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Welcome to the Ontario Farm Products Marketing Commission The Ontario Farm Products Marketing Commission (Commission) is a regulatory agency without a governing board, established under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Act. The mandate of the Commission is to: The Commission is directly accountable to the Minister of Agriculture and Food for its performance in fulfilling its mandate and its compliance with government policies and directives. The Minister, in turn, is accountable to Cabinet and the Legislature for the Commission's fulfillment of its mandate and for reporting on the Commission's affairs. The Commission is the central figure in Ontario's regulated marketing system and holds an important "public trust" in the exercise of its duties. Through its actions, it ensures that individual commodity systems operate in an effective and responsible manner. This is done with due regard to the impact of Commission decisions on the agri-food sector and consumers, while at the same time maintaining the public policy goals of the legislation. Commission members are appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. The Commission supported by staff of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the Ministry of Rural Affairs. For more information:

Welcome to the Ontario Farm Products Marketing Commission The Ontario Farm Products Marketing Commission (Commission) is a regulatory agency without a governing board, established under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Act. The mandate of the Commission is to: The Commission is directly accountable to the Minister of Agriculture and Food for its performance in f

Commonly Used Statistics Federal OSHA coverage Federal OSHA is a small agency; with our state partners we have approximately 2,200 inspectors responsible for the health and safety of 130 million workers, employed at more than 8 million worksites around the nation—which translates to about one compliance officer for every 59,000 workers. Federal OSHA has 10 regional offices and 90 local area offices. FY 2011: $573,096,000 FY 2012: $564,788,000 FY 2013: $563,658,000 (Full Year CR)—with Sequestration: $535,246,000 FY 2012 Total Federal inspections: 40,961 FY 2012 Total 18(b) State Plan inspections: 51,133 Worker Injuries, illnesses and fatalities 4,609 workers were killed on the job in 2011 [BLS revised 2011 workplace fatality data*] (3.5 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers)—almost 90 a week or nearly 13 deaths every day. (This is the third lowest annual total since the fatal injury census was first conducted in 1992). 749 Hispanic or Latino workers were killed from work-related injuries in 2011—more than 14 deaths a week or two Latino workers killed every single day of the year, all year long. Fatal work injuries involving contractors accounted for 12 percent of all fatal work injuries in 2011. Hispanic or Latino contractors accounted for 28 percent of fatal work injuries among contractors—well above their 16 percent share of the overall fatal work injury total in 2011. Construction's "Fatal Four" Out of 4,188* worker fatalities in private industry in calendar year 2011, 738 or 17.6% were in construction. The leading causes of worker deaths on construction sites were falls, followed by electrocution, struck by object, and caught-in/between. These "Fatal Four" were responsible for nearly three out of five (56%) construction worker deaths in 2011*, BLS reports. Eliminating the Fatal Four would save 419 workers' lives in America every year. - Falls – 259 out of 738 total deaths in construction in CY 2011 (35%) - Electrocutions – 69 (9%) - Struck by Object – 73 (10%) - Caught-in/between – 18 (2%) The following were the top 10 most frequently cited standards by Federal OSHA in fiscal year 2012 (October 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012): - Fall protection, construction (29 CFR 1926.501) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Hazard communication standard, general industry (29 CFR 1910.1200) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Scaffolding, general requirements, construction (29 CFR 1926.451) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Respiratory protection, general industry (29 CFR 1910.134) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout), general industry (29 CFR 1910.147) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Powered industrial trucks, general industry (29 CFR 1910.178) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Electrical, wiring methods, components and equipment, general industry (29 CFR 1910.305) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Ladders, construction (29 CFR 1926.1053) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Machines, general requirements, general industry (29 CFR 1910.212) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] - Electrical systems design, general requirements, general industry (29 CFR 1910.303) [related OSHA Safety and Health Topics page] OSHA is Making a Difference - In four decades, OSHA and our state partners, coupled with the efforts of employers, safety and health professionals, unions and advocates, have had a dramatic effect on workplace safety. - Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled. - Worker deaths in America are down—from about 38 worker deaths a day in 1970 to 13 a day in 2011. - Worker injuries and illnesses are down—from 10.9 incidents per 100 workers in 1972 to fewer than 4 per 100 in 2010. * Accessibility Assistance Contact OSHA's Office of Communications at 202-693-1999 for assistance accessing PDF materials.

Commonly Used Statistics Federal OSHA coverage Federal OSHA is a small agency; with our state partners we have approximately 2,200 inspectors responsible for the health and safety of 130 million workers, employed at more than 8 million worksites around the nation—which translates to about one compliance officer for every 59,000 workers. Federal OSHA has 10 regional offices and 90 local area office

Public Health Service Act The PHS Act forms the foundation of HHS’ legal authority for responding to public health emergencies. Among other things, it authorizes the HHS Secretary to lead all Federal public health and medical response to public health emergencies and incidents covered by the National Response Framework; to direct the U.S. PHS and other components of the Department to respond to a public health emergency; to declare a public health emergency (PHE) and take such actions as may be appropriate to respond to the PHE consistent with existing authorities; to assist states in meeting health emergencies; to control communicable diseases ; to maintain the Strategic National Stockpile; to provide for the operation of the National Disaster Medical System; to establish and maintain a Medical Reserve Corps; and to potentially provide targeted immunity for covered countermeasures to manufacturers, distributors, certain classes of people involved in the administration of a program to deliver covered treatments to patients, and their employees. The PHS Act was amended by the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006 (PAHPA) and more recently by the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act (PAHPRA) of 2013, which have broad implications for the Department’s preparedness and response activities. Social Security Act The Social Security Act authorizes Medicare, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and social services programs of the Department. It authorizes the Secretary, among other things, to temporarily modify or waive certain Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, and HIPAA requirements when the Secretary has declared a public health emergency and the President has declared an emergency or a major disaster under the Stafford Act or a national emergency under the National Emergencies Act. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is the foundation for FDA’s authority and responsibility to protect and promote the public health by, among other things, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices; and ensuring the safety and security of our nation’s food supply. When certain conditions have occurred, it authorizes the Secretary to declare an emergency justifying emergency use authorization (EUA) of unapproved drugs, devices, or biological products, or emergency use authorization of approved drugs, devices, or biological products for an unapproved use. For more information about EUA, please see Food and Drug Administration, Emergency Use Authorization Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act At the request of the Governor of an affected State, or a Chief Executive of an affected Indian Tribe, the President may declare a major disaster or emergency if an event is beyond the combined response capabilities of the State, Tribal, and jurisdictional governments. Among other things, this declaration allows Federal assistance to be mobilized and directed in support of State, Tribal, and jurisdictional response efforts. Under the Stafford Act (42 USC Chapter 68 ), the President can also declare an emergency without a Gubernatorial request if primary responsibility for response rests with the Federal Government because the emergency involves a subject area for which the United States exercises exclusive responsibility and authority. In addition, in the absence of a specific request, the President may provide accelerated Federal assistance and Federal support where necessary to save lives, prevent human suffering, or mitigate severe damage, and notify the State of that activity.

Public Health Service Act The PHS Act forms the foundation of HHS’ legal authority for responding to public health emergencies. Among other things, it authorizes the HHS Secretary to lead all Federal public health and medical response to public health emergencies and incidents covered by the National Response Framework; to direct the U.S. PHS and other components of the Department to respond to a

Scaling the tapes from recording current meters. Working on the OCEANOGRAPHER. Image ID: theb2858, NOAA's Historic Coast & Geodetic Survey (C&GS) Collection Location: North Carolina coast Photo Date: 1940 Credit: C&GS Season's Report Borden 1940-25 Category: Charting/Tides/Tidal Currents/ • High Resolution Photo Available of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric NOAA Central Library | NOAA Disclaimer April 30, 2013

Scaling the tapes from recording current meters. Working on the OCEANOGRAPHER. Image ID: theb2858, NOAA's Historic Coast & Geodetic Survey (C&GS) Collection Location: North Carolina coast Photo Date: 1940 Credit: C&GS Season's Report Borden 1940-25 Category: Charting/Tides/Tidal Currents/ • High Resolution Photo Available of the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric NOAA Cent

The Foundation works within a public health framework to build the resilience of Victorians to problem gambling, helping them to: - understand how gambling works and know the odds - see gambling as a form of entertainment that costs money and not as a way to make money - set limits and stick to them - recognise the early signs of problem gambling. We take a whole-of-community approach, which means working to minimise harm at both the individual and community level using a range of treatment and health promotion interventions. We work with a range of stakeholders including government, health and community organisations, researchers and the gambling industry to achieve these goals. We do this through: - Community education and awareness raising activities to foster responsible gambling and promote problem gambling help services - Funding of services to assist people affected by problem gambling and their family and friends - Research to inform best practice in problem gambling treatment and prevention and responsible gambling communication - Information about gambling regulation and licence approval processes to the Victorian community through the Gambling Information Resource Office (GIRO).

The Foundation works within a public health framework to build the resilience of Victorians to problem gambling, helping them to: - understand how gambling works and know the odds - see gambling as a form of entertainment that costs money and not as a way to make money - set limits and stick to them - recognise the early signs of problem gambling. We take a whole-of-community approach, which means

Click title or image to download document - Publication Date: June 2007 - Publishing Organization: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Power and Energy Society - Format: PDF eiii pes general meeting, high wind penetration, ieee pes, issues, methods, power grid, presentation, smart grid, tools This set of slides was presented at the PES General Meeting 2007. The presentation discusses limitations on high wind penetration in the power grid and the tools and methods to resolve these issues.

Click title or image to download document - Publication Date: June 2007 - Publishing Organization: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Power and Energy Society - Format: PDF eiii pes general meeting, high wind penetration, ieee pes, issues, methods, power grid, presentation, smart grid, tools This set of slides was presented at the PES General Meeting 2007. The presentation discusses

SECRETARY CLINTON: Next, we turn to the OECD New Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. For over 35 years, these guidelines have occupied a unique space within the world of corporate social responsibility. They are the only ones formally endorsed by governments, 42 at last count. And they do bring together labor, civil society, and business to create the broadest possible consensus behind them. This is truly the work of a global policy network in action. This year’s updated guidelines include an important new chapter on human rights, drawing on the work of UN Special Representative John Ruggie. These guidelines help companies ensure their dealings with third parties do not cause or contribute to human rights violations. And let me now invite those who will be formalizing this very important step forward, because after all, if you look at these guidelines, they will be helping us determine how supply chains can be changed so that it can begin to prevent and eliminate abuses and violence. We’re going to look at new strategies that will seek to make our case to companies that due diligence, while not always easy, are absolutely essential. And I think now we can turn to the people that will represent this new commitment. I’d like to invite Joris Oldenziel, Rich Trumka, and Charles Heeter to join us on stage. Each represents business, labor, or civil society, and they’ve all made important contributions. And I was particularly pleased to see a recommendation that businesses act as partners in promoting a free and open internet. We’ve seen the results of what happens when we see repression being exercised on the internet, so this is a very big step forward. The countries adhering to the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises are all OECD members, plus Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Peru, and Romania, adopting the amended Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. The OECD Council now adopts the amended decision on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. And here I note that Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Peru, and Romania adhere to this decision. Next, moving to the adoption of the Recommendation on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas, the OECD Council adopts the recommendation, and I note that Argentina, Brazil, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Peru, and Romania adhere to this recommendation. And Brazil has made a statement which will be included in the summary record and in the final text of the recommendation. Each of these agreements reflects a great deal of consensus-building and hard work, and I think we should be especially grateful to those who are standing here on the stage. I think we all look forward to working closely with you and others committed to raising standards for corporate social responsibility, just as we have done today. Thank you very, very much. (Applause.)

SECRETARY CLINTON: Next, we turn to the OECD New Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. For over 35 years, these guidelines have occupied a unique space within the world of corporate social responsibility. They are the only ones formally endorsed by governments, 42 at last count. And they do bring together labor, civil society, and business to create the broadest possible consensus behind them.

Housing, Health and Safety Rating System The Housing Health and Safety Rating System (HHSRS) is the set method of assessing housing standards. The purpose of the HHSRS enables us to identify hazards to health and safety present in dwellings in its area, particularly those in the private rented sector. A rating score is produced for each hazard and used to determine what, if any, enforcement action that needs to be taken to make a property safe. In Sunderland, any action taken by us in respect of hazards in properties will be based on consideration of: - The severity of the hazard and immanency of risk - The rating score as determined by the HHSRS whether we have a duty or a power to act on the hazards identified. - What is the most appropriate course of action to deal with the hazard.

Housing, Health and Safety Rating System The Housing Health and Safety Rating System (HHSRS) is the set method of assessing housing standards. The purpose of the HHSRS enables us to identify hazards to health and safety present in dwellings in its area, particularly those in the private rented sector. A rating score is produced for each hazard and used to determine what, if any, enforcement action

Contaminants in water that nourish organisms, especially plants. Includes nitrogen and phosphorus, either of which can lead to the harmful growth of algae and other plants when present to excess in a body of water. Water quality is important here because this reservoir is the primary supply for Wichita, Kansas. Due to low streamflow during the monitoring period, we expect suspended sediment and phosphorus to be more variable in the future. Stream discharge and nitrate concentration increased downstream of the burned area during snowmelt, but these were probably within the treatment capacity of most drinking-water plants, and limited changes were observed in downstream ecosystems.

Contaminants in water that nourish organisms, especially plants. Includes nitrogen and phosphorus, either of which can lead to the harmful growth of algae and other plants when present to excess in a body of water. Water quality is important here because this reservoir is the primary supply for Wichita, Kansas. Due to low streamflow during the monitoring period, we expect suspended sediment and ph

News Releases from Region 1 WARNING ISSUED ON BACTERIA LEVELS IN CHARLES RIVER IN MILFORD, MA Release Date: 09/06/1996 Contact Information: Ken Moraff, EPA Regional Administrator's Office (617) 565-3741 Te Leone, DEP Public Affairs Office (617) 292-5845 Bob Zimmerman, CRWA (617) 965-5975 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), along with the Charles River Watershed Association (CRWA), today warned of serious bacterial contamination in the Charles River in Milford, MA, and urged the public to avoid contact with river water in the affected area. EPA has been investigating sources of pollution to the Charles River in Milford. EPA believes that the contamination may be caused by unlawful discharges of sewage into storm water pipes which drain to the river. EPA has asked Milford to take steps to identify the source of those discharges. In the past few days, new sampling by CRWA revealed higher levels of contamination than had previously been found. These new results triggered today's warning by EPA, DEP, and CRWA. "EPA has been working cooperatively with the Town of Milford to find the source of the contamination," said John DeVillars, administrator of EPA's New England office. "Today's announcement underscores the urgency of the problem. The Charles River should be fishable and swimmable for its entire length. This kind of abuse of our natural resources is simply unacceptable. And this is a reminder that, while we have made notable progress toward our goal of a swimmable and fishable Charles River by Earth Day, 2005, we still have a long road ahead of us." The recent samples showed high counts of fecal coliform bacteria in river water. While these bacteria are not harmful by themselves, the levels found by CRWA suggest that human sewage is present in the water. Contact with sewage can cause a variety of bacterial and viral diseases. The public should therefore avoid activities such as wading or fishing, in which the skin might come into contact with water from the river. EPA has undertaken a major initiative to make the Lower Charles River--which suffers from chronic bacterial contamination--fishable and swimmable by Earth Day, 2005. While water quality in the upper stretches of the Charles is generally good, the Milford area has been a notable exception. CRWA conducts an extensive river monitoring program. The latest sampling in Milford revealed bacterial counts from 7,000 to over 200,000 colonies per 100 milliliters in the area of the river near Central Street. The state standard for swimmable water is 200 colonies per 100 milliliters; the boating standard is 1000 colonies. Samples analyzed by Milford during the same period showed that bacterial levels had dropped sharply, to 493 colonies, roughly a mile downstream. "CRWA is concerned about the protection of public safety, and in resolving the infrastructure problems that cause this pollution problem," said Bob Zimmerman, Executive Director of the CRWA. "We will continue to monitor the situation, and will work with EPA and the Town of Milford to resolve it." "In this day and age it's an outrage that there should be what amounts to raw sewage flowing into any of our waterways," said Massachusetts Environmental Affairs Secretary Trudy Coxe. "Whatever the source, we need to get to the bottom of it and make it stop." "This points out the crucial role that citizens play in helping us to detect problems in our rivers and streams," said Arleen O'Donnell, Assistant Commissioner for Resource Protection of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. "And our new focus on conducting comprehensive assessments of the state's 27 major watersheds on a regular basis will make it easier for us to target our resources effectively to correct the problems."

News Releases from Region 1 WARNING ISSUED ON BACTERIA LEVELS IN CHARLES RIVER IN MILFORD, MA Release Date: 09/06/1996 Contact Information: Ken Moraff, EPA Regional Administrator's Office (617) 565-3741 Te Leone, DEP Public Affairs Office (617) 292-5845 Bob Zimmerman, CRWA (617) 965-5975 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (DE

"Mummy, that says 'can bank'. Why does it say 'can bank', Mummy?"; "Mummy, that says 'stop'!"; "Mummy, does that bottle say 'wake up naked'?" |The shower gel in question. Apparently, it also does sky diving...| "Mummy, why aren't you reading your book?"He's seen us reading silently hundreds of times before, but it was only on that occasion that he noticed that there was something odd about it, that it's not the way he reads. Something else has just clicked in his brain. "I am reading it!" "No you're not - you're just looking at it!" Watch the process of him reading is also enlightening - his eyes dart all over the page taking in the information from the pictures as well as the words. This can lead to some wrong conclusions, like the time that "I like to paint pictures. I like to use a paintbrush," accompanied by a picture of a child using pink paint became "I like to use pink paint". This also demonstrates his reliance on the first letters of a word - a bit like predictive text! All the same though, he'll go back and correct himself if he spots a mistake. It's such a privilege looking on and encouraging him as he grows in confidence and fluency, and, of course, I'm longing for the day he can discover some of my childhood favourites for himself. After all, he's getting himself his very own discount ticket to everywhere... |By Tim Pierce (originally posted to Flickr as lost) [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons|

"Mummy, that says 'can bank'. Why does it say 'can bank', Mummy?"; "Mummy, that says 'stop'!"; "Mummy, does that bottle say 'wake up naked'?" |The shower gel in question. Apparently, it also does sky diving...| "Mummy, why aren't you reading your book?"He's seen us reading silently hundreds of times before, but it was only on that occasion that he noticed that there was something odd about it, tha

Also known as: Glycoprotein 120 A glycoprotein on the HIV envelope. gp120 binds to a CD4 receptor on a host cell, such as a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4 cell). This starts the process by which HIV fuses its viral membrane with the host cell membrane and enters the host cell. See Related Term(s): Envelope, Fusion, Glycoprotein, Life Cycle

Also known as: Glycoprotein 120 A glycoprotein on the HIV envelope. gp120 binds to a CD4 receptor on a host cell, such as a CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4 cell). This starts the process by which HIV fuses its viral membrane with the host cell membrane and enters the host cell. See Related Term(s): Envelope, Fusion, Glycoprotein, Life Cycle

A medical practioner in Melbourne, Victoria, Flecker moved to Cairns in 1932, where he became foundation President of the North Queensland Naturalists' Club. Over the next 25 years he built, with the Club, an herbarium of nearly 11,000 collections (CAIRNS). This herbarium was incorporated into QRS in 1971, with the bryophytes going to CANB in 1981. Extracted from: A.E.Orchard (1999) A History of Systematic Botany in Australia, in Flora of Australia Vol.1, 2nd ed., ABRS. [consult for source references]

A medical practioner in Melbourne, Victoria, Flecker moved to Cairns in 1932, where he became foundation President of the North Queensland Naturalists' Club. Over the next 25 years he built, with the Club, an herbarium of nearly 11,000 collections (CAIRNS). This herbarium was incorporated into QRS in 1971, with the bryophytes going to CANB in 1981. Extracted from: A.E.Orchard (1999) A History of S

News in Brief: Three GOP Votes Needed to End Wisconsin Stalemate, and More ... Monday 21 February 2011 by: Nadia Prupis, t r u t h o u t | News in Brief Three GOP Votes Needed to End Wisconsin Stalemate According to The Associated Press, reaching a compromise between Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker and state unions would take votes from three Republicans who believe Walker's proposal is excessively austere. As public sector employees protest for the sixth day inside the Capitol building in Wisconsin against Walker's proposal, which would end unions' rights to bargain for benefits and working conditions, GOP Sen. Dale Schultz suggested a compromise that would temporarily enact those restrictions, but immediately restore them after the state's two-year budget ended. Democratic Sen. Jon Erpenbach said Schultz was brave for making the proposal, though he did not specify whether it would be enough to satisfy the unions. Protests in Libya Spread Al Jazeera reports that more than 60 people have been reported dead in Libya's capital as clashes between state police and antigovernment protestors intensify. Demonstrators are calling for the resignation of their leader Muammar Gaddafi, who has been in power for 40 years, and have taken control of several major cities, including Tripoli, Libya's capital. One of Gaddafi's sons, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, appeared on state television the morning of Monday, February 21 to warn against a potential civil war or Western invasion. "You can say we want democracy and rights. We can talk about it. We should have talked about it before war," Gaddafi's son said. "Instead of crying over 200 deaths, we will cry over hundreds of thousands of deaths." Al Jazeera's senior political analyst Marwan Bishara said the warning sounded like "a desperate speech by a desperate son of a dictator who's trying to use blackmail on the Libyan people by threatening that he could turn the country into a bloodbath." China Warns Citizens Not to Protest Senior Chinese officials continued this week to use state media to warn citizens against protesting, McClatchy Newspapers reports. Public meetings began taking place Sunday in Beijing and Shanghai after Chinese activists became inspired by the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, but police crackdowns quickly broke up the gatherings. Government officials also warned that political dissent could lead to even stronger Internet controls. University of Arizona To Create "Civility Institute" The University of Arizona plans to establish an institute on its campus to promote compromise and civility among political parties, The New York Times said. Former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush will be the honorary chairmen of the foundation, which is set to be named the National Institute for Civil Discourse. Its director Brint Milward said the institute would focus on political discourse "from the grass roots all the way to the top." The idea for the center developed in the aftermath of the January shootings in Tucson that killed six people and injured 13, including Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, an Arizona Democrat. President Obama used the University of Arizona campus to deliver a national address on civility following the shootings. This work by Truthout is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License.

News in Brief: Three GOP Votes Needed to End Wisconsin Stalemate, and More ... Monday 21 February 2011 by: Nadia Prupis, t r u t h o u t | News in Brief Three GOP Votes Needed to End Wisconsin Stalemate According to The Associated Press, reaching a compromise between Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker and state unions would take votes from three Republicans who believe Walker's proposal is excessivel

Title: THE EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE, MOISTURE, AND DENSITY ON PUPATION OF AETHINA TUMIDA MURRAY (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) Ellis, James - RHODES UNIV. SOUTH AFRICA Hepburn, Randall - RHODES UNIV. SOUTH AFRICA Luckman, Barry - RHODES UNIV. SOUTH AFRICA Submitted to: Environmental Entomology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: July 30, 2003 Publication Date: August 1, 2003 Citation: Ellis, J.D., Hepburn, R., Luckman, B., Elzen, P.J. 2003. The effects of soil type, moisture, and density on pupation of aethina tumida murray (coleoptera: nitidulidae). Environmental Entomology. Interpretive Summary: The small hive beetle is native to sub-Saharan Africa. We found that pupation of larval beetles was significantly greater in moist soils rather than in dry soils. Soil type did not, however, affect the length of time pupae spent developing. Soil type, as effecting successful pupation rates may be a factor in why the beetle is an economic pest in some locations, while only a minor pest in other locations. We tested the effects of six different soil types (soils A-F), two moisture extremes ("wet" and "dry"), and two soil densities ("packed" and "tilled") on the pupation success of Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, small hive beetles). We further determined the effect of soil type and A. tumida sex on the time spent pupating. A total of 3000 A. tumida larvae were placed in the moist soil treatments (wet/packed and wet/tilled), of which 2746 eclosed. Additionally, 3000 larvae were placed in the dry soil treatments (dry/packed and dry/tilled), of which none eclosed. In only 1 soil (soil D) were eclosion rates different from those in other soils; eclosion rates in all other soils were similar. For every soil, there were significantly more eclosing A. tumida in the wet treatments than in the dry ones. Eclosion rates of larvae burrowing into moist soils ranged between 92-98%. Female A. tumida pupated faster than male A. tumida but only by an average of less than half a day. Soil type did affect the length of time A. tumida spent pupating despite which, average eclosion occurred within a tight range. The data suggest that biological requirements of A. tumida may limit/exacerbate their reproductive potentials in various soil environments, suggesting additional reasons they are not generally a problem to honey bee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies in their native range but can be in their introduced ones.

Title: THE EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE, MOISTURE, AND DENSITY ON PUPATION OF AETHINA TUMIDA MURRAY (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) Ellis, James - RHODES UNIV. SOUTH AFRICA Hepburn, Randall - RHODES UNIV. SOUTH AFRICA Luckman, Barry - RHODES UNIV. SOUTH AFRICA Submitted to: Environmental Entomology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: July 30, 2003 Publication Date: August 1, 200

To raise and maintain a diverse growth of vegetative cover capable of self-regeneration and plant succession, the operator shall comply with the following requirements and conditions: (A) Remove and segregate topsoil or subsoil in sufficient quantities to redistribute over the surface of the affected area in accordance with paragraphs (C) and (D) of this rule; (B) Store or stockpile the segregated topsoil or subsoil in a manner and location so that it will be protected from contamination or loss and be maintained in a condition suitable to establish and maintain a diverse vegetative cover; (C) Resoil with topsoil or subsoil the surface of each affected area where the surface is not capable of establishing and maintaining a diverse growth of vegetation; (D) Resoil with topsoil or subsoil to a minimum compacted depth of eight inches on any surface which contains acid producing materials, and to a compacted depth of six inches on all other surfaces required to be resoiled by paragraph (C) of this rule; (E) If resoiling is required in accordance with paragraph (C) of this rule but topsoil and subsoil are not present on the area or are present in insufficient quantities to comply with paragraph (D) of this rule, the operator shall segregate and store in accordance with paragraphs (A), (B) and (D) of this rule, all available topsoil, available subsoil, and the substitute resoiling material as approved in the mining and reclamation plan; and (F) Condition the surface of the affected area to be planted to establish a suitable seedbed.

To raise and maintain a diverse growth of vegetative cover capable of self-regeneration and plant succession, the operator shall comply with the following requirements and conditions: (A) Remove and segregate topsoil or subsoil in sufficient quantities to redistribute over the surface of the affected area in accordance with paragraphs (C) and (D) of this rule; (B) Store or stockpile the segregated

In a separate NODC Accession, text data files are given of the substrate types and coverages as derived objectively from photographic images using PhotoGrid, a software package which analyzes random points on images of coral reefs and substrate. SITE LAT LONG ISLAND SITE CODE NAME MaHoN08m 21 00.923 156 38.343 8.00 Maui Honolua North MaHoS03m 21 00.831 156 38.380 3.00 Maui Honolua South MaKah03m 20 56.257 156 41.595 3.00 Maui Kahekili MaKah07m 20 56.274 156 41.623 7.00 Maui Kahekili MaKaP03m 20 36.089 156 26.214 3.00 Maui Kanehena Pt. MaKaP10m 20 36.070 156 26.280 10.00 Maui Kanehena Pt. MaKaB01m 20 37.049 156 26.241 1.00 Maui Kanehena Bay MaKaB03m 20 37.015 156 26.301 3.00 Maui Kanehena Bay MaMaa03m 20 47.378 156 30.607 3.00 Maui Maalaea MaMaa05m 20 47.332 156 30.596 5.00 Maui Maalaea MaMol08m 20 37.889 156 29.795 8.00 Maui Molokini MaMol13m 20 37.940 156 29.783 13.00 Maui Molokini MaOlo03m 20 48.505 156 36.693 3.00 Maui Olowalu MaOlo10m 20 48.363 156 36.733 10.00 Maui Olowalu MaPua03m 20 51.369 156 40.033 3.00 Maui Puamana MaPua10m 20 51.322 156 40.111 10.00 Maui Puamana Resource Description: NODC Accession Number 0039627 1. Field Recording Data are taken using a digital waterproof cameras. 20 digital images are taken on each of the 10 transects of each line, or 200 per survey. The photographer follows the following procedure: While on the surface, the diver photographs the landmark "line-ups" used to locate the site. These serve to identify the tape if there is any question of proper labeling. Also, the images can be subsequently printed and laminated for use when relocating the site. In many cases the use of landmarks is faster and more convenient than using the GPS position to relocate the transect site. The diver then goes to the bottom and videotapes a full 360 degree panorama of the site as part of the permanent image record. The diver proceeds to the start of the first 10 m transect and records the transect number on the video through use of hand signals in front of the camera (number of fingers representing transect no.). The photographer then moves slowly (4 min per transect) along the 10 m transect while filming the bottom at a distance of 0.5 m. Initially a rod attached to the camera was used to insure proper distance from the bottom. This has been replaced with two small underwater lasers that cross at 0.5 m, allowing the photographer to hold the distance constant by keeping an overlap on the two red laser dots. Each of the 10 transects along the 100 m spine line is recorded in this manner. Brown, E, E Cox, B Tissot, K Rodgers, and W Smith (1999). Evaluation of benthic sampling methods considered for the Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) in Hawaii. International Conference on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring, and Restoration. April 14-16, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Connell, J H, T P Hughes, C C Wallace (1997). A 30-year study of coral abundance, recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time. Ecol. Mono. 67(4): 461-488. Friedlander, Alan and Parrish, James 1998. Habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 224: 1-30. Green, R H and S R Smith (1997). Sample program design and environmental impact assessment on coral reef. Proc 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. 2: 1459-1464. McCormick, Mark 1994. Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage. Marine Ecology Progress Series 112: 87-96. Under each CDxx directory.... 06"site-name"/ site name such as Honolua (06 is the year) transect_site _name/ example, 06MaHoNO8m See table above to match site with directory. transect_site _name_depth.xxxx/ data directory where xxxx refers to: SI=selected Images to analyze with PhotoGrid Mosaic=All images photoed PANS=Four images taken at the beginning of the transect at 0, 180, 240, and 360 degrees. QUAD=Photoquads, 10 taken at each site to determine growth and mortality of individual colonies Unused=images not used in the analyses transect_site_name_transect_number/ finally, data files sorted by transect number (from 1 to 10) #FILENAMES: filename convention: site_code+tt+fff.tif where site_code: (see #SAMPLING STATIONS: above in documentation) (2-digit year + 2-char island + 3-char site + 3-char depth) tt: transect number (2 digits) and fff: frame number (3 digits)

In a separate NODC Accession, text data files are given of the substrate types and coverages as derived objectively from photographic images using PhotoGrid, a software package which analyzes random points on images of coral reefs and substrate. SITE LAT LONG ISLAND SITE CODE NAME MaHoN08m 21 00.923 156 38.343 8.00 Maui Honolua North MaHoS03m 21 00.831 156 38.380 3.00 Maui Honolua South MaKah03m 2

“Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it — we mean to lead it… Yet the vows of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are first, and, therefore, we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and in industry, our hopes for peace and security, our obligations to ourselves as well as others, all require us to make this effort, to solve these mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men…” — President John F. Kennedy, Address at Rice University on the Nation’s Space Effort, 9/12/62 On August 2, 2007, on a broad bipartisan basis and with the strong support of the technology, business, and academic community, the House and the Senate approved H.R.2272, the America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act (America COMPETES Act). This bill ensures that our nation will retain its competitive position in the world through improvements to math and science education and a strong commitment to research to ensure America keeps its edge in the science, research and technology. The America COMPETES Act is the culmination of a two-year, bipartisan effort to pass a package of competitiveness bills in response to recommendations in the 2005 National Academies report, “Rising Above the Gathering Storm.” Earlier in the year, the House and Senate passed comprehensive legislation (H.R.2272, S.761) that served as the basis for the bipartisan, bicameral, multidisciplinary America COMPETES Act Conference Agreement, which passed the House on a 367 to 57 vote and the Senate by unanimous consent. The America COMPETES Act follows through on a commitment by Democratic Leadership to ensure U.S. students, teachers, businesses and workers are prepared to continue leading the world in innovation, research, and technology — well into the future. The America COMPETES Act: Provides incentives to increase math and science education to ensure that America retains its competitive edge in the future by: · Expanding programs at National Science Foundation (NSF) to enhance the undergraduate education of the future science and engineering workforce, including at 2-year colleges; · Including provisions throughout the bill to help broaden participation in science and engineering fields at all levels; · Authorizing two new competitive grant programs that will enable partnerships to implement courses of study in mathematics, science, engineering, technology or critical foreign languages in ways that lead to a baccalaureate degree with concurrent teacher certification; and · Authorizing competitive grants to increase the number of teachers serving high-need schools and expand access to AP and IB classes and to increase the number of qualified AP and IB teachers in high-need schools. Makes a sustained investment in research and development activities in the United States to ensure that America has the building blocks for expanded prosperity and continued global leadership by: · Keeping research programs at NSF, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science on a near-term doubling path; · Authorizing a total of $33.6 billion over Fiscal Years 2008 to 2010 for science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) research and education programs across the federal government; · Strengthening interagency planning and coordination for research infrastructure and information technology (i.e., high-speed computing); · Expanding early career grant programs and provides additional support for outstanding young investigators at the NSF and DOE; and · Promoting government-wide contributions to science by: - Directing the President to convene a National Science and Technology Summit to examine the health and direction of the U.S. STEM enterprises; - Requiring a National Academy of Sciences study on barriers to innovation; - Changing the National Technology Medal to the National Technology and Innovation Medal; - Establishing a President’s Council on Innovation and Competitiveness (akin to the President’s Council on Science and Technology); - Requiring prioritization of planning for major research facilities and instrumentation nationwide through the National Science and Technology Council; and - Expressing a sense of Congress that each federal research agency should support and promote innovation through funding for high-risk, high-reward research. Invests in energy research and innovation to decrease our dependence on foreign sources of energy by: · Establishing the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy (ARPA-E), a nimble and semi-autonomous research agency at the DOE to engage in high-risk, high-reward energy research. Ensures that our nation’s small- and medium- sized businesses have the tools they need to contribute to America’s preeminent role in the global economy by: · Creating the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) at NIST (replacing the existing Advanced Technology Program or ATP) to fund high-risk, high-reward, pre-competitive technology development by small- and medium- sized companies with high potential for public benefit; · Putting Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) funding on a path to doubling over 10 years; · Mandating Small Business Administration participation on the new President’s Council on Innovation and Competitiveness authorized by the America COMPETES Act; · Requiring that small business representatives are included at the White House National Science and Technology summit authorized by the America COMPETES Act; and · Including a sense of the Senate regarding Small Business Growth and Capital Markets and calling for the completion of final rules to reduce the unnecessary and unintended cost burdens imposed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 on small- and medium-sized public companies.

“Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it — we mean to lead it… Yet the vows of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are fi

Dhaka is one of the largest mega cities in the world. It is the center of all administrative, business, commercial and cultural activities of Bangladesh. The rapid and unplanned developments over the past decades have created tremendous pressure on the transport system of the Greater Dhaka. Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA) is pursuing to bring an end to this chaotic situation through the coordination and planning of transport sector strategies and plans with other government and private bodies. With the guidance from the Ministry of Communications and help of all concerned agencies, it is possible to make our capital city livable, sustainable and environment

Dhaka is one of the largest mega cities in the world. It is the center of all administrative, business, commercial and cultural activities of Bangladesh. The rapid and unplanned developments over the past decades have created tremendous pressure on the transport system of the Greater Dhaka. Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA) is pursuing to bring an end to this chaotic situation through

2007/682/EC: Commission Decision of 18 October 2007 on the renewal of the Community stocks of live attenuated vaccine against classical swine fever (notified under document number C(2007) 4699) OJ L 281, 25.10.2007, p. 25–26 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV) BG CS DA DE EL EN ES ET FI FR HU IT LT LV MT NL PL PT RO SK SL SV |Bilingual display: BG CS DA DE EL EN ES ET FI FR HU IT LT LV MT NL PL PT RO SK SL SV| of 18 October 2007 on the renewal of the Community stocks of live attenuated vaccine against classical swine fever (notified under document number C(2007) 4699) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Having regard to Council Decision 90/424/EEC of 26 June 1990 on expenditure in the veterinary field , and in particular Article 6(2) and Article 8(2) thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 2001/89/EC of 23 October 2001 on Community measures for the control of classical swine fever , and in particular Article 18(2) thereof, (1) Classical swine fever is a threat for domestic and feral pigs (wild boar) in the Community. (2) Outbreaks of classical swine fever in domestic pig holdings can lead to serious consequences and economic losses in the Community, in particular if they occur in areas with a high density of pigs. (3) The rules for applying emergency vaccination of domestic and feral pigs are laid down in Directive 2001/89/EC. (4) The Community has purchased 1000000 doses of live attenuated classical swine fever vaccine and made arrangements for keeping it in stock and making it rapidly available in case of an emergency vaccination of domestic pigs. (5) Those doses have been made available to Romania in July 2007. Accordingly, they need to be replaced for the purpose of maintaining the Community’s capability to respond quickly to the need to carry out emergency vaccination against classical swine fever. (6) In addition, in the light of the overall disease situation in certain Member States the stock of live attenuated vaccine should be replaced quickly when depleted in order to maintain the Community’s capability to respond to an emergency. (7) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: 1. The Community shall purchase as soon as possible 1000000 doses of live attenuated classical swine fever vaccine. 2. The Community shall make arrangements for the storage and distribution of the vaccine referred to in paragraph 1. If the stock of vaccine referred to in Article 1(1) becomes depleted, it may be replaced by 1000000 doses up to four times during a period of five years after the date of the first purchase. The maximum cost of the measures referred to in Articles 1 and 2 shall not exceed EUR 1500000. The measures provided for in Article 1(2) shall be carried out by the Commission in cooperation with the suppliers designated by call for tender. This Decision is addressed to the Member States. Done at Brussels, 18 October 2007. For the Commission Member of the Commission OJ L 224, 18.8.1990, p. 19. Decision as last amended by Regulation 1791/2006 (OJ L 363, 20.12.2006, p. 1). OJ L 316, 1.12.2001, p. 5. Directive as last amended by Directive 2006/104/EC (OJ L 363, 20.12.2006, p. 352).

2007/682/EC: Commission Decision of 18 October 2007 on the renewal of the Community stocks of live attenuated vaccine against classical swine fever (notified under document number C(2007) 4699) OJ L 281, 25.10.2007, p. 25–26 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV) BG CS DA DE EL EN ES ET FI FR HU IT LT LV MT NL PL PT RO SK SL SV |Bilingual display:

USGS Multimedia Gallery This text will be replaced To embed this video, click "menu" on the video player toolbar. If no transcript and/or closed-caption is available, please notify us. Mark DeMulder: I'm very pleased to be here representing the Geological Survey. USGS is a very interesting organization. It's a fantastic place to work. It's an organization with a tremendous history. We're 131 years old this year. We're founded in 1879. USGS has about 10,000 employees. We have over 400 operating locations. We're in every state. And I'll show you a map in a minute that shows some of those locations. And just as an anecdote I recently gave a short talk at a university to the geography student body. I gave my business card out. And one of the young folks who was about to graduate emailed me shortly after the presentation and said, "Hey, USGS looks interesting. I'm a biologist with an interest in geography. Any chances of a job in the USGS?" So I just very quickly went to the USA jobs website and searched under USGS. The first job that came up was for a GS-7 biologist in the US Virgin Islands and it required scuba certification. So I sent that job announcement to that young man and said, "Here's an interesting one. It might be a nice way to start a career with the Geological Survey." So we are a very diverse organization in terms of our science disciplines and our locations. And it's really a fantastic organization and a great place to work. This is our first director, Clarence King. He actually wasn't the director for very long, you can see from 1879 to 1881. But he was the first director of US Geological Survey. And you can see what it says there was his charge when he came in. And his words are still in the Organic act, which is a part of our reason for being, the classification of the public plans and the examination of the geological structure, mineral resources and products of the national domain, pretty broad title. The thing that probably is most significantly altered, at least in my view in our mission, is that in the mid 1990s we got a very large biological component. You might recall that under the Clinton administration there was a new federal agency formed called the National Biological Survey that polled wildlife and field biologists from Fish and Wildlife Service, from Park Service and made this new government organization. Congress hated it right from the start and they pretty quickly killed it. And they moved the National Biological Survey into the USGS. And it became the Biological Resources Division of the US Geological Survey. So that's a pretty significant change for us. I will just say looking back at the history that our second director is someone that's actually much more well known than Clarence King; John Wesley Powell, the Civil War hero who explored the Grand Canyon. And he's the guy that started the topographic mapping program in the Geological Survey about 125 years ago. And if you've ever visited the USGS out in Reston, our headquarters building, that is the John Wesley Powell Building. Interestingly both Powell and King led two of the four great Western surveys. If you're familiar with the history of mapping in the United States, the first two directors led two of those four expeditions. So looking at USGS today what's interesting to know? One is that we are in the Department of the Interior. And mostly what the Department of Interior is about is land management. One out of every five acres in the United States is owned by the Department of Interior. That's organizations like the Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife, Park Service, BIA; big land management agencies. And they have regulatory responsibilities associated with that land management mission. The US Geological Survey is not a land management agency. We provide science to those land management agencies so that they can effectively carry out their mission mandate. So we are not a regulatory agency. We are an objective science agency. We're one of nine bureaus in the Department of Interior. I've mentioned some of the others. Mineral Management Service I didn't mention which does about $10 billion per year of business leasing oil and gas rights along with Mineral Management Service doing an offshore B&M, leasing rights on shore. We are very much about partnering with other agencies, those science agencies that we support and local governments, tribal governments and also the private sector. This is an example of some of the locations that we operate out of. We're basically divided into regions. And we have science centers and operating locations scattered all across the country and in the trust territories, Guam, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, et cetera. This is an interesting graph. It's a little confusing to look at. But let me just tell you what you're looking at briefly here. Along the bottom you see fiscal years 1999 through 2008. And then the colored chunks of the bar chart show you the percentage of employees within a given age group at USGS over those years. So take the sort of I think it's pink, purplish pinkish there, the sort of big middle chunk. Those are employees who are age 50 to 54. The block on top of that, ochre or red in color, is employees 55 to 59 and then above that 60 to 64. The reason I show you this slide is to say that the USGS is about 10,000 people as an organization. And we have a very significant challenge ahead of us with the impending retirement of many of our employees. So filling the pipeline with new employees is something that's a huge challenge for the Geological Survey. If you look at the numbers of young employees down at the bottom of those bar charts, they're pretty small. So we have not recruited sufficient numbers to replace all that are going to retire. And that's a challenge for the Geological Survey. It's a challenge for many of the agencies in the federal government. It's a big opportunity for people who are coming in to the earth science profession to find employment, I believe. So our science vision is that the USGS is a world leader in the natural sciences through our scientific excellence and responsiveness to society's needs. And that last bit is really important, responsiveness to society's needs. For science's sake, it's science with a practical application that meets the needs of the nation especially with the challenges that face us today. And this is just a quote from our president, "Science is more essential for our prosperity, our security, our health, our environment and our quality of life than it has ever been." And I think most people would probably agree with that statement; that's very true. Speaker 1: ... a foundation of geographic knowledge... Mark DeMulder: So I'm going to show this short 5-minute video and then I'll launch right into a short discussion of a mapping program. And then we'll proceed through the panel. Speaker 1: ... save lives and preserve these lands for our children. As part of the Department of the Interior, the United States Geological Survey has led the way in mapping the nation. Mapping goes hand in hand with American history, the exploration of the West and the development of our country. Speaker 2: The government cannot do any scientific work of more value to the people at large than by causing the construction of proper topographic maps of the country. Speaker 1: In 1884 John Wesley Powell established a program for mapping the nation and helped define the new frontier. Over the next 125 years mapping methods changed as the use and technology matured, evolving from field sketching and manual cartography to producing paper maps then modernizing to digital mapping using the latest geospatial technologies. Speaker 3: Maps are the heart and soul of what we do here at National Geographic. We were founded in 1888 and almost from the very beginning we worked closely with the US Geological Survey for accurate and authoritative base maps of our country. Now in digital form maps are constantly changing. And that's a very exciting opportunity for us. We can take those data layers in the national map, things like roads, buildings and rivers. And we can shape them and customize them and serve various audiences on new platforms in ways that we could never have imagined even just a few years ago. Speaker 1: Born from the digital revolution is the National Map. Today the National Map is everywhere. When you see computer simulations of the Earth's surface, you are likely looking at data from the National Map. It's fundamental data. It's familiar information we use every day and may not even know it. Speaker 4: Today geospatial technologies are advancing the way we are thinking as human species. The USGS has done us a major service by providing a key base map which spans from sea to sea, from border to border. This will affect how we plan things. It will affect economic development. It will make our society better. It will help us manage our environment more effectively and get systems engaged. I really strongly support the National Map and the efforts that USGS is making to provide this foundation. Speaker 1: The National Map provides foundational information nationwide. These include aerial imagery, elevation, place and feature names, water, land cover, transportation, structures and boundaries. With innovative services like the new National Map Viewer Platform, a user can visualize data they want to download or manipulate and make their own map. Another new product built on the USGS legacy and data from the National Map is US Topo. US Topo provides updated electronic topographic maps that are available at nationalmap.gov. To acquire and maintain better data, the National Map relies heavily on partnerships with federal state and local agencies along with industry. With huge challenges ahead in the areas of energy, emergency operations, human services and natural resource management, finding solutions will depend on stewardship of geospatial data. Speaker 5: The US Environmental Protection Agency works with many different organizations to provide the nation with clean and safe water. Together we collect a vast amount of water quality data. The mapping of water data is accomplished in partnership with the US Geological Survey. This partnership led to the development of the National Hydrography Dataset that provides a common referencing system of the nation's surface waters. The federal and state organizations who work together to develop the National Hydrography Dataset now also contribute to its improvement to the National Map's Data Stewardship Program. The US Environmental Protection Agency is one of the many organizations that benefit from the geospatial data from the National Map. Speaker 1: The National Map of the future will offer more innovations and online capabilities, increased investment in stewardship leading to greater knowledge and easier accessibility to national geospatial information for everyone. Speaker 6: At the USGS we are committed to forward-looking, advanced research and development of geospatial technologies. With the support of our partners, the National Map provides valuable data and services to meet the changing needs of our nation. The future holds endless possibilities for using maps and peer-referenced datasets, allowing citizens and scientists alike to explore the true nature of our planet's geography. Speaker 1: To learn more about the National Map and how to become a valuable partner, visit www.nationalmap.gov. Mark DeMulder: OK thank you for that. Just push the button there for number 1 if that's right. OK. So great video introduction to my part of Geological Survey, the National Geospatial Program. And I'm going to take just five minutes or so. I'm going through a few PowerPoint slides that might fill in some of the gaps in what the video presented. And then we'll progress on through the rest of the panel. And by the end you will have seen all of the program elements of the geography discipline within the US Geological Survey. So I've already introduced myself. There's my name and title. What does the National Geospatial Program in particular do for the nation? We organize, maintain and publish the geospatial baseline of the nation's topography, landscape and built environments. In other words we are the nation's civilian mapping organization. We have a defense mapping organization. It's an organization called National Geospatial Intelligence Agency. They map the rest of the world. The Geological Survey maps the United States and its trust territories. We've been doing it for more than 125 years, as I've said. And our 21st Century version of our mapping program we've given the banner the National Map. Under that banner there are eight digital databases that are listed there on the slide. I won't read them but they are the components that you would expect to find basically in a topographic dataset. And I will say we are republishing new topographic maps in digital form at a very rapid rate and I will say more about that in a minute. The main mechanism for users to access those digital databases of the National Map is this new viewer geoportal platform. It's called the National Map Viewer. It was first released in December 3, 2009. It has been in beta since then. Today it goes out of beta and becomes our primary mechanism for accessing the databases of the National Map. So with this geoportal you can access, visualize and download all of the digital data that we maintain as part of the National Map. And you can access and download digital topographic maps that have been assembled. For those who want easier to use product than pulling directly from digital databases, you can get those maps also from this viewer. Just one quick word about where the viewer came from. This is built on an effort that our partner organization NGA, National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, built. And they call it Palantera within NGA. We have recorded that to our application or we use that for our application and save the taxpayer the expense of a government agency recreating a geoportal when one already existed in another agency. I mentioned that we are redoing topographic maps. You may know that there are about 55,000 individual USGS topographic maps at a scale of 1:24,000 that cover the country. We call them either quad sheets based on the fact that they are quadrangles of 7-1/2 minute by 7-1/2 minute size or the 24,000 scale topo. It's basically the signature product of our old mapping program. It was about a 50-year effort from about the 1930s to the mid 1990s to create all of the 1:24,000 scale paper topographic maps that we did, all 55,000. About 35 million person hours went into that effort. Since the '90s that analog database of topographic maps has been aging. And the average age of those in the warehouse today is about 30 years old. That's an old map. So we instituted a process of creating new digital topographic maps that went operational in May of 2009. And it is based on pulling data from our digital databases of the National Map in a pretty automated fashion, assembling them so that it looks like a topographic map and publishing them in GeoPDF, making those GeoPDFs available for free over the Internet from nationalmap.gov or from the USGS Store homepage. And that's what we've been marching on with. This is an example of what a GeoPDF map looks like. You will notice it has an image as the base, which is new. The old topo maps with very exceptions did not have an image as its base. That image is from the program that has an acronym in the first bullet there. It says, "Three-year revision cycle following NAIP." That's the National Agricultural Imagery Program and very important to our program. It's a program that collects leaf-on imagery for the conterminous 48 states on a three-year cycle. So every three years every image is updated. And our map production plan follows that native cycle. So every three years we're updating every map. This is a screenshot of a USGS Store where you can download these data or as I said you can get them directly from nationalmap.gov. Since April of 2010 we've created more than 20,000 of these new maps. They're up on this page for download for free. I'll just compare that to the best year USGS ever had when we were doing maps in an analog fashion in 1972. We had 3000 employees in the national mapping division. We created about 2500 maps that year. Since May of 2009 we've created 20,000 of these new digital maps with about 20 people. It's a far cry from our old production cycle. Why does the data of the USGS matter? This question really is being asked in light of some of the other data portals that are out there. People say, "Well we've got Google. Why do we want the USGS national map when we've got all these other portals?" The USGS provides authoritative, accurate data upon which government decision makers can rely and emergency responders and others who are in the business of saving lives and property can rely. And this is an example of that, our National Hydrography Dataset, which covers all the surface water network of the United States and is a very sophisticated database with flow direction encoded so you can do hydrologic modeling. And it's linked to our stream gauge network. USGS has over 7000 stream gauges that are telemetered to satellite and then brought down to servers and resting on an every 15-minute basis. So it monitors the flow, velocity and volume in the entire stream network. So with those two pieces of capacity in place, this application has been developed which is called the Incident Command Tool. What it does is allow emergency responders to model the time interval between when a contaminant is introduced into the water network and when that contaminant will reach a drinking water intake which we have those mapped. So obviously very important in the event of a contaminant spill or even a terrorist attack. It was conducted on a water-salt network. This would be a key way of managing that. And it couldn't happen without the National Hydrography Dataset, a part of the National Map, as its base. So where are we heading in the future? We are revitalizing the topographic mapping program. We are very interested in leveraging the nexus between the new social media that is so prevalent in everyone's lives now and the fact that geospatial capabilities are being coupled with those social media. So it offers an opportunity to really expand citizen mapping, bringing volunteers into the mapping program. And we hope to continue to ignite a passion for mapping among our citizens. And I have Thomas Jefferson's picture up there not just because he started the Public Land Survey System in 1785 which he did but also because he said something that is absolutely true today, as true today as it was then. He said information is the currency of democracy. And we believe in the Geological Survey that geospatial information is a key component of that currency of democracy. We believe citizens who are very well aware of their geography and their environment are going to be better able to participate in our democratic system of government. So we think we have a role there to help in that. And in closing I'll just put this up. It's an interesting cartographic curiosity no one from the USGS is allowed to offer an opinion. But if anybody else knows what this is, I'd be curious to see. This is a map drawn by John Wesley Powell when he was a bureaucrat in Washington. It's called Arid Lands of the Western United States. And what it shows is Powell's vision for how the states of the Western United States should be formed. Each one of those colored polygons is his idea of what the state political unit boundaries should look like, interesting. And the most interesting thing is that those boundaries are actually the watershed boundaries for the Western United States. And Powell knew intrinsically that water was going to be the key resource in the West so why not make the political boundaries follow the same walls of nature that the hydrologic systems have to follow. And obviously he did not succeed in this effort. And we have our rectangular states of today. But it was an interesting idea. Title: Mark DeMulder Presentation at AAG Mark DeMulder, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Geospatial Program (NGP) is featured as part of a panel discussion at the annual Association of American Geographer's conference in Washington DC, mid-April 2010. The presentation includes: Read more information about NGP and The National Map. Transcript will be available soon. Location: Washington, DC, USA Date Taken: 4/16/2010 Note: This video has been released into the public domain by the U.S. Geological Survey for use in its entirety. Some videos may contain pieces of copyrighted material. If you wish to use a portion of the video for any purpose, other than for resharing/reposting the video in its entirety, please contact the Video Producer/Videographer listed with this video. Please refer to the USGS Copyright section for how to credit this video. Suggest an update to the information/tags? * DOI and USGS link and privacy policies apply.

USGS Multimedia Gallery This text will be replaced To embed this video, click "menu" on the video player toolbar. If no transcript and/or closed-caption is available, please notify us. Mark DeMulder: I'm very pleased to be here representing the Geological Survey. USGS is a very interesting organization. It's a fantastic place to work. It's an organization with a tremendous history. We're 131 years

Schematic of the Crazing Incidence X-ray Telescope. X-rays entering the telescope strike the slightly curved mirrors at a grazing angle and are concentrated in the focal plane. The four concentric mirrors concentrated the flux of X-rays so that objects 1000 times fainter than ever detected before could be examined in detail. (Smithsonian Institution Photo No. SP-466 The Star Splitters - Back -

Schematic of the Crazing Incidence X-ray Telescope. X-rays entering the telescope strike the slightly curved mirrors at a grazing angle and are concentrated in the focal plane. The four concentric mirrors concentrated the flux of X-rays so that objects 1000 times fainter than ever detected before could be examined in detail. (Smithsonian Institution Photo No. SP-466 The Star Splitters - Back -

Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Phantom pain sensations are described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body. Limb loss is a result of either removal by amputation or congenital limb deficiency (Giummarra et al., 2007). However, phantom limb sensations can also occur following nerve avulsion or spinal cord injury. Sensations are recorded most frequently following the amputation of an arm or a leg, but may also occur following the removal of a breast or an internal organ. Phantom limb pain is the feeling of pain in an absent limb or a portion of a limb. The pain sensation varies from individual to individual. Phantom limb sensation is the term given to any sensory phenomenon (except pain) which is felt at an absent limb or a portion of the limb. It has been known that at least 80% of amputees experience phantom sensations at some time of their lives. There are various types of sensations that may be felt: - Sensations related to the phantom limb's posture, length and volume e.g. feeling that the phantom limb is behaving just like a normal limb like sitting with the knee bent or feeling that the phantom limb is as heavy as the other limb. Sometimes, an amputee will experience a sensation called telescoping. This is the feeling that the phantom limb is gradually shortening over time. - Sensations of movement (e.g. feeling that the phantom foot is moving). - Sensations of touch, temperature, pressure and itchiness. Many amputees report of feeling heat, tingling and itchy. The term “phantom limb” was first coined by American neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell in 1871 (Halligan, 2002). Mitchell described that “thousands of spirit limbs were haunting as many good soldiers, every now and then tormenting them” (Bittar et al., 2005). However, in 1551, French military surgeon Ambroise Paré recorded the first documentation of phantom limb pain when he reported that, “For the patients, long after the amputation is made, say that they still feel pain in the amputated part” (Bittar et al., 2005). Various methods have been used to treat phantom limb pain. Doctors may prescribe medications to reduce the pain. Some antidepressants or antiepileptics have been shown to have a beneficial effect on reducing phantom limb pain. Often physical methods such as light massage, electrical stimulation, and hot and cold therapy have been used with variable results. Phantom limb pain and phantom limb sensations are linked, but must be differentiated from one another. While phantom limb sensations are experienced by those with congenital limb deficiency, spinal cord injury, and amputation, phantom limb pain occurs almost exclusively as a result of amputation (Kooijman et al., 2000). Almost immediately following the amputation of a limb, 90-98% of patients report experiencing a phantom sensation. Nearly 75% of individuals experience the phantom as soon as anesthesia wears off, and the remaining 25% of patients experience phantoms within a few days or weeks (Ramachandran and Herstein, 1998). Of those experiencing innocuous sensations, a majority of patients also report distinct painful sensations. The prevalence of phantom limb pain differs based on the location of the amputation. The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, while the prevalence of pain in lower limb amputees is only 54% (Kooijman et al., 2000). Age and gender have not been shown to affect the onset or duration of phantom limb pain. Although it has not been fully explored, one investigation of lower limb amputation observed that as stump length decreased, there was a greater incidence of moderate and severe phantom pain (Bittar et al., 2005). Neurological basis and mechanisms for phantom limb painEdit The neurological basis and mechanisms for phantom limb pain are all derived from experimental theories and observations. Little is known about the true mechanism causing phantom pains, and many theories highly overlap. Historically, phantom pains were thought to originate from neuromas located at the stump tip. Traumatic neuromas, or non-tumor nerve injuries, often arise from surgeries and result from the abnormal growth of injured nerve fibers. Although stump neuromas contribute to phantom pains, they are not the sole cause. This is because patients with congenital limb deficiency can sometimes, although rare, experience phantom pains. This suggests that there is a central representation of the limb responsible for painful sensations (Ramachandran and Herstein, 1998). Currently, theories are based on altered neurological pathways and cortical reorganization. Although they are highly intertwined, mechanisms are often separated into peripheral, spinal, and central mechanisms. Neuromas formed from injured nerve endings at the stump site are able to fire abnormal action potentials, and were historically thought to be the main cause of phantom limb pain. Although neuromas are able to contribute to phantom pain, pain is not completely eliminated when peripheral nerves are treated with conduction blocking agents (Ramachandran and Herstein, 1998). Physical stimulation of neuromas can increase C fiber activity, thus increasing phantom pain, but pain still persists once the neuromas have ceased firing action potentials. The peripheral nervous system is thought to have at most a modulation effect on phantom limb pain (Bitter et al., 2005) In addition to peripheral mechanisms, spinal mechanisms are thought to have an influencing role in phantom pains. Peripheral nerve injury can lead to the degeneration of C fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and terminating A fibers may subsequently branch into the same lamina (Bittar et al., 2005). If this occurs, A fiber inputs could be reported as noxious stimuli. Substance P, involved in the transmission of pain signals, is usually expressed by Aδ and C fibers, but following peripheral nerve damage, substance P is expressed by Aβ fibers (Bittar et al., 2005). This leads to hyperexcitability of the spinal cord, which usually occurs only in the presence of noxious stimuli. Because patients with complete spinal cord injury have experienced phantom pains, there must be an underlying central mechanism responsible for the generation of phantom pains. Central mechanisms and cortical remappingEdit Under ordinary circumstances, the genetically determined circuitry in the brain remains largely stable throughout life. It was thought, until about 30 years ago, that no new neural circuits could be formed in the adult mammalian brain (Ramachandran and Hirstein, 1998). Recently, functional MRI studies in amputees have shown that almost all patients have experienced motor cortical remapping (Cruz et al., 2003). The majority of motor reorganization has occurred as a downward shift of the hand area of the cortex onto the area of face representation, especially the lips. Sometimes there is a side shift of the hand motor cortex to the ipsilateral cortex (Cruz et al., 2003). In patients with phantom limb pain, the reorganization was great enough to cause a change in cortical lip representation into the hand areas only during lip movements (Cruz et al., 2003). It has also been found that there is a high correlation between the magnitude of phantom limb pain and the extent to which the shift of the cortical representation of the mouth into the hand area in motor and somatosensory cortical reorganization has occurred (Karl et al., 2001). Additionally, as phantom pains in upper extremity amputees increased, there was a higher degree of medial shift of the facial motor representation (Karl et al., 2001). There are Multiple theories that try to explain how cortical remapping occurs in amputees, but none have been supported to a great extent. The neuromatrix theory proposes that there is an extensive network connecting the thalamus and the cortex, and the cortex and the limbic system (Bittar et al., 2005). It is a theory that extends beyond body schema theory and incorporates the conscious awareness of oneself. This theory proposes that conscious awareness and the perception of self are generated in the brain via patterns of input that can be modified by different perceptual inputs (Giummarra et al., 2007). The network is genetically predetermined, and is modified throughout one’s lifetime by various sensory inputs to create a neurosignature. It is the neurosignature of a specific body part that determines how it is consciously perceived (Bittar et al., 2005). The input systems contributing to the neurosignature are primarily the somatosensory, limbic, and thalamocortical systems. The neuromatrix theory aims to explain how certain activities associated with pain lead to the conscious perception of phantom pain. The persistence of the neurosignature, even after limb amputation, may be the cause of phantom sensations and pain. Phantom pain may arise from abnormal reorganization in the neuromatrix to a pre-existing pain state (Melzack, 1992). Opposition to the neuromatrix theory exists largely because it fails to explain why relief from phantom sensations rarely eliminates phantom pains. It also does not address how sensations can spontaneously end and how some amputees do not experience phantom sensations at all (Bittar et al., 2005). In addition, a major limitation of the neuromatrix theory is that it too broadly accounts for various aspects of phantom limb perception. It is also likely that it is too difficult to be tested empirically, especially when testing painless phantom sensations (Giummarra et al., 2007). There are many different treatment options for phantom limb pain that are actively being researched. Most treatments do not take into account the mechanisms underlying phantom pains, and are therefore ineffective. However, there are a few treatment options that have been shown to alleviate pain in some patients, but these treatment options usually have a success rate less than 30% (Bittar et al., 2005). It is important to note that this rate of success does not exceed the placebo effect. It is also important to note that because the degree of cortical reorganization is proportional to phantom limb pains, any perturbations to the amputated regions may increase pain perception (Bittar et al., 2005). Non surgical techniquesEdit Mirror box therapyEdit Mirror box therapy allows for illusions of movement and touch in a phantom limb by inducing somatosensory and motor pathway coupling between the phantom and real limb (Giummarra et al., 2007). Many patients experience pain as a result of a clenched phantom limb, and because phantom limbs are not under voluntary control, unclenching becomes impossible (Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran, 1996). The theory behind the mirror box treatment is that the brain has become accustomed to the fact that a phantom limb is paralyzed because there is no feedback from the phantom back to the brain to inform it otherwise. Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran believed that if the brain received visual feedback that the limb had moved, then the phantom limb would become unparalyzed (Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran, 1996). To create the visual feedback, mirror boxes are constructed to create an illusion of a second limb. The mirror box is constructed so that it has a vertical mirror placed in the center, and the lid remains off. The intact limb is placed on one side of the mirror, and in the patient’s sight, while the amputated limb is placed on the other side, out of sight. The patient sees an intact second limb through the mirror and sends motor commands to both limbs to make symmetric movements. The movement gives the brain positive feedback that the phantom has moved, and it becomes unparalyzed (Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran, 1996). In a study of ten patients with upper phantom limb paralysis, nine patients were able to move the phantom limb, and eight of the patients able to move the phantom limb had their pain alleviated (Ramachandran and Rogers-Ramachandran, 1996). Since Ramachandran and Ramachandran’s pioneer study, there have been multiple additional studies to support the mirror box findings for patients with upper limb phantom pain. MacLachlan, McDonald, and Walcoch presented the first case of mirror box treatment for lower limb phantoms in 2004. The patient, Alan, experienced a painful crossing of his toes in the morning, and the pain worsened as the day progressed. After three weeks of mirror box treatment twice a day, Alan no longer felt any painful sensations from crossed toes (MacLachlan, McDonald, and Walcoch, 2004). Pharmacological techniques are often continued in conjunction with other treatment options. Doses or pain medications needed often drop substantially when combined with other techniques, but rarely are discontinued completely. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, and sodium channel blockers, mainly carbamazepine, are often used to relieve chronic pain, and recently have been used in an attempt to reduce phantom pains. Pain relief may also be achieved through use of opioids, ketamine, calcitonin, and lidocaine (Bittar et al., 2005). Physical and sociopsychological factors are thought to have been involved with the presence of phantom limb pain for nearly 20 years (Richardson et al., 2007). Emotional states such as anxiety and depression are thought to predispose, trigger and maintain painful sensations in amputees. In a study involving 59 patients with lower limb amputation, pre-amputation coping strategies were found to be associated with the presence of phantom limb pain, but did not affect the intensity or duration of the pain. Most often, passive coping strategies prior to amputation correlated to an increase in the presence of phantom pain (Richardson et al., 2007). Passive coping strategies include praying and hoping, and catastrophizing, while active coping strategies include diverting attention, ignoring sensations, reinterpreting the pain sensation, coping self-statements, and increased behavioral activities. Active coping strategies were not shown to correlate with the presence of phantom limb pain (Richardson et al., 2007). Deep brain stimulation is a surgical technique used to alleviate patients from phantom limb pain. Prior to surgery, Patients undergo functional brain imaging techniques such as PET scans and functional MRI to determine an appropriate trajectory of where pain is originating. Surgery is then carried out under local anesthetic, because patient feedback during the operation is needed. In the study conducted by Bittar et al., a radiofrequency electrode with four contact points was placed on the brain. Once the electrode was in place, the contact locations were altered slightly according to where the patient felt the greatest relief from pain. Once the location of maximal relief was determined, the electrode was implanted and secured to the skull. After the primary surgery, a secondary surgery under general anesthesia was conducted. A subcutaneous pulse generator was implanted into a pectoral pocket below the clavicle to stimulate the electrode (Bittar et al., 2005). It was found that all three patients studied had gained satisfactory pain relief from the deep brain stimulation. Pain had not been completely eliminated, but the intensity had been reduced by over 50% and the burning component had completely vanished (Bittar et al., 2005). - Halligan, Peter W. (2002), "Phantom limbs: The body in mind", Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 7 (3): 251–268, doi:10.1080/13546800244000111 - Bittar, Richard G.; Otero, Sofia; Carter, Helen; Aziz, Tipu Z. (May 2005), "Deep Brain Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain", Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 12 (4): 399–404, doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.07.013 - Cruz, Vitor Tedim; Nunes, Belina; Reis, Ana Mafalda; Pereira, Jorge Resende (2005), "Cortical Remapping in Amputees and Dysmelic Patients: A Functional MRI Study", NeuroRehabilitation 18 (1): 299–305 - Giummarra, Melita J.; Gibson, Stephen J.; Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie; Bradshaw, John L. (April 2007), "Central Mechanisms in Phantom Limb Perception: The Past, Present, and Future", Brain Research Reviews 54 (1): 219–232, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.009 - Karl, Anke; Birbaumer, Niels; Lutzenberger, Werner; Cohen, Leonardo G.; Flor, Herta (May 2001), "Reorganization of Motor and Somatosensory Cortex in Upper Extremity Amputees with Phantom Limb Pain", The Journal of Neuroscience 21 (10): 3609–3618 - Kooijman, Carolien M.; Dijkstra, Pieter U.; Geertzen, Jan H. B.; Elzinga, Albert; van der Schans, Cees P. (July 2000), "Phantom Pain and Phantom Sensations in Upper Limb Amputees: An Epidemiological Study", Pain 87 (1): 33–41, doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00264-5 - MacLachlan, Malcolm; McDonald, Dympna; Waloch, Justine (2004), "Mirror Treatment of Lower Limb Phantom Pain: A Case Study", Disability and Rehabilitation 26 (14/15): 901–904, doi:10.1080/09638280410001708913 - Melzack, R (1992), "Phantom Limbs", Scientific American 266 (4): 120–126 - Ramachandran, V. S.; Hirstein, William (2008), "The Perception of Phantom Limbs: The D. O. Hebb Lecture", Brain 121 (1): 1603–1630, doi:10.1093/brain/121.9.1603 - Ramachandran, V. S.; Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (April 1996), "Synaesthesia in Phantom Limbs Induced with Mirrors", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B-Biological Sciences 263 (1369): 377–386, doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0058 - Richardson, Cliff; Glenn, Sheila; Horgan, Maureen; Nurmikko, Turo (October 2007), "A Prospective Study of Factors Associated with the Presence of Phantom Limb Pain Six Months After Major Lower Limb Amputation in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease", The Journal of Pain 8 (10): 793–801, doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.007 |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Phantom pain sensations are described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body. Limb loss is a result of either removal by amputation or congenital limb deficiency (Giummarra et al., 2007). However,

Indonesia: Red Cross societies team up to bring safe water systems to Pulo Aceh Food, supplies, shelter and clean water were scarce amid the mountainous terrain, and months passed before villagers began to return to the island they called home. In addition, many of the traditional sources of water-essential for drinking, cooking and cleaning-were contaminated by the salt water from the tsunami. Facing the monumental challenge of recovery and reconstruction, the residents of Pulo Aceh were met with the helping hands of Red Cross partners - the American, British, German and local Indonesian national societies. Working together in this disaster-stricken region, the Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia or PMI) and the British Red Cross assisted villagers in initial clean-up efforts. Now, the American Red Cross is providing water and sanitation services for houses being built by the British Red Cross, while the German Red Cross has plans to build four schools on the island. The American Red Cross will provide water and sanitation infrastructure, hygiene promotion, and technical assistance for water committee management to benefit 1,200 people in five remote villages. They have also been training staff on the local water committees to ensure that these projects are sustainable over time. Together, these activities by International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Movement) partners will have a life-changing impact on Indonesian villagers isolated from mainstream relief services and transportation facilities. A Community Investment Clean water was a necessity for returning residents and American Red Cross engineers quickly identified mountain springs on Pulo Aceh to use as water sources. Plans were drawn for dams and gravity-fed filter systems to pipe water directly into villages and British Red Cross house sites. Pulo Aceh residents signed on to help with construction. With projects nearing completion in several targeted communities, American Red Cross team leaders say the hands-on involvement of local villagers is a key aspect for a successful recovery. "Having the people of the community doing the construction helps give them a sense of ownership and pride in their new water system," said Teh Tai Ring, the American Red Cross water and sanitation delegate in Indonesia, "When it's finished, they won't look at it and say, 'This is what you did for us,' they'll say, 'Look at what we did for ourselves and our families'." The residents of Pulo Aceh agree. "We have all liked being a part of this project," said Rajali, a leader of one of the local construction teams. "The Red Cross is dedicated to helping the people of the island, and we will be able to have clean water in our villages for years to come because of what we built here together." Most of Pulo Aceh's residents are farmers or fishermen by trade and their participation in the American Red Cross water and sanitation project will equip them with new skills, while supplying them with clean and safe water for their communities. In the coming years, maintenance of the water systems will be in the hands of the people of Pulo Aceh, so the American Red Cross and PMI are working together to help local leaders form committees to ensure proper system care and promote health and hygiene initiatives in the villages. Through community involvement and long-term planning, the American Red Cross and Movement partners will continue to help the people of Aceh effectively move toward recovery. To people working closely on projects like those in Pulo Aceh, the impact is unmistakable. "My family is from Aceh, so I was grateful to become a part of the American Red Cross team working here," said Bimo Khairul Fahmi, the American Red Cross project engineer for Pulo Aceh. "Our hope is that the people will continue to be proud of the work they've done building these water systems, and that strength will help give them an even better future."

Indonesia: Red Cross societies team up to bring safe water systems to Pulo Aceh Food, supplies, shelter and clean water were scarce amid the mountainous terrain, and months passed before villagers began to return to the island they called home. In addition, many of the traditional sources of water-essential for drinking, cooking and cleaning-were contaminated by the salt water from the tsunami. Fa

U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015 Spatial Variability of Metal-Ion Adsorption and Hydraulic Conductivity in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Kathryn M. Hess (U.S. Geological Survey, Marlborough, Mass.), James A. Davis (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.), Christopher C. Fuller (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.), and Jennifer A. Coston (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.) The spatial variability of metal-ion adsorption and hydraulic conductivity was assessed from the results of laboratory experiments on 375 sediment samples collected from 14 boreholes in a glacial outwash, sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Zinc and lead adsorption were measured in batch experiments. Hydraulic conductivity was estimated on the basis of grain-size distributions. Mean lead adsorption is greater than mean zinc adsorption; mean hydraulic conductivity is similar to that measured previously in this aquifer. All three properties vary significantly within the aquifer; variability in zinc adsorption is greater than variability in lead adsorption. A strong positive correlation is observed between the two metal-ion adsorptions. There is a statistically significant, but small, negative correlation between lead adsorption and hydraulic conductivity and a statistically insignificant negative correlation between zinc adsorption and hydraulic conductivity. Vertical correlation scales obtained by fitting an exponential model to experimental semivariograms equaled 0.10-0.26 meters for the hydraulic-conductivity and adsorption data sets. Similar vertical correlation scales were determined in an earlier study of the variability of hydraulic conductivity measured by use of permeameter and flowmeter tests. A horizontal correlation scale could not be identified in this study, possibly because the horizontal spacing between boreholes was large relative to the correlation scale, and the number of samples was small.

U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015 Spatial Variability of Metal-Ion Adsorption and Hydraulic Conductivity in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Kathryn M. Hess (U.S. Geological Survey, Marlborough, Mass.), James A. Davis (U.S

The first of three NATO leadership courses for Iraqi naval and marine officers took place at sea during the last week of January 2008. Eight second lieutenants in the Navy and Marine Corps, experienced five days of lectures, discussions and practical sessions during which leadership principles and practices were examined. The training was conducted at-sea in the new UK Royal Fleet Auxiliary Ship, RFA Cardigan Bay, an ideal host platform for this important mission. The training was delivered by a combined team from the NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) and the Naval Transition Team based at Umm Qasr Naval Base. The course focused on the theory and principles of leadership, relating traditional western thoughts with the Islamic leadership principles. Practical skills for team leading and mission preparation were also examined, and basic skills were exercised by all students. There was plenty to discuss regarding law of armed conflict and ethics in leadership with lively engagement as scenarios were examined. The officers were also required to conduct a brief on a historical leader and explain lessons that would be pertinent to them today. Course Director, Commander John Gray, UK Royal Navy used the syllabus previously employed for naval non-commissioned officer (NCO) training with modules from the UK Royal Naval Leadership Academy to focus it on officer development. He was supported throughout by Lieutenant Colonel David Coggins, U.S. Marine Corps, who had previously directed NATO’s NCO programme for the Iraqi navy. The trainers stated they were gratified to see NCOs who had been previously trained by NATO employing their leadership skills as instructors working with the latest group of naval recruits at Umm Qasr Naval Base. The third instructor, Captain Cameron Albin U.S. Marine Corps, was loaned from the Multinational Security Transition Command-Iraq Naval Transition Team in support of NATO. He was able to bring his recent experience leading troops in combat, providing a clear focus on why the training was being conducted. The course was a significant success with all students fully involved and keen to express the benefit gained in discussing and exercising leadership principles and skills. This naval leadership initiative is one of the training programs currently being conducted by NTM-I. Further details on NTM-I can be found at www.jfcnaples.nato.int/ntm-i. RFA Cardigan Bay is currently assigned to operations in support of security transition in the northern Arabian Gulf and regularly provides a platform for Iraqi navy training. The ample facilities and accommodation for an embarked military force makes it ideal for purpose and both captain and ship’s company made every effort to ensure the NATO training course ran smoothly. More information on the ship can be found at http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.5979.

The first of three NATO leadership courses for Iraqi naval and marine officers took place at sea during the last week of January 2008. Eight second lieutenants in the Navy and Marine Corps, experienced five days of lectures, discussions and practical sessions during which leadership principles and practices were examined. The training was conducted at-sea in the new UK Royal Fleet Auxiliary Ship,

September 19, 2002 “Manufacturers must certify their products and use appropriate labels to assure engine compliance and maximize inspection efficiency,” said ARB Executive Officer, Michael Kenny. “Applying incorrect labels and selling uncertified products misleads consumers and hinders the success of our efforts to protect public health.” The agreement settles several violations discovered by ARB. During the spring of 2001, ARB learned that John Deere sold nearly 25,000 trimmers and blowers outside of California that were incorrectly labeled: “complies with California 2000 regulations.” In the course of the investigation, John Deere reported the sale of trimmers and blowers in California that were not California certified and that did not meet applicable standards. ARB also discovered another set of engines that had emission labels with critical information misprinted. For the sale of non-certified and mislabeled engines within the state of California ARB and John Deere have agreed to a settlement that splits the $200,000 equally between two programs. $100,000 has gone into the California’s Air Pollution Control Fund (APCF). The APCF is used to mitigate various sources of pollution throughout the state. The state uses this fund to educate the public and provide programs to minimize the output of smog forming emissions from various sources. Through incentive and buyback programs, the APCF reduces the number of pollution sources. Using the remaining $100,000, John Deere will provide cleaner California Tier 2 compliant products to be exchanged, free of charge, for Tier 1 or pre-regulation units of any make or model. This program will allow Californians to trade older more polluting engines for new cleaner equipment, thus retiring machines that would have continued to be in operation for years to come. This and all enforcement actions against the introduction of non-Californian certified and mislabeled engines assures a level playing field for all competitors and the full intended benefit of California’s emissions standards. The Air Resources Board is a department of the California Environmental Protection Agency. ARB’s mission is to promote and protect public health, welfare, and ecological resources through effective reduction of air pollutants while recognizing and considering effects on the economy. The ARB oversees all air pollution control efforts in California to attain and maintain health based air quality standards. The energy challenge facing California is real. Every Californian needs to take immediate action to reduce energy consumption. For a list of simple ways you can reduce demand and cut your energy cost, see our website at http://www.arb.ca.gov.

September 19, 2002 “Manufacturers must certify their products and use appropriate labels to assure engine compliance and maximize inspection efficiency,” said ARB Executive Officer, Michael Kenny. “Applying incorrect labels and selling uncertified products misleads consumers and hinders the success of our efforts to protect public health.” The agreement settles several violations discovered by ARB

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT MCCLELLAN AIR FORCE BASE SACRAMENTO, SACRAMENTO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA The tables in this section list contaminants of concern at the McAFB NPL site. ATSDR has evaluated those contaminants in the subsequent sections of the public health assessment in order to determine whether exposure to them has public health significance. In this section ATSDR selects and discusses the contaminants using the following information: concentrations of contaminants on and off the site; field and laboratory data quality and sample design; comparison of on- and off-site contaminant concentrations with background concentrations, if available; comparison of on- and off-site contaminant concentrations with ATSDR health comparison values for 1) noncancerous outcomes and 2) cancer; and community health concerns. In the data tables in the On-site Contamination and Off-site Contamination sections, listing of a contaminant does not mean that adverse health effects will result from exposures. Rather, the list indicates contaminants that will be evaluated further in this public health assessment. When selected as a contaminant of concern in one medium, the presence or absence of that contaminant in all media will be discussed. ATSDR health comparison values are contaminant concentrations in specific media used to select contaminants for further evaluation. Those values include environmental media evaluation guides (EMEGs), which are based on ATSDR minimal risk levels (MRLs) and factor in body weight and ingestion rates (Appendix C); cancer risk evaluation guides (CREGs), and other relevant guidelines. CREGs are estimated contaminant concentrations that would be expected to cause no more than one excess cancer in a million persons exposed over a lifetime. CREGs are calculated from EPA's cancer slope factors. The RfDC are media concentrations calculated from EPA's Oral Reference Dose (RfD). The RfD is an estimate of the daily exposure to a contaminant over a lifetime that is unlikely to result in adverse health effects. EPA's drinking water health goals include the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) and the proposed maximum contaminant level goal (PMCLG). Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) are contaminant concentrations that EPA deems protective of public health (considering the availability and economics of water treatment technology) over a lifetime (70 years) at an exposure rate of 2 liters water per day. As stated previously, these health comparison values are used only to determine contaminants that need further evaluation. Issues related to exposures and health effects are discussed elsewhere in the public health assessment. ASTDR conducted a search of the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) database for the site by facility name and zip code. The database reported no chemical releases from McAFB. Releases of methylene chloride, arsenic products, PCE, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) were reported from other industrial locations in the Sacramento area. Those chemicals are contaminants of concern at McAFB. Groundwater contamination at McAFB was discovered in the late 1970s. Because of that early detection of contaminated groundwater at and emanating from McAFB, it was the first environmental medium studied. Remedial efforts, which concentrated on identifying and treating the groundwater, included extensive construction of monitoring wells and frequent sampling schedules (2). The groundwater sampling and analysis plan has defined the types of contaminants and contaminant levels in, and geographic ranges of, the existing plumes. A remedial investigation of the groundwater OU has further defined the hydrogeology of the site (10). Adequate characterization of the contaminants and their concentrations in the other media (soil, surface soil, surface water, sediments, air, soil gases, and biota) will be available during the RI/FS documentation for each of the OUs. The limited information available on those media will be addressed in this section, but data gaps prevent a complete assessment at this time. Groundwater, Production Wells Much of the early data for production wells at McAFB focused on the TCE levels because that was the indicator chemical studied by the Groundwater Task Force. Table 1-A shows TCE levels found in the base wells (BW) closed in 1979-80 (11). During the time period indicated, sampling and analysis of the wells continued after the wells were taken off line (removed from potable use). This was done for monitoring purposes. Later BW 1, 2, and 12 were decommissioned. BW-18, the major supply well for the base, was brought back on line in 1985 after an activated carbon filter treatment system was added to remove VOCs in the groundwater. The carbon filter system is carefully monitored and replaced when needed. |Base Well #, OU||Concentration µg/L||Date||Action| |# 18, OU B||4||Aug, '79| |140||May, '81||taken off line| |# 1, OU A||trace||Nov, '79||taken off line| |trace||Jan, '80||placed on line| |1.3 - 716||Mar, '80||taken off line| |1300 - 2000||July, '81||monitored| |# 2, OU A||trace||Nov, '79||taken off line| |# 12, OU A||8||Apr, '80| |35||Aug, '80||taken off line| McAFB began monitoring the base potable water supply system for VOCs in November 1979. Because of TCE contamination in the base production wells, potable water samples were collected at various distribution areas around the base. McAFB established a routine monitoring program at seven distribution points in January 1980. TCE concentrations at those distribution points were used to determine whether or not to close base wells (12). |Distribution Area ID||Monthly Average TCE Concentration, µg/L| |Bldg # 368 (OU A)||2.1||22.5||0.9||7.0||15.8||3.5| |Bldg # 431 (OU A)||0.9||8.1||3.5||2.3||3.5||3.2| |Rafferty Dr. (OU G)||0.7||1.7||0.9||9.2||6.8||1.3| |Bldg # 628 (OU B)||3.2||2.3||4.4||2.7||6.5||0.5| |Bldg # 783 (OU C)||3.6||3.1||2.5||4.8||2.1||0.4| |Bldg # 1074 (OU G)||0.6||22.2||1.6||14.9||12.7||3.6| Average TCE concentrations for November 28, 1979, through December 18, 1980, (number of samples collected from each area varied from 48-54) ranged from 2.8 ppb to 6.4 ppb TCE. More significant, however, were the monthly averages that identified supply well contamination. High monthly averages (shaded in Table 1-B) prompted removal of the responsible BW from the system (Table 1-A lists the responsible BWs removed from service in March and August, 1980). Table 1-B shows data for the two peak TCE contaminant periods (March and July-August) for the seven distribution areas. The majority of the distribution points during those months had TCE concentrations in the base potable water greater than the health comparison level, CREG = 3.2 ppb. In addition to TCE, other VOCs and semivolatiles analyses were completed on the all base well water samples during that time. Data for those BWs closed included the following: BW #2, 1,1-DCE at 140-700 ppb (9 of 15 samples collected between Jan - Aug '80); BW #18, one sample with 10 ppb PCE and one with 3.6 methylene chloride (out of 70 samples collected between Jan '80 - Jul '81); BW #1, one sample with 0.3 ppb PCE (out of nine samples collected between Jan - Mar '80); and BW #12, one sample with 0.6 ppb 1,2-DCA (out of 29 samples collected Jan '80 - Jul '81) (12a). ATSDR health comparison values (HCVs) for those chemicals are 0.06 ppb [CREG] for 1,1-DCE, 0.4 ppb [CREG] for 1,2-DCA, 0.7 ppb [CREG] for PCE, and 4.7 ppb [CREG] for methylene chloride. The concentrations of 1,1-DCE (BW #2) occurred after the well was removed from service. One BW #18 sample had PCE levels higher than the HCV at the well, but actual contaminant levels at the point of ingestion are not known. Blending and mixing of water from the various wells in use would have lowered the levels received at the tap. McAFB has continued to sample and monitor the base drinking water wells. Current active base production wells are BWs #10, 18, and 29. Active wells are sampled for VOCs every two weeks, except BW #18 which is sampled weekly (and has the filter treatment system). Distribution points are sampled monthly. The base also samples each BW and the beginning point in the distribution system annually for metals, inorganics and a wide range of synthetic organic compounds. Review of VOC analyses results for BW #10 and 29 from 1981-1993 did not indicate any contaminant concentrations above health concern levels (12a). Groundwater, Monitoring Wells Monitoring well (MW) construction began at McAFB in 1980 at OU D. The base has approximately 300 active MWs; approximately 100 are sampled quarterly. Some wells, with screening at shallow depths, are now inoperable because of drought drawdown conditions in the region during the past few years. Previous and ongoing construction and placement of the MWs appear to be adequate for determining plume dimensions and site hydrogeology. McAFB's decisions about which MWs will be sampled and for which analytes depends partly on well location, contaminant history, and ongoing projects. All samples are field-filtered, a procedure that removes any particulate-sorbed metals and colloidal chemicals, and may introduce contaminants from filter materials. Thus, metal results are for dissolved metals only, resulting in variable, low-metal concentrations (13). ATSDR does not consider the filtered samples adequate for comparison with EPA drinking water standards, which are based on unfiltered samples. However, due to MW construction, groundwater pumped from those wells may have too much suspended, colloidal material for unfiltered samples. Table 2 lists the highest concentration reported for each contaminant of concern. Data are presented for both the historical maximum concentration detected, and for maximum concentrations in 1989 (17). Comparison to the historical and 1989 data indicates a trend of decreasing levels of contamination in the groundwater. |Contaminant||Historical Maximum Concentration||1989 Data Maximum Concentrations †||Comparison Value µg/L| |1,1-dichloroethene (DCE)||OU D||63,000||'82||14||OU D||20,000||.06 (CREG)| |TCE||OU C||52,000||'87||15||OU C||26,000||3.2 (CREG)| |methylene chloride (MC)||OU D||5,000||'82||14||OU D||1200||4.7 (CREG)| |benzene||OU D||680||'82||14||OU D||0||1.2 (CREG)| |tetrachloroethene (PCE)||OU D||2,480||'85||15||OU D||270||0.7 (CREG)| |vinyl chloride (VC)||OU D||2,230||'85||15||OU D||1300||.02 (CREG)| |1,2-dichloroethane (DCA)||OU D||2,790||'85||15||OU D||5900||.4 (CREG)| |chromium (total) *||OU B||2,200||N/A||16||OU C||55||50 (RfDC)| |lead *||OU D||90||'82||14||OU D||0||0 (MCLG)| |cadmium *||OU C||120||N/A||16||OU B||33||5 (RfDC)| |arsenic *||OU C||240||N/A||16||OU C||0||0.02 (CREG)| |mercury *||OU C||2||'87||15||OU C||0 (**)||2 (MCL)| |thallium *||OU A||1||N/A||16||OU C||68||0.5 (MCLG)| * monitoring well samples were field-filtered; assays are for ** data for 1988 N/A = not available † Ref (17) MWs are on and off base at positions defining current or potential areas of groundwater contamination. The wells are screened in four defined zones (shallow, middle, deep A, and deep B) to study hydrogeology and extent of contamination. Contamination movement will be further discussed in the Pathways Analysis section of this public health assessment. On-base subsurface soil has been sampled during numerous projects within OUs A, B, C and D, and to a limited extent in other areas. The data presented in Table 3 represent the maximum concentrations detected for the contaminants of concern at the location noted (16,18). Sampling at the OUs listed and at certain other locations (e.g., around UST removals) has been ongoing since the early 1980s. |Contaminant||Site/ Location||Date||Depth (feet)||Maximum Concentration mg/kg||Comparison Value mg/kg *| |1,1-DCE||T/ OU D||'84||10-13||4.5||1.2 (CREG)| |TCE||4/ OU D||'80||N/A||350||64 (CREG)| |MC||4/ OU D||'80||N/A||27.5||93.3 (CREG)| |benzene||4/ OU D||'80||N/A||50||24 (CREG)| |PCE||47/ OU B||'83||N/A||130||13.7 (CREG)| |VC||2/ OU D||'80||5-55||15||0.4 (CREG)| |1,2-DCA||42/ OU C||'84/85||3-84||0.36||7.7 (CREG)| |PCB, 1260||10/ OU C||'84/85||6-70||150||0.1 (CREG)| |chromium (total)||5/ OU D||N/A||10-50||33,000||3000 (EMEG)| |lead||4/ OU D||'80||N/A||4500||NONE| |cadmium||5/ OU D||N/A||10-50||2100||350 (EMEG)| |arsenic||40/ OU A||N/A||3-70||520||0.4 (CREG)| |mercury||14/ OU C||'84/85||N/A||29||210 (RfDC)| |thallium||B360/OUA||N/A||N/A||114||63 (RfDC) **| * EMEG and RfD comparison values are calculated for adults with an ingestion rate of 100 mg/day ** comparison value for thallium based on Rfd for the nitrate, acetate and selenite soluble salts N/A = not available Most soil samples were collected during the base site-characterization program in 1985-1986. Approximately 1500 soil borings were performed in 56 identified areas in OUs A, B, C, and D and other areas on base (16). The borings were sampled for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides, PCBs, heavy metals, inorganic compounds, and oil and grease. However, additional soil sampling in OU D sites began in 1980. Contaminants were identified earlier in that area because the area was used for waste disposal for many years (1940s through the late '70s), and because private wells adjacent to the sites had confirmed contamination levels above health comparison values. Because of the high concentrations of several VOCs and metals at site #4 (an open sludge pit) 20,000 cubic yards of soil and sludge were removed from the site in 1984. Other sites at OU D did not have removal actions, but the entire area was capped (construction in 1985-1987). Table 3 indicates the highest levels found for each contaminant; the compounds found at site #4 have been remediated. Site 47 (building 666), located in the southwestern portion of OU B near the intersection of Dudley and Folsum Streets, had further soils sampling during recent site characterization (sampling in 1991-1992). High levels of VOCs detected in the soils at site 47 determined that the site may be the source for the TCE/PCE groundwater contamination plumes located southwest of the base. Sample results included 140 ppm PCE and 3.6 ppm TCE (12a). Surface soil sampling (0-6 inches) at McAFB will be performed at each OU during the RI/FS. Surface soil samples, defined by ATSDR as samples from the top three inches below the surface, have not yet been collected on base. McAFB staff are re-evaluating their definition of surface soils and will address the issue in future projects. Sampling and analysis will include tests for chemical and radionuclide (alpha and beta emitters) contaminants. The first OU scheduled for surface soil sampling is OU B; preliminary results during 1992 on some OU B sites indicate contamination. Analysis of samples from SA 12, the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office (DRMO) lot on the west side of OU B near Building 700, showed widespread PCB contamination in the surface soils with concentrations as high as 240,000 mg/kg (ppm) in the top six inches of soil (19). ATSDR health comparison value for PCBs in soils is 0.091 ppm (CREG). The site is now identified as OU B1 and is under an expedited remedial process. Locations with high PCB concentrations (>500 ppm) were identified as "hot spots." Although the contamination is primarily in the top foot of soil, in the "hot spots" contamination is found as deep as 10 feet below ground surface (9). Testing for dioxins and furans in the surface soils was reported as total TCDD equivalents (TCDD refers to the most toxic isomer of dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin). The samples results ranged from 0.001 ppb - 0.08 ppb total TCDD in most portions of the yard; two samples in the "hot spots" area had TCDD equivalents reported at 3.0 and 1.9 ppb (12a). The ATSDR HCV for TCDD is 0.7 ppb for adults. The lot has operated as a salvage yard since the 1950s; the public has access. In addition to the public, workers are in the area. The surface of the lot where PCBs were detected is unpaved; perforated steel planking covers the area. This planking, used for about 30 years, does decrease dust evolution in the area, but does not remove the contaminated dust/soil from human contact. Analysis of surface water grab samples collected after rain events in 1992, detected PCBs in the drainage ditches leaving OU B1. A public health evaluation of that information was discussed in a ATSDR health consultation dated May 1993 (see Appendix D). When the PCB surface soil contamination was discovered, several restrictive measures were used to help prevent human contact with the soils. In March, 1992, areas with PCB soil levels at 100 ppm or greater were cordoned and access to the yard was further restricted from casual visitors. Workers and visitors were required to wear personal protective equipment (such as overboots). Then solid steel planking was installed over the more highly contaminated areas. After surface water runoff sampling results indicated migration of the PCBs, the solid steel planking was replaced with a plastic liner over, and trenched around, the "hot spots." Those restrictions will be used until the soil on the site is remediated. The ROD for OU B1 has been signed; the remediation chosen included a capping of the entire area with the option to implement an effective treatment process in the future (cap construction is scheduled to begin in April 1994). In February, 1992, before the hot spots were covered, Air Force staff from BEE performed swipe samples on eight areas on the planking near those highly contaminated areas, on ten surfaces within the buildings, and on two workers' bootsoles. One interior surface had detectable levels of PCB (3.4 µg/100 cm²; EPA action level = 10 µg/100 cm²). All the swipes near the contaminated areas had detectable levels of PCBs (34.4 - 1609 µg/100 cm²; EPA action level = 100 µg/100 cm²). The bootsoles had PCB concentrations of 2.4 and 21.2 µg/100 cm² (9). BEE performed air monitoring in March, 1992. Eight DRMO yard workers wore personnel air monitors for four hours each; results were nondetect for all the samples (detection limit = 0.005 mg/m³). Eight air stations were placed in the vicinity of the DRMO yard; results were nondetect (detection limit = 0.005 mg/m³). Swipe and air sampling performed by McAFB BEE staff was for the 1254 PCB congener. ATSDR has no health comparison value for PCB levels in air; the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) is 0.001 mg/m³. The base clinic staff did medical testing on a portion of the workers in the area. That data will be discussed in the Public Health Implications section of the public health assessment. Because the results for OU B are not yet complete and the other OUs have not yet been sampled, there is a data gap in surface soil data. Without the sampling data, ATSDR cannot completely assess the potential human health implications of exposure through ingestion of, inhalation of, or dermal contact with contaminants in surface soils. McAFB conducted a preliminary pathways assessment of sediment and surface water January 13-18, 1989 (20). Sediment samples were collected from Robla, Don Julio, and Magpie creeks, and from the southern and northern drainage ditches. Samples collected were surface scrapings or hand auger specimens from 0 to 1, 1 to 2, or 2 to 3 foot depths. Sediment scrapes were done when ditches were lined with concrete, preventing hand auger borings. Samples were collected where each stream enters and exits the base, as well as at specific locations along the streambed or drainage channel. Forty samples were collected from 20 locations. Background and upstream samples were not collected during this preliminary study. All on base sediment samples contained metals, including chromium, zinc, lead, nickel, copper, cobalt, and vanadium. It should be noted that those metals occur naturally in the area, but background levels were not available for comparison. No metals were present at concentrations above health comparison values for soils (the only comparison values available for sediments). One sample in the southern drainage ditch contained 2.8 ppb TCE. Magpie Creek samples included 36 ppm dichlorodifluoromethane and 1100 ppm fluoranthene. Other sampling data for VOCs and semivolatile compounds did not meet all applicable quality control standards (contaminant found in the blank; high or low recovery of the sample spike; or the result was less than five times the detection limit for the assay). Certain analytes were not found downstream near the stream or ditch exit point from the base (20). McAFB, as part of the base remedial investigation, has scheduled sediment sampling in streams and wetlands areas for background data collection. Also, some data were collected during the evaluation of PCBs migration from OU B1 into drainage ditches. The contaminant was present near the DRMO yard (500 ppm); levels decreased with distance from the source and were not detectable about 1000 feet down the drainage system (prior to Magpie Creek) (20a). Surface water samples from the on-base drainage system were collected January 6-12, 1989 (20). Twenty locations were sampled at Magpie, Robla, and Don Julio creeks, the two holding ponds for treated industrial wastewater (OU C), the two aeration lagoons west of the industrial waste water treatment plant (OU C), and other drainage ditches. The samples were analyzed for VOCs, semivolatile compounds, metals, and oil and grease. No direct health comparison values are available for surface water; therefore, drinking water comparison values are used. No VOCs were above detection limits. The following semivolatile organic compounds were detected: 7.8 ppb pentachlorophenol in Robla Creek; 1.8 ppb phenol and 7.9 ppb 4-nitrophenol in the storm drainage north ditch; and 7.8 ppb 4-nitrophenol (lifetime health advisory = 60 ppb) in Magpie Creek. Cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and thallium were not detected. Lead was detected in several samples at low concentrations; the data were suspect either because of reagent blank contamination or spike recovery problems. The highest lead level reported (57 ppb) was in a surface water sample taken from the ditch on the southwestern base boundary, which flows into Magpie Creek (PMCL = 5 ppb). Lead concentrations in Magpie Creek at base entry and exit points were identical, 4 ppb. The resulting data may not adequately document the extent of contamination. Because surface water was only sampled once (in January, 1989), which is the wet season at McAFB, the resulting data may not adequately document the extent of contamination. Additional samples taken over time and upstream will be necessary to completely evaluate surface water contamination. Since 1984, the base has collected and analyzed influent and effluent samples for Magpie Creek on a monthly basis and submitted written reports to CRWQCB. McAFB is required to monitor on that schedule to meet its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements for discharge from McClellan's Ground Water Treatment Plant (GWTP) and storm water runoff. Base effluents are also monitored under NPDES permits for discharges into Arcade and Don Julio creeks. CRWQCB reported that contaminant concentrations in the effluent do not exceed those in the influent to the base and that the base now plans to sample both upstream and downstream in Magpie Creek, and at several industrial discharge points into the creek on base during three dry events and three wet events per year (21). In December 1987, an environmental consultant for McAFB sampled 13 on-base, inactive landfills (22). Testing was performed according to the California Calderon Landfill Law, which requires analyses for 10 air contaminant compounds, plus methane. In addition, nine soil gas MWs on the perimeter of OU D and 14 gas vents on the OU D cap were sampled for VOCs. No ambient air samples were collected. To determine the gas generation potential of each landfill, up to five probes per site were installed to a depth of eight feet, then sampled. Perimeter samples were collected to define gas migration. The sites sampled were #7, #8, #10, #11, #12, #13, #14, #22, #42, #43, and #69 in OU C, and #24 and #38 in OU A. Table 4 data include the maximum concentrations for the contaminants of concern from the landfills samples. |Location||Comparison Value * |TCE||8,000||#12/ OU C||0.11 (CREG)| |MC||9,000||#7/ OU C||0.61 (CREG)| |PCE||7,000||#8/ OU C||0.28 (CREG)| |VC||120,000||#8/ OU C||0.004 (CREG)| |benzene||32,000||#12/ OU C||0.04 (CREG)| ND = not detected NA = not analyzed ppbv = parts per billion, volume/volume * ambient air comparison values used; soil gas levels are indicators for potential ambient air contaminants The soil gas MWs for OU D were in clusters of three; two sets were on base (Fig. 5). Screening levels (feet below ground surface) for the soil gas MWs are: 11-15 feet for MW-3 and MW-6; 34-44 feet for MW-2 and MW-5; and 60-79 feet for MW-1 and MW-4. Sampling and analysis of the OU D soil gas MWs and vent riser system on the OU D cap were performed again in March and April, 1991 (23). Additional sampling of the OU D soil gas MWs occurred in June, 1992 (24). Results of those studies for OU D are listed in Table 5. The maximum concentrations of contaminants of concern are listed for each sampling regimen. Soil gas results for the off-base MWs are presented in the Off-site Contaminants section of this public health assessment. |Contaminant||1987 Results (ppbv)||1991 Results (ppbv)||1992 Results (ppbv)†||Comparison Value |TCE||800 (5)||2000||0.17||182 (2)||215||0.75||1300 (4)||0.11 (CREG)| |MC||ND||ND||24||150 (1)||ND||0.75||ND||0.61 (CREG)| |PCE||2 (4)||9||0.14||1.1 (4)||34.2||0.75||ND||0.28 (CREG)| |benzene||ND||100||13||2.3 (2)||1.0||0.75||ND||0.04 (CREG)| |1,1-DCE||NA||NA||--||2688 (1)||870||0.75||9000 (1)||0.005 (CREG)| ND = not detected * DL = detection limits; detections limits are averages during the sampling period NA = not analyzed # = soil gas MW number (identifier) † = detection limits ranged from 5.2 - 412 Detection limits, and the allowable VOC levels, for the 1991 analyses were considerably lower than those used in the 1987 study for some VOCs (Table 5), but were not as low as the CREGs. Because of high concentrations of certain VOCs detected during the June, 1992, sampling round, sample dilutions resulted in detection limits ranging from 5.2 to 412 ppbv. Preliminary soil gas sampling in OU B show some areas with high VOC concentrations in the surface (top six feet) soil gas samples. Xylenes were detected up to 800 ppmv in the Mat K area. Other VOCs detected include TCE, PCE, toluene, and TCA (25). Shallow soil gas samples (upper 6 ft) in the western ditch in PRL S-13 (the hazardous waste area for the DRMO lot) had VOC levels at 2,000 ppb (19). Maximum soil gas sampling results for site 47 (B 666), samples collected from 20 - 80 feet below ground surface, were: 6,900,000 ppbv PCE and 2,100,000 ppbv for TCE (12a). Soil gases indicate the potential for human exposure to the contaminants in the ambient air pathway. McAFB is actively identifying soil gas contamination and testing for releases of the soil gases into the air. A simulation (computer model for emissions based upon quantities of chemicals used by McAFB) of the concentrations of contaminants in ambient air was conducted by the base to satisfy the California Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Information and Assessment Act of 1987 (26). The reported air emission inventory for the base in 1989 included gasoline vapors (25,000 pounds [lbs]), PCE (42,000 lbs), 1,1,1-TCA (45,000 lbs), MC (10,000 lbs), xylenes (19,000 lbs), chlorine (1,300 lbs), benzene (1,000 lbs), 1,1-DCE (180 lbs), TCE (120 lbs), hexavalent chromium (4.2 lbs), and cadmium (1.3 lbs). Additional contaminants were emitted in small amounts. McAFB has monitored ambient air around the perimeter of OU D since 1987 (27). For about one year (1986-87), McAFB also monitored air at the Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plant (IWTP) to meet permit requirements. To gather data for comparison with the OU D air monitoring data, one air station was placed on base at OU B near Building 644. The prevailing wind direction at McAFB is to the northwest; therefore, air stations near OU D also monitor emissions from the IWTP. Before entering the Interagency Agreement with EPA, the McAFB EM division sent those results quarterly to the Sacramento County Air Pollution Board for review. Two stations are still being monitored on base near OU D. Background air monitoring data used for comparison with the 1987 McAFB data included results from air stations around the perimeter of the Aerojet NPL site, several miles east of McAFB. Table 6 reports data on VOCs of concern detected during the 1987 air monitoring program (28). |Contaminant||Station #2, OU D annual avg. 1987 |Station #5, OU B 4th quarter avg. 1987 annual ave. 1987, ppbv |MC||1.38||7.52||0.092||not reported||0.61 (CREG)| |VC||ND||ND||N/A||not reported||0.004 (CREG)| |benzene||1.63 *||2.00||N/A||not reported||0.04 (CREG)| * data average of 3rd and 4th quarters only N/A = not available, ND = not detected The air stations were designed to sample at the breathing zone (4-5 ft above ground surface). All of the carcinogens detected, except PCE, were at concentrations higher than health comparison values. Data from Aerojet were from 12 stations sampled approximately 25 times per quarter (n= 1,200 for the year). The California Air Resources Board air monitoring station in Citrus Heights (located about 5 miles northeast of McAFB) reported VOC concentrations for several of the compounds listed in Table 6. The 1987 annual average results from that air station were: 0.03 ppbv TCE; 0.08 ppbv PCE; 0.5 ppbv MC; and 1.91 ppbv benzene (29). Benzene concentrations on base are comparable to the Sacramento air station, but levels of MC on base are higher than the background station. Contaminants in ambient air at station #5 (OU B) were at higher levels than station #2. Station #5 is in a more populated section of the base; the stations on the perimeter of OU D are near adjacent off-base housing. McAFB EM provided 1992 air monitoring data for two air stations; air station #2 in OU D and an air station near the GWTP. Sampling was performed over three and one half days for each of the sampling regimens. Results for various VOCs are presented in Table 7 for sampling in the spring and fall, 1992 (30). |Contaminant||Station #2, OU D May / Oct |GWTP Air Station April / Oct |TCE||ND/ 2.1||0.01/.087||0.002||0.11 (CREG)| |PCE||0.04/ 4.64||0.05/ 0.29||0.001||0.28 (CREG)| |1,1-DCE||ND/ 0.29||ND/ 1.73||0.03||0.005 (CREG)| |MC||1.5/ 0.97||0.9/ 1.75||0.07||0.61 (CREG)| |1,1,1-TCA||.18/ 18.04||0.21/ 4.4||0.001||300 (EMEG) *| ND= not detected NA = not analyzed No background air monitoring data were available for the 1992 on base air monitoring. Results were not reported for VC and benzene. Air station #2 results were comparable with 1987 for some VOCs; TCA and PCE levels in October samples were higher than results for other sampling dates. Mercury Contamination, Building 252 (PRL S-18, OU A) Building 252 was used as an aircraft instrument maintenance shop for more than 20 years. In May 1990, during a remodeling project, high levels of mercury were discovered inside and adjacent to the building. The shop vacuum system, debris from the system, walls, floors, workbenches, and other surface areas were contaminated with inorganic mercury. Outside, near the dust hopper used in the vacuum system, was a break area workers used for picnicking. Air was sampled using portable direct-reading mercury analyzers in the breathing zone and in area air. Swipe samples were collected throughout the first floor of the building. Localized areas of contamination were identified in the break area between buildings 252 and 251 and in areas inside Building 252. In May, 1990, an environmental contractor for McAFB collected various types of samples from the identified areas and analyzed those samples for mercury. Table 8 lists the results of the sampling for mercury in this area (31,32,33). |Sample Type/ Locations||Mercury Concentration||# detects/# samples||Comparison Value| | AIR inside Bldg 252 breathing |1-9 µg/m3||15/24||0.06 µg/m3 (EMEG)| |AIR outside Bldg 252 near ground surface||2-60 µg/m3||N/A| |AIR in dust hopper||19-21 µg/m3||2/2| |SWIPE SAMPLES collected from surfaces throughout inside Bldg 252||0.21-3312 µg/100 cm²||21/21 *||NONE| |GRAB sample dust from hopper||139 mg/kg||1/1||NONE| |SWEEP samples outside building||1.8-160 mg/kg||NONE| N/A = not available * 13/21 swipe samples exceeded the calibration range The initial surface sweep samples in the area between buildings 252 and 251 identified certain locations with elevated levels of mercury. Remediation of the highly contaminated areas included three removal processes. Those actions resulted in a decrease of the maximum mercury concentrations from 160 mg/kg to 52 mg/kg. In a December, 1990, report, air samples collected in the affected area did not have detectable levels of mercury; the report also stated that the area is fenced (34). Groundwater, Residential Wells In 1979, McAFB initiated the first sampling of base production wells and off-site municipal and residential wells for VOCs. Off-base wells west and south of McAFB, particularly those near OU D, were selected. Initially, the Sacramento County Health Department and CRWQCB conducted the program. In 1985, the Air Force contracted the operation of the program. Groundwater samples from the wells were sampled for priority volatile and semivolatile contaminants, and samples from a small subset of the identified residential wells were analyzed for metals. Data presented in Table 9 are the highest concentrations recorded for each of the contaminants of concern (35,36). All residential well samples were field-filtered using same procedure as for monitoring wells. ATSDR considers the filtered samples inadequate for reporting concentrations of metals. Unfiltered groundwater samples from residential wells are necessary to permit adequate comparison with EPA drinking water standards. Without the proper sampling data, ATSDR cannot assess the potential public health implications of exposure to groundwater from residential wells. |Contaminant||Maximum Concentration µg/L||Date||Comparison Value µg/L| |chromium (total) *||19||'85||50 (RfDC)| |lead *||ND||NA||0 (MCLG)| |mercury *||1.1||'85||2 (MCL)| |arsenic *||6||'85||0.02 (CREG)| |cadmium *||42||'83||5 (RfDC)| * groundwater well samples were field-filtered; assays are for dissolved metals NA = not analyzed ND = not detected Sampling and analysis of groundwater from residential wells stopped when residents were provided with municipal water in 1986-1987. Off site MWs are located in the area; some of those are screened at depths comparable to private wells, but samples collected are field-filtered. ATSDR review of the environmental contaminant data from past sampling (Table 9) of those off-site residential wells prompted an ATSDR health consultation (Appendix E). Metals concentrations detected in filtered groundwater samples from several of the wells were near or above health comparison values. Updated information on concentrations of heavy metal contaminants in the wells was required because some residents reported using their wells for watering gardens and livestock. It was also possible that some people were drinking well water. Unfiltered groundwater samples were needed to properly analyze for metals in order to assess the potential for adverse health effects. Unfiltered groundwater samples were collected from six residential wells and four off base MWs between August 22 and September 26, 1991 (Fig. 7). Metal analyses for all wells and VOC analyses for the residential wells were conducted by a contractor; split sample analyses were performed on three samples by CDHS (37). Table 10 contains a summary of the data for the residential wells. |Contaminant||Maximum Conc. µg/L||range of detects |Detection Limit µg/L||Comparison Value µg/L| |1,1-DCE||17||4.6-17 (2)||0.7||0.06 (CREG)| |TCE||4.1||1.3-4.1 (2)||0.2||3.2 (CREG)| |chromium (total)||15||9.8-15 (6) *||7.0||50 (RfDC)| |chromium (hexavalent)||14||8.5-14 (3) *||7.8||50 (RfDC)| |lead||6||3.7-6 (2) *||3.2||0 (MCLG)| |arsenic||4.8||4.5-4.8 (2) *||4.2||0.02 (CREG)| |cadmium||0.97||(1) *||0.5||5 (RfDC)| * results are estimates ND = not detected Comparing the data in Tables 8 and 9 shows that contaminant concentrations have dropped considerably between 1985 and 1991. The comparison assumes the same set of wells were sampled; this was not entirely possible due to changes is well usage. Arsenic, lead, TCE and 1,1-DCE were detected in 1991 at concentrations above health comparison values. In response to a request from ATSDR, the EM division of McAFB performed an off-base sampling of soils from properties adjacent to OU D. Fourteen surface soil samples (top 3 in of soil) were collected from residential areas west and northwest of OU D (Fig. 5). The samples were analyzed for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, pesticides, metals, and PCBs, and for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (dioxins and furans). No PCBs, dioxins, furans, or semi-volatile contaminants were detected. PCE was found in one sample. Pesticides detected (dieldrin, DDT, DDD, DDE and endosulfan) were all at concentrations below health comparison values, and were at concentrations consistent with the agricultural use of the properties. Maximum concentrations of contaminants of concern are presented in Table 11 (38). |chromium (total)||20.3||'91||14/14||50||10 (EMEG)| |arsenic||110 ##||'91||13/14||5||0.4 (CREG)| |thallium •||63.7||'91||14/14||0.1-0.4 ‡||0.2 (RfDC) **| * EMEG and RfD comparison values are calculated for a pica child (ingestion rate of 5000 mg/day) ** comparison value for thallium based on RfD for the nitrate, acetate and selenite soluble salts # The sample with high lead content was collected near a residence. It could be localized contamination from leaded gasoline. Other lead results ranged from 7.9 - 46.2 ppm, above background levels. ## The sample with high arsenic content was collected upstream of the base near a barn, suggesting local contamination (perhaps spilled arsenic insecticide). Other arsenic results ranged from 2.5 - 4.4 ppm, within background levels. † Background levels calculated for McAFB, OU B (on and off site). ‡ Background levels for thallium from USGS, Western U.S. • Thallium concentrations are qualified; results are defined as false positives; discussion in text below. No other off-site soils had been sampled prior to the 1991 residential sampling. The high concentration of thallium in surface soil samples (range 19.8 - 63.7 ppm) is of concern compared with the western U.S. background range (39). ATSDR could find no other background data on thallium for the region; the United States Geological Survey (USGS) regional and headquarters offices, state geologists, and the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service were queried. Review of the lab results for the 1991 thallium analyses indicated that the method used was not specific for thallium. Interference from iron present in the soils could result in false positives for thallium. Because of the potential for false positives, McAFB EM resampled the residential surface soils (at the same locations) in November, 1992. The lab method used in 1992 was very specific and selective for thallium, with a detection limit of 0.2 ppm (detection limit = RfDC). No thallium was detected in any of the 14 samples (40). Surface Water and Sediment Surface and subsurface sediment samples were collected along Magpie Creek in April, 1992. A total of 16 sampling locations were selected; 11 were off base along the current Magpie Creek and the former creek channel. Samples were analyzed for metals, radionuclides, and organic compounds; results were compared to background surface soil contaminant concentrations defined during the ongoing OU B RI sampling and analysis for McAFB. ATSDR considers those background contaminant concentrations within ranges for the geographic area. Results of the few organic volatile compounds detected were qualified as laboratory contaminants, except for one TCE result. However, the TCE level detected was 0.002 mg/kg, much lower than the health comparison value (64 mg/kg, CREG). Radionuclides detected were within the background range for the area and were not of health concern. Certain metal contaminants of concern were present in the surface sediment samples. The preliminary data for those metals are listed in Table 12 (41). |# detects/ # samples|| |Comparison Values * |chromium||18 - 110||11 / 11||50||10 (RfDC for Cr VI) 2000 (RfDC for Cr III) |cadmium||1 - 18||11 / 11||0.4||1 (EMEG)| |arsenic||0 - 13||1 / 11 ***||5||0.4 (CREG)| |lead||7 - 100||11 / 11||13||NONE **| |mercury||0 - 0.4||6 / 11||0.2||0.6 (RfDC)| † surface soil background levels determined for McAFB, OU B (on and off site) Ref (41) * EMEG and RfDC comparison values are calculated for a pica child (ingestion rate of 5000 mg/day) ** lead is listed as a B2 carcinogen; no comparison values available for ingestion *** one arsenic detect - probably due to spot dumping of pesticide or other chemical Subsurface sediment sampling (1-4 feet below ground surface) was also performed at the sampling locations. The metals listed in Table 12 were detected in the subsurface samples as follows: chromium (11/11 samples, 22-120 mg/kg); cadmium (9/11 samples, 0.44-12 mg/kg); arsenic (not detected); lead (10/11 samples, 6-110 mg/kg); and mercury (2/11 samples, 0.2-0.5 mg/kg). Subsurface contaminants are indicative of historical activities. In March, 1993, McAFB collected shallow sediment samples at three of the locations listed in Table 12. Samples were tested for chromium and hexavalent chromium (Cr VI); results for Cr VI were all below the detection limit of 0.5 ppm, total chromium results ranged from 25-85 ppm (12a). Off-site surface waters have not been sampled. However, McAFB discharge waters (or effluent) into Magpie, Arcade, and Don Julio Creeks are monitored through NPDES permits with the CRWQCB. The levels of contaminants in the effluents must be below standards for public drinking water and meet aquatic life criteria. In 1986, nine soil gas MWs were constructed in groups of three, at various depths, (11-15 ft, 34-44 ft, and 69-79 ft screening levels). One off-base cluster is adjacent to and just west of OU D (Fig. 5). MW-7 is screened at 60-79 ft; MW-8 at 34-44 ft; and MW-9 at 11-15 ft below ground surface. Soil gas samples were collected in December 1987, and March-April 1991, from the MWs in conjunction with additional sampling of soil gases from the vent capping system in OU D (22,23); additional sampling of the MWs occurred in June, 1992 (24). The maximum concentrations from the three sampling regimens are listed in Table 13. |Contaminant||1987 Results (ppbv)||1991 Results (ppbv)||1992 Results||Comparison Value |TCE||6000 (7)||0.17||22,049 (7)||0.75||19,000 (7)||1100||0.11 (CREG)| |MC||<90||24||385 (7)||0.75||ND||1100||0.61 (CREG)| |PCE||90 (7)||0.14||256 (7)||0.75||ND||1100||0.28 (CREG)| |VC||<300||18||ND||0.75||3000 (7)||1100||0.005 (CREG)| |benzene||<100||13||512 (7)||0.75||ND||1100||0.04 (CREG)| |1,1-DCE||NA||--||11,000 (8)||0.75||330,000 (7)||1100||0.005 (CREG)| |1,2-DCA||<80||18||1,278 (7)||0.75||ND||1100||0.009 (CREG)| ND = not detected * detection limits are averages during the sampling period NA = not analyzed † 1992 detection limits high # soil gas MW number Contaminant levels for the off-site well cluster (MW-7,8, and 9) in 1991 were higher than those found in 1987. In this cluster, the highest contaminant concentrations were found in the deepest well (MW-7) and the lowest in the shallowest well (MW-9). Due to high concentrations of 1,1 DCE in the 1992 samples, dilutions were required that resulted in high detection limits for all the VOCs analyzed. Vinyl chloride was detected in 1992 in the deep screened well. Both VC and 1,1 DCE are byproducts of the anaerobic biodegradation of TCE and PCE. Shallow soil gas sampling for OU D (on and off site) was performed in September, 1992. Samples were collected at depths of 4.5-10 feet below ground surface. Higher concentrations of VOCs were present in residential samples collected near the base boundary; VOC levels decreased with distance from the OU D capped area. In those shallow samples, the primary contaminant detected was 1,1-DCE (719-91,873 ppbv in samples located near the boundary). Other VOCs detected included TCE (2-641 ppbv), PCE (1-55 ppbv), TCA (2-114 ppbv), VC (in one sample at 78 ppbv), MC (in two samples, 3-35 ppbv), and benzene (3-19 ppbv; benzene results are qualified due to trip blank contamination) (42). The soil gas concentrations are indicative of the continuing presence of VOCs in the area. Air was monitored in the crawl spaces under residences adjacent to OU D. CDHS collected samples in the crawl spaces and well heads (at depths of 10 and 40 ft) of residential wells at four properties adjoining the base boundary. Crawl space samples were obtained from 10 ft probe samplers. Sampling dates were October 12, 1984, December 19, 1984, and February 5, 1985. No background samples were reported, but CDHS selected ambient air values for rural Washington state for comparison levels. Table 14 reports data on maximum levels of VOCs detected (43). |Crawl Space Data||Well Head Data||Ambient Air WA State, ppbv |MC||1.8 *||12.9||2/85||17.9||2/85||0.005||0.61 (CREG)| |VC||0.03 *||ND||--||2.6||12/84||<0.005||0.005 (CREG)| |1,1-DCE||2.5 *||3.8||10/85||4539||10/85||<0.005||0.005 (CREG)| |1,2-DCA||0.9-12.3 *||ND||--||195.7||2/85||<0.005||0.009 (CREG)| |1,1,1-TCA||0.2||0.85||2/85||120.9||10/84||0.1||300 (EMEG) **| ND = not detected * detection limit above the CREG for this contaminant NA = not analyzed ** comparison level for acute exposure McAFB EM sampled air in the crawl spaces of the same four homes on a quarterly basis for one year. Quarterly samples were collected on April 10, 1986, July 23, 1986, October 22, 1986, and January 22, 1987, using a low flow rate over three and a half days. Air samples were collected on jumbo carbon tubes in series, about 3-4 inches from the ground surface. The bubble meter, a primary standard, was used to calibrate each pump's flow rate. The same procedure was used to collect a background sample in an open field south and east of the homes. Table 15 reports data on maximum concentrations of the VOCs detected (44). |Contaminant||Concentration ppbv||Date||Background ppbv, date||Comparison Value, ppbv||Detection Limit, ppbv| |TCE||0.17||4/86||0.58, 4/86||0.11 (CREG)||0.011| |MC||36.99||7/86||2.96, 7/86||0.61 (CREG)||0.604| |PCE||1.31||7/86||0.18, 7/86||0.28 (CREG)||0.003| |1,1,1-TCA||5.86||7/86||0.87, 7/86||300 (EMEG) *||0.006| ND = not detected NA = not analyzed * comparison value is for acute exposure The results from the two crawl space studies indicate several data gaps that should be addressed. All of the VOCs tested for in the two studies, except 1,1,1-TCA, are carcinogens. Background levels in the McAFB study exceeded health comparison levels, which could indicate contaminated ambient air in the area. The choice of an on-base location for the background air station is questionable. Detection limits are one to two orders of magnitude higher than CREGs for the carcinogens benzene, VC, 1,2-DCA, 1,1-DCE, and MC. Detection limits were also higher than the Washington state ambient air levels used in the CDHS study for background comparisons. Data gaps exist for both studies because of the detection limits; i.e., VC detected in well heads could be present in the crawl spaces, but not detected. During the 1991 soil gas sampling of the OU D MWs and vents, two ambient air samples were collected on private property (residence involved in earlier crawl space studies) adjacent to the base boundary (33). VOCs detected were MC (4 ppbv) and 1,1-DCE (3 ppbv); both are carcinogens. Crawl spaces at three of the residences were sampled again in January 1992. Sampling for VOCs took place over an eight-hour period on January 7. Results from that monitoring are provided in Table 16 (45). Benzene and MC were detected at concentrations above health comparison values; however, detection levels for several other contaminants of concern were higher than the health comparison values. |Contaminant||Detection Limit ppbv||Crawl Space Data, ppbv||Comparison Value ppbv| |Res #1||Res #2||Res #3| |VC||0.8 *||ND||ND||ND||0.005 (CREG)| |benzene||0.57 *||0.65||1.0||0.81||0.04 (CREG)| |1,1-DCE||0.32 *||ND||ND||ND||0.005 (CREG)| |1,2-DCA||1.19 *||ND||ND||ND||0.009 (CREG)| ND = not detected * detection limit above the CREG for this contaminant NA = not analyzed In June and September, 1992, additional crawl space sampling and ambient air monitoring in yards occurred using methods with lower detection limits (46,47). Results of those air samples are presented in Table 17. |Contaminant||Crawl Space Data, ppbv |Ambient Air Data, ppbv | Bkgd † |Res #1||Res #2||Res #3||Res #4||Res #1 *||Res #2||Res #3||Res #4| |TCE||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||0.11 (CREG)| |PCE||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||0.28 (CREG)| |MC||.64/ ND||.3/ ND||.23/ ND||.21/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||.29/ ND||.31/ ND||.22/ .32||0.61 (CREG)| |VC||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||0.004 (CREG)| |benzene||.41/ .54||ND/ .44||.48/ .48||.42/ .42||ND/ .4||ND/ .43||.52/ .44||.46/ .49||.42/ .53||0.04 (CREG)| |1,1-DCE||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||0.005 (CREG)| |1,2-DCA||ND/ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||ND/ ND||0.005 (CREG)| |1,1,1-TCA||57/ 3.8||.61/ .31||.59/ .28||.83/ 5.1||2600/ 17||160/ 13||1.1/ .24||.58/ 3.2||.39/ .27||300 (EMEG)**| ND = not detected, Detection limit for VC = 0.1 ppbv; detection limit for other VOCs = 0.2 ppbv * during ambient air sampling the resident was spray cleaning structures on the property ** value is for acute inhalation EMEG (less than 14 days exposure) background samples collected upgradient on residence #1 The residential air samples were collected over 24 hour time periods for each sampling round. Detection limits were 0.2 ppbv for each VOC except vinyl chloride; detection limit for VC was 0.1 ppbv. Methylene chloride and benzene were detected in most of the samples, as well as the background samples. Although not detected, the detection limits for TCE, VC, 1,1-DCE, and 1,2-DCA were higher than the health comparison values. The high concentration of TCA in one ambient air sample may have been caused by activities of the resident (reports indicate spray cleaning of fences during the sampling time period) (46). Biota have not been sampled. The base and surrounding communities do not have surface water streams or lakes that support fish used for food. On the northern portion of the base there are regulated hunts for quail and partridge. Homes west of the base are large plots with livestock and gardens for residents' personal use (there is no commercial agriculture near the base). Produce grown in home gardens in the Sacramento area includes tomatoes, beans, squash, carrots, radishes, and melons, and apricot, peach, plum, pear, citrus, walnut, and almond trees. If any of the contaminants of concern bioaccumulate in vegetables, fruits, or livestock (chickens, sheep, goats, and cattle), and are present in irrigation water or garden soils, a potential public health concern by way of the food chain is possible. ATSDR considers the lack of biota data a potential data gap. Notations have been made in the contaminants of concern section when the data provided are inadequate because of limited sampling, lack of background samples, or high proportion of the data outside of quality assurance standards. Data quality concerns include contamination of blanks, detection limits higher than health comparison values, groundwater results based on field-filtered samples, and an inconsistency in speciation of metal analyses. McAFB EM staff informed ATSDR that groundwater and soil sampling and analysis before 1985 was not performed using the QA/QC standards currently followed during the CERCLA process. However, potable water data were subject to state standards, and the analyses were performed in state-certified labs, resulting in adequate data for that period. McAFB is an active military installation; access to the entire facility is restricted (fenced and guarded entry gates). Most identified areas of environmental concern are in industrial parts of the base where access is even further restricted. Methane is typically found in municipal landfills and may be in soil gases emanating from landfills. If methane is in enclosed areas at McAFB, it could pose an explosive hazard.

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT MCCLELLAN AIR FORCE BASE SACRAMENTO, SACRAMENTO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA The tables in this section list contaminants of concern at the McAFB NPL site. ATSDR has evaluated those contaminants in the subsequent sections of the public health assessment in order to determine whether exposure to them has public health significance. In this section ATSDR selects and discusses the cont

History of Punchbowl Unless escaped convicts had been there earlier, the peace of the district around the headwaters of Salt Pan Creek was first disturbed by white man some time around 1798, when Governor Hunter made an overland trip to the new district of "Banks Town", accompanied by George Johnston, who was later to receive a grant of land on the Georges River at Georges Hall. Although the main route from this farm into Sydney was by river, an overland track was also cut through the territory of the Botany Bay tribe, on the ridge beside the creek that fed Salt Pan Creek. This track became known as "the road to Georges River" and is still in existence. It now forms part of the northern boundary of the Local Government Area of Canterbury. The road dates from before 1800, and represents the first change to the landscape made by white man in the suburb known as Punchbowl. Punchbowl RailwayStation, panorama, 1922 The road to Georges River crossed Cooks River at the place that was easiest forded - a wide almost circular valley, which later settlers named " the punch bowl". The section of road which led to this crossing, although part of the longer Old Georges River Road, was eventually given the name "Punch Bowl Road". This still applies today. The Punch Bowl was actually at the Cooks River Bridge near the Coronation Parade Road junction at Belfield. The suburb of Punchbowl, three kilometres away, has acquired the name, because the railway station, opened in 1909, was located on Punchbowl Road. Before the coming of the railway, the district was known by other names, of which Salt Pan Creek was the earliest. Salt gatherers are said to have obtained salt at Salt Pan Creek. The first travellers along the road to Georges River were surrounded by open forest, in which red and white mahogany trees, red forest gum, and grey box trees predominated. Beside the creek, now flowing through Parry Park, was a "tea tree brush" chiefly narrow-leaved paperbarks (Melaleuca) with some river oaks (Casuarina), and the open waters of Salt Pan were terminated by a large mangrove swamp. The road line was marked by a row of red mahogany trees. The first land granted in this forest was ranged along the lowest branch of Salt Pan Creek. There were four farms measured to the north of this creek, (now the canal along Wiggs Road), 50 acres to Thomas Moxon, 120 acres to Frederick Meredith, 50 acres to William Bond and 60 acres to Richard Calcott. Bond and Moxon were emancipists, and Calcott and Meredith were free settlers. These farms were granted in 1809 by Lieutenant-Governor Paterson, head of the rebel NSW Corps Government. When Governor Macquarie arrived, he had orders to take the land grants back, in order to ascertain whether or not they had been fairly granted. In the meantime, both Bond and Meredith had attempted to settle on their properties, and had an exciting brush with Tedbury and other aborigines of the Botany Bay Tribe, the Gwea Gal. In the ensuing battle, one spear went close enough to graze Frederick Meredith's ear, and the new settlers retreated "with a providential escape for their lives" After the aborigines had moved on, however, the farmers returned. All grantees in the area were given back their farms by Macquarie, and Bond and Meredith cleared and cultivated part of theirs, building huts in the vicinity of today's Cullen's Road and Rose Street, which mark the boundary between the two properties. Thomas Moxon was a "hurdle maker to the Government", and possibly cleared part of his farm, but, since it was mostly mangrove swamp, he soon left. Richard Calcott was a publican in Pitt's Row, and never lived on his grant. By 1820, all four farms were sold to other owners, and only Meredith remained in the area, renting the land and his "mare named Moggy" back from the new proprietors. Other farms promised were those to John Bracken (60 acres to the east of Bonds Road, south of Payten Avenue, extending to Chick Street), to Bryan Nowland (50 acres bounded by Matthews Avenue, Rosemont Street, Hillcrest Street, and Punchbowl Road), and to John Johnson (50 acres bounded by Defoe Street, Hillcrest Street, King Georges Road and Punchbowl Road). John Johnson was the only brantee of these three to live on his grant. He was a potter by trade, and made a living by fashioning clay pipes made from white clay found near the property. He died in 1824, and his farm, "Pipemaker's Hall", was granted to John Anslep, who did not move to the property. Benjamin Maddocks carried on the clay pipe industry for a short time on the land, but eventually it passed out of his hands to become part of the larger estate of Mr Justice John Stephen. In 1820, Governor Macquarie promised 140 acres of land to two brothers, Francis and William Piper, who wished to pursue their occupations of farming and salt-boiling near Salt Pan Creek. They did not remain in the area long, and their farms to the west of Bonds Road remained unoccupied for much of the nineteenth century. The last group of farms granted were those in the rectangle bounded by Hillcrest Street, King Georges Road, Payten Avenue, Bonds Road and Warren Parade. The western farms went to the Howell brothers, William and Henry, who died young; the eastern properties were promised to William Bruce and James Greenslade, who promptly sold out to William Richard Welch, a "nurseryman, seedsman and gardener", whose leased property at present-day Redfern and Chippendale was too small to allow him to expand his "choice and rare collection". By 1838-9, Welch had established his family on three of the farms in this block, those promised to William Bruce, James Greenslade and William Howell. The consolidated property was named "Forest Grove", and for the next 35 years, the Welch family was to occupy the homestead (opposite the end of present-day Tucker Street) and cultivated the land as a large market garden and orchard. The dams which supplied the farm with fresh water were between present-day Beauchamp Street and Rawson Street. In 1841, James Gorman, a publican, purchased the last property near "Forest Grove", which had by then begun to take over from Salt Pan Creek as the locality name. The Gorman farm was 96 acres east of Meredith's farm, bordering Georges River Road, where ironbark trees grew. These gave the farm its name,-"Iron Bark Farm". After Gorman's death the farm was leased as a grazing run to Henry Kelly who owned extensive property north of Georges River Road. The district grew very slowly in population until after Canterbury Road was cut through from Cooks River to join Punch-Bowl Road in 1855. Adam Bond, a sawyer and timber merchant, bought Bracken's grant in 1853 for 150 pounds, and he and his sons joined the Welch family in clearing the timber. Much of the wood went to build handcarts for optimistic miners to carry their belongings on their long walk to the gold diggings. Adam Bond remained on his farm until his death in 1880.He is reputed to have owned a well-trained horse which without a driver could undertake the long trip to Canterbury with a laden wood-cart and return with it empty. In 1856, William Hellyer, a Sydney solicitor, bought the grant originally owned by Thomas Moxon, as well as other nearby properties around the head of Salt Pan Creek. Included in this was a piece of land which had been fenced off by Frederick Meredith from his leased farm, as being swampy and difficult to cultivate. The fenced-off piece was mistakenly surveyed in 1835 as an unallocated piece of land and was sold to Samuel Pitt as a 22 acre property. When the mistake was discovered, the Government was forced to sort out the problem of one farm being owned by two people. It was still unresolved in 1857, when the Government Surveyor was sent out to measure and align Punch-Bowl Road. By this time, Hellyer had built a house, stockyard and barn on the 22 acres which he considered was his own property. He also had planted an orchard beside the creek so the surveyor was forced to change the old line of Punch-Bowl Road which would have joined Canterbury Road in a wider curve, meeting it opposite Moxon Road, to the sharper curved line which exists today. Hellyer's house, stockyard and orchard were in the vicinity of the present Sunny Crescent. A typical farm of the time was that of George Brand on Bond's grant, which was described in 1864 as "a comfortable cottage containing six rooms and a kitchen, with barn, stable &c. There are ten acres of the farm, cleared and divided into grazing paddocks; also there are three acres under crop". It was at this time that numbers of woodcutters moved into the area - Michael and Luke Featherston (Calcott's grant), Thomas Draper (Bond's grant), Frederick Pobje (Anslep's grant), Henry Cullen (Meredith's grant), and Mark Ward (Piper's grant). These people raised their children in slab huts and formed the nucleus of a pioneer settlement. During the 1860's, the roads used by the sawyers of Salt Pan Creek (Bonds Road and Belmore Road) were opened officially for traffic. About 1869, the district adopted the name "Belmore" after the Earl of Belmore, Governor of New South Wales at the time, and this remained the name used to describe the area until the opening of the railway to Bankstown in 1909. The population had grown, and there were enough people for a small church building, the Belmore Church, consecrated in 1869, (now St Saviour's Church of England) to be built. The church building was used as a school for the children of the gardeners and timber-getters in the vicinity and it was called Belmore Public School. In 1872, it became a half-time school with Essex Hill Public School near Punchbowl Road between Colin and Fairmount Streets. The two half-time schools closed when a new school and teacher's residence for Belmore Public School was built in 1879 on Lot 1, Forest Grove Estate, south of Canterbury Road, near today's Dunlop Street. On the other side of Wiley's Lane (as King George's Road was then known), in the same year, Belmore Post Office, conducted by James Milner, was opened. A three times weekly service was provided by him, riding to and from Canterbury on horseback. He was paid 14 pounds per annum. He later ran a horse-bus service to and from the City along Canterbury Road. In 1879, also, the Municipal District of Canterbury was formed. A great deal of resistance to the area's incorporation was put up by the inhabitants of Belmore (Punchbowl), who saw little benefit to themselves in such a move. To solve the conflict, the farms of the most vocal of the resistance were left out of the new municipal boundaries, and, from 1879 to 1906 the area west of a diagonal line from today's Rossmore Avenue to Narwee Station remained independent of municipal government. In 1906, the boundary was extended to Salt Pan Creek. By 1880, there was talk in the district of the possibility of bringing public transport to the area, and land speculators began to buy up many of the farms, hoping for later profitable subdivision. Dr George Alfred Tucker, who ran a private mental asylum at "Bayview", Tempe, bought "Forest Grove", and subdivided it in 1880 under the name of "Dr Tucker's Model Farm". The allotments were, on the whole, sold to other speculators, who abandoned Welch's carefully-tended garden to the ravages of neglect. Other land buyers in this category were C C Griffiths, of Griffiths Bros. Teas' fame, who bought William Hellyer's property, and Matthias Hamburger, a merchant, who owned most of William Bond's grant. Victoria Road was initially known as Hamburger Street, and was only changed during World War 1, when anti-German feeling in Sydney ran high. There were several railway survey lines made through the Belmore District between 1883 and 1885, all converging at the head of Salt Pan Creek, and proceeding through to Liverpool. Eventually, the most northerly of the lines was chosen, but the government in 1890 decided to build the railway only as far as Burwood Road. There was conflict over the name for the terminal station, and ultimately 'Belmore' was the compromise arrived at because it was the closest one to the real Belmore District, although still three kilometres away. When the extension of the line to Bankstown was opened in 1909, a new name had to be found for the railway station serving the old district which for so long had been called 'Belmore'. 'Punchbowl' was chosen eventually, for the reason mentioned earlier. Just before the line opened, Arthur Rickard subdivided a portion of the old Forest Grove farm into the Emerald Hills Estate. The subdivision was the property of the Universal Land and Investment Company, and covered Rossmore, Arthur, Matthews, Rickard, Dudley, Rosemount and Rawson Streets, and the Broadway, the Boulevarde, and Urunga Parade. The auction was held on Saturday 24 April 1909, and the terms were one pound down and 10/- a month for 'land high up on the heights, actually the highest point on the line...the soil is rich, and flower and vegetable gardens must flourish there exceedingly'. A typical lot in the Broadway cost two pounds ten shillings a foot frontage. By 1915, the Sydney Morning Herald was claiming 'The climatic conditions, especially in the district of Punchbowl... are of the best, and many a working man and his family who were once cooped up in the overcrowded suburbs immediately surrounding the city... have been able to secure their little cottage, with plenty of room to keep a few fowls and a vegetable garden large enough to more than supply the family with vegetables free of cost all the year round. the children... have now plenty of room to run about and to drink in the health-giving qualities derived from the pure air obtainable on the Bankstown Line'. Further subdivision of Dr Tucker's Estate took place between 1912 and 1921, while land further west was settled in the 1920s, creating in Punchbowl a suburb of chiefly 'californian bungalow' style houses. Early this century, a newly-wed couple might pay a deposit on a block of land in Punchbowl, pitch their tent, then build a weatherboard cottage of a few rooms and a kitchen. Kerosine lamps or candles provided the lighting and cooking was done on a fuel stove. washing was boiled in tins on open fires in the backyard. In the surrounding thick bush, which was interspersed with a few dirt tracks indicating a future road system, there was plenty of firewood. Before reticulated water became available, rain was collected in water tanks, which ran dry in droughts. A variety of salesmen passed the door in their horse-drawn vehicles - milkmen, cheesemen, honeymen, rabbito's - all shouting their wares. When gas arrived, cooking was done on a gas-ring and gas lighting was installed in the houses and in the street, where a lamplighter with a long rod came around at sunset to light the lamps and came again in the morning to extinguish them. Electricity came late. The name of Belmore Public School was changed to Belmore South in 1907, and changed again to Lakemba in 1910. In 1913, it was moved to the present Lakemba Public School site. In 1984, the buildings on the western side of King Georges Road became Wiley Park Public School, while Lakemba Public School remained on the eastern side. Meanwhile, during the First World War, children from Punchbowl were walking through long grasses and brushwood, where there was a very real danger of being bitten by snakes, to attend Lakemba Public School. They were crossing creeks and watercourses which flooded after heavy rains. There were no asphalt paths in the district and no made roads except at the railway station. Finally, Punchbowl Infants School opened in 1922, adjacent to where Belmore Public School had begun in 1869, and this became a Public School in 1928. St Jerome's Catholic School opened in the School-Church in 1933. Punchbowl Boys High School opened in 1955 and Wiley Park Girls High School in 1957. As mentioned earlier, the first Church of England building in the area was opened in 1869, on the site of St Saviour's Church in Canterbury Road, opposite Belmore Road. The present Church replacing the timber building opened in 1917. The steep hill on which the Public School and St Saviour's Church are situated was known locally as 'Boneyard Hill', because of the cemetery in the grounds of St Saviour's Church. Many of the pioneers of Punchbowl, including the Meredith, Bond and Fenwick families, are buried in the cemetery. Small church buildings were opened by the Congregationalists in 1914, and the Methodists in 1915. Although church services had been held earlier, church buildings for the Baptists opened in 1928, the Catholics in 1933 and the Presbyterians in 1949. The location of a one-man Police Station established about 1885 at Belmore is not known, but could have been in the present suburb of Punchbowl. A Police Station in rented brick premises in Dudley Street, Punchbowl opened in 1919. Punchbowl RSL Sub-branch was given its charter in 1947, though Ex-servicemen had been meeting since the early 1930s where the Ex-servicemen's Club is now located. The original Belmore Post Office was moved to other locations, changing its name to Belmore South and then to Lakemba in 1910. Punchbowl Post Office was opened in 1913 in a store near the station. It was not until 1933 that an official building was occupied. A picture theatre was erected in the early 1920s. By the 1950s, the 'Regent' and the 'Astoria' were operating. The Punchbowl newspaper 'The Punch' was published between 1932 and the 1950s. Along the Bankstown line in the 1920s, there was great building activity. More new buildings were built in the Canterbury Municipality than in any other local government area in Sydney, with 16% of Sydney's population increase there. Despite the Depression, the thirties also found Canterbury among the leaders. However, the availability of sewerage lagged way behind the building boom. The Bankstown line was electrified in 1926, and in the twenties and thirties, the line was one of the busiest in Sydney. Wiley Park railway station opened in 1938. (Last century, the Wiley family were well-known residents of the present-day Lakemba area, and in 1906, John V Wiley bequeathed 20 acres to Canterbury Council for a park) The Punchbowl branch of the Canterbury Municipal Library opened in 1960. In 1882 John Fenwick bought 100 acres on the southern side of Canterbury Road between Canarys Road and Bonds Road. He built a substantial two-storey brick house with high ceilings and a cedar staircase. It was called 'Belmore House' and was demolished to make way for the Roselands Shopping Centre which opened in 1965. In recent years, Punchbowl's population has changed, with the arrival of European-born migrants, then by a dramatic increase in the Lebanese community in the 1970s, and recently with the arrival of Asians in the 1980s. The new bridge at Punchbowl station opened in 1981. Prepared by Canterbury City Library Brian Madden, Lesley Muir and Canterbury City Council MADDEN, Brian and MUIR, Lesley. Suburbs of Canterbury Municipality: History No. 2: Punchbowl. [Campsie, NSW]: Canterbury Municipal Council, NSW, 1985.

History of Punchbowl Unless escaped convicts had been there earlier, the peace of the district around the headwaters of Salt Pan Creek was first disturbed by white man some time around 1798, when Governor Hunter made an overland trip to the new district of "Banks Town", accompanied by George Johnston, who was later to receive a grant of land on the Georges River at Georges Hall. Although the main

CDC Scientist Honored for Work in School Health By Desir'ee Robinson Growing up in the Bronx, Howell Wechsler, EdD, MPH always dreamed of becoming a writer. Not just any writer, but an investigative reporter like his heroes Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the two Washington Post journalists who broke the Watergate scandal. Wechsler's journalistic dream took a detour when service in the Peace Corps landed him in Zaire, Africa—a place that would eventually serve as the catalyst for his career in public health. "During one dry season I saw a funeral procession of several tiny caskets of children who had died from measles," said Dr. Wechsler, who is currently Director of the Division of Adolescent and School Health, (DASH). "Although they had ample supplies of measles vaccine, health officials in that area were unable to convince parents to bring their children in for the vaccination session and I wanted to do something about that." Wechsler's work to improve the health of children recently earned him the Milton J.E. Senn Award for achievement in the field of school health by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The award is named for Dr. Milton J.E. Senn, a pioneer of school health programs that have enabled parents, school personnel, pediatricians, and psychiatrists to work better together for the benefit of children. "Fifty-four million young people attend school for at least six hours per day for 13 years during the formative years of their lives. Therefore, the school has been an important site for health promotion," said Wechsler. "CDC was a pioneer in developing and promoting a model of coordinated school health programs that has revolutionized the field of school health." Wechsler earned a doctorate in health education from Teachers College, Columbia University, a master's in public health from Columbia University, and a bachelor's degree in journalism from Northwestern University. Since joining CDC in 1995, Wechsler has served as DASH's obesity prevention specialist, founding Chief of the Research Application Branch, Acting Director, and, since November 2005, Division Director. "Since the 1990s, we have seen significant increases in safety-related behaviors and declines in the number of young people who smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol and use drugs, and engage in sexual risk behaviors," added Dr. Wechsler. Wechsler has provided technical assistance to CDC's school health surveillance instruments and has coordinated projects that promote the implementation of CDC's school health guidelines. He was the lead author of CDC's "Guidelines for School Health Programs to Promote Lifelong Healthy Eating", and played a leading role in the development of a number of health promotion tools for schools including the "School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide". Wechsler says thousands of school systems across the country have used the guide to evaluate their health practices and to improve the services they offer to their school children. "We feel strongly that schools are a critical setting for health promotion and that, by addressing health issues, schools can remove barriers to learning and do a better job at their core mission of educating our children," said Dr. Wechsler.

CDC Scientist Honored for Work in School Health By Desir'ee Robinson Growing up in the Bronx, Howell Wechsler, EdD, MPH always dreamed of becoming a writer. Not just any writer, but an investigative reporter like his heroes Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the two Washington Post journalists who broke the Watergate scandal. Wechsler's journalistic dream took a detour when service in the Peace Corp

Download information on this page: (MS Word, 355 KB). Sacramento is the capital of California and is located in the north central part of the state, about 80 miles northeast of San Francisco. Those traveling to Sacramento have several options to choose from. Those traveling by air have several options. Sacramento International Airport (SMF) is the closest airport located approximately 12 miles north of the city of Sacramento. In the San Francisco Bay Area, Oakland International Airport (OAK) is located approximately 90 miles southwest of Sacramento, and San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is about 100 miles southwest as well. Sacramento International Airport (SMF) – (12 mi.) – 20 minutes Airlines serving Sacramento International Airport can be found at the following website: Ground Transportation from Sacramento International Airport SuperShuttle is the exclusive provider of on-call van service at Sacramento International Airport. Pickup areas for passengers are located in the ground transportation area adjacent to baggage claim in Terminal A and at the center island curb in front of Terminal B. For Information call (800) 258-3826. Taxi service is provided by the Sacramento Independent Taxi Owners Association (SITOA) by contract. Taxis are located in the ground transportation area adjacent to the baggage claim area at Terminal A and across from the airport hotel at Terminal B. The rates are: New Rates Effective June 26, 2009: $3 flag drop, $2.50 for each additional mile Rate to wait is $25 per hour Round-trip between Sacramento International Airport and downtown Sacramento is $50.00 Seniors and military personnel are eligible for a 20% discount - Reservations/Information : (916) 444-0008 - Customer Service: (916) 284-6878 Rental car companies are located at the central Rental Car Terminal. Take the Rental Car Terminal Shuttle for convenient access to all on-airport rental car agencies. For the location of the Rental Car Terminal and a list of rental car agencies visit the rental car information page. Maps Information and Directions: Oakland International Airport (OAK) - (90 mi.) – 2 hours in traffic Airlines serving Oakland International Airport can be found at the following website: http://www.flyoakland.com/airline_information.shtml Ground Transportation from Oakland International Airport: The Amtrak Capitol Corridor route provides a connection from the Oakland – Coliseum /Airport station to Sacramento 6 times daily (Mon.- Fri.); 5 times daily (weekends/holidays). Travelers should follow the signs to the Coliseum/Oakland Airport BART station. From Oakland International Airport the AirBART shuttle provides a connection to the Coliseum BART station (for a fee) which is across the street from the Amtrak Oakland – Coliseum /Airport station. For Amtrak schedules and information, call 1-800-USA-RAIL (1-800-872-7245) or your local travel agent. Shuttle service from Oakland International Airport is available – call for information and rates. - Fairfield Airporter Taxis service at Oakland International Airport is available – call for information and rates. - Friendly Cab 510-536-3000 or 800-244-0400 - Veteran’s Cab Rental car companies are located at the Rental Car Center. Shuttle buses operate between the terminals and the Rental Car Center, every 10 minutes; however, it operates "on demand" between 1:30 a.m. and 4:30 a.m. The Rental Car Center is open 24 hours a day, however, travelers should check with their car rental agency's reservation center for hours of operation and make arrangements for special arrival and departure requests. For the location of the Rental Car Center and a list of rental car agencies visit the Rental Car Center page. Maps Information and Directions: San Francisco International Airport (SFO) - (100 mi.) – 2.5 hours in traffic Airlines serving San Francisco International Airport can be found at the following website: http://www.flysfo.com/web/page/airline/airlines/ Ground Transportation from San Francisco International Airport: The Amtrak Capitol Corridor route, which provides transportation to Sacramento, can be reached by riding the Bay Area Rapid Transit system (BART) from the SFO BART station to the Richmond BART station. The SFO BART station is located on the Departures/Ticketing Level of the International Terminal (Boarding Area G side). BART is easily accessed from any terminal by riding SFO's AirTrain to the Garage G/BART Station stop. There is no charge to board AirTrain. BART provides a connection to Amtrak at the Richmond station. For Amtrak schedules and information, call 1-800-USA-RAIL (1-800-872-7245) or your local travel agent. Door-to-door vans provide service between SFO and passenger-specified locations in shared ride vans. Depending on the number of passengers, door-to-door vans may make multiple stops. From the airport: Van service is available on a walk-up basis. However, passengers are advised to make reservations for service after 11:00 p.m. Door-to-door vans pick up on the Departures/Ticketing Level from the roadway center island at all terminals. For Door-to-door vans serving SFO visit: http://www.flysfo.com/web/page/tofrom/transp-serv/dtd/ Taxis depart from the designated taxi zones located at the roadway center islands, on the Arrivals/Baggage Claim Level of all terminals. Destinations either 15 miles beyond the limits of the City and County of San Francisco or 15 miles beyond the boundaries of San Francisco International Airport are charged at 150% of the metered rate. A $2.00 exit surcharge is included in all San Francisco taxicab meter fares for rides originating from San Francisco International Airport. By sharing a ride, up to 5 persons can ride for the price of 1 person. Approximate cost from San Francisco International Airport to Sacramento is $347.00. San Francisco International Airport’s Rental Car Center allows travelers to pick up and drop off rental cars at one convenient, central location. To access the Rental Car Center from the airport terminals, take the AirTrain Blue Line. The AirTrain, SFO’s fully automated people mover system, operates 24 hours every day and provides convenient and frequent service throughout SFO. AirTrain stations are located in all terminals, terminal parking garages, the Rental Car Center and SFO’s BART station. For the location of the Rental Car Center and a list of rental car agencies visit the Rental Car Center page. Maps Information and Directions:

Download information on this page: (MS Word, 355 KB). Sacramento is the capital of California and is located in the north central part of the state, about 80 miles northeast of San Francisco. Those traveling to Sacramento have several options to choose from. Those traveling by air have several options. Sacramento International Airport (SMF) is the closest airport located approximately 12 miles nor

The Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 states that protecting the interests of a state extends in practice to promoting national interests Preventive diplomacy: The 1995 European Stability Pact, repeated in 1999 for the Balkans is a typical example. The word "political" should obviously not be understood in its electoral sense. As in the case of "political direction" it means the things that affect the basic options of a country, and is in contrast to things that are "professional". Nonetheless, any specialist matter that reaches a certain degree of seriousness becomes political. These political matters have lost none of their significance. Most are handled in a multilateral context, one of the major changes of our time being that differences of opinion are no longer accepted as inevitable. Preventive diplomacy, which tries to detect and defuse crises, has been developed. When prevention is not enough, we see, in Bosnia and subsequently in Kosovo, what could be termed punitive diplomacy. For all that, bilateral diplomacy has not lost its position as multilateral initiatives are accompanied by direct approaches in the capitals of the countries concerned. French Interests: The protection of French nationals either resident or passing through, is one of the principal aspects of protecting national interests. It is predominately a consular mission, but in the last instance is the responsibility of the ambassador. Commercial, economic and financial interests The rules of the game are increasingly subject to international norms negotiated in the WTO, the European Union, the OECD etc. It is the responsibility of France’s permanent representatives to these organisations to protect our interests there. In capital cities, they are replaced by their bilateral colleagues who also have their own special fields, for example agreements on protecting investments. However, at a bilateral level, support for French enterprises is the particular territory of the ambassador. Of course, the ambassador should not interfere in the management of their businesses, but should respond to their requests and even take the initiative of offering assistance. He should put his ability to influence and to obtain information at their service. In countries where the economy is more or less controlled, decisions relating to major contracts are often taken at the highest level: the ambassador is therefore required to intervene with the authorities. In countries with a market economy, intervention of this nature is not necessarily excluded, but the role of the embassy is essentially one of advice and information. French speaking world: There are 140 million French speakers in the world; 52 countries were represented at the last French speaking summit in Moncton in 1999. Cultural, scientific, technical and other interests France spends more than any other country on cultural action and development aid - nearly 5 billion. Promoting the French language is a priority. Offering French teaching to nationals and foreigners is the responsibility of AEFE, which has 279 schools and secondary schools with 16,000 pupils in 125 countries, cultural centres and institutes with more than 200,000 students and pupils, and the French Association, which has about the same number in its 1,000 local associations throughout the world. Protecting cultural interests also means valorising our artistic and literary heritage as well as contemporary works. Scientific and technical co-operation aims to present a France that is not as well known as it should be, that of the 6 French holders of the Fields medal (the Nobel prize for mathematics) out of 36 prize winners. This co-operation trains foreign executives who continue their French working practices. Finally, in 1999, external audio-visual policy took a high priority. Nowadays all forms of human activity have international repercussions and open up new fields requiring diplomatic protection. - A tour of the Quai d’Orsay - A tour of the Quai d'Orsay

The Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 states that protecting the interests of a state extends in practice to promoting national interests Preventive diplomacy: The 1995 European Stability Pact, repeated in 1999 for the Balkans is a typical example. The word "political" should obviously not be understood in its electoral sense. As in the case of "political direction" it means the things that affec

Dr. Ruth Salo and colleagues at the University of California, Davis, extended previous findings that biochemical markers for nerve damage and viability persist in the brain through 6 months of abstinence from methamphetamine, but normalize after longer abstinence. In the new study, the researchers once again used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging the brains of 30 former abusers of the stimulant who had been abstinent 1 to 6 months, 17 who had been abstinent 1 to 5 years, and 30 individuals who had never used the drug. As in the team’s two prior studies (see "Brain Recovery in Meth Abusers"; and "Methamphetamine Abusers Show Increased Distractibility"), the former abusers who had been abstinent for 6 months or less had reduced levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), relative to creatine (Cr) levels, in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). NAA is produced in healthy neurons, and a low NAA/Cr ratio indicates neuronal injury or loss. In the new study, the ACC NAA/Cr ratio among the abusers who had been abstinent for a year or more was the same as in the group that had never taken the drug. These findings extend the previous results, which found evidence of choline normalization within the ACC. “These scientific findings have clinical implications for substance abuse treatment programs,” says Dr. Salo. Although the new study did not include cognitive assessments, the researchers’ previous work demonstrated correlations between former stimulant abusers’ NAA/Cr ratios and their ability to accomplish a mental task in the presence of conflicting stimuli. Hence, patients in the early stages of treatment for stimulant abuse may require help to stay focused on recovery when they make decisions. Maintaining the recovery orientation may become easier as their length of abstinence passes half a year or longer. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 113(2-3):113-138, 2011 [Abstract]

Dr. Ruth Salo and colleagues at the University of California, Davis, extended previous findings that biochemical markers for nerve damage and viability persist in the brain through 6 months of abstinence from methamphetamine, but normalize after longer abstinence. In the new study, the researchers once again used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, imaging the brains of 30 former abusers of th

North Florida Field Office Date: November 30, 2000 Media Contact: Chuck Underwood 904/731-3332 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is seeking public input on the draft revised recovery plan for the Florida subspecies of the West Indian manatee, an endangered species endemic to the coastal and intercostal waterways of the southeastern United States. This is the third revision of the recovery plan for Florida manatees. The original plan was produced in 1980 and revised in 1989 and 1996. In the 20 years since the original plan was approved, a tremendous amount of knowledge of manatee biology and ecology has been achieved and significant protection programs implemented. This draft revision reflects those accomplishments, addresses new threats and needs, and specifically addresses the planning requirements of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) through 2006. "It is very important for the agency to know what the public thinks about the updated recovery strategy for this endangered species," said Sam D. Hamilton, the Service's Southeast Regional Director. Copies of the draft plan may be obtained from the address below or requested by telephone at 904/232-2580 extension 104, by fax at 904/232-2404 or by e-mail at [email protected]. The Service is seeking written public comments on the draft revised recovery plan. All comments must be received by January 30, 2001. Comments may be mailed, hand delivered, faxed or submitted electronically. Please mail or deliver comments to: Bill Brooks, Jacksonville Field Office, 6620 Southpoint Drive, Suite 310, Jacksonville, FL 32216-0958. Comments may also be faxed to 904-232-2404. Comments submitted electronically should be as ASCII text files, and please include your name and return mailing address in your e-mail. Send electronic comments to: [email protected] The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal Federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Services manages the 93-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System which encompasses more than 520 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. It also operates 66 national fish hatcheries, 64 fish and wildlife management assistance offices, 64 Fishery Resource Offices and 78 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces Federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies. - FWS - Home Current Releases Archive Releases Manatee Information Last modified January 14, 2004 USFWS, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS, permit reviews, projects, species recovery, Florida, Fish and Wildlife, florida manatee, wildlife, endangered, threatened, endangered species act, ESA, marine mammal protection act, MMPA, eagles, whooping cranes, cranes, florida scrub-jay, scrub jay, jay, scrub, sea turtles, loggerhead, kemps ridley, kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley, olive ridley seaturtle, hawksbill,hawksbill sea turtle, hawks bill, green sea turtle, leatherback, turtle, red-cockaded woodpeckers, woodpeckers, RCW, beach mouse, beach mice, mouse, snake, indigo sanke, recovery, regulation, regulatory, permit reviews, Section Seven, section 7, section 10, habitat, habitat conservation, habitat conservation plan, HCP, incidental take, incidental take permits, reviews, consultation, north florida, nassau, duval, clay, st. johns, saint johns, bradford, putnam, flagler, volusia, seminole, orange, brevard, lake, sumter, hernando, pasco, pinellas, hillsborough, manatee, citrus, levy, dixie, alachua, marion, union, baker, columbia, suwannee, hamilton, madison, taylor, lafayette, gilchrist, tampa, jacksonville, gainesville, crystal river, orlando, st. petersburg, daytona, daytona beach, st. augustine, saint augustine, saint petersburg, orange park, lake city, palatka, Blue Spring, homosassa, springs, boating, resource, natural resources, recreation, property, development, growth, impacts, environment, enviromental, environmental impacts, recovery plans, recovery implementation, safe harbor, habitat, critical habitat, critical habitat designation

North Florida Field Office Date: November 30, 2000 Media Contact: Chuck Underwood 904/731-3332 The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is seeking public input on the draft revised recovery plan for the Florida subspecies of the West Indian manatee, an endangered species endemic to the coastal and intercostal waterways of the southeastern United States. This is the third revision of the recovery plan fo

Senator Grassley is a member of the following Senate committees: Committee on the Judiciary. Senator Grassley has been on this committee every year that he’s served in the Senate and today has a leadership position as the committee’s Ranking Member. The Committee on the Judiciary is one of the Senate’s original standing committees and has a broad and influential jurisdiction, including crime, antitrust, bankruptcy, intellectual property, the federal courts and judges, civil liberties, constitutional law and amendments, and immigration. Committee on Finance. Senator Grassley served as either Ranking Member or Chairman of this committee from 2001 through 2010, and he remains a senior member. Senator Grassley calls this committee the quality of life committee because of the committee’s jurisdiction, which includes all tax matters, health care, Social Security; Medicare, Medicaid, social services, unemployment compensation, tariffs and international trade. Legislation acted on by the Committee on Finance raises virtually all federal revenue, and expenditures authorized by this committee represent as much as two-thirds of the federal budget. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. Both on and off the Senate Agriculture Committee, Senator Grassley is an outspoken and effective voice for American agriculture. Senator Grassley farms corn and soybeans 50-50 with his son in Butler County, Iowa, and works to stay in close touch with the realities facing producers of farm commodities, including livestock. The Agriculture Committee is responsible for federal farm program policy, nutrition programs and forestry matters, as well as oversight of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Committee on the Budget. Senator Grassley is a senior member of this committee, which is responsible for drafting an annual budget plan for Congress. The budget resolution prepared by the Budget Committee sets out a broad blueprint for Congress with respect to the total levels of revenues and spending for the federal government as a whole. Other committees in the Senate and House of Representatives prepare the legislation that establishes specific tax and spending policies. Joint Committee on Taxation. Senator Grassley is a member of this committee because of his seniority on the Committee on Finance. Members include five senators who serve on the Finance Committee and five members of the House of Representatives who serve on the Committee on Ways and Means. The Joint Committee reports on the effects of taxes and the administration of taxes. Senator Grassley is a member of the following Senate caucuses: Caucus on International Narcotics Control. Senator Grassley is the Co-Chairman of this caucus. Senate Caucus on Foster Youth. Senator Grassley is the Co-Founder and Co-Chair of this caucus. Central Community College Caucus Congressional Coalition on Adoption Congressional Fire Services Caucus Congressional Waterways Caucus Lewis and Clark Congressional Caucus National Guard Caucus Senate Anti-Meth Caucus, Co-Chair Senate Cancer Coalition Senate French Caucus Senate India Caucus Senate Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus Senate Rural Health Caucus Senate Taiwan Caucus Terrorist Financing Task Force

Senator Grassley is a member of the following Senate committees: Committee on the Judiciary. Senator Grassley has been on this committee every year that he’s served in the Senate and today has a leadership position as the committee’s Ranking Member. The Committee on the Judiciary is one of the Senate’s original standing committees and has a broad and influential jurisdiction, including crime, anti

The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) and the Marine Prediction Center (MPC) recently hosted NCEP's first Directors Day. This was a day set aside for former directors of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to go back to work at their old organization. "It was a day of celebration and renewed friendship when the former NCEP Directors entered the World Weather Building again," said current NCEP director, Dr. Louis Uccellini. Organized by Dr. Jim Hoke, the director of the HPC and MPC, this meeting gave former NCEP directors an opportunity to meet and talk with the current NCEP director and the directors of all nine NCEP centers, who were in town for an NCEP Corporate Board meeting. As part of the event, the Directors participated in a ribbon-cutting ceremony officially marking the opening of the fourth-floor operations area following an extensive renovation. Dr. Hoke began the day by setting three objectives - to showcase the advances the organization has made as a result of the former directors' leadership, to solicit feedback on the growth and development of NCEP in the 21st Century, and to have a little fun. The day was also an opportunity to honor the accomplishments of Dr. George Cressman, the first NCEP director (1954-1964) and former NWS director, who was unable to attend. Former NCEP Directors in Attendance: |Dr. Fred Shuman||Director, 1964 - 1981| |Dr. Bill Bonner||Director, 1981 - 1990| |Mr. Jim Howcroft||Acting Director, 1990| |Dr. Ron McPherson||Director, 1990 - 1998| NCEP, a part of the National Weather Service, comprises nine national centers - NCEP Central Operations, Environmental Modeling Center, Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, Marine Prediction Center, Climate Prediction Center, Aviation Weather Center, Storm Prediction Center, Tropical Prediction Center, and the Space Environment Center. NCEP is where America's climate and weather services begin. Briefings by NCEP Centers Remarks by Former Directors Tour of Fourth-Floor Operations

The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) and the Marine Prediction Center (MPC) recently hosted NCEP's first Directors Day. This was a day set aside for former directors of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) to go back to work at their old organization. "It was a day of celebration and renewed friendship when the former NCEP Directors entered the World Weather Building

Mr. President, The United States supports the peacekeepers of UNAMID who continue to play a critical role in the safety and security of the people of Darfur. We are extremely concerned by the situation on the ground in Darfur. In light of the dangerous situation, we are pleased that the Council has recognized that the enabling environment necessary for a Darfur-based political process does not yet exist. For any process to achieve lasting peace in Darfur, the ability of the participants to express their free will without fear of harm or retribution must be guaranteed. In Darfur, however, those who speak out are regularly arrested, tortured, or killed. Mr. President, It is first and foremost the responsibility of the Government of Sudan to create these enabling conditions, and we strongly demand all parties to the conflict agree to an immediate ceasefire and engage in direct negotiation. UNAMID’s role in bringing peace to Darfur is critical. It’s role, first and foremost, is to protect civilians and secure humanitarian access for millions of vulnerable people. We are pleased that this resolution affirms that, based on reporting from the field—including UNAMID’s reporting on political, civil, and human rights — the Security Council, taking into account the views of the African Union, will determine whether the enabling conditions necessary for UNAMID to engage in further efforts related to the Darfur-based Political Process have been met. As civilians continue to be targeted and bombs dropped in Darfur, the United States welcomes UNAMID’s focus on protecting civilians and ensuring humanitarians have the access they need to provide lifesaving assistance. And we call on all parties to the conflict to recommit themselves to serious, comprehensive political negotiations to bring an end to these atrocities. Thank you, Mr. President.

Mr. President, The United States supports the peacekeepers of UNAMID who continue to play a critical role in the safety and security of the people of Darfur. We are extremely concerned by the situation on the ground in Darfur. In light of the dangerous situation, we are pleased that the Council has recognized that the enabling environment necessary for a Darfur-based political process does not yet

TITLE 68: PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS CHAPTER VII: DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL REGULATION SUBCHAPTER b: PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS PART 1430 PUBLIC ACCOUNTING ACT (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT) SECTION 1430.2020 AUDITING STANDARDS Section 1430.2020 Auditing Standards A registered public accountant shall not permit his name to be associated with financial statements in such a manner as to imply that he is acting as an independent public accountant unless he has complied with applicable generally accepted auditing standards (generally accepted auditing standards are listed in Appendix A of this Part) promulgated by the Institute. Statements on Auditing Standards (and any successor pronouncements) issued by the Auditing Standards Executive Committee (and any successor body) are, for purposes of this rule, considered to be interpretations of the generally accepted auditing standards and departures from such statements must be justified by those who do not follow them.

TITLE 68: PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS CHAPTER VII: DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL AND PROFESSIONAL REGULATION SUBCHAPTER b: PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS PART 1430 PUBLIC ACCOUNTING ACT (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT) SECTION 1430.2020 AUDITING STANDARDS Section 1430.2020 Auditing Standards A registered public accountant shall not permit his name to be associated with financial statements in such a manner as to imp

[Disposition of British troops, with fortifications north of Fort Knipehausen, i.e. Fort Washington to Fort Independence. Scale ca. 1:10,600. Manuscript, pen-and-ink and watercolor. Has watermarks. Shows military unit members. "No. 31." Stamped on label on verso: Montresor. Includes table "Cantoonments between Fort Knypehausen and McGowans Pass." LC Maps ... Site: American Memory-cultural - Main Catalog Original Format: Map Date: 1778 View catalog record Shows buildings, fortifications, bodies of water, and line of ships in bay. Relief shown by hachures. Title devised by cataloger. Pen-and-ink (black/dark brown) and lead-pencil shading for bodies of water. Oriented with ... Site: American Memory-cultural - Main Catalog Original Format: Map Date: 1814 View catalog record

[Disposition of British troops, with fortifications north of Fort Knipehausen, i.e. Fort Washington to Fort Independence. Scale ca. 1:10,600. Manuscript, pen-and-ink and watercolor. Has watermarks. Shows military unit members. "No. 31." Stamped on label on verso: Montresor. Includes table "Cantoonments between Fort Knypehausen and McGowans Pass." LC Maps ... Site: American Memory-cultural - Main C

Duty Solicitor Handbook The Duty Solicitor Handbook is a practical guide to help duty solicitors in anticipating and handling some situations which may arise in the course of their daily work. The content of the Duty Solicitor Handbook is made available as a public service for information purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for legal advice. No warranty is made as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of its content at any time and no liability is accepted for any loss however arising as a result of reliance upon the information at any time. Please note that some of the hyperlinks contained within the Handbook are to external services and are only accessible with a subscription to the relevant service. - ROLE OF THE DUTY SOLICITOR - PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND COURT ETIQUETTE - WORKING WITH ABORIGINAL DEFENDANTS - SPECIALIST COURTS - POLICE POWERS AND FORENSIC PROCEDURES - COURTS AND JURISDICTION

Duty Solicitor Handbook The Duty Solicitor Handbook is a practical guide to help duty solicitors in anticipating and handling some situations which may arise in the course of their daily work. The content of the Duty Solicitor Handbook is made available as a public service for information purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for legal advice. No warranty is made as to the ac

NASA's Kepler Captures First Views of Planet-Hunting Territory PASADENA, Calif. -- NASA's Kepler mission has taken its first images of the star-rich sky where it will soon begin hunting for planets like Earth. The new "first light" images show the mission's target patch of sky, a vast starry field in the Cygnus-Lyra region of our Milky Way galaxy. One image shows millions of stars in Kepler's full field of view, while two others zoom in on portions of the larger region. The images can be seen online at: "Kepler's first glimpse of the sky is awe-inspiring," said Lia LaPiana, Kepler's program executive at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "To be able to see millions of stars in a single snapshot is simply breathtaking." One new image from Kepler shows its entire field of view -- a 100-square-degree portion of the sky, equivalent to two side-by-side dips of the Big Dipper. The regions contain an estimated 14 millions stars, more than 100,000 of which were selected as ideal candidates for planet hunting. Two other views focus on just one-thousandth of the full field of view. In one image, a cluster of stars located about 13,000 light-years from Earth, called NGC 6791, can be seen in the lower left corner. The other image zooms in on a region containing a star, called Tres-2, with a known Jupiter-like planet orbiting every 2.5 days. "It's thrilling to see this treasure trove of stars," said William Borucki, science principal investigator for Kepler at NASA's Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif. "We expect to find hundreds of planets circling those stars, and for the first time, we can look for Earth-size planets in the habitable zones around other stars like the sun." Kepler will spend the next three-and-a-half years searching more than 100,000 pre-selected stars for signs of planets. It is expected to find a variety of worlds, from large, gaseous ones, to rocky ones as small as Earth. The mission is the first with the ability to find planets like ours -- small, rocky planets orbiting sun-like stars in the habitable zone, where temperatures are right for possible lakes and oceans of water. To find the planets, Kepler will stare at one large expanse of sky for the duration of its lifetime, looking for periodic dips in starlight that occur as planets circle in front of their stars and partially block the light. Its 95-megapixel camera, the largest ever launched into space, can detect tiny changes in a star's brightness of only 20 parts per million. Images from the camera are intentionally blurred to minimize the number of bright stars that saturate the detectors. While some of the slightly saturated stars are candidates for planet searches, heavily saturated stars are not. "Everything about Kepler has been optimized to find Earth-size planets," said James Fanson, Kepler's project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "Our images are road maps that will allow us, in a few years, to point to a star and say a world like ours is there." Scientists and engineers will spend the next few weeks calibrating Kepler's science instrument, the photometer, and adjusting the telescope's alignment to achieve the best focus. Once these steps are complete, the planet hunt will begin. "We've spent years designing this mission, so actually being able to see through its eyes is tremendously exciting," said Eric Bachtell, the lead Kepler systems engineer at Ball Aerospace & Technology Corp. in Boulder, Colo. Bachtell has been working on the design, development and testing of Kepler for nine years. Kepler is a NASA Discovery mission. Ames is responsible for the ground system development, mission operations and science data analysis. JPL manages the Kepler mission development. Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. is responsible for developing the Kepler flight system and supporting mission operations. For images, animations and more information about the Kepler mission, visit: - end - text-only version of this release NASA press releases and other information are available automatically by sending a blank e-mail message to To unsubscribe from this mailing list, send a blank e-mail message to Back to NASA Newsroom | Back to NASA Homepage

NASA's Kepler Captures First Views of Planet-Hunting Territory PASADENA, Calif. -- NASA's Kepler mission has taken its first images of the star-rich sky where it will soon begin hunting for planets like Earth. The new "first light" images show the mission's target patch of sky, a vast starry field in the Cygnus-Lyra region of our Milky Way galaxy. One image shows millions of stars in Kepler's full

|South Carolina Department of Archives and History| |National Register Properties in South Carolina McCormick County Courthouse, McCormick County (S.C. Hwy 28, McCormick) The McCormick County Courthouse is a two-story brick building built in 1923 in the Neo-Classical style. On the main (east) fašade is a large two-story portico with Doric columns and pilasters. Above the columns is a sheet metal cornice with dentils and modillion blocks. The portico has a flat roof which intersects the main gable roof. Over the main entrance is an enriched lintel with console brackets, dentils, and decorative frieze. Over the first floor windows is brick relief arching and keystones. A sheet metal cornice wraps the building. The interior displays pressed metal ceilings and original doors and transoms. McCormick County was formed in 1916 from territory taken from Edgefield, Abbeville and Greenwood Counties. Plans were soon made to build a courthouse but the building was not completed until 1923. The architect was G. Lloyd Preacher of Augusta. The building is a good example of its period. Since its completion the building has been continuously used as government offices for the county. Listed in the National Register December 12, 1985. View the complete text of the nomination form for this National Register property. In addition, the Historic Resources of McCormick, ca. 1852-ca.1923 includes historical background information for this and other related National Register properties. Most National Register properties are privately owned and are not open to the public. The privacy of owners should be respected. Not all properties retain the same integrity as when originally documented and listed in the National Register due to changes and modifications over time. Images and texts on these pages are intended for research or educational use. Please read our statement on use and reproduction for further information on how to obtain a photocopy or how to cite an item. Images provided by theSouth Carolina Department of Archives and History.

|South Carolina Department of Archives and History| |National Register Properties in South Carolina McCormick County Courthouse, McCormick County (S.C. Hwy 28, McCormick) The McCormick County Courthouse is a two-story brick building built in 1923 in the Neo-Classical style. On the main (east) fašade is a large two-story portico with Doric columns and pilasters. Above the columns is a sheet metal c

Wright Brothers First Flight Achievement Celebrated on December 17 Contact: Outer Banks Group, 252-473-2111 On Saturday, December 17, 2011 the First Flight Society and the National Park Service will continue the tradition of honoring the accomplishments of Wilbur and Orville Wright at the 108th anniversary celebration of the first heavier-than-air powered flight.The theme of this year's celebration is 100 years of Naval Aviation.The event will take place at Wright Brothers National Memorial; park entrance fees will be waived for the day. The observance will launch at 8:30 a.m. with a patriotic musical prelude by the Northeastern High School Band from Elizabeth City, NC.The formal program begins at in the First Flight Pavilion, with opening marks from the President of the First Flight Society Geneva Perry, followed by the Presentation of Color by the U.S. Coast Guard Cape Hatteras Group.Nags Head Elementary School students participating in the Wright Flight academic achievement program will lead the Pledge of Allegiance.Zene Fearing, 1st Vice President of the First Flight Society, will introduce this year's guest speaker, Vice Admiral William E. Gortney, U.S. Navy, Director of the Joint Staff, The Pentagon.Peter Jakab, Associate Director, Division of Aeronautics, Smithsonian Institute will pay tribute to David Sinton Ingalls this year's inductee into the Paul E. Garber First Flight Shrine.David Ingalls was the first and only Navy flyer in World War I.Flying Sopwith Camel planes, Ingalls scored six air victories to become the Navy's first ace. A Naval Aviation Flyover will pay tribute to the Wright brothers and the Centennial of Naval Aviation starting at 10:35 a.m. - the documented time of the Wrights' first flight. At 11:00 a.m. there will be a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the Wright Brothers and the witnesses of the first flight at the location where the flight occurred in 1903.This program segment will start at the Wright Brothers Visitor Center. At 11:15 a.m. a General Aviation Flyover will pay tribute to the Wright brothers and their achievements. The park's museum exhibits and activities throughout the day will provide an atmosphere of enjoyable learning about one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.The visitor center will open at 8 a.m.Flight Room Talk programs will take place at the visitor center at 1 p.m. and 3 p.m.Children are invited to participate in the park's Junior Ranger program. For more information, call the National Park Service at (252) 441-7430. Did You Know? Although the town of Kitty Hawk is always associated with the exploits of the Wright brothers, most of their flying experiments took place about 4 miles to the south on the sands of Kill Devil Hills. The town of Kill Devil Hills, where the memorial is located, was incorporated in 1953.

Wright Brothers First Flight Achievement Celebrated on December 17 Contact: Outer Banks Group, 252-473-2111 On Saturday, December 17, 2011 the First Flight Society and the National Park Service will continue the tradition of honoring the accomplishments of Wilbur and Orville Wright at the 108th anniversary celebration of the first heavier-than-air powered flight.The theme of this year's celebratio

- Number 374 | - October 22, 2012 Nano meets plasma at PPPL Physicist Yevgeny Raitses with Washington University undergraduate Mitchell Eagles in the PPPL nanolaboratory. Scientists at DOE's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have launched a new effort to apply expertise in plasma to study and optimize the use of the hot, electrically charged gas as a tool for producing nanoparticles. This research aims to advance the understanding of plasma-based synthesis processes, and could lead to new methods for creating high-quality nanomaterials at relatively low cost. Nanomaterials, which are measured in billionths of a meter, are prized for their use in everything from golf clubs and swimwear to microchips, paints and pharmaceutical products, thanks to their singular properties. These include exceptional strength and flexibility and high electrical conductivity. Carbon nanotubes, for example, are tens of thousands of times thinner than a human hair, yet are stronger than steel on an ounce-per-ounce basis. PPPL researchers have launched a nanotechnology laboratory that they envision as a step toward research capabilities that could serve as a resource for institutions and industries around the world. “It could be a test bed for new technologies and devices,” said PPPL Deputy Director Adam Cohen. Users could include laboratories looking for small amounts of nanomaterial, “or companies interested in using plasmas in large-scale nanomanufacturing, or anyone in between.” The facility will explore so-called low temperature plasmas that are frequently used to synthesize nanomaterials. Plasmas consist of atoms and detached electrons and atomic nuclei called ions. While the heat in low temperature plasmas can measure tens of thousands of degrees Celsius, they are colder than fusion plasmas, which contain a much higher percentage of ions and can register temperatures greater than millions of degrees Celsius. Little is known about how low-temperature plasmas function as synthesizing material, said physicist Yevgeny Raitses, the principal investigator for nanoparticle research at PPPL. “We want to understand just what plasma does in order to use it in the best way possible,” Raitses said. PPPL scientists are poised for this task. Laboratory researchers possess decades of experience working with plasmas in fusion experiments and in other areas, ranging from studies of low-temperature plasmas for thrusters for space vehicles and particle beams, to the analysis of astrophysical phenomena. All such work uses electric and magnetic fields to control the plasma, which flows along the magnetic field lines because it is electrically charged. Magnets are among the key components of PPPL’s new two-room nanotechnology laboratory, which the DOE approved earlier this year for producing engineered nanoparticles. Magnetic fields control the flow of plasma inside the laboratory’s two enclosures, enabling researchers to influence the synthesis of nanoparticles. This control could allow the facility “to fabricate nanomaterials that are not easily fabricated by other means,” said lead engineer Charles Gentile, who oversaw the development of the new laboratory. The facility has so far produced test batches of nanoparticles. These include carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. Both have widespread uses. Future applications could range from body armor to cancer treatments to flexible computer screens. The production of nanomaterials involves complex transitions between different states of matter when plasma serves as a synthesizing medium. One method vaporizes a substance such as a rod of carbon with a lightning-like electric arc, transforming the carbon from a solid to a plasma. The plasma then condenses back into a solid as nanomaterial. Accompanying these transitions are little-understood chemical, kinetic and electrical interactions that need to be controlled to ensure the quality and purity of the nanomaterial. PPPL researchers will seek to better understand these interactions to conduct controllable synthesis of nanomaterials with precisely prescribed properties. This research will employ a three-pronged approach that draws upon the resources of many collaborators. Contributions to plasma theory and computer modeling will come from PPPL physicists Igor Kaganovich and Edward Startsev, together with PPPL engineer Andrei Khodak and physicist Predrag Krstić of the Joint Institute of Computational Sciences at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. Other disciplines will contribute to the research. Included will be diagnostic techniques developed by physicists Mikhail Shneider of Princeton University and Benoit LeBlanc of PPPL, and by engineer Michael Keidar of George Washington University, who previously collaborated with Raitses on the plasma-based synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene, a nanomaterial. Princeton University chemical and biological engineer Bruce Koel, and Princeton geophysicist Thomas Duffy will join the research effort, as will engineer Mohan Sankaran of Case Western Reserve University, who has pioneered methods for synthesizing nanomaterial with plasma. All studies will be conducted under the aegis of the PPPL Department of Plasma Science and Technology, headed by physicist Philip Efthimion. Discussions for the new PPPL laboratory began in 2009. “The question I always had,” recalled Deputy Director Cohen, “is that if nanoparticles and nanotubes are going to be in everything from car cylinders to medical equipment to nano-robots, who’s going to ensure that these materials are made consistently with the highest quality? That seemed like an opportunity for us.” Designing and installing the new facility took more than a year. Included is an ultra-low particulate filter ventilation system that ensures the safe operation of the laboratory. Inspiration for much of the overall design of the laboratory came from the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory.The new facility could serve as the forerunner of a larger one at PPPL. “For me, we’ve opened up a potential niche with a large area for growth,” Cohen said. That growth could include the use of nanomaterial in fusion experiments. “Fusion needs materials that can survive extreme environments, and some of these materials will very likely have ‘nano’ in their names,” Cohen said. “So we’re developing ways to make this stuff, and we could be end-users as well.” Submitted by DOE’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

- Number 374 | - October 22, 2012 Nano meets plasma at PPPL Physicist Yevgeny Raitses with Washington University undergraduate Mitchell Eagles in the PPPL nanolaboratory. Scientists at DOE's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have launched a new effort to apply expertise in plasma to study and optimize the use of the hot, electrically charged gas as a tool for producing nanoparticles. This

Colorado Desert District Archaeological Site Stewardship Program California State Parks promotes the importance of education about our common cultural and natural heritages and encourages public responsibility in the protection and preservation of cultural and natural resources on Park lands and elsewhere. This philosophy incorporates the training and use of volunteers to assist in and expand the roles of Park Staff in many endeavors. Among the roles of volunteers is assistance in monitoring significant cultural resources that may be in danger of impacts from a variety of sources. Other government agencies such as the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) also have monitoring and/or stewardship programs. Monitors are usually interested members of the public who have a high degree of concern about the preservation and protection of cultural resources and who have some training in archaeology, history, and/or cultural resource management. This training may be formal or informal. The Colorado Desert District (CDD) has joined forces with members of the Colorado Desert Archaeology Society (CDAS) and other volunteers to create a successful Archaeological Site Stewardship Program. The CDD includes three State Park units: Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, and Palomar Mountain State Park. Site stewards visit archaeological sites in these parks on a regular basis to assess their condition. The stewards’ findings are then reported to the Park Rangers and District Archaeologists. The work of the stewards is invaluable and helps park staff to preserve and protect the sites from natural and human events that may cause harm to these important cultural resources. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE STEWARDSHIP WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE STEWARDSHIP? Archaeological Site Stewardship is a program of monitoring recorded prehistoric and historic sites on a regular basis. Monitoring includes obtaining baseline data on an initial visit with a professional archaeologist, regularly revisiting the site and making observations about various aspects of site condition, reporting findings to a designated agency staff member in a timely fashion after each visit, and immediately reporting any major impacts to the site that have occurred during the last monitoring visit. Archaeological Site Stewardship includes accepting a Code of Ethics and always acting on behalf of the protection and preservation of the cultural resource. WHY DO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES NEED STEWARDSHIP? There are a number of reasons why archaeological sites need stewardship. An uninformed public may purposefully, inadvertently, or unknowingly cause damage to fragile nonrenewable cultural resources. Vandalism is a huge cause of loss of cultural resources. It is not clear why certain people and groups purposefully damage archaeological sites, but many social, educational, and economic causes have been postulated. Accidents and inadvertent damages are usually due to a lack of understanding about the value of cultural resources, the importance of context, and the fact that once disturbed, cultural resources cannot be restored to their full value. Another important cause of compromise to archaeological sites is natural causes, such as water and wind erosion; erosion caused by foot, vehicle, and horse traffic; earth movement; and other forms of weathering and wear. While we often cannot prevent natural and human impacts to sites, sometimes we can prevent further damage and possibly control some of nature’s forces that cause the damage. WHEN IS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE STEWARDSHIP IMPORTANT? Archaeological Site Stewardship is important when the professional staff of public agencies is unable to periodically and systematically visit recorded archaeological and/or historic sites that are under their jurisdictions and that are subject to impacts. Limitations in agency staffing, funding, priorities, and physical access to remote areas are some of the reasons why Archaeological Site Stewards can make a significant contribution to our collective cultural heritage. Site Stewards can be the “eyes and ears” of professional staff and help preserve and protect cultural resources for future generations of scientists and the public. WHO ARE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE STEWARDS? Archaeological Site Stewards can be from any walk of life. They can be retired persons, working people, retired professional archaeologists, people who love the outdoors and hiking, horseback riding, or trail biking, college students, families who have an interest in regional prehistory and history, persons concerned with their own heritage or the cultural heritage of others, teachers, policemen – practically anyone. Site Stewards must be over 18 years old, be concerned about the protection and preservation of cultural resources, understand the Cultural Resources Laws, and be willing to adopt a Code of Ethics. WHERE DO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE STEWARDS WORK? Archaeological Site Stewards can work in State Parks, on Indian Reservations, on Forest Service lands, on BLM and Bureau of Reclamation Lands, or on private lands. Stewards can pick their own sites to monitor or be assigned a site or sites by professional staff of government agencies or non-profit preservation agencies. HOW DO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE STEWARDS CARRY OUT THEIR DUTIES? Archaeological Site Stewards carry out their monitoring activities independently after initial training and adoption of a Code of Ethics. They may set their own schedules, but agree to monitor a specific site or sites on a regular basis, recording their observations and reporting to a designated person, agency, or authority. Archaeological site stewards are not enforcers of the Cultural Resources laws. They do not enter into confrontational situations with the public. Archaeological Site Stewards understand and practice field safety procedures. They have observational skills and reporting skills. They identify themselves as Site Stewards to the public. The tools needed to be a Site Steward: • General knowledge of and interest in local and regional history and prehistory • Understanding the cultural and natural landscapes • Understanding Native American views of archaeological sites, Traditional Cultural Properties, and their visibility and use. • A knowledge of State and Federal Cultural Resource Laws • Willingness to embrace and operate under California State Parks, Society for California Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology, or other Code of Ethics regarding cultural resources • Ability to commit to a regular schedule of observation and recording • A mechanism whereby there is regular reporting to a responsible agency • Knowledge of fieldwork safety practices

Colorado Desert District Archaeological Site Stewardship Program California State Parks promotes the importance of education about our common cultural and natural heritages and encourages public responsibility in the protection and preservation of cultural and natural resources on Park lands and elsewhere. This philosophy incorporates the training and use of volunteers to assist in and expand the

Employment in Transportation Supporting Industries (monthly data, seasonally adjusted) Employment in transportation supporting industries accounts for over half of total transportation-related industry employment. Automotive dealers and service stations employ the most people among transportation supporting industries. Employment of automotive dealers and service stations increased 0.12 percent in June 2001. At the same time, employment of motor vehicle and equipment experienced a decrease of .43 percent. |Employment in Transportation Supporting Industries (thousands)||May-01||Jun-01| |Auto dealers and service stations||2,427||2,430| |Auto dealers and service stations percent change from previous month||0.25||0.12| |Auto repair and parking||1,308||1,302| |Auto repair and parking percent change from previous month||0.62||-0.46| |Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing||939||935| |Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing percent change from previous month||-1.16||-0.43| |Aircraft and parts manufacturing||464||465| |Aircraft and parts manufacturing percent change from previous month||0.00||0.22| |Other transportation equipment manufacturing||354||352| |Other transportation equipment manufacturing percent change from previous month||0.00||-0.56| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Status of Civilian Population by sex and age ("A" Tables) and Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry ("B" Tables), available at: http://www.bls.gov/cpsatabs.htm.

Employment in Transportation Supporting Industries (monthly data, seasonally adjusted) Employment in transportation supporting industries accounts for over half of total transportation-related industry employment. Automotive dealers and service stations employ the most people among transportation supporting industries. Employment of automotive dealers and service stations increased 0.12 percent in

Objectives: To investigate the association between antidepressant treatment and risk of several potential adverse outcomes in older people with depression and to examine risks by class of antidepressant, duration of use, and dose. ↵McDougall FA, Matthews FE, Kvaal K, Dewey ME, Brayne C. Prevalence and symptomatology of depression in older people living in institutions in England and Wales. Age Ageing2007;36:562-8.FREE Full Text ↵Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry1999;174:307-11.FREE Full Text ↵The NHS Information Centre Prescribing Support Unit. Prescriptions dispensed in the community, statistics for 1999 to 2009: England. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010. ↵The NHS Information Centre Prescribing Support Unit. Prescription cost analysis: England 2009. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010. ↵The NHS Information Centre Prescribing Support Unit. 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Br J Clin Pharmacol2000;49:539-47.MedlineWeb of Science ↵Reid S, Barbui C. Long term treatment of depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and newer antidepressants. BMJ2010;340:c1468.FREE Full Text ↵Coupland C, Dhiman P, Barton G, Morriss R, Arthur A, Sach T, et al. A study of the safety and harms of antidepressant drugs for older people: a cohort study analysis using a large primary care database. Health Technol Assess 2011 (forthcoming). ↵Hippisley-Cox J, Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Pringle M. Comparison of key practice characteristics between general practices in England and Wales and general practices in the QRESEARCH database: report to the Health and Social Care Information Centre. University of Nottingham, 2005. ↵Hippisley-Cox J, Pringle M, Hammersley V, Crown N, Wynn A, Meal A, et al. Antidepressants as risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: case-control study in primary care. BMJ2001;323:666-9.FREE Full Text ↵Martinez C, Rietbrock S, Wise L, Ashby D, Chick J, Moseley J, et al. Antidepressant treatment and the risk of fatal and non-fatal self harm in first episode depression: nested case-control study. BMJ2005;330:389.FREE Full Text ↵British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British national formulary. BMA, RPS, 2007. (No 54.) ↵Townsend P, Phillimore P, Beattie A. Health and deprivation: inequality and the north. Croom Helm, 1988. ↵Altman DG, Andersen PK. Calculating the number needed to treat for trials where the outcome is time to an event. BMJ1999;319:1492-95.FREE Full Text ↵Furukawa TA, McGuire H, Barbui C. Low dosage tricyclic antidepressants for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD003197.Medline ↵Cassano P, Fava M. Depression and public health: an overview. J Psychosom Res2002;53:849-57.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Nicholson A, Kuper H, Hemingway H. Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. Eur Heart J2006;27:2763-74.FREE Full Text ↵Hippisley-Cox J, Fielding K, Pringle M. Depression as a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in men: population based case-control study. BMJ1998;316:1714-9.FREE Full Text ↵Hubbard R, Farrington P, Smith C, Smeeth L, Tattersfield A. Exposure to tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of hip fracture. Am J Epidemiol2003;158:77-84.FREE Full Text ↵Whitaker HJ, Farrington CP, Spiessens B, Musonda P. Tutorial in biostatistics: the self-controlled case series method. Stat Med2006;25:1768-97.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Herrett E, Thomas SL, Schoonen WM, Smeeth L, Hall AJ. Validation and validity of diagnoses in the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;69:4-14.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Khan NF, Harrison SE, Rose PW. Validity of diagnostic coding within the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract2010;60:e128-36.CrossRefMedline ↵Stone M, Laughren T, Jones ML, Levenson M, Holland PC, Hughes A, et al. Risk of suicidality in clinical trials of antidepressants in adults: analysis of proprietary data submitted to US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ2009;339:b2880.FREE Full Text ↵Barbui C, Esposito E, Cipriani A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of suicide: a systematic review of observational studies. CMAJ2009;180:291-7.FREE Full Text ↵Monster TBM, Johnsen SP, Olsen ML, McLaughlin JK, Sorensen HT. Antidepressants and risk of first-time hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a population-based case-control study. Am J Med 2004;117:732-7.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Tata LJ, West J, Smith C, Farrington P, Card T, Smeeth L, et al. General population based study of the impact of tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Heart2005;91:465-71.FREE Full Text ↵Cohen HW, Gibson G, Alderman MH. Excess risk of myocardial infarction in patients treated with antidepressant medications: association with use of tricyclic agents. Am J Med2000;108:2-8.MedlineWeb of Science ↵Blanchette CM, Simoni-Wastila L, Zuckerman IH, Stuart B. A secondary analysis of a duration response association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in the aging population. Ann Epidemiol 2008;18:316-21.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Sauer WH, Berlin JA, Kimmel SE. Effect of antidepressants and their relative affinity for the serotonin transporter on the risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation2003;108:32-6.FREE Full Text ↵Schlienger RG, Fischer LM, Jick H, Meier CR. Current use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Drug Saf2004;27:1157-65.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Tanskanen A, Haukka J. Antidepressants and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, and overall mortality in a nationwide cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry2006;63:1358-67.FREE Full Text ↵Smoller JW, Allison M, Cochrane BB, Curb JD, Perlis RH, Robinson JG, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative Study. Arch Intern Med2009;169:2128-39.FREE Full Text ↵Trifiro G, Dieleman J, Sen EF, Gambassi G, Sturkenboom M. Risk of ischemic stroke associated with antidepressant drug use in elderly persons. J Clin Psychopharmacol2010;30:252-8.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Skop B, Brown T. Potential vascular and bleeding complications of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Psychosomatics1996;37:12-6.Medline ↵Schlienger RG, Meier CR. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelet activation: can they prevent acute myocardial infarction? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs2003;3:149-62.CrossRefMedline ↵Darowski A, Chambers SACF, Chambers DJ. Antidepressants and falls in the elderly. Drug Aging2009;26:381-94.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Kerse N, Flicker L, Pfaff JJ, Draper B, Lautenschlager NT, Sim M, et al. Falls, depression and antidepressants in later life: a large primary care appraisal. PLoS One2008;3:e2423.CrossRefMedline ↵Kallin K, Gustafson Y, Sandman P-O, Karlsson S. Drugs and falls in older people in geriatric care settings. Aging Clin Exp Res2004;16:270-6.MedlineWeb of Science ↵Arfken CL, Wilson JG, Aronson SM. Retrospective review of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and falling in older nursing home residents. Int Psychogeriatr2001;13:85-91.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Ziere G, Dieleman JP, van der Cammen TJM, Hofman A, Pols HAP, Stricker BHC. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressants are associated with an increased risk of nonvertebral fractures. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:411-7.MedlineWeb of Science ↵Richards JB, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Joseph L, Whitson HE, Prior JC, et al. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med2007;167:188-94.FREE Full Text ↵Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants and risk of fracture. Calcif Tissue Int2008;82:92-101.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Haney EM, Chan BK, Diem SJ, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Association of low bone mineral density with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use by older men. Arch Intern Med2007;167:1246-51.FREE Full Text ↵Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Cauley JA, Whooley MA, et al. Depressive symptoms and rates of bone loss at the hip in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc2007;55:824-31.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵De Abajo FJ, Rodriguez LAG, Montero D. Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study. BMJ1999;319:1106-9.FREE Full Text ↵De Abajo FJ, Garcia-Rodriguez LA. Risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine therapy: interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and effect of acid-suppressing agents. Arch Gen Psychiatry2008;65:795-803.FREE Full Text ↵Van Walraven C, Mamdani MM, Wells PS, Williams JI. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake by antidepressants and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients: retrospective cohort study. BMJ2001;323:655-8.FREE Full Text ↵De Abajo FJ, Montero D, García Rodríguez LA, Madurga M. Antidepressants and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol2006;98:304-10.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Opatrny L, Delaney JAC, Suissa S. Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage risks of selective serotonin receptor antagonist therapy: a new look. Br J Clin Pharmacol2008;66:76-81.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Spigset O, Hedenmalm K. Hyponatremia in relation to treatment with antidepressants: a survey of reports in the World Health Organization database for spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions. Pharmacotherapy1997;17:348-52.MedlineWeb of Science ↵Movig KLL, Leufkens HGM, Lenderink AW, van den Akker VGA, Hodiamont PPG, Goldschmidt HMJ, et al. Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol2002;53:363-9.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Kirby D, Harrigan S, Ames D. Hyponatraemia in elderly psychiatric patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine: a retrospective controlled study in an inpatient unit. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry2002;17:231-7.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother2006;40:1618-22.FREE Full Text ↵Kirby D, Ames D. Hyponatraemia and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in elderly patients. Int J Geriat Psychiatry2001;16:484-93.CrossRefMedlineWeb of Science ↵Bingefors K, Isacson D, Knorring LV, Smedby B, Wicknertz K. Antidepressant-treated patients in ambulatory care—mortality during a nine-year period after first treatment. Br J Psychiatry1996;169:647-54.FREE Full Text ↵Ryan J, Carriere I, Ritchie K, Stewart R, Toulemonde G, Dartigues J-F, et al. Late-life depression and mortality: influence of gender and antidepressant use. 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Objectives: To investigate the association between antidepressant treatment and risk of several potential adverse outcomes in older people with depression and to examine risks by class of antidepressant, duration of use, and dose. ↵McDougall FA, Matthews FE, Kvaal K, Dewey ME, Brayne C. Prevalence and symptomatology of depression in older people living in institutions in England and Wales. Age Age

MicroPlace: Invest wisely to help alleviate poverty. SocialVest, MicroPlace, Vittana can help you make a difference Target audience: Social change organizations, nonprofits, NGOs, students, educators, individuals. Guest post by Shira Lazar While there might be more noise in the social good space, there are also more tools to make giving easier and more accessible than ever. Many are also calling this a trend toward “democratizing social good.” The fact is, you don’t have to be a billionaire philanthropist to contribute to positive change in the world. Whether you want to start a movement, do something to give back or just share your story, here are some great platforms that are enabling different ways for people to participate and make a difference. SocialVest: Support causes through shopping 1Founded by Adam Ross, Socialvest marries shopping and giving together to make it easy for people to support their favorite causes by creating a fundraising channel out of everyday shopping. Then you can choose to donate the money you’ve accumulated to the charities or causes you care about and give the money you’ve earned through your SocialVest “Giving Account.” SocialVest also allows users to promote your cause via social networking and set up give groups and fundraising projects through social tools. Causes: Mobilize your Facebook friends 2Co-founded by Joe Green and Facebook’s Sean Parker, Causes is the app inside Facebook that lets people choose specific causes to mobilize their friends for collective action, spread the word and/or raise money. Since 2007, the app has been used by a community of 125 million people and has had more than $22 million donated through the application. DonorsChoose: Help students in public schools 3DonorsChoose is a platform that connects donors with classrooms in need. Go on the site, choose the project that interests you and donate to a worthy project. The site delivers the materials to the class and in turn the students will send you thank you notes and photos of the impact made. MicroPlace: Invest wisely to alleviate poverty 4With MicroPlace, for as little as $20, you can open an investment account, use their search tools to find an investment on their site, pay with PayPal or your bank account and then receive interest payments to make your money back. These socially responsible investments in microfinance can help alleviate global poverty, helping the billion people who live on less than $1 per day. Kiva: Micro-loans to entrepreneurs 5Kiva has been a prime of example of online microfinancing, enabling people to give “loans that change lives.” As of Sept. 19, Kiva has distributed $160,822,200 in loans from 757,183 lenders. A total of 220,977 loans have been funded. Make a loan for as little as $25 to one of their deserving entrepreneurs, follow their progress and get your money back over time. Vittana: Send someone to college for $25 6Vittana co-founder Vishal Cakrabarti was named one of The Huffington Post’s 2009 Gamechangers. With its motto “Students in school, one loan at a time,” Vittana uses person-to-person micro-lending of $1,000 or less to enable students to pay for their college education, highlighting “high-achieving, deserving” students in developing countries on its website in the hope that visitors might be inspired to help out. Kickstarter: Fund creative ideas 7Description KickStarter is a platform for funding creative ideas and ambitious endeavors, ranging from musical artists to indie films to expeditions. Powered by a unique all-or-nothing funding method, people can kickstart their project and goal by raising money through donations on the site. Projects must be fully funded or no money changes hands. CrowdRise: Using social networks to raise funds 8Co-founded by actor Ed Norton, CrowdRise lets you raise money online for more than 1.5 million charities with its personal fundraising pages, charity fundraisers and Internet tools. Splashlife: Rack up deals by taking action 9Launched just last month, Splashlife calls itself as an AARP for millenninals. Members can accumulate Splashlife points for doing social good — online and offline in-person volunteerism — which can then be used to get discounts off all sorts of things. • 12 awesome platforms for good (Socialbrite) • 24 tools for fundraising with social media (Socialbrite) • Kiva: micro-loans to entrepreneurs abroad (Socialbrite) • Interview with DonorsChoose founder Charles Best (Socialbrite) • 12 Social Action Hubs (PDF, Socialbrite) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.

MicroPlace: Invest wisely to help alleviate poverty. SocialVest, MicroPlace, Vittana can help you make a difference Target audience: Social change organizations, nonprofits, NGOs, students, educators, individuals. Guest post by Shira Lazar While there might be more noise in the social good space, there are also more tools to make giving easier and more accessible than ever. Many are also calling t

USTR Kirk Announces Labor Rights Trade Enforcement Case Against Guatemala Washington, Pennsylvania – In a major speech this morning about the Obama Administration’s trade enforcement efforts, United States Trade Representative Ron Kirk announced that that the United States will file a case against Guatemala under the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), for apparent violations of obligations on labor rights. This is the first labor case the United States has ever brought against a trade agreement partner. “We want to see the Government of Guatemala take specific and effective action – including, if appropriate, legislative reforms – to improve the systemic failures in enforcement of Guatemalan labor law,” Ambassador Kirk said. “In addition, the issue of labor-related violence is a matter of serious concern to the United States. Our request for consultations also expresses our grave concerns about this problem and indicates that we intend to take this issue up with the Government of Guatemala in the near future.” Following is general background information about the case: What CAFTA-DR Obligations Are at Issue? Under Article 16.2.1(a) of The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), each Party to the agreement has committed that it will not fail to effectively enforce its labor laws, through a sustained or recurring course of action or inaction, in a manner affecting trade between the Parties. What Concerns Does the United States Have With Guatemala’s Compliance With its Obligations under Chapter 16 (Labor) of the CAFTA-DR? In April 2008 the AFL-CIO and six Guatemalan unions filed a public submission under the CAFTA-DR alleging that the Guatemalan government is failing to effectively enforce its labor law. Since then the U.S. Government has conducted an extensive examination of Guatemala’s compliance with its obligations under the Labor Chapter of the CAFTA-DR. This examination has included (1) a careful review of Guatemala’s labor laws, (2) extensive collection of factual evidence, and (3) a careful analysis of Guatemala’s obligations under Article 16.2.1(a). Based on this examination, it appears that the Government of Guatemala is failing to meet its obligations under Article 16.2.1(a), with respect to effective enforcement of Guatemalan labor laws related to the right of association, the right to organize and bargain collectively, and acceptable conditions of work. For example, we have identified a significant number of failures to enforce Guatemalan labor law, constituting a sustained or recurring course of action or inaction, including: 1) Ministry of Labor failures to investigate alleged labor law violations; 2) Ministry of Labor failures to take enforcement action once the Ministry has identified a labor law violation; and 3) Court failures to enforce Labor Court orders in cases involving labor law violations. The United States also has grave concerns about the problem of labor-related violence in Guatemala, which is serious and apparently deteriorating. The United States is seriously concerned about the Government of Guatemala’s response to the use and threats of violence that appear to be related to the exercise or attempted exercise of labor rights in Guatemala, including the right of association and the right to organize and bargain collectively. The concerns of the United States include apparent failures by the Government of Guatemala to adequately protect those threatened with violence and apparent failures to adequately investigate and prosecute such crimes. Our request for consultations expresses our grave concerns about this problem and indicates that we intend to examine and take this issue up with the Government of Guatemala in the near future. How do Guatemala’s Apparent Failures to Enforce its Labor Laws Disadvantage U.S. Businesses and Workers? The Government of Guatemala’s apparent failure to effectively enforce its labor laws harms U.S. workers by forcing them to compete against substandard labor practices and tilts the playing field away from American workers and businesses. By holding the Government of Guatemala accountable to its labor commitments under the CAFTA-DR we can help to ensure that U.S. businesses and workers are able to compete on fair terms. Why Request Chapter 16 Consultations at This Time? The U.S. Government has been engaged in informal government-to-government discussions with the Government of Guatemala since the U.S. Department of Labor issued a report in January 2009, where it found systemic weaknesses in the Government of Guatemala’s enforcement of its labor laws and raised concerns about labor-related violence. The report stemmed from an April 2008 submission filed with the U.S. Department of Labor under Chapter 16 of the CAFTA-DR by U.S. and Guatemalan labor unions. To date, the Government of Guatemala has not undertaken effective steps to correct systemic failures in the enforcement of its labor laws. By invoking consultations under Chapter 16 and formally putting the enforcement issues on track for possible dispute settlement proceedings, we hope to see the problem effectively resolved. What Happens Next? The United States and Guatemala will engage in formal consultations. The CAFTA-DR provides that if the matter involves the effective enforcement of domestic labor law and the consulting Parties have failed to resolve the matter within 60 days after the delivery of the consultation request, the complaining Party may request a meeting of the agreement’s Free Trade Commission. The U.S. Government will assess what it learns in consultations, whether the problem is being effectively resolved, and will determine whether it will seek to resolve outstanding issues through a Chapter 20 dispute settlement process. Only matters arising under Article 16.2.1(a), which relate to the effective enforcement of labor laws, may proceed to Chapter 20 dispute settlement. What is the Scope of Consultations under the Labor Chapter of the CAFTA-DR? Article 16.6.1 of the CAFTA-DR expressly contemplates and permits a Party to raise in consultations any “matter arising under the agreement,” which may include both justiciable and nonjusticiable matters. Justiciable claims are those that could proceed to formal dispute settlement under Chapter 20 of the CAFTA-DR (i.e., issues related to the failure to effectively enforce labor laws). In April 2008, the AFL-CIO and six Guatemalan unions filed the first public submission under the CAFTA-DR labor procedures, alleging that the Guatemalan government is failing to effectively enforce its labor laws with regard to freedom of association, the right to bargain collectively, and acceptable conditions of work in five separate cases. The Department of Labor (DOL) conducted a review of the submission and issued a public report on January 16, 2009. DOL found significant weaknesses in Guatemala’s enforcement of its labor laws and made specific recommendations on steps that Guatemala should take to address these matters. USTR, DOL, and the Department of State engaged extensively with the Guatemalan government during the past year and a half in an effort to resolve the individual cases in the unions’ submission and, more broadly, to address systemic concerns with the enforcement of labor law in Guatemala. Our engagement has yielded limited results. Under the CAFTA-DR, a Party may request consultations with another Party regarding any matter arising under the labor chapter. If the matter involves the effective enforcement of domestic labor law and the consultations do not resolve the matter within 60 days, the complaining Party may then request a meeting of the agreement’s Free Trade Commission, the ministerial level body that supervises the implementation of the agreement. If the Parties do not resolve the matter through ministerial consultations within 30 days, the complaining Party may request the establishment of a dispute settlement panel to consider the matter. If the panel finds that the Party complained against has failed to effectively enforce its labor law, the panel may, at the request of the complaining Party, impose an annual monetary assessment of up to $15 million (adjusted for inflation), if the disputing Parties are unable to reach agreement on a resolution of the matter or, after reaching agreement, the complaining Party considers that the responding Party has failed to observe the terms of the agreement. Any such assessments are to be paid into a fund established by the trade ministers of the disputing Parties and expended at their direction on appropriate labor initiatives, including efforts to improve or enhance labor law enforcement in the territory of the responding Party. More information about the CAFTA-DR is available on USTR’s website. For information about the CAFTA-DR labor submission, go to DOL’s website, www.dol.gov.

USTR Kirk Announces Labor Rights Trade Enforcement Case Against Guatemala Washington, Pennsylvania – In a major speech this morning about the Obama Administration’s trade enforcement efforts, United States Trade Representative Ron Kirk announced that that the United States will file a case against Guatemala under the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR),

Two important Utah "State of..." addresses have already been delivered during this first week of the legislative session. Tonight, President Obama delivers the State of the Union address to the nation. If you missed either Utah "State of..." speeches, you can read them in their entirety online. On Tuesday night, Utah Governor Gary R. Herbert delivered the State of the State address to the Utah legislature. Read the text of his speech here. Governor Herbert is required by the Utah Constitution to make an annual report to the legislature about the condition of the state. On Monday, during the opening day of the legislature, Chief Justice Durham presented the State of the Judiciary address, which is also now available online. The State of the Judiciary address has been presented to the legislature since 1976, the first speech given by Chief Justice Swan. Court rule gives the duty of presenting the State of the Judicary address to the presiding officer of the Judicial Council, who is the Chief Justice, unless she is unable to perform her duties. Tonight, you can live stream President Obama's State of the Union address or read the full-text version online after the speech. The President is required by the U.S. Constitution to give a report to Congress about the State of the Union - the fact that it happens every year is tradition and not mandated by law. Check out this New York Time's article for a brief history of the State of the Union.

Two important Utah "State of..." addresses have already been delivered during this first week of the legislative session. Tonight, President Obama delivers the State of the Union address to the nation. If you missed either Utah "State of..." speeches, you can read them in their entirety online. On Tuesday night, Utah Governor Gary R. Herbert delivered the State of the State address to the Utah leg

Office of Federal Financial Management Financial Management System Architecture The Federal Financial Systems Branch is responsible for orchestrating all of the components of the government-wide financial system into a coherent, coordinated architecture. This branch is currently drafting an architectural plan showing all of the components and their relationships to each other. These components include: - Agency financial management systems and JFMIP standards - The interfaces between agency financial management systems and other systems that support business processes (e.g., human resources systems, procurement systems, databases supporting performance management) - Common services, including e-Travel, e-Learning, Intra-governmental Transaction Exchange (IGTE), Contractor Central Registry (CCR), Intra-governmental Payment and Collection System (ECS), and Electronic Certification System (ESC) - Government-wide accounting and other data consolidation systems - Agency and OMB Budget formulation systems

Office of Federal Financial Management Financial Management System Architecture The Federal Financial Systems Branch is responsible for orchestrating all of the components of the government-wide financial system into a coherent, coordinated architecture. This branch is currently drafting an architectural plan showing all of the components and their relationships to each other. These components inc

Oral Health in HIV/AIDS update WHO co-sponsored conference on oral health and disease in HIV/AIDS Phuket, Thailand, 6-10 July 2004 Oral manifestations of HIV infection are growing disease burden in several regions of the world. HIV/AIDS are significant public health problems in developed and developing countries and affects particularly countries of Africa and Asia. The WHO Oral Health Programme gives priority to action programmes which increase control of oral diseases in HIV infected people and initiatives leading to improved quality of life. Prior to the XVth International AIDS Conference held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 11-16 July 2004, the 5th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS was held in Phuket, Thailand, from 6-10 July 2004. The workshop was co-sponsored by the World Health Organization. The importance of oral health in HIV/AIDS was analysed by the more than 150 researchers and public health administrators during this global conference, focusing on biologic, clinical and public health aspects of HIV infection. The conference programme included presentations and workshops on current perspectives in epidemiology and management of HIV disease; pathogenesis of HIV and vaccine research; oral lesions in HIV/AIDS; collaborative research and funding mechanisms; identification of health care needs in children and adults; management of oral diseases, prevention and health promotion, and the interrelationship between oral health and general health. The participants of 27 countries unanimously issued the Phuket Declaration (attached) and encouraged national and international health authorities, dental associations and research institutions to strengthen their efforts for the effective control of HIV/AIDS. The WHO Oral Health Programme is committed to work for inter-country exchange of information and experiences in prevention of oral lesions related to HIV infection and health promotion. The WHO Oral Health Programme has designed tools for epidemiological investigations of oral lesions in HIV/AIDS and instruments are provided for surveillance of oral health and disease in HIV infected population groups.

Oral Health in HIV/AIDS update WHO co-sponsored conference on oral health and disease in HIV/AIDS Phuket, Thailand, 6-10 July 2004 Oral manifestations of HIV infection are growing disease burden in several regions of the world. HIV/AIDS are significant public health problems in developed and developing countries and affects particularly countries of Africa and Asia. The WHO Oral Health Programme g

The search textbox has an autosuggest feature. When you enter three or more characters, a list of up to 10 suggestions will popup under the textbox. Use the arrow keys to move through the suggestions. To select a suggestion, hit the enter key. Using the escape key closes the listbox and puts you back at the textbox. The radio buttons allow you to toggle between having all search items start with or contain the text you entered in the search box. |An oral preparation of tretinoin that is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, usually together with other drugs. It is being studied in the treatment and prevention of other types of cancer. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A.|

The search textbox has an autosuggest feature. When you enter three or more characters, a list of up to 10 suggestions will popup under the textbox. Use the arrow keys to move through the suggestions. To select a suggestion, hit the enter key. Using the escape key closes the listbox and puts you back at the textbox. The radio buttons allow you to toggle between having all search items start with o

Search America's historic newspapers pages from - or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more title: 'The Sunday herald and weekly national intelligencer. (Washington [D.C.]) 1887-1896, July 13, 1890, Image 9', meta: 'News about Chronicling America - RSS Feed', Image provided by: Library of Congress, Washington, DC All ways to connect Inspector General | External Link Disclaimer | Jtarir 3$lklig aiitfrntl ntlli$mzx! PAGES 9 TO 16 MISS JANIE P. M'CAULEY. THE WINNER. OUR MOST POPULAR TEACHER. "Herald" Headers Tote the European Trip to Miss Janie P. McCauley. She Receives a Total of 8,110 Totes in the Grand Contest. ME. JOHN T. FREEMAN A YERY CLOSE SECOND. His Popularity Shown by a Handsome Total of 7,753 Votes. A GRAND TOTAL OF 27,000 BALLOTS CAST. If "The Herald" Were Issued Daily the Total Vote Would Have Been 296,746. AS SHOWN BY ACTUAL COUNT AND NO GUESSWORK. The Winner Also Gets a Fine Gold Watch and a Suburban Lot. A. SPL.JSND1I) SHOWING JTOTt THE CONTESTANTS AND "TI-IJH STJNJOA.Y JIDETtAJLD." Mies Janie P. McCauley, of the Greeuleaf School, Fourth Division, in the southwest sec tion of the city, has heen voted the most popu lar teacher in the District of Columbia by the readers of Tub Sunday Heuald. Out of a total of neatly 27,000 votes cast during the eight weeks' polling, Miss McCauley reached the handsome number of 8,140 ballots, and ac cordingly has been awarded the prize offered by the proprietors of Tan Heuald, a vacation tour of Europe free of all expense to herself. Miss McCauley has roceived the warmest con gratulations of hosts of friends on her deserved success. She is an intelligent, hard-working, and exceptionally successful educator, and the large voto polled for her shows that sho is ap preciated at her truo worth by her pupils and their friends. She has The Heiuld's warmest congratulations and very best wishes. In addition to the European tour offered by Tun IlEitAi.i) to the teacher leceiving the high est number of votes, Miss McCauloy has also been preseuted with an exquisite little gold watch of the best American make by Mr, Frank Ilona, the well-known jeweler of Seventh street, and, as a third souvenir of tho contest, she will bo given by tho pioprletors of Deauowood a deed to a valuable lot of ground in that pleas ant and popular suburb. Tho watch which Mr. Iloffa presented to Miss McCauloy has beautifully chased casos and is a perfect timekeeper. It is inclosed in a very pretty ivory box lined with blue satin, and on the inside of tho cover in gold letters there is an appropriate inscription. The inner case of tho watch has eugraved upon it in tho iluest stylo of tho art tho following: "8140. Presented through The Sunday Heiuld by Frank Iloffa to Miss Jauio P. McCauloy, Our Most Popular School Teacher. 1890." Tho first figures aro tho number of votes which tho lecipleut ob tained In tho balloting. As Mr. Iloffa remaiked In presenting tho beautiful little timepiece to the fortunate winner, "It will servo for mauy, many yeais to come as a perpetual souvenir of tho uuiquo contest In which Miss McCauley was tho victor and of tho pleasant days of European travel which succeeded." East Deanowood, in which is located tho lot which Miss McCauley will receivo, is situated on tho Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, one-half-mile from Bennings station, lying directly cast and one-quarter mile beyond Deanewood, a handsome property, owned by Dr. Deane, tho donor of tho lot. Dr. Deano now has in course of constiuction three handsome houses, in ad dition to about twenty-five already built, and will shortly build a number of others. Being the sito of several machine shops owned by Washington and Philadelphia syndicates who aro engaged In tho manufacture of electric motors, tho desirability of property in this sec tion Is considerably enhanced, and It has al ready become quite valuable. The sale of East Deauewood, in which is situated Miss Mc Cauloy's lot, to a firm of real-estate dealers, has just heen consummated, and tho property will shortly bo put on the market. Tho fact that tho East End electric car line will run directly through this section will glvo an impetus to tho sale of the lots for building purposes. Mr. John T. Freeman, principal of tho Pea body School on Capitol Hill, was a very close second to Miss McCauloy In the balloting, and only missed tho piizo by a comparatively small number of votes. Ho received tho handsomo total of 7,753. This is tho strongest testimony to the popularity of Mr. Freeman, and his friends have a right to claim that ho almost divides tho honors with tho winner. Mr. Free man, like Miss McCauley, Isheld in tho warmest regard by tho pupils of his school, many of whom manifested a much more eager desiro than himself that ho should receivo tho honor of being voted tho most popular teachor iu tho Distiict. Tho teachers who in this way can cam aud retain tho affection of their pupils while discharging their duties faithfully and fearlessly show that they possess 6omo of tho raiest aud most valuable qualities of the edu cator. Mr. Freeman's friends may well feel proud of the lino voto which he got. Miss Emma K. Scott, who teaches in the Henry Building, received tho next highest num ber of votes to Mr. Fiecman. Her total was Fourth in tho final balloting was Miss Kato II. Bcvaid, of tho Conduit Road School, who received 2,1-10 votes. Considering that Miss Bevard's name did not appear in the contest until next to tho last week, this is a fine show ing. Miss Mattie Garges, of tho Pcabody School, received the fifth highest number of votes Votes ol" the Iending Candidates. The following table gives at a glance the 6ix leading candidates in the contest and their total alius J. I. McCauloy 8,140 Mr. ,T. T. Freeman 7,75:? Miss 13. K.Soott :J,.)8G Miss Kate II. ltovurcl 2,1 11 Miss M. IV. GargcH 1,018 Miss a. m. wiisou ti:t Counting he Ballots. Tuesday last, the day on which the balloting closed, was a busy day about The Heiuld office. Friends and representatives of the ran dldates were on hand from early in the morning anxious to see how matters were going, and as the votes came pouring in during the afternoon there was a good deal of suppressed excitement. As indicated in Tun Heiuld from time to time, largo numbers of votes had been prepared and held back for the close by the friends of differ ent candidates. Those were tin ned in during the day, the cieat bulk of them within the half hour before ." P. M., the time at which the polls Mr. P. M. Hough, paying teller of the Colum bia Bank, a member of the committee selected to count the votes, was on hand to witness the formal closing of the polls. "The time is up," Mr. Hough exclaimed at exactly 5 o'clock, and the representatives of the candidates present were informed that no more votes would be received. Then, at the request of tho latter, a rough estimate of the result as far as known was made. This showed that Miss McCauley had won the prize, and at once her represcnta tlre was wai inly congratulated by the repre sentatives of her rivals and all the others A committee consisting of the paying tellers of six of the leading banks of the city had been selected to count the votes and they kindly consented to act. They were Mr. Fred. C. Gieseking, of the Central National Bank; Mr. P. M. Hough, of tho Columbia National; Mr. R. E. White, of the Bank of Washington; Mr. Irving G. Ashby, of the National Metropol tau Bank; Mr. Brice J. Moses, of the Bank of the Republic, and Mr. Harry C. Towers, of the West End National Bank. These gentlemen, whose known integrity and high standing in the community formed a guar antee of the absolute fairness of the eount, as did their expertuess at figures of its accuracy, gathered at tho office of The Sunday Heiuld shortly after 7 o'clock Tuesday evening to dis charge their importantdutiesto tho contestants. The piles of votes, done up in packages of vari ous sizes, that lay on tho tables about the room looked very formidable. The evening was tho hottest of the year, aud this did not lessen the apparent dlfiiculties of the task. But the gen tlemen did not hesitate, and quickly began their work. The envelopes containing the small votes polled for the minor candidates were first gone through with and checked oil. Then the great piles of ballots cast for the leading contestants were tackled and carefully counted. Mauy blank votes were found in some of tho packages, aud these had to be tin own out. As the votes of each candidate were counted tho result was marked on the list opposite tho names of the different contestants. When the count was completed tho results weie all gone over again, veiified, and properly checked off. In about two hours from tho time thewoik was begun It was completed, and tho six gentle men drew up aud signed tho ceitlflcate to be found appended to tho long table above. Although It had been anuounced long In ad Yauco that the coutest would close at 5 P. M. on Tuesday, July 8, a few votes weie received in the evening mall and on tho two following days. Five votes for Miss McCauloy, fouiteen for Mr. B. T. Janney, five for Miss Kate II. Bevaid, aud one for MissGarges came in late in this way, and, of couise, were not counted. A Fine Showing Vov "Tho Herald." The Heiuld feels that it has just cause for prldo In tho result of tho contest. The number of votes cast shows that tho paper is not only widely read, but that Its readers take a pleasaut Interest in its undertakings. Although the contest was begun rather lato in tho season, when the approach of the close of tho school year kept both teachers and pupils unusually busy preparing for the annual examinations and commencements, it at onco excited genuine in terest among all who were connected with the schools as well as among tho public generally, The pupils of the schools appreciated tho appro priateness of tho prize which The Heiuld offered, and immediately began to work with tho generous enthusiasm of youth to securo it for their favorite teachers. That tho pupils and other friends of tho candidates eutered into the friendly rivalry with spirit is 6hown by the haudsome total of votes polled. This total is 20,081. This at first sight may not seem extraordinarily large, but a little con sideration of tho conditions will show it to have been so. Tho contest rau for eight weeks, and tho average voto for each I6SUO of tho pap er during its continuance was uearly 3,500, or, to be exact, 3,372 votes. A thing that must be borno carefully in mind In estimating tho general result is that the selling price of The Herald is five cents per copy, which is two MR. JOHN T. FREEMAN, SECOND IN THE CONTEST. centsjnore than the daily papeib sell for. Now, If instead of being a weekly papei selling at live cents per copy The Hehald during the contest had been published daily at three cents per copy the total vote would have attained the magnifi cent figure of 290,740, computing at tho late of 3,372 votes per issue during fifty-aix ibbues of the paper. And the figures on which ibis esti mate is based, it should be remembered, arc not guessed at nor nppiovimatcil, but aie the wiult of a careful count of the ballots actually cast in TnE Heiuld's contest. Besides this, a weekly paper works at a disad vantage in a contest of this kind, for tho icason that there is apt to be a lapse of interest from week to week, while a daily paper can maintain a constantly increasing interest from day to day. These considerations make The Heiuld feel that Its contest for the benefit of the most popu lar teacher of the city has been a phenomenal i successiu tho widespread interest it has aroused, as shown by the handsome total of votes cast, by tho general discussion of tho uuiquo and handsome prize offeied, aud by the eager man ner In which tho progress of the balloting has been watched from Sunday to Sunday. Sketches ol' the Loading Candidates. Below will be found brief sketches of the leading candidates in the contest. MISS JANIE 1. M'CAULEY, THE WINNEK Ol' THE Miss Janie P. McCauley, whoso popuhuity above all others 16 so forcibly attested by tho magnificent number of votes she leccivcd in The Hehald contest, is a native of Washing ton, and has taught in tho public schools of this city since 1871. She is a daughter of Mr. Joseph McCauley, a prominent merchant of the south west section, where he is very well known. Miss McCauley was educated iu tho public schools, but Is not a graduate of the Noimal School. At the public schools sho was a pupil of Mrs. Amldon, whoso qualifications ab a teacher of young ladles were at that time ho well known. Miss McCauley has always taught in tho Fourth Division, and has been counected with her present school for a period of six years. Her earnest and very capable work as a teacher brought her many desirable promotions; but, having at ono time suffered with a nervous af fection, which compelled her to stop work for a time, at her own request sho has been allowed to continue iu tho Greenleaf School, situated on Four-and-a-half street, whero sho now teaches. Sho has laboied under many disad vantages whllo at tho Greenleaf School, as It is not a modern 6chool, with modem improve ments, but ono of tho older ones. Miss Mc Cauley is a member of tho Fifth Baptist Chinch, in which sho is a very prominent and zealous worker, having a class in the Sunday rchool connected with tho institution, Mil. J. T. VUEEMAN, WHO OAMI3 VEIV NEAH Mr. John T. Freeman, the second in tho con test, was born Juno 1, 1859, at Lauca6tcr, Pa., the birthplace of Robert Fulton. His father, William Freeman, a book publisher and piano maker, died when Johu was eighteen months old. His mother, now Mrs. Mary A. Boutwell, well known in Washington and Baltimore, ic moved with her family of fourchildien to tho latter city, which has been their homo evci since. The subject of this 6ketch was a pupil through the grades of thoBaltlmoio public schools, end ing his course thero in tho second year of tho High School, In 1877 ho entered Stuart Hall Academy, whero he 6pent two years fitting for college. Iu 1883 ho was graduated witlj tho engineering section of the Chandlor Scientific Department of Dartmouth College, haviug been three times a. prize man during his course, tak ing prizes in botany, essay writiug, and mechani cal drawing. After graduation he was ap pointed teacher iu our public schools, being as signed to the seventh grade boys' school, iu the Wallach Building. The next year ho was pio moted to the eighth grade boys, Pcabody School. Since 1885 he has been pilnclpal of that build ing, and also principal of the Wallach night school. Iu 18S8 he was elected chairman of the Young Men's Christian Associatiou educational committee. As puch he organized the business school of that institutution, aud last j'ear's classes were the most successful in the history of the associatiou. Mr. Freeman is very popu lar with his pupils, as Is well shown by the ically magnificent vote which was polled for him, largely through their exeitions. No better evidence of a teacher's capacity and value can be had than the fact that while maintaining proper discipline he is able to letain the affec tion of his pupils. MISS SCOTT, WHO WAS THIItD. Miss Emma K. Scott, who held third position in the contest, was born iu Fairfield, Iowa, but has lived in Washington almost her entire life. She graduated from the Washington Normal School in 1883, taking the highest honors. Her education, In accordance with the spirit which sho evinces iu whatever sho undertakes, was most thoiough. Sho is a most excellent Latin scholar, thoroughly acquainted with the mys teiiesof Greek, and speaks French with a flu ency which is exceptional. Sho is equally well educated In the other moro ordinary branches of knowledge, aud, all In all, is what is known as a thoroughly informed woman. She was ten dered a situatlou as teacher in the public schools Immediately after graduating, and has been ad vanced in the past sixycarsfrom tho first to the seventh grade. She teaches in tho Henry Build ing, situated on P stieet, near Seventh uorth west, and, as her vote signifies, is very popular with her pupils. She Is recognized by tho au thoiltleb of the public schools as a painstaking and exceptionally zealous teacher. Miss Scott is spending her vacation In tho west ern pait of Pennsylvania. MlhS KATE II. HEVAUD, WHO GOT l'OUHTH PLACE. Miss Kate II. Bevard, standing noxt below Mi6s Scott in tho number of votes received, was born about twenty-one years ago iu West Brownsville, Pa. Tho place of her birth pos sesses a peculiar interest, inasmuch as her father's houso was within a square of tho ono iu which Secretary of State Blaino was bom. Her father was a contractor for tho building of ship& aud also a part ownor of largo planing mills sit uated in that town. At tho time of his death Miss Bovard was attending Union School in West Brownsville, aud was but seventeen year& of age. Becauso of unfortunate speculations almost tho entire amount of his fortune was lost, aud tho subject of our sketch was left prac tically penniless. With tho energy characteris ing tho A'merican girl of tho picsent sho bor rowed an amount of money sufficient to com plete her education, graduating from Lock Haven Normal School, Pa., about two years since. Sho Immediately accepted a position as teacher in tho public school at Brownsville, whero sho gave thorough satisfaction, but upou ropiesentationsof relatives residing in Washing ton that sho could do better hero sho camo on shortly before Christmas aud took control of the Conduit School. Her connection with tlut school of six months has been marked by a steady Increase in tho number of pupils aud the school's general piosperity. Mlsa Bevard is a musician of exceptional ability, being an excel lent performor ou tho piano, violin, guitar, aud banjo. Sho is deservedly popular with her pupils, and her voto attests their loyalty, She Is spending tho summer iu her native town, Continued cm thtitemlh vagc-1

Search America's historic newspapers pages from - or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more title: 'The Sunday herald and weekly national intelligencer. (Washington [D.C.]) 1887-1896, July

- Site Counter: 1,753,091 As citizen services in most urban centers have gone digital, the local Municipality office in your area by all probability now gives you a computerized version of birth, death or other certificates within a fraction of a second. What if after 50 or 75 years you need an authenticated certificate? Is there a way you will get such? How to preserve huge data of citizens? Consider another example you want a classic Bollywood film like Guru Dutt’s Pyasa to be enjoyed by your children’s children. How to preserve the masterpiece? The digital preservation technology is specifically tailored to take care of these challenges. To put it very simply, Digital preservation means transforming, storing, archiving various forms of media that has been transferred to a digital format and getting a long term access to it. In this era of globalization and explosive growth there is a heavy capital inflow to digital resources because of the immense opportunities they bring out. But mere preserving is not enough. How to ensure all the archives are technology proof and future proof in the fast paced digital world? These are the few posers in the endeavour to ensure long term sustainable preservation of society’s knowledge assets and culture heritage, digital or otherwise. Some of the spheres where there is a need for long –life data are the following: Healthcare industry where medical records should be preserved for the life of the individual and beyond, Pharmaceutical companies needing off-line electronic data storage for 50 to 100 years, or Satellite and earth service data which needs to be kept intact forever for research and to track changes. To address these pressing issues DIT has embarