Naḥman bar Isaac derived from the words "if not, blot me, I pray, out of Your book that You have written" in Exodus 32:32 that three books are opened in heaven on Rosh Hashanah. Rav Kruspedai said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that on Rosh Hashanah, three books are opened in Heaven—one for the thoroughly wicked, one for the thoroughly righteous, and one for those in between. The thoroughly righteous are immediately inscribed definitively in the book of life. The thoroughly wicked are immediately inscribed definitively in the book of death. And the fate of those in between is suspended from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur. If they deserve well, then they are inscribed in the book of life; if they do not deserve well, then they are inscribed in the book of death. Rabbi Abin said that Psalm 69:29 tells us this when it says, "Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous." "Let them be blotted out from the book" refers to the book of the wicked. "Of the living" refers to the book of the righteous. "And not be written with the righteous" refers to the book of those in between. Rav Naḥman bar Isaac derived this from Exodus 32:32, where Moses told God, "if not, blot me, I pray, out of Your book that You have written." "Blot me, I pray" refers to the book of the wicked. "Out of Your book" refers to the book of the righteous. "That you have written" refers to the book of those in between. A Baraita taught that the House of Shammai said that there will be three groups at the Day of Judgment—one of thoroughly righteous, one of thoroughly wicked, and one of those in between. The thoroughly righteous will immediately be inscribed definitively as entitled to everlasting life; the thoroughly wicked will immediately be inscribed definitively as doomed to Gehinnom, as Daniel 12:2 says, "And many of them who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life and some to reproaches and everlasting abhorrence." Those in between will go down to Gehinnom and scream and rise again, as Zechariah 13:9 says, "And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried. They shall call on My name and I will answer them." Of them, Hannah said in 1 Samuel 2:6, "The Lord kills and makes alive, He brings down to the grave and brings up." Reading the description of God in Exodus 34:6 as "abundant in kindness," the House of Hillel taught that God inclines the scales towards grace (so that those in between do not have to descend to Gehinnom), and of them David said in Psalm 116:1–3, "I love that the Lord should hear my voice and my supplication . . . The cords of death compassed me, and the straits of the netherworld got hold upon me," and on their behalf David composed the conclusion of Psalm 116:6, "I was brought low and He saved me." Exodus chapter 33 Reading Exodus 24:3, Rabbi Simlai taught that when the Israelites gave precedence to "we will do" over "we will hear," 600,000 ministering angels came and set two crowns on each Israelite man, one as a reward for "we will do" and the other as a reward for "we will hearken." But as soon as the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, 1.2 million destroying angels descended and removed the crowns, as it is said in Exodus 33:6, "And the children of Israel stripped themselves of their ornaments from mount Horeb." The Gemara reported a number of Rabbis' reports of how the Land of Israel did indeed flow with "milk and honey," as described in Exodus 3:8 and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, Leviticus 20:24, Numbers 13:27 and 14:8, and Deuteronomy 6:3, 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20. Once when Rami bar Ezekiel visited Bnei Brak, he saw goats grazing under fig trees while honey was flowing from the figs, and milk dripped from the goats mingling with the fig honey, causing him to remark that it was indeed a land flowing with milk and honey. Rabbi Jacob ben Dostai said that it is about three miles from Lod to Ono, and once he rose up early in the morning and waded all that way up to his ankles in fig honey. Resh Lakish said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey of Sepphoris extend over an area of sixteen miles by sixteen miles. Rabbah bar Bar Hana said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey in all the Land of Israel and the total area was equal to an area of twenty-two parasangs by six parasangs. Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that as Moses was dying, Joshua quoted back to Moses the report of Exodus 33:11 about how Joshua stood by the side of Moses all the time. Rav Judah reported in the name of Rav that when Moses was dying, he invited Joshua to ask him about any doubts that Joshua might have. Joshua replied by asking Moses whether Joshua had ever left Moses for an hour and gone elsewhere. Joshua asked Moses whether Moses had not written in Exodus 33:11, "The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, as one man speaks to another. . . . But his servant Joshua the son of Nun departed not out of the Tabernacle." Joshua's words wounded Moses, and immediately the strength of Moses waned, and Joshua forgot 300 laws, and 700 doubts concerning laws arose in Joshua's mind. The Israelites then arose to kill Joshua (unless he could resolve these doubts). God then told Joshua that it was not possible to tell him the answers (for, as Deuteronomy 30:11–12 tells, the Torah is not in Heaven). Instead, God then directed Joshua to occupy the Israelites' attention in war, as Joshua 1:1–2 reports. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that the report of Exodus 33:11 helped to illuminate the words of Joshua 1:8 as a blessing. Ben Damah the son of Rabbi Ishmael's sister once asked Rabbi Ishmael whether one who had studied the whole Torah might learn Greek wisdom. Rabbi Ishmael replied by reading to Ben Damah Joshua 1:8, "This book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth, but you shall meditate therein day and night." And then Rabbi Ishmael told Ben Damah to go find a time that is neither day nor night and learn Greek wisdom then. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani, however, taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that Joshua 1:8 is neither duty nor command, but a blessing. For God saw that the words of the Torah were most precious to Joshua, as Exodus 33:11 says, "The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, as one man speaks to another. And he would then return to the camp. His minister Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the tent." So God told Joshua that since the words of the Torah were so precious to him, God assured Joshua (in the words of Joshua 1:8) that "this book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth." A Baraita was taught in the School of Rabbi Ishmael, however, that one should not consider the words of the Torah as a debt that one should desire to discharge, for one is not at liberty to desist from them. A Midrash taught that Proverbs 27:18, "And he who waits on his master shall be honored," alludes to Joshua, for Joshua ministered to Moses day and night, as reported by Exodus 33:11, which says, "Joshua departed not out of the Tent," and Numbers 11:28, which says, "Joshua . . . said: 'My lord Moses, shut them in.'" Consequently, God honored Joshua by saying of Joshua in Numbers 27:21: "He shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall inquire for him by the judgment of the Urim." And because Joshua served his master Moses, Joshua attained the privilege of receiving the Holy Spirit, as Joshua 1:1 reports, "Now it came to pass after the death of Moses . . . that the Lord spoke to Joshua, the minister of Moses." The Midrash taught that there was no need for Joshua 1:1 to state, "the minister of Moses," so the purpose of the statement "the minister of Moses" was to explain that Joshua was awarded the privilege of prophecy because he was the minister of Moses. Rav Nachman taught that the angel of whom God spoke in Exodus 23:20 was Metatron (). Rav Naḥman warned that one who is as skilled in refuting heretics as Rav Idit should do so, but others should not. Once a heretic asked Rav Idit why Exodus 24:1 says, "And to Moses He said, 'Come up to the Lord,'" when surely God should have said, "Come up to Me." Rav Idit replied that it was the angel Metatron who said that, and that Metatron's name is similar to that of his Master (and indeed the gematria (numerical value of the Hebrew letters) of Metatron () equals that of Shadai (), God's name in Genesis 17:1 and elsewhere) for Exodus 23:21 says, "for my name is in him." But if so, the heretic retorted, we should worship Metatron. Rav Idit replied that Exodus 23:21 also says, "Be not rebellious against him," by which God meant, "Do not exchange Me for him" (as the word for "rebel," (, tamer) derives from the same root as the word "exchange"). The heretic then asked why then Exodus 23:21 says, "he will not pardon your transgression." Rav Idit answered that indeed Metatron has no authority to forgive sins, and the Israelites would not accept him even as a messenger, for Exodus 33:15 reports that Moses told God, "If Your Presence does not go with me, do not carry us up from here." A Baraita taught in the name of Rabbi Joshua ben Korhah that God told Moses that when God wanted to be seen at the burning bush, Moses did not want to see God's face; Moses hid his face in Exodus 3:6, for he was afraid to look upon God. And then in Exodus 33:18, when Moses wanted to see God, God did not want to be seen; in Exodus 33:20, God said, "You cannot see My face." But Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that in compensation for three pious acts that Moses did at the burning bush, he was privileged to obtain three rewards. In reward for hiding his face in Exodus 3:6, his face shone in Exodus 34:29. In reward his fear of God in Exodus 3:6, the Israelites were afraid to come near him in Exodus 34:30. In reward for his reticence "to look upon God," he beheld the similitude of God in Numbers 12:8. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told what happened in Exodus 33:18–34:6 after Moses asked to behold God's Presence in Exodus 33:18. Moses foretold that he would behold God's Glory and make atonement for the Israelites' iniquities on Yom Kippur. On that day, Moses asked God (in the words of Exodus 33:18) "Show me, I pray, Your Glory." God told Moses that Moses was not able to see God's Glory lest he die, as Exodus 33:20 reports God said, "men shall not see Me and live," but for the sake of God's oath to Moses, God agreed to do as Moses asked. God instructed Moses to stand at the entrance of a cave, and God would cause all God's angels to pass before Moses. God told Moses to stand his ground, and not to fear, as Exodus 33:19 reports, "And He said, I will make all My Goodness pass before you." God told Moses that when he heard the Name that God had spoken to him, then Moses would know that God was before him, as Exodus 33:19 reports. The ministering angels complained that they served before God day and night, and they were unable to see God's Glory, but this man Moses born of woman desired to see God's Glory. The angels arose in wrath and excitement to kill Moses, and he came near to death. God intervened in a cloud to protect Moses, as Exodus 34:5 reports, "And the Lord descended in the cloud." God protected Moses with the hollow of God's hand so that he would not die, as Exodus 33:22 reports, "And it shall come to pass, while My Glory passes by, that I will put you in a cleft of the rock, and I will cover you with My hand." When God had passed by, God removed the hollow of God's hand from Moses, and he saw traces of the Shechinah, as Exodus 33:23 says, "And I will take away My hand, and you shall see my back." Moses began to cry with a loud voice, and Moses said the words of Exodus 34:6–7: "O Lord, O Lord, a God full of compassion and gracious . . . ." Moses asked God to pardon the iniquities of the people in connection with the Golden Calf. God told Moses that if he had asked God then to pardon the iniquities of all Israel, even to the end of all generations, God would have done so, as it was the appropriate time. But Moses had asked for pardon with reference to the Golden Calf, so God told Moses that it would be according to his words, as Numbers 14:20 says, "And the Lord said, 'I have pardoned according to your word.'" Rabbi Jose ben Halafta employed Exodus 33:21 to help explain how God can be called "the Place." Reading the words, "And he lighted upon the place," in Genesis 28:11 to mean, "And he met the Divine Presence (Shechinah)," Rav Huna asked in Rabbi Ammi's name why Genesis 28:11 assigns to God the name "the Place." Rav Huna explained that it is because God is the Place of the world (the world is contained in God, and not God in the world). Rabbi Jose ben Halafta taught that we do not know whether God is the place of God's world or whether God's world is God's place, but from Exodus 33:21, which says, "Behold, there is a place with Me," it follows that God is the place of God's world, but God's world is not God's place. Rabbi Isaac taught that reading Deuteronomy 33:27, "The eternal God is a dwelling place," one cannot know whether God is the dwelling-place of God's world or whether God's world is God's dwelling-place. But reading Psalm 90:1, "Lord, You have been our dwelling-place," it follows that God is the dwelling-place of God's world, but God's world is not God's dwelling-place. And Rabbi Abba ben Judan taught that God is like a warrior riding a horse with the warrior's robes flowing over on both sides of the horse. The horse is subsidiary to the rider, but the rider is not subsidiary to the horse. Thus Habakkuk 3:8 says, "You ride upon Your horses, upon Your chariots of victory." Exodus chapter 34 Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai explained why God carved the first two Tablets but instructed Moses to carve the second two in Exodus 34:1. Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai compared it to the case of a king who took a wife and paid for the paper for the marriage contract, the scribe, and the wedding dress. But when he saw her cavorting with one of his servants, he became angry with her and sent her away. Her agent came to the king and argued that she had been raised among servants and was thus familiar with them. The king told the agent that if he wished that the king should become reconciled with her, the agent should pay for the paper and the scribe for a new wedding contract and the king would sign it. Similarly, when Moses spoke to God after the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, Moses argued that God knew that God had brought the Israelites out of Egypt, a house of idolatry. God answered that if Moses desired that God should become reconciled with the Israelites, then Moses would have to bring the Tablets at his own expense, and God would append God's signature, as God says in Exodus 34:1, "And I will write upon the tablets." In Deuteronomy 18:15, Moses foretold that "A prophet will the Lord your God raise up for you . . . like me," and Rabbi Joḥanan thus taught that prophets would have to be, like Moses, strong, wealthy, wise, and meek. Strong, for Exodus 40:19 says of Moses, "he spread the tent over the tabernacle," and a Master taught that Moses himself spread it, and Exodus 26:16 reports, "Ten cubits shall be the length of a board." Similarly, the strength of Moses can be derived from Deuteronomy 9:17, in which Moses reports, "And I took the two tablets, and cast them out of my two hands, and broke them," and it was taught that the Tablets were six handbreadths in length, six in breadth, and three in thickness. Wealthy, as Exodus 34:1 reports God's instruction to Moses, "Carve yourself two tablets of stone," and the Rabbis interpreted the verse to teach that the chips would belong to Moses. Wise, for Rav and Samuel both said that 50 gates of understanding were created in the world, and all but one were given to Moses, for Psalm 8:6 said of Moses, "You have made him a little lower than God." Meek, for Numbers 12:3 reports, "Now the man Moses was very meek." The Sifre taught that Exodus 34:6 shows Attributes of God that people should emulate. Deuteronomy 11:22 enjoins people "to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways." The Sifre taught that to walk in God's ways means to be, in the words of Exodus 34:6, "merciful and gracious." The Jerusalem Talmud saw God's Attribute of forgiveness in Exodus 34:6. The Jerusalem Talmud taught that if, on the Day of Judgment, the greater part of one's record consists of honorable deeds, one will inherit the Garden of Eden, but if the greater part consists of transgressions, one will inherit Gehenna. If the record is evenly balanced, Rabbi Yosé ben Ḥaninah read Numbers 14:18 not to say "forgives sins," but rather "forgives [a] sin." That is to say, God tears up one document recording a sin, so that one's honorable deeds then will outweigh one's sins and one can inherit the Garden of Eden. Reading Psalm 62:13, "To You, O Lord, belongs steadfast love. For You requite a person according to his work," Rabbi Eleazar argued that Psalm 62:13 does not say "his deed," but "like his deed," teaching that if a person is lacking in good deeds, God will give the person one of God's own, so that the person's merits will outweigh the person's sins. The Jerusalem Talmud noted that this is consistent with Rabbi Eleazar's reading of the words "abounding in steadfast love" in Exodus 34:6. Rabbi Eleazar read Exodus 34:6 to teach that God tips the scale in favor of mercy so that a person can inherit the Garden of Eden. The Babylonian Talmud reconciled apparent inconsistencies in God's Attributes in Exodus 34:6–7. Rav Huna contrasted the description of God in two parts of Psalm 145:17. Rav Huna asked how, in the words of Psalm 145:17, God could be simultaneously "righteous in all His ways," and "gracious in all His works"—how can God be simultaneously just and merciful? At first, God is righteous, and in the end, gracious (when God sees that the world cannot endure strict justice). Similarly, Rabbi Eleazar contrasted two Attributes reported in Psalm 62:13. Rabbi Eleazar asked how it could be simultaneously true that, in the words of Psalm 62:13, "to You, O Lord, belongs mercy," and "for You render to every man according to his work." At first, God "render[s] to every man according to his work," but at the end, "to You, O Lord, belongs mercy." Similarly, Ilfi (or others say Ilfa) contrasted two Attributes. Exodus 34:6 reports that God is "abundant in goodness," and then Exodus 34:6 says, "and in truth." Ilfi asked how both could be true. At first, God exhibits "truth," and at the end, "abundant . . . goodness." Rabbi Joḥanan said that were it not written in Exodus 34:6–7, it would be impossible to say such a thing took place. But Exodus 34:6–7 teaches that God drew a prayer shawl around God's self like the leader of congregational prayers and showed Moses the order of prayer. God told Moses that whenever Israel sins, they should recite the passage in Exodus 34:6–7 containing God's 13 Attributes, and God would forgive them. The Gemara interpreted the words "The Lord, the Lord" in Exodus 34:6 to teach that God is the Eternal (exhibiting mercy) before humans sin and the same after they sin and repent. Rav Judah interpreted the words "a God merciful and gracious" in Exodus 34:6 to teach that with the 13 Attributes, God made a covenant that Jews will not be turned away empty-handed when they recite the Attributes, for soon thereafter, in Exodus 34:10, God says, "Behold I make a covenant." A Baraita reported that Rabbi Elazar said that one cannot read "absolve" in Exodus 34:7 to apply to all transgressions, as "will not absolve" is also stated in Exodus 34:7, as well. Rabbi Elazar resolved the apparent contradiction by teaching that God absolves those who repent and does not absolve those who do not repent. Therefore, both "repentance" and "absolve" were mentioned at Mount Sinai. Reading the Attribute "long-suffering" (, erekh appayim) in Exodus 34:6, Rabbi Ḥaggai (or some say Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani) asked why it says , erekh appayim, using a plural form (meaning "faces" or "countenances") rather than , erekh af, using the singular form. The Rabbi answered that this means that God is long-suffering in two ways: God is long-suffering toward the righteous, that is, God delays payment of their reward (until the World To Come); and God is also long-suffering toward the wicked, that is, God does not punish them immediately (waiting until the World To Come). The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that God spoke to the Torah the words of Genesis 1:26, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." The Torah answered that the man whom God sought to create would be limited in days and full of anger, and would come into the power of sin. Unless God would be long-suffering with him, the Torah continued, it would be well for man not to come into the world. God asked the Torah whether it was for nothing that God is called (echoing Exodus 34:6) "slow to anger" and "abounding in love." God then set about making man. Expanding on Exodus 3:14, "And God said to Moses . . . ," Rabbi Abba bar Memel taught that in response to the request of Moses to know God's Name, God told Moses that God is called according to God's work—sometimes Scripture calls God "Almighty God," "Lord of Hosts," "God," or "Lord." When God judges created beings, Scripture calls God "God," and when God wages war against the wicked, Scripture calls God "Lord of Hosts" (as in 1 Samuel 15:2 and Isaiah 12:14–15). When God suspends judgment for a person's sins, Scripture calls God "El Shadday" ("Almighty God"), and when God is merciful towards the world, Scripture calls God "Adonai" ("Lord"), for "Adonai" refers to the Attribute of Mercy, as Exodus 34:6 says: "The Lord, the Lord (Adonai, Adonai), God, merciful and gracious." Hence in Exodus 3:14, God said "'I Am That I Am' in virtue of My deeds." In a Baraita, the House of Shammai taught that on the great Day of Judgment at the end of days, people will be divided into three groups: wholly righteous people, wholly wicked people, and middling people. The House of Hillel taught that the God Whom Exodus 34:6 describes as "abundant in kindness" will tilt the scales in favor of kindness, so that middling people will not have to pass through Gehenna. Rabbi Jose interpreted the words "forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty" in Exodus 34:7 to teach that a person who sins once, twice, or even three times is forgiven, but one who sins four times is not forgiven. Rabbi Jose cited for support Amos 2:6, where God says, "for three transgressions of Israel," God would not reverse God's forgiveness, and Job 33:29, which says, "God does these things twice, yea thrice, with a man." A Baraita taught that when Moses ascended to receive the Torah from God, Moses found God writing "longsuffering" among the words with which Exodus 34:8 describes God. Moses asked God whether God meant longsuffering with the righteous, to which God replied that God is longsuffering even with the wicked. Moses exclaimed that God could let the wicked perish, but God cautioned Moses that Moses would come to desire God's longsuffering for the wicked. Later, when the Israelites sinned at the incident of the spies, God reminded Moses that he had suggested that God be longsuffering only with the righteous, to which Moses recounted that God had promised to be longsuffering even with the wicked. And that is why Moses in Numbers 14:17–18 cited to God that God is "slow to anger." The Seder Olam Rabbah taught that Moses descended from Mount Sinai on the 10th of Tishrei—Yom Kippur—and announced that God had shown the Israelites God's pleasure, as Exodus 34:9 says, "You will forgive our crimes and sins and let us inherit," and after that, all the Israelites presented themselves in the assembly that Moses called in Exodus 35:1, and Moses commanded them to build the Tabernacle. Tractate Beitzah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws common to all of the festivals in Exodus 12:3–27, 43–49; 13:6–10; 23:16; 34:18–23; Leviticus 16; 23:4–43; Numbers 9:1–14; 28:16–30:1; and Deuteronomy 16:1–17; 31:10–13. Tractate Bekhorot in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud interpreted the laws of the firstborn in Exodus 13:1–2, 12–13; 22:28–29; and 34:19–20; and Numbers 3:13 and 8:17. Elsewhere, the Mishnah interpreted Exodus 34:20 to allow money in exchange for redemption of a first-born son to be given to any priest (, kohen); that if a person weaves the hair of a firstborn donkey into a sack, the sack must be burned; that they did not redeem with the firstborn of a donkey an animal that falls within both wild and domestic categories (a koy); and that one was prohibited to derive benefit in any quantity at all from an unredeemed firstborn donkey. And elsewhere, the Mishnah taught that before the Israelites constructed the Tabernacle, the firstborns performed sacrificial services, but after the Israelites constructed the Tabernacle, the Priests (, Kohanim) performed the services. Reading Exodus 13:13, "And every firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb," and Exodus 34:20, "and the firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb," the Mishnah noted that the Torah states this law twice, and deduced that one is therefore not obligated under this law unless both the animal that gives birth is a donkey and the animal born is a donkey. The Mishnah thus concluded that a cow that gave birth to a calf like a donkey and a donkey that gave birth to a foal like a horse are exempt from their offspring being considered a firstborn. Rabbi Akiva interpreted Exodus 34:21 to prohibit plowing prior to the Sabbatical year (Shmita) that would reap benefits in the Sabbatical year and to prohibit reaping in the year after the Sabbatical year produce that grew in the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Ishamel argued, however, that Exodus 34:21 applied to the Sabbath, and limited its prohibition to plowing and reaping not elsewhere required by commandment. Tractate Sukkah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of Sukkot in Exodus 23:16; and 34:22; Leviticus 23:33–43; Numbers 29:12–34; and Deuteronomy 16:13–17; and 31:10–13. Tractate Pesachim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Passover in Exodus 12:3–27, 43–49; 13:6–10; 23:15; 34:25; Leviticus 23:4–8; Numbers 9:1–14; 28:16–25; and Deuteronomy 16:1–8. The Mishnah noted differences between the first Passover in Exodus 12:3–27, 43–49; 13:6–10; 23:15; 34:25; Leviticus 23:4–8; Numbers 9:1–14; 28:16–25; and Deuteronomy 16:1–8. and the second Passover in Numbers 9:9–13. The Mishnah taught that the prohibitions of Exodus 12:19 that "seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses" and of Exodus 13:7 that "no leaven shall be seen in all your territory" applied to the first Passover; while at the second Passover, one could have both leavened and unleavened bread in one's house. And the Mishnah taught that for the first Passover, one was required to recite the Hallel (Psalms 113–118) when the Passover lamb was eaten; while the second Passover did not require the reciting of Hallel when the Passover lamb was eaten. But both the first and second Passovers required the reciting of Hallel when the Passover lambs were offered, and both Passover lambs were eaten roasted with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. And both the first and second Passovers took precedence over the Sabbath. The Mishnah taught that they buried meat that had mixed with milk in violation of Exodus 23:19 and 34:26 and Deuteronomy 14:21. Rabbi Simeon ben Yoḥai taught that because the generation of the Flood transgressed the Torah that God gave humanity after Moses had stayed on the mountain for 40 days and 40 nights (as reported in Exodus 24:18 and 34:28 and Deuteronomy 9:9–11, 18, 25, and 10:10), God announced in Genesis 7:4 that God would "cause it to rain upon the earth 40 days and 40 nights." In medieval Jewish interpretation The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources: Exodus chapter 32 Rashi reported an interpretation by Rabbi Moshe ha-Darshan that since the Levites were submitted in atonement for the firstborn who had practiced idolatry when they worshipped the Golden Calf (in Exodus 32), and Psalm 106:28 calls idol worship "sacrifices to the dead," and in Numbers 12:12 Moses called one afflicted with tzaraat "as one dead," and Leviticus 14:8 required those afflicted with tzaraat to shave, therefore God required the Levites to shave as well. The Zohar compared Moses to Noah and found Moses superior. For when God told Moses in Exodus 32:10, "Now therefore let me alone, that My anger may grow hot against them, and that I may consume them; and I will make of you a great nation," Moses immediately asked whether he could possibly abandon Israel for his own advantage. Moses protested that the world would say that he had killed Israel and did to them as Noah did to his generation. For when God bade Noah to save himself and his household from the Flood, Noah did not intercede on behalf of his generation, but let them perish. It is for this reason that Scripture names the waters of the Flood after Noah, as Isaiah 54:9 says, "For this is as the waters of Noah to me." Thus, Moses sought mercy for his people, and God indeed showed them mercy. Reading Numbers 1:1–2 "The Lord spoke . . . in the Sinai Desert . . . on the first of the month . . . 'Take a census,'" Rashi taught that God counted the Israelites often because they were dear to God. When they left Egypt, God counted them in Exodus 12:37; when many fell because of the sin of the Golden Calf, God counted them in Exodus 32:28 to know the number who survived; when God came to cause the Divine Presence to rest among them, God counted them. On the first of Nisan, the Tabernacle was erected, and on the first of Iyar, God counted them. Baḥya ibn Paquda taught that because God showed special goodness to the Israelites among the peoples, taking them out of Egypt and bringing them to the land of Canaan, God put them under an obligation of service, beyond the universal service expected of all peoples. This consists in obedience to commandments that have their basis in revelation alone, beyond moral duties called for by reason. Baḥya taught that whoever assumed service for the glory of God was favored by God with special bounties, and God held them to an obligation of additional service beside the service due from others. Baḥya cited as an example when Moses said in Exodus 32:26, "'Whoever is on the Lord's side? Let him come to me.' And all the descendants of Levi gathered themselves together to him." God then showed the Levites additional favor and chose from among them Aaron and his sons to be priests. God charged the Levites with particular precepts in addition to those God gave to the rest of the nation, and promised them a great reward in the life hereafter. Exodus chapter 34 Rashi taught that it was on the first day of Elul that God told Moses, in the words of Exodus 34:2, "In the morning you shall ascend Mount Sinai," to receive the second tablets, and Moses spent 40 days there, as reported in Deuteronomy 10:10, "And I remained upon the mountain just as the first days." And on Yom Kippur, God was placated toward Israel and told Moses, in the words of Numbers 14:20, "I have forgiven, as you have spoken." Rabbeinu Tam identified the Thirteen Attributes of God in Exodus 34:6–7 as follows: (1) , YHVH: mercy before one sins; (2) , YHVH: mercy after one has sinned; (3) , El: power in mercy; (4) , Raḥum: compassionate; (5) , VeḤanun: and gracious; (6) Erekh appayim: slow to anger; (7) VeRav ḥesed: and abundant in kindness; (8) VeEmet: and truth; (9) Notzer ḥesed laalafim: preserver of kindness for thousands of generations; (10) Noseh avon: forgiving iniquity; (11) , VaFeshah: and willful sin; (12) , VeḤata'ah: and error; (13) , VeNakeh: and pardoning. Reading God's description of God's attributes in Exodus 34:6, Baḥya ibn Paquda argued we can see that God possesses these attributes from the evidence of God's deeds towards God's creations and from the wisdom and power that God's deeds reflect. But Baḥya cautioned that one must be careful not to take descriptions of God's attributes literally or in a physical sense. Rather, one must know that they are metaphors, geared to what we are capable of grasping with our powers of understanding, because of our urgent need to know God. But God is infinitely greater and loftier than all of these attributes. Interpreting the Attributes of God in Exodus 34:6–7, Judah Halevi argued that all characterizations of God, except for the four-letter Name of God, the Tetragrammaton, are predicates and attributive descriptions, derived from the way God's actions affect the world. People call God "merciful" if God improves the condition of someone whom people pity. People attribute to God "mercy" and "compassion," although Halevi saw these Attributes as weaknesses of the soul and a quick movement of nature. Halevi argued that this cannot actually be applied to God, who is a just Judge, ordaining poverty for one and wealth to another. God's nature, Halevi argued, remains unaffected, having no sympathy for one, nor anger for another. God decides according to law, making some people happy and others miserable. God appears to people, as we observe God's actions, sometimes (in the words of Exodus 34:6) as a "merciful and compassionate God," and sometimes (in the words of Nahum 1:2) as "a jealous and revengeful God," while in reality God never changes. Halevi divided all Attributes (apart from the Tetragrammaton) into three classes: creative, relative, and negative. And he identified as creative Attributes those derived from God's effect on the world, such as making poor and rich, lifting up or casting down, "merciful and compassionate," "jealous and revengeful," "strong and almighty," and the like. Similarly, Maimonides equated knowledge of God's Attributes with knowledge of God's works. Because in Exodus 34:6–7, God taught Moses Attributes that refer solely to God's works, Maimonides inferred that God had promised to give Moses a knowledge of God's works. Maimonides thus concluded that the ways that Moses wished to know, and which God taught him, were God's actions. Maimonides equated these with what the Sages called "Attributes" (, middot), noting that the Talmud spoke of the 13 "Attributes" of God. And the Mishnah also used the term in reference to man, saying, for example, "There are four different sorts (, middot) among those who go to the house of learning," and, "There are four different traits (, middot) among those who give charity." Maimonides argued that the Sages did not mean that God really possesses Attributes, but that God performs actions similar to human actions that in humans flow from certain Attributes and certain mental dispositions, whereas God has no such dispositions. Although Moses was shown all God's goodness, that is, all God's works, Exodus 34:6–7 mentions only the 13 Attributes, because they include those acts of God that refer to the creation and the government of mankind, and to know these acts was the principal object of the prayer of Moses. Maimonides found evidence for this in the conclusion of the prayer of Moses in Exodus 33:16, "that I may know You, that I may find grace in Your sight, and consider that this nation is Your people." That is, Moses sought understanding of God's ways in governing the Israelites, so that Moses might act similarly. Maimonides concluded that "the ways" used in the Bible are identical with the "Attributes" used in the Mishnah, denoting the acts emanating from God in reference to the universe. The Zohar, however, found in God's Attributes components of God's essential Name. In the Zohar, Rabbi Simeon taught from the Book of Mystery that the Divine Name has both a revealed and a concealed form. In its revealed form, it is written as the four-letter Name of God, the Tetragrammaton, but in its undisclosed form it is written in other letters, and this undisclosed form represents the most Recondite of all. In the Zohar, Rabbi Judah taught that even the revealed form of the Name is hidden under other letters (as the name ADoNaY, , is hidden within ADNY, ) in order to screen the most Recondite of all. In the letters of God's Name are concealed 22 Attributes of Mercy, namely, the 13 Attributes of God in Exodus 34:6–7 and nine Attributes of the Mikroprosopus, the lesser revealed aspect of God. They all combine in one composite Name. When people were more reverent, the priests openly enunciated the Name in the hearing of all, but after irreverence became widespread, the Name became concealed under other letters. At the time when the Name was disclosed, the priest would concentrate his mind on its deep and inner meaning, and he would utter the Name in such a way as to accord with that meaning. But when irreverence became common in the world, he would conceal all within the written letters. The Zohar taught that Moses uttered the 22 letters in two sections, first in Exodus 34:6–7 in the Attributes of God, and second in Numbers 14:18, when he uttered nine Attributes of Mercy that are inherent in the Mikroprosopus, and which are radiated from the light of God. All this the priest combined together when he spread forth his hands to bless the people pursuant to Numbers 6:23–26, so that all the worlds received God's blessings. It is for this reason that Numbers 6:23 says simply "saying" (, amor), instead of the imperative form "say" (, imri), in a reference to the hidden letters within the words of the Priestly Blessing. The word , amor has in its letters the numerical value of 248 minus one ( equals 1; equals 40; equals 6; equals 200; and 1 + 40 + 6 + 200 = 247), equal to the number of a man's bodily parts, excepting the one part on which all the rest depend. All these parts thus receive the Priestly Blessing as expressed in the three verses of Numbers 6:24–26. In modern interpretation The parashah is discussed in these modern sources: Exodus chapter 30 Exodus 30:13 reports that "the shekel is twenty gerahs." This table translates units of weight used in the Bible into their modern equivalents: Exodus chapter 31 Noting that Exodus 31:12–17 commands the Israelites to observe the Sabbath at the end of the instructions for the Tabernacle and then Exodus 35:2–3 commands the Israelites to observe the Sabbath just before the account of the Tabernacle's construction, Gunther Plaut concluded that the Sabbath was the bridge that connected the building of the Tabernacle with its deeper purpose. Nahum Sarna noted that the injunction to observe the Sabbath in Exodus 31:15 is practically repeated verbatim in Exodus 35:2–3, with an addition not to kindle fire on the Sabbath. In 1950, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of Conservative Judaism ruled: "Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue, the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no wise be construed as a violation of the Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . [I]n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah." Exodus chapter 33 Nathan MacDonald reported some dispute over the exact meaning of the description of the Land of Israel as a "land flowing with milk and honey," as in Exodus 3:8 and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, Leviticus 20:24, Numbers 13:27 and 14:8, and Deuteronomy 6:3, 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20. MacDonald wrote that the term for milk (, ) could easily be the word for "fat" (, ), and the word for honey (, ) could indicate not bees' honey but a sweet syrup made from fruit. The expression evoked a general sense of the bounty of the land and suggested an ecological richness exhibited in a number of ways, not just with milk and honey. MacDonald noted that the expression was always used to describe a land that the people of Israel had not yet experienced, and thus characterized it as always a future expectation. Everett Fox noted that "glory" (, ) and "stubbornness" (, kaved lev) are leading words throughout the book of Exodus that give it a sense of unity. Similarly, Propp identified the root —connoting heaviness, glory, wealth, and firmness—as a recurring theme in Exodus: Moses suffered from a heavy mouth in Exodus 4:10 and heavy arms in Exodus 17:12; Pharaoh had firmness of heart in Exodus 7:14; 8:11, 28; 9:7, 34; and 10:1; Pharaoh made Israel's labor heavy in Exodus 5:9; God in response sent heavy plagues in Exodus 8:20; 9:3, 18, 24; and 10:14, so that God might be glorified over Pharaoh in Exodus 14:4, 17, and 18; and the book culminates with the descent of God's fiery Glory, described as a "heavy cloud," first upon Sinai and later upon the Tabernacle in Exodus 19:16; 24:16–17; 29:43; 33:18, 22; and 40:34–38. Exodus chapter 34 Propp reported a common scholarly view that Exodus 34 contains the Yahwist's (J) Covenant and that the revelation of God's Name in Exodus 34:6–7 corresponds to the comparable scenes from the Elohist (E) in Exodus 3:13–15 and the Priestly source (P) in Exodus 6:2–3. Propp thus argued that Exodus 34:6–7 is one long, full Name for God. Propp speculated that Exodus 34:6–7 might have been God's revelation of a chant that Israelites could use in future crises to remind God of God's transgenerational mercy. Richard Elliott Friedman observed that the Yahwist's formula in Exodus 34:6–7 emphasizes the merciful—mercy, grace, and kindness—over the just side of God. In contrast, Friedman noted, the Priestly source never uses these or several other related words, emphasizing rather the just side of God. Friedman argued that this then is an important example of the pervasive way in which the Bible became more than the sum of its parts when the Redactor combined the sources, bringing the two sides together in a new balance in the final version of the Torah, conveying a picture of God Who is torn between justice and mercy, which Friedman argued has been a central element of the conception of God in Judaism and Christianity ever since. The Chofetz Chaim told a parable to explain the teaching of Rav Judah (see "In classical rabbinic interpretation": "Exodus chapter 34" above) that God would not turn Jews away empty-handed when they recite the 13 Attributes of God in Exodus 34:6–7. The Chofetz Chaim told that there was once a wealthy businessman whose poor nephew pleaded with him for a job. The businessman gave the nephew a job, and wrote out a list of tasks describing the nephew's responsibilities. The businessman exhorted the nephew to review the list every day. After a while, the businessman summoned his nephew to ask him what he was doing for the business. The nephew said that he had done everything that the businessman had asked. The businessman pressed the nephew for details. The nephew replied that every day, he recited the list of tasks that the businessman gave him and remembered the list by heart. The businessman asked whether the nephew had done any of the tasks. The nephew answered sheepishly that he thought that since his uncle was the boss, it would be enough for him simply to repeat the list aloud. The businessman called the nephew a fool and explained that the list was only to remind the nephew what to do. Similarly, taught the Chofetz Chaim, the 13 Attributes, while given to Jews to be recited as a prayer, are fundamentally guidelines for how to walk in God's ways. Phyllis Trible noted that the adjective "merciful" (, ), used in Exodus 34:6 as one of God's Attributes, is tied to the noun "womb" or "uterus" (, ). Trible wrote that the Hebrew noun for "compassion" or "mercy" (, rahamim) thus connotes both a "mode of being and the locus of that mode," as in the Hebrew the concrete meaning of "womb" expanded to encompass the abstractions of "compassion," "mercy," and "love," the verb "to show mercy" (, ), and the adjective "merciful" (, ). Julius Wellhausen conceived of early Israelite religion as linked to nature's annual cycle and believed that Scripture only later connected the festivals to historical events like the Exodus from Egypt. James Kugel reported that modern scholars generally agreed that Passover reflects two originally separate holidays arising out of the annual harvest cycle. One Festival involved the sacrificing and eating of an animal from the flock, the sacrifice, which arose among shepherds who sacrificed in the light of the full moon of the month that marked the vernal equinox and the end of winter (as directed in Exodus 12:6) to bring Divine favor for a safe and prosperous summer for the rest of the flock. The shepherds slaughtered the animal at home, as the rite also stipulated that some of the animal's blood be daubed on the doorposts and lintel of the house (as directed in Exodus 12:7) to ward off evil. The rite prescribed that no bone be broken (as directed in Exodus 12:46) so as not to bring evil on the flock from which the sacrifice came. Scholars suggest that the name derived from the verb that means "hop" (as in 1 Kings 18:21 and 26), and theorize that the holiday may originally have involved some sort of ritual "hopping." A second Festival—the Festival of Unleavened Bread—involved farmers eating unleavened barley bread for seven days when the winter's barley crop had reached maturity and was ready for harvest. Farmers observed this Festival with a trip to a local sanctuary (as in Exodus 23:17 and 34:23). Modern scholars believe that the absence of yeast in the bread indicated purity (as in Leviticus 2:11). The listing of Festivals in Exodus 23:14–17 and 34:18–23 appear to provide evidence for the independent existence of the Festival of Unleavened Bread. Modern scholars suggest that the farmers' Festival of Unleavened Bread and the shepherds' Passover later merged into a single festival, Passover moved from the home to the Temple, and the combined festival was explicitly connected to the Exodus (as in Deuteronomy 16:1–4). Commandments According to Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are 4 positive and 5 negative commandments in the parashah: To give a half shekel annually A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service. To prepare the anointing oil Not to anoint a stranger with anointing oil Not to reproduce the anointing oil Not to reproduce the incense formula Not to eat or drink anything from an offering to an idol To let the land lie fallow in the Sabbatical year Not to cook meat and milk together Maimonides, however, attributed to this parashah only the following 4 positive and 3 negative commandments: To give a half shekel annually A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service. To prepare the anointing oil Not to reproduce the anointing oil Not to anoint a stranger with anointing oil Not to reproduce the incense formula To let the land lie fallow in the Sabbatical year In the liturgy Some Jews read the descriptions of the laver in Exodus 30:17–21 and Aaron's incense offerings in Exodus 30:7–8 and 30:34–36 after the Sabbath morning blessings. Some Jews sing of the Sabbath's holiness, reflecting Exodus 31:14, as part of the Baruch El Elyon song () sung in connection with the Sabbath day meal. Most Jewish communities (except those who follow the practices of the Vilna Gaon, Chabad, and some Yemenites) recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in Exodus 31:16–17 as the final reading concluding the blessings of the Shema before the punctuating half-Kaddish and the prayer in the Friday Sabbath evening (Maariv) prayer service. The exhortation to "observe" (, ) the Sabbath that this reading concludes reflects God's command in Exodus 31:13 to "keep My Sabbaths," even to the exclusion of other apparently worthy causes. Again, Jews recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in Exodus 31:16–17 as part of the paragraph of the prayer in the Sabbath morning (Shacharit) prayer service. And once again, many Jews recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in Exodus 31:16–17 as part of the paragraph of the Kiddusha Rabba blessing for the Sabbath day meal. The second blessing before the addresses God about "your people" Israel, as Moses does in Exodus 32:11–12. Jews recite the account of how Moses brought down two Tablets of stone reported in Exodus 32:15 as part of the prayer in the Sabbath morning (Shacharit) prayer service. Some Jews refer to the inscription on the two Tablets of stone reported in Exodus 32:15 as they study Pirkei Avot chapter 5 on a Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah. And thereafter, some quote Exodus 32:16 as they study Pirkei Avot chapter 6 on a succeeding Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah. God's characteristics of graciousness and compassion in Exodus 34:6 are reflected in Psalm 145:8 and in turn in the prayer in the morning () and afternoon (Mincha) prayer services. Similarly, Jews call on God's characteristic of forgiveness in Exodus 34:6 with the words "forgive us, our Guide" in the weekday prayer in each of the three prayer services. And again, Jews cite God's characteristic of "steadfast lovingkindness ()" in Exodus 34:6 in the section of the service for Shabbat. Jews recite three times the 13 Attributes of mercy in Exodus 34:6–7 over and over again during Selichot prayers. And the custom of the Ari, accepted in most but not all communities, is to recite them after removing the Torah from the Ark on Passover, Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, and Hoshana Rabbah. During the prayer in the Sabbath morning () prayer service, Jews refer to the "crown of splendor" that God placed on Moses in Exodus 34:29. The weekly maqam In the Weekly Maqam, Sephardi Jews each week base the songs of the services on the content of that week's parashah. For Parashat Ki Tisa, Sephardi Jews apply Maqam Hijaz, the maqam that expresses mourning and sorrow, as the parashah contains the episode of the Golden Calf, a sad and embarrassing episode in the history of the Israelite people. Haftarah Generally The haftarah for the parashah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: 1 Kings 18:1–39 for Sephardi Jews (as well as some Ashenazic communities such as Frankfurt am Main): 1 Kings 18:20–39 Connection to the Parashah Both the parashah and the haftarah in First Kings describe God's prophet confronting idolatry to restore worship of God, the parashah in Moses' anger at the Golden Calf, and the haftarah in the prophet Elijah's confrontation with the prophets of Baal. In both the parashah and the haftarah, the prophet was on a mountain; the prophet invoked the names of Abraham and Isaac in prayer to God; sound () is observed; the prophet called on the Israelites to choose between God and the false god; and God manifested God's choice. On Shabbat Parah When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (the special Sabbath prior to Passover—as it does in 2026 and 2028), the haftarah is Ezekiel 36:16–38. On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read Numbers 19:1–22, which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites. Notes Further reading The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources: Biblical Exodus 20:5 (punishing children for fathers' sin); 12:3–27, 43–49 (Passover); 13:6–10 (Passover); 23:14–19 (three pilgrim festivals). Leviticus 23:4–43 (three pilgrim festivals). Numbers 5:11–31 (drinking the accursed thing); 9:1–14 (Passover); 14:18 (Attributes of God; punishing children for fathers' sin); 25:1–18 (sacrifices to another god; zealots kill apostates; zealots rewarded with priestly standing; plague as punishment; leader makes atonement); 28:16–31 (Passover, Shavuot); 29:12–34 (Sukkot). Deuteronomy 5:9 (punishing children for fathers' sin); 9:8–21, 25–29 (Golden Calf); 10:1 (second set of tablets); 16:1–17 (three pilgrim festivals); 24:16 (no capital punishment of children for fathers' sin); 31:10–13 (Sukkot). Judges 8:24–27 (cult object from molten jewelry); 21:19 (Sukkot). 1 Kings 8:1–66 (Sukkot); 12:26–30 (golden calves); 12:32 (northern feast like Sukkot). Isaiah 56:6–7 (keeping the Sabbath); 66:23 (universally-observed Sabbath). Jeremiah 31:29–30 (not punishing children for fathers' sin). Ezekiel 16:17 (idols from molten jewelry); 18:1–4 (not punishing children for fathers' sin); 45:25 (Sukkot). Nahum 1:2–3 (God's Attributes). Zechariah 14:16–19 (Sukkot). Psalm 25:4 ("Show me Your ways"); 27:11 ("Teach me Your way"); 45:9 (cassia); 49:8 (ransom to God); 56:9 (God's book); 69:29 (blot out of the book of the living); 78:55 (God drove out the nations before them); 80:9 (God drove out the nations before them); 86:11 ("Teach me . . . Your way"); 89:21 (holy anointing oil); 91:1,4 (God's covert; God covering with God's limb); 94:14 (Israel as God's inheritance); 95:11 (God's rest); 99:7 (God spoke to Moses from a cloud); 103:8 ("The Lord is full of compassion and gracious, slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy"); 108:5 (God's truth); 119:33 ("Teach me . . . the way"); 133:2 (anointing oil); 139:16 (God's book); 145:8–9 (God's Attributes); 147:20 (God's separate treatment of Israel). Ezra 3:4 (Sukkot). Nehemiah 8:14–18 (Sukkot). 2 Chronicles 5:3–14 (Sukkot); 7:8 (Sukkot); 8:12–13 (three Pilgrim festivals). Early nonrabbinic Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 2:15:54–55; 3: 15:46, 31:95, 32:101, 48:140–42; That the Worse Is Wont To Attack the Better 44:159–60; On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile 4:13, 5:15–16, 41:136, 46:158, 48:169; On the Giants 5:2–3, 12:53–55; On the Unchangeableness of God 24:109–10; Concerning Noah's Work as a Planter 6:26; On Drunkenness 15:66–67, 24:96; On the Migration of Abraham 2:7–8, 15:84–85, 31:170–71; Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? 4:19–20, 35:167–68, 38:186–39:189, 41:196; On Flight and Finding 17:88–90, 29:165; On the Change of Names 2:7–10, 17:108–09; On the Life of Moses 2:49:270–74; The Special Laws 3:22:124–27. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st Century CE. In, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, pages 43, 55, 61, 66, 129, 133, 145, 148–49, 153, 156, 167, 193, 212, 215, 253, 261, 269, 277, 290–92, 329, 336, 341, 350, 515, 606. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993. Romans 9:14–18. 1st Century. ("I will have mercy on whom I have mercy"). Mark 14:12–26. Circa 70 CE. (Passover). Matthew 26:17–30. Circa 70–100 CE. (Passover). Luke 22:14–20. Circa 80–150 CE. (Passover). John 7:1–53 (Sukkot). Classical rabbinic Mishnah: Sheviit 1:1–4; Challah 4:9; Shabbat 1:1–24:5; Pesachim 1:1–10:9; Shekalim 1:1–4:9; Yoma 3:10; Sukkah 1:1–5:8; Beitzah 1:1–5:7; Megillah 3:4, 4:10; Avot 5:6, 13–14; Zevachim 2:1, 9:7; Menachot 9:2; Chullin 8:4; Bekhorot 1:1–7; Temurah 7:4; Keritot 1:1–2. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 68–69, 157, 179–208, 229–58, 269, 279–99, 321, 324, 686–88, 721, 751, 781, 788–89, 835–37. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Tosefta: Challah 2:9; Shabbat 1:1–17:29; Pesachim (Pisha) 1:1–10:13; Shekalim 1:1–3:1; Kippurim (Yoma) 1:18, 2:1, 4:9, 13–14; Sukkah 1:1–4:28; Beitzah (Yom Tov) 1:1–4:11; Megillah 3:1, 36; Sotah 3:10, 6:6, 11; Bava Kamma 7:4; Sanhedrin 4:9, 13:3; Avodah Zarah 3:19, 4:6; Menachot 1:12, 7:1; Parah 4:4. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 339, 357–427, 471–539, 546, 548, 564–604, 644, 652, 700–01, 841, 856, 860; volume 2, pages 986–87, 1160, 1182, 1189, 1273, 1276, 1409, 1433, 1754. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 81:1. Land of Israel, late 4th Century. In, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 251–57. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. Jerusalem Talmud: Peah 3a, 8a, 10a, 22b, 31b; Sheviit 1a, 4a; Bikkurim 1a, 23a; Shabbat 1a–113b; Eruvin 33b; Pesachim 1a–86a; Shekalim 1a–61b; Yoma 21b, 23b, 30a, 49b, 55a, 57a; Sukkah 1a–33b; Beitzah 1a–49b; Rosh Hashanah 7b; Taanit 10a, 22b, 26a; Megillah 33b, 40a; Chagigah 2b–3a, 4a, 8a, 19a; Yevamot 62a, 68a; Nedarim 9b, 12b; Nazir 25b; Sotah 39a, 40a; Kiddushin 24a; Sanhedrin 30a, 40b, 46a, 48b, 56b, 61a, 64a; Shevuot 21a; Avodah Zarah 19a, 25a, 26a; Horayot 13a–b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 3, 6a, 12–15, 17–27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 44–46, 48–49. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006–2020. And in, e.g., The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and Edward Goldman. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009. Midrash Tanḥuma Ki Sisa. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis, edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 206–338. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004. Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 7a–b, 10b, 30b, 32a–b, 55a, 62b, 63b; Shabbat 10b, 30a, 33a, 69b–70a, 86a, 87a, 89a, 119b, 132a; Eruvin 22a, 54a, 96a; Pesachim 2a–121b; Shekalim 2a–22b; Yoma 3b, 22a, 28a, 32b, 36b–37a, 43b, 45a, 66b, 85b–86b; Sukkah 2a–56b; Beitzah 2a–40b; Rosh Hashanah 9a, 16b, 17b; Taanit 8a, 21b, 27b, 28b; Megillah 6b, 10b, 15a–b, 19b, 25a–b, 29b–30a, 31a; Moed Katan 3b–4a, 9a, 15a, 16b, 18b; Chagigah 6b, 11b, 12b, 16a; Yevamot 6b–7a, 49b, 62a, 72a; Ketubot 30a, 31a, 34a, 106a; Nedarim 10b, 32a, 33a, 38a; Nazir 47a; Sotah 13b–14a; Gittin 60b; Kiddushin 17a, 29a–b, 33b; Bava Kamma 34b, 50a, 52b, 55a, 71a, 92a, 112a, 119a; Bava Batra 10b, 15a–b, 75a; Sanhedrin 7a, 13a, 27b, 35b, 38b, 56b, 60b, 63a, 74a, 78b, 83b, 102a, 108a, 110a, 111a; Makkot 8b, 11a, 12a, 13a, 14b, 23a–24a; Shevuot 10b, 15a, 39a; Avodah Zarah 8a, 10b, 44a, 53b; Horayot 4a–b, 6b, 11b; Zevachim 15b, 18a, 19b, 21a, 112b; Menachot 5b–6a, 21b, 35b, 36b, 53b, 72a, 84b, 87b–88a, 89a, 99b, 101b; Chullin 62b, 106b, 114a, 115a, 139b; Bekhorot 3a, 6a, 50a, 51b; Arakhin 4a, 15b, 16b; Temurah 14b, 16a; Keritot 2a, 3a, 5a–6b; Meilah 19a; Niddah 40a, 41a. 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Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 129–34. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012. Louis Ginzberg. Legends of the Jews, 3:119–44 . Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1911. Abraham Isaac Kook. The Moral Principles. The Lights of Holiness. Early 20th Century. In Abraham Isaac Kook: the Lights of Penitence, the Moral Principles, Lights of Holiness, Essays, Letters, and Poems. Translated by Ben Zion Bokser, pages 148, 207. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press 1978. Hermann Cohen. Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism. Translated with an introduction by Simon Kaplan; introductory essays by Leo Strauss, pages 79–80, 94, 110, 169, 206, 209, 222, 395. New York: Ungar, 1972. Reprinted Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Originally published as Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. Leipzig: Gustav Fock, 1919. Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 64–67. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936. Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 828–1007. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992. The Sabbath Anthology. Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. (Exodus 31:12–17). Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. In Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997. Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 392–451. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967. Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005. Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 28–29, 50–51, 91–92. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Robert C. Dentan, "The Literary Affinities of Exodus Xxxiv 6f." Vetus Testamentum, volume 13 (1963): pages 34–51. Jacob Liver. "The Half-Shekel Offering in Biblical and Post-Biblical Literature." The Harvard Theological Review, volume 56 (number 3) (1963): pages 173–98. James Muilenburg. "The Intercession of the Covenant Mediator (Exodus 33:1a,12–17)." In Words and Meanings: Essays Presented to David Winton Thomas. Edited by Peter R. Ackroyd and Barnabas Lindars, pages 159–81. Cambridge: University Press, 1968. A. Carlebach. "Rabbinic References to Fiscus Judaicus." The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, volume 66 (number 1) (July 1975): pages 57–61. Peter C. Craigie. The Problem of War in the Old Testament, page 27. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1978. Phyllis Trible. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality, pages 31–59. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. (God's feminine merciful quality, or rachum). Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 426–503. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981. Herbert C. Brichto. "The Worship of the Golden Calf: A Literary Analysis of a Fable on Idolatry." Hebrew Union College Annual, volume 54 (1983): pages 1–44. Jacob Milgrom. "'You Shall Not Boil a Kid in Its Mother's Milk': An archaeological myth destroyed." Bible Review, volume 1 (number 3) (Fall 1985): pages 48–55. Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 91–94. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987. Mark S. Smith. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, pages xx, 10, 59, 69, 80–81, 101, 108, 112–13, 125, 134–35, 151, 162. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990. Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 77–85. New York: UAHC Press, 1991. Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 195–222. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. Lawrence Kushner. God Was in This Place and I, I Did Not Know: Finding Self, Spirituality and Ultimate Meaning, pages 31–32, 41. Jewish Lights Publishing, 1993. (the Place; the Golden Calf). Neḥama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 535–643. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010. Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, pages 3–4. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993. Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 917–56. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. Judith S. Antonelli. "The Golden Calf." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 213–20. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995. Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman's Commentary on the Torah, pages 136–41. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996. Marc Gellman. "Gluing the Broken Commandments Back Together." In God's Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible, pages 68–72. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996. W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 203–15. New York: UAHC Press, 1996. Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 140–47. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities, pages 1–19. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Baruch J. Schwartz. "What Really Happened at Mount Sinai? Four biblical answers to one question." Bible Review, volume 13 (number 5) (October 1997). Susan Freeman. Teaching Jewish Virtues: Sacred Sources and Arts Activities, pages 85–101, 228–40. Springfield, New Jersey: A.R.E. Publishing, 1999. (Exodus 34:6, 34–35). Ellen Lippmann. "The Women Didn't Build the Golden Calf—or Did They?" In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 164–71. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000. Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, pages 136–41. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001. Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 398–460. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 164–72. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002. Menachem Davis. The Schottenstein Edition Siddur for the Sabbath and Festivals with an Interlinear Translation, XXVII. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2002. (Sabbath as a source of holiness). Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 128–34. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002. Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. The Meaning of Hesed in the Hebrew Bible: A New Inquiry. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2002. Rodger Kamenetz. "The Broken Tablets." In The Lowercase Jew, page 40. Evanston, Illinois: Triquarterly Books, 2003. Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55, 136. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. Jack M. Sasson. "Should Cheeseburgers Be Kosher? A Different Interpretation of Five Hebrew Words ." Bible Review, volume 19 (numbers 6) (December 2003): pages 40–43, 50–51. Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 486–513. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. Karla M. Suomala. Moses and God in Dialogue: Exodus 32–34 in Postbiblical Literature. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers, 2004. Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 179–91. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Jane Liddel-King. "The Golden Calf." European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, volume 38 (number 2) (autumn 2005): pages 142–46. Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 145–49. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005. W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 581–610. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 317–19, 358–71, 534–623. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006. Suzanne A. Brody. "Bloody Water." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 83. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, pages 30, 109, 151, 254–55, 257, 262, 281–84, 291, 315, 324–25, 404, 423, 439, 524–25, 606. New York: Free Press, 2007. Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”). Pekka Lindqvist. Sin at Sinai: Early Judaism Encounters Exodus 32. Eisenbrauns, 2008. Dmitri Slivniak. "The Golden Calf Story: Constructively and Deconstructively." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 1) (September 2008): pages 19–38. Gloria London. "Why Milk and Meat Don't Mix: A New Explanation for a Puzzling Kosher Law." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 34 (number 6) (November/December 2008): pages 66–69. The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 495–520. New York: URJ Press, 2008. Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 663–756. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009. Jonathan Goldstein. "The Golden Calf." In Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bible! pages 115–28. New York: Riverhead Books, 2009. Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 125–30. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009. Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.). Amichai Lau-Lavie. "Mounting Sinai: Parashat Ki Tisa (Exodus 30:11–34:35)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 109–12. New York: New York University Press, 2009. Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 257–64. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009. Julie Cadwallader-Staub. Joy. In Face to Face: A Poetry Collection. DreamSeeker Books, 2010. ("land of milk and honey"). Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 249–76. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010. Stefan Schorch. "'A Young Goat in Its Mother's Milk'? Understanding an Ancient Prohibition." Vetus Testamentum, volume 60 (number 1) (2010): pages 116–30. Idan Dershowitz. "A Land Flowing with Fat and Honey." Vetus Testamentum, volume 60 (number 2) (2010): pages 172–76. Joe Lieberman and David Klinghoffer. The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. New York: Howard Books, 2011. James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30. William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, page 244. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. Shmuel Herzfeld. "Growing Our Congregation: The Numbers Game." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 123–27. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012. Daniel S. Nevins. "The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat." New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012. Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 411–77. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012. Amiel Ungar. "Tel Aviv and the Sabbath." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 8) (July 29, 2013): page 37. Anthony R. Petterson. "The Flying Scroll That Will Not Acquit the Guilty: Exodus 34.7 in Zechariah 5.3." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 38 (number 3) (March 2014): pages 347–61. Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 105–09. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015. "The Hittites: Between Tradition and History." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 42 (number 2) (March/April 2016): pages 28–40, 68. Jean-Pierre Isbouts. Archaeology of the Bible: The Greatest Discoveries From Genesis to the Roman Era, page 120. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2016. Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 131–36. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016. Kenneth Seeskin. Thinking about the Torah: A Philosopher Reads the Bible, pages 101–12. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2016. Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 203–12. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 65–67. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. Joep Dubbink. “‘Don’t Stop Me Now!’—Exod 32:10 and Yhwh’s Intention to Destroy His Own People.” In Viktor Ber, editor. Nomos and Violence: Dimensions in Bible and Theology. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2019. External links Texts Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation Hear the parashah read in Hebrew Commentaries Academy for Jewish Religion, California Academy for Jewish Religion, New York Aish.com American Jewish University—Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies Chabad.org Jewish Theological Seminary Mechon Hadar MyJewishLearning.com Orthodox Union Pardes from Jerusalem Reconstructing Judaism Union for Reform Judaism United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Yeshiva University Weekly Torah readings in Adar Weekly Torah readings from Exodus

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncadia%2C%20Washington

Suncadia, Washington

Suncadia is an unincorporated community and resort in Kittitas County, Washington, covering an area of 6,300 acres (25.5 km). It is located approximately 80 miles (130 km) east of Seattle in the Cascade Mountains between Roslyn, Cle Elum, and the Mountains to Sound Greenway section of Interstate 90. The resort was a joint undertaking between Jeld-Wen and managing partner Lowe Enterprises. The $1 billion project featured a 4-star rated mountain lodge with convention center facilities, a mountain springs themed spa, a sports center with indoor and outdoor swimming pools, an outdoor venue amphitheater/lake with winter ice skating, trails and recreational areas, 2,000 residential units, and three golf courses. The resort is also home to Swiftwater Cellars, a destination winery. A village center with restaurants and shops was to be completed by 2016. As of June 2019 this project has not been completed. Over 500 single-family homesites were sold in 2004, generating more than $125 million in gross revenue. The community's open space includes a corridor along the Cle Elum River, which remains open to the public under a partnership (called the Suncadia Conservancy) that also includes Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Yakama Nation. The interests of local citizens in aspects of the development that included the corridor were represented by RIDGE, a grassroots group. Suncadia, originally called "MountainStar," was built on former forest lands purchased in 1996 from Plum Creek Timber Company by Jeld-Wen's Trendwest Investments. References External links Official website RIDGE Records. 1923-2015. 9.31 cubic feet (9 boxes). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) Unincorporated communities in Kittitas County, Washington

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayakhel

Vayakhel

Vayakhel, Wayyaqhel, VaYakhel, Va-Yakhel, Vayak'hel, Vayak'heil, or Vayaqhel (—Hebrew for "and he assembled," the first word in the parashah) is the 22nd weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the 10th in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of the making of the Tabernacle and its sacred vessels. It constitutes Exodus 35:1–38:20. The parashah is made up of 6,181 Hebrew letters, 1,558 Hebrew words, 122 verses, and 211 lines in a Torah scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews read it the 22nd Sabbath after Simchat Torah, generally in March or rarely in late February. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2024 and 2027), Parashat Vayakhel is read separately. In common years (for example, 2023 and 2026), Parashat Vayakhel is usually combined with the next parashah, Pekudei, to help achieve the number of weekly readings needed (although in some non-leap years, such as 2025, they are not combined). Readings In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or , aliyot. First reading—Exodus 35:1–20 In the first reading (, aliyah), Moses convoked the Israelites to build the Tabernacle. Moses started by reminding them of God's commandment to keep the Sabbath of complete rest. Then Moses told them to collect gifts of materials from those whose heart so moved them—gifts of gold, silver, copper, colored yarns, fine linen, goats hair, tanned ram skins, acacia wood, olive oil, spices, lapis lazuli, and other stones. Moses invited all who were skilled to make the Tabernacle, its furnishings, and the priests' vestments. Second reading—Exodus 35:21–29 In the second reading (, aliyah), the Israelites brought the gifts that Moses requested. Third reading—Exodus 35:30–36:7 In the third reading (, aliyah), Moses announced that God had singled out Bezalel and Oholiab to endow them with the skills needed to construct the Tabernacle. And Moses called on them and all skilled persons to undertake the task. The Israelites brought more than was needed, so Moses proclaimed an end to the collection. Fourth reading—Exodus 36:8–19 In the fourth reading (, aliyah), the skilled workers fashioned the Tabernacle's curtains, loop, clasps, and coverings. Fifth reading—Exodus 36:20–37:16 In the long fifth reading (, aliyah), they made the Tabernacle's standing, gold clad, polished boards each with 2 tenons, and their 2 silver sockets, bars of acacia-wood overlaid with gold, rings of gold, veil of the covering, 4 pillars of acacia-wood overlaid with gold, screen for the door held by 5 gold clad pillars, and sockets of brass. Bezalel made the ark, cover, and 7 golden oil lamps pushed over against the golden lampstand which partially covers the table. Sixth reading—Exodus 37:17–29 In the sixth reading (, aliyah), Bezalel made menorah and incense altar. Seventh reading—Exodus 38:1–20 In the seventh reading (, aliyah), Bezalel made the altar for sacrifices, laver, and enclosure for the Tabernacle. Readings according to the triennial cycle Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading may read the parashah according to a different schedule. In ancient parallels The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources: Exodus chapter 35 Noting that Sargon of Akkad was the first to use a seven-day week, Professor Gregory S. Aldrete of the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay speculated that the Israelites may have adopted the idea from the Akkadian Empire. Inner-biblical interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources: Exodus chapters 25–39 This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings: Exodus chapter 35 Exodus 35:1 opens, "And Moses assembled" (, vayakhel Mosheh), in an echo of Exodus 32:1, which says, "the people assembled" (, vayikahel ha'am). The Sabbath Exodus 35:1–3 refers to the Sabbath. Exodus 35:3 prohibits kindling fire on the Sabbath. Numbers 15:32–33 reports that when the Israelites came upon a man gathering wood on the Sabbath (apparently with the intent to fuel a fire), they brought him before Moses, Aaron, and the community and placed him in custody, "because it had not been declared what should be done to him." Clearing up any uncertainty about whether the man had violated the law and what punishment should be given, God told Moses that the whole community was to pelt him with stones outside the camp, which they did. Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times. Genesis 2:1–3 reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God’s work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day. Observance of the Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. Exodus 20:8–11 commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it. Deuteronomy 5:12–15 commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work — so that one’s subordinates might also rest — and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm. In the incident of the manna (, man) in Exodus 16:22–30, Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook, and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one’s place on the seventh day. In Exodus 31:12–17, just before giving Moses the second Tablets of Stone, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested. In Exodus 35:1–3, just before issuing the instructions for the Tabernacle, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath. In Leviticus 23:1–3, God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation. The prophet Isaiah taught in Isaiah 1:12–13 that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In Isaiah 58:13–14, the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed them with the heritage of Jacob. And in Isaiah 66:23, the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God. The prophet Jeremiah taught in Jeremiah 17:19–27 that the fate of Jerusalem depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates. The prophet Ezekiel told in Ezekiel 20:10–22 how God gave the Israelites God’s Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God’s fury upon them, but God stayed God’s hand. In Nehemiah 13:15–22, Nehemiah told how he saw some treading winepresses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the gates to sanctify the Sabbath. Exodus chapter 38 2 Chronicles 1:5–6 reports that the bronze altar, which Exodus 38:1–2 reports Bezalel made, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it. Exodus 38:8 reports that Bezalel made the bronze laver and its base from "the mirrors of the serving women who did service at the door of the tent of meeting." 1 Samuel 2:22 reports that Eli's sons "lay with the women who did service at the door of the tent of meeting." In early nonrabbinic interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources: Exodus chapter 35 1 Maccabees tells a story related to the Sabbath. 1 Maccabees 2:27–38 told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus’s soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, Exodus 35:1–3), a thousand died. 1 Maccabees 2:39–41 reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath. Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. Classical rabbinic interpretation The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud: Exodus chapter 35 The Seder Olam Rabbah taught that Moses descended from Mount Sinai on the 10th of Tishrei—Yom Kippur—and announced that God had shown the Israelites God's pleasure, as Exodus 34:9 says, "You will forgive our crimes and sins and let us inherit," and after that, all the Israelites presented themselves in the assembly that Moses called in Exodus 35:1, and Moses commanded them to build the Tabernacle. The Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael taught that Exodus 35:1–3 sets forth laws of Sabbath observance here because in Exodus 25:8 God directed, "And let them make Me a sanctuary," and one might have understood that they could build the sanctuary both on weekdays and the Sabbath. The Mekhilta taught that God's direction in Exodus 25:8 to "make Me a sanctuary" applied on all days other than the Sabbath. The Mekhilta posited that one might argue that since the Temple service occurs even on the Sabbath, then perhaps the preparation for the service, without which the priests could not perform the service, could occur even on the Sabbath. One might conclude that if the horn of the altar broke off or a knife became defective, one might repair them on the Sabbath. Exodus 35:1–3 teaches, however, that even such work must be done only on weekdays, and not on the Sabbath. Rabbi Judah haNasi taught that the words "These are the words" in Exodus 35:1 referred to the 39 labors that God taught Moses at Mount Sinai. Similarly, Rabbi Ḥanina bar Ḥama said that the labors forbidden on the Sabbath in Exodus 35:2 correspond to the 39 labors necessary to construct the Tabernacle. Tractate Shabbat in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in Exodus 16:23 and 29; 20:8–11; 23:12; 31:13–17; 35:2–3; Leviticus 19:3; 23:3; Numbers 15:32–36; and Deuteronomy 5:12. The Mishnah taught that every act that violates the law of the Sabbath also violates the law of a festival, except that one may prepare food on a festival but not on the Sabbath. A Midrash asked to which commandment Deuteronomy 11:22 refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all this commandment that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the recitation of the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4–9), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah. The Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed — the World To Come. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come. Reading the words "everyone who profanes [the Sabbath] shall surely be put to death" in Exodus 31:14 (in which the verb for death is doubled), Samuel deduced that the Torah decreed many deaths for desecrating the Sabbath. The Gemara posited that perhaps Exodus 31:14 refers to willful desecration. The Gemara answered that Exodus 31:14 is not needed to teach that willful transgression of the Sabbath is a capital crime, for Exodus 35:2 says, "Whoever does any work therein shall be put to death." The Gemara concluded that Exodus 31:14 thus must apply to an unwitting offender, and in that context, the words "shall surely be put to death" mean that the inadvertent Sabbath violator will "die" monetarily because of the violator's need to bring costly sacrifices. A Baraita read the words "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the Sabbath day" in Exodus 35:3 to teach that only on the Sabbath is kindling fire prohibited, and one may kindle fire on a Festival day, including for purposes other than food preparation. Rav Huna and Rav Ḥisda reconciled the prohibition of kindling fire on the Sabbath in Exodus 35:3 with the priests' sacrificial duties. The Mishnah taught that the priests could lower the Passover sacrifice into the oven just before nightfall (and leave it to roast on the Sabbath), and the priests could light the fire with chips in the pile in the Temple chamber of the hearth (just before nightfall). Interpreting this Mishnah, Rav Huna cited the prohibition of Exodus 35:3: "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations." Rav Huna argued that since Exodus 35:3 says only "throughout your habitations," the priests could kindle the pile in the Temple chamber of the hearth (even on the Sabbath). Rav Ḥisda demurred from Rav Huna's argument, as it would allow kindling even on the Sabbath. Rather, Rav Ḥisda taught that Exodus 35:3 permits only the burning of the limbs and the fat (of animals sacrificed on Friday before nightfall). Rav Ḥisda explained that this burning was allowed because the priests were very particular (in their observance of the Sabbath and would not stoke the fire after nightfall). The Gemara told that Rav Joseph's wife used to kindle the Sabbath lights late (just before nightfall). Rav Joseph told her that it was taught in a Baraita that the words of Exodus 13:22, "the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, departed not," teach that the pillar of cloud overlapped the pillar of fire, and the pillar of fire overlapped the pillar of cloud. So she thought of lighting the Sabbath lights very early. But an elder told her that one may kindle when one chooses, provided that one does not light too early (as it would not evidently honor the Sabbath) or too late (later than just before nightfall). A Baraita taught that a disciple in the name of Rabbi Ishmael noted that the words "in all your dwellings" (, b'chol moshvoteichem) appear both in the phrase, "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the Sabbath day," in Exodus 35:3 and in the phrase, "these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings," in Numbers 35:29. The Baraita reasoned from this similar usage that just as the law prohibits kindling fire at home, so the law also prohibits kindling fire in the furtherance of criminal justice. And thus, since some executions require kindling a fire, the Baraita taught that the law prohibits executions on the Sabbath. Rabbi Hama bar Hanina interpreted the words "the plaited (, serad) garments for ministering in the holy place" in Exodus 35:19 to teach that but for the priestly garments described in Exodus 28 (and the atonement achieved by the garments or the priests who wore them), no remnant (, sarid) of the Jews would have survived. Rabbi Levi read Exodus 26:28, regarding "the middle bar in the midst of the boards, which shall pass through from end to end," calculated that the beam must have been 32 cubits in length, and asked where the Israelites would find such a beam in the desert. Rabbi Levi deduced that the Israelites had stored up the cedar to construct the Tabernacle since the days of Jacob. Thus Exodus 35:24 reports, "And every man, with whom was found acacia-wood," not "with whom would be found acacia-wood." Rabbi Levi taught that the Israelites cut the trees down in Magdala of the Dyers near Tiberias and brought them with them to Egypt, and no knot or crack was found in them. The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the Tabernacle's lower curtains were made of blue wool, purple wool, crimson wool, and fine linen, while the upper curtains that made the tent spread were made of goats' hair. And they taught that the upper curtains required greater skill than the lower, for Exodus 35:25 says of the lower ones, "And all the women that were wise-hearted did spin with their hands," while Exodus 35:26 says of the upper ones, "And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun the goats." It was taught in Rabbi Nehemiah's name that the hair was washed on the goats and spun while still on the goats. Rabbi Isaac deduced from Exodus 35:30 that we must not appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the community. In Exodus 35:30, Moses said to the Israelites: "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri." Rabbi Isaac read Exodus 35:30 to indicate that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, then surely Moses would have to, as well. God told Moses nonetheless to go and consult the Israelites. Moses asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. And they replied that if God and Moses considered him suitable, surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. 2 Kings 8:1 shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." Ezekiel 36:29 shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And Exodus 31:1–2 shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , betzel El, "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in Exodus 31:7) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, betzel El) and had thus come to know this. Rabbi Tanhuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanhuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of Exodus 38:22, "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For Exodus 38:22 does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses." And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them. A Midrash interpreted Exodus 35:30 in light of Ecclesiastes 7:1, "A good name is better than precious oil." The Midrash taught that name of Bezalel was better than precious oil, as Exodus 35:30 proclaims his fame when it says, "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." (God proclaimed the name of Bezalel as the Divine architect, while Moses proclaimed the priest as such by anointing with oil.) Reading the words, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel," in Exodus 35:30, a Midrash explained that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as Exodus 32:24 says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of Isaiah 54:16, "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as Isaiah 54:16 says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus, Moses said in Exodus 35:30, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." Exodus 35:30 identifies Bezalel's grandfather as Hur, whom either Rav or Samuel deduced was the son of Miriam and Caleb. A Midrash explained that Exodus 35:30 mentions Hur because when the Israelites were about to serve the Golden Calf, Hur risked his life on God's behalf to prevent them from doing so, and they killed him. Whereupon God assured Hur that God would repay him for his sacrifice. The Midrash likened it to the case of a king whose legions rebelled against him, and his field marshal fought against the rebels, questioning how they could dare rebel against the king. In the end, the rebels killed the field marshal. The king reasoned that if the field marshal had given the king money, the king would have had to repay him. So even more so the king had an obligation to repay the field marshal when he gave his life on the king's behalf. The king rewarded the field marshal by ordaining that all his male offspring would become generals and officers. Similarly, when Israel made the Golden Calf, Hur gave his life for the glory of God. Thus God assured Hur that God would give all Hur's descendants a great name in the world. And thus Exodus 35:30 says, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri, the son of Hur." Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that Exodus 35:31 indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For Exodus 35:31 says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and Proverbs 3:19 says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and Proverbs 3:20 says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up." Exodus chapter 36 Doing the math implied by Exodus 36:4, Exodus 38:22, Joshua 14:7, and 1 Chronicles 2:19–20, the Gemara deduced that in earlier generations, a boy of eight could father children. Exodus 38:22 reports that "Bezalel, son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord had commanded Moses," when they built the Tabernacle. And 1 Chronicles 2:19–20 reports that Caleb fathered the Hur who fathered Uri who fathered Bezalel. Exodus 36:4 reports that "wise men . . . wrought all the work of the Sanctuary," so Bezalel must have been at least 13 years old to have been a man when he worked on the Tabernacle. A Baraita taught that Moses made the Tabernacle in the first year after the Exodus, and in the second, he erected it and sent out the spies, so the Gemara deduced that Bezalel must have been at least 14 years old when Moses sent out the spies, the year after Bezalel worked on the Tabernacle. And Joshua 14:7 reports that Caleb said that he was 40 years old when Moses sent him to spy out the land. Thus, the Gemara deduced that Caleb was only 26 years older than his great-grandson Bezalel. Deducting two years for the three pregnancies needed to create the three intervening generations, the Gemara concluded that each of Caleb, Hur, and Uri must have conceived his son at the age of eight. Exodus chapter 37 A Midrash taught that the righteous learn from God's example in creating the world that in beginning any work they should start with light. Thus when God told Moses to build the Tabernacle, Bezalel pondered with what thing he should begin. He concluded that he had better start with the Ark (in which the Israelites would deposit the Torah, the light of the world). And thus Exodus 37:1 commences the report of the construction of the Tabernacle's furnishings, "And Bezalel made the Ark." Similarly, a Midrash taught that when God told Moses to make the Tabernacle, he came to Bezalel and conveyed the command, and Bezalel asked what the purpose of the Tabernacle was. Moses replied that it was so that God might make God's Shechinah to dwell there and teach the Torah to Israel. Bezalel then asked where the Israelites would keep the Torah. Moses replied that when they had made the Tabernacle, they would then make the Ark. Then Bezalel said that since it would not be fitting for the Torah to be without a home, they should first make the Ark and then the Tabernacle. On that account, Exodus 37:1 associates Bezalel's name with the Ark, saying, "And Bezalel made the Ark." Reading the words, "Bezalel made the Ark of acacia-wood," in Exodus 37:1, a Midrash taught that God heals with the very thing with which God wounds. Thus, Israel sinned in Shittim (so called because of its many acacia trees), as Numbers 25:1 says, "And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit harlotry with the daughters of Moab" (and also worshipped the Baal of Peor). But it was also through Shittim wood, or acacia-wood, that God healed the Israelites, for as Exodus 37:1 reports, "Bezalel made the Ark of acacia-wood." A Baraita taught that Josiah hid away the Ark referred to in Exodus 37:1–5, the anointing oil referred to in Exodus 30:22–33, the jar of manna referred to in Exodus 16:33, Aaron's rod with its almonds and blossoms referred to in Numbers 17:23, and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in 1 Samuel 6:8, "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof [of the Ark]; and send it away that it may go." Having observed that Deuteronomy 28:36 predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as 2 Chronicles 35:3 reports, "And he [Josiah] said to the Levites who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, ‘Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of David, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.’" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "there" in Exodus 30:6 with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in Numbers 17:25 with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "generations" in Exodus 30:31 with regard to the anointing oil. Exodus chapter 38 A Midrash explained the mirrors of the women who "performed tasks" (, ha-tzovot) at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting in Exodus 38:8. The Midrash told that when the Israelites were suffering hard labor in Egypt, Pharaoh decreed that they should not sleep at home or have sexual relations with their wives. Rabbi Shimon ben Halafta told that the Israelite women would go down to draw water from the river, whereupon God caused them to draw up small fish in their pitchers. The Israelite women would sell some of the fish, cook some of them, buy wine with the proceeds, and go out to the work fields to feed their husbands. After they had eaten, the Israelite women took their mirrors and looked into them together with their husbands. The wives would say that they were better looking than the husbands. The husbands would say that they were better looking. And in this way, they aroused their sexual desire and became fruitful and multiplied, as Exodus 1:7 reports, "And the children of Israel were fruitful and swarmed and multiplied and became exceedingly mighty." It was through the use of these mirrors that the Israelites were able to continue to have children even under the demands of harsh labor. When God told Moses to make the Tabernacle, all of the men came to contribute. Some brought silver, some brought gold or brass, onyx, and other gems to be set. They readily brought everything. The women brought the mirrors and presented them to Moses. When Moses saw the mirrors, he was furious with the women, saying that whoever brought the mirrors should be punished, asking what possible use they could have in the Tabernacle. God told Moses not to look down on them, for it was those mirrors that raised up all of the hosts of children born in Egypt. God thus directed Moses to take them and make from them the washbasin and its base for the priests. In medieval Jewish interpretation The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources: Exodus chapter 35 In the Zohar, Rabbi Jose expounded on Exodus 35:10: "And let every wise-hearted man among you come and make all that the Lord has commanded." Rabbi Jose taught that when God told Moses in Deuteronomy 1:13, "Get you wise men and men of discernment," Moses searched all of Israel but did not find men of discernment, and so in Deuteronomy 1:15, Moses said, "So I took the heads of your tribes, wise men, and full of knowledge," without mentioning men of discernment. Rabbi Jose deduced that the man of discernment (navan) is of a higher degree than the wise man (hacham), for even a pupil who gives new ideas to a teacher is called "wise." A wise man knows for himself as much as is required, but the man of discernment apprehends the whole, knowing both his own point of view and that of others. Exodus 35:10 uses the term "wise-hearted" because the heart was seen to be the seat of wisdom. Rabbi Jose taught that the man of discernment apprehends the lower world and the upper world, his own being and the being of others. In modern interpretation The parashah is discussed in these modern sources: Exodus chapters 35–39 Noting that Exodus 35–39 repeats material from Exodus 25–31, Julius Popper argued that Exodus 35–39 was a later addition, and the Dutch Protestant theologian Abraham Kuenen and the German biblical scholar Julius Wellhausen agreed. But the mid-20th-century Italian-Israeli scholar Umberto Cassuto, formerly of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, argued that this conjecture was ignorant of ancient Eastern literary style. Cassuto noted that the theme of the founding and building of a shrine was a set literary type in early Eastern writings, and such passages often first recorded the divine utterance describing the plan for the sanctuary and then gave an account of the construction that repeated the description given in the divine communication. Cassuto cited the Ugaritic epic of King Keret, which tells that in a dream, the king received from the god El instructions for the offering of sacrifices, the mustering of an army, the organizing of a military campaign to the land of King Pabel, and the request that Pabel's daughter or granddaughter be given him as a wife. After the instructions, the epic repeats the instructions, varying only the verb forms to the past tense, adding or deleting a conjunction, substituting a synonym, or varying the sequence of words—exactly as Exodus 35–39 does. Cassuto concluded that Exodus 35–39 was thus not a later addition, but required where it is by the literary style. Professor James Kugel of Bar Ilan University wrote that the detailed account must have held a fascination for ancient Israelites who viewed the Tabernacle as highly significant, as the structure that allowed God to reside in the midst of humankind for the first time since the Garden of Eden. And Gunther Plaut cautioned not to approach Exodus 35–39 with modern stylistic prejudices, arguing that a person of the ancient Near East—who was primarily a listener, not a reader—found repetition a welcome way of supporting familiarity with the text, giving assurance that the tradition had been faithfully transmitted. Exodus chapter 35 Plaut noted that this important chapter in Israel's wilderness story—the order to construct the Tabernacle—begins in Exodus 35:1 with the words "Moses then convoked" (, vayakheil Mosheh), heralding the conclusion of the cycle of apostasy and reconciliation that started in Exodus 32:1 with a word with the same spelling and root, "the people gathered themselves" (, vayikheil ha-am). In Exodus 32:1, the people assembled to rebel against God's desires in the incident of the Golden Calf, but in Exodus 35:1, with an assembling (, vayakheil) that God approved, God demonstrated God's forgiving grace. Plaut noted that the command to observe the Sabbath in Exodus 35:2–3 preceded the account of the Tabernacle's construction just as it had been commanded at the end of the original instructions in Exodus 31:12–17, so the Sabbath was the bridge that connected the building of the Tabernacle with its deeper purpose. Nahum Sarna wrote that the injunction to observe the Sabbath in Exodus 35:2–3 practically repeats Exodus 31:15 verbatim, with an addition not to kindle fire on the Sabbath. The wording of this prohibition led the Rabbis of the Talmud to understand that fire may not be kindled on the Sabbath itself but may be lit before the Sabbath if not refueled on the Sabbath. The Karaites rejected this interpretation and spent the day without lights (although some later adherents did accept the Rabbinic practice). Sarna wrote that it was probably to demonstrate opposition to the early Karaite view that the Rabbis mandated lighting candles on Friday nights, and to that end, the Geonim (the post-Talmudic heads of the Babylonian academies) instituted the recital of a blessing over them. Plaut argued that Exodus 35:3 includes the words "throughout your settlements" to make clear that the injunction not to kindle fire on the Sabbath applied not only to the primary prohibition during the building of the Tabernacle, but also in general. Thus Numbers 15:32, reporting a man gathering sticks on the Sabbath, recorded a violation of Exodus 35:3. In 1950, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of Conservative Judaism ruled: “Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue, the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no wise be construed as a violation of the Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . [I]n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah.” Professor Carol Meyers of Duke University noted that both women and men provided the materials to which Exodus 25:1–9 and Exodus 35:4–29 refer, as Exodus 35:22 and 29 make clear, including fabrics made and donated by women craftspersons (as indicated in Exodus 35:25–26). Jeffrey Tigay, Professor Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, argued that the word , avodah, in Exodus 35:21, translated as "service" in the New Jewish Publication Society translation (as well as in Exodus 27:19; 30:16; 35:24; 36:1, 3, 5; and 39:40) is better rendered "labor" (referring to construction), as the materials contributed were for the construction of the Tabernacle, not for the worship that would be conducted there afterwards. Exodus chapter 37 Exodus 37:24 speaks of "a talent of pure gold." This table translates units of weight used in the Bible into their modern equivalents: Commandments According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there is one negative commandment in the parashah: The court must not inflict punishment on the Sabbath. Liturgy Following the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service and prior to the Friday evening (Ma'ariv) service, Jews traditionally read rabbinic sources on the observance of the Sabbath, starting with Mishnah Shabbat 2:5. Mishnah Shabbat 2:5, in turn, interprets the laws of kindling lights in Exodus 35:3. Haftarah Parashat Vayakhel When Parashat Vayakhel is read alone, the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: 1 Kings 7:40–50 for Sephardi Jews: 1 Kings 7:13–26 Ashkenazi—1 Kings 7:40–50 Both the parashah and the haftarah in 1 Kings 7 report the leader's erection of the holy place, Moses' building of the Tabernacle in the parashah, and Solomon's building of the Temple in Jerusalem in the haftarah. Both the parashah and the haftarah note particular metals for the holy space. Sephardi—1 Kings 7:13–26 Both the parashah and the haftarah note the skill (chokhmah), ability (tevunah), and knowledge (da‘at), of the artisan (Bezalel in the parashah, Hiram in the haftarah) in every craft (kol mela'khah). Shabbat Shekalim When Parashat Vayakhel coincides with the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim, (as it does in 2019), the haftarah is 2 Kings 12:1–17. Parashat Vayakhel–Pekudei When Parashat Vayakhel is combined with Parashat Pekudei, the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: 1 Kings 7:51–8:21 for Sephardi Jews: 1 Kings 7:40–50 Shabbat HaChodesh When the parashah coincides with Shabbat HaChodesh ("Sabbath [of] the month," the special Sabbath preceding the Hebrew month of Nissan (as it did in 2013 and 2017), the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: Ezekiel 45:16–46:18 for Sephardi Jews: Ezekiel 45:18–46:15 On Shabbat HaChodesh, Jews read Exodus 12:1–20, in which God commands that "This month [Nissan] shall be the beginning of months; it shall be the first month of the year," and in which God issued the commandments of Passover. Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel 45:21–25 discusses Passover. In both the special reading and the haftarah, God instructs the Israelites to apply blood to doorposts. Shabbat Parah When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (one of the special Sabbaths prior to Passover—as it did in 2018), the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: Ezekiel 36:16–38 for Sephardi Jews: Ezekiel 36:16–36 On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read Numbers 19:1–22, which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (parah adumah). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel 36 also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel 36, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites. Notes Further reading The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources: Ancient The Ba‘lu Myth. Ugarit, 2nd millennium BCE. In The Context of Scripture, Volume I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, pages 260–61. Edited by William W. Hallo. Pilgrim Press, 1997. (building of a palace for Ba'al). Biblical Isaiah 56:6–7 (keeping the Sabbath); 66:23 (universally observed Sabbath). Psalms 26:6 (washing, altar); 51:16–19 (sacrifices); 80:2 (cherubim); 84:2–3, 11 (Tabernacle, courts); 92:14 (courts); 96:6 (God's sanctuary); 100:4 (court of the Tabernacle); 134:2 (God's sanctuary); 141:2 (incense); 150:1 (God's sanctuary). Early nonrabbinic Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 3:33:101; On the Migration of Abraham 17:97–98. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st century CE. In, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, pages 61, 262. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 3:6:1–10:1. Circa 93–94. In, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston, pages 85–95. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987. Classical rabbinic Seder Olam Rabbah, chapter 6. 2nd century CE. In, e.g., Seder Olam: The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology. Translated and with commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, pages 73–78. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson, 1998. Mishnah: Shabbat 1:1–24:5; Beitzah 5:2; Megillah 1:5. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 179–208, 298, 317. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Tosefta Shabbat 1:1–17:29. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 357–427. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 82:1. Land of Israel, late 4th century. In, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 258–62. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. Jerusalem Talmud: Terumot 31b; Shabbat 1a–113b; Shekalim 2a, 48b; Beitzah 47a; Nazir 21a, 25b–26a; Sotah 16b; Sanhedrin 27b; Shevuot 1b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 7, 13–15, 20, 23, 34–36, 44, 46. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2010–2020. And in, e.g., The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and Edward Goldman. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009. Genesis Rabbah 94:4. Land of Israel, 5th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by Harry Freedman and Maurice Simon, volume 2, page 871. London: Soncino Press, 1939. Midrash Tanhuma Vayakhel. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis; edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 339–89. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004. Babylonian Talmud: Babylonian Berakhot 55a; Shabbat 20a, 49b, 70a, 74b, 96b; Eruvin 2b; Yoma 66b, 72b, 75a; Beitzah 4b, 36b; Rosh Hashanah 34a; Megillah 7b; Chagigah 10a–b; Yevamot 6b–7a, 33b; Sotah 3a; Kiddushin 37a; Bava Kamma 2a, 54a, 71a; Sanhedrin 35b, 69b; Makkot 21b; Shevuot 26b; Avodah Zarah 12b, 24a; Zevachim 59b; Bekhorot 41a. Babylonia, 6th century. In, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006. Medieval Bede. Of the Tabernacle and Its Vessels, and of the Priestly Vestments. Monkwearmouth, England, 720s. In Bede: On the Tabernacle. Translated with notes and introduction by Arthur G. Holder. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994. Exodus Rabbah 48:1–50:5. 10th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by S. M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 546–61. London: Soncino Press, 1939. Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 9:105–06. Spain, 11th century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, pages 14–15. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Rashi. Commentary. Exodus 35–38. Troyes, France, late 11th century. In, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 487–505. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 425–29. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. In, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 730–46. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996. Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 29–31, 393, 397. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 645–50. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013. Naḥmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g., Ramban (Naḥmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 595–608. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973. Zohar 2:194b–220a. Spain, late 13th century. Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1418–38. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003. Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. In, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 929–57. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000. Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 519–35. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001. Modern Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. In, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 404–20. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015. Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1221–28. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008. Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. In, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 474–85. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 607–14. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000. Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. In, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 345–71. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007. Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. In Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 199–202. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004. Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:34. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, page 431. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. Edward Taylor. "18. Meditation. Heb. 13.10. Wee Have an Altar." In Preliminary Meditations: First Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Early 18th century. In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, pages 21–22. New York: Library of America, 2006. Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 894–909. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999. Yitzchak Magriso. Me'am Lo'ez. Constantinople, 1746. In Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 10, pages 175–248. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1991. Naḥman of Breslov. Teachings. Bratslav, Ukraine, before 1811. In Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus. Compiled by Chaim Kramer; edited by Y. Hall, pages 282–91. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute, 2011. Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Pentateuch: Exodus. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 664–94. Gateshead: Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert. Frankfurt, 1867–1878. Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 894–95. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012. Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Jewish Sabbath. Frankfurt, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted Lexington, Kentucky: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 135–38. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012. Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 68–70. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936. Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 1007–31. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992. The Sabbath Anthology. Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. (Exodus 35:1–3). Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. “Responsum on the Sabbath.” Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. In Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997. Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 452–68. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967. Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005. Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 28–29. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Gerhard von Rad. "The Tent and the Ark." In The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, pages 103–24. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966. LCCN 66-11432. Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 505–29. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981. Victor (Avigdor) Hurowitz. "The Priestly Account of Building the Tabernacle." Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 105 (number 1) (January–March 1985): pages 21–30. Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 95–98. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987. Craig R. Koester. Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle in the Old Testament, Intertestamental Jewish Literature, and the New Testament. Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1989. Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 86–94. New York: UAHC Press, 1991. Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 222–31. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. Neḥama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 644–88. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010. Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 957–74. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. Judith S. Antonelli. "Women's Wisdom." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 221–30. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995. Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman’s Commentary on the Torah, pages 142–45. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996. W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 217–21. New York: UAHC Press, 1996. Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities, pages 1–19. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 148–54. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, pages 34, 38–39. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Edward L. Greenstein. “Recovering ‘The Women Who Served at the Entrance.’” In Gershon Galil and Moshe Weinfeld, editors. Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography: Presented to Zecharia Kallai, pages 165–73. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Carol Meyers. “Women at the Entrance to the Tent of Meeting.” In Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books and New Testament. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Nancy H. Wiener. "Of Women and Mirrors." In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 172–78. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000. Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001. Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 461–98. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 138–51. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002. Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 135–46. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002. Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. Martha Lynn Wade. Consistency of Translation Techniques in the Tabernacle Accounts of Exodus in the Old Greek. Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 514–25. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 191–97. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 150–54. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005. W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 611–26. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 624–722. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006. Suzanne A. Brody. "Successful Campaign." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 84. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, pages 289, 291, 486. New York: Free Press, 2007. Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”). The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 521–44. New York: URJ Press, 2008. Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 756–59. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009. Jill Hammer. "Listening to Heart-Wisdom: Parashat Vayakhel (Exodus 35:1–38:20)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 113–16. New York: New York University Press, 2009. Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 131–34. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009. Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.). Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 264–65. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009. Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 277–301. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010. Joe Lieberman and David Klinghoffer. The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. New York: Howard Books, 2011. James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30. William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, page 245. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. Shmuel Herzfeld. "Inspirational Snapshots from Eretz Yisrael." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 128–34. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012. Daniel S. Nevins. "The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat." New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012. Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 480–530. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012. Michael B. Hundley. Gods in Dwellings: Temples and Divine Presence in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013. Amiel Ungar. "Tel Aviv and the Sabbath." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 8) (July 29, 2013): page 37. Amanda Terkel. "Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin GOP Senator, Fights for a Seven-Day Workweek." The Huffington Post. (January 3, 2014, updated January 23, 2014). (A Congressional candidate said, "Right now in Wisconsin, you're not supposed to work seven days in a row, which is a little ridiculous because all sorts of people want to work seven days a week."). Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 111–14. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015. Raanan Eichler. "The Poles of the Ark: On the Ins and Outs of a Textual Contradiction." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 135, number 4 (Winter 2016): pages 733–4. Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 137–43. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016. Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 213–20. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 68–70. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. External links Texts Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation Hear the parashah read in Hebrew Commentaries Academy for Jewish Religion, California Aish.com American Jewish University - Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies Chabad.org Hadar Jewish Theological Seminary MyJewishLearning.com Orthodox Union Pardes from Jerusalem Reconstructing Judaism Sephardic Institute Union for Reform Judaism United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Yeshiva University Weekly Torah readings in Adar Weekly Torah readings from Exodus

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampar%2C%20Perak

Kampar, Perak

Kampar (Jawi: كمڤر, nicknamed Education City) is the largest town of the eponymous Kampar District, Perak, Malaysia. Founded in 1887, the town lies within the Kinta Valley, an area rich with tin reserves. It was a tin mining town which boomed during the height of the tin mining industry. Many tin towns were established in the late 19th century, flourished in the 1900s, only to stagnate and decline after World War I, with the exception of an exhilarating boom in the 1920s. Most have closed down following the collapse of the industry, especially in the late 20th century. Kampar is 33 km south of the state capital Ipoh, well connected by both national highway 1 and railway. Geography Kampar is situated in the Kinta Valley, which was well known for its high tin ore reserves. Its vast surroundings as well as abandoned mining-ponds are suitable for fishing, which has become a major attraction for anglers around the country, especially from Kuala Lumpur. Kampar town can be broadly divided between the 'old town' and 'new town' areas. The old town consists of two main streets, Jalan Gopeng and Jalan Idris, of charming pre-war shop houses. The fronts of these shop houses still mostly resemble their original appearance. Commerce in the old town area mainly consists of coffee shops, goldsmiths and local retailers. The new town area mainly consists of new residential developments and some commerce servicing the burgeoning education industry in Kampar. On 21 May 2009, the Sultan of Perak declared Kampar as the state's 10th district. However, according to the residents, there is no new or old town. The 'new town' is just a residential estate with a few rows of shop-lots to cater for the growing number of university students. The term 'new town' originates from the Cantonese spoken dialect which refers to Taman Bandar Baru as new town. Whereas 'Taman' in Malaysia refers to a residential estate. History Based on Datuk Hashim Bin Sam Abdul Latiff's article, early settlements in Kampar relate to the historic event of the murder of the British Resident in Perak, JWW Birch, as Ngah Jabor who was one of the early settlers in Kampar was amongst those connected to murder, together with the others who include Maharaja Lela, Datuk Sagor, Si Putum and others. However, Ngah Jabor escaped sentence when Raja Idris (Dris), who later became Sultan of Perak in 1887 presided over the case involving those accused of Birch's murder in 1876. Raja Idris and Ngah Jabor have family ties and share milk mothers since as an infant, Raja Idris was taken care of by Ngah Jabor's mother, which is common amongst royal families to send their children to other families, particularly amongst the aristocrats, to feed. There is a possibility that between the years 1876 to 1886, Ngah Jabor went into hiding to equip him with spiritual skills and reappeared in public with a new identity as Mohamad Jabor. It is possible that during his hiding, he had opened a new settlement in Kampar to elude the British. Kampar had its share of war during the Japanese Occupation between 1941 and 1945. From December 30, 1941 to 2 January 1942 the Battle of Kampar occurred. An estimated 3000 British soldiers defended the Kampar area against over 6000 Japanese soldiers. The British Army inflicted serious casualties on the Japanese and only retreated when their flank and rear was threatened by Japanese seaborne landings on the coast south of their position. This battle was documented by the famous Kampar historian, Chye Kooi Loong. (See link below) Origin of name One plausible theory is that Kampar is named after the Kampar River (north of the current township). The river itself got its name from ethnic Malay immigrants from the Kampar Regency in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, who used the river to navigate upstream and the main source of ancestry of the local Malay populace. This predates the large-scale mining of tin in Kampar, so it is likely that the Cantonese words "kam pou" were derived from the word Kampar, rather than the other way around. Curiously, Kampar Regency in Sumatra was where the 1st Sultan of Perak (Sultan Mudzaffar Shah) was based before becoming Sultan of Perak in Perak (his highness was a son of the last Sultan of Malacca). The local Chinese community had the impression it came from the Cantonese word kam pou as it means "precious gold" (referring to the town's previously large tin reserves, because of the Chinese people also speak in Cantonese only, although there are two dialect groups of the local Chinese populace dominating this town, notably the main Cantonese majority along with the Hakkas, which constitute the two largest ethnicities of the local Chinese population). This is misleading as they were not aware of the history of the area and its historic relation to Kampar (Riau) as stated in the paragraph above. Aston Settlement Aston Settlement was a planned community composed of wooden houses in the northern suburbs of Kampar town. It was developed between 1935 and 1938, to "alleviate overcrowding" in Kampar's central business district. It was spearheaded, and named after, Arthur Vincent Aston, who became the first postwar British Adviser for Perak (1946–48) after the post of British Resident was abolished in 1945. Though not related, Aston Settlement bears a resemblance to the post-war New Villages established in the 1950s. Demographics In year 2010, the estimated population of Kampar district was 98,878 people. The majority of the Kampar's population is of 55.8% Chinese descent, 32.4% Malays, 11.4% Indian and others 0.2%. There is a large student population with the Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC) and University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) in the new residential area (Taman Bandar Baru Kampar). Economy In the 19th and most of the 20th century, the economy of Kampar revolved around tin-mining. However, many tin-mining companies were forced out of business during the economic recession in the 1980s. Nevertheless, the town's economy recovered, slowly, by the end of the 1980s. Since the completion of the North–South Expressway, Kampar's status as a bustling town has declined rapidly. Travelers stopped frequenting the town as they chose the more convenient highway. The nearest exit from highway is in Gopeng and Tapah, which is convenient for travelers. The commercial and industrial sectors are the main driving forces of Kampar's economy. More recently, its economy has been further driven by the construction of the new Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) campus. Also, Kampar is known for its freshwater fishing spot as most of the surrounding area is covered by man-made lakes. Centuries old abandoned tin mines have turned into natural lakes. Tilapia, Pangasius, Kaloi, Tutu, Tongsan, Catfish, and many kinds of freshwater fish flourish abundantly in these lakes. Most of these lakes are also converted into fish farms, duck farms or other horticulture produce farms. Before Hypermarkets, the available supermarket in Kampar is the Minat Supermarket. It is located near the old kampar bus station(not used anymore). Daily consumables can also be obtained from the many Chinese retail shops located all over Kampar. Some are as good as small scale supermarkets with a modern shop design. Education Kampar is a centre of tertiary education for the campus of Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC) and the new main campus of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR). With an estimated combined capacity of more than 20,000 students, these two institutions are touted to be the two instruments that will restore the town to its former glory. Other private institution of higher learning would be Kolej Menara Jaya and Kolej Sri Ayu. Kampar is also served by various primary and secondary schools. Notable government schools in Kampar are: SMK Methodist ACS Kampar SK Methodist ACS Kampar Pei Yuan High School SMJK Pei Yuan SRJK (C) Pei Yuan SMK Kampar SRJK (C) Kampar Girls SRJK (C) Chung Hwa SRJK (T) Kampar SMK Seri Kampar SK De La Salle SMK Sentosa SK Kampar International schools: Westlake International School Transportation The Kampar town bus station (Terminal Pusat Perdagangan Kampar) serves local vicinity routes and long distance routes within the same building. This building is strategically located within 30m from the Kampar morning wet market. Local vicinity routes to/from Ipoh, Teluk Intan, Tapah, Malim Nawar etc are covered. Among the local bus companies that are operating in Kampar would be Perak Transit and Kinta Omnibus Company (Both serving routes north of Kampar all the way to Ipoh), Kamta Omnibus Company (serving routes south of Kampar to Tapah) and Hup Soon Omnibus Company (routes from Kampar to Teluk Intan). Long distance, intercity express buses serves Kampar and has routes to Butterworth, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. They are located in the express bus station in the town area. Express bus companies from Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS), Kuala Lumpur with direct links from Kuala Lumpur to Kampar are Perak Transit, Edaran, Super Ria, Konsortium and Parit Express. Ticket prices are around RM16-RM16.60 one way. The bus ride takes from Kuala Lumpur to Kampar will take about two and half hours. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) and Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) college buses are also available for pickup service of their students around the vicinity. Taxis, which consists mostly of old E-Class Mercedes, are available around the local town bus station. Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) has introduced a shuttle train between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur Sentral that serves the Kampar railway station. It would take two and a half hours between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur Sentral. The Kampar Train Station is located at the south-eastern part of town, in the vicinity of a housing estate known as Taman Melayu Jaya. Walking. Notable residents Zakaria bin Muhammad Amin – Indonesian ulama, politician, and writer Datin Paduka Seri Endon Mahmood – late wife of ex Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Eric Moo – a Taiwan-based singer, composer and producer, was born in a nearby suburb, Mambang Diawan. He has currently shifted his attention towards China. Olivia Lum – founder of water treatment company Hyflux in Singapore. Ejie Wahid – singer with 90's Malaysian pop group 'Freshies' Mark Chang Mun Kee – founder of JobStreet.com Datuk Seri Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin – Former 10th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of the state of Perak Shahir AF8 – Champions of Akademi Fantasia 8's reality show in Astro television. Tan Sri Khoo Kay Kim – Malaysian historian, an emeritus professor in the History Department of the University of Malaya. He is one of the co-authors of Rukunegara. He is a highly regarded national academic for his views on local sports and socio-political issues Tan Sri Hew See Tong – started Bandar Baru Kampar or Kampar New Town, a former tin miner and an elected member of the Parliament for 3 terms from 1995 to 2008 for the Kampar constituency Chye Kooi Loong – world-renowned authority on the Battle of Kampar (historical battlefield site "Green Ridge") during World War 2, between the British and Japanese forces from Dec 30, 1941 to Jan 2, 1942. Tan Sri Lim Taik Choon - Born 1929 he was a child labourer in WW2. He later became an A class ambassador for Malaysia and went to Japan, Australia and even France. Mr Lim died in 2011 Politics (P70) Kampar is a Parliament seat under the Election Commission of Malaysia. Under this parliament seat, there are 3 state seats namely (N40) Malim Nawar, (N41) Keranji and (N42) Tualang Sekah. The parliament seat is a traditional fight between the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Barisan Nasional (represented by Malaysian Chinese Association, MCA). The current member of parliament is Chong Zhemin from Democratic Action Party – Pakatan Harapan. Food Kampar is famous for its food. For example, fish ball noodles, chicken biscuit, claypot chicken rice, prawn mee, rice noodles ("Lai Fun" in Cantonese), char kuay teow, wan tan mee, lor mai fan (glutinous rice), and ham kok chai (salty vegetable dumpling). Two types of food that made their way out of Kampar town itself and is synonymous with Kampar are chicken biscuit and fishball noodle. The Kampar chicken biscuit is so famous that it spawned a whole series of other 'chicken biscuit' brands. Other local cuisine includes the chee cheong fun (猪肠粉), where curry is often the preferred condiment. Chee Cheong Fun is a noodle made from rice flour which is steamed into sheets and chopped up into noodle like slivers. In Kampar it is frequently served with 2 types of tofu, along with assorted fish balls or pig skin in curry. Chee cheong fun is commonly eaten for breakfast or supper where a couple of stores are set up at the local market. The Curry Chicken Bun (咖喱面包鸡 `Min pau kai' in Cantonese, Roti Kari Ayam [Bahasa]) is one of Kampar's most recognized food icon, it is famous for its original taste of curry, not very spicy but tasty. The curry chicken is wrapped beneath a layer of plastic and grease proof paper. The golden brown bread texture is soft and fluffy and combines well with the curry broth. which is often sought after by tourists. Go to smile cafe yummy food there. References External links Kampar Website Information Westlake International School Kampar Website Kampar District Mukims of Perak

4042299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Iraqi

Al-Iraqi

Al-Iraqi (Arabic: , 'of/from Iraq'), may refer to: People born before 1900 Abū l-Qāsim al-ʿIrāqī al-Simāwī, 13th-century Muslim alchemist Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (1325–1404), Shafi'i scholar and scholars of hadith Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi (1213–1289), or Al-'Iraqi, Persian Sufi master, poet and writer People born after 1900 Abdul Hadi al Iraqi (Nashwan Abdulrazaq Abdulbaqi, born 1961), alleged Al-Qaeda member Abdullah Abu Azzam al-Iraqi (died 2005), senior leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq Abu Ayman al-Iraqi (Adnan Latif Hamid al-Suwaydawi al-Dulaymi, 1965–2014), ISIL commander Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi (fl. 1990s), a founder of Al-Qaeda Abu Hajer al-Iraqi (Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, born 1958), Sudanese co-founder of Al-Qaeda Abu Walid al-Iraqi (Khalid Duhham Al-Jawary, born c.1945), convicted terrorist Hatem Al Iraqi (born 1969), Iraqi songwriter and composer Shalash al-Iraqi (fl. 2005), the pseudonym of an Iraqi essayist and fiction writer See also Maqam al-iraqi, a genre of Arabic music Laraki (disambiguation)

4042305

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunoy

Brunoy

Brunoy () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France, France. It is located from the center of Paris. The tenor Louis Nourrit (1780–1831) died in Brunoy. The city has a church Saint-Medard, richly decorated in the Louis XVI style. Organ Festival takes place each year in November. Brunoy is home to a branch of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch, which attracts hundreds of students from around the world, most notably from the United States of America and Israel. Population Inhabitants of Brunoy are known as Brunoyens in French. Transportation Brunoy is served by Brunoy station on Paris RER line D. Twin towns The town is twinned with the borough of Reigate and Banstead. References External links Official website Mayors of Essonne Association Communes of Essonne

4042328

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriangleBoy

TriangleBoy

TriangleBoy is a proxying tool designed to allow users to get around firewalls and censorship, and anonymously visit web sites. The tool was created by Stephen Hsu, founder of SafeWeb, which later stopped support and distribution of the tool. The software was developed using seed money from the CIA, and TriangleBoy was supported in part by the Voice of America as a way for Chinese readers to be able to reach the VoA website while bypassing China's Great Firewall. References External links TriangleBoy whitepaper Internet Protocol based network software

4042337

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20for%20Democracy%20and%20Justice%20in%20Chad

Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad

Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (, abbreviated as MDJT) is a Chadian rebel group that tried to oust the government of the current Chadian president Idriss Déby from October 1998–2003. The movement was founded by Youssouf Togoïmi, Déby's former Defense Minister, and operated primarily in Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti and the Tibesti Mountains. Though MDJT fought mostly against the Chadian Military, they were accused of assassinating the President of an opposition party in 1999, but no evidence supports this claim. MDJT began negotiating with the Chadian government in January 2002 and signed a treaty giving amnesty to all MDJT rebels who stopped fighting. A MDJT remnant continued to fight to on a smaller scale until another agreement was signed in December 2003. This accord ensured high-ranking government positions for MDJT members. Togoïmi died in September 2002 in a Libyan hospital from injuries he had received a few days earlier when his truck hit a landmine. Togoïmi is buried in Libya. The movement was similar in where it got its members, the Chadian military, and goals, overthrow of President Déby, to the later Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy. See also Civil war in Chad (1998–2002) External links MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and MDJT' signed in 2003, UN Peacemaker Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and MDJT' signed in 2002, UN Peacemaker Rebel groups in Chad

4042343

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swenson%20Gym

Swenson Gym

Reed K. Swenson Gym (originally Wildcat Gym) is a 1,200-seat gymnasium in the western United States, on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden, Utah. It is currently the home of Weber State Wildcats women's volleyball team of the Big Sky Conference. Built in 1962 as Weber State's primary indoor venue, it was succeeded by the new Dee Events Center in autumn 1977. All three teams (men's and women's basketball, volleyball) moved to the Dee, leaving the gym without a varsity tenant. It was renovated in 2006 to accommodate volleyball, with its seating capacity significantly reduced. It is named for Reed Knute Swenson (1903–1989), the head basketball coach at Weber from 1933 to 1957 and longtime athletic director. The gym hosted the inaugural Big Sky Conference men's basketball tournament in 1976; the host Wildcats lost the title game in double overtime to Boise State, with an attendance of 4,679. The final men's basketball game was on February 12, 1977, a twelve-point win over Gonzaga before 4,941; the Bulldogs were winless in fifteen annual attempts at Wildcat Gym, but did upset Weber State by a point a week later in Spokane to foil their title hopes. Two weeks later at the conference tournament in Pocatello, the 'Cats returned the favor with a one-point win over the Zags in the semifinals. References External links Weber State University Athletics: Swenson Gym Defunct college basketball venues in the United States Basketball venues in Utah Weber State Wildcats basketball Sports venues in Ogden, Utah Sports venues completed in 1962 1962 establishments in Utah

4042354

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui%20Cheemian

Sui Cheemian

Sui Cheemian, also spelt Sui Chimian, and less commonly as Sui Cheema, is a Cheema village in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a Union council of Gujar Khan Tehsil (a subdivision of Rawalpindi District). Sui Cheemian gets its name from the Cheema tribe of Jats, who make up the majority of the population. The village is located at 33.370427,73.431581 with an altitude of 492 metres (1617 feet). See also Lambardar Mohra Sandhu References Populated places in Gujar Khan Tehsil Union councils of Gujar Khan Tehsil Villages in Gujar Khan Tehsil Union councils of Rawalpindi District

4042363

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%24100

$100

There are many $100 banknotes, bills or coins, including: Australian one-hundred-dollar note Canadian one-hundred-dollar note Nicaraguan one-hundred-cordoba note United States one-hundred-dollar bill One of the banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar One of the banknotes of the New Zealand dollar One of the Fifth series of the New Taiwan Dollar banknote One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe Other currencies that issue $100 banknotes, bills or coins are: Other meanings One Hundred Dollars, a Canadian alternative folk country band.

4042366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee%20Methodist%20Mission

Shawnee Methodist Mission

Shawnee Methodist Mission, also known as the Shawnee Mission, which later became the Shawnee Indian Manual Labor School, is located in Fairway, Kansas, United States. Designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1968, the Shawnee Methodist Mission is operated by the city as a museum. The site is owned by the Kansas Historical Society and administered as the Shawnee Indian Mission State Historic Site. The Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School served briefly as the second capital of the Kansas Territory, when the legislature was controlled by pro-slavery advocates. The building held that designation from July 16 to August 7, 1855. The Shawnee Methodist Mission is the origin of the Shawnee Mission name used by the United States Postal Service to refer to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area suburban communities in northeastern Johnson County. The Shawnee Mission School District serves those communities. History Shawnee Indian Mission Shawnee Indians, along with many other eastern tribes, were moved to present-day Kansas in the 1820s and 1830s. In 1830 Chief Fish, leader of the Shawnees, requested a missionary and Reverend Thomas Johnson, a Methodist minister, was appointed to the Shawnees. Rev. Johnson was born in Virginia and later moved to Missouri. He was proslavery and in fact, a slave owner. Johnson proposed that a school be built to serve many tribes. A site was chosen just west of the Missouri border, where the Santa Fe, California and Oregon Trails passed through the Shawnee lands. The school opened as a day school with one initial building, now the West building, at the present Johnson County location in October 1839. At the height of its activity, the mission was an establishment of more than 2,000 acres with 16 buildings, including the three large brick structures, which still stand, and an enrollment of nearly 150 Native American boys and girls from the ages of 5 to 23. Native children from 22 different tribes were sent to this school to learn basic academics, including English, manual arts, and agriculture. The East building served as the main chapel, boy’s classroom, and boy’s dormitory in the attic. The North building was the main location for the girl's classrooms and bedrooms. In 1854 Kansas Territory was established. Andrew Reeder, newly-appointed territorial governor, had his offices at the mission. The first territorial legislature met at the mission, with Johnson serving as President of the legislature. It was during this legislative session that the so-called "bogus laws" were passed to perpetuate slavery in Kansas. In 1858 Reverend Thomas Johnson turned the school over to his oldest son, Alexander, who ran the mission until it closed in 1862. The Mission closed during the era of “bleeding Kansas” and the “border wars” and served as a Union Soldiers encampment during the Battle of Westport until 1864. The site was private property until it was secured by the Kansas State Historical Society in 1927 as a state site, and was deemed a National Historic Landmark in 1968. The Shawnee The "Fish" Shawnee tribe had been removed from its traditional Ohio home to the unorganized territories set aside for Native Americans (in the future state of Kansas) under the terms of the Treaty of St. Louis (1825). The mission was initially built on land near the American Shawnee Indian Tribe reserve in Turner by Reverend Thomas Johnson. He hoped to convert the recently relocated tribe to Christianity. During the 1830s, some of the Shawnees' most venerated men, including Tenskwatawa, "the Shawnee Prophet", frequently visited the mission. The Prophet was the younger brother of Tecumseh, who had led a war against the United States earlier in the century. Tenskwatawa led the Shawnee in Tecumseh's absence at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Following defeat in this battle, Tenskwatawa took his men to the British Canadian colonies. He was placed under virtual house arrest for years following the end of the War of 1812. Tenskwatawa was eventually allowed to return to the Shawnee to help them remove from Ohio to Kansas; he died in 1836 at his village (the present site of Kansas City, Kansas). New mission The mission was located at its original site from 1830 to 1839. In 1839, the mission was moved and built at its present-day Johnson County location, and an Indian boarding school was opened there. From 1839 until its closure in 1862, the Shawnee Mission served as a manual training school for Native Americans, principally from the Shawnee and Delaware (Lenape) tribes. The Shawnee Mission also served briefly as the second capital of the Kansas Territory. The capital was moved to the mission on July 16, 1855, after pro-slavery delegates to the Territorial Legislature voted to depart the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas at Pawnee. It served as the territorial capital until August 8, when the seat of government became Lecompton. While the capital was located at Shawnee Mission, the legislature promulgated the controversial pro-slavery laws that sparked Bleeding Kansas violence. During the American Civil War, the site served as a camp for Union soldiers. Administration The Shawnee Mission is managed by the City of Fairway through an agreement with the Kansas Historical Society, which owns it. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968. Gallery See also List of capitals in the United States List of National Historic Landmarks in Kansas References Further reading "Thomas Johnson's Story and the History of Fairway, Kansas". Joe H. Vaughan, Author, 2014. ISBN No. 978-63173-140-2. Two Trails Publishing Co., Inc., Independence, MO 64052. External links Official website Johnson County Museum Shawnee Indian Mission history 1975 photos of North, East, and West Buildings 1940 HABS photo collection from Library of Congress. (Historic American Buildings Survey) Churches completed in 1839 19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States Pre-statehood history of Kansas Shawnee history Methodist churches in Kansas Museums in Johnson County, Kansas National Historic Landmarks in Kansas Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas Native American history of Kansas Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States Kansas state historic sites History museums in Kansas Native American museums in Kansas 1830 establishments in Indian Territory Historic American Buildings Survey in Kansas National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Kansas Methodist missions Capitals of Kansas Capitols of Kansas

4042402

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising%20in%20the%20East

Rising in the East

Rising in the East is a live DVD of Judas Priest, released on 15 November 2005, performing a concert in Tokyo's Nippon Budokan, filmed on 19 May 2005. It is the first straight-to-DVD release. Release In unconfirmed internet reports, the DVD was to be pushed back to January 2006 while other online retailers still listed its release for 15 November 2005. In addition, two different cover arts had surfaced with former website Play.com displaying a cover art unlike one displayed on Amazon. Information The band filmed two sold-out performances on 18 & 19 May 2005 in Tokyo in which the latter footage was used instead. Glenn Tipton explains that the band decided to film their performances at the Budokan "because it's a special venue. It's world-renowned. We thought it was an ideal choice. We filmed both nights but we ended up using the second night only for this DVD. We wanted it to be as live and as real as possible, and when you start taking from different shows there isn't continuity. We wanted it to be one show and that's exactly what it is." Rob Halford says that the display of Rising in the East to the fans "is the first time seeing us reunited for a full-length show in the DVD format. I think the DVD compounds all the great things that Priest fans and metal fans all around the world love about the band. Priest is still a powerful, physical, full-on experience in the live domain. What this DVD is intended to do is give longtime Priest fans another great memory to add to their collection, and it's also an opportunity for new Priest fans to explore all the great things we're achieving three decades later." Track listing Encores Personnel Rob Halford – vocals K.K. Downing – electric guitar Glenn Tipton – guitar Ian Hill – bass guitar Scott Travis – drums Sales and certifications |- References External links [ Rising in the East] at Allmusic Judas Priest video albums 2005 video albums Live video albums 2005 live albums

4042410

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgeron

Montgeron

Montgeron () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is northeast part of the Department of Essonne. It is located from the center of Paris. The café Au Reveil Matin at 22 Avenue Jean Jaurès was the departure point of the first Tour de France in 1903. Montgeron was also the starting point of the 21st (and last) stage of the 2017 Tour de France. Geography Climate Situated in the region of Île-de-France, Montgeron has an oceanic climate, with cool winters and mild summers, and has more precipitation than others in the central parts. The mean temperature is around 10.8 °C, with a maximum of 15.2 °C and a minimum of 6.4 °C. However, the actual temperatures recorded are 24.5 °C in July at the maximum and 0.7 °C in January at the minimum, but the records registered the maximum temperature of 38.2 °C on 1 July 1952 and the minimum temperature of -19.6 °C on 17 January 1985. Due to the lower urban density between Paris and its suburbs, a difference of one to two degrees Celsius is felt strongly. The amount of sunshine is comparable to the average of the regions of the north of the Loire with 1,798 hours per year. Precipitation is also distributed over the year, with a total of 598.3 millimeters of rain and an approximate average of fifty millimeters per month. Transport Although Montgeron is away from the course of the Seine, major axes of communication cross at Montgeron, most of them inherited from before. It was crossed by the old National Road 6 (N6) but now the road takes a detour to the west of the city center; the route is now occupied by the Departemental Road 50 (D50). The road D50 intersects the east–west running Departemental Road 31 (D31), which the latter leads to the neighboring commune of Yerres. The new portion of N6 shares its northern part with the Departemental Road 448 (D448) which the latter follows the river Seine south to Corbeil-Essonnes. Recent development and heavy traffic have made access to the city center much more difficult, which accentuates commercial desertification. Since 1849, the Paris-Marseille railway passes through the northeast of Montgeron, now served by the Montgeron-Crosne station on the Paris RER line D. The rail link is complemented by several bus lines, including the Noctilien Line N134 ensuring services during the night(click this reference for the French Wikipedia:), line 91.09 of the Albatrans bus network, line 191-100 of the Mobilien network, lines A, E, P, Q and V of the STRAV bus network, and lines IV and 501 of the Seine Sénart Bus network have stops in Montgeron. The town is located eight kilometers south-east of Paris-Orly airport and thirty-four kilometers south of Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle airport. Leisure and business aviation will be oriented towards the Melun-Villaroche air base, ultimately transformed into a tourism and business airport, located nineteen kilometers to the southeast. Politics The mayor of Montgeron is Sylvie Carillon from The Republicans, starting from April 16, 2020. The commune of Montgeron is located in Essonne's 8th constituency, which includes Montgeron, Yerres, Brunoy, and Vigneux-sur-Seine. Their member of the National Assembly has been Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the president of Debout la France, since 1997. He was first elected in 1997, followed by getting reelected in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. Intercommunality and Cantons Montgeron is located inside the Communauté d'agglomération Val d'Yerres Val de Seine, which also includes Boussy-Saint-Antoine, Brunoy, Crosne, Draveil, Épinay-sous-Sénart, Quincy-sous-Sénart, Vigneux-sur-Seine, and Yerres. Montgeron, like Brunoy, is divided between two cantons. The Canton of Vigneux-sur-Seine includes the communes of Vigneux-sur-Seine, Crosne and the northern part of Montgeron. The Canton of Draveil includes the communes of Draveil, Soisy-sur-Seine, Saint-Germain-lès-Corbeil, Étiolles, and the southern part of Montgeron. The dividing line goes from the territorial limit of the municipality of Yerres, to the Avenue de la République (departmental road 50), Rue des Bois, Place de l'Europe, Avenue de la Grange, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, Rue de Mainville, Rue de la Croix-Saint-Marc, Rue des Plantes, Rue Édouard-Branly, Rue de la Garenne, Rue de la Belle-Aimée, Chemin du Dessus-du-Luet to n ° 117, then to the right of n ° 117 of Chemin du Dessus-du-Luet straight to National Road 6, Rue des Saules, Rue des Jacinthes, up to the territorial limit of the municipality of Vigneux-sur-Seine. Twin Towns Eschborn, Hesse, Germany starting from 1985. Magog, Quebec, Canada starting from 1986. Póvoa de Varzim, Norte, Portugal starting from 1986. Viernau, Thuringia, Germany starting from 1992. Harrison, New York, United States Populations and Society Demographics In 2017, the town had 23,775 inhabitants, an increase of 2.12% compared to 2012 (Essonne: + 4.74%, France excluding Mayotte: + 2.36%). Placed on the important road from Paris to Melun at the edge of the Sénart Forest, Montgeron was a town already counting more than eight hundred and fifty people at the time of the first census of people in 1793. A period of chaotic evolution ensued with a growth to nearly nine hundred inhabitants in 1800 and a decrease until 1851. The milestone of nine hundred residents was reached in 1831 and that of the thousand residents ten years later. From 1856, following the arrival of the railway, a period of constant progress began, only briefly interrupted by the losses due to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the milestone of two thousand inhabitants being crossed in 1896. At During the twentieth century, the two world conflicts did not prevent the local population explosion, driven by massive urbanization which allowed the town to have nearly four thousand five hundred inhabitants in 1921 and more than ten thousand in 1946. This the figure doubled in the following twelve years and reached the historic peak of twenty-three thousand seven hundred eighty-six in 1975. The urban rehabilitation operations and the decline in enthusiasm for this town made it lose two thousand people in fifteen years before it returned to demographic growth from 1999, again negative in view of the 2007 figures establishing the Montgeron population to twenty-two thousand nine hundred twenty-nine people. Immigration has little impact on this demographic development since only 7.6% of the municipal population was foreign in 1999. In that year, the largest communities were distributed between 3.2% of the total for Portuguese population, 0.9% for Algerians, 0.5% for Moroccans, 0.4% for Turks and Italians, 0.3% for Tunisians and 0.2% for Spaniards. Inhabitants of Montgeron are known as Montgeronnais. Facilities There is a library called Médiathèque du Carré d'Art, a post office, and the Avenue de la République has restaurants and shops. Famous People in Montgeron The local school (J-C Gatinot) was decorated by painter Maurice Boitel. The engraver Paul-Marcel Dammann (1885–1939) was born and died in Montgeron. References External links Official website Land use (IAURIF) Mayors of Essonne Association Communes of Essonne

4042422

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%242

$2

$2 primarily refers to banknotes, bills or coins, including: Currency Australian two dollar coin, which replaced Australian 2 dollar note Toonie, the Canadian two-dollar coin, which replaced Canadian two-dollar bill United States two-dollar bill, a current denomination of U.S. currency (although not often used) Hong Kong two-dollar coin, the third-highest denomination coin of the Hong Kong dollar New Zealand two-dollar coin, which replaced the two-dollar banknote Other currencies with $2 banknotes, bills or coins are: Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Cook Islands dollar Fijian dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Tuvaluan dollar Tongan paanga Argentine peso Mexican peso Uruguayan peso Brazilian real Other uses $2, a formal parameter in some programming languages

4042424

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher%20Report

Esher Report

The Esher Report of 1904, issued by a committee chaired by Lord Esher, recommended radical reform of the British Army, such as the creation of an Army Council, General Staff and Chief of the General Staff and the abolition of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. The change to the character of the Army has endured. Background The Second Boer War of 1899-1902 exposed weakness and inefficiency in the British Army and demonstrated how isolated Britain was from the rest of the world. The war had been won only by leaving Britain defenceless on land. In 1900, Imperial Germany began to build a battlefleet and industrial growth had already made it overtake Britain's economic lead in Europe. The Elgin Commission had already advocated some changes in administration. Under Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster at the War Office the Report of the War Office (Reconstitution) Committee was set up to look into reform of the Army. It was chaired by Lord Esher, who had been a member of the Elgin Commission, as had two other members; Admiral Sir John Fisher (the naval Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, and a former Controller of the Navy and Second Sea Lord), and Colonel Sir George Clarke. The Esher Report was published, successively, in February and March 1904. Conclusions The Committee took evidence in private and its Report was in three parts. It analysed the complex arrangements and inefficiencies of the Army administration and made three main recommendations: an Army Council modelled on the Board of Admiralty. It was designed as a single collective body to analyse and decide upon issues connected to policy and so end the confusion of the responsibilities of the Secretary of State for War, the Adjutant-General and the Quartermaster General. The War Secretary was to have the same power as the First Lord of the Admiralty and all military topics submitted to the Crown would go through him. That would increase civil and parliamentary control over the Army. Also recommended was that the Council would be made up of seven members. These were to be the Secretary of State for War, the First Military Member (with responsibility for operations and military policy), the Second Military Member (with responsibility for recruitment and discipline), the Third Military Member (with responsibility for supply and transport), the Fourth Military Member (with responsibility for armaments and fortifications), a Civil Member (who would be the Parliamentary Under-Secretary with responsibility for civil business other than finance) and another Civil Member (the Financial Secretary). It was recommended that this Council should meet frequently and decide matters by majority vote. a General Staff with its Chief having the responsibility for preparing the Army for war. The post of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces was to be abolished. The duties of the General Staff were to be shared by a Director of Military Operations, a Director of Staff Duties and a Director of Military Training. the War Office was to be radically reorganised on rational grounds. The British Army had previously grown since 1660 by not grand design but piecemeal additions and reforms. The administration inside the War Office was to be divided between the Chief of the General Staff, the Adjutant-General, the Quartermaster-General and the Master-General of the Ordnance. The Adjutant-General was given overall responsibility for the welfare and maintenance of the soldiers. Under him would be a Director of Recruiting and Organisation, a Director of Personal Services, a Director-General of Medical Services and a Director of Auxiliary Services. The previous office of Judge-Advocate-General was to be replaced with a Judge-Advocate with more limited power. Apart from manufacture, all parts of the process of material supply would be put under the Quartermaster-General. His department subordinates would be a Director of Transport and Remounts, a Director of Movements and Quartering, a Director of Supplies and Clothing and an Equipment and Ordnance Stores. The Master-General of the Ordnance's subordinates would be a Director of Artillery, a Naval Adviser and a Director of Fortifications and Works. That rationalisation was recommended by the Report to be implemented throughout the Army. The Report also claimed that policy and administration had become too centralised in the War Office, to the detriment of initiative. Administrative districts were recommended to be responsible for organisation to leave commanders of field units free to train for war. Publication King Edward VII welcomed the Report and successfully urged the Arthur James Balfour's government to accept its recommendations. However, some in the Army were wary of its recommendations, one opponent being Lord Kitchener. Richard Haldane, who became War Secretary for Henry Campbell-Bannerman's government in 1905, implemented many of its recommendations between 1906 and 1909. Among his advisers was General Sir Gerard Ellison, who was also Secretary of the Esher Committee. The recommendations were to form the basis of Army reform for the next 60 years. The military historian Correlli Barnett wrote that the Esher Report's importance "and its consequences can hardly be exaggerated.... Without the Esher Report... it is inconceivable that the mammoth British military efforts of two world wars could have been possible, let alone so generally successful." References Sources 1904 in the United Kingdom 1904 in military history Reports of the United Kingdom government 20th-century history of the British Army Edward VII Arthur Balfour

4042430

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20S.%20Thomas

Charles S. Thomas

Charles Spalding Thomas (December 6, 1849June 24, 1934) was a Confederate soldier and later United States senator from Colorado. Born in Darien, Georgia, he attended private schools in Georgia and Connecticut, and served briefly in the Confederate Army. Biography Thomas graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1871, and was admitted to the bar the same year. He moved to Colorado and began to practice in Denver, where he was a city attorney in 1875 and 1876. He was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1884 to 1896, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives in 1884, to the Senate in 1888 and 1895, and to the governorship in 1894. Thomas served as the 11th Governor of Colorado from 1899 to 1901. In 1897, Colorado had abolished the death penalty, but Thomas considered lynching an understandable substitute. In 1900, when a lynch mob murdered Calvin Kimblern, Thomas called it "a natural outburst of indignation of the people of Pueblo" and blamed the lack of a death penalty for the murder. Six months later, a mob surrounded Denver's jail seeking to lynch 15-year-old Preston Porter. Thomas was informed but declined to intervene. "As a matter of fact, hanging is too good for that man," he told reporters. The spirit of the lynch law is with the people, and will remain in them just as long as the Anglo-Saxon exists." After Porter was burned alive by a mob, when Thomas was asked to comment on the lynching, he said, "My opinion is that there is one less negro in the world." Colorado reinstated the death penalty soon thereafter. In 1913, Thomas was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1912 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Hughes, Jr.; in 1914, he was narrowly reelected to a full term in the face of split opposition. Thomas served from January 15, 1913, to March 3, 1921, and was the last Confederate veteran to serve in the Senate. In 1920, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection on the Nationalist ticket, receiving only 3% of the vote. In the Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth Congresses, Thomas was chairman of the Committee on Woman Suffrage, and a member of the Committee on Coast Defenses (Sixty-fifth Congress) and the Committee on Pacific Railroads (Sixty-sixth Congress). He resumed the practice of law in Denver, where he died on June 24, 1934; his remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered in the mountains. Notes References Governor Charles S. Thomas Collection at the Colorado State Archives Retrieved on 18 April 2008. |- |- |- |- |- 1849 births 1934 deaths Colorado lawyers Confederate States Army soldiers Democratic Party governors of Colorado Democratic Party United States senators from Colorado People from Darien, Georgia People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War University of Michigan Law School alumni

4042447

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20LaCroix

Lisa LaCroix

Lisa LaCroix is a Canadian actress and fashion model who began her career in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. After training as an actor in New York City's Circle in the Square Theatre School, she returned to Toronto, and starred in numerous Canadian and American television shows and movies. In 1996, she moved to Los Angeles to focus on American television acting. In 2000, LaCroix became interested in the Human Potential Movement, studied to be a business coach, moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and began a private practice training and coaching business people in 2001. She cofounded Paragon Strategies in 2004 with two other trainers from San Francisco, which presently serves various businesses worldwide in optimizing their employee satisfaction and productivity. Her father is the photographer and jazz musician Pat LaCroix. Her sister is singer/songwriter, Dana LaCroix. Filmography Divided Loyalties (1989) E.N.G. The Dancer and the Dance (1990) TV Episode .... Nancy Chou Another Pretty Face (1992) TV Episode .... Kelly Longstreet Psychic (1992) .... Susi Family Passions (1993) TV Series .... Anita Kung Fu: The Legend Continues - Shaman (1993) TV Episode .... Dancing Moon Dance Me Outside (1995) .... Illianna Rent-a-Kid (1995) (TV) .... Teresa Woolcot "The Rez" Episode #1.1 (1996) TV Episode .... Illianna Episode #1.6 (1996) TV Episode .... Illianna Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Ice (1996) (TV) .... Judite PSI Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal (1996) TV Series .... Dr. Natasha Constantine (1996–1999) Chicago Hope - Leggo My Ego (1997) TV Episode .... Lily Burroughs "Murder, She Wrote: South by Southwest" (1997) (TV) .... Pearl Sunrise Fargo (2003) (TV) External links http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=39819 Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Life coaches Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

4042462

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer%20review%20%28disambiguation%29

Peer review (disambiguation)

Peer review may refer to: Clinical audit, a systematic review of healthcare against an explicit standard Clinical peer review, the process by which health care professionals evaluate each other's clinical performance Medical peer review, the process of refereeing healthcare practitioner decisions Peer feedback, a classroom practice where students give each other feedback Peer review, the scholarly process of screening papers or grant applications Peer Review, a DLC for Portal 2 Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine Physician peer review, the process by which physicians evaluate each other to promote better quality of care Scholarly peer review, the process of refereeing scholarly papers Sham peer review, the process of pseudo-review done for political purposes, often in healthcare Software peer review in software development Technical peer review in systems engineering More at :Category:Peer review See also Performance appraisal in the workplace

4042471

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco

Banco

Banco may refer to: Places Banc (Barcelona Metro), also called Banco, a closed metro stop on the Barcelona metro Banco, Virginia, an unincorporated community Banco, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Banco National Park, a national park in Côte d'Ivoire Banko, Guinea, a town and sub-prefecture in the Dabola Prefecture in the Faranah Region Banko, Mali, a rural commune and village in the Cercle of Dioïla in the Koulikoro Region Banko, a town in the Sekyere Kumawu district og Ghaba Arts and architecture Banco (Banco del Mutuo Soccorso album), 1975 album by Italian progressive rock band Banco del Mutuo Soccorso Banco (Sir Michael Rocks album), 2014 album by American rapper Sir Michael Rocks Banco (novel), 1972 autobiography by Henri Charrière Banco architecture, a West African type of mudbrick, and the architecture made with it Banco (building material); fermented mud; made by fermenting mud with rice husks Banco (typeface), a decorative typeface Banko ware, a type of Japanese ceramics. Banco, an alternate Spanish spelling of bangka (boat) of the Philippines Banco, another name for the parlor game Bunco Banco, part of the nomenclature of the game known commonly as Baccarat Other Banco, a historical reference to the Bank of Sweden and Swedish coinage See also Banc

4042480

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things%20of%20Science

Things of Science

Things of Science was an educational program launched by the nonprofit news syndicate Science Service in November 1940. The program consisted of a series of kits available by subscription and sent by mail monthly. The program continued until 1989. , there is no mention of the program or its archives on the website of the Society for Science & the Public, which succeeded the old Science Service organization. Each month, thousands of subscribers received a small blue box about the size of a videocassette containing some material such as nylon thread or dinosaur bones. The box contained a yellow booklet explaining the topic for that month, along with the pieces and supplies needed to cover the topic. Some kits would teach about a specific topic, such as coal, static electricity, mechanical linkages, nonwoven fabrics, electroplating, or optical illusions. Other kits would provide parts to build items such as a small spectrograph, telescope, or pinhole camera. In addition to the monthly subscription, some kits were available for individual purchase, such as a "soilless gardening" unit which provided seeds, plant food, and instructions in hydroponics. Some kits contained basic materials for simple experiments in psychology. The modest annual subscription price ($5 in the 1960s) covered the cost of printing and postage. The instructions were written by Science Service staff, and the kit materials were donated by various companies. The Things of Science Club was started by Watson Davis, editor-in-chief of Science Service, because editors served by the service often asked for samples of the things the syndicate wrote about. The initial focus of the program was newspaper editors, but it soon shifted to young people. By 1946 the Science Service estimated that half of its subscribers were school groups and science clubs, and the other half were individuals. Membership in the club was limited to a few thousand because some of the "things", such as dinosaur bones, were hard to come by. References External links Rediscovering Things of Science — includes a partial list of the kits Things of Science — scans of the instruction booklets for many of the kits Things of Science — article in Make magazine Society for Science & the Public Science education

4042517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Keys%20constituencies

House of Keys constituencies

These are the constituencies used in the elections to the House of Keys, the lower house of the parliament of the Isle of Man. Constituencies from 2016 Constituencies from 1986–2011 The constituencies used for the 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 General Elections for the House of Keys were: 1986 changes Garff and Ayre became one seat constituencies, having previously each had two seats. Onchan constituency was created, having been previously part of Middle constituency. Middle constituency was created from the parishes of Marown (formerly part of Glenfaba constituency) and Braddan. Malew and Santon constituency was created from the parishes of Malew (formerly part of Rushen constituency), and Santon (formerly part of Middle constituency). 1867 to 2011 elections The original constituencies set out in the House of Keys Election Act 1866, providing for the House to be elected for the first time. These are shown below and were used for the 1867, 1875, and 1881 General Elections. The arrangements for elections between 1881 and 1903 are not currently shown in the table. The original constituencies were altered by the Redistribution Act 1893 as follows: These were used for the 1903, 1908, 1913 and 1919 General Elections. The same constituencies and distribution of seats were also used for the 1934, 1946 and 1951 elections and so are likely also to have been used for the 1924 and 1929 elections. The distribution of seats was changed for the 1956 election, and again for the 1986 election, as shown. (s) = sheading, (t) = town Further back in history, before democratic elections, each of the six sheadings was represented by four members. References External links Constituency maps and general election results Access to work & info of members of Tynwald Tynwald

4042526

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilemi%20Triangle

Ilemi Triangle

The Ilemi Triangle, sometimes called only Ilemi, is a disputed area in East Africa. Arbitrarily defined, it measures about . Named after Anuak chief Ilemi Akwon, the territory is claimed by South Sudan and Kenya. The territory also borders Ethiopia and, despite use and trespass into the triangle by border tribes from within Ethiopia, the Ethiopian government has not made any official claim on the area, instead agreeing that the land was Sudanese territory in the 1902, 1907, and 1972 treaties. Kenya now has de facto control of all the territory in the Ilemi Triangle up to the northern 1950 Sudanese Patrol Line. The dispute arose from the 1914 treaty in which a straight parallel line was used to divide territories that were both part of the British Empire. However the Turkana people—nomadic herders continued to move to and from the border and traditionally grazed in the area. The perceived economic marginality of the land as well as decades of Sudanese conflicts are two factors that have delayed the resolution of the dispute. Peoples The nomadic Turkana move in the territory between South Sudan and Kenya and have been vulnerable to attacks from surrounding peoples. The other peoples in this area are the Didinga and Topasa in South Sudan, and the Nyangatom (Inyangatom) who move between South Sudan and Ethiopia, and the Dassanech who live east of the triangle in Ethiopia. These pastoral people have historically engaged in raids on livestock. While in the past they used traditional weapons, since the nineteenth century onwards the use of firearms has been common. History To the southeast of the Ilemi triangle, Ethiopian emperor Menelik laid claim to Lake Turkana and proposed a boundary with the British to run from the southern end of the lake eastward to the Indian Ocean, which was shifted northward when the British and Ethiopian governments signed a treaty in 1907, reaffirmed by a 1970 Ethiopia-Kenya treaty. The Ethiopia-Sudan boundary, the "Maud Line", was surveyed by Captain Philip Maud of the Royal Engineers in 1902–03. It was adopted by Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement treaty of December 6, 1907 between Ethiopia and British East Africa. Though vague on the precise details of where the Kenya-Sudan border was located, it clearly placed the entire Ilemi on the west side of the Ethiopia-Sudan line. In 1914 the Uganda-Sudan Boundary Commission agreement provided Sudan access to Lake Turkana via the now-dry Sanderson Gulf at the southeast corner of the Ilemi (at the time Lake Turkana was the border between the British territories of Uganda and Kenya). After World War I, the Ethiopians armed the Nyangatom and Dassanech peoples, whereby the traditional raids turned into battles where hundreds died. 1920s In 1928, Sudan agreed to allow Kenyan military units across the 1914 line to protect the Turkana against the Dassanech and Nyangatom, although it cost £30,000 per year. In 1929, Kenya began subsidising Sudan to occupy the territory, which it did not wish to continue because of the perceived useless nature of it. In 1931, it was Sudan that agreed to subsidise Kenya to occupy the territory. 1930s In 1931 the Red Line (the Glenday Line) was drawn to represent the northern boundary of Turkana grazing. "In a series of agreements from 1929 to 1934, the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Governor of Kenya agreed that this Red Line should be accepted as the Turkana grazing boundary." After Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936, Italy briefly claimed the area of the Ilemi triangle. A joint Kenya-Sudan survey team in 1938 demarcated the "Red Line" or "Wakefield Line", very close to the delimitation a few years earlier of this Red Line, marking the northern limit of grazing of Turkana. While Egypt and Britain agreed on this, Italy did not. The Dassanetch and Nyangatom had suffered because of the Italian occupation, and wished to recoup their losses by making a raid against the Turkana. Several hundred Turkana people were killed in a raid in July 1939 by the Nyangatom and Dassanech peoples. Italy gave up their claim on the Ilemi subsequently, and allowed the British to respond with a raid on the Inyangatom and Dassanech supported by the Royal Air Force. 1940s British troops of the King's African Rifles occupied Ilemi in 1941 after the East African Campaign during World War II. The King's African Rifles passed through Ilemi on their way to southwestern Ethiopia. In 1944 Britain's Foreign Office surveyed a "blue line" which was further northwest than the "red line". 1950s Sudan, in 1950, established their own patrol line even further northwest into Sudan up to the border with Ethiopia, where they prohibited Kenyan and Ethiopian pastoralists from moving north west of it, giving up policing and development to the area south east of it. However, that Kenya-Sudan agreement specified that this patrol line in no way affected sovereignty; that it was not an international boundary, and money continued to be paid to Kenya to patrol this Sudanese territory. There was fighting between 1949 and 1953 as Sudan attempted to keep the Nyangatom behind this line. After Sudanese independence in 1956, Sudan has not administered Ilemi or much of the southern part of the country due to the First Sudanese Civil War which began all over southern Sudan. 1960s and 1970s In 1967 President Jomo Kenyatta's administration had made overtures to the British in order to secure support for the cession of the Triangle to Kenya. The British were unresponsive and the results amounted to little. The matter was sidelined and successive Kenyan administrations have been seemingly willing to accept the territorial status quo and their de facto territorial control, even if the Kenyan influence did diminish after the relocation of the Sudan People's Liberation Army to Sudan in the 1980s–90s. In 1964 Kenya and Ethiopia reaffirmed their boundary, confirming Kenyan sovereignty to Namuruputh, which is just south of the southeastern point of the triangle. In 1972 a Sudan-Ethiopia boundary alteration did not solve the Ilemi issue because it did not involve Kenya, but did confirm that Ethiopia had no claim to the Ilemi Triangle. In 1978 Kenya began to publicly, unilaterally regard the Turkana grazing line of 1938 (Wakefield Line) as an international boundary between Kenya and Sudan. 1980s In 1986, Kenya began to widely circulate a new map which for the first time displayed the Ilemi Triangle as an integral part of its territory (no longer displaying the straight horizontal "Maud line"). 1990s to present In the 1990s, Ethiopia armed the Dassanech with Kalashnikov automatic rifles, perhaps in response to Kenyan government arming in 1978 of the Turkana. Beginning in the 1960s, many Kenyan maps have marked the Red Line as the official boundary of Kenya, rather than a dotted boundary which it had been previously. More recently, many Kenyan maps depict the 1950 patrol line, the furthest northwest, as the boundary. There was a question as to whether a secret agreement was broached between Kenya and South Sudan to allow Kenya to administer this territory, in return for support in the Sudanese Civil War. In recent decades, the countries involved have had other priorities, delaying a resolution to the issue. The recent discovery of oil in the region also complicates resolution. With the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the Sudanese claim to the Ilemi Triangle was transferred to the new national government in Juba. See also Halaib Triangle Al-Fashaga triangle Mandera triangle References Further reading Ilemi Triangle: Unfixed Bandit Frontier Claimed by Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia; Author: Dr. Nene Mburu External links Scholarly Article about the Triangle by DR Nene Mburu Article in the Sudan Tribune suggesting that Kenya's claim is weak Ilemi Triangle, Robert O. Collins, University of California Territorial disputes of Ethiopia Territorial disputes of Kenya Territorial disputes of South Sudan Kenya–South Sudan border Ethiopia–South Sudan border Ethiopia–Kenya border Border tripoints

4042536

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahron%20Bregman

Ahron Bregman

Ahron "Ronnie" Bregman (, born 1958) is a UK-based political scientist of Israeli origin, as well as a writer and journalist, specialising on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Biography Bregman was born and raised in Israel. He served in the Israel Defense Forces and as an artillery officer participated in the 1978 Litani campaign and the 1982 Lebanon War. After the war he left the army to study international relations and political science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He also worked as a parliamentary assistant in the Knesset. After giving an interview in 1988 to the Haaretz newspaper declaring that he would refuse to serve as a military reservist in the Israeli-occupied territories, he left Israel and settled in England. There he joined the Department of War Studies, King's College London, and completed his PhD in 1994. Bregman is the writer of several books and articles on the Arab–Israeli conflict and Middle Eastern Affairs. Since 1994 he has been The Daily Telegraphs writer of obituaries, covering the Jewish world and Israel. A senior teaching fellow at the Department of War Studies and a journalist, Bregman lives in London. He has three children. Marwan Affair In 2002, Bregman claimed that the Egyptian Ashraf Marwan, the son-in-law of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, was a Mossad spy. According to Bregman, Marwan volunteered for the Mossad in 1970 but then proceeded to mislead the Israelis before the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Although Marwan insisted that Bregman's claim was "a stupid detective story", they became friends and Marwan made Bregman a consultant on his memoirs. On 27 June 2007, the day that Bregman and Marwan were due to meet up in central London, Marwan's body was discovered in a small rose garden, just under the balcony of his London flat. A police investigation failed to establish whether Marwan was pushed or jumped. In 2016, Bregman published a book titled The Spy who Fell to Earth on his relationship with Marwan. In December 2017, Salon Pictures purchased the rights to turn it into a feature documentary. The Bregman Collection, which includes papers and tapes related to the Marwan Affair, is kept at the Liddell Hart Archives, King's College London. A documentary about Ashraf Marwan and Bregman's work, The Spy Who Fell to Earth, came out on Netflix in April 2019. Productions Bregman is the author of several books, as well as being associate producer/consultant of two major television series. Books The Spy Who Fell to Earth: My Relationship with the Secret Agent Who Rocked the Middle East Living and Working in Israel Israel's Wars: A History since 1947 Israel and the Arabs: An Eyewitness Account of War and Peace in the Middle East The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs (co-authored with Jihan El-Tahri, accompanying the below series) Israël et les Arabes: la guerre de cinquante ans (French) Israël en de Arabieren: De vijftigjarige oorlog (Dutch) اسرائيل والعرب : حرب الخمسين عاما (Arabic) 以色列史 (Chinese) Israel's Wars: 1947-93 A History of Israel Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America (accompanying the below series) Warfare in the Middle East since 1945 (editor) Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories Television He was also an associate producer and academic consultant on two BBC television series: Israel and the Arabs: The Fifty Years War Israel and the Arabs: Elusive Peace References https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQmGPqQrMwc External links 1958 births Living people Israeli journalists Israeli political scientists Alumni of King's College London Israeli political writers Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni Israeli emigrants to the United Kingdom Israeli military writers Collections of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives

4042542

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Punisher%20titles

List of Punisher titles

The Punisher has appeared in numerous comic book series since his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), including a number of eponymous titles starting in the mid-1980s. Primary series Limited series One-shot and graphic novels Other versions Titles starring alternate versions of the Punisher. Collected editions The various series have been collected into individual volumes: Primary and ongoing series Limited series, one-shots and graphic novels References External links List of The Punisher comics issues at Sequart.com Punisher.nl Lists of comics by character Lists of comic book titles Lists of comics by Marvel Comics

4042556

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossen%20rearrangement

Lossen rearrangement

The Lossen rearrangement is the conversion of a hydroxamate ester to an isocyanate. Typically O-acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl O-derivative are employed. The isocyanate can be used further to generate ureas in the presence of amines or generate amines in the presence of H2O. Reaction mechanism The mechanism below begins with an O-acylated hydroxamic acid derivative that is treated with base to form an isocyanate that generates an amine and CO2 gas in the presence of H2O. The hydroxamic acid derivative is first converted to its conjugate base by abstraction of a hydrogen by a base. Spontaneous rearrangement releases a carboxylate anion to produce the isocyanate intermediate. The isocyanate is then hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O. Finally, the respective amine and CO2 are generated by abstraction of a proton with a base and decarboxylation. Hydroxamic acids are commonly synthesized from their corresponding esters. Historical references See also Curtius rearrangement Hofmann rearrangement Schmidt reaction Beckmann rearrangement Gabapentin References External links Rearrangement reactions Name reactions

4042564

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya%20Kant

Surya Kant

Surya "Surya" Kant is a Senior Advisor at Tata Sons Private Limited. He was the Chairman of TCS North American operations based in New York City until March 2022. Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) is the largest global information technology consulting and services company located in India. In 1990s, Kant was appointed the head of operations for TCS in the United Kingdom. Until 2005, he served as the Head of Operations for the India Northern Region of TCS and until 2020 served as the President of the North America, Europe and the UK operations. Kant is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and academic institutions. Kant served as an advisory board member of the British-American Business, and the past Chairman of the India Business Forum (IBF) of the Confederation of India (CII) in the US. He was a member of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) CEO Council and a member of the Fortune CEO Initiative. He served on the Greater New York Red Cross Board from February 2020 to March 2022. He joined CECP (Chief Executives for Corporate Purpose) Board in May 2020 and in April 2022 was appointed as the Board Member Emeritus. References http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527116_1_tcs-uk-tata-consultancy-services-clients https://web.archive.org/web/20071020075314/http://www.consultingmag.com/articles/134/1/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work.html http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1599548,prtpage-1.cms http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199200211 http://aparc.stanford.edu/events/4306 https://www.cnbc.com/id/15840232?play=1&video=1637170438 http://www.consultingmag.com/article/ART841627 http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2019.3_Jul/ROB/LEADERS-Surya-Kant-Tata-Consultancy-Services-TCS.html Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Indian business executives Tata Consultancy Services people Delhi Technological University alumni

4042568

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%20in%20the%20Square%20Theatre%20School

Circle in the Square Theatre School

Circle in the Square Theatre School is a non-profit, tax exempt drama school associated with Circle in the Square Theatre; it is the only accredited conservatory attached to a Broadway theatre. It offers two 2-year full-time programs: a Professional Theatre Workshop, and a Professional Musical Theatre Workshop. The musical theatre program is unique in that it's identical to the acting program, except for additional musical classes. This gives the musical theatre students important, deep acting training so they can graduate as true, professional triple threats. There is also an option to earn a joint BFA in Theatre or Musical Theatre with Eckerd College in Florida. Additionally, Circle offers seven-week summer intensives for acting and musical theatre students. Circle in the Square Theatre School's primary objective is to train actors and singers for work in professional theatre, film, and television; it utilizes an eclectic curriculum to expose the students to various acting styles, methods, and techniques. Theodore Mann started the highly selective school in 1961 with 15 students in a Greenwich Village venue on Bleecker Street when Circle in the Square Theatre was an Off-Broadway venue. In 1972, it moved to its current Broadway location in the Paramount Plaza. In 2010, between its two-year program and summer program, it had approximately 200 students. Jacqueline Brookes, the Broadway actor, was a member of the faculty from 1973 until her death in April 2013. Circle in the Square Theatre School offers its students the rare opportunity to train and perform in the Broadway Theatre, and see the shows at Circle for free. Notable alumni The school site lists the following alumni. Mili Avital Kevin Bacon Elise Bauman John Bolger Lani Brockman Richard Brooks Woody Brown Greg Bryk Kevin Cahoon Rachel Chagall Sarah Clarke Ed Clements Viola Davis Shae D'lyn Benicio del Toro Lisa Edelstein Lisa Emery Linda Fiorentino Patrick Fischler Lady Gaga Amy Gaipa Barbara Garrick Gina Gershon Amanda Green Page Hannah Cecil Hoffman Philip Seymour Hoffman Winnie Holzman Felicity Huffman Rick Hurst Kristen Johnston Denis Jones Jonathan Judge-Russo Justin Kirk Michael E. Knight Jonathan LaPaglia Jill Larson Matthew Lillard Jessica Lundy Alec Mapa Andrew McCarthy John C. McGinley Idina Menzel Michelle Monaghan Kate O'Toole Ken Olin Nicole Ari Parker Steven Peterman Robert Picardo Michael Rispoli Thomas Sadoski Dahlia Salem Jana Schneider Molly Shannon Rondell Sheridan Zenobia Shroff Peter Stebbings Amy Stiller D. B. Sweeney Maura Tierney Nancy Travis Marco Zunino Arnetia Walker Kevin Weisman Kate Wetherhead John Whitesell References External links circlesquare.org Broadway theatre Drama schools in the United States Schools of the performing arts in the United States Educational institutions established in 1961 1961 establishments in New York City Organizations based in Manhattan 501(c)(3) organizations

4042576

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delilah%20%26%20Julius

Delilah & Julius

Delilah & Julius is a Canadian animated series targeted at children as well as teenagers and adults, and animated using Macromedia Flash technology. It premiered on the Canadian animation channel Teletoon. Delilah & Julius was produced by Decode Entertainment and Collideascope Digital Productions. 52 episodes were produced. The series centers on a pair of highly trained young adults, Delilah and Julius, who were both orphaned children of special agents. Together, they graduated from the Academy, a training facility headed by Al, a free-spirited special agent who brought the duo together, and fight international crime and a myriad of villains as a pair of savvy, well-trained spies. Characters Main characters Delilah and Julius are depicted as multitalented-being gifted musicians, masters of disguise, martial arts experts, and fluent in 20 languages. The pair is shown as professional and work together well as a team, though at times their relationship can be seen as romantic. Delilah Devinshire Delilah Devinshire has a very determined personality. Delilah's greatest quality is her commitment to truth. It's also what gets her into trouble. She takes things seriously, but she can break down easily in certain situations. Her spy parents went missing when she was only five and are presumed dead. Delilah does not believe this, however, and she is determined to know more about them and to disprove the rumors that her parents were double agents. Delilah's relationship with Julius is very important to her and gets jealous when Julius flirts with other girls (especially Ice). She appreciates having a capable partner in Julius, and together they will stop at nothing to keep the villains from carrying out their evil plots. Delilah believes in breaking her opponent down from the inside out. She gets inside the villain's head, and she loves a new challenge. Delilah is strong-willed, inventive, resourceful, quick-thinking, and graceful. She is experienced in fencing, etiquette, and explosives, and always has time to learn something new that may be useful on a mission. Julius Chevalier Julius Chevalier is often flippant, but is very determined and has a passion for crime-fighting. Where Delilah is more goal-oriented, Julius is more spontaneous. He deals with situations as they happen and still manages to find the time to have fun. He enjoys surfing, poetry, safe cracking and yoga. His parents were killed in action when he was only four, and Julius wishes avenge their deaths. For now, he is comforted by the fact that they were considered two of the greatest spies of all time. Julius is laid-back and a little cocky. This confidence allows him to act on the fly and keep cool in the face of danger, though he tends to be a bit careless in calmer situations. He has a good sense of humor and is very intuitive when it comes to the needs of his partner, Delilah. Beneath a nonchalant, arrogant exterior lies a sensitive and caring guy – especially towards Delilah. He often tries to impress Delilah, and becomes extremely jealous and petty when she shows interest in other boys. He is shown to be in love with Delilah. The Academy Crew Alfred "Al" The director of the Academy, Al is always highly informed and gives Delilah and Julius their mission assignments. Al is not only their primary contact and mentor, but he is also a parental figure for Delilah and Julius. A free-spirited individual, Al's method of speech is modeled after the mid-'70s Californian hippie stereotype. He is passionate about food and culture and has a unique sense of humour, but can also be serious, especially when it comes to keeping his students safe. Scarlett Vance Scarlett is the Academy's gadget guru. Like Al, Scarlett is prone to using anachronistic '70s expressions as well as caring a lot about her students. She is inventive and always coming up with new spy technology that keeps Delilah and Julius ahead on their missions. Buster "Nosey" A frequent partner of Delilah and Julius, he is a well-meaning, good-hearted goof with a reputation for being a stink magnet. It's not that he is really stinky, he is just inevitably drawn into very smelly situations on his missions. Nosey seems to be attracted to Zoe, a new member of the Academy. Ursula and Emmet Another one of Al's arranged spy teams, Ursula and Emmet are the rivals of Delilah and Julius who are jealous of their popularity and success. Ursula is also a double agent working undercover at the Academy for an unknown evil foe. Zoe Ling Zoe is the newest Chinese spy at the Academy. She likes to read comics and knows them all by enthusiasm. When Zoe first arrives at the Academy, she thinks Julius is cute. However, a relationship with Nosey is revealed throughout a few episodes. Zoe is a redhead and has a rather feisty personality which is the stereotypical attitude most redheads have. Her espionage skills are well-developed, and the Academy Crew seems to trust this newcomer. Villains Dr. Dismay: Dr. Dismay is a young, handsome doctor bent on world domination who tries hard to break the stereotypical mold of a mad scientist. With his evil sidekick "Nurse" he tries to stop Delilah and Julius using his bad medication. Professor Dismay: An evil genius and father of Dr. Dismay. Dexter Jeremy Hook "DJ Hook": An internationally-known DJ tries to dominate the world. A big advantage for him is that he can hypnotize people with his music. Delilah and Julius can usually maneuver around it and stop the evil DJ. Ms. Deeds: The leader of a crime syndicate specializing in cybercrime. Ice: A master manipulator of earth science who also has her eyes on Julius. Wednesday Kertsfield: A young socialite who uses her money to try to take over the world. Conman: A master of disguise, he is behind some of the biggest scams ever committed against humanity. Nobody has ever seen his real face, not even any of his many kidnapping victims. Delilah and Julius uncovered his face, but instead of having a face the conman wore a permanent mask. Baguio Joe: A volatile weatherman who really controls the weather. Gilly Hippodrome: A mutant who hates normal-looking people. He is also the leader of a group of freaks masquerading as a circus, where he is the "Clown Prince". Ursula: Although a member of the academy, she is working as a double agent. Tibor: He is after the zero list and is also Julius' brother. Sunshine: Ice's twin sister and a villain with a fiery attitude Dollface and Roy: A woman who is part-robot, part-human, and wants to take over the world with her "husband", full-time robot, Roy. She wants the entire world to be of robots, and no humans at all. Evil Eye and Francis: Evil eye lost his eye while trying to escape from the police, and he believes that he lost it because of Delilah. Francis is his sidekick. Episodes Two seasons were produced, each consisting of 26 episodes. Each season included a three-part finale, originally aired together under one title but later as separate episodes. "The Underground" is the pilot episode for the series. Series overview Season 1 (2005–06) Season 2 (2007–08) Production Development of the series began in early 2002, with 13 episodes budgeted at US$200,000–300,000 each. Originally, the show was aimed at the teenage girl demographic with a very different concept for the main characters, "a brawn-and-brains husband-and-wife team of self-made millionaires". By 2005, the first season had expanded to 26 episodes in production, with a budget of $1.2 million. At the time, the premise of the series involved the title characters "fighting crimes of conformity" around the world. Home video releases Delilah and Julius - The Complete First Season was released September 9, 2008. The DVD set contains the first 13 episodes in both English and French and has a run time of 290 minutes. Special features include character biographies, a spy gadget gallery, and the original English-language script for the pilot episode "The Underground". An official YouTube channel run by WildBrain Spark began uploading episodes on May 31, 2019. The full series has been released on CraveTV. Reception The series was one of the top-rated shows on the English-language Teletoon in May 2006, and the 10th most popular original production on the French-language Télétoon as of October 2007. The pilot episode was reviewed by the Edmonton Journal and The Sydney Morning Herald. Kidscreen compared the show to Totally Spies!, another Teletoon original, but with "a more sophisticated sense of humor focused on relationship-building" aiming for an older audience. Awards and nominations References External links Distribution website 2000s Canadian animated television series 2005 Canadian television series debuts 2008 Canadian television series endings Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated science fiction television series Canadian flash animated television series English-language television shows Fictional couples Teletoon original programming Television series by DHX Media Television shows set in Nova Scotia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent%20Armor%20Gun%20Shield

Transparent Armor Gun Shield

Built by BAE Systems, the Transparent Armor Gun shield, or TAGS, is a visually transparent protective gun shield made with ballistic glass for US military vehicle operators using mounted machine guns. It borrows on the experience of the Israeli Defense Force in using such armor on a variety of vehicles. The shield is intended to provide protection for its user while maintaining visibility. It can be mounted on several models of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), including the M113, M1 Abrams and Stryker, as well as on the HMMWV. References External links BAE Systems press release Vehicle armour Armoured fighting vehicle equipment

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations

Germany–United States relations

Today, Germany and the United States are close and strong allies. In the mid and late 19th century, millions of Germans migrated to farms and industrial jobs in the United States, especially in the Midwest. Later, the two nations fought each other in World War I (1917–1918) and World War II (1941–1945). After 1945 the U.S., with the United Kingdom and France, occupied Western Germany and built a demilitarized democratic society. West Germany achieved independence in 1949. It joined NATO in 1955, with the caveat that its security policy and military development would remain closely tied to that of France, the UK and the United States. While West Germany was becoming a Western Bloc state closely integrated with the U.S. and NATO, East Germany became an Eastern Bloc satellite state closely tied to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. After communist rule ended in Eastern Europe amid the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany was reunified and the allied powers subsequently restored full sovereignty to Germany with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. The reunified Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the European Union (then European Community), NATO and one of the closest allies of the United States. Since 2022 Germany has been working with NATO and the European Union to give aid to Ukraine in the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the process Germany is sharply reducing its dependence on Russian oil and gas. Germany has the third-largest economy in the world, after the U.S. and China. Today, both the countries enjoy a "special relationship". Overview Before 1800, the main factors in German-American relations were very large movements of immigrants from Germany to American states (especially Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and central Texas) throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries. There also was a significant movement of philosophical ideals that influenced American thinking. German achievements in public schooling and higher education greatly impressed American educators, and the American education system was based on the Prussian education system. Thousands of American advanced students, especially scientists and historians, studied at elite German universities. There was little movement in the other direction: few Americans ever moved permanently to Germany, and few German intellectuals studied in America or moved to the United States before 1933. Economic relations were of minor importance before 1920. Diplomatic relations were friendly but of minor importance to either side before the 1870s. After the Unification of Germany in 1871, the country became a major world power. Both it and the US built world-class navies and began imperialistic expansion around the world. That led to a small-scale conflict over the Samoan islands, the Second Samoan Civil War. A crisis in 1898, when Germany and the United States disputed over who should take control, was resolved with the Tripartite Convention in 1899 when both nations divided up Samoa between them to end the conflict. After 1898, the US itself became much more involved in international diplomacy and found itself sometimes in disagreement but more often in agreement with Germany. In the early 20th century, the rise of the powerful German Navy and its role in Latin America and the Caribbean troubled American military strategists. Relations were sometimes tense, as in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03, but all of the incidents were peacefully resolved. During the encroachment of the new Entente, Kaiser Wilhelm sent Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow to discuss a triple alliance with the US and Qing China in 1907–1908. The US tried to remain neutral in the First World War but provided far more trade and financial support to Britain and the other Allies, which controlled the Atlantic routes. Germany worked to undermine American interests in Mexico. In 1917, the German offer of a military alliance against the US in the Zimmermann Telegram contributed to the American decision for war. German U-boat attacks on British shipping, especially the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania without allowing the civilian passengers to reach the lifeboats, outraged US public opinion. Germany agreed to US demands to stop such attacks but reversed its position in early 1917 to win the war quickly since it mistakenly thought that the US military was too weak to play a decisive role. The US public opposed the punitive 1919 Versailles Treaty, and both countries signed a separate peace treaty in 1921. In the 1920s, American diplomats and bankers provided major assistance to rebuilding the German economy. When Hitler and the Nazis took power in 1933, American public opinion was highly negative. Relations between the two nations turned sour after 1938. Large numbers of intellectuals, scientists, and artists found refuge from the Nazis into Britain and France. Germany declared war on the United States, but American immigration policy strictly limited the number of Jewish refugees. The US provided significant military and financial aid to the United Kingdom and France. Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941, and Washington made the defeat of Nazi Germany its highest priority, above even the Japanese Empire after it directly militarily attacked the United States in the Pearl Harbor bombing. The United States played a major role in the occupation and reconstruction of Germany after 1945. The US provided billions of dollars in aid by the Marshall Plan to rebuild the West German economy. The two nations relationship became very positive, in terms of democratic ideals, anti-communism, and high levels of economic trade. Today, the US is one of Germany's closest allies and partners outside of the European Union. The people of the two countries see each other as reliable allies but disagree on some key policy issues. Americans want Germany to play a more active military role, but Germans strongly disagree. History Relations between the United States and the different German states was generally friendly in the 19th century. Americans gave strong support to the revolutionary movements of 1848, and welcomed political refugees when that liberalizing revolution failed. The German states supported the United States during the Civil War, and gave no support to the Confederacy. At the time tensions between the United States and France were very high, and Americans generally supported the Germans in their war against France in 1870–71. German immigration to the United States For over three centuries, immigration from Germany accounted for a large share of all American immigrants. As of the 2000 US Census, more than 20% of all Americans, and 25% of white Americans, claim German descent. German-Americans are an assimilated group which influences political life in the US as a whole. They are the most common self-reported ethnic group in the Northern United States, especially in the Midwest. In most of the South, German Americans are less common, with the exception of Texas. 1683–1848 The first records of German immigration date back to the 17th century and the foundation of Germantown, now part of Philadelphia, in 1683. Immigration from Germany reached its first peak between 1749 and 1754, when approximately 37,000 Germans came to North America. The main settlements were in Pennsylvania, where they are known as the Pennsylvania Dutch; nearby areas of upstate New York also attract the Germans in the colonial era. 1848–1914 In 1840-1914 about seven million Germans emigrated to the United States. Farmers who sold their land in Germany bought larger farms in the Middle West. Mechanics settled in the cities of Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, and New York City. Few went to New England or the South, apart from a colony formed in Texas. By 1890, more than 40 percent of the population of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati were of German origin. By the end of the 19th century, Germans formed the largest self-described ethnic group in the United States and had a strong German—speaking element. They were generally permanent settlers; few either returned to Germany or showed a loyalty to the mother country. Some were political refugees; others were avoiding the universal conscription. They generally spoke German language until the US entered World War I in 1917 although the younger generation was bilingual. The failed German Revolutions of 1848 forced political refugees to flee. Those who came to the US were called the Forty-Eighters. Many joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party, such as Carl Schurz, a nationally-important politician. In the late 19th century Germans were active in the labor movement. Labor unions enabled skilled craftsmen to control their working conditions and to have a voice in American society. Since 1914 A combination of patriotism and anti-German sentiment along with civil strife during both world wars caused most German-Americans to cut their former ties and assimilate into mainstream American culture with disbanding of German cultural groups. There was a collapse in teaching the German language in schools and colleges. German-related placenames were changed. In 1937, during the Hindenburg's 63rd voyage, which had long been the preferred mode of rapid transatlantic travel between the United States and Germany, a tragic incident occurred as it met its unfortunate end in a catastrophic crash in Lakehurst, New Jersey, USA. In the wake of this devastating event, rumors and speculations circulated among some German citizens, suggesting the possibility of sabotage orchestrated by elements within the United States government. While these suspicions did arise, their impact on diplomatic relations between the United States and Nazi Germany in 1937 remained relatively limited. During the Third Reich (1933–1945) a wave of German Jews and other political anti-Nazi refugees left, but restrictive immigration policies blocked many of them from entering the U.S. Among those who did enter were Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger. Today, German-Americans form the largest self-reported ancestry group in the United States, with California and Pennsylvania having the highest numbers with German ancestry. Education and culture German culture was an important inspiration for American thinkers before 1914. Philosophy The influential literary, political, and philosophical movement of Transcendentalism emerged in New England in the early 19th century. It centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson and derived from European Romanticism, German Biblical criticism, and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German idealism. In the late 19th century German Hegelianism was taught by Friedrich August Rauch as well as William T. Harris and the St. Louis Hegelians. It represented an extreme idealism in opposition to pragmatism. Education Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837, Horace Mann (1796–1859) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers, based on the Prussian model of "common schools." Prussia was developing a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes. Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across the North. His crusading style attracted wide national support, providing a German roots for the school systems in most states. An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age. They progressed through the grades together, regardless of differences of aptitude. In addition, he used the lecture method common in European universities, which required students to receive professional instruction rather than teach one another. American adopted the German kindergarten. German immigrants brought gymnastics and physical education through the Turner movement. Over 15,000 American scholars and scientists studied at German universities before 1914; 8% were women. They returned with PhDs and built research-oriented universities based on the German model, such as Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Chicago and Stanford, and upgraded established schools like Harvard, Columbia and Wisconsin. Flush with dollars, they built research libraries overnight, often by purchasing major collections in Europe. Syracuse University purchased the research library of Germany's leading historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886). Music In the colonial era, the Pennsylvania German sects brought their love of music. Moravian music proved widely influential. In the mid to late late 19th century, Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago and other musically inclined cities created symphony orchestras which featured German classical music; prominent German conductors were hired, along with performers and teachers. Theodore Thomas (1835–1905) was the most influential figure, introducing modern European composers and orchestral technique to New York, Cincinnati and Chicago. In return, Matthias Hohne brought the harmonica to Germany in 1857, where hooty-tooty became popular. Science and medicine Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was a German physician who created pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy. It was introduced to the United States in 1825 by Hans Birch Gram, a student of Hahnemann. It became popular in the U.S. well before it caught on in Germany. Physicians in Germany learned about narcotics for anesthesia from the U.S. Diplomacy and trade 1775 to 1870 During the American Revolution (1775–1783), King Frederick the Great of Prussia strongly hated the British. He favored the Kingdom of France and impeded Britain's war effort in subtle ways, such as blocking the passage of Hessian mercenaries. However, the importance of British trade and the risk of attack from Austria made him pursue a peace policy and maintain an official strict neutrality. After the war, direct trade was minimal. What existed ran between the American ports of Baltimore, Norfolk, and Philadelphia and the old Hanseatic League free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck grew steadily. Americans exported tobacco, rice, cotton, and imported textiles, metal products, colognes, brandies, and toiletries. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) and increasing instability in the German Confederation states led to a decline in the modest trade between the United States and the Hanse cities. The level of trade never came close to matching the trade with Britain. It further declined because the US delayed a commercial treaty until 1827. US diplomacy was ineffective, but the commercial consuls, local businessmen, handled their work so well that the US successfully developed diplomatic ties with the Kingdom of Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia under Friedrich Wilhelm III took the initiative in sending trade experts to Washington in 1834. The first permanent American diplomat came in 1835, when Henry Wheaton was sent to Prussia. The American secretary of state (foreign minister) said in 1835 that "not a single point of controversy exists between the two countries calling for adjustment; and that their commercial intercourse, based upon treaty stipulations, is conducted upon those liberal and enlightened principles of reciprocity... which are gradually making their way against the narrow prejudices and blighting influences of the prohibitive system." The German revolutions of 1848–1849 were celebrated in the U.S., which was the only major country to bestow diplomatic recognition on its short-lived National Assembly in Frankfort. When the revolution was crushed, thousands of activists fled to the United States. The most important were Carl Schurz, Franz Sigel and Friedrich Hecker. The exiled Germans became known as the Forty-Eighters. As the German element grew in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln worked to secure their support in the 1850s, including sponsoring a German language newspaper. However apart from the 48ers, most were Democrats During the American Civil War (1861–1865), all of the German states favored the northern Union but remained officially neutral. They did not support France's takeover of Mexico. Immigration flows continued and large numbers of immigrants and their sons enlisted in the Union Army. In St Louis, pro-Union German provided decisive support to suppress Confederate supporters. U.S. Consul General William Walton Murphy, based in Frankfurt on the Main, neutralized attempts by Confederates to borrow money. He solicited medical supplies, sold American bonds, facilitated German purchases of cotton seized by the U.S. Army, and promoted support for Lincoln's war goals in the German press. After the war Washington was neutral but favored Prussia in its wars against Denmark and Austria and felt that consolidation under Prussia was a good idea. Prussia was planning a major war against France and cultivated American support. After 1871 Washington was neutral in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, but public opinion favored the German cause. Relations with the new German Empire started on a high note. German men who immigrated to the U.S. then returned home were liable for military service, but that was a minor irritant and was largely resolved by treaties negotiated by American minister George Bancroft in 1868. In 1876, the German commissioner for the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia stated that the German armaments, machines, arts, and crafts on display were of inferior quality to British and American products. Germany industrialized rapidly under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1870–1890, but its competition was more with Britain than with the US. It imported increasing amounts of American farm products, especially cotton, wheat and tobacco. Pork war and protectionism In the 1880s, ten European countries (Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Spain, France, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Romania, and Denmark) imposed a ban on importation of American pork. They pointed to vague reports of trichinosis that supposedly originated with American hogs. At issue was over 1.3 billion pounds of pork products in 1880, with a value of $100 million annually. European farmers were angry at cheap American food overrunning their home markets for wheat, pork, and beef; demanded for their governments to fight back; and called for a boycott. European manufacturing interests were also threatened by growing American industrial exports, and were angry at the high American tariff on imports from European factories. Chancellor Bismarck took a hard line, rejected the pro-trade German businessmen, and refused to join in scientific studies proposed by President Chester A. Arthur. American investigations reported that American pork was safe. Bismarck, because of his political base of German landowners, insisted on protection and ignored the leading German expert, Professor Rudolf Virchow, who condemned the embargo as unjustified. American public opinion grew angry at Berlin. President Grover Cleveland rejected retaliation, but it was threatened by his successor, Benjamin Harrison, who charged Whitelaw Reid, minister to France, and William Walter Phelps, minister to Germany, to end the boycott without delay. Harrison also persuaded Congress to enact the Meat Inspection Act of 1890 to guarantee the quality of the export product. President Harrison used his Agriculture Secretary Jeremiah McLain Rusk to threaten Berlin with retaliation by initiating an embargo against Germany's popular beet sugar. That proved decisive for Germany to relent in September 1891. Other nations soon followed, and the boycott was soon over. Samoan crisis Bismarck himself did not want colonies, but he reversed course in the face of public and elite opinion that favored imperialistic expansion around the world. In 1889, the US, Britain and Germany were locked in a petty dispute over control of the Samoan Islands, in the Pacific. The islands provided an ideal location for coaling stations needed by steamships in the South Pacific. The issue emerged in 1887 when the Germans tried to establish control over the island chain and President Cleveland responded by sending three naval vessels to defend the Samoan government. American and German warships faced off. Suddenly both sides were badly damaged by the 1889 Apia cyclone of March 15–17, 1889. The two powers and Britain agreed to meet in Berlin to resolve the crisis. Chancellor Bismarck decided to ignore the small issues involved and improve relations with Washington and London. The result was the Treaty of Berlin, which established a three-power protectorate in Samoa. The three powers agreed to Western Samoa's independence and neutrality. Historian George H. Ryden argues that President Harrison played a key role by taking a firm stand on every issue, which included the selection of the local ruler, the refusal to allow an indemnity for Germany, and the establishment of the three-power protectorate, a first for the U.S. A serious long-term result was an American distrust of Germany's foreign policy after Bismarck was forced to resign in 1890. When unrest continued, international tensions flared in 1899. Germany unilaterally pulled back the treaty and established a control over Western Samoa. It was seized by New Zealand in the First World War. Caribbean In the late 19th century, the Kaiserliche Marine (German Navy) sought to establish a coaling station somewhere in the Caribbean Sea area. Imperial Germany was rapidly building a blue-water navy, but coal-burning warships needed frequent refueling and so needed to operate within range of a coaling station. Preliminary plans were vetoed by Bismarck, who did not want to antagonize the US, but he was ousted in 1890 by the new emperor, Wilhelm II, and the Germans kept looking. Wilhelm did not publicly challenge Washington's Monroe Doctrine but his naval planners from 1890 to 1910 disliked it as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension and were even more concerned with the possible American canal at Panama, as it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the German Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the Monroe Doctrine" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the West Indies, Central and South America." By 1900, American "naval planners were obsessed with German designs in the Western Hemisphere and countered with energetic efforts to secure naval sites in the Caribbean." By 1904, German naval strategists had turned its attention to Mexico, where they hoped to establish a naval base in a Mexican port on the Caribbean Sea. They dropped that plan, but it became active again after 1911, the start of the Mexican Revolution and subsequent Mexican Civil War. Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 Venezuela defaulted on its foreign loan repayments in 1902, and Britain and Germany sent warships to blockade its ports and force repayment. Germany intended to land troops and occupy Venezuelan ports, but President Theodore Roosevelt got all sides to enter arbitration, which ended the crisis. In the short run in 1904 Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary, telling Europe when European nations had serious grievances in the Caribbean, the United States would intervene and resolve the crisis for them. Years later in 1916, when Roosevelt was energetically campaigning for the U.S. to enter World War I against Germany, he claimed that in 1903 he issued an ultimatum threatening war with Germany, forcing Berlin to back down. There is no record of any stern warning in the archives in Berlin or Washington, nor in the papers of any top American official dealing with foreign or military policy, nor anyone in Congress. No observer in Washington or Berlin had ever mentioned the supposed ultimatum. According to historian George Herring in 2011:No evidence has ever been discovered of a presidential ultimatum. Recent research concludes, on the contrary, that although the Germans behaved with their usual heavy-handedness, in general they followed Britain's lead. The British, in turn, went out of their way to avoid undermining their relations with the United States. Both nations accepted arbitration to extricate themselves from an untenable situation and stay on good terms with the United States. American images of Germany Before 1917 By 1900 American writers were criticizing German aggressiveness in foreign affairs, and warned against German militarism. Books on anti-German topics including politics, naval power, and diplomacy reached educated audiences. German-Americans stayed neutral and largely ignored Berlin; indeed many of them had left as young men to escape the German draft. The Venezuela episode of 1903 focused American media attention on Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was increasingly erratic and aggressive. The media highlighted his militarism and belligerent speeches and imperialistic goals. Meanwhile, London was becoming increasingly friendly toward Washington. However, when the U.S. was neutral in the First World War, Hollywood tried to be neutral. No one expected a war in 1914 until the July Crisis suddenly saw a major war between the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allied (France, Britain and Russia), with smaller nations also involved. The US insisted on neutrality. President Woodrow Wilson's highest priority was to broker a peace and he used his trusted aide, Colonel House on numerous efforts. For example, on June 1, 1914, House met secretly with the Kaiser in his palace, proposing that Germany, the United States, and Britain unite to ensure peace and develop Third World countries. The Kaiser was mildly interested but Britain was in a major domestic crisis over Ireland and nothing developed. Apart from an Anglophile element of British descent, America public opinion at first echoed Wilson. The sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans as well as poor white southern farmers, cultural leaders, Protestant churchmen, and women in general. The British argument that the Allies were defending civilization against a German militaristic onslaught gained support after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914. Outrage followed the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915. Americans increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor who had to be stopped. Former President Roosevelt and many Republicans were war hawks, and demanded rapid American armament. Wilson insisted on neutrality and minimized wartime preparations to be able to negotiate for peace. After the Lusitania was sunk, with over 100 American passengers drowned, Wilson demanded that Imperial German Navy U-boats follow international law and allow passengers and crew to reach their lifeboats before ships were sunk. Germany reluctantly stopped sinking passenger liners. However, in January 1917, it decided that a massive infantry attack on the Western Front, coupled with a full-scale attack on all food shipments to Britain, would win the war at last. Berlin realized the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare almost certainly meant war with the United States, but it calculated that the small American military would take years to mobilize and arrive, when Germany would have already won. Germany reached out to Mexico with the Zimmermann Telegram, offering a military alliance against the United States, hoping that Washington would divert most of its attention to attacking Mexico. London intercepted the telegram, the contents of which outraged American opinion. World War I: Democracy vs autocracy Wilson called on Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917 in order to make the world "safe for democracy" and defeat militarism and autocracy. Washington expected to provide money, munitions, food, and raw materials but did not expect to send large troop contingents until it realized how weak the Allies were on the Western Front. After the collapse of Russia and its exit from the war in late 1917, Germany could reallocate 600,000 experienced troops to the Western Front. But by summer, American troops were arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day, every day, replacing all the Allied losses while the German Army shrank day by day until it finally collapsed in November 1918. On the home front, the German-American community quietly supported the American effort, but there was much suspicion otherwise. Germany was portrayed as a threat to American freedom and way of life. Inside Germany, the United States was treated as just another enemy and denounced as a false liberator that wanted to dominate Europe itself. As the war ended, however, the German people embraced Wilson's 14 points and promises of the just peace treaty. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Wilson used his enormous prestige and co-operated with British Prime Minister David Lloyd George to block some of the harshest French demands against Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson devoted most of his strength to establishing the League of Nations, which he felt would end all wars. He also signed a treaty with France and Britain to guarantee American support to prevent Germany from invading France again. Wilson refused all compromises with the Republicans, who controlled Congress, and so the United States neither ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. German dominance in chemicals and pharmaceuticals meant they controlled critical patents. The Congress abrogated the patents and licensed American companies to manufacture products such as Salvarsan, a major new German drug that could cure syphilis. In similar fashion the German drug company Bayer lost control of its patent—and its very high profits—on the world's most popular drug, aspirin. Interwar period 1920s Economic and diplomatic relations were positive during the 1920s. According to Frank Costigliola, Washington, and Wall Street sought a prosperous and stable Europe; they felt success depended upon a prosperous Germany. Key players included officials Charles G. Dawes and Owen D. Young, Wall Street bankers, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the first postwar ambassador, Alanson B. Houghton (1922–1925). New York banks played a major role in financing the rebuilding of the German economy. The policy worked after 1923, but depended upon a continuous flow of dollars. That flow largely ended with the start of the Great Depression in 1929. Washington rejected the harsh anti-German Versailles Treaty of 1920, and instead signed a new peace treaty that involved no punishment for Germany, and worked with Britain to create a viable Euro-Atlantic peace system. Ambassador Houghton believed that peace, European stability, and American prosperity depended upon a reconstruction of Europe's economy and political systems. He saw his role as promoting American political engagement with Europe. He overcame US opposition and lack of interest and quickly realized that the central issues of the day were all entangled in economics, especially war debts owed by the Allies to the United States, reparations owed by Germany to the Allies, worldwide inflation, and international trade and investment. Solutions, he believed, required new US policies and close co-operation with Britain and Germany. He was a leading promoter of the Dawes Plan. The high culture of Germany looked down upon American culture, The German right was suspicious of modernity, as represented by imported American ideas and tastes. However the younger German generation danced to American jazz. Hollywood had enormous influence on all age groups, with captions in German; after 1929 they flocked to sound films dubbed in German. Henry Ford's model of industrial efficiency attracted attention. German influence on American society and culture was limited after 1914. The flow of migration into the United States was small, and American scholars rarely attended German universities. The public generally ignored German culture. The American musical elite, according to Geoffrey S. Cahn, was sharply negative toward the atonal and serial compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Paul Hindemith. They denounced it as dissonant and sterile. Nazi era 1933–41 Public opinion in the US was strongly hostile towards Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler, but there was a strong aversion to war and to entanglement in European politics. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was preoccupied with implementing domestic New Deal policies to handle the Great Depression and was unfocused on foreign policy. The Roosevelt administration publicly hailed the Munich Agreement of 1938 for avoiding war but privately realized it was only a postponement that called for rapid rearming. Adolf Hitler in the 1920s expressed favorable views of the United States because of immigration restrictions and mistreatment of African-Americans and Native Americans. Historian Jens-Uwe Guettel denies there were any real links between American west and Nazi Germany's eastward expansion. He argues that Hitler rarely mentioned the American West or the extermination of Indians and "the Nazis did not use the settlement of western North America as a model for their occupation, colonization and extermination policies." After he gained power in 1933 Hitler increasingly identified the United States as his main enemy, and became convinced that Jews controlled Roosevelt. According to Jeffrey Herf, "Nazi attitudes towards FDR and the United States went from dubious assertions of common interests, during the New Deal, to growing hostility and then rage." Formal relations were cool until November 1938 and then turned very cold. The key event was American revulsion against Kristallnacht, the nationwide German assault on Jews and their institutions on 9–10 November 1938. Religious groups which had been pacifistic also turned hostile. While the total flow of refugees from Germany to the US was relatively small during the 1930s, many intellectuals escaped and resettled in the United States. Many were Jewish, including Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger, but Washington's restrictions on immigration kept out most of the Jews who wanted to come. . Catholic universities were strengthened by the arrival of German Catholic intellectuals in exile, such as Waldemar Gurian at the University of Notre Dame. The American major film studios, with the exception of Warner Bros. Pictures which had a strongly anti-Nazi policy, censored and edited films so that they could be exported to Germany. World War II When World War II began with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the US was officially neutral until December 11, 1941, when Germany declared war on the US and Washington followed suit in The Aftermath of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt's foreign policy had strongly favored Britain and France over Germany in 1939 to 1941. In 1940–1941, before the US entered the war officially, there was a massive buildup of American armaments, as well as the first peacetime draft for young men. Public opinion was bitterly divided, with isolationism strong at first but growing weaker month by month. German-Americans rarely supported Nazi Germany, but most called for American neutrality, as they had done in 1914–1917. The attack on Pearl Harbor evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country. Roosevelt was determined to avoid the mistakes made during the First World War. He made deliberate efforts to suppress anti-German-American sentiments. Private companies sometimes refused to hire any non-citizen, or American citizens of German or Italian ancestry. This threatened the morale of loyal Americans. Roosevelt considered this "stupid" and "unjust". In June 1941 he issued Executive Order 8802 and set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee, which also protected Blacks, Jews and other minorities. President Roosevelt sought out Americans of German ancestry for top war jobs, including General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, and General Carl Andrew Spaatz. He appointed Republican Wendell Willkie as a personal representative; Willkie, the son of German immigrants, had been his Republican opponent in the 1940 election. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. The US played a central role in the defeat of the Axis powers and Hitler was bitterly anti-American. Berlin attacked American participation with extensive propaganda value. The notorious "LIBERATORS" poster from 1944, shown here, was a revealing example. See [[Anti-Americanism#"Liberators" poster]] It depicts America as a monstrous, vicious war machine seeking to destroy European culture. The poster alludes to many negative aspects of American history, including the Ku Klux Klan, the oppression of Native Americans, and the lynching of blacks. The poster condemns American capitalism and says America is controlled by Jews. It shows American bombs destroying a helpless European village. Roosevelt was cautious about propaganda. The Nazis were targets, not the German people. In sharp contrast with 1917, atrocity stories were avoided. Cold War Following the defeat of the Third Reich, American forces were one of the occupation powers in postwar Germany. In parallel to denazification and "industrial disarmament" American citizens fraternized with Germans. The Berlin Airlift from 1948 to 1949 and the Marshall Plan (1948–1952) further improved the Germans' perception of Americans. West Germany The emergence of the Cold War made the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) the frontier of a democratic Western Europe and American military presence became an integral part in West German society. During the Cold War, West Germany developed into the largest economy in Europe and West German-US relations developed into a new transatlantic partnership. Germany and the US shared a large portion of their culture, established intensive global trade environment, and continued to co-operate on new high technologies. However, tensions remained between differing approaches on both sides of the Atlantic. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent German reunification marked a new era in German-American co-operation. East Germany Relations between the United States and East Germany were hostile. The United States followed Konrad Adenauer's Hallstein Doctrine, which declared that recognition of East Germany by any country would be treated as an unfriendly act by West Germany. Relations between the two German state thawed somewhat in the 1970s, as part of Détente between East and West and the 'Ostpolitik' policies of the Brandt government. United States recognized East Germany officially in September 1974, when Erich Honecker was the leader of the ruling Socialist Unity Party. Reunification (1989–90) President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) played a large part by his constant support of unification, and several US historians argue that Bush had a significant role in ensuring the unified Germany committed to NATO. While Britain and France were wary of a re-unified Germany, Bush strongly supported West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in pushing for rapid German reunification in 1990. Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve U.S. interests, but he also saw reunification as providing a final symbolic end to World War II. After extensive negotiations, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO under the condition that the former territory of the German Democratic Republic would not be remiliterised, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990. This was a situation previously considered unthinkable, given the previous status of the Soviet Union, but it was made feasible by the time of the fall of the East German regime.Philip D. Zelikow, and Condoleezza Rice. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (1995) excerpt Bush paid attention to domestic public opinion. Serious doubts about reunification were voiced by the Jewish-American and Polish-American communities—whose families had suffered immensely from Nazism. However, the largely positive public opinion towards German unification in the United States generally corresponded to the sentiments of the usually passive German-American community. Reunified Germany During the early 1990s, the reunified Germany was called a "partnership in leadership" as the US emerged as the world's sole superpower. Germany's effort to incorporate any major military actions into the European Union's slowly-progressing Common Security and Defence Policy did not meet the expectations of the U.S. during the Gulf War of 1990–1991. Since 2001 After the September 11 attacks in 2001, German-American political relations were strengthened in an effort to combat terrorism, and Germany sent troops to Afghanistan as part of the NATO force. Yet, discord continued over the Iraq War, when German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer made efforts to prevent war and did not join the US and the UK, which both led multinational force in Iraq.Joschka Fischer interviewed by Gero von Boehm; originally broadcast on 3Sat in 2010; version with English subtitles on YouTube Anti-Americanism rose to the surface after the attacks of 11 September 2001 as hostile German intellectuals argued there were ugly links between globalization, Americanization, and terrorism. In response to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, in which it was revealed that the NSA may have wiretapped major German instutions, including the phone line of Chancellor Merkel, Germany cancelled the 1968 intelligence sharing agreement with the US and UK. New cases of spying on Germany by US agents are subsequently revealed. Longstanding close relations with the United States flourished especially under the Obama Administration (2009–2017). In 2016 President Barack Obama hailed Chancellor Angela Merkel as his “closest international partner.” However relations worsened dramatically during the Trump administration (2017–2021), especially regarding NATO funding, trade, tariffs, and Germany's energy dependence upon the Russian Federation.Stefan Theil, "Berlin's Balancing Act: Merkel Needs Trump-But Also Needs to Keep Her Distance." Foreign Affairs 96 (2017): 9–16. In May 2017, Merkel met Donald Trump, the paternal grandson of German immigrants. His statements that the U.S. had been taken advantage of in trade deals during previous administrations had already strained relations with several EU countries and other American allies. Without mentioning Trump specifically, Merkel said after a NATO summit "The times when we could completely rely on others are, to an extent, over," This came after Trump had said "The Germans are bad, very bad" and "See the millions of cars they are selling to the U.S. Terrible. We will stop this." In 2021 talks and meetings with Merkel and other European leaders, President Joe Biden spoke of bilateral relations, bolstering transatlantic relations through NATO and the European Union, and closely coordinating on key issues, such as Iran, China, Russia, Afghanistan, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and multilateral organizations. In early February 2021, Biden froze the Trump administration's withdrawal of 9,500 troops from U.S. military bases in Germany. Biden's freeze was welcomed by Berlin, which said that the move "serves European and transatlantic security and hence is in our mutual interest." Merkel met Biden in Washington on July 15, 2021, with an agenda covering COVID-19 pandemic, global warming and economic issues. Trump's opposition to the $11 billion Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline remains an unresolved issue under Biden. Perceptions and values in the two countries The exploits of gunslingers on the American frontier played a major role in American folklore, fiction and film. The same stories became immensely popular in Germany, which produced its own novels and films about the American frontier. Karl May (1842–1912) was a German writer best known for his adventure novels set in the American Old West. His main protagonists are Winnetou and Old Shatterhand.Christopher Frayling, Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone (2006) The German fascination with Amerindians dates to the early 19th century, with a volumous literature. Typical writings focus on "Indianness" and authenticity. Germany and the US are civil societies. Germany's philosophical heritage and American spirit for "freedom" interlock to a central aspect of Western culture and Western civilization. Even though developed under different geographical settings, the Age of Enlightenment is fundamental to the self-esteem and understanding of both nations. The American-led invasion of Iraq changed the perception of the US in Germany significantly. A 2013 BBC World Service poll shows found that 35% find American influence to be positive while 39% view it to be negative. Both countries differ in many key areas, such as energy and military intervention. A survey conducted on behalf of the German embassy in 2007 showed that Americans continued to regard Germany's failure to support the war in Iraq as the main irritant in relations between the two nations. The issue was of declining importance, however, and Americans still considered Germany to be their fourth most important international partner behind the United Kingdom, Canada and Japan. Americans considered economic cooperation to be the most positive aspect of US-German relations with a much smaller role played by Germany in U.S. politics. Among the nations of Western Europe, German public perception of the US is unusual in that it has continually fluctuated back and forth from fairly positive in 2002 (60%), to considerably negative in 2007 (30%), back to mildly positive in 2012 (52%), and back to considerably negative in 2017 (35%) reflecting the sharply polarized and mixed feelings of the German people for the United States. According to findings from the Pew Research Center and Körber-Stiftung in 2021 Americans considered Germany to be their fifth most important foreign policy partner, while Germans in turn regarded the US as their most important partner. Hostilities and tensions German observers took a keen interest in American race relations, especially the inferior status of Blacks in the South. Visitors stressed the incongruity of American democratic ideals and the system of segregation prevalent before 1965. While musical connoisseurs deplored the low state of classical music in America, dixieland black jazz music became popular with youth in Berlin and other cities in the 1920s. Germans came to appreciate country music in the 1950s. During World War I, German compositions were dropped from the classical music repertoire temporarily. Dr. Karl Muck, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was arrested and deported in 1919. The Metropolitan Opera in New York City restored Wagner's "Ring cycle" in 1924. In the postwar era 1945–1970, as the United States helped rebuild West Germany, anti-Americanism was weak. However, in the late 1960s, West Germany's youth contrasted the images of Woodstock—which they liked—and Vietnam—which they hated. Young rebels turned to violence to destroy the foundations of a society that backed American cultural imperialism. Anti-Americanism reappeared among intellectuals after the attacks on 11 September 2001 because some of them linked globalization, Americanization, and terrorism. The War in Iraq in 2003 was highly unpopular at all levels of German society. During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in East Germany, and pro-American dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but a majority of the population held positive views towards the United States. Germany's refusal to support the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was often seen in the United States itself as a manifestation of anti-Americanism. Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but reemerged in the 21st century especially in the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of American spying on top German officials, including Chancellor Angela Merkel. Military relations History German-American military relations began in the American Revolution when German troops fought on both sides. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a former captain in the Prussian Army, was appointed Inspector General of the Continental Army and played the major role in training American soldiers to the best European standards. Von Steuben is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the United States Army. Another German that served during the American Revolution was Major General Johann de Kalb, who served under Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden and died as a result of several wounds he sustained during the fighting. About 30,000 German mercenaries fought for the British, with 17,000 hired from Hesse, about one in four of the adult male population of the principality. The Hessians fought under their own officers under British command. Leopold Philip de Heister, Wilhelm von Knyphausen, and Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg were the principal generals who commanded these troops with Frederick Christian Arnold, Freiherr von Jungkenn as the senior German officer. German Americans have been very influential in the American military. Some notable figures include Brigadier General August Kautz, Major General Franz Sigel, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, and General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. Today The United States established a permanent military presence in Germany at the end of the Second World War that continued throughout the Cold War, with a peak level of over 274,000 U.S. troops stationed in Germany in 1962, and was drawn down in the early 21st century. The last American tanks were withdrawn from Germany in 2013, but they returned the following year to address a gap in multinational training opportunities. The U.S. had 35,000 American troops in Germany in 2017. Germany and the United States are joint NATO members. Both nations have cooperated closely in the War on Terror, for which Germany provided more troops than any other nation. Germany hosts the headquarters of the US Africa Command and the Ramstein Air Base, a U.S. Air Force base. The two nations had opposing public policy positions in the War in Iraq; Germany blocked US efforts to secure UN resolutions in the buildup to war, but Germany quietly supported some US interests in southwest Asia. German soldiers operated military biological and chemical cleanup equipment at Camp Doha in Kuwait; German Navy ships secured sea lanes to deter attacks by Al Qaeda on U.S. Forces and equipment in the Persian Gulf; and soldiers from Germany's Bundeswehr deployed all across southern Germany to US military bases to conduct force protection duties in place of German-based U.S. Soldiers who were deployed to the Iraq War. The latter mission lasted from 2002 until 2006, by which time nearly all these Bundeswehr were demobilized. U.S. soldiers wounded in Iraq received medical treatment at the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, a US military hospital located in Rheinland Pfalz. In March 2019, Trump was reportedly drafting a demand several countries, including Germany, to pay the United States 150% of the cost of the American troops deployed on their soil. The proposed demand was criticized by experts. Douglas Lute, a retired general and former US ambassador to NATO, said that Trump was using "a misinformed narrative that these facilities are there for the benefits of those countries. The truth is they're there and we maintain them because they're in our interest." In a sharp deterioration of relations, in summer 2020, Washington announced plans to significantly cut the number of US military personnel stationed in Germany, from 34,500 to 25,000. Members of the German government criticized the move, calling it "unacceptable" and stating that current US-German relations are "complicated." President Trump told reporters that US troops: are there to protect Germany, right? And Germany is supposed to pay for it....Germany’s not paying for it. We don’t want to be the suckers any more. The United States has been taken advantage of for 25 years, both on trade and on the military. So we’re reducing the force because they’re not paying their bills. As of August 2020, the plan was to move 11,900 troops out of Germany and reassign them elsewhere in Europe, either immediately or after first returning them to the United States for a while. The movement is estimated to cost billions of dollars. In February 2021 President Biden decided to freeze the withdrawal of the troops initiated by his predecessor for further review of the troop deployment around the world. Economic relations Economic relations between Germany and the United States are average. The Transatlantic Economic Partnership between the US and the EU, which was launched in 2007 on Germany's initiative, and the subsequently created Transatlantic Economic Council open up additional opportunities. The US is Germany's principal trading partner outside the EU and Germany is the US's most important trading partner in Europe. In terms of the total volume of U.S. bilateral trade (imports and exports), Germany remains in fourth place, behind Canada, China and Mexico. The US ranks fourth among Germany's trading partners, after the Netherlands, China and France. At the end of 2013, bilateral trade was worth $162 billion. Germany and the US are important to each other as investment destinations. At the end of 2012, bilateral investment was worth $320 billion, German direct investment in the US amounting to $266billion and U.S. direct investment in Germany $121 billion. At the end of 2012, US direct investment in Germany stood at approximately $121 billion, an increase of nearly 14% over the previous year (approximately $106 billion). During the same period, German direct investment in the US amounted to some $199 billion, below the previous year's level (approximately $215 billion). Germany is the second largest foreign investor in the US, only after the United Kingdom, and ranks third as a destination for US foreign direct investment. In 2019 the United States Senate announced intention of passing controversial legislation which threatened to place sanctions on German or European Union companies which work to complete a petrol-chemical pipeline between Germany and Russia. Cultural relations Karl May was a prolific German writer who specialized in writing Westerns. Although he visited America only once towards the end of his life, May was well known for his series of frontier novels, which provided Germans with an imaginary view of America. Notable German-American architects, artist, musicians and writers include: Josef Albers, artist and educator Albert Bierstadt, known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the American West Philip K. Dick, writer Walter Gropius, architect Albert Kahn, architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, architect Paul Hindemith, composer Philip Johnson, architect Otto Klemperer, conductor Henry Miller, writer Les Paul, guitarist Carl Schurz, politician and writer Dr. Seuss, writer and illustrator Alfred Stieglitz, photographer Kurt Vonnegut, writer A German-American Friendship Garden was built in Washington, D.C., and stands as a symbol of the positive and co-operative relations between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is on the historic axis between the White House and the Washington Monument on the National Mall, the garden borders Constitution Avenue between 15th and 17th Streets, where an estimated seven million visitors pass each year. The garden features plants native to both Germany and the United States and provides seating and cooling fountains. Commissioned to commemorate the 300th anniversary of German immigration to America, the garden was dedicated on November 15, 1988. Research and academia Following the Nazi rise to power in 1933, and in particular the passing of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service which removed opponents and persons with one Jewish grandparent from government positions (including academia), hundreds of physicists and other academics fled Germany and many came to the United States. James Franck and Albert Einstein were among the more notable scientists who ended up in the United States. Many of the physicists who fled were subsequently instrumental in the wartime Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb. Following the World War II, some of these academics returned to Germany but many remained in the United States.The Forgotten Women Scientists Who Fled the Holocaust for the United States, Lorraine Boissoneault, Smithsonianmag, 9 November 2017 After WWII and during the Cold War, Operation Paperclip was a secret United States Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians (many of whom were formerly registered members of the Nazi Party and some of whom had leadership roles in the Nazi Party), including Wernher von Braun's rocket team, were recruited and brought to the United States for government employment from post-Nazi Germany. Wernher von Braun, who built the German V-2 rockets, and his team of scientists came to the United States and were central in building the American space exploration program. Researchers at German and American universities run various exchange programs and projects, and focus on space exploration, the International Space Station, environmental technology, and medical science. Import cooperations are also in the fields of biochemistry, engineering, information and communication technologies and life sciences (networks through: Bacatec, DAAD). The United States and Germany signed a bilateral Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation in February 2010. American cultural institutions in Germany In the postwar era, a number of institutions, devoted to highlighting American culture and society in Germany, were established and are in existence today, especially in the south of Germany, the area of the former U.S. Occupied Zone. They offer English courses as well as cultural programs. Resident diplomatic missions Resident diplomatic missions of Germany in the United States Washington, D.C. (Embassy) Atlanta (Consulate-General) Boston (Consulate-General) Chicago (Consulate-General) Houston (Consulate-General) Los Angeles (Consulate-General) Miami (Consulate-General) New York City (Consulate-General) San Francisco (Consulate-General) Resident diplomatic missions of the United States in Germany Berlin (Embassy) Düsseldorf (Consulate-General) Frankfurt (Consulate-General) Hamburg (Consulate-General) Leipzig (Consulate-General) Munich (Consulate-General) See also Foreign relations of Germany Foreign relations of the United States Embassy of Germany, Washington, D.C. Embassy of the United States, Berlin Ambassadors of Germany to the United States Ambassadors of the United States to Germany German Americans National German-American Alliance German interest in the Caribbean German language in the United States German Parliamentary Committee investigation of the NSA spying scandal Notable organizations American Academy in Berlin Atlantik-Brücke German Marshall Fund U.S. relations with former German states East Germany–United States relations United States–West Germany relations Prussia–United States relations Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations German Empire–United States relations Hanseatic Republics–United States relations Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations Duchy of Nassau–United States relations North German Confederation–United States relations Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations References Bibliography Adam, Thomas, ed. 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Journal of Modern History 8.4 (1936): 479–488. online, focus on trade wars. Sides, Ashley. What Americans Said about Saxony, and what this Says about Them: Interpreting Travel Writings of the Ticknors and Other Privileged Americans, 1800—1850 (MA Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2008). online Singer, Sandra L. Adventures abroad : North American women at German-speaking universities, 1868-1915 (2003) online Small, Melvin. "The United States and the German 'Threat' to the Hemisphere, 1905–1914." The Americas 28#3 (1972): 252–270. Says there was no threat because Germany accepted the Monroe Doctrine. Trommler, Frank. "The Lusitania Effect: America's Mobilization against Germany in World War I." German Studies Review (2009): 241–266. online Vagts, Alfred. Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten in der Weltpolitik (2 vols.) (New York: Dornan, 1935), a major study of 2000 pages that was never translated. Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 I." Political Science Quarterly 54#4 (1939): 514–535. in JSTOR Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 II." Political Science Quarterly 55#1 (1940): 53–76. in JSTOR Wittke, Carl. Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (1952). at archive.org Wittke, Carl. "American Germans in Two World Wars." Wisconsin Magazine of History (1943): 6–16. online Zacharasiewicz, Waldemar. Images of Germany in American literature (2007). 1933–1941 Bell, Leland V. "The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936–1941." Political Science Quarterly 85#4 (1970): 585–599. in JSTOR Dallek Robert. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 1979) Fischer, Klaus P. Hitler & America (2011) online Freidel, Frank. "FDR vs. Hitler: American Foreign Policy, 1933-1941" Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. 99 (1987), pp. 25–43 online. Frye, Alton. Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933–1941 (1967). Haag, John. "Gone With the Wind in Nazi Germany." Georgia Historical Quarterly 73#2 (1989): 278–304. in JSTOR Heilbut, Anthony. Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (1983). Margolick, David. Beyond Glory: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling and a World on the Brink. (2005), world heavyweight boxing championship. Moore, Michaela Hönicke. Know your enemy : the American debate on Nazism, 1933-1945 (2010) online Honicke, Michaela. "Know your enemy": American interpretations of National Socialism, 1933–1945" (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1998. 9914850); uses US government documents, Hollywood movies, newsreels, magazine articles, radio shows and public opinion polls. I Nagorski, Andrew. Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power (2012). Norden, Margaret K. "American Editorial Response to the Rise of Adolf Hitler: A Preliminary Consideration." American Jewish Historical Quarterly 59#3 (1970): 290–301. in JSTOR Offner, Arnold A. American Appeasement: United States Foreign Policy and Germany, 1933–1938 (Harvard University Press, 1969) online edition Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) online pp 636–52, FDR's policies Rosenbaum, Robert A. Waking to Danger: Americans and Nazi Germany, 1933–1941 (2010) online Sandeen, Eric J. "Anti-Nazi sentiment in film: Confessions of a Nazi spy and the German-American Bund." American Studies (1979): 69–81, on Hollywood online. Schuler, Friedrich E. Mexico between Hitler and Roosevelt: Mexican foreign relations in the age of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1934–1940 (1999). Weinberg, Gerhard L. The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany (1980) Weinberg, Gerhard L. "Hitler's image of the United States." American Historical Review 69#4 (1964): 1006–1021. in JSTOR After 1941 Backer, John H. The Decision to Divide Germany: American Foreign Policy in Transition (1978) Bark, Dennis L. and David R. Gress. A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963 (1989); A History of West Germany Vol 2: Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 (1989), the standard scholarly history in English Blumenau, Bernhard, 'German Foreign Policy and the 'German Problem' During and After the Cold War: Changes and Continuities'. in: B Blumenau, J Hanhimäki & B Zanchetta (eds), New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War: Unexpected Transformations? Ch. 5. London: Routledge, 2018. . Brady, Steven J. Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance maintenance under pressure, 1953–1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009). online review Casey, Stephen, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War against Nazi Germany (2004) Clark, Claudia. Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel (2021) Costigliola, Frank. "An 'Arm around the Shoulder': The United States, NATO and German Reunification, 1989-90." Contemporary European History (1994) pp: 87–110. online Costigliola, Frank. "Lyndon B. Johnson, Germany, and ‘The End of the Cold War.’." in Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy, 1963–1968 (1963) pp: 173-210. Fink, Leon. "The Good Postwar: German Worker Rights, 1945–1950" in Fink, Undoing the Liberal World Order: Progressive Ideals and Political Realities Since World War II (Columbia UP, 2022) online 46-74. Gimbel John F. American Occupation of Germany (Stanford UP, 1968) Granieri, Ronald J. The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU, and the West, 1949-1966 (Berghahn Books, 2003). Hanrieder Wolfram. West German Foreign Policy, 1949–1979 (Westview, 1980) Höhn, Maria H. GIs and Frèauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (U of North Carolina Press, 2002) Immerfall, Stefan. Safeguarding German-American Relations in the New Century: Understanding and Accepting Mutual Differences (2006) Ingimundarson, Valur. "The Eisenhower Administration, the Adenauer Government, and the Political Uses of the East German Uprising in 1953." Diplomatic History 20.3 (1996): 381–410. online Ingimundarson, Valur. "Containing the Offensive: The 'Chief of the Cold War' and the Eisenhower Administration's German Policy." Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.3 (1997): 480–495. online Junker, Detlef, et al. eds. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 1: 1945–1968; (2004) excerpt and text search; Vol. 2: 1968–1990 (2004) excerpt and text search, comprehensive coverage. Kefferputz, Roderick and Jeremy Stern. "The United States, Germany, and World Order: New Priorities for a Changing Alliance." Atlantic Council: Issue Brief (2021) online Kuklick, Bruce. American Policy and the Division of Germany: The Clash with Russia over Reparations (Cornell University Press, 1972) Langenbacher, Eric, and Ruth Wittlinger. "The End of Memory? German-American Relations under Donald Trump." German Politics 27.2 (2018): 174–192. Large, David Clay. Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era (U of North Carolina Press, 1996). Ninkovich, Frank. Germany and the United States: The Transformation of the German Question since 1945 (1988) Nolan, Mary. "Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany." Politics & Society (2005) 33#1 pp 88–122. Pells, Richard. Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II (1997) online Pettersson, Lucas. "Changing images of the USA in German media discourse during four American presidencies." International Journal of Cultural Studies (2011) 14#1 pp 35–51. Poiger, Uta G. Jazz, Rock, and Rebels Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (2000) Pommerin, Reiner. The American Impact on Postwar Germany (Berghahn Books, 1995) * Smith, Gaddis. American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941-1945 (1965) online Smith Jean E. Lucius D. Clay (1990), scholarly biography excerpt Smyser, William R. Restive Partners: Washington and Bonn Diverge (Routledge, 2019). excerpt Spohr, Kristina. "Precluded or precedent-setting? The 'NATO enlargement question' in the triangular Bonn-Washington-Moscow diplomacy of 1990–1991." Journal of Cold War Studies 14.4 (2012): 4-54. online Stephan, Alexander, ed. Americanization and anti-Americanism: the German encounter with American culture after 1945 (Berghahn Books, 2013). Szabo, Stephen F. "Different Approaches to Russia: The German–American–Russian Strategic Triangle." German Politics 27.2 (2018): 230–243, regarding the Cold War Historiography and memory Adams, Willi Paul. "American History Abroad: Personal Reflections on the Conditions of Scholarship in West Germany." Reviews in American History 14.4 (1986): 557–568. online Depkat, Volker. "Introduction: American History/ies in Germany: Assessments, Transformations, Perspectives." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2009): 337–343. in JSTOR Doerries, Reinhard R. "The Unknown Republic: American History at German Universities." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2005): 99–125. in JSTOR Fiebig-von Hase, Ragnhild, and Ursula Lehmkuhl, eds. Enemy images in American history (Berghahn Books, 1998). Gassert, Philipp. "Writing about the (American) past, thinking of the (German) present: The history of US foreign relations in Germany." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2009): 345–382. in JSTOR Gassert, Philipp. "The Study of U.S. History in Germany." European Contributions to American Studies (2007), Vol. 66, pp 117–132. Schröder, Hans-Jürgen. "Twentieth-Century German-American Relations: Historiography and Research Perspectives" in Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh eds., America and the Germans, Volume 2: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred Year History--The Relationship in the Twentieth Century (1985) online Sielke, Sabine. "Theorizing American Studies: German Interventions into an Ongoing Debate." European journal of American studies 1.1-1 (2006) online Stelzel, Philipp. "Working toward a common goal? American views on German historiography and German-American scholarly relations during the 1960s." Central European History 41.4 (2008): 639–671. online Strunz, Gisela. American Studies oder Amerikanistik?: Die deutsche Amerikawissenchaft und die Hoffnung auf Erneuerung der Hochschulen und der politischen Kultur nach 1945 (Springer-Verlag, 2013). Tuttle, William M. "American higher education and the Nazis: the case of James B. Conant and Harvard University's" diplomatic relations" with Germany." American Studies 20.1 (1979): 49-70. online Wilhelm, Cornelia. "Nazi Propaganda and the Uses of the Past: Heinz Kloss and the Making of a" German America"." Amerikastudien/American Studies'' (2002): 55–83. online External links U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany List of U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany German Missions in the United States List of German Embassy and Consulates General in the United States "A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Germany". United States Department of State. Retrieved June 1, 2017. American Chamber of Commerce in Germany AICGS American Institute for Contemporary German Studies in Washington, D.C. American Council on Germany Atlantische Akademie Rheinland-Pfalz e.V. The Atlantic Times German reports on USA DAAD New York, for Germans studying in USA Federation of German-American Clubs e.V. United States Bilateral relations of the United States

4042590

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guang%27an

Guang'an

Guang'an () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province. It is most famous as the birthplace of China's former paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Guang'an lies between the hills of central Sichuan and the gorges area of the east. Guang'an is the only "Sichuan Chongqing Cooperation Demonstration Zone" in Sichuan and the nearest prefecture level city from the main city of Chongqing. It has been incorporated into the 1 hour economic circle of Chongqing. Because of its strategic location, it is called the "Gateway to Eastern Sichuan". Its population, as of the 2020 census, was 3,254,883, of whom 976,370 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made up of 2 urban districts. Geography and climate Guang'an is located on a gradually rising section along the edge of the Sichuan Basin. The area is . The eastern part of Guang'an is mountainous, the central part hilly, and the western part is relatively flat. The elevation ranges from only 185 to 1704 meters above sea-level. The main rivers are the Qu through the center of the area and the Jialing through the west. The climate is temperate and the weather is monsoonal. The average temperature is . Winters are mild and summers are hot. The average rainfall is between . The frost-free period lasts 310–324 days. Winter and spring have relatively little rain while in summer there are heavy rain showers. Autumns have almost constant rain and light wind. Administration Guang'an city has 1 (sub)city, 3 counties, 87 towns, and 2886 villages within it, and a total population of 3,205,476 in the 2010 census. None of the districts are urban in character as of 2010. Nevertheless, large-scale dense urban building projects and even urban rapid transit were nearing completion as of 2019, remaking the urbanscape entirely, and the 2010 census data relegated to being dated and unreliable. Transport The city lies on the north-south China National Highway 212. A , seven-station monorail is under construction as part of the planned two line Guang'an Metro. The first line was due to open in 2020 but testing has been delayed and as of June 2021, the line is still not open. Economy Guang'an's economy is natural resource based. Mineral resources are plentiful and the soil is ideal for agriculture. Tourism Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's birthplace and former residence museum is located in Paifang village () in Xiexing town (). Guang'an also has beautiful natural scenery, including many mountains and gorges designated as parks. References Cities in Sichuan Prefecture-level divisions of Sichuan

4042594

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20Game

Memory Game

Memory Game (sometimes referred to as Joe Garagiola's Memory Game) was an American television game show that aired on NBC. The series – hosted by Joe Garagiola – ran from February 15 to July 30, 1971. The show's creator and packager was Merv Griffin, and its announcer was Johnny Olson (his only announcing job for Merv Griffin Productions). Gameplay Five contestants, all women and one of them a returning champion (or designate), competed and were spotted $50 at the start of the game. Before each round, they were each given a booklet containing the questions and answers to be used in that round. The time they had to study the material varied per round. Once the study time period elapsed, the show's assistants collected the booklets and Garagiola began asking questions at random from the booklet. The champion – who was seated in the number 1 position – could elect to answer or call out an opponent's number (2 through 5). That player could answer or call any of her opponents to answer, and so on until a "time's up" buzzer sounded. At that time, the active player at that moment had to answer. A correct answer was worth $5, a wrong answer lost that amount. Play continued in this fashion until all the questions were exhausted. Subsequent rounds were played with increased stakes ($10 in Round 2, $20 in Round 3 and all future rounds). The winner at the end of the show won a $1,000 bonus and returned the next day to meet new challengers. If a contestant stayed on for three days, she retired undefeated and won a new car. Broadcast history Memory Game was one of eight shows NBC attempted to program in the 1:30 PM (12:30 Central) time slot between 1968 and 1975; like most of the others, CBS' As the World Turns and ABC's Let's Make a Deal (formerly seen on NBC) soundly defeated it in the ratings. Three weeks after this show's cancellation, NBC moved Garagiola to another daytime game, Sale of the Century, which he hosted for the rest of its original run. Three on a Match, hosted by Bill Cullen, replaced Memory Game on the NBC schedule. Production According to The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television by Wesley Hyatt, Griffin did not identify his production company on the end credits of the program. The talk-show host and entertainment mogul never gave any explanation for his decision. Episode status Much like other NBC games of the era, most episodes of Memory Game are believed to have been wiped as per network practices. Five episodes are known to exist at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. Audio of the premiere episode from February 15, 1971, was posted to You Tube in December 2022. References External links Memory Game entry at Internet Movie Database. NBC original programming 1970s American game shows 1971 American television series debuts 1971 American television series endings Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Memory games

4042604

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyltin

Tributyltin

Tributyltin (TBT) is an umbrella term for a class of organotin compounds which contain the group, with a prominent example being tributyltin oxide. For 40 years TBT was used as a biocide in anti-fouling paint, commonly known as bottom paint, applied to the hulls of oceangoing vessels. Bottom paint improves ship performance and durability as it reduces the rate of biofouling, the growth of organisms on the ship's hull. The TBT slowly leaches out into the marine environment where it is highly toxic toward nontarget organisms. TBT toxicity can lead to biomagnification or bioaccumulation within such nontarget organisms like invertebrates, vertebrates, and a variety of mammals. TBT is also an obesogen. After it led to collapse of local populations of organisms, TBT was banned. Chemical properties TBT, or tributyltin, tributylstannyl or tributyl stannic hydride compounds are organotin compounds. They have three butyl groups covalently bonded to a tin(IV) atom. A general formula for these compounds is . The is typically a chloride , hydroxide , or a carboxylate , where R is an organyl group. TBT is also known to be an endocrine disrupting compound, which influences biological activities such as growth, reproduction and other physiological processes. TBT compounds have a low water solubility, a property that is ideal for antifouling agents. The toxicity of TBT prevents the growth of algae, barnacles, molluscs and other organisms on ships hulls. When introduced into a marine or aquatic environment, TBT adheres to bed sediments. TBT has a low Log Kow of 3.19 – 3.84 in distilled water and 3.54 for sea water, this makes TBT moderately hydrophobic. TBT compounds have a high fat solubility and tend to absorb more readily to organic matter in soils or sediment. The bioaccumulation of TBT in organisms such as molluscs, oysters and dolphins, have extreme effects on their reproductive systems, central nervous systems and endocrine systems. However, the adsorption of TBT to sediments is reversible and depends on pH level in the body of water. TBT has a half-life of one or two weeks in marine water. When it accumulates in sediments its half life is about 2 years. TBT often bonds to suspended material and sediments, where it can remain and be released for up to 30 years. Studies have shown that 95% of TBT can be released from the sediments back into the aquatic environment. This absorption process can complicate quantification of TBT in an environment, since its concentration in the water is not representative of its availability. Uses Tributyltin (TBT) compounds are biocides. TBT's antifouling properties were discovered in the 1950s in the Netherlands by van der Kerk and coworkers. It prevents microorganisms from settling on the hull of a ship and poisons the organisms that end up settling. By the mid-1960s, it had become the most popular anti-fouling paint around the globe. TBT was mixed into paints to extend the life of antifouling coatings and ships were able to continue operations for a longer time frame. The paints ensured fuel efficiency and delayed costly ship repairs. It is also relatively inexpensive. TBT is also an ingredient in some disinfectants, for example in combination with quaternary ammonium compounds. Additionally, TBT has been used in the fertilizer, textile, and wood industries. It has antifungal properties that make it useful for both the production of textiles and wood preservation, and in the creation of biocides for paired use with fertilizers. Another use of TBT is that they were used as stabilizers in compounds like polyvinyl chlorides. Due to this usage of TBT, there are a variety of consumer products where traces of TBT can be found, like in textile fabrics, plastic polymers, silicon, and many more. Toxicity The effects of antifouling paint go beyond the organisms that it is intended to kill. By poisoning barnacles, algae, and other organisms at the bottom of the food chain, the bioaccumulation of TBT increases over time affecting more and more of the bottom feeders of the aquatic food web environment, which are mainly invertebrates and are affected by TBT. There is a slight biomagnification of TPT that has been demonstrated in the lower part of the marine food chain (i.e., planktonic organisms, invertebrates, and fishes). However, the biomagnification of TBT into larger marine animals such as marine mammals is debatable. Toxic effects in some species occur at 1 nanogram per liter of water. Air pollution from TBT has not been noticed or considered significant enough to effect the environment. In the water, photodegradation and microorganisms can break down TBT and leach into the soil sediments. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification As TBT is most often used as a biofouling agent, it bioaccumulates in marine wildlife such as molluscs, with levels being higher in organisms and sediments in and around areas of high maritime activity, such as ports and harbours. The bioaccumulation increases over time, leading to a biomagnification in organisms higher up the food chain, although the biomagnification is not that considerable in size. As TBT can remain in the environment for up to 30 years due to often bonding to suspended material and sediments, it can remain in an ecosystem for a very long time. This means that bioaccumulation readily occurs in marine environments, which can lead to very high amounts of TBT being accumulated, especially in smaller organisms at the bottom of the food chain, which in turn has various health effects. Invertebrates Exposure to organotin compounds causes the development of male accessory sex organs in female prosobranch gastropods. This phenomenon has been termed imposex. TBT has been shown to affect invertebrate development. Marine snails, such as the dog whelk (Nucella lapillus), has often been used as an indicator species. In gastropods, the normal process of accessory sex organ development is retinoid dependent, as has been proven by the effect 9cisRA has on male penises. TBTs mimic the endogenous ligand of Retinoid X Receptor (9cisRA), and thus activates the signalling cascades that are retinoid acid dependent, promoting female penis growth. There have been many theories as to why molluscs are affected by TBT. For example, previous literature has stated that TBT would cause the inhibition of aromatase which would lead to an increase in testosterone and therefore, causing imposex. It was theorized that TBT disrupts endocrine system by inhibiting cytochrome P450 molecule. Among its myriad functions, P450 converts androgen, which has male-hormone properties, into oestrogen, which has female hormone properties. It was theorized that the high concentration of androgen lead to the masculinization of females. Another indicator species is Chironomus riparius, a species of non-biting midge, which has been used to test the effects of TBT on development and reproduction at sublethal concentrations found in marine environments. Higher concentrations of TBT were found to increase the female population and the results are interesting because unlike the masculinization of the stengoglassan gastropods, feminization was present. Vertebrates Vertebrates become affected by the waters contaminated with TBT, as well as by consuming organisms that have already been poisoned. Oryzias latipes, commonly called Japanese rice fish, has been used as a model vertebrate organism to test for effects of TBT at developmental stages of the embryo. It was observed that developmental rate was slowed by TBT in a concentration-related manner and that tail abnormalities occurred. Illustrating the infiltration of TBT in the food chain, one study showed that most samples of skipjack tuna tested positive for presence of TBT. Tuna from waters around developing Asian nations had particularly high levels of TBT. Regulation of TBT is not enforced in Asia as rigorously as in Europe or US. Studies have shown that TBT is detrimental to the immune system. Research shows that TBT reduces resistance to infection in fish which live on the seabed and are exposed to high levels of TBT. These areas tend to have silty sediment like harbours and estuaries. TBT compounds have been described to interfere with glucocorticoid metabolism in the liver by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 2, which converts cortisol to cortisone. Mammals TBT can enter the diet of humans and other mammals such as whales, dolphins, dugongs, and sea otters. As of 2008 high levels of tributyltin have been detected in the livers of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and stranded bottlenose dolphins. Otters dying of infectious causes tended to have higher levels of tissue butyltins than those dying of trauma or other causes. It was also reported by scientists that sea otters typically stay near boats and closed off marinas, which may have led to these organisms experiencing higher levels of butyltins. TBT has been shown to lead to immunosuppression in sea-otters and dolphins. TBT has also been linked to hearing loss in mammalian top predators such as toothed whales. In rats, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can be affected by TBT. In the pituitary and adrenal glands, there have been findings of morphophysiological changes within rats affected by TBT. TBT can also affect humans as well. Humans can be exposed to these compounds and potentially experience headaches, fatigue, respiratory issues, and more. Long-term exposure can also lead to damage of some internal organs such as the kidneys and liver. Regulation Bans on TBT on boats less than 25 metres long first started in the 1980s. In 1990, the Marine Environment Protection Committee adopted Resolution MEPC 46(30), which recommended that the Government eliminate the use of TBT-containing antifouling paints on smaller vessels. This resolution was intended to be a temporary restriction until the International Maritime Organization could implement a ban of TBT anti-fouling agents for ships. Several countries followed and in 1997, Japan banned the production of TBT-based anti-fouling paints. The IMO began to use an Assembly resolution in 1999 that essentially wanted the MPEC to fix the severe environmental effects of the anti-fouling systems. This led to a worldwide ban on organotin compound applications on ships starting in 2003. In 2008, organotin compounds acting as biocide like TBT compounds were banned entirely in anti-fouling paint and included in the Rotterdam Convention and have been banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships of the International Maritime Organization. It states that ships cannot bear organotin compounds on their hulls or external parts or surfaces, unless there is a coating that forms a barrier so that organotin compounds cannot leach out to reduce exposure by allowing recovery to occur. Violations of the ban on TBT Although the ban on TBT use was proved to be effective on reducing the negative effects on the environment, some people that supplied them were still producing and selling them to other countries for a profit. Even though banned by some international agencies like the International Maritime Organization, TBT anti-fouling paints are still used in countries with poor regulation enforcement to this day, with the Caribbean being a prime example. U.S. Violations In November 2018, the US Department of Justice announced that three people they had charged and arrested in New Jersey for manufacturing and selling tributyltin based marine paint had pleaded guilty. The sentencing of these people was scheduled for February 2019. See also Triphenyltin Organotin chemistry Biomimetic antifouling coating References External links Newcastle University Biofouling Group "Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Tributyltin (TBT)" United States Environmental Protection Agency, December 2003 Pesticides Endocrine disruptors Organotin compounds

4042609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean%20and%20Environmentally%20Safe%20Advanced%20Reactor

Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor

The Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) is a nuclear reactor concept created by Claudio Filippone, the Director of the Center for Advanced Energy Concepts at the University of Maryland, College Park and head of the ongoing CAESAR Project. The concept's key element is the use of steam as a moderator, making it a type of reduced moderation water reactor. Because the density of steam may be controlled very precisely, Filippone claims it can be used to fine-tune neutron fluxes to ensure that neutrons are moving with an optimal energy profile to split nuclei – in other words, cause fission. The CAESAR reactor design exploits the fact that the fission products and daughter isotopes produced via nuclear reactions also decay to produce additional delayed neutrons. Filippone claims that unlike light water-cooled fission reactors, where fission occurring in enriched fuel rods moderated by liquid-water coolant ultimately creates a Maxwellian thermal neutron flux profile, the neutron energy profile from delayed neutrons varies widely. In a conventional reactor, he theorizes, the moderator slows these neutrons down so that they cannot contribute to the reaction; has a comparatively large cross-section for neutrons at high energies. Filippone maintains that when steam is used as the moderator, the average neutron energy is increased from that of a liquid water-moderated reactor such that the delayed neutrons persist until they hit another nucleus. The resulting extremely high neutron economy, he claims, will make it possible to maintain a self-sustaining reaction in fuel rods of pure , once the reactor has been started by enriched fuel. Skeptics , however point out that it is generally believed that a controlled, sustained chain reaction is not possible with . Starting in the 1930s Physicists have used the Six factor formula and its derivative Four factor formula to calculate the behavior of nuclear chain reactions inside a mass of fissile material. Based on these calculations even an infinitely large mass of pure U-238 is incapable of sustaining a chain reaction with only its own neutron production, so coupling the gas-cooled fast-spectrum core with a moderated outer slow-neutron section is required, or alternatively some level of fissile enrichment is required. It can undergo fission when impacted by an energetic neutron with over 1 MeV of kinetic energy. But the high-energy neutrons produced by fission (after quickly losing energy by inelastic scattering), are not, themselves, sufficient to induce enough successive fissions in to create a critical system (one in which the number of neutrons created by fission is equal to the number absorbed). Instead, bombarding with neutrons below the 1 MeV fission threshold causes it to absorb them without fissioning (becoming ) and decay by beta emission to (which is itself fissile). The energy of delayed neutrons is so low that contribution to fission is almost 0.0000, requiring some fissile material to keep the reactor safely under prompt criticality: (e.g. in natural uranium and preferably also some moderator, possibly outside the extra-fast core). The maximum ratio of fission is limited by the neutron physics to less than 100%, but greater than 40%, which allows even a relatively low conversion ratio of 0.6 to breed its own fuel (without uranium enrichment or Pu produced elsewhere). Conversion ratio of 0.6 is achievable in practice (actually achieved even with light-water reactor designs that waste a lot of neutrons in Boron, that has better alternatives). See also Nuclear fission Nuclear reactor physics Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Future energy development Energy amplifier Nuclear waste Supercritical water reactor References External links The Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) Project Hail, Caesar Economist article Putting Nuclear Waste to Work Popular Mechanics article from 1998 describing a related reactor design (NPTRE) proposed by Dr. Filippone. A Second Caesar to Change the Course of History? Article from University of Maryland newsletter. Nuclear power reactor types Pseudoscience

4042611

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.28

X.28

X.28 is an ITU-T standard specifying the interface between asynchronous character-mode data terminal equipment (DTE), such as computer terminals, and a Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) that connects the DTE to a packet switched network such as an X.25 network. External links X.28 standard at ITU site ITU-T recommendations ITU-T X Series Recommendations

4042615

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccella

Moluccella

Moluccella is a genus of annual and short-lived perennial plants native to Central and Southwestern Asia and the Mediterranean. They are tall, upright, branched plants growing to 1 meter or more with toothed leaves and small white fragrant flowers. Species Moluccella aucheri (Boiss.) Scheen - Iran, Pakistan Moluccella bucharica (B.Fedtsch.) Ryding - Uzbekistan Moluccella fedtschenkoana (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Moluccella laevis L. - Bells of Ireland - Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Caucasus, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey; naturalized in scattered locations in Europe, Africa, and North America Moluccella olgae (Regel) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Moluccella otostegioides Prain - Pakistan Moluccella sogdiana (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan Moluccella spinosa L. - Mediterranean from Spain + Algeria to Turkey + Palestine Cultivation Marginally frost hardy, these plants prefer full sun and moderately fertile, moist but well-drained soil. Propagation is from seed. References Lamiaceae Lamiaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

4042620

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Moon-soo%20%28politician%29

Kim Moon-soo (politician)

Kim Moon-soo (Hangul: 김문수; born August 27, 1951) is 13th Chairperson of the Economic, Social and Labor Council (ESLC) of the Republic of Korea effective from September 30, 2022. He was Korean conservative politician and the 32nd Governor of Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. A former labor activist, he began his career in politics when he participated in the foundation of the People's Party in 1990. He was elected to the 15th National Assembly at Sosa-gu, Bucheon, as a candidate for the New Korea Party. After continuing to serve as a member of the assembly in the 16th and the 17th National Assemblies, he became the 4th Governor of Gyeonggi Province to be elected by popular vote in 2006. Early life and education Born in 1951, Kim is the third son in his family, and has three brothers and three sisters. After graduating from Yeongcheon Elementary School in Gyeongsangbuk-do, he moved to Daegu Metropolitan City without his family, where he attended Gyeongbuk Middle School and Gyeongbuk High School. In 1970, Kim Moon-Soo entered the Department of Business Administration, in the College of Business at Seoul National University, but was expelled in 1971 allegedly for participating in the October 15 nationwide student protests. In 1974, he was expelled from university again due to his involvement in the National Democratic Youth and Students Union case. He reentered the Department of Business Administration at Seoul National University in 1994, and two years later graduated from university, 25 years after his initial acceptance in 1970. Career Labor movement In 1974, he served as the assistant cloth cutter at a fabric plant in Cheonggyecheon, acquiring national engineer's licenses for environmental management and safety management in 1977. He was elected as the Dorco Labor Union Leader of the Federation of Korean Metal Workers Trade Unions in 1978. He was arrested and tortured by the dictatorial government in 1980, but his indictment was suspended so that he could serve for Dorco again. Kim served as the secretary of the Jun Tae-Il Memorial Society in 1985, and was arrested again for participating in the Incheon May 3 Protest for Constitutional Amendment for Direct Election System in 1986 when he served as the a member of the direction committee for Seoul Confederation of Labor Movement. He was tortured and was imprisoned for two and a half years. Politics In 1990, Kim Moon-Soo participated in the foundation of the Popular Party, and served as chair of the Labor Relations Committee. That same year, he ran in 1992 election as candidate No. 3, but was defeated. After joining the Democratic Liberal Party in 1994, he ran for the 15th general election as a candidate for New Korea Party in 1996, and was elected. (Sosa-gu, Bucheon) Following his election, Kim Moon-Soo served as a member of the legislature, focusing on labor and environmental issues, as well as on transportation in the Seoul metropolitan area and childcare. Re-elected to the 16th and the 17th National Assemblies, Kim served for three consecutive terms as a member of the National Assembly. He served as the deputy floor leader for the Grand National Party. After retiring from the National Assembly in 2006 to run for local government, Kim was elected Governor of Gyeonggi Province, taking office as the 4th Governor elected by public vote in July 2006. In April 2012, Kim Moon-Soo declared his presidential candidacy in the primary election of the Saenuri Party. In announcing his candidacy, Kim asserted that the nomination of Park Geun-hye should not be viewed as axiomatic, despite a decade of preparation for the campaign on her part. Profile Academic Background Graduated from College of Business, Seoul National University as a major in business administration / Ph.D. Career Information(Source: Cyworld Mini Homepage) 1996~2004 Member of the 15th and 16th National Assembly Member of Environment and Labor Committee, Executive Committee, Budget and Account Committee, and Special Committee on Economic Reform and Unemployment Deputy floor leader, deputy secretary general, and chair of the Planning Committee of the Grand National Party, 2004~2006 Member of the 17th National Assembly 2006~present Governor of Gyeonggi Province Awards and citations 2009. 4.16 Selected by Korea Manifesto as the No. 1 among the leaders of the 4th local governments elected by popular vote in the category of fulfillment of public pledge 2007. 9. 5 Won the 5th Forbes Korea Excellence Award in the category of Public Innovations (Forbes Korea & Korean Society for Quality Management) 2007. 8. 6 Selected by Korea Manifesto as No. 1 among the leaders of the 4th local governments elected by popular vote in the category of fulfillment of public pledges Publications Statements of Appeal of Ten Prisoners of Conscience in the 1980s (1987) Report on Workers’ Rights in 1992 (1993) Innovation Tasks 20 (co-author, 1994) A Necktie Still Does Not Suit Me (1995) National Assemblymen Are the Servants of the Citizens Mr. President, Why Don't You Take the Subway of Hell? (1996) My Way, My Dream (2006) I Dream of Freedom in Gyeonggi Province, a Prison of Regulations (2008) Footnotes External links 1951 births Members of the National Assembly (South Korea) Living people Seoul National University alumni Liberty Korea Party politicians South Korean presidential candidates, 2012 South Korean Roman Catholics Kyeongbuk High School alumni Governors of Gyeonggi Province

4042621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Foose

Chip Foose

Chip Foose (born October 13, 1963) is an American automobile designer, artist, and star of Velocity's reality television series Overhaulin'. Life and career Foose began working on automobiles at age seven for his father's company, Project Design, in Santa Barbara, California. Encouraged by Ford and Preston Tucker designer Alex Tremulis, Foose started to attend the Art Center College of Design in 1982; however, he dropped out after two years due to financial difficulties. After working for four years at Clenet Coachworks, Foose returned to the Art Center to complete his education. After graduating in 1990, Foose worked full-time for Sterenberger Design and part-time for Boyd Coddington. In 1993, Foose resigned from Sterenberger to work for J Mays at Ford; however, Coddington was able to convince Foose to work for him, instead. Working for Coddington full-time, Foose eventually became the president of Coddington's company, Hot Rods by Boyd. While working for Coddington, Foose designed many of Coddington's well known creations such as Boydster and Boydster II. In 1998, with Hot Rods by Boyd facing bankruptcy (due to the failure of Boyds Wheels), Foose left his position and with his wife Lynne started his own automotive and product design company. He first set up in Orange, California, where, as his first project car, he rebuilt Boydster II for Chuck Svatos as the 0032 roadster, which went on to win the America's Most Beautiful Roadster (AMBR) trophy. By 2000, he had established Foose Design in Huntington Beach, California. Foose's departure from Boyd's was not amicable; in a 2006 interview, Foose stated, "Boyd has chosen to not have any relations with me, since I stopped working at his shop." One of the main reasons for the bitter relationship is claimed to be Foose retained many of the talented builders formerly employed by Coddington; Mike and Charley left Coddington's business shortly after Foose had established his shop. Foose gained more exposure in 2003 as a result of a TLC documentary on his design and creation of a modified 2002 Ford Thunderbird called Speedbird, and due to his work building Ron Whiteside's 2003 Ridler-winning '34 3-window. In 2004, the TLC program Overhaulin' debuted, with Foose as the star. At the 2005 Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) show, a unique 1969 Foose-designed Camaro convertible was displayed, to be produced in a 300 car run by Unique Performance of Dallas Texas. Press releases announced UP would also be handling the marketing of Foose's other custom car lines, including Hemisfear, along with Foose's 2006 Mustang Stallion. Foose also designed a paint scheme for 4-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Champion Jeff Gordon to promote DuPont's Hot Hues paint line. Foose has since severed ties with DuPont and now promotes the BASF Glasurit paint line exclusively. In November 2007, Foose officially severed ties to Unique Performance following police action against UP for alleged illegal activities. In 2006, Foose launched a line of die cast replicas of many of his famous designs partnering with the makers of Johnny Lightning in the creation of JL Full Throttle. This company produced copies of many of Foose's famous, award-winning designs, including Grand Master and Impression. In 2002, Foose won the coveted Ridler Award at the 50th Anniversary Show of the Detroit Autorama with Bob and Wes Rydell's 35 Chevy Master, otherwise known as the "Grandmaster". Impression subsequently won the prestigious Ridler prize. Also replicated were a number of cars from "Overhaulin'". Announced at the SEMA show in 2006 was a pact between Foose and Ford to produce Foose designed Ford vehicles, the first of which was shown at the 2007 New York Auto Show. In 2007, Foose began limited production (50 vehicles in total) of Hemisfear. Also known as the Foose Coupe, Hemisfear was designed by Foose in 1990, during his time at the Art Center, and publicly unveiled at the SEMA trade show in November 2006. An earlier design drawing of Hemisfear inspired the Plymouth Prowler. The 2007 Hemisfear was commissioned by a new die cast model car company JL Full Throttle which had partnered with Foose to build both the scale and 1:1 Hemisfear. A Foose coupe was sold along with a design consultation with Foose at the Barrett-Jackson car auction in Palm Beach, Florida at the end of March 2007. The first Foose Coupe Supercar was auctioned for $340,000; sold to Atlanta vintage car dealer and avid car collector Roger Burgess. Foose was retained as design consultant to provide architects with unique styling elements for the exterior and interior of the $275 million expansion of Detroit's MotorCity Casino, anticipated to be complete by the end of 2007. Foose helped to start the Ridemakerz customizable toy cars business in 2007. As of 2010, Foose continues to operate Foose Design and provide design consultations to the Big Three automakers. Overhaulin' was canceled at the end of 2009, though reruns still air on Discovery Turbo. Shortly following the launch of the channel Velocity, it was announced that the show would return in the fourth quarter of 2012. Charity work Foose serves as the vice chairman of the Progeria Research Foundation's California Chapter. His youngest sister died of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome. He has also taken part in numerous children's charities such as Childhelp and Victory Junction Gang Camp. He was named grand marshal of SEMA's Show N' Shine public car show for children's charities. Awards and honors In November 1997, Foose became the youngest person to be inducted into the Hot Rod Hall of Fame. Additionally, Foose was inducted into the Darryl Starbird Rod & Custom Car Museum Hall of Fame in 2002, the Grand National Roadster Show Hall of Fame in 2003, the Detroit Autorama "Circle of Champions" Hall of Fame in 2012, and the San Francisco Rod and Custom Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2005. Foose has also won the following awards for his work: Ridler Award in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2015. Most Beautiful Roadster Award in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2014. Some of these cars were designed by Foose and completed by other builders such as Troy Trepanier, Barry White, and Bobby Alloway. The Goodguys Street Rod of the Year Award in the years 1990, 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2010. Diecast Hall of Fame Inductee 2009. Best Hot Rod at Bilsport Performance Show 2011. Best Custom Car - 1954 Chevrolet "Cool Air" NACE Expo 2014 Notes External links Foose Design Official Website Overhaulin' Official Website Official Diecast Hall of Fame Website American automobile designers Living people 1963 births Vehicle modification people People from Santa Barbara, California

4042627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20O.%20Wolcott

Edward O. Wolcott

Edward Oliver Wolcott (March 26, 1848 – March 1, 1905) was an American politician during the 1890s, who served for 12 years as a Senator from the state of Colorado. Early life Wolcott was born on March 26, 1848, in Longmeadow, Massachusetts. He was one of eleven children born to Harriet Amanda ( Pope) Wolcott and Samuel Wolcott, D.D., a Congregationalist minister, missionary, and writer of hymns. Among his siblings was Anna Wolcott Vaile, an educator who established the Wolcott School for Girls. A native of Hampden County, Massachusetts, Wolcott moved to Ohio as a boy. He was a descendant of Oliver Wolcott, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He graduated from Yale College before attending Harvard Law School, from where he graduated in 1875. Career He served in the 150th Ohio Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. He enlisted at age 16. Legal and political career After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1875, he moved to Colorado where he set up a law practice. In the late 1890s and early 1900s, one of the partners in his practice was Charles W. Waterman, later a United States senator. From 1876 to 1879 he served as a district attorney in Colorado. In 1879, Wolcott moved to Denver, where he began his political career as a Colorado state senator (1879–1882). In 1889, he was chosen to represent Colorado in the U.S. Senate, as a member of the Republican Party. When he entered Congress, he was the youngest member of the Senate. He was reelected in 1895, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1901, 1902 and 1903. While in Washington, D.C., Wolcott was a leading advocate for the coinage of silver. In 1897, President McKinley named him chairman of the commission sent to Europe to report on international bimetallism. He was a popular host and guest in Washington society. He was chairman of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment (51st and 52nd Congresses), and the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (54th through 56th Congresses). In 1900, Wolcott was denied renomination to the Senate, which ended his political career. He once again took up the practice of law in Colorado, and maintained that practice until his death. Personal life In 1890, Wolcott was married to Frances Esther (née Metcalfe) Bass (1851–1933) by The Rev. Francis Lobdell at St. Paul's Cathedral in Buffalo, New York. Frances, the widow of U.S. Representative Lyman K. Bass, was the daughter of James Harvey Metcalfe and Erzelia Frances ( Stetson) Metcalfe of Buffalo. From her first marriage, she was the mother of Lyman M. Bass, the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of New York. They later divorced in 1899. Wolcott died on March 1, 1905, while he was on vacation in Monte Carlo. Wolcott's remains were cremated in Paris, and the ashes were interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York City. Legacy The town of Wolcott in Eagle County, Colorado, is named after him. It was originally known as Bussells, but was changed to Wolcott in his honor. References External links 1848 births 1905 deaths People from Longmeadow, Massachusetts Republican Party United States senators from Colorado Republican Party Colorado state senators Colorado lawyers Union Army soldiers People of Ohio in the American Civil War Politicians from Denver Harvard Law School alumni 19th-century American politicians 20th-century American lawyers 19th-century American lawyers

4042667

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing%20Riot

Know-Nothing Riot

The term Know-Nothing Riot has been used to refer to a number of political uprisings of the Nativist American Know Nothing Party in the United States of America during the mid-19th century. These anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic protests culminated into riots in Philadelphia in 1844, St. Louis in 1854, Cincinnati and Louisville in 1855, Baltimore in 1856, Washington, D.C., and New York in 1857, and New Orleans in 1858. Know-Nothing Riots (1844–1858) Philadelphia See: Philadelphia nativist riots St. Louis Cincinnati The Election Day Riots of 1855 occurred in Cincinnati between April 2–7, 1855. The election was between James J. Faran, the Democratic contender and editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, and James D. Taylor, rabid nativist editor of the Cincinnati Times. Rumors of illegal voting, ballot-box stuffing, and naturalized voters preventing native-born citizens from voting sparked the events. Louisville See Bloody Monday. Baltimore See Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 Washington D.C. Know-Nothing associated gang, the Plug Uglies, had travelled to Washington. D.C.. from Baltimore on June 1, 1857, in an attempt to prevent German and Irish immigrants from voting in the local election. The Plug Uglies linked up with allied members of the Rip Raps and the Chunkers and moved to Mount Vernon Square to harass anti-Know Nothing voters. They then returned to the square armed with pistols, clubs, bricks, and other weapons and charged into the crowd of voters. A brutal fight broke out which the police were unable to stop and by noon, President Buchanan had called out two companies of Marines to stop the riot. By the time the Marines arrived at Mount Vernon Square, the Know-Nothings had set up a barricade and were armed with a cannon they had taken from the Navy Yard. Archibald Henderson, Commandant of the Marine Corps, marched up to the cannon and placed his body in front of it so it could not be aimed at his men. This allowed the Marines to advance on their position, but a fire fight soon broke out. Eight People were killed by the end of the day and many more were injured. New York City New Orleans The New Orleans Know-Nothing group began as a local movement in 1858 to reduce what residents considered a high rate of crime and violence in the city, primarily among Irish and German immigrants, who were among the poorest classes. A secret Vigilance Committee was formed to monitor their activities, and in particular to prevent disruption of upcoming municipal elections. On the night of June 2, 1858, armed men under the command of Capt. J.K. Duncan, an officer in the United States Army, marched to Jackson Square and occupied the court rooms in The Cabildo. For the next five days, a standoff existed between the Vigilance Committee and members of the Native American Party. On June 7, the elections were held and the Native American candidate, Gerard Stith, defeated the Democratic Party candidate, P.G.T. Beauregard. The Vigilance Committee disbanded with no further violence. Notable Know Nothing criminal gang rioters American Guards (New York City) Atlantic Guards (New York City) Blood Tubs (Baltimore and Philadelphia) Bowery Boys (New York City) Killers (Philadelphia) O'Connell Guards (New York City) Plug Uglies (Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City) Rip Raps (Baltimore) Roach Guards (New York City) Shifflers (Philadelphia) See also History of St. Louis Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States References Sources 1854 in the United States 1857 in the United States 1858 in Louisiana 1854 riots 1858 riots Riots and civil disorder in Missouri Riots and civil disorder in Louisiana Political riots in the United States 1857 in Washington, D.C. 1854 in Missouri Crimes in New Orleans June 1857 events June 1858 events 19th century in New Orleans Riot

4042674

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Knechtel

Larry Knechtel

Lawrence William Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist who was a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, Billy Joel, the Doors, the Byrds, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley. He also was a member of the 1970s band Bread. Biography Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los Angeles-based rock and roll band Kip Tyler and the Flips. In August 1959, he joined instrumentalist Duane Eddy as a member of his band the Rebels. After four years on the road with the band, and continuing to work with Eddy in the recording studio, Knechtel became part of the Los Angeles session musician scene, working with Phil Spector as a pianist to help create Spector's famous "Wall of Sound". Knechtel became a prominent member of session musicians the Wrecking Crew, performing on many hit songs of the period and earning him entry into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2007. During his time with the Wrecking Crew, he recorded the album The In Harmonica, playing harmonica under the name "Larry Nelson", with backing by other Wrecking Crew members. In 1970, Knechtel won a Grammy Award for his piano work on "Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon and Garfunkel. He also played the piano on Johnny Rivers' 1972 hit "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu". Knechtel joined soft rock band Bread in 1971 after the departure of Robb Royer and remained with the band until their split in 1973. He rejoined the band for subsequent comebacks and reunions. Knechtel was proficient on other musical instruments, notably the harmonica, guitar, and bass, which can be heard on "Mr. Tambourine Man" by the Byrds, "Stoney End" by Barbra Streisand, "If I Can Dream" by Elvis Presley, and the Doors' debut album. In 1971, he joined the band Bread, where his contributions included bass, keyboards, and the guitar solo on the hit single "The Guitar Man". He also played on sessions for Nancy Sinatra. During the late 1980s, Knechtel moved to Nashville, where he was signed to a solo recording contract. He released two solo albums in quick succession, Mountain Moods (1989) and Urban Gypsy (1990). In later years, Knechtel lived in semi-retirement in Yakima, Washington, until his death. He had, however, worked with record producer Rick Rubin, contributing keyboards to albums by Neil Diamond, Arlen Roth and the Dixie Chicks, touring with Elvis Costello and with the Dixie Chicks in support of their Grammy Award-winning album Taking the Long Way. During this time, Knechtel contributed guest spots on many recordings for dozens of Northwest artists including Wayman Chapman, Ken Stringfellow (Posies, R.E.M., Big Star), Quakers On Probation, Dimestore Mystery, Elba, Animals at Night, Zera Marvel, Colin Spring, Lesley Rostron & Lovejunkie, and his son, Lonnie Knechtel. Knechtel died on August 20, 2009, in Yakima Valley Memorial Hospital, Washington, at the age of 69 of an apparent heart attack. Awards and recognition In 2007, Knechtel, along with the other members of the Wrecking Crew, was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee. Discography Solo discography The In Harmonica (1965, as Larry Nelson) Mountain Moods (1989) Urban Gypsy (1990) Session work With The Everly Brothers • Beat & Soul ( Warner Brothers ,1965) With the Byrds Mr. Tambourine Man (Columbia, 1965) "Glory, Glory" on the album Byrdmaniax (1971) With the We Three Trio The We Three Trio (Mainstream S/6055,56055, 1965) With Barbra Streisand Stoney End (Columbia Records, 1971) Barbra Joan Streisand (Columbia Records, 1971) With the Beach Boys Pet Sounds (Capitol, 1966) With The Doors The Doors (Elektra, 1967) With Elvis Presley Elvis Presley (RCA, 1968) With Cher Stars (Warner Bros. Records, 1975) With the Dameans Walk to the Gloryland (RCA, 1971)With Simon & Garfunkel Sounds of Silence (Columbia Records, 1966) Bookends (Columbia, 1968) Bridge over Troubled Water (Columbia, 1970)With Solomon Burke Electronic Magnetism (MGM Records, 1971)With the Mamas and the Papas Deliver (Dunhill, Feb. 1967) The Papas & The Mamas (Dunhill, 1968)With Emitt Rhodes The American Dreams (A&M Records, 1970)With Elvis Costello Mighty Like a Rose (Warner Bros. Records, 1991) Kojak Variety (Warner Bros. Records, 1995)With Paul Simon Paul Simon (Columbia Records, 1972)With Chet Baker Blood, Chet and Tears (Verve, 1970)With Dave Mason Alone Together (Blue Thumb/Harvest, 1970)With Nancy Sinatra Sugar (Reprise Records, 1966)With Albert Hammond Albert Hammond (Mums Records, 1974)With Howard Roberts Antelope Freeway (Impulse!, 1971)With Cass Elliott Dream a Little Dream (Dunhill Records, 1968) Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama (Dunhill Records, 1969)With Evie Sands Any Way That You Want Me (Rev-Ola, 1970)With Thelma Houston Sunshower (Dunhill Records, 1969) I've Got the Music in Me (Sheffield Lab Records, 1975)With Glen Campbell Reunion: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (Capitol Records, 1974) Unconditional Love (Liberty Records, 1991)With Jerry Garcia Reflections (Round Records, 1976)With Peter Allen I Could Have Been a Sailor (A&M Records, 1979)With Harry Nilsson Harry (RCA Victor, 1969)With Dan Hill If Dreams Had Wings (Epic Records, 1980)With Barry Mann Survivor (RCA Victor, 1975)With Lalo Schifrin Rock Requiem (Verve, 1971)With Roy Orbison King of Hearts (Virgin Records, 1992)With Jimmy Webb El Mirage (Atlantic Records, 1977)With José Feliciano 10 to 23 (RCA Victor, 1969) Compartments (RCA Victor, 1973)With Jackie DeShannon New Arrangement (Columbia Records, 1975)With Brian Cadd Yesterdaydreams (Capitol Records, 1978)With Ron Davies Silent Song Through the Land (A&M Records, 1970)With Bobby Darin If I Were a Carpenter (Atlantic Records, 1966)With Art Garfunkel Angel Clare (Columbia Records, 1973) Fate for Breakfast (Columbia Records, 1979) Scissors Cut (Columbia Records, 1981)With Stephen Bishop Careless (ABC Records, 1976)With David Clayton-Thomas David Clayton-Thomas (Columbia Records, 1972)With Jackie Lomax Is This What You Want? (Apple Records, 1969)With Billy Joel Cold Spring Harbor (Columbia Records, 1971) Streetlife Serenade (Columbia Records, 1974)With Barry McGuire Seeds (Myrrh, 1973) Lighten Up (Myrrh, 1974)With Paul Young The Crossing (Columbia Records, 1993)With Dolly Parton 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (RCA Records, 1980)With Al Kooper Easy Does It (Columbia Records, 1970)With Johnny Rivers Changes (Imperial Records, 1966) Whisky Á Go-Go Revisited (Sunset Records, 1967) Rewind (Imperial Records, 1967) Realization (Imperial Records, 1968) Slim Slo Slider (Imperial Records, 1970) Home Grown (United Artists Records, 1970) L.A. Reggae (United Artists Records, 1972) Blue Suede Shoes (United Artists Records, 1973) New Lovers and Old Friends (Epic Records, 1975) Wild Night (United Artists Records, 1977) Not a Through Street (CBS, 1983)With John Denver The Flower That Shattered the Stone (Windstar Records, 1990)With Chet Atkins Read My Licks (Columbia, 1994)With Helen Reddy Helen Reddy (Capitol Records, 1971)With Joan Baez Diamonds & Rust (A&M Records, 1975) Gulf Winds (A&M Records, 1976) Blowin' Away (Portrait Records, 1977)With Arlen Roth Toolin' Around (Blue Plate, 1993, Aquinnah, 2015)With Neil Diamond''' Tap Root Manuscript (Uni Records, 1970) Beautiful Noise (Columbia Records, 1976) Lovescape (Columbia Records, 1991) 12 Songs'' (Columbia Records, 2005) References External links List of Larry Knechtel's session contributions 1940 births 2009 deaths People from Bell, California Guitarists from Los Angeles American session musicians American rock guitarists American male bass guitarists American rock pianists American male pianists American rock keyboardists American harmonica players American male guitarists American multi-instrumentalists American rock bass guitarists The Wrecking Crew (music) members Grammy Award winners 20th-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American pianists American male organists American harpsichordists Harmonium players 20th-century organists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American keyboardists 21st-century American male musicians 20th-century American keyboardists 20th-century classical musicians American organists

4042684

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX%20Reality%20Synthesizer

RSX Reality Synthesizer

The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer is a proprietary graphics processing unit (GPU) codeveloped by Nvidia and Sony for the PlayStation 3 game console. It is a GPU based on the Nvidia 7800GTX graphics processor and, according to Nvidia, is a G70/G71 (previously known as NV47) hybrid architecture with some modifications. The RSX has separate vertex and pixel shader pipelines. The GPU makes use of 256 MB GDDR3 RAM clocked at 650 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.3 GHz and up to 224 MB of the 3.2 GHz XDR main memory via the CPU (480 MB max). Although it carries the majority of the graphics processing, the Cell Broadband Engine, the console's CPU, is also used complementarily for some graphics-related computational loads of the console. Specifications Unless otherwise noted, the following specifications are based on a press release by Sony at the E3 2005 conference, slides from the same conference, and slides from a Sony presentation at the 2006 Game Developer's Conference. 550 MHz Pixel shader clock / 500 MHz Vertex shader clock on 90 nm process (shrunk to 65 nm in 2008 and to 40 nm in 2010), 300+ million transistors Based on NV47 (Nvidia GeForce 7800 architecture) Little Endian 24 texture filtering units (TF) and 8 vertex texture addressing units (TA) 24 filtered samples per clock Maximum Texel fillrate: 13.2 Gigatexels per second (24 textures * 550 MHz) 32 unfiltered texture samples per clock (8 TA * 4 texture samples) 8 render output units (ROPs) / pixel rendering pipelines Peak pixel fillrate (theoretical): 4.4 Gigapixel per second Maximum Z-buffering sample rate: 8.8 Gigasamples per second (2 Z-samples * 8 ROPs * 550 MHz) Maximum dot product operations: 51 billion per second (combined with Cell CPU) 128-bit pixel precision offers High Dynamic Range rendering 256 MB GDDR3 RAM at 650 MHz 128-bit memory bus width 20.8 GB/s read and write bandwidth Cell FlexIO bus interface Rambus XDR Memory interface bus width: 56bit out of 64bit (serial) 20 GB/s read to the Cell and XDR memory 15 GB/s write to the Cell and XDR memory 576 KB texture cache (96 KB per quad of pixel pipelines) Support for PSGL (OpenGL ES 1.1 + Nvidia Cg) Support for S3 Texture Compression Other features: Support for Bilinear, trilinear, anisotropic, quincunx texture filtering, quincunx antialiasing, up to 4xMSAA, SSAA, Alpha to Coverage and Alphakill. Model numbers 90nm: CXD2971AGB CXD2971DGB CXD2971GB CXD2971-1GB CXD297BGe 65nm: CXD2982 CXD2982GB CXD2991GB CXD2991BGB CXD2991GGB CXD2991CGB CXD2991EGB 40nm: CXD5300AGB CXD5300A1GB CXD5301DGB CXD5302DGB CXD5302A1GB Local GDDR3 physical memory structure Total Memory 256MB 2 Partitions (128MB) 64bit bus per partition 8 Banks per partition (16MB) 4096 Pages per bank (4KB) -> 12bit Row Address Memory block in a page -> 9bit Column Address Minimum access granularity = 8 bytes -> same as buswidth between RSX <> GDDR RSX memory map Although the RSX has 256MB of GDDR3 RAM, not all of it is usable. The last 4MB is reserved for keeping track of the RSX internal state and issued commands. The 4MB of GPU Data contains RAMIN, RAMHT, RAMFC, DMA Objects, Graphic Objects, and the Graphic Context. The following is a breakdown of the address within 256MB of the RSX. Besides local GDDR3 memory, main XDR memory can be accessed by RSX too, which is limited to either: 0MB - 256MB (0x00000000 - 0x0FFFFFFF) -or- 0MB - 512MB (0x00000000 - 0x1FFFFFFF) Speed, bandwidth and latency System bandwidth (theoretical maximum): Cell to/from 256MB XDR : 25.6 GB/s Cell to RSX (IOIFO): 20GB/s (practical : 15.8GB/s @ packetsize 128B) Cell from RSX (IOIFI) : 15GB/s (practical : 11.9GB/s @ packetsize 128B) RSX to/from 256MB GDDR3 : 20.8GB/s (@ 650 MHz) Because of the aforementioned layout of the communication path between the different chips, and the latency and bandwidth differences between the various components, there are different access speeds depending on the direction of the access in relation to the source and destination. The following is a chart showing the speed of reads and writes to the GDDR3 and XDR memory from the viewpoint of the Cell and RSX. Note that these are measured speeds (rather than calculated speeds) and they should be worse if RSX and GDDR3 access are involved because these figures were measured when the RSX was clocked at 550Mhz and the GDDR3 memory was clocked at 700Mhz. The shipped PS3 has the RSX clocked in at 500Mhz (front and back end, although the pixel shaders run separately inside at 550Mhz). In addition, the GDDR3 memory was also clocked lower at 650Mhz. Speed table Because of the very slow Cell Read speed from the 256MB GDDR3 memory, it is more efficient for the Cell to work in XDR and then have the RSX pull data from XDR and write to GDDR3 for output to the HDMI display. This is why extra texture lookup instructions were included in the RSX to allow loading data from XDR memory (as opposed to the local GDDR3 memory). RSX libraries The RSX is dedicated to 3D graphics, and developers are able to use different API libraries to access its features. The easiest way is to use high level PSGL, which is basically OpenGL|ES with programmable pipeline added in, however this is unpopular due to the performance overhead on a relatively weak console CPU. At a lower level developers can use LibGCM, which is an API that builds RSX command buffers at a lower level. (PSGL is actually implemented on top of LibGCM). This is done by setting up commands (via FIFO Context) and DMA Objects and issuing them to the RSX via DMA calls. Differences with the G70 architecture The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is based on the G70 architecture, but features a few changes to the core. The biggest difference between the two chips is the way the memory bandwidth works. The G70 only supports rendering to local memory, while the RSX is able to render to both system and local memory. Since rendering from system memory has a much higher latency compared to rendering from local memory, the chip's architecture had to be modified to avoid a performance penalty. This was achieved by enlarging the chip size to accommodate larger buffers and caches in order to keep the graphics pipeline full. The result was that the RSX only has 60% of the local memory bandwidth of the G70, making it necessary for developers to use the system memory in order to achieve performance targets. Other RSX features/differences include: More shader instructions Extra texture lookup logic (helps RSX transport data from XDR) Fast vector normalize Press releases Sony staff were quoted in PlayStation Magazine saying that the "RSX shares a lot of inner workings with NVIDIA 7800 which is based on G70 architecture." Since the G70 is capable of carrying out 136 shader operations per clock cycle, the RSX was expected to feature the same number of parallel pixel and vertex shader pipelines as the G70, which contains 24 pixel and 8 vertex pipelines. Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang stated during Sony's pre-show press conference at E3 2005 that the RSX is twice as powerful as the GeForce 6800 Ultra. Bumpgate In the case of the PlayStation 3. The RSX was originally manufactured with the 90nm process. before transitioning to the 65nm, 40nm and finally the 28nm process The 90nm version of the RSX suffered from reliability issues due to failures of the Ball Grid Array (BGA) between the chips interposer and it's die. These failures were caused by: Different Coefficient of Thermal Expansions (CTEs) of different components on and in the interposer and die. This lead to these components expanding at different rates which puts shear stress on the BGA. Different transistor densities on the die lead to parts of the chip heating up faster than others which leads to unequal pressure on the BGA. Electromigration of the BGA which leads to voids inside of the solder. These voids hasten the failure of the BGA. The chip was manufactured with the Flip Chip Ball Grid Array process. The die underfill that is present in the RSX has a very low Tg in comparison to the PlayStation 3's running temperatures during intense gameplay. This leads to it transitioning to a state in which it does not support the solder inbetween the die and the interposer and might as well not even be there. See also Xenos - GPU used in the Xbox 360 Cell Broadband Engine - CPU used in the PlayStation 3 References Nvidia graphics processors PlayStation 3 Sony semiconductors

4042685

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained%20Canada

Unexplained Canada

Unexplained Canada is a show that aired on Space, a Canadian cable television station. It was a six-part series coming from many different perspectives of historical/social mysteries. It was hosted by John Robert Colombo and premiered January 2006. The show was produced by KarowPrime Films in Canada. External links Show's website CTV Sci-Fi Channel original programming 2000s Canadian documentary television series 2006 Canadian television series debuts

4042688

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Galer

Robert E. Galer

Brigadier General Robert Edward Galer (24 October 1913 – 27 June 2005) was a naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in aerial combat during the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II. He went on to command Marine Aircraft Group 12 during the Korean War and retired a few years after in 1957. Early life Robert Galer was born in Seattle, Washington, on 24 October 1913. He attended the University of Washington and was a brother of the Alpha Upsilon chapter of the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity and an All-American in basketball. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in commercial engineering in 1935, at which time he received an ROTC commission and began elimination flight training at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base, Seattle. Marine Corps career In June 1936, he began his Aviation Cadet flight training at the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps on 1 July 1936. Following his designation as a Naval Aviator in April 1937, he was transferred to the 1st Marine Brigade in Quantico, Virginia, for duty with Aircraft One. In July of the same year, he was assigned to a course of instruction at the Basic School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Following the completion of his studies in June 1938, he was ordered to the New York Navy Yard, but shortly thereafter was transferred to the Virgin Islands, where he served with Marine Scouting Squadron 3 (VMS-3) at Bourne Field, St. Thomas. He was promoted to first lieutenant in July 1939. World War II and after First Lieutenant Galer returned to the continental United States in June 1940 and in July reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing in San Diego, California, and was assigned to Marine Fighting Squadron 2 (VMF-2). On 29 August 1940, Galer ditched a Grumman F3F-2, BuNo 0976, c/n 374, off the coast of San Diego while attempting a landing on the . The fighter was rediscovered by a navy submarine in June 1988 and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the San Diego Aerospace Museum. In January 1941, he was ordered to Hawaii and promoted to captain in March 1941. Galer was serving at the Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Oahu, with Marine Fighting Squadron 211 (VMF-211) when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. In May 1942, Galer assumed command of Marine Fighting Squadron 224 (VMF-224) and on 30 August 1942 led the squadron to Guadalcanal, where they became part of the Cactus Air Force. It was while in command of VMF-224 that Galer would be credited with 11 confirmed victories and be awarded the Medal of Honor and a rare British Distinguished Flying Cross for the same acts of heroism. Following the presentation of the Medal of Honor by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House on 24 March 1943, Major Galer was ordered to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, where he served as assistant operations officer. He was grounded because his superiors did not want to risk losing a Medal of Honor recipient; he had been shot down three times during the war. Shortly after being promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in November 1943, he was ordered to return to the Hawaii, where he became chief of staff, Marine Air, Hawaiian Area. In May 1944, Galer was named as operations officer, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. He served as an observer during the Palau Islands and Iwo Jima campaigns while on temporary duty from the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. His next assignment found him as training officer of Provisional Air Support Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He again returned to the United States in June 1945 and reported to the Marine Barracks, Naval Air Training Base, Corpus Christi, Texas, in July as officer in charge of a cadet regiment. He remained in that capacity until August 1947, at which time he was assigned as a student at the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia. In June 1948, he reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, where he served as operations and training officer. He joined Headquarters Squadron-2 at that station in April 1949 and was transferred on 26 April 1950 to the Naval Air Station San Diego, California. He served there as Marine planning officer and, later, as assistant chief of staff for plans, on the staff of the commander, air force, U.S. Pacific Fleet. During his assignment, he was promoted to colonel in March 1951. Korean War Galer sailed in March 1952 for South Korea, where he saw duty as assistant chief of staff, G-4 (Supply), of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing until the following May. He was then named commanding officer of Marine Aircraft Group 12 (MAG-12), and, for extraordinary achievement on 11 July 1952, was awarded a Gold Star in lieu of a second Distinguished Flying Cross. According to the citation accompanying this medal, he "led a maximum effort strike of Marine attack aircraft against a heavily defended industrial area in the North Korean capital city of Pyongyang." Galer was also awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service in Korea. On 5 August 1952, he was shot down behind enemy lines by anti-aircraft fire while leading a flight of 31 warplanes against targets near the North Korean port city of Wonsan. He later admitted he "did a dumb thing": After completing the mission, "I went back to take a picture. And this anti-aircraft gun, he nailed me." He was later rescued by a HO3S-1 helicopter flown by 1st Lieutenant E. J. McCutcheon. After a period of hospitalization, he returned to duty at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, in October 1952, as assistant chief of staff, G-1 (Personnel), and later, G-3 (Operations), of Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He was enrolled as a student in the Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama, in July 1953. Upon graduation from the college the following June, he was transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., where he became assistant director, Guided Missiles Division, Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy. He served in that capacity until January 1956, when he became acting director. The following June he was awarded a master's degree in engineering administration from The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.. For exceptionally meritorious service in combat, he was advanced to brigadier general upon his retirement on 31 July 1957. Civilian life and death He worked as vice president of the conglomerate Ling-Temco-Vought and later as an executive with Bright & Co. Galer died of a stroke on 27 June 2005 in Dallas, Texas. He was survived by his second wife, Sharon Alexander Galer, four children and six grandchildren. Education University of Washington, B.S., Commercial Engineering, 1935 Armed Forces Staff College, 1948 Air War College, 1954 George Washington University, M.S., Engineering Administration, 1956 Medals and decorations A complete list of Brig. Gen. Galer's medals and decorations include: Medal of Honor citation Citation The President of the United States in the name of the Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to for service as set forth in the following CITATION: Citation: For conspicuous heroism and courage above and beyond the call of duty as leader of a marine fighter squadron in aerial combat with enemy Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands area. Leading his squadron repeatedly in daring and aggressive raids against Japanese aerial forces, vastly superior in numbers, Maj. Galer availed himself of every favorable attack opportunity, individually shooting down 11 enemy bomber and fighter aircraft over a period of 29 days. Though suffering the extreme physical strain attendant upon protracted fighter operations at an altitude above 25,000 feet, the squadron under his zealous and inspiring leadership shot down a total of 27 Japanese planes. His superb airmanship, his outstanding skill and personal valor reflect great credit upon Maj. Galer's gallant fighting spirit and upon the U.S. Naval Service. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II Notes References External links Lacitis, Erik. "Obituary: Robert Galer, hero just doing his job", Seattle Times, July 1, 2005. Accessed March 19, 2006 1913 births 2005 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American Korean War pilots United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War American men's basketball players American World War II flying aces Aviators from Washington (state) George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Military personnel from Seattle Recipients of the Air Medal Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom) Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Legion of Merit Shot-down aviators United States Marine Corps generals United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II United States Naval Aviators University of Washington College of Engineering alumni Washington Huskies men's basketball players World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

4042697

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20%28typeface%29

Banco (typeface)

Banco is an inclined titling typeface. It was designed by Roger Excoffon for the Fonderie Olive foundry in 1951. History Like Excoffon's prior fonts Mistral and Choc, Banco was designed to be eye-catching, with what designer Cyrus Highsmith called an "outspoken flair." The font was considered old-fashioned and unappealing by designers of the time, and after launch it was primarily used by small businesses in Europe. The font's popularity was renewed when it appeared on the cover of Bob Marley's 1974 album Natty Dread, and subsequently on many other reggae records. The skateboarding magazine Thrasher, which was heavily influenced by reggae and dub culture, adopted it for its 1981 launch and later issues. While Excoffon did not design a lowercase alphabet for Banco, Phill Grimshaw and the ITC font foundry released a lighter-weight version of the font in 2000, which included lowercase letters. Banco was also translated into Cyrillic in 2000. See also Samples of display typefaces References Display typefaces Letterpress typefaces Photocomposition typefaces Digital typefaces Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1951 Typefaces designed by Roger Excoffon Fonderie Olive typefaces

4042706

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Health%20Lafayette%20Central

Franciscan Health Lafayette Central

Franciscan Health Lafayette Central, previously known as St. Elizabeth Central, is a 155-bed hospital in Lafayette, Indiana, United States, and part of the Franciscan Health hospital system. Previously known as the St. Elizabeth Medical Center, the hospital was renamed in 2009 during the construction of St. Elizabeth East. In the 1980s it was known as St. Elizabeth Hospital. It is home to the St. Elizabeth School of Nursing, the only hospital-based nursing school in the state of Indiana. History St. Elizabeth's St. Elizabeth Hospital opened when six members of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration came from Germany in 1875 in order to care for the sick in Lafayette, Indiana. The hospital opened in 1876 and was expanded in 1885. St. Elizabeth School of Nursing was launched in 1897 to train members of the order. By 1937, the community’s need for nurses had grown so great that the school began admitting lay students. The building also housed St. Francis High School and St. Francis College. A second wing was added to the hospital in 1921. In 1974, the sisters of the eastern province incorporated their healthcare ministry under the name of the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc. In 1998, operation of Lafayette Home Hospital and St. Elizabeth Hospital merged under an equal partnership known as Greater Lafayette Health Services (GLHS). Each hospital retained its long-established identity and traditions. In 2003, the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services became the sole owners of the non-profit corporation, its two hospitals, and related patient care facilities, retaining the name Greater Lafayette Health Services. Greater Lafayette Health Services announced, in late 2005, plans to close Home Hospital, and construct a new facility to replace it on the city's southeast side, with St. Elizabeth Medical Center remaining open for critical patient care. Work on the new facility commenced in late 2006, with occupation planned to occur in December 2009. In 2007, the GLHS name was changed to St. Elizabeth Regional Health, and later to Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health. St. Elizabeth Central In June 2009, the hospital was renamed St. Elizabeth Central (formally Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health - Lafayette Central) as part of the expanded reuse plan for the facility. The St. Elizabeth Central name was chosen to distinguish the location from the new eastside location. Franciscan Health Lafayette Central The acute medical units, intensive care and emergency departments subsequently relocated to the system's Franciscan Health Lafayette East location. In September 2016, Franciscan Alliance adopted the new name Franciscan Health and renamed the hospital to Franciscan Health Lafayette Central. The site no longer offers hospital services. The nursing school moved across the street in 2017, part of the ongoing consolidation. Today, the Lafayette Central campus is home to the Healthy Living Center, Community Education, St. Elizabeth School of Nursing and more. Chapel St. Francis Chapel at St. Elizabeth's has Eucharistic Adoration, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Masses are held Monday through Friday at 7:00 AM, and at 9:00 AM on Saturdays, Sundays, and Holy Days. References External links Franciscan Health Hospitals in Indiana Buildings and structures in Lafayette, Indiana

4042710

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20on%20Film%20%28novel%29

Girls on Film (novel)

Girls on Film is the second novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was published in April 2004 through the Poppy imprint at Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. Plot summary After rejecting Ben, Anna tries to focus on her studies at Beverly Hills High. She and Sam partner up on an English project to create a short film based on The Great Gatsby. They agree to film their project at V's, an exclusive spa and resort in the Ojai desert. Anna writes the screenplay, which impresses Sam and she begins to develop a crush on Anna, much to her confusion. At school, Adam asks Anna out on a date and she agrees, in hopes of getting over Ben, who continues to send grand romantic gestures. Anna's older sister Susan arrives in Los Angeles and takes up residence at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Anna is concerned, especially since Susan claims to have checked out of rehab early but Susan brushes off her concerns. Susan meets Cammie, Dee, and Sam at the hotel and they all agree to join Sam and Anna at V's for the weekend. Anna meets with her father's girlfriend, Margaret Cunningham, at her new entertainment agency that she co-founded with Clark Sheppard, Cammie's father. Anna accepts an after-school internship with Margaret and her first assignment is to escort a screenwriter to an upcoming industry party. When Margaret learns that Susan knows the screenwriter, she encourages Anna to bring Susan to the party as well. Ben runs into Anna and Adam while they are on a date and he pretends his visiting cousin is also his date, which backfires. His cousin encourages Ben to go after Anna. Separately, Anna tells Sam and Susan that she only sees Adam as a friend and can't stop thinking about Ben. They encourage Anna to call Ben from the spa, which she does, but she immediately regrets it. Unbeknownst to Anna, Cammie also calls Ben and invites him to the spa but she is annoyed that he is only interested in seeing Anna. At V's, Ben arrives and interrupts their filming. The group find themselves locked in a sauna and Susan encourages the group to admit their secrets to each other, namely that Dee is pregnant with Ben's baby. Sam reveals that Dee asked to borrow a tampon, proving the claim false. Anna calls the group out for being cruel to each other and she calls out Ben for being unable to be honest with her over the real reason he abandoned her on the boat. Back in Los Angeles, Cammie convinces Susan to break her sobriety and she shows up drunk at the industry party, embarrassing herself and Anna. Sam, who had been filming the party, pretends that Susan's outburst is all part of the short film and helps Anna take Susan home. At Anna's house, Sam realizes she confused her crush with admiration of Anna and she encourages Anna to go on a getaway to clear her head from her family troubles. She secretly informs Ben where to find Anna. Jonathan arrives and he and Susan have a big confrontation over her addiction. She admits that she was kicked out of rehab and she is angry with their father for successfully bribing an ex-boyfriend to stay away from her. Anna tells Sam and Jonathan to work out their problems instead of putting her in the middle. She heads to Santa Barbara where she runs into Ben. He admits the real reason he left her on the boat: his father is a compulsive gambler and threatened to kill himself after he got into heavy debt and Ben was embarrassed to admit his dysfunctional family to her. Anna forgives him and the two finally have sex. Reviews Girls on Film received mostly positive reviews. Of it, Kirkus wrote, "this guilty pleasure of a read again offers girls the fun of peeking through a chink in the gated walls of the rich, the beautiful, and the mean."School Library Journal criticized the plot, saying, "Though the issues and scenes are current, the book reads like fantasy as this much intrigue would wear out even the most devious, superficial girl-on-the-go" but noted that it was "[i]rresistible mind candy that teens will devour." References American young adult novels 2004 American novels

4042720

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20Paradise%20%28album%29

Lost Paradise (album)

Lost Paradise is the debut album by British heavy metal band Paradise Lost. Released in February 1990 by Peaceville Records, it features the band's early death-doom style. The album was re-issued in 2003 and included three bonus tracks. The tracks "Our Saviour" and "Frozen Illusion" were rerecorded in other Paradise Lost albums Tragic Illusion 25 and Medusa. Track listing Personnel Paradise Lost Nick Holmes – vocals Gregor Mackintosh – lead guitar Aaron Aedy – rhythm guitar Stephen Edmondson – bass Matthew Archer – drums Production Duncan Fegredo – cover art Paul "Hammy" Halmshaw – producer Pat Grogan – engineering Porl Medlock – photography Kay Field – female vocals Credits The album was recorded at The Academy in winter 1989. It was engineered by Pat Grogan and produced by Hammy. Female vocals on "Breeding Fear" were performed by Kay Field. Kay Field appears courtesy of Major Records. The song "Internal Torment II" also appears on the Peaceville Records compilation Vile Vibes. All Songs composed by Holmes/Mackintosh and Published by Vile Music (Zomba Music Publishers Ltd.). The cover illustration was done by Duncan Fegredo of Exploding Head Designs in 1989. Photography was done by Porl A. Medlock. References Paradise Lost (band) albums 1990 debut albums Peaceville Records albums

4042722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde%20Ambition%20%28novel%29

Blonde Ambition (novel)

Blonde Ambition is the third novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was published in September 2004. Plot summary Ben and Anna are now officially together but their reunion is interrupted when Jonathan, Anna's father, calls back Anna to bid farewell to her sister Susan, who has decided to enroll back into rehab. Anna. Anna considers their farewell to be intimate and is surprised when Ben tags along though she does not voice her displeasure. Back at Apex, Margaret informs Anna that leaving an industry party to take a drunk Susan home was unacceptable and is about to fire her when Clark Sheppard intervenes. He takes Anna as his intern and assigns her to work on the new hit soap opera Hermosa Beach. Anna meets the young and charming co-executive producer Danny Bluestone and enjoys working on a TV set, despite the unfamiliar terms and erratic actors. Ben gets jealous of Anna spending time with Danny and the Percys' driver Django and Anna becomes concerned that Ben is neglecting his studies at Princeton. After a heart to heart, the two break up again and Ben reluctantly returns to Princeton. Meanwhile, Cammie feels increasingly deserted by her friends: Dee is enamored with her new boyfriend Stevie while Sam seems to be showing interest in Adam Flood. To further her dismay, her step-mother announces that her daughter, Mia, will be moving in. Cammie initially hates Mia, a secretive fourteen-year-old Valley girl, but takes her out shopping in order to not feel alone. Cammie kisses Adam at a party in an attempt to punish Sam but is pleasantly surprised at their chemistry. She follows Adam to a Beck concert and the two are invited to a rave afterwards. Cammie and Adam kiss again but are interrupted by Dee who nonchalantly mentions she invited Mia along with her as well. Cammie's protective instincts kick in and the three go find Mia at the party and take her home. Cammie reveals to Adam that even though she doesn't like Mia, Mia reminds her of how she acted after her mom died. Cammie mentions that she wishes that she had a big sister to keep her from making stupid choices. However, the next day, Cammie becomes frustrated at Mia's self-destructive attitude and decides she can't be Mia's rescuer. Meanwhile, Adam tells Cammie that they should slow down their relationship because he still has feelings for Anna. Enraged, Cammie leaks sensitive information about Hermosa Beach to the press under Anna's name. Clark fires Anna and forbids anyone from work associating with her. Anna tries to explain to Danny her side of the story but he sadly tells her that he can't been seen with her or else he will lose his career. Sam helps Anna realize the true culprit and their plot for revenge comes to fruition at Cammie's 18th birthday party, where Cammie's credit and debit cards are publicly declined by the party planner and her BMW is towed. At home, Clark reveals that he knows Cammie was the true leak, thanks to Mia who collaborated with Sam and Anna to clear Anna's name. In the morning, Adam shows up to comfort Cammie and the two go on a quiet date to the park while Clark half-heartedly apologizes to Anna for the mistake and offers her job back. Anna politely declines and then surprises Danny at his office. He leaves work early for her and the two go on a date. 2004 American novels American young adult novels Little, Brown and Company books

4042727

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monardella

Monardella

Monardella is a genus of approximately 40 species of annual and perennial plants native to western North America from British Columbia to northwestern Mexico. They are grown for their highly aromatic foliage, which in some species is used for herbal teas. The two-lipped, tubular flowers are formed in terminal clusters and are most usually red, pink, or purple. Monardella is a Latin diminutive form of Monarda (a taxonomic patronym honoring the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes), which the form of the flower heads resembles. Plants in this genus are commonly known as wildmints, coyote mints or monardellas. Systematics The genus comprises the following species. Monardella antonina Hardham - California Monardella arizonica Epling - Arizona Monardella australis Abrams - southern California Monardella beneolens Shevock, Ertter & Jokerst - southern California Monardella boydii A.C.Sanders & Elvin - southern California Monardella breweri A.Gray - California, Nevada, Arizona, Baja California Monardella candicans Benth. - San Joaquín Valley of California Monardella douglasii Benth. - San Francisco Bay area of California Monardella eplingii Elvin et al. - Arizona Monardella eremicola A.C.Sanders & Elvin - southern California Monardella exilis (A.Gray) Greene - southern California, Arizona Monardella follettii (Jeps.) Jokerst - northern Sierra Nevada in California Monardella frutescens (Hoover) Jokerst - California Monardella hypoleuca A.Gray - southern California, Baja California Monardella lagunensis M.E.Jones - Baja California Sur Monardella lanceolata A.Gray - California †Monardella leucocephala A.Gray - Merced & Stanislaus counties in California but believed to be extinct Monardella linoides A.Gray - California, Arizona, Nevada, Baja California Monardella macrantha A.Gray - California, Baja California Monardella mojavensis Elvin & A.C.Sanders - Mohave Desert of southeastern California & southern Nevada Monardella nana A.Gray - California, Baja California Monardella odoratissima Benth. - mountain wildmint, mountain coyote mint or mountain pennyroyal - much of western North America from British Columbia south to southern California & New Mexico Monardella palmeri A.Gray - Santa Lucia Mountains of west-central California †Monardella pringlei A.Gray - Mohave Desert of southeastern California but believed to be extinct Monardella purpurea Howell - Oregon, California Monardella robisonii Epling ex Munz - Mohave Desert of southeastern California Monardella saxicola I.M.Johnst. - southeastern California Monardella sheltonii Torr. ex Durand - Oregon, California Monardella sinuata Elvin & A.C.Sanders - coastal central California Monardella siskiyouensis Hardham - northern California Monardella stebbinsii Hardham & Bartel - Plumas County in northern California Monardella stoneana Elvin & A.C.Sanders - San Diego County in California, Baja California Monardella × subglabra (Hoover) Hardham - California (M. purpurea × M. villosa) Monardella thymifolia Greene - Cedros Island in Baja California Monardella undulata Benth. - coastal central California Monardella venosa (Torr.) A.C.Sanders & Elvin - central California Monardella villosa Benth. - (common) coyote mint - Oregon, California Monardella viminea Greene - San Diego County in southern California Monardella viridis Jeps. - northern San Francisco Bay area of California (Sonoma, Napa, Solano, & Lake Counties) Horticulture and ecology Most like a sunny, sharply drained site and can be attractive in a rock garden or pot in the alpine house if smaller species are selected. The taller ones can be used at the front of a dry sunny border. They have reasonable frost resistance, but resent dampness in winter. Propagate from seed or summer cuttings of perennial species, or by division of clumps. Monardella is a nectar plant for many Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), including the endangered Myrtle's silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae). Several species are rare California endemics; two, the Merced monardella (M. leucocephala) and Pringle's monardella (M. pringlei), have not been seen in many decades and are presumed extinct. Notes References External links USDA Plants Profile: Monardella Calflora Database: Monardella Lamiaceae genera Flora of Northern America Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

4042728

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe%20in%20Nothing

Believe in Nothing

Believe in Nothing is the eighth studio album by British metal band Paradise Lost, released on 26 February 2001. Release The release for the album was postponed with the first release date being 18 September 2000, before settling to its current date. The band released commented on the reason for the delay stating: Style, artwork, and reception It is one of the last albums in the much lighter sound which characterised the band's sound since One Second and that may have been contributed when composer Gregor Mackintosh stated that "doesn't really exist for him", as it was an album in which the band was out of creative control; the album went under strict instructions from the label. Mackintosh has also said that he feels some songs, such as "World Pretending", deserved a better sound and production. There was more negativity of the album when the band's vocalist Nick Holmes was asked by fans of a Q&A session about in general how does the band choose who does the album artwork, Holmes stated "Don't ask me about the BIN cover, I think we (the band) had our drinks spiked that day!" In 2007, Holmes elaborated: In 2018, Holmes stated, regarding the remixed version of the album: Track listing 2002 reissue Japanese edition Koch Records reissue 2018 remix Single The single "Mouth" was remixed and ended up on the aforementioned single. The single has a music video. Personnel Paradise Lost Nick Holmes – vocals and lyrics Gregor Mackintosh – lead guitar, keyboards, programming, string arrangements, and all music Aaron Aedy – rhythm guitar Steve Edmondson – bass Lee Morris – drums and backing vocals Additional musicians on tracks 3, 7, 9 and "Gone" Sally Herbert – violin, strings Jacqueline Norrie – violin Claire Orsler – viola Clare Finnimore – viola Sophie Harris – cello Dinah Beamish – cello Production John Fryer – engineering, programming Gerhard "Anyway" Wölfle – mixing Michael Schwabe – mastering Charts References 2001 albums Albums produced by John Fryer (producer) EMI Records albums

4042731

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement%20%28disambiguation%29

Atonement (disambiguation)

Atonement is the concept of a person taking action to correct previous wrongdoing on their part. Atonement may also refer to: Religion Atonement in Judaism Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, the biblical/Jewish observance Atonement in Christianity Atonement (governmental view) Atonement (moral influence view) Atonement (penal substitution view) Atonement (ransom view) Atonement (satisfaction view) Substitutionary atonement Society of the Atonement Universal atonement, as in: Unlimited atonement, the doctrine that the atonement is unlimited in extent Universal reconciliation, the doctrine that all will eventually come to salvation Atonement Academy, a parochial Catholic school in San Antonio, Texas Blood atonement, a concept in Mormonism Day of Atonement (Nation of Islam) Vergangenheitsbewältigung, post-WW2 German denazification and repentance Arts, entertainment, and media Films Atonement (1919 film), an American drama film directed by William Humphrey Atonement (2007 film), a British film directed by Joe Wright, based on Ian McEwan's novel Music Albums and soundtracks Atonement (Your Memorial album) and its title track, 2010 Atonement (Immolation album), 2017 Atonement (Killswitch Engage album), 2019 Atonement (soundtrack), the soundtrack from the 2007 film Atonement Songs "Atonement", a song by Benjamin Clementine from the album And I Have Been, 2022 "Atonement", a song by Bloc Party, a b-side to their single "I Still Remember" "Atonement", a song by Heaven Shall Burn of their Iconoclast (Part 1: The Final Resistance) "Atonement", a song by Living Sacrifice from the album Nonexistent "Atonement", a song by Opeth from the album Ghost Reveries "Atonement", a song by The Roots from the album Game Theory Other arts, entertainment, and media "Atonement" (Babylon 5), a Babylon 5 television series episode Atonement (novel), a 2001 novel by Ian McEwan Tsugunai: Atonement, a 2001 role-playing videogame

4042738

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Shafroth

John F. Shafroth

John Franklin Shafroth (June 9, 1854February 20, 1922) was an American politician who served as a representative, member of the United States Senate, and Governor of Colorado. Early life Born in Fayette, Missouri, he attended the common schools and graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1875. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1876 and began practice in Fayette. He moved to Denver, Colorado, in 1879 and continued the practice of law. Beginning in 1889, one of the attorneys he practiced in partnership with for several years was Charles W. Waterman, later a U.S. Senator. His son, John F. Shafroth Jr., later a vice admiral in the U.S. Navy during World War II, was born on 31 March 1887. Political career He was city attorney from 1887 to 1891 and was elected as a Republican to the 54th Congress as a representative. He then joined other Colorado officials, such as Senator Henry M. Teller, in leaving the Republicans to join the Silver Republican Party, the third party on whose ticket he was re-elected to the 55th, 56th, and 57th Congresses. To the 58th Congress, he presented credentials as a Democratic member-elect. Thus, he served in the House from March 4, 1895 to his resignation on February 15, 1904, when he declared that fraud in 29 electoral precincts made him unable to assert that he had legitimately won the election and requested for his opponent, Robert W. Bonynge, to replace him. Subsequently, Shafroth was often referred to (sometimes admiringly, sometimes sarcastically) as "Honest John." Shafroth was Governor of Colorado from 1909 to 1913 and was instrumental in bringing in Colorado's ballot-initiative institutions. In 1912, he was elected as a Democrat to the Senate, where he served one term, from March 4, 1913, to March 3, 1919; he was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1918. While a Senator, Shafroth was chairman of the Committee on Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico (63rd to 65th Congresses), the leading Senate sponsor of the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 (which granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans), and a member of the Committee on the Philippines (65th Congress). Later life and death After leaving the Senate, he served as chairman of the War Minerals Relief Commission from 1919 to 1921. He died in 1922 and was interred in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver. His personal and official papers are archived at several locations including the Colorado State Archives (gubernatorial papers), the Colorado Historical Society Library, and the Denver Public Library's Western History and Genealogy Department. References External links Governor John F. Shafroth Collection at the Colorado State Archives 1854 births 1922 deaths People from Fayette, Missouri Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado Silver Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado Democratic Party United States senators from Colorado Democratic Party governors of Colorado Governors of Colorado Members of the United States House of Representatives removed by contest Politicians from Columbia, Missouri University of Michigan alumni

4042744

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Johannes%20van%20Rhijn

Pieter Johannes van Rhijn

Pieter Johannes van Rhijn (24 March 1886 – 9 May 1960) was a Dutch astronomer. Born in Gouda, he studied at Groningen. He served as director at the Sterrenkundig Laboratorium (Kapteyn Astronomical Institute) in Groningen. He died in Groningen. The crater van Rhijn on the Moon is named after him, as is asteroid 2203 van Rhijn. Sources Stamboom geslacht Van Rhijn (Dutch language source) Biografie van Rhijn, Pieter Johannes van (Dutch language source) 20th-century Dutch astronomers 1886 births 1960 deaths People from Gouda, South Holland Academic staff of the University of Groningen

4042746

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine%20disparue

Albertine disparue

Albertine disparue (Albertine Gone) is the title of the sixth volume of Marcel Proust's seven part novel, À la recherche du temps perdu. It is also known as La Fugitive (in French) and The Sweet Cheat Gone (in English). Plot In the sixth volume of the series, the Narrator's past actions meet an equivalent resolution. The captive is now the fugitive. As in previous volumes, envy and distrust eventually reveal unsuspected and unwanted revelations, such as Albertine's homosexuality, which lead the Narrator to reconcile himself with his melancholy. Unfortunately, happiness still eludes him, and the marriages of his former friends pit him against his own misery, which he tries to cover with indifference. Publication The final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously and without Proust's final corrections and revisions. The first edition, based on Proust's manuscript, was published as Albertine disparue to prevent it from being confused with Rabindranath Tagore's La Fugitive (1921). The first definitive edition of the novel in French (1954), also based on Proust's manuscript, used the title La Fugitive. The second, even-more-definitive French edition (1987–89) uses the title Albertine disparue and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the Bibliothèque Nationale. Mante-Proust typescript After the death in 1986 of Proust's niece, Suzy Mante-Proust, her son-in-law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust. The late changes Proust made include a small crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages. This version was published in French (Paris: Grasset, 1987) and translated as Albertine Gone by Terence Kilmartin (London: Chatto & Windus, 1989); the translation is now out of print. Whether Proust's changes to the manuscript can be integrated into the text of modern editions of Lost Time, remains the subject of contentious debate. Current French editions adopt different approaches to the problem. The 1989 French Pléiade edition preserved the deleted material. However, Jean Milly's 2002 GF Flammarion edition follows Proust's typescript, and restores the sub-title "Sodom and Gomorrah III." This disagreement reflects the dilemma created by the condition of Albertine disparue/La Fugitive. Proust's edited typescript shows his final intentions, but he did not have time to fully realize those intentions. Thus, the typescript leaves Albertine disparue inconsistent with Time Regained. Moreover, Proust's anticipated (but never realized) further volumes of Sodom and Gomorrah might ultimately have included the deleted material. For the 2002 English translation of the volume, editor Christopher Prendergast charged Peter Collier with translating the 1989 Pléiade edition. Notes External links Albertine disparue, French text. In Search of Lost Time 1927 French novels Works by Marcel Proust Novels published posthumously

4042750

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall%20Cool%20One%20%28novel%29

Tall Cool One (novel)

Tall Cool One is the fourth novel in the "A-List" series by Zoey Dean. It was released in 2005 by Little, Brown. Plot summary At the beginning of the novel, Anna is at the beach with Danny, the producer she met while interning for Clark Sheppard on Hermosa Beach, learning to surf but can't seem to get it. The two end up having a conversation about one-night stands. Dan claims Anna isn't the type to have one but Anna claims that she would and that she doesn't think casual sex is bad even though she has only had sex with Ben, who has returned to Princeton. Her relationship with him is not certain between both of them but Anna thinks that them two have broken up or at least, are on a break. Once Anna returns home she finds her mother and father on the couch in her father's house in Los Angeles having a drink. She finds this shocking because since the divorce, her parents couldn't stand to be in the same room. Her father explains that her sister Susan is coming out of rehab and that her doctor suggested that they meet her as a whole family. Sam is also having her own family problems as her new stepmother Poppy has taken over the whole house to prepare for Sam's soon to be sister, Ruby Hummingbird. To Sam's further dismay, Dee has become fast friends with Poppy and even moves in to help with the baby preparations, causing Sam to feel ignored. She joins Anna at Las Casitas, not caring that the whole Sharpe family is supposed to appear on The Tonight Show together. Meanwhile, Cammie and Adam's relationship is growing, but they have not had sex yet which Cammie finds strange. She tries to seduce him on the beach but Adam refuses and Cammie realizes he is a virgin, finding it sweet. Still, she doesn't want people to think she has lost her reputation as a vixen and so Cammie tells everyone she and Adam are having amazing sex, unbeknownst to him. Cammie and Adam do attempt to have sex throughout the course of the book but they are always interrupted. Eventually, she and Adam agree to wait until the time is right. The two take shelter in a seemingly empty mansion as a thunderstorm begins while Kai and Eduardo realize the girls are missing. Eduardo calls Jackson Sharpe, who cancels the Jay Leno appearance to go to Mexico to search for Sam. A search party begins and in the morning, Sam and Anna are discovered by the guards of the owner who owns the place. The two explain their story and are rescued by Jackson and his helicopter. Anna is a little jealous and hurt that her own father didn't come also. Sam is confused when Eduardo acts coldly to her after they return to Las Casitas but shrugs it off as they are now going their separate ways. However, back in Beverly Hills, Sam throws a party with her friends who all eagerly demand to know the details of the rescue and Eduardo shows up to apologize for mistreating Sam and asks her out on another date. Also, Anna's parents once again part separate ways and she is relieved. With her head clear, Anna is finally able to surf properly, much to her delight. 2005 American novels American young adult novels Little, Brown and Company books

4042755

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Edinburgh%20%28Episcopal%29

St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a cathedral of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Edinburgh, Scotland; part of the worldwide Anglican Communion active in many countries around the world. Its foundation stone was laid in Palmerston Place, in the city's West End, on 21 May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30 October 1879. St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral is the Mother Church of all Scottish Episcopal churches in the Edinburgh Diocese, which stretches from the Firth of Forth down to the English border. There are seven dioceses in Scotland. St Mary’s is the see of the Bishop of Edinburgh, one of seven bishops within the Scottish Episcopal Church. It was designed in a Victorian Gothic revival style by architect Sir George Gilbert Scott. It has attained Category A listed building status, and is part of the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh World Heritage Site. The cathedral is one of only three in the United Kingdom that feature three spires, the other two being Lichfield and Truro cathedrals. The main spire is tall, making the building the tallest in the Edinburgh urban area. The other two spires were completed in 1917. The Song School and the Chapter House were also added in later years. History In 1689, following the Glorious Revolution, Presbyterianism was restored in place of episcopacy in the national Church of Scotland. This led to the emergence of the Scottish Episcopal Church as a separate Christian denomination. Edinburgh's historic St Giles' Cathedral was raised to cathedral status in 1633, the seat of the newly established Bishop of Edinburgh. However the rejection of episcopacy saw the cathedral converted to Presbyterian use. For a time the Episcopal residue of that congregation worshipped in an old woollen mill in Carrubber's Close, near the site of the present Old St Paul's Church. A bequest by Barbara and Mary Walker left the cathedral's site in Edinburgh's West End to the Episcopal Church alongside an endowment. administered by the Walker Trustees, allowing for the building of a cathedral dedicated to St Mary the Virgin. The sisters owned the surrounding Drumsheugh Estate and lived in Easter Coates House, which survives to the north of the cathedral. They were the granddaughters of the Rev. George Walker, the Episcopal minister of Oldmeldrum Church (1734–1781). Their father, William Walker, was Attorney in Exchequer, and Bearer of the White Rod of Scotland; their mother was Mary Drummond, daughter of George Drummond, six times Lord Provost of Edinburgh and initiator of the New Town. William Walker bought the Coates estate from the Byres family around 1800 and is remembered in the street names William Street and Walker Street round the corner from Manor Place. Design and construction The cathedral was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott and the foundation stone was laid on 21 May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, whose family had been supportive of Scottish episcopacy over the previous hundred years. Inside the stone was placed a bottle containing a copy of the trust deed, the Edinburgh Post Office Directory, Oliver and Boyd's Almanac, newspapers and coins. The cathedral's builder was G. W. Booth and the clerk of works was Edwin Morgan. St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral has four main doors: the west, east, north and south doors. The cathedral's main entrance is the ornate west entrance, from Palmerston Place, which features Saint Peter and the key to the Kingdom of Heaven. In preparation for the opening of the cathedral a congregation had been formed to worship in a temporary iron church erected on the site now occupied by the Song School. Beginning on 26 May 1876, it was ministered to by the dean, James Montgomery, and two chaplains, and grew rapidly. The nave of the cathedral was opened on 25 January 1879 and from that day, daily services have been held in the cathedral. The cathedral was consecrated on 30 October 1879 in the presence of about 200 clergy from around the country. The twin spires at the west end, known as "Barbara" and "Mary" after the Walker sisters, were not begun until 1913 and completed in 1917. The architect for these was Charles Marriott Oldrid Scott, Sir George's grandson. The reredos is designed by John Oldrid Scott and sculpted by Mary Grant. The critic Sacheverell Sitwell condemned the design as "peerless for ugliness, unless it be for its own sister, Scott's chapel of St John's, at Cambridge". Music Choral services St Mary's Cathedral is the only cathedral in Scotland to maintain a tradition of daily choral services, for most of the year, with choristers drawn from its own choir school. It was the first cathedral in Great Britain to employ girls in the treble line as well as boys, in 1978, when Dennis Townhill was organist and choir master. In 2005, St Mary's Cathedral became the first cathedral in the Anglican tradition to have a female alto singing in daily services. Song School The Song School was built in 1885. It was designed by John Oldrid Scott. It provided St Mary's choir with a rehearsal space which the choir use for their daily practice. It houses a second Father Willis organ (1829). The Song School walls are ornately decorated by the Irish-born artist Phoebe Anna Traquair. Guided tours of the Song School are available, at certain times during the year. St Mary's Music School and choir St Mary's Music School was founded to educate its choirboys. It continues to educate choristers of the cathedral and is now a separate specialist music school open to all pupils. Bells There are ten original bells in the central tower of the cathedral hung for change ringing, with two further bells which have been added more recently. They were the gift of the first dean of St Mary's, James F. Montgomery. The bells were all cast by John Taylor & Co. of Loughborough to weight ratios defined by Lord Grimthorpe who was a leading bell designer of his day. This is one of only a few complete Grimthorpe rings still in existence. The tenor bell weighs 41 cwt. The bells were dedicated on 29 October 1879. Festival Fringe venue St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral (Venue 91) hosts classical concerts, coffee concerts, lunchtime recitals, art events and exhibitions, during the annual Edinburgh Festival Fringe. St Mary's also has an active calendar of concerts, charity concerts, events and exhibitions throughout the year. Organists 1878 Thomas Henry Collinson 1929 Robert Head 1958 Eric Parsons 1961 Dennis Townhill 1991 Timothy Byram-Wigfield 1999 Matthew Owens 2005 Simon Nieminski 2007 (to current day) Duncan Ferguson (Master of Music & Organist) Provosts of the cathedral The provost in the Scottish Episcopalian church is the senior priest of the cathedral, with responsibility for the mother church of the diocese. When the bishop officiates, the provost is assistant priest. They are formally addressed as The Very Reverend and more informally as Provost <first name> or simply <first name>. 1879–1897 James Montgomery 1897–1919 John Wilson 1920–1925 Edward Henderson 1925–1938 William Margetson 1938–1939 Logie Danson 1940–1944 David Dunlop 1944–1949 Ivor Ramsay 1949–1956 Hector Gooderham 1957–1967 Reginald Foskett 1967–1970 Patrick Rodger 1970–1990 Philip Crosfield 1990–2017 Graham Forbes September 2017 (to current day) John Conway Objects of interest Memorials Captain James Dundas V.C. (1842–1879) General Sir Alexander Frank Philip Christison Bt. (1893–1993), erected by the Burma Star Association Soldiers of the Royal Scots killed overseas 1857–1870 Reclining marble effigy of James Francis Montgomery (1902) by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray. Barbara and Mary Walker, the philanthropists who funded the church (see above) The war memorial is by Pilkington Jackson (1920). Rood cross The Lorimer rood cross was designed as part of the National War Memorial, and completed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1922. It is positioned high aloft the nave altar, unmissable as eyes lift to view the high altar, or the east lancet windows beyond. It is a striking figure of Christ crucified on a background of Flanders poppies and decorated with golden winged angels. Walter Scott's pew Sir Walter Scott’s pew moved to the cathedral in 2006. Its first location was in St George's Church on York Place and was then moved in 1932 to St Paul's Church across the road when the two congregations amalgamated, and the latter building became St Paul's and St George's. Raised a Presbyterian in the Church of Scotland where he was ordained as an elder, in adult life he also adhered to the doctrine of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Paolozzi’s ‘Millennium Window’ The cathedral is home to a stained-glass window reworked as an artwork in the Modern Art genre for year 2000 by Eduardo Paolozzi who was born in Leith. The glasswork consists of a large rose window with three lancet windows below, in vibrant colours of glass which are designed to project onto stonework inside the cathedral on bright days. It is visible from the south side of St Mary's from Bishop's Walk but is best viewed from inside with the light behind, from either the Resurrection Chapel on the south side, or beside the ornate wooden casing and pipework of St Mary's ‘Father Willis’ organ on the north side. Prayer labyrinth The south grounds of the cathedral are accessed from Bishop's Walk or from the south doors in the Resurrection Chapel when these stand open. A prayer labyrinth designed by artists connected with the cathedral has been carved and sown with wild flowers, with help from others in the congregation of St Mary's. Unlike a maze, a labyrinth is a single continuous route, from entry point to centre. The prayer labyrinth frees you to think your own thoughts or prayers for others, as you follow the path, edged by wild flowers; to attract insects. Gallery Links of further interest Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church Bishop of Edinburgh Diocese Dean of Edinburgh Diocese, Frances Burberry Diocese of Edinburgh List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Roman Catholic) is the Roman Catholic cathedral of similar name, but situated at the East End of Edinburgh. References Sources Notes External links St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral website A history of the choristers of St Mary's Cathedral Christianity in Edinburgh Edinburgh Mary's Cathedral (Episcopal) Gothic Revival church buildings in Scotland Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh Listed cathedrals in Scotland George Gilbert Scott buildings

4042757

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt%20Trung%20Thu

Tết Trung Thu

Tết Trung Thu () is a traditional Vietnamese festival held from the night of the 14th to the end of the 15th of the 8th lunar month (, ). Despite its Chinese origin, the festival has recently evolved into a children's festival (), also known as , or . Children look forward to this day because they are often given toys by adults, typically including a star lamp, a mask, a lamp, and a (edible toy figurines), and eat (mooncakes - and ). People organize a feast to watch the Moon and when the Moon is high, children sing and dance while watching the full moon. In some places, people also organize lion dances or dragon dances for the children to enjoy. Origins Tết Trung Thu originated from Chinese culture, with three main legends that are associated with the festival: the story of Chang'e and Hou Yi, Emperor Tang Ming Huang's ascent to the moon in China, and the story of Uncle Cuội of Vietnam. The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). The term mid-autumn (中秋) first appeared in Rites of Zhou, a written collection of rituals from the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE). The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity during the early Tang dynasty (618–907 CE). One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after exploring the Moon Palace. According to Phan Kế Bính in the book of Việt Nam phong tục, the custom of hanging lights to display the feast was due to the ancient scriptures about Emperor Tang Ming Huang. On the emperor's birthday, he would order people to hang lights everywhere and arrange a party to celebrate, and it has since become a custom. The tradition of lantern processions dates back to the Song Dynasty, due to a story that during the reign of Emperor Song Renzong in China, a carp transformed into a monster, and every night the Moon appeared to turn into a girl to harm people. In response, Bao Gong, a new official ordered the folk to make a fish lamp like the carp's image and bring it out to play in the street. This aimed to scare the monster so that it would not dare harm the people. Phan Kế Bính also stated that the custom of singing dates back to the reign of Emperor Quang Trung - Nguyễn Huệ, "when he brought troops to the North. Many soldiers were homesick." To lift up their spirits and alleviate their homesickness, Nguyễn Huệ presented a way for both sides to pretend to be boys and girls, singing and responding to each other. This was accompanied by a drum beat, hence the name (military drum). Activities and customs Children's toys in Tết Trung Thu are made of paper and shaped like creatures such as butterflies, mantises, elephants, horses, unicorns, lions, dragons, deer, shrimps, and fish. During the evenings of the festival, children play tug and catch, and have a procession of lanterns, lions, drums, and , a percussion instrument. In the evening when the full moon has just risen, people buy moon cakes, tea, and wine to worship their ancestors. Also on this day, people often give mooncakes, fruits, tea and wine to their grandparents, parents, teachers, friends, relatives and other benefactors. The Chinese often organize dragon dances during Tết Trung Thu, while the Vietnamese do lion dances. The lion symbolizes luck and prosperity and is a good omen for all families. In the past, Vietnamese people also held singing and hung lanterns in during the festival. The drums are sung to the rhythm of three "thình, thùng, thình". According to Vietnamese customs, during Tết Trung Thu, adults arrange parties for children to celebrate and buy or make various candle-lit lanterns to hang in the house and let the children participate in lantern processions. Tết Trung Thu celebrations often includes moon cakes, candies, sugar cane, grapefruit and other fruits. Lantern procession In some rural areas, where neighbors have closer relationships, people often organize so children can carry lanterns together through villages, hamlets and neighborhoods on the Tết Trung Thu night. Lantern festivals can be initiated by the local government or by youth groups in the village. Participants compete to have the largest or prettiest lanterns in the procession. In Phan Thiết (Bình Thuận), a large-scale lantern procession was held with thousands of elementary and junior high school students marching through the streets. This festival was set as the largest record in Vietnam. It is a traditional mid-autumn lantern procession festival dating back hundreds of years, and the scale of the festival in Phan Thiết increases every year, but also becomes more "commercial". In Tuyên Quang, there is also a large lantern procession festival, fully mobilized from the creativity of the people, from village to village, which has not been commercialized. Lion dance Lion dance is usually held before the Tết Trung Thu, with the most busiest nights being the fifteenth and sixteenth nights. Party Typically, the focus of Tết Trung Thu celebratory food is a dog is made of grapefruit cloves, with two black beans attached as eyes. Surrounding the dog, there are fruits and cakes, like (baked mooncakes), (sticky rice mooncakes) or vegetarian cakes, which are usually in the shape of a mother pig with a herd of chubby piglets, or carp. Grapefruit seeds are usually peeled and skewered on steel wires, dried for 2–3 weeks before the full moon, and on the Tết Trung Thu night, the strings of grapefruit seeds are displayed. The typical fruit and food elements of this occasion are bananas, nuggets, apricots, red and blue pickled persimmons, daisies, and grapefruit. The feast begins when the moon reaches the zenith. The custom of looking at the Moon is associated with the legend of Uncle Cuội, who found his precious banyan tree uprooted and flying into the sky one day. Clinging to the tree roots, he flew to the Moon with the tree. Looking up at the Moon, one can see a clear black spot in the shape of an old tree with people sitting under it, and children believe that it is a picture of Uncle Cuội sitting at the base of a banyan tree. Toys Masks, lion lights, star lights and lion heads are the most popular toys during the festival. Previously in the North, during the Bao cấp period (1976 - 1986), toys for children during the Tết Trung Thu were very rare. Families often made their own toys such as drums, lanterns, monk lamps, star lamps, lamps, masks, , toy ship models, and pinwheels for children in the family. Masks are usually made of paperboard or cardboard, featuring children's favorite characters at that time, including lion heads, Ông Địa, Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie, or Baigujing. Today, most toys in Vietnam come from China, and the masks are often made of thin plastic. Lanterns In the Southern of Vietnam, the two cities of Hội An and Saigon are famous throughout the country for the craft of making decorative lanterns and paper lanterns used during Tết Trung Thu. According to Văn Công Lý, the lantern making industry in Hội An traces back to an ancestor called Xã Đường. The uniqueness of Hội An lanterns lies in their diverse shapes, designs, and sizes. Lanterns can be covered with Hà Đông silk rather than paper to make the light more magical and shimmering. In Saigon, the largest center for the production of Trung Thu lanterns in South Vietnam has been Phú Bình in District 11 since before 1975, supplying the whole region's lanterns. This originated with a migrant community in 1954, originally from Báo Đáp village in Nam Định province. The Northern village is famous for its dyeing industry. When coming to the South, people still continued dyeing, weaving and making shoes. After 1975, Phú Bình, situated in the Phú Trung ward of Tân Phú district and Ward 5 of District 11 in Ho Chi Minh City, is approximately half a kilometer away from the Đầm Sen tourist area. At first, when settling in the South, Phú Bình only specialized in producing simple Tết Trung Thu lanterns, such as flute lanterns, fish lanterns, and star lanterns, for students to have fun on the holiday night. From 1960 to 1975, Phú Bình annually produced more than half a million mid-autumn lanterns, supplying all provinces from Bến Hải to Cà Mau. After 1975, the people in the area reverted to their old jobs. In 1994, the Vietnamese market experienced a significant influx of Chinese lanterns, which impacted the demand for Phú Bình's traditional lanterns. The Chinese lanterns appealed to consumers with new styles, convenience in the wind, and cheaper price. Consequently, the popularity of Chinese lanterns adversely affected the livelihoods of Phú Bình residents, leading to economic difficulties and hardship. In the Vietnamese market, the technology industry dedicated to produce toys for children on the occasion of the Tết Trung Thu has created jobs and profits for many small and medium enterprises. This is due to the use of common materials, simple technology, and little capital. After a period of Chinese toys dominating the market, Vietnamese lantern production recovered in 2006 and started to reoccupy the domestic market. Mooncakes From traditional to modern variations, moon cakes have become increasingly diverse as manufacturers get creative in using different ingredients and foods into the filling, stamping cakes into various designs, and designing creative packaging for them. However, based on the recipe for making the crust, there are two main types of (): (baked cakes) and (sticky rice cakes). Bánh nướng are made with a crust of flour and a little oil. Sugar to mix into the crust is usually cooked with malt for the amber color and so they can be preserved for as long as possible (usually after the Tết Trung Thu, bakers cook sugar water and store it until the next season to use). In the past, in Vietnam, the filling for mooncakes was usually mixed, with a little bit of lime leaves, fatty meat, jam, melon seeds, and sausages. After shaping the cakes by pressing a mold with the desired designs, the cakes are put in the oven. The baking process is divided into two stages of which about two-thirds of the baking time is the first stage. After that, the cakes are unloaded, cooled, covered with egg yolk and then baked for the remaining third of the time. Bánh dẻo Traditionally, sticky rice mooncakes are made with a shell of roasted and finely ground glutinous rice flour, boiled and cooled white sugar water (in contrast with baked mooncakes, malt is not used), and juice from pomelo flowers. The filling is made from various cooked foods and ingredients. The cake is molded and pressed, and can be eaten immediately without needing to be baked in an oven. Singing Trống quân Tết Trung Thu in the North also has the custom of singing . The male and female sides sing and respond to each other, while beating on a barbed wire or steel wire stretched on an empty barrel, popping out "thình thùng thình" sounds as the rhythm for the song. Songs are used to sing along with the rhyme are sometimes improvised. The confrontation in the drum singing sessions is fun and sometimes difficult because of the puzzles. Gift-giving During Tết Trung Thu, people often give gifts to each other, usually boxes of cakes, lanterns, clothes, money. Agencies and businesses also give gifts to customers and employees, sometimes even buying mooncake trucks. Many companies have thousands of workers and thus order thousands of boxes of mooncakes with generous commissions calculated on the total amount of mooncakes consumed. In 2006, an estimated 6,500-6,800 tons of mooncakes were consumed, with consumers having spent more than 800 billion VND for about 7 million boxes. Boxes of mooncakes were expensive, making them unaffordable for the poor. Adults typically give gifts to individuals who are considered their superiors (such as their parents and work superiors), people in need, teachers, neighbors, friends, and children within their household. The value of the gift often corresponds to the importance of the recipient, meaning that gifts for individuals with higher positions or relationships may be of higher value. The act of giving Tết Trung Thu gifts has become a common practice as living conditions improve, especially after the Đổi Mới reform period in Vietnam. For businesses or individuals, not giving Tết Trung Thu gifts can be seen as negligent or shameful, making it a significant expense. The cost of giving gifts is usually spent from the cash received from guests. Many people prefer to use agency funds to take advantage of high commission and discounts offered by bakeries, potentially up to 35%. Giving expensive Tết Trung Thu gifts is considered a "graceful" gesture for adults. Many people use this occasion as an opportunity to exchange gifts with officials. Elaborate boxes of moon cakes with "gold" and "dollar" filling are often given to officials, and gift-giving during the Tết Trung Thu has become a customary practice. Moon viewing On the night of Tết Trung Thu, people often gather to watch the Moon as it is considered the prime time for Moon viewing. Tết Trung Thu in literature and art Poetry about Tết Trung Thu The poet Tản Đà mentioned the Tết Trung with the following verses: Poet Nguyễn Du also mentioned the festival in his poem "The Tale of Kiều": Songs about Tết Trung Thu Musician Lê Thương wrote a song about this topic, Thằng Cuội. Musician Ngọc Lễ has a piece titled Cắc tùng cắc tùng about the Tết Trung Thu for children. See also List of harvest festivals Tết Nguyên Đán Tết Đoan Ngọ Tsukimi, the Japanese autumn harvest festival held on the same day Chuseok, the Korean autumn harvest festival held on the same day Mid-Autumn Festival, the Chinese Moon-observance festival held on the same day References External links Festivals in Vietnam Public holidays in Vietnam Harvest festivals Lunar observation September observances October observances Moon in culture Autumn equinox

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citharode

Citharode

A kitharode (Latinized citharode) ( and κιτηαρῳδός; ) or citharist, was a classical Greek professional performer (singer) of the cithara, as one who used the cithara to accompany their singing. Famous citharodes included Terpander, Sappho, and Arion. "Citharoedus" or "Citharede" was also an epithet of Apollo (Apollo Citharede), and the term is used to refer to statues which portray Apollo with his lyre. See also Relevant musical instruments Related type of statuary Apollo Citharoedus Footnotes References Ancient Greek music

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20in%20Black%20%28novel%29

Back in Black (novel)

Back in Black is the fifth novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was released in 2005 through Megan Tingley Publishers. Plot summary The A-List crew, consisting of Sam, Anna, Dee, Parker, Adam, and Cammie decide to forgo the Spring Break school sponsored trip to Washington D.C. in favor of heading over to Las Vegas instead. Anna misses Ben, who is away at school, and she impulsively invites him to join her and their friends in Vegas too. She also mentions the trip to her best friend from New York, Cyn Baltres, who is impressed with the way Anna has reinvented herself. Parker Pinelli is worried because he is secretly poor and doesn't have enough money to cover the expenses for their luxurious get away but refuses to confide in any of his friends, fearing they'll kick him off the A-list if they knew the truth. He tries to gamble but is unsuccessful as the Las Vegas laws forbid minors from collecting any winnings so he hooks up with a series of wealthier and older women to cover his costs. No one in the group notices and figure Parker is just a lady killer and decide to kick off their break with a "tacky showgirl outfit contest". The girls eagerly participate although Cammie sneaks away to an undisclosed location which causes Adam to worry that she is cheating on him. At dinner, the group is joined by none other by Cyn and her boyfriend Scott Spencer, a handsome intellectual Anna secretly had a crush on before coming to L.A. The crew decides to visit a hypnotist, although Dee bows out in favor of trying to help the sinners of Las Vegas reform. Dee's friends are a little bit worried for her as this goes beyond her normal interests in New Age or spiritual fads. Dee has Ruby Hummingbird, Sam's new half sister, on the mind and she frequently calls Poppy in a worry, claiming that she and Ruby Hummingbird have a spiritual connection. Dee begins to hear voices and believes it is Ruby Hummingbird trying to contact her. Meanwhile, at the hypnotist, Sam is the only one of her friends who doesn't get hypnotized and she watches in shock as everyone's secrets are revealed: Adam admits that sometimes he finds other girls attractive, Cammie admits that she feels Adam can be boring sometimes, and Anna admits her secret crush on Scott. None of them remember what they said and eagerly buy a recording of the show. Sam tries to convince the others not to watch but fails and now everyone is angry with everyone: Adam and Cammie begin to argue about their relationship and Cyn refuses to speak to Anna. However, all is forgotten when Dee suffers a mental breakdown and the crew rush to the hospital to see her. Dee is fine, although she has elected to spend some time at Ojai Mental Hospital. Relieved that Dee is fine although saddened she won't be at BHH anymore, the group returns to their hotel. Scott takes Anna aside and tells her it wouldn't work out between them and Ana realizes she only liked the idea of him and agrees, although still extremely embarrassed. She makes up with Cyn who tells her that she isn't mad because Anna was secretly lusting for her boyfriend—she was mad that Anna never confided her crush in the first place. Cyn also tells Anna that she and Scott are about to break up, if Anna wants to make a play for him but Anna declines. Meanwhile, Sam finds Parker at the bar and finds out he is poor. She promises not to tell and is impressed with the way he refuses her offer to cover his expenses. Adam and Cammie make up and Cammie admits where she had been sneaking off to—to the house of a platonic family friend who lives in Las Vegas. Said friend invites the crew to his for a party. At the end, before they go back to Beverly Hills, Ben shows up and Anna stays behind with him. They talk about their relationship and Ben confesses that he's seeing someone at school, Blythe, but it is not serious. In the end, Anna and Ben decide to get back together. 2005 American novels Little, Brown and Company books American young adult novels Novels set in the Las Vegas Valley

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoncliff

Avoncliff

Avoncliff is a small village in west Wiltshire, England, in the north of Westwood parish about southwest of Bradford-on-Avon. It is the point at which the Kennet and Avon canal crosses the river and railway line via the Avoncliff Aqueduct, which was built by John Rennie and chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. The aqueduct consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times. There is a picturesque weir on the River Avon where permission for a micro hydro electric scheme was applied for from the Environment Agency in 2009, but this is still awaited in 2013. This is a popular starting point for walks along both the canal and the river, and also to Barton Farm Country Park at Bradford-on-Avon. Avoncliff is covered by two Parish Councils; Winsley on the north side of the river and Westwood on the south side. The Cross Guns Inn was built in the late 17th century and is a Grade II listed building. Railway Avoncliff has a tiny railway station, with a one-carriage-length platform in each direction, which used to be called Avoncliff Halt since it was a request stop, requiring people on the platform to wave down the trains. It has become, as of 2011, a regular stop. Services are hourly, run by Great Western Railway, and generally continue on to Westbury and Weymouth in a southerly direction, or Bristol Temple Meads and Gloucester in a northerly direction. References Avoncliff – the Secret History of an Industrial Hamlet in War and Peace, McCamley, Ex-Libris Press 2004 External links Avoncliff website Ordnance Survey map of Avoncliff circa 1900 Villages in Wiltshire

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%27s%20Adventures%20in%20Slime%20World

Todd's Adventures in Slime World

Todd's Adventures in Slime World is a side-scrolling platform video game first released for the Atari Lynx in 1990, with Sega Genesis and PC Engine Super CD-ROM² versions following in 1992. Gameplay Todd's Adventures in Slime World is a 2D platform game, with multidirectional shooting and metroidvanie-style maps. The main character of the game is Todd the explorer, who enters Slime World to search for gems. Todd starts the game with a water pistol and computer generated map. Players in Slime World are armed with a water cannon that can be fired at many angles and can kill most enemies in one hit, cling to and climb most walls, and perform high and long jumps. Although nominally an action game, many rooms require knowledge of the player's abilities and can only be navigated in certain ways, frequently giving it an air of a puzzle game. Todd can sustain ordinary damage from many sources, but there are invulnerability shields and pools of water that remove all damage taken when used. Red enemies, when shot, release a spray of red slime that can instantly kill even a shielded player, creating circumstances when it is best not to shoot foes. There is also a type of enemy called a Hidden Snapper, that instantly kills players that step over it. Snappers are often undetectable until triggered, though subtle design cues hint at their location. Players (usually) have infinite lives to explore the world, but lose all their inventory items if Todd dies and are also sent back to the last checkpoint arrow passed. Plot Todd is a galactic explorer who, while in the Andromeda sector, discovered a starship and downloaded part of the captain's log. The log contains information on Slime World, a world teeming with disgusting life forms and the presence of valuable slime gems. Multiplayer In the multiplayer scenario there is one single seater escape capsule and the players must fight each other to get to it first. Variations The game contains seven "levels" that are more akin to game variations, each possessing not just its own map but its own variation on the basic rules. The variations are: Easy: A relatively simple mode with little red slime or snapjaws, good for learning the game. Exploration: Players are given a huge map with a great number of secret passages, and many enemies. Action: The hardest level in terms of enemy opposition. Logic: A slower-paced, solo-only mode in which the water gun does not work. Players must instead avoid, dodge or outrun foes, or find other ways of defeating them like mega bombs. While checkpoint arrows work, everything else in the world is reset when Todd dies. Suspense: The player is given a severe time limit within which to escape Slime World. It starts at 3 minutes, but it can be extended by one minute for each mushroom collected. While the route to the exit is mostly linear, there are a number of false routes to confound players. Combat: Most of the modes can be played cooperatively, but this one is competitive. Everyone gets five lives, and the last player in the game wins. Players may find slime guns to replace their water guns, that are capable of directly harming the other players. There are also other weapons to use, with room-destroying mega bombs at the top of the list. The Combat map is also just as packed with environmental dangers as the other modes. Arcade: The greatest challenge of Slime World, in this mode the map is almost as dangerous as Action, but the checkpoint arrows do not work. While the map is shorter than some of the other modes, it is still fairly substantial, and the player must start over from the beginning every time a life is lost. In the Lynx version of the game, there are multiple exits from the map. Continuing past the first few exits, the automap will show that the floor layout spells "GREEN TODD: OPT 1". This is an hint for an Easter egg in the game: the "Zit popping game". In the Easter egg game players need to repeatedly press the A button to make a slime bubble grow. If the player is fast enough the slime bubble will explode in hundreds of slime drops. Items The items in the game are: Slime Gem: Very common items that award a large score bonus and also partially heal the player. Red Slime Gem: Rarer bonus item that awards a tremendous number of points, completely heals the player and gives them an invincibility shield for a while, but if accidentally shot, pops in a spray of deadly red slime. Triple Shot: Upgrades the water gun to fire three streams of water, useful for tough foes and crowded rooms. Slime Gun: Changes the player's ammo to slime, capable of harming the other players instead of cleaning them off. However, the many slime monsters of the game are still killed by it. Shield: Makes the player invulnerable to slime for a limited period and completely heals all damage, but provides no protection against red slime or Snappers. (It does protect against red monsters, though.) Cleanser: Permanently turns a pool of normal, damaging slime into pure water, capable of healing the player. Enemy Bait: Draws enemies in the room to its location, where they are killed automatically. It does not work on some monsters, and red monsters still burst in a spray of red slime when killed in this way. Mega Bomb: When used, is thrown onto the ground a short distance in front of the player, waits a few seconds, then destroys everything in its room in a gigantic explosion. While the explosion does not work on Hidden Snappers (since they lurk in the ground, not in the room), everything else in the game can be destroyed by bombs: monsters, players, items, pools of slime and water, and even checkpoint arrows. Jet Pack: Gives the player the ability to fly for a limited time. Players cannot fire while flying, and pools are incredibly dangerous while using a Jet Pack, causing an explosion like a Mega Bomb if one is flown into liquid. Development Peter Engelbrite who worked for Epyx one of the programming divisions at Atari stated in his interview with Retro Gamer Magazine that "I saw that many of the movies for kids around that time had at least some slime in them" and commented that it was the "current craze" in the 1990s. Engelbrite went on to develop the game which also included the option to link up eight Atari Lynx machines through its Comlynx system. This was then credited to be the first eight player game ever created and the only eight player game on the Lynx. Matt Householder of Epyx was charged with porting the game from the Lynx to Sega Genesis and PC Engine CD. The Genesis and PC Engine CD versions were changed to two player split screen, had different sound tracks and the map moved to the top right corner. Reception Lynx In a capsule review of the Lynx version for STart, Clayton Walnum called the game "Wonderfully gross" and "a guaranteed hit." CVG Magazine reviewed the game in their January 1991 issue calling it a "superb exploration game", "highly original", "with plenty of long-lasting appeal" giving a score of 90 out of 100. Robert A. Jung reviewed the Atari Lynx version of the game in IGN. In his final verdict, he stated that "Todd's Adventures in Slime World will appeal mostly to players who enjoy the idea of exploring every nook and cranny of its vast, gooey terrain. For others, however, the appeal is not as distinct; depending on personal preferences and the availability of friends, the value of this card will vary significantly." He gave the game 7 out of 10. Marshal Rosenthal reviewed the game in the short lived Raze Magazine giving a score of 92%. Genesis N. Somniac of GamePro characterized the Genesis version as "a faithful translation" of the Lynx version which benefits from the large screen presentation. He was especially impressed that the multiplayer mode was adapted to split-screen format without significant slowdown or reduction in graphic quality. Additionally praising the convenience of the restart/password feature and the variety of gameplay possibilities resulting from the many features, he concluded, "Sharp graphics, an engaging story line, and a nice mixture of action and suspense guarantees a messy, but fun-filled, time for all!" Most of the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly agreed that the Genesis version improved on the presentation of the Lynx original, though Martin Alessi contended the controls are not nearly as good, affecting the playability. Steve Harris found the essential gameplay concept "awkward and flat", while Ed Semrad and Sushi-X had more positive reactions, praising the long levels and challenge. They gave it a 6.25 out of 10. Mega Action gave a negative review writing: "The sound is poor and the graphics are small and untidy" and felt one of the major problems with Slime World is the lack of variety between levels. In a 2006 retrospective review, Benjamin Galway of Sega-16 stated that the Genesis version's reduction of the multiplayer mode from eight players to two, along with its addition of an ever-present map to eliminate any possibility of getting lost, takes away most of the game's appeal. He also stated that the background graphics, animations, and color palette are inferior to the Lynx version's, and while the play control is the same, this is not a positive since the original had clunky and unnatural control. He nonetheless gave it a 7 out of 10. Awards Todd's Adventures in Slime World was awarded Game Players Magazine' game of the year. References External links Atari Lynx – the handheld system that time forgot (includes Slime World review & download) Sega-16 review of the Genesis port 1990 video games Atari Lynx games Epyx games Metroidvania games Sega Genesis games Multiplayer and single-player video games TurboGrafx-CD games Video games developed in the United States

4042771

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos%20Argui%C3%B1ano

Karlos Arguiñano

Karlos Arguiñano Urkiola (born September 6, 1948) is a Spanish chef, popular TV presenter and producer, and Basque pelota businessman. His devotion to cuisine started when he was a child and helped at home because he was the eldest of four siblings and had a disabled mother. Before beginning his training in the field of cooking, he worked for CAF, a rail car manufacturer at Beasain. When he was 17 years old, he decided to take part in a course at the Escuela de Hostelería del Hotel Euromar where, over three years, he was taught the main principles of cooking by Luis Irizar. There he met some people who have gone on to achieve great success in the world of cuisine, such as Pedro Subijana and Ramón Roteta. Arguiñano has had a hotel-restaurant on the beach at Zarautz since 1978. He was one of the first TV chefs in Spain with his cooking show, La cocina de Karlos Arguiñano , first on Euskal Telebista, later on Televisión Española, Argentine ATC, back in Spain with Telecinco and, since September 2010 on Antena 3. Arguiñano combines recipe preparation with tips, jokes and amateur singing. His catchphrase is Rico, rico y con fundamento ("Tasty, tasty and with nutritional value") and his trademark is the use of parsley. His sister Eva Arguiñano has also appeared on TV, usually in the dessert section of the show. He has taken over control of the show through his production company Asegarce. Asegarce also controls a big part of the professional Basque pelota business and is one of the owning companies of the TV channel La Sexta. Filmography Karlos Arguiñano has participated in some films. El rey de la Granja (2002), directed by Carlos Zabala and Gregorio Muro Año Mariano (2000), directed by Karra Elejalde and Fernando Guillén Cuervo Airbag (1997), directed by Juanma Bajo Ulloa le gusta la salsa pringel Curiosities In 2005, the chef Manu Piñero (Karlos Arguiñano Aiala Gastronomic School's executive chef), has participated on behalf of Karlos Arguiñano in the first cook work days of Cocina Fusión Vasco-Canaria by the city hall of La Orotava and managed by the Canarian chef Alberto Fortes, collaborating with several basque chefs. References External links Hotel Restaurante Karlos Arguiñano Asegarce 1948 births Living people Spanish male chefs Spanish television chefs Male actors from the Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque cuisine People from Beasain

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mamas%20%26%20the%20Papas%20%28album%29

The Mamas & the Papas (album)

The Mamas & the Papas is the second studio album by the Mamas and the Papas, released in September 1966. The album peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 album chart and number 24 in the UK. The lead off single, "I Saw Her Again", reached number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 11 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was especially unique because of its origins."Words of Love" was released as the second single in the US peaking at number 5. In the UK, it was released as a double A-side with "Dancing in the Street" (a cover of the 1964 hit by Martha and the Vandellas) and charted at number 47 in the UK. After John Phillips discovered that group member Michelle Phillips was having an affair with Gene Clark of the Byrds, he fired her from the group on June 4, 1966. In June, a new singer was hired to replace her. Jill Gibson was producer Lou Adler's girlfriend at the time and was already a singer/songwriter who had performed on several Jan and Dean albums. The photo already chosen for the album's cover featured Michelle Phillips prominently, so Dunhill had Gibson take a photo posed in exactly the same position as Michelle, and then superimposed the new photo over that of Phillips. However, the decision was then made to shoot an entirely new picture with the new line-up and to also change the album's title to Crashon Screamon All Fall Down. Several thousand advance pressings of the album with this cover and title were sent out to radio stations and record distributors, but with the return of Michelle to the group just prior to the LP's general release, the original cover and eponymous title were quickly reinstated. Copies of the rare Crashon pressings are now highly sought after collector's items. The album was first issued on CD in 1988 (MCAD-31043) and also appears in its entirety on All the Leaves Are Brown, a retrospective compilation of the band's first four albums, with the single versions of "I Saw Her Again" and "Words of Love". Original track listing All songs by John Phillips, unless otherwise noted. Side one "No Salt on Her Tail" - 2:35 "Trip, Stumble and Fall" (John Phillips, Michelle Gilliam) - 2:35 "Dancing Bear" - 4:08 "Words of Love" - 2:13 "My Heart Stood Still" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 1:43 "Dancing in the Street" (Marvin Gaye, William "Mickey" Stevenson, Ivy Jo Hunter) - 3:00 Side two "I Saw Her Again" (John Phillips, Denny Doherty) - 2:50 "Strange Young Girls" - 2:45 "I Can't Wait" - 2:40 "Even If I Could" - 2:40 "That Kind of Girl" - 2:20 "Once Was a Time I Thought" - 0:58 Personnel Denny Doherty - vocals Cass Elliot - vocals John Phillips - vocals, guitar Michelle Phillips - vocals Jill Gibson - vocals Hal Blaine - drums, percussion Larry Knechtel - organ, piano Joe Osborn - bass guitar "Doctor" Eric Hord - guitar Tommy Tedesco - guitar P. F. Sloan - guitar Peter Pilafian - electric violin Ray Manzarek - organ, piano on "No Salt on Her Tail" Technical Lou Adler - producer Dayton "Bones" Howe - engineer Henry Lewy - engineer Bowen David - assistant engineer Jimmie Haskell - string arrangement on "I Saw Her Again" Gene Page - horn arrangement on "My Heart Stood Still" Guy Webster - photography George Whiteman - artwork Chart positions References The Mamas and the Papas albums 1966 albums Albums arranged by Jimmie Haskell Albums arranged by Gene Page Albums produced by Lou Adler Albums recorded at United Western Recorders Dunhill Records albums

4042784

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Williams%20%28Canadian%20Army%20officer%29

Victor Williams (Canadian Army officer)

Major-General Victor Arthur Seymour Williams (1867 – December 12, 1949) was a Canadian general in the First World War and later the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police. In June 1916 he was seriously wounded and captured by the Germans. He was one of the highest ranked Canadians ever made a prisoner of war. Early life and education Williams was born at Port Hope, Ontario, in 1867, the son of Arthur Trefusis Heneage Williams, by his wife Emily, daughter of Benjamin Seymour. After attending Trinity College School in Port Hope, he entered the Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, in 1884. In 1886, “Williams was one of four new Inspectors who had attended the Royal Military College in Kingston. The other three officers were: S.T. Wood, P.C.H. Primrose, and T.W. Chalmers." Two years into his studies he was withdrawn from the college at his parents' request and entered service in the North-West Mounted Police. In December 1887 he was gazetted an inspector. Army career He transferred to the Mounted Infantry in 1889. He married Helen Euphemia Sutherland on October 23, 1890. He eventually took a commission with the Royal Canadian Dragoons in 1893. In 1899 he went to South Africa, serving as a major and lieutenant-colonel in command of 'B' Squadron of the Canadian Mounted Rifles during the Second Boer War. Williams was promoted brevet colonel for his overseas service and appointed commandant of the Royal School of Cavalry in Toronto, Ontario. In 1907 he was appointed commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and Inspector of Cavalry for the Dominion of Canada. In 1911 he commanded the mounted units at the Coronation of King George V. From 1912 to 1914 he was Adjutant-General at Ottawa. He commanded Valcartier Camp, Quebec, during the mobilization of the 1st Canadian Division and accompanied the contingent overseas. During the war he served on the general staffs of Field Marshal Sir John French and the British II and III Corps. As a brigadier-general, he commanded the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Canadian Division from December 1915 to June 1916. He was mentioned in despatches on 30 April 1916 for gallant and distinguished services in the field. He was severely wounded and taken prisoner on June 3, 1916, during the Battle of Mont Sorrel. He was released in a prisoner exchange before the end of the war. He returned to Canada in late 1918. After the war, he was promoted major-general in command of Military District 2 based in Toronto. He then commanded military districts in Kingston and Toronto. He served as the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police from 1922 to 1939. He died in Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto on December 12, 1949, and was buried in the St. John's Cemetery in Port Hope. Recognition and honours Mount Williams (2730 metres) in the Canadian Rockies on the border of Alberta and British Columbia was named in his honour in 1918. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in January 1920 for his war service. Footnotes References - Total pages: 352 1867 births 1949 deaths Burials in Ontario Canadian people of Cornish descent People from Northumberland County, Ontario Trinity College (Canada) alumni Royal Military College of Canada alumni University of Toronto alumni Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George Canadian military personnel of the Second Boer War Canadian generals of World War I Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Canadian prisoners of war in World War I Canadian military personnel from Ontario Royal Canadian Dragoons officers Canadian Militia officers World War I prisoners of war held by Germany

4042786

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotives%20of%20the%20Furness%20Railway

Locomotives of the Furness Railway

The Furness Railway Company owned many different types of locomotives, built by several locomotive building companies, including Sharp Stewart and Company. Others were built by the Furness' constituent companies - the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway, among others. Furness Railway locomotives The classes listed below are not the official FR designations; they were made popular by author Bob Rush in his books about the Furness Railway. Cleator & Workington Junction Railway The Furness railway entered into a working agreement with the Cleator & Workington Junction Railway where the FR would work the companies mainlines and the branch lines were worked by C&WJR engines. The loco list previously shown on this page has been amended thus: Cleator & Workington Junction Railway locomotives All the nameplates used on this company's locomotives were named after residences of C&WJR company directors. Until recently there was uncertainty about the name of No. 2 but the personal notebook of the Company Accountant shows otherwise. The engine never ran in service with the name "Ennerdale" . No. 1 Brigham Hill (1st) and Rothersyke (1st) An outside cylinder 0-4-0T Built in 1894 by Fletcher Jennings Ltd for C&WJR. Builders No. 187. Nameplates carried: Brigham Hill (1882–1894) and Rothersyke (1894–1897) Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: To West Stanley Colliery Coy. County Durham in 1897 No. 2 Unnamed for fifteen years, then Rothersyke (2nd) An outside cylinder 0-4-0ST. Built circa 1875 by Barclay & Co. (not an Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. product). Built originally for Ward, Ross & Liddlelow, railway contractors to the C&WJR, No.2 was purchased second hand in 1882. No. 2 was originally named Ennerdale but the nameplates were removed after acquisition by the C&WJR on the order of the Managing Director. Nameplates Carried: None from 1882 to 1897. The redundant plates from engine No.1 Rothersyke were fitted when it was decided to sell the engine. Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: To SD Coasdell of Workington in July 1898 for £150. No. 3 South Lodge An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST of 1884, built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2553. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox. Nameplates carried: South Lodge. (1884 to 1920) Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: To J.F. Wake Ltd., Dealers, Darlington, County Durham, July 1920 No. 4 Harecroft An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1885 by the Lowca Engineering Co. Ltd. for the C&WJR. Builders No. 196. Similar in appearance to No.3 and the saddle tank did not cover the smokebox. Nameplates carried: Harecroft. (1885 to 1915) Renumbered: After disposal by new owner to 46 Disposal: Withdrawn September 1915 and sold to Workington Iron & Steel Company. No. 5 Moresby Hall An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1890 by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2692. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox.Nameplates carried: Moresby Hall . (1890 to 1919) Renumbered: No known renumbering of this engine. Disposal: Withdrawn and scrapped 1919. No. 6 Brigham Hall An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1894 by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2813. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox.Nameplates carried: Brigham Hall . (1894 to 1920) Renumbered: Allocated 11564 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, but not known if it was repainted into LMS colours. Disposal: Withdrawn 11/12/1926 and scrapped by the LM&SR No. 7 Ponsonby Hall An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1896 by Robert Stephenson and Company for the C&WJR. Builders No. 2846. The saddle tank did not cover the smokebox.Nameplates carried: Ponsonby Hall . (1886 to 1926) Renumbered: Allocated 11565 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, but not known if it was repainted into LMS colours. Disposal: Withdrawn 18/12/1926 and scrapped by the LM&SR No. 8 Hutton Hall An 0-6-0ST built in 1907 by Peckett and Sons for the C&WJR. Builders No. 1134. Nameplates carried: Hutton Hall (1907 to 1927) Renumbered: Allocated 11566 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, and repainted into early LMS black goods livery. Disposal: Withdrawn 3/12/1927 and scrapped by the LM&SR No. 9 Millgrove An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1919 by Peckett and Sons for the C&WJR. Builders No. 1340. Nameplates carried: Millgrove (1919 to 1928) Renumbered: Allocated 11567 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, and repainted into early LMS black goods livery. Disposal: Withdrawn 5/12/1928 and scrapped by the LM&SR No. 10 Skiddaw Lodge An outside cylinder 0-6-0ST built in 1920 by Hudswell Clarke & Co. for the C&WJR. Builders No. 1400. Nameplates carried: Skiddaw Lodge . (1920 to 1932) Renumbered: Allocated 11568 by the LMS in 1923 after the grouping, and repainted into early LMS black goods livery. Disposal: Withdrawn 1932 by LM&SR and sold to Hartley main Collieries Northumberland, via Robert frazer & Sons Ltd., Hebburn, County Durham. Preserved locomotives Three very early Furness Railway locomotives have been preserved: Furness Railway No. 3 – "Old Coppernob" 0-4-0 tender engine of 1846, preserved at the National Railway Museum in York. Furness Railway No. 20 – Sharp Stewart Class A5 0-4-0 tender engine of 1863, now at Ribble Steam Railway in Lancashire. This is Britain's oldest working standard-gauge steam locomotive. It had been converted to a saddle-tank locomotive, but has now been restored to its original tender locomotive design. Furness Railway No. 25 – Sharp Stewart Class A5 0-4-0 tender engine of 1865, now at Ribble Steam Railway awaiting restoration. Unlike No. 20 (above), this locomotive remains in its later saddle-tank format. Furness Railway No. 115 – Sharp Stewart Class D1 0-6-0 tender locomotive of 1881. The locomotive was lost when a mine working collapsed at Lindal-in-Furness on 22 September 1892; only the tender was rescued, which was then used on a loco to replace 115. The locomotive remains buried 200 ft underground, but is technically still in existence. References External links Steam Index's Furness Railway Page Furness Railway Furness Railway

4042797

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpley%20Stoke

Limpley Stoke

Limpley Stoke is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It lies in the Avon valley between Bath and Freshford, and is both above and below the A36 road. The parish is surrounded to the north, west and south by the Bath and North East Somerset district and includes the outskirts of the Somerset villages of Freshford and Midford. The Avon forms the eastern boundary of the parish, and its tributary the Midford Brook is the boundary in the north and west. History The 18th-century country house at Waterhouse is a Grade II listed building. Limpley Stoke was the westernmost part of the ancient hundred of Bradford, and a tithing of Bradford parish, which was divided into civil parishes in 1894. A small Baptist chapel was built on Middle Stoke in 1815 and rebuilt in 1888, providing 150 seats. The chapel closed in the 1970s. A National School was opened on Middle Stoke in 1845; in 1893 there were 51 pupils. The school closed in 1932 owing to low pupil numbers, and the building is now the village hall. In 1886 Messrs E G Browne and J C Margetson acquired a cloth mill, known as Avon Mill, on the banks of the River Avon at Limpley Stoke. The previous owners of the mill had originally been timber merchants, but had later diversified into the production of rubber goods. By 1890 the business had transferred to premises in Melksham, where it became the leading industry of the town; the company later became Avon Rubber. The village's last pub, The Hop Pole, closed in 2018. The 17th-century pub was used in 1993 for the filming of The Remains of the Day with Anthony Hopkins. In 2022, it was brought into community ownership with the intention to reopen in 2024. A landmark water tower, nearby in Friary Wood, is referred to as the Limpley Stoke Water Tower. Canals and railways The Kennet and Avon Canal was built in 1804 through the Avon valley, on the other side of the parish boundary. The Somerset Coal Canal opened in 1805; it followed the Midford Brook, again just beyond the parish boundary, to join the Kennet and Avon next to the Dundas Aqueduct in Monkton Combe parish. In 1857 the Great Western Railway (GWR) built their branch from Bradford Junction, north of Trowbridge, via Bradford on Avon to join their main line at Bathampton. The line follows the Avon valley, on the Limpley Stoke side of the river; Limpley Stoke station was below the north end of the village. The Coal Canal closed in 1898 and its route was bought by the GWR, who used it to extend their Bristol and North Somerset Railway from Camerton to Limpley Stoke; this line opened in 1910. Passenger traffic was light and ceased in 1925. Goods service from Camerton continued until 1951 and the track was lifted in 1958. The Camerton branch was used to film scenes for the 1953 Ealing comedy, The Titfield Thunderbolt. Limpley Stoke station closed in 1966. The line remains open, as part of the Wessex Main Line. The Kennet and Avon Canal fell into decline and almost closed in the 1950s, but restoration began in the 1970s and the whole canal was reopened in 1990. Parish church The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary dates from the 10th century; it was first dedicated to the Wiltshire saint Edith of Wilton, but in the 16th century, after some five hundred years, was rededicated to St Mary. The present building was begun in the early 13th century, and the north porch has an arch of that period. The short west tower was added in the 15th century; restoration in 1870 was of limited scope, leading Pevsner to describe the church as "unrestored". When a south aisle and vestry were added in 1921 to designs of Charles Nicholson, a Saxon arch was incorporated in the arcade. The stone pulpit is from the 15th century. There is one bell, cast in 1596. Stained glass includes a 1932 memorial by A.K. Nicholson. The church was designated as Grade II* listed in 1962. The early church was annexed to the church at Bradford. In 1846 the chapelry of Limpley Stoke was joined with that of Winsley to form a perpetual curacy; a new parish, Winsley with Limpley Stoke, was created in 1868. In 1970 the parish was uncoupled from Winsley and united with Freshford, in the diocese of Bath and Wells. In 1976 the parish of Hinton Charterhouse was added, thus today the church is in the parish of Freshford with Limpley Stoke and Hinton Charterhouse, alongside St Peter's, Freshford and St John the Baptist, Hinton Charterhouse. Notable residents Kate Allenby, modern pentathlete, Olympic bronze medallist Miles Kington (1941–2008), journalist, musician and broadcaster Vicky Holland, modern triathlete Gallery See also Neighbouring civil parishes (clockwise from north): Monkton Combe – small Somerset village Winsley – small Wiltshire village Freshford – Somerset village Southstoke – small Somerset village References External links Limpley Stoke Parish Council Limpley Stoke Web – maps, photographs and other sources for local history and genealogy Kennet and Avon Canal Villages in Wiltshire Civil parishes in Wiltshire

4042802

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Bramall%20Lane

St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane

St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane is a Church of England parish church in the City of Sheffield, England. History St Mary's Church is one of three churches that were built in Sheffield under the Church Building Act 1818 (the other two being St George's Church, Portobello and St Philip's Church, Netherthorpe), and is the only one still to be used as a church. The church was designed by Joseph Potter and cost £13,927 (). A grant of £13,941 was received from the Church Building Commission to cover the cost of building and other expenses. The foundation stone was laid on 12 October 1826 by the Countess of Surrey, and the church was consecrated on 21 July 1830. The church is built in the Perpendicular style, with a high tower, It was damaged by bombing during the "Sheffield Blitz" and when restored was divided: the chancel and two east bays of the nave remained in use as a church, the rest of the building used as a community centre. In 1839 some Chartists, suspicious of the big new Anglican churches, unsuccessfully attempted to fire-bomb St Mary's. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated grade II* listed building. Present day In 2000, a major internal refurbishment took place resulting in the church and community centre becoming a combined space. The space is also used to host conferences. There are close links between the church and Sheffield United F.C., whose ground is situated on Bramall Lane. During the refurbishment in 2000, church services took place at the football club. See also Listed buildings in Sheffield List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire References External links Official website Churches completed in 1830 Bramall Lane, Saint Marys Church Grade II* listed buildings in Sheffield Bramall Lane, Saint Marys Church Bramall Lane, Saint Marys Church Commissioners' church buildings Grade II* listed churches in South Yorkshire 1830 establishments in England

4042821

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Star%20Wars%20spacecraft

List of Star Wars spacecraft

The following is a list of starships, cruisers, battleships, and other spacecraft in the Star Wars films, books, and video games. Spacecraft appearing in the original trilogy Death Star The Death Star is the Empire's battle station which has the ability to use a kyber-crystal powered laser to destroy entire planets. It appears throughout the Star Wars franchise, particularly the original trilogy. Executor (Super Star Destroyer) The Executor serves as Darth Vader's flagship during the events of The Empire Strikes Back, leading the Death Squadron against the Rebel Alliance on Hoth and in pursuit of the Millennium Falcon. It features again in Return of the Jedi where, during the final space battle, it is destroyed after a Rebel A Wing crashes into the command bridge, causing the Executor to lose control and be destroyed as the second Death Star's gravity pulls the flagship into its surface. For The Empire Strikes Back, George Lucas wanted the Executor to be so massive it made the previous Star Destroyers appear tiny. A six-foot model of the Executor was constructed which had over 150,000 individual lights in it. According to chief model maker Lorne Peterson, the ship was originally scaled to appear 16 miles long, though later sources would amend this figure to almost 12 miles. According to in-universe Star Wars sources, the Executor was the lead ship of a new class of Star Dreadnoughts; the term "Super Star Destroyer" is a colloquialism applied to any ship larger than a standard Imperial Star Destroyer. At long, the ship bristles with thousands of turbolasers, ion cannons, missile launchers and tractor beams. It similarly carries more than a thousand ships including TIE Fighters. Home One (Mon Calamari cruiser) Home One made its theatrical appearance in Return of the Jedi as Admiral Ackbar's flagship during the Battle of Endor. According to the old Expanded Universe (now Star Wars Legends) material, the Galactic Empire occupied the planet of Mon Calamari (also known as Mon Cala or Dac). After the Empire destroyed three floating cities to pacify the planet, the peaceful Mon Calamari converted their passenger liners and deep space exploration cruisers into warships, driving the Imperials from their homeworld prior to the Battle of Yavin. Darth Vader successfully subjugates Mon Cala, leading to a mass exodus of city-ships from Mon Cala. This fleet would later be commanded by Admiral Raddus and Admiral Ackbar and join the Rebel Alliance. Each Mon Calamari vessel was individually unique due to the artistry of their Mon Calamari builders, even those of the same "class". According to Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game sourcebooks, while smaller and carrying less weaponry than Imperial-class Star Destroyers, the Mon Calamari cruisers are often more than a match in head-to-head engagements. This is attributed to the Mon Calamari cruisers' multiple backup shields and multiple shield generators as well as more balanced all-around firing arcs. The franchise's books, comics, and video games from Legends describe and depict other Mon Calamari cruisers and successor designs, such as the MC80B Mon Remonda in the Star Wars: X-wing novels, the MC90 star cruiser Galactic Voyager, the Mediator-class battle cruisers, and Viscount-class Star Defenders (which were meant to be the answer to the Executor-class Super Star Destroyers) in R.A. Salvatore's Vector Prime. Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) created two Mon Calamari cruiser designs: the cylindrical "flying cigar" Home One command ship and a "winged" model identified in the Expanded Universe as the Liberty. The "winged" model would have its wings removed and thrusters modified to portray another subtype. The ships were designed to be as aesthetically different from the Imperial Star Destroyers as possible, although the filming crew disliked the "pickle ships" due to the models' unflattering angles. Internal neon lights provided lighting, and detail was painted on by using the second Death Star model's exposed framework as a makeshift frisket. The model's design, as well as that of other Mon Calamari cruisers to appear in the film, was a collaborative effort between George Lucas, Nilo Rodis-Jamero, and Joe Johnston. In Return of the Jedi, Admiral Ackbar (Timothy M. Rose) leads the Rebels during the Battle of Endor from the flagship, Alliance Headquarters Frigate Home One, a modified MC80A star cruiser; although that ship survives the Battle of Endor, the Death Star's superlaser destroys other Mon Calamari cruisers, including the Liberty. In Revenge of the Sith, the Confederacy of Independent Systems (Separatists) used the Providence-class carrier/destroyer as their frontline capital ship at the Battle of Coruscant. A modified variant, the Invisible Hand, serves as the command ship for Count Dooku and General Grievous. In Rogue One, Admiral Raddus flew his flag on the MC75 Star Cruiser Profundity at the Battle of Scarif. The design of Profundity was meant to be a cross between the MC80 star cruiser from Return of the Jedi and the Separatists' Providence-class carrier/destroyer in Revenge of the Sith. In The Last Jedi, the Raddus, formerly known as the Dawn of Tranquility, was an MC85 Star Cruiser that served as the flagship of General Leia Organa. It was used by the Resistance during its war against the First Order. It was one of the last purpose-built warships before the signing of the Military Disarmament Act by the Galactic Empire and New Republic. The vessel gained the moniker Raddus upon its entry into the service of the Resistance, when Admiral Gial Ackbar petitioned to rename it in honor of the famed Admiral Raddus, who had died in service of the Alliance at the Battle of Scarif after defying the Rebel Alliance's political leaders and choosing to fight against seemingly insurmountable odds. A 1994 Micro Machines three-pack included a winged Mon Calamari cruiser toy, and a 1996 three-pack included the other variety. Hasbro in 2003 planned to release a Mon Calamari cruiser as part of its Action Fleet collection but they cancelled the line before producing it. Decipher and Wizards of the Coast published Mon Calamari cruiser cards for the Star Wars Customizable Card Game and Star Wars Trading Card Game, respectively. In 2006, Wizards of the Coast created a Mon Calamari Star Defender miniature as part of its Star Wars Miniatures Starship Battles game. Mon Calamari cruisers are player-controllable units in LucasArts' Empire at War real-time strategy. Fantasy Flight Games's Star Wars: Armada, a table top miniatures game released on March 27, 2015, adds several Mon Calamari cruisers to the Rebel side in the expansions, including the MC80 Home One, MC80 Liberty, MC75 Profundity, and MC30c Frigate. Imperial landing craft (Sentinel-class landing craft) Imperial landing craft (or Sentinel-class landing craft) were designed for the Special Edition release of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope and created entirely with CGI. However, they first appeared in products of the Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire multimedia campaign. According to in-universe sources, the primary mission for Sentinel-class craft is deploying Imperial military forces from orbit onto a planet, though it can be used for other missions including short-range scouting, cargo transport and close air support. Heavily armored and equipped with powerful deflector shields, Imperial landers carry eight laser cannons, two concussion missile launchers, two blaster cannons and an ion cannon turret. As a troop transport it can carry 54 stormtroopers into battle, or carry vehicles via cargo pod installed on its underside. Imperial shuttle (Lambda-class shuttle) Lambda-class T4a shuttles first appeared in Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi, and were later added to the Special Edition release of The Empire Strikes Back. Joe Johnston, Ralph McQuarrie, and Nilo Rodis-Jamero borrowed elements from the skyhopper designed for A New Hope when refining the shuttle's appearance. Earlier versions were boxy, boat-like, or had TIE fighter-like components. Industrial Light and Magic's modelmakers made two shooting models, although CGI versions were used for the craft's Special Edition appearance in The Empire Strikes Back. The Theta-class shuttle in Revenge of the Sith was designed to appear like a predecessor to the Lambda class. A Lambda-class shuttle makes a cameo appearance during the docking sequence of Inara Serra's shuttle in "Serenity", the pilot episode of Joss Whedon's Firefly. According to reference material, Lambda-class shuttles are one of the most common vessels in the Imperial navy and can be configured for a number of roles, including cargo transport, troop carrier, or diplomatic courier. It is a popular personal transport for high-ranking Imperial officials as its armament, reinforced hull and deflector shielding allow it to travel safely even without an escort. It was also rumored by Imperial officials that the Emperor himself used a highly modified Lambda-class shuttle, which was allegedly equipped with a cloaking device. The shuttle is propelled by two ion engines while a hyperdrive allows for long-distance journeys. At long, the shuttle can carry up to 20 passengers in standard configuration or up to 80 metric tons (176,370lbs) of cargo. A crew of two to six pilot the shuttle in a forward cockpit, which in an emergency can jettison from the main body of the vehicle; not all 20 passengers can fit in the cockpit however, so the most senior personnel are given priority to escape. For armament the Lambda-class shuttle is equipped with two Taim & Bak KX5 double blaster cannons on the folding wings, two forward-mounted Taim & Bak GA-60s double laser cannons, and a rear-mounted ArMek R-Z0 retractable double blaster cannon. Imperial Star Destroyer The Star Destroyers are the Galactic Empire's assault ships. Much like the Republic assault ships, the two have similar hulls, bridges, engines, and many other parts. They appear in a variety of forms throughout the Star Wars franchise. The Ravager, an Executor-class Star Dreadnought, was destroyed during the Battle of Jakku. Millennium Falcon (YT-1300 light freighter) The Millennium Falcon is a highly modified YT-1300F light freighter captained by smuggler Han Solo (Harrison Ford) and his Wookiee first mate, Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew). The YT-1300 Corellian light freighter, manufactured by the Corellian Engineering Corporation, was essentially a giant "forklift" designed to tug around giant container ships. As one of the most successful designs in history, the appeal of the vessel is not its basic equipment, but its modular ability to take an extraordinary amount of modifications and alterations. But the downside is the cockpit being placed on the right side makes it extremely hard to pilot correctly. Its popularity among freighter captains throughout the galaxy guaranteed commercial operation in the galaxy during the final days of the Galactic Republic and the reign of the Galactic Empire. Rebel Medical Frigate (Nebulon-B frigate) Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) receives a prosthetic hand aboard the Redemption, a modified Nebulon-B escort frigate, at the conclusion of Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back. A Nebulon-B medical frigate is part of the Rebel Alliance fleet at the Battle of Endor in Return of the Jedi. Expanded Universe material states that relatively affordable Nebulon-B frigates, which are effective at engaging starfighters, are used by both the Rebellion and the Galactic Empire. The frigates appear in several LucasArts titles, including the X-Wing flight simulators series, Empire at War real-time strategy game, and Star Wars: Battlefront, as well as episodes 'Zero Hour' and 'Secret Cargo' of Star Wars Rebels. Industrial Light & Magic's Nilo Rodis-Jamero and Joe Johnston created the frigate late during work on The Empire Strikes Back, with the design following a suggestion by George Lucas that it be based on an outboard motor. The model was produced in a short time with limited financial access; it was primarily built from components left over from previous kitbashing exercises, including battleship hulls and artillery pieces. The resulting model was long, tall, and included a "window" where a still from the scene in the medical bay could be inserted for filming. Following the completion of filming, Lucas decided to revisit the end of the movie to better establish the characters' final locations, requiring a section of the frigate to be built that corresponded to the scale of the Millennium Falcon model. The model was originally referred to as the Rebel starcruiser or Rebel cruiser, but during filming of Return of the Jedi, it was renamed Rebel Medical Frigate after the cruiser name was used for the Mon Calamari cruisers. According to in-universe sources, the EF76 Nebulon-B escort frigate is a versatile design which can be modified to fulfill a variety of different roles, from long-range scouting to search-and-rescue missions. When fully armed, the -long frigate is equipped with twelve turbolasers, twelve laser cannons, and a pair of tractor beam projectors, and can carry a full squadron of starfighters. The design is most famous for serving as medical frigates, with full-service hospital facilities and a capacity for 700 patients. Rebel Transport (GR-75 medium transport) GR-75 medium transports are a class of ship which first appears in The Empire Strikes Back during the evacuation of Echo Base on Hoth, and have made appearances in other media. Only long, these ships are described in Star Wars sources as largely consisting of a thick outer hull with its interior entirely open for modular cargo pods. These are held in place by a magnetic shield and allows the transport to accommodate of cargo. Cheap and easy to maintain, these transports are only equipped with four twin laser cannons and minimal deflector shields, though some are retrofitted for combat. Slave I (Firespray-31) Slave I is the starship used by bounty hunter Boba Fett (Jeremy Bulloch) in The Empire Strikes Back and The Mandalorian (in which Boba is played by Temuera Morrison), and by his father Jango Fett (also played by Morrison) in Attack of the Clones. The ship's design is said to resemble the shape of a street lamp. However, the actual inspiration for the shape of the ship was a radar dish, according to Nilo Rodis-Jamero, the assistant art director and visual effects creator on The Empire Strikes Back. Rodis-Jamero created the initial design after seeing Joe Johnston's ideas for Boba Fett, and states that "the original design I had was round, but when you looked at it from the side, it became elliptical...George [Lucas] thought it was elliptical, so that's what it became." He goes on to say that "[w]hen building the ship at ILM, someone looked at the street lamps and pointed out that they looked like Boba's ship. So everyone began to think that was where I got the idea for the design." Its appearance in the original release of The Empire Strikes Back was realized by a combination of matte paintings and a model. According to in-universe reference material, Slave I is a modified Firespray-31-class patrol craft produced by Kuat Systems Engineering. Unique in design, the Firespray-31-class has a distinct engine cluster on which the ship rests when landed, but when in flight the ship rotates 90 degrees so that the top-mounted cockpit faces forward. The ship's artificial gravity similarly reorients depending on the flight mode, while the rotating stabilizer fins on either side carry repulsorlifts to assist with landing. The class only saw limited production, as it was considered too heavily armed for civilian use, too underpowered for Kuat's home fleet, and too reliable for post-sale maintenance business. Jango Fett chose the vessel for, among other reasons, its anonymous appearance, but heavily modified it with additional weaponry, expanded crew quarters and more secure (and less humane) prisoner cabinets. After inheriting Slave I from his father, Boba Fett made additional modifications to the vessel. These include a secret (and stolen) military sensor-jamming and cloaking device that enables the ship to disappear from most sensor systems, immobilizing bunks for up to six prisoners, and even more weaponry. Armaments include 2 Borstel GN-40 twin rotating blaster cannons, 2 Dymek HM-8 concussion missile launchers, a Brugiss C/In ion cannon, a Phylon F1 tractor beam projector, and 2 Arakyd AA/SL proton torpedo launchers. Tantive IV (Rebel Blockade Runner) The Tantive IV, identified in source material as a CR90 Corellian corvette, first appears in the opening scene of the original Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope, commanded by Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) as she tries to escape from Darth Vader (David Prowse/James Earl Jones) aboard his Imperial Star Destroyer. Her adoptive father Bail Organa (Jimmy Smits) is seen using a similar vessel during the prequel movie Revenge of the Sith, identified in source material as the CR70 model Tantive III. Corellian corvettes, also known as Rebel Blockade Runners for their powerful engine array and ability to outrun customs vessels, are manufactured by the Corellian Engineering Corporation. Spacecraft appearing in the prequel trilogy Banking Clan Frigate (Munificent-class Star Frigate) Also known as Separatist Frigates, these vessels made their theatrical appearance in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and feature in Clone Wars-related media. The design of these and other Separatist vessels was done specifically to reverse the visual iconography of the original Star Wars trilogy by having "good guy" ships be triangular and "bad guy" ships be smoother and more organic. Unused Joe Johnston designs of Rebel ships from Return of the Jedi were used as inspiration by Revenge of the Sith concept artists in creating the Banking Clan frigate and other vessels. According to in-universe material, these Munificent-class Star Frigates were built by Hoersch-Kessel Drive Inc. on behalf of the InterGalactic Banking Clan for the Separatist cause. Forming the bulk of the Separatist fleet during the war, these frigates filled the dual role of combat and communications ships, using powerful antennas to coordinate fleet actions utilizing faster-than-light hyperwaves to communicate anywhere within the galaxy or jam enemy sensors and communications. Official sources give their length as , a width of and height of . However they require only a small crew of 200 battle droids to operate, with a storage capacity of up to 150,000 additional battle droids for boarding actions or ground assaults. In battle, these frigates' armaments make them grossly overpowered for their size. Each is armed with two forward-facing heavy turbolaser cannons which at full power can blast-melt an ice-moon in diameter; two long-range ion cannons; 26 twin turbolaser cannons; 20 light turbolaser turrets; and 38 point-defense laser cannons. Commerce Guild Support Destroyer (Recusant-class Light Destroyer) These spacecraft made their theatrical appearance in Revenge of the Sith in addition to other Clone Wars-related media as a capital ship used by Separatist forces. As with other Separatist spacecraft, the design of these destroyers was based on unused concept art for Rebel capital ships from Return of the Jedi. Officially referred to as Recusant-class light destroyers in background material, their in-universe origin comes from Mon Calamari plans that were stolen by Quarren Separatists and jointly manufactured by the Commerce Guild and Techno Union. These ships measure long, wide and high. Because they are primarily controlled via droid brain, they require a crew of only 300 battle droids to operate, with storage space for an additional 40,000 battle droids. Their diverse armament includes a prow heavy turbolaser cannon, 4 heavy turbolaser cannons, 6 heavy turbolaser turrets, 5 turbolaser cannons, 30 dual laser cannons, 12 dual light laser cannons, and 60 point-defense light laser cannons. However their effectiveness in battle comes from overwhelming numbers, as between four and six Recusant-class ships are needed to outgun a Venator Star Destroyer. Their only true weakness is the single-minded nature of their droid brain, although the lack of self-preservation means they are not above deliberately ramming their target in order to destroy it. Dooku's solar sailer Darth Tyranus, also known as Count Dooku (Christopher Lee), reaches Coruscant near the end of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones aboard a Punworcca 116-class interstellar sloop, better known as a "solar sailer", built by the Huppla Pasa Tisc Shipwright Collective. The ship, which also appears multiple times in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, is equipped with a solar sail which was originally part of the concept for the Naboo royal starship in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. However the model was redesigned to reflect the harsher environment of Geonosis and the insectoid Geonosians, resembling both a beetle and a butterfly. Originally it was to have separate pilot and passenger compartments, but during production this was altered and a forward cockpit bubble was added when it was determined there was a need for a shot of Dooku sitting next to his pilot. It is somewhat similar to the private Antonov An-2 plane in real life. During filming of Attack of the Clones, a full-size model of the sailer was built in order to stage the lightsaber duel between Count Dooku and Yoda (Frank Oz). According to Star Wars canon sources, the solar sailer is a luxurious yacht commissioned by Dooku from his allies on Geonosis prior to the outbreak of the Clone Wars. While only long, it is surprisingly spacious with room for Dooku's databook library and fast with a Class 1.5 hyperdrive. Instead of carrying fuel, the sailer deploys a wide sail which collects interstellar energy and channels it directly to the engines. To defend it from attack, the vessel is equipped with eighty-four tractor/repulsor beam projectors. Invisible Hand (Providence-class carrier/destroyer) General Grievous's flagship in Revenge of the Sith is the Invisible Hand, appearing in the film's opening space battle above the planet Coruscant. With Supreme Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) held prisoner aboard the ship, Jedi Knights Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) and Anakin Skywalker (Hayden Christensen) launch a rescue mission to save him, boarding the ship where they confront and ultimately defeat Count Dooku (Christopher Lee). With the Invisible Hand crippled in the battle, General Grievous flees aboard an escape pod as Anakin and Obi Wan successfully guide half the ship to an emergency landing on Coruscant. George Lucas had a personal hand in the design of the ship, including the addition of the raised spire in which Obi-Wan, Anakin and Count Dooku have their duel. The raised spire also helped differentiate the command ship from the other capital ships over Coruscant. While the ship was completely CGI, unlike similarly modeled ships for the film it needed a complex interior that was fully mapped out for the various set pieces which take place during the movie. Once the floor plans were approved, they were constructed as both CG and actual rooms, with multiple large-scale sets for the actors to perform in. More sets of rooms aboard the ship were built than seen in the final film; several "serial-type escapades" were cut from the final release. Other sets, built inside a mount that could rotate them, were used to depict the vessel's collapse. The Invisible Hand is described according to in-universe references as a Providence-class carrier/destroyer, a classification representing the dreadnought's dual roles in planetary domination. Manufactured by the Free Dac Volunteers Engineering Corps, the vessel is long, wide and high. Given its size the Invisible Hand can store up to 1.5 million battle droids but only requires a crew of 600 to operate. The Invisible Hand can unleash tremendous damage with 14 quad turbolaser cannons, each of which at maximum output is equivalent to a magnitude-10 earthquake; 2 heavy ion cannons; 34 dual laser cannons; 12 point-defense ion cannons, and 102 proton torpedo launchers. Its hangars have been extensively modified from other Providence-class vessels, allowing the battleship to carry 120 fighters (a mixture of Vulture droids and Tri-fighters), 160 MTTs and 280 other ground vehicles including AATs, Hailfire droids and Homing spider droids. Providence-class ships are equipped with a main upper sensor tower and a secondary ventral sensor pod, but on the Invisible Hand the main communication/sensor pod is refitted into a lofty sanctum for Count Dooku from which he broadcasts spiritual propaganda to divide the galaxy. Naboo Royal Cruiser Also known as the Naboo Diplomatic Cruiser, this ship makes its theatrical appearance in the opening scene of Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. The ship is seen being escorted by Naboo N-1 starfighters, carrying Senator Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman) to Coruscant for an important vote on the Military Creation Act. After coming to rest on a landing pad, the ship is blown up in an assassination attempt on Senator Amidala's life, though she escapes unharmed. The ship's design was inspired by the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. While the cruiser was entirely CGI, for filming purposes a full-size set of the landing pad was built for the actors with a digital matte painting inserted to create the background. Pyrotechnics were used in the filming of the scene, though the majority of the explosion was created with CGI by visual effects art director Alex Jaeger. Background material on the Diplomatic Cruiser state that it was designed in the wake of the Invasion of Naboo to address shortcomings in the previous J-type 327 starship. Still unarmed and covered in shiny chromium plating, it is nevertheless faster and better shielded, with additional back-up drives in case the main Class 0.7 hyperdrive fails. At long, the vessel's spacious interiors are designed with comfort in mind for four VIPs, six bodyguards and a crew of five. The leading edge of its wing also feature four recharging sockets for N-1 starfighters to dock with the ship. Naboo Royal Starship The Naboo Royal Starship features prominently in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace as the ship that Queen Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) and Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) use to escape from the Trade Federation blockade of Naboo. After arriving on Tatooine where they free young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd), the heroes continue aboard the Royal Starship to Coruscant, before finally using it to return to Naboo and free the planet from the Trade Federation's occupation in a climactic battle. The ship is based on a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. An early design depicted the ship powered by a solar sail; when Lucas called for a sleeker look, designer Doug Chiang drew inspiration from 1950s hood ornaments. According to Chiang, the design of the queen's ship was to exemplify Theedian technology the same way the Space Shuttle exemplified the power of technology in America. A thirty-inch, highly detailed model of the ship was built, then sliced into one-inch sections and scanned in order to create a digital model. To reduce the amount of CGI work on the film and get more realistic footage of the ship under natural lighting, a larger ten-foot model was also created for filming scenes of the ship when landed. According to in-universe material, the Naboo Royal Starship was meant to be a visual representation of the glory of Naboo. A modified J-type 327 Nubian starship, the vessel's unique spaceframe was handcrafted by the Theed Palace Space Vessel Engineering Corp. and its decorative plating of royal chromium – reserved only for Naboo's monarch – was hand-polished and crafted by artisans. Lacking weaponry, the -long ship featured state-of-the-art deflector shields and a cohort of astromech droids to make emergency repairs. One drawback was that its high-performance T-14 hyperdrive, while easy to acquire on many civilized worlds, could be harder to find on more remote planets. Naboo Star Skiff Padmé Amidala travels to Mustafar aboard a Naboo star skiff in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith to confront Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader (Hayden Christensen) after he turns to the dark side. Designer Ryan Church sketched the ship to appear "supercharged". Only the ship's boarding ramp was built full scale; some footage was altered from material used in Attack of the Clones. The ship is designed to be reminiscent of the "rocket ships" seen in pulp science-fiction. Neimoidian Shuttle (Sheathipede-class transport shuttle) Neimoidian shuttles first appear in The Phantom Menace and are seen throughout the prequel trilogy and Clone Wars television series. Their design is based on a Trade Federation landing ship, turned vertically and altered to be more insectoid and less symmetrical. They are also used by the other Separatist leaders, such as Nuvo Vindi and Wat Tambor. Star Wars lore refers to these vessels as Sheathipede-class transport shuttles built by the insect-like Charrian species, especially popular with the Neimoidians but used by many worlds associated with the Separatist cause. Intended for short-range diplomatic missions, these -long shuttles feature powerful communication arrays and are unarmed but can be modified for combat. Some also incorporate an automatic pilot, allowing for a more expansive passenger compartment. Republic Assault Ship (Acclamator-class assault ship) Republic assault ships of the Acclamator-class first appear in Attack of the Clones. These ships, originally called "Jedi troop transports ", demonstrate a connection to the original trilogy's Star Destroyers through their triangular hulls. According to Star Wars reference material, these assault ships were built by Rothana Heavy Engineering to serve as the Republic's primary troop transport at the start of the Clone Wars, with a secondary offensive role in space battles. Their secret construction was initiated by Darth Sidious (Ian McDiarmid) under false orders from the Jedi High Council as part his plan to take control of the galaxy. Republic assault ships measure at long, wide and in depth. With a crew of 700, they can carry up to 16,000 clone troopers and support personnel, along with heavy vehicles including LAAT gunships, AT-TE walkers and SPHA artillery. Unlike many other Star Wars vessels of similar size they can conduct both ground and water landings, allowing them to deploy troops and vehicles directly into battle. Their armament includes 12 quad turbolaser turrets, 24 laser cannons, and 4 heavy strategic missile/torpedo launchers. This weaponry allows them to conduct a range of orbital bombardments, from surgical strikes in support of ground forces to "Base Delta Zero" fleet bombardments which melt the upper crust of a planet's surface. Republic Attack Cruiser (Venator-class Star Destroyer) Republic attack cruisers, formally known as Venator-class Star Destroyers, made their first theatrical appearance in the opening space battle of Revenge of the Sith and have appeared throughout the Star Wars franchise. Described in-universe as large and powerful battleships of the Republic Navy, attack cruisers are long with a crew of 7,400 and powerfully armed with eight heavy dual turbolaser turrets, two medium dual turbolaser turrets, fifty-two point-defense laser cannons, four heavy proton torpedo launchers and six tractor beam projectors. A -long flight deck is built directly into the ship's prow with bow doors, allowing a quick exit for the vessel's complement of 420 starfighters, forty LAAT gunships and twenty-four AT-TEs. After the Republic's victory, these cruisers continued to serve under the Galactic Empire. Republic Cruiser (Consular-class cruiser) The Consular-class Republic Cruiser Radiant VII is the first vessel seen in The Phantom Menace. Jedi knights Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) and Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) travel aboard the Radiant VII on their mission to end the Trade Federation's blockade of the planet Naboo. After docking with the Federation's Droid Control Ship, the Radiant VII is destroyed to prevent the Jedi from escaping. Originally, the Radiant VII was going to be sleek like most Old Republic ships depicted in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. However, Lucas suggested a design similar to the ships in the original trilogy; Doug Chiang and the Lucasfilm art department responded with a design similar to the Tantive IV model created for Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. Several antennae were added to focus attention to the cockpit during the opening sequence of The Phantom Menace. For filming the destruction of the Radiant VII, the crew built a gigantic seven-foot model and rigged it with pyrotechnics, around which was constructed a to-scale hangar. This use of practical special effects allowed for pieces of the exploding model to interact with the surrounding environment without having to utilize CGI resources. Consular-class Republic Cruisers like the Radiant VII are "instantly recognizable throughout the galaxy" according to the Star Wars Databank. Built by the Corellian Engineering Corporation, these Republic Cruisers are generally unarmed and feature a red color scheme as a symbol of neutrality and "diplomatic immunity". At long, their features include strong deflector shields, three powerful Dyne 577 radial atomizer engines and a Longe Voltrans tri-arc CD-3.2 hyperdrive for faster-than-light travel. Underneath the bridge is an interchangeable diplomatic salon pod which can eject from the cruiser in an emergency. During the Clone Wars, many Republic Cruisers underwent the Charger c70 retrofit to become Republic Frigates. Slightly longer at , these vessels were retrofitted with additional armor plating, a twin laser cannon and five twin turbolaser cannon turrets. Scimitar (Sith Infiltrator) Darth Maul pilots a Sith infiltrator, named Scimitar, in The Phantom Menace. Its design includes elements of the TIE interceptor and Lambda-class shuttle. The vehicle has been made into toys by Hasbro and Galoob and models kits by Lego and Ertl. The Scimitar is identified by in-universe sources as a heavily modified Star Courier manufactured by Republic Sienar Systems, supposedly designed by Raith Sienar himself under orders from Darth Sidious. The ship's distinctively long prow, giving it a length of , houses an experimental full-effect cloaking device that can make it invisible on command. Beneath the invisibility field generator are storage compartments for probe droids, a speeder bike and other equipment. The Scimitar also incorporates an experimental high-temperature ion engine system which necessitates large radiator panels that fold inward for landings, and is well-armed with six low-profile laser cannons and a proton torpedo launcher. Star freighter Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker travel to Naboo aboard a starfreighter in Attack of the Clones. The transport's design is partly based on an ocean liner. Techno Union Starship (Hardcell-class Interstellar Transport) Techno Union Starships made their theatrical appearance in Attack of the Clones during the Battle of Geonosis as the Separatist droid army attempts to hold off the clone troopers of the Galactic Republic. Background material on the ship class describes it as a common sight in the Star Wars universe, long with a Class 1 hyperdrive and six large rocket thrusters, but ineffective as a combatant with only two laser cannon batteries. Its lack of repulsorlifts gives it limited maneuverability within a planet's atmosphere and the large fuel stores for its rockets are a glaring weakness that can be exploited during the battle. Of the 286 Techno Union starships at the Battle of Geonosis, 169 escape. Theta-class Shuttle Emperor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) travels aboard a Theta-class shuttle in Revenge of the Sith. The ship was designed to appear like a predecessor to the Lambda-class shuttle. Only the shuttle's boarding ramp was built for filming. Trade Federation battleship (Lucrehulk-class battleship) Trade Federation Lucrehulk-class battleships appear in the Prequel trilogy and various other Star Wars media. Lucas called for these ships to have a "saucer" look with a distinct front and rear, achieved by placing the engines on one side of the ship and the antennae and docking bays on the other. In The Phantom Menace a fleet of these ships enforces a blockade of the planet Naboo, one of which (identified in background material as the Vuutun Palaa) serves as the Droid Control Ship at the center of the movie's climactic battle. To capture the Droid Control Ship's destruction, a 1/800 scale model was created and blown up using specially designed pyrotechnic material to simulate a believably massive explosion, and filmed at 340 frames per second to get enough frames for the cut. A second scale model of the ship's hangar was created and mapped out for the scene where Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) accidentally flies his starfighter inside the ship. In-universe, these vessels were originally Lucrehulk-class LH-3210 cargo freighters manufactured by Hoersch-Kessel Drive Inc. that the Trade Federation secretly modified into warships to build up their armed forces. At in diameter, each massive battleship can carry an entire army: 6,250 Armored Assault Tanks, 550 Multi-Troop Transports, 1,500 troop carriers, 50 C-9979 Landing Craft, 1,500 Vulture droids and over 329,000 B1 Battle Droids. The crew is similarly large with 60 supervisors, 3,000 droid crew and 200,000 maintenance droids. To destroy enemy starfighters trying to attack its transports, each converted battleship is equipped with 42 quad laser emplacements on rotating mounts to hide the ships' military nature. While helping to conceal the Trade Federations' military build-up, the limited coverage of these weapons leaves significant blind spots vulnerable to attack. A small number of these battleships were further modified as Droid Control Ships and featured additional communications and computer systems to operate the Trade Federation's droid armies; destroying a Droid Control Ship would disable all droids under its command. During the Clone Wars, many Lucrehulk-class freighters were more extensively retrofitted to increase their armament over what was carried during the Battle of Naboo. These Separatist battleships had 185 quad laser batteries, 520 assault laser cannons, and 51 turbolasers. However, blind spots remained in the armament's coverage which left vulnerable angles that Republic ships could exploit. Trade Federation Landing Ship (C-9979 Landing Craft) Trade Federation Landing Ships transport the Trade Federation's invasion forces to Naboo's surface in The Phantom Menace and have appeared in other Star Wars media. Although initial designs were reminiscent of dirigibles, the final design is based on a dragonfly. George Lucas likened the ship's similarity to a biplane. In addition to digital models, an eight-foot-wide scale model of the lander was built to film scenes of these craft landing on Naboo's surface. Another larger-scale model of the lander's doorway was built to film scenes of Trade Federation vehicles exiting the craft. Formally known within the setting as a C-9979 Landing Craft, this vessel has an imposing wingspan of which is used to store a tremendous number of vehicles: 114 Armored Assault Tanks, 11 Multi-troop transports and 28 troop carriers. Deploying a full load of vehicles is a complex process which can take up to 45 minutes to complete as they exit the vessel via large deployment doors. These doors include perimeter field sensors which detect land mines and other hazards. Powerful tensor field generators bind the removable wings to the vessel while "repulsorlifts" keep them from sagging under their own weight. Manufactured for the Trade Federation by Haor Chall Engineering, the -long craft has a crew of 88 battle droids. In addition to piloting the landing craft and manning its weaponry, these droids also run maintenance and repair shops which service the onboard attack force. Another 361 battle droids can also be carried on board in storage. For self-defense the landing craft is equipped with deflector shields and is armed with two pairs of wingtip laser cannons and four turret-mounted laser cannons. Spacecraft appearing in the sequel trilogy Raddus The Raddus made its theatrical debut as the main cruiser used during the Evacuation of D’Qar in The Last Jedi. The Raddus got its name on request of Admiral Gial Ackbar, to honor the fallen Admiral Raddus who died during the battle of Scarif after his ship sustained heavy damage from Imperial bombardment. The Raddus is a MC85 model flagship designed and made in Mon Calamari. The Raddus would later go on to be used by Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo in a near light speed ramming of the First Order Mega-Destroyer Supremacy. Spacecraft appearing in other Star Wars media Ghost (VCX-100 light freighter) The Ghost is a modified VCX-100 light freighter, manufactured by the Corellian Engineering Corporation, appearing in the Star Wars Rebels television series. Owned and piloted by the gifted Twi'lek, Hera Syndulla (voiced by Vanessa Marshall), it serves as "home base" for a small band of Lothal rebels during the Age of the Empire. Named for its ability to travel past Imperial sensors without detection on numerous missions and skirmishes, the craft included many hidden surprises that aided the crew in their fight against the Empire. Among its many features were a 360-degree dorsal laser cannon turret, and a smaller short-range shuttle called the Phantom that could be deployed from the main craft. The Ghost makes a cameo appearance in Rogue One near the Great Temple of Massassi on Yavin 4. Its captain, Hera Syndulla, is briefly mentioned in the film, and its repair droid, Chopper, makes a brief appearance inside the Temple. Han Solo pretends to own a spacecraft of the same model in Solo: A Star Wars Story, during the Sabacc game in which he first met Lando Calrissian. Hammerhead corvette (Sphyrna-class corvette) The Hammerhead corvette is a ship class that originally appeared in the Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic video game, and was given a prominent role in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story during the final space battle when one of these ships rammed a disabled Imperial Star Destroyer into another. Its CGI design was purposefully meant to be evocative of the Tantive IV from the original Star Wars film. The in-universe origin for Hammerhead corvettes, formally known as Sphyrna-class corvettes, is that they are an ancient line of ships built by the Corellian Engineering Corporation. Reliable and adaptable, these corvettes are long and armed with two forward and one rear dual laser cannons, but can be modified with additional sublight engines and add-on modules. They are used by the Rebel Alliance in many different roles: scout ships, tugs, transports, and even battleships. Rhett Allain, an associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University, estimated in a 2017 article for Wired that the Hammerhead's engines in Rogue One would have had to generate (or 200 billion) Newtons of force to push the Star Destroyer: 6,000 times the amount of thrust force generated by a Saturn V rocket. Imperial Freighter (Gozanti-class cruiser) The term Imperial Freighter refers to a type of Gozanti-class cruiser, which first appeared as a background vessel in The Phantom Menace and has appeared in other Star Wars media, most notably the Star Wars Rebels television series. Reference material describes Gozanti-class cruisers as being used by a variety of factions, but those in Imperial service have stronger deflector shields, quicker engines and better weaponry to deter pirates and rebels from stealing their cargo. In addition to a dorsal twin laser cannon turret and ventral heavy laser cannon turret, these -long ships can carry four TIE fighters via extendable docking clamps. Gozanti-class Assault Carriers are equipped with magnetic docking clamps that allow them to carry a pair of Walkers for planetary assaults. Another variant, the IGV-55 Surveillance Vessel, is equipped with multiple listening arrays, modified sensor-dampened engines, and a computer database to store billions of yottabytes of data. Imperial / Jedi Light Cruiser (Arquitens-class light cruiser) The Arquitens-class light cruiser is a vessel which first appears in the 2008 Clone Wars television series as well as the Star Wars Rebels television series. Source material describes it as serving the Galactic Republic during the Clone Wars as a light warship, earning the nickname Jedi Light Cruiser. After the Republic's victory it continued to serve the Galactic Empire in the same capacity, though under the name Imperial Light Cruiser. Armed with four double-barrel turbolaser batteries and four quad laser turrets, Arquitens-class ships can absorb a surprising amount of damage thanks to their armored hulls and layers of energy shielding. Outrider (YT-2400 freighter) Within Star Wars Legends, the Outrider is Dash Rendar's CEC YT-2400 class freighter in the Shadows of the Empire multimedia campaign. It is a playable ship in the Shadows of the Empire video game, and Kenner released an Outrider toy. While Steve Perry outlined the ship's story and role, Doug Chiang designed the ship itself. The Outrider was digitally inserted into the Special Edition of A New Hope. A YT-2400 light freighter also appeared within the Star Wars Rebels Season 3 episode Iron Squadron. It was piloted by Mart Mattin, who was a nephew of Rebel Commander, Jun Sato. It is unknown if the ship is meant to be same as the one in A New Hope. According to Gary Whitta, who served as writer of Rogue One, Dash Rendar is a controversial character among Lucasfilm Story Group, which decreases the chances of the character becoming part of canon. Profundity (Mon Calamari cruiser) The Profundity first appears in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, leading the Rebel fleet's attack on Scarif under Admiral Raddus. It is identified in Star Wars sources as a modified MC75 star cruiser, a class of Mon Calamari buildings and exploration ships which have been repurposed for war. The Profundity itself was the former Civic Governance tower of the city of Nystullum during the Mon Calamari's exodus from their homeworld. At long, the Profundity has a crew of 3,225 and is heavily armed with twelve turbolaser cannons, four ion cannons, twenty point-defense laser cannons, twelve proton torpedo launchers and six tractor beam projectors. Razor Crest The Razor Crest was a pre-Imperial patrol gunship owned and piloted by the Mandalorian bounty hunter Din Djarin in the Disney+ web-series The Mandalorian. Stinger Mantis The Stinger Mantis, more commonly known as the Mantis, was an S-161 "Stinger" XL luxury yacht piloted by Greez Dritus in Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order. The Malevolence The Malevolence was a Subjugator-class heavy cruiser that served as the flagship of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, as well as General Grievous's ship until it was destroyed by Anakin Skywalker when he sabotaged the navigation systems and caused it to slam into a moon. It has two ion cannons that can knock out the power from ships, before destroying it with its turbolasers. The warship appeared in Season One of Star Wars: The Clone Wars. Spacecraft appearing in Star Wars Legends A number of named vessels appear only in Star Wars Legends sources, material which was branded non-canon after The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm. The Ebon Hawk is Darth Revan's ship in Star Wars: The Old Republic: Revan, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. It is designed to be reminiscent of the Millennium Falcon. The Moldy Crow is a modified Corellian HWK-290 used by Kyle Katarn and Jan Ors in the Star Wars: Dark Forces and Star Wars: Dark Forces II: Jedi Knight video games. After it is destroyed in Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast, it is replaced with the Raven's Claw. The Rogue Shadow is the ship used by Starkiller and Juno Eclipse in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed. The Virago is Xizor's ship in Shadows of the Empire. Its clamshell design, styled after a stealth fighter, is inspired by pulley castings. The Wild Karrde is medium-sized freight vessel used by smuggler Talon Karrde in Timothy Zahn's Heir to the Empire novels. See also List of Star Wars starfighters Walker (Star Wars) Star Wars planetary vehicles Bibliography Notes References External links Index to Star Wars starships at starwars.com A visual guide to major Star Wars starships at https://screenrant.com Intricate Illustrations of Star Wars Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016 Star Wars lists Star Wars

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintaras%20Einikis

Gintaras Einikis

Gintaras Einikis (born September 30, 1969) is a Lithuanian retired professional basketball player and current coach. He stands at 6 ft 10 in (208 cm), and is a former center for the senior Lithuanian national team. Einikis is the only player from the Lithuanian national team to have won all three consecutive bronze medals at the Summer Olympics, in Barcelona, Atlanta, and Sydney. Professional career In 1987, the then 18-year-old Einikis, arrived at Žalgiris, to replace his injured teammate, Arvydas Sabonis. Einikis established himself as a strong and aggressive defender, an excellent center, and a surprisingly accurate three-point shooter. When Sabonis left Žalgiris, Einikis continued his career, as a starter. In 1995, Einikis joined Avtodor Saratov. After dominating with Avtodor, Einikis then moved to CSKA Moscow. After 2 moderate seasons with CSKA, he moved to Idea-Slask, where he averaged 9 points per game, and 4.4 rebounds per game, in 22 minutes per game of EuroLeague action. After a tumultuous first half of the season, he left Śląsk and signed with Greek side Near East to finish the season. He then moved back to Zalgiris, where he contributed more to the team. During the last years of his career, his averages fell drastically; however, he still helped Lietuvos Rytas to win the ULEB Cup (EuroCup) championship in 2005. He retired after the 2005–06 season. In 2009, he returned to playing professional basketball, and played for Naglis-Adakris. After the 2009–10 season, he retired for a second time. Career statistics EuroLeague |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2001–02 | style="text-align:left;"| Wrocław | 9 || 7 || 22.1 || .437 || .182 || .765 || 4.4 || .8 || .6 || .6 || 9.0 || 6.9 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2002–03 | style="text-align:left;"| Žalgiris | 14 || 12 || 26.0 || .530 || .444 || .750 || 4.9 || .6 || .7 || .4 || 13.0 || 10.9 |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2004–05 | style="text-align:left;"| Unicaja | 8 || 1 || 10.0 || .563 || .222 || .500 || 1.4 || .0 || .3 || .1 || 3.1 || 2.3 Coaching career On February 10, 2016, it was announced that Einkis had become an assistant coach for Avtodor Saratov. Controversies In 2008, Einikis participated in altercation with a night club's staff, yelling insults, threatening physical harm and refusing to leave the club. He and his friend were fined with 3,000 Litas. After the incident, Einikis was spotted leaving the club in his car Volkswagen Touareg. Because he had lost his license a year ago after his involvement in a hit and run accident, he was fined with an additional 2,500 Litas. During the accident, it was speculated that he was on cocaine. The police discovered cocaine powder in his car. In 2011, Einikis, heavily intoxicated, with 5.11 per mil blood-alcohol concentration, went to his friend's house and threatened to kill her by setting her house on fire. He was later arrested and charged with threats of arson and assault. He married his longtime friend Jurgita in July 2012. Later that month, however, he, while under the influence of alcohol, physically assaulted his wife. Awards and achievements Pro clubs 6× Lithuanian Champion: (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2003) Lithuanian SSR Champion: (1991) 2× Lithuanian Champion: (1992, 1993) 3× Lithuanian League (LKL) Champion: (1994, 1995, 2003) 2× Lithuanian League MVP: (1994, 1995) 2× Lithuanian League Finals MVP: (1994, 1995) FIBA EuroStar: (1997) Russian League Champion: (2000) Polish League Champion: (2004) ULEB Cup (EuroCup) Champion: (2005) FIBA EuroCup All-Star (FIBA EuroChallenge All-Star): (2006) Czech League Champion: (2006) Lithuanian senior national team 1992 Summer Olympics: EuroBasket 1995: 1996 Summer Olympics: 2000 Summer Olympics: References External links Eurobasket.com Profile Basket Stats Profile 1969 births Living people Asseco Gdynia players Baloncesto Málaga players Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics BC Avtodor Saratov players BC Rytas players BC Žalgiris players Centers (basketball) Liga ACB players Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Poland Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Russia Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Spain Lithuanian men's basketball players Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Olympic basketball players for Lithuania Olympic bronze medalists for Lithuania Olympic medalists in basketball PBC CSKA Moscow players Power forwards (basketball) Soviet men's basketball players Sportspeople from Kretinga 1998 FIBA World Championship players Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in the Czech Republic

4042839

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20halfpipe

Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

The men's halfpipe event in snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Bardonecchia, a village in the Province of Turin, Italy. Competition took place on 12 February 2006. Medalists Results The halfpipe event for men took place on 12 February 2006, both the qualification rounds and the finals taking place on that day. Forty-four snowboarders took part in the qualification, the top twelve of whom move on to the finals. In the qualification round, each snowboarder was given two runs to be in the top six of that run. Regardless of how many points the person received, as long as they placed in the top six, they advanced to the finals. If the person qualified in the first run, they did not need to do a second run in the qualification. Shaun White, the gold medalist for this event, came in seventh place after the first run, requiring him to compete again in the second run, where he recorded the highest score of the event to that point. The finals proceeded in a similar fashion. The twelve qualifiers had two runs in which to score the highest possible points. The snowboarders were ranked by their highest score, and medals were awarded accordingly. The following is a table detailing the results of the qualification and finals runs of the competing snowboarders. References Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics Men's events at the 2006 Winter Olympics

4042857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing-song%20girls

Sing-song girls

Sing-song girls (), also known as flower girls, is an English-language term for the courtesans in China during the 19th century AD. Origin Before the founding of modern China in 1911, concubinage was legal. In Chinese custom, males carry the family name and the family's heritage after marriage. To ensure male heirs were produced, it was a common practice for an upper-class married male to have one or more concubines, provided he could support them. The custom could be invoked without the wife's consent: the husband's actions were protected by law. Concubines would co-exist in the family along with wives and children. A man might choose a courtesan to be his concubine. Many of these courtesans would sing songs to attract potential husbands, hoping to become secondary wives. Terminology Western observers in China during the nineteenth century witnessed these women singing but had no idea what to call them since they were not classified as prostitutes. Thus the term "Sing-Song Girls" came about. There is another theory of the source of the term. According to the 1892 fictional masterpiece by Han Bangqing called Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai (later adapted into the 1998 film Flowers of Shanghai), people in Shanghai called the women who performed in sing-song houses () in the Wu language. The term was pronounced like "sing-song" in English and the young women always sang to entertain the customers; thus, Westerners called them Sing-Song girls. The word sian sang in this case is a polite term used to refer to an entertainer. The literal meaning of "Sing Song Girl" in English may seem to mean a singing girl or a literal translation of a singing girl, but in reality, it is not. According to Zhang Ailing, "Sing song girl" is a term derived from the Wu language, which also refers to high-end prostitutes as "sir". "sir" can be a polite term for anyone, regardless of gender. In Wu's language, 'sir' is pronounced as' Xisang ', but the English and American people in Shanghai mistakenly thought it was' sing song', and they were required to sing at banquets. Therefore, 'sing song girl' is named after it, not the translated name of a singer girl. Singing girl is a new term from the late 1920s to the 1930s, and it is also after dancing girl. Classes Among sing-song girls were actually several subclasses of high-end prostitutes divided by the quality of skill. Over time, these would evolve, beginning with one class, developing into four, and consolidating down to two before becoming obsolete during the Cultural Revolution. Shuyu – Highest class were the Shuyu (storytellers). These were skilled in cultured entertainments such as singing, playing instruments, writing poetry, and performing opera. Additionally, these were picked for beauty, trained in sophisticated conversation, and known for their extravagant dress. Given time, the Shuyu class of entertainer would become assimilated into the Changsan class of prostitutes. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, traditional book allegories existed in name only. Shuyu is a high-end prostitute who also engages in prostitution. Changsan – The Changsan ("long three") were the highest class of prostitutes. The term originally came from them charging three yuan for company and three more to spend the night. They maintained the class and artistry akin to the Shuyu, while still being distinctly part of the sex trade. For instance, their intimate company would require an elaborate period of courtship. Still, however, such relations were neither permanent nor monogamous. Yao'er – The Yao'er ("one two") was the lower tier equivalent of the Changsan. It was named this way because they traditionally charged one yuan for entertainment and two for company. Originally, there was an intermediary class called the Ersan ("two three"). However, over time, these became considered the same class as the Changsan. While Yao'er prostitutes were lower tier than Changsan, they still focused on entertainment as well as sexual services. However, they charged less than the Changsan, and accordingly their beauty, singing, and performances were not as good. Classes of other sex workers Below these, fell those whose services were purely sexual. The women serving in the lowest tiers of the sex trade were often there as a result of being sold, mortgaged, kidnapped, or otherwise forced into the industry. (These do not address the women in other industries, such as masseuses and taxi dancers, who part-time sold sexual services.) "Salt pork" – These prostitutes were housed in brothels which focused entirely on selling sexual services. These houses were colloquially named "salt pork shops" for the similarities between the selling of these women's bodies and of the division and selling of salt pork. Unlike the sing-song girls, these women had almost no say regarding their lives and services, as rather than performing, they were simply having their bodies rented. "Pheasants" – The next class of prostitutes were streetwalkers. Being in the streets, they had little protection from law enforcement and thugs, leaving them doubly at risk of arrest or assault. An example of this can be found in the 1934 silent film The Goddess (神女). That said, a majority of "pheasants" did belong to brothels and would bring their customers back to service them. They were called "pheasants" for their gaudy dress and habit of scouring the streets for customers. "Flowers" – Coming from the term "flower-smoke rooms," this and the following were the lowest class of prostitutes. Flower smoke rooms were opium dens where customers could have prostitutes while smoking opium. This class of prostitutes disappeared before the Cultural Revolution Reforms with the ban of opium. "Nailsheds" – These brothels were targeted towards low class laborers such as rickshaw pullers. Historical use of the term The concept has been around for 2,000 years, as recorded by emperors of the Han Dynasty who needed to provide female entertainment for troop amusement. The English term came from 1911 (see Origin). During the 1930s, Li Jinhui started the Chinese popular music industry with a number of musical troupes. The groups were mostly young women performing and singing. The term Sing-Song-Girls stuck, since the Chinese Communist Party associated pop music with Yellow Music or pornography in the 1940s. Cultural impact While even the highest class Changsan could not escape the ignominy of the sex trade, in some ways, that liberated her to flaunt a provocative culture which conservative Chinese tradition would not allow. Traditional views held that once married, a woman had no need to impress anyone. In conjunction with Confucian ideals of the virtues of modesty, this led to a standard of dress aimed to hide the form of the body within. However, sing-song girls, being unburdened by such virtues, unmarried, and perpetually courting were free not only to explore high fashion, but also to adapt it to be more. An example of this can be seen in the cheongsam, which not only became more form fitting, but also became sleeveless with a long slit running up each side. In general, the fact that sing-song girls were solely focused on entertainment meant that they were able to push the envelope of culture and style. For instance, they often decorated their parlors with expensive decor and modern amenities, making them culturally progressive to the point where there are documented cases of women sneaking into the entertainment houses to catch a glimpse of what the latest decorations and fashions were. Additionally, the fact that the sing-song girls were often courted by prominent individuals in society gave them further attention, even notoriety. For instance, it was not uncommon for famous sing-song girls to be invited to publicly accompany their courters, allowing for them to further flaunt their fashion. Sing-song girls would also be some of the first individuals in Chinese society to penetrate mass media. For instance, some sing-song girls began to use portraits of themselves as a way to attract business, early business cards. Moreover, the advent of mass advertisement and its use of women to market products resulted in the circulation of images of famous sing-song girls being displayed as the apparent standard of dress and beauty. Fiction Sing-song girls are popularized in the 1892 novel by Han Bangqing called Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai (later adapted into the 1998 film Flowers of Shanghai). Sing-song girls play a minor role in Isabel Allende's Daughter of Fortune (Hija de la fortuna). Tao Chi'en dedicates his work to healing sick girls – although most end up dying – because it is when they are sick that he can sneak them out of the house under the pretext of conducting "experiments". He tries to help those girls who manage to recover to improve their lives so that they no longer need to prostitute themselves. Allende also mentions sing-song girls in her book Portrait in Sepia (Retrato en Sepia). Amitav Ghosh's novel River of Smoke, set in southern Chinese port cities, refers to prostitutes in Canton as "sing-song girls." See also Oiran Tawaif, similar profession during colonial India Yiji References History of Shanghai Courtesans by type

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20MacDonell%20%28political%20strategist%29

John MacDonell (political strategist)

John Edward MacDonell was Past President of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia, a lawyer and a political aide to several Canadian political figured. He was the son of Dr. John MacDonell and Mrs. Antonia (Toni) (née Mazerolle) MacDonell and died February 17, 2023, at the age of 56. References External links http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1152106-law-firm-will-have-man-in-ottawa http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1134958-peter-mackay-adviser-macdonell-leaves-for-private-sector https://macisaacs.ca/tribute/details/610/John-MacDonell/obituary.html Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Canadian political consultants Canadian people of Scottish descent People from Antigonish County, Nova Scotia Schulich School of Law alumni

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20of%20the%20Deceiver

Head of the Deceiver

Head of the Deceiver is an album by the German power metal band Wizard, released in 2001. Track listing All songs written & arranged by: Wizard "Evitum Okol" - 0:59 "Magic Potion" - 4:24 "Head of the Deceiver" - 4:50 "Collective Mind" - 4:42 "Defenders of Metal" - 4:32 "Calm of the Storm" - 5:04 "Demon Witches" - 4:41 "Iron War" - 3:22 "The First One" - 4:43 "Revenge" - 3:42 "True Metal" - 6:41 Album line-up Sven D'Anna – vocals Michael Maass – guitar Volker Leson – bass Sören van Heek – drums 2001 albums Wizard (German band) albums Limb Music albums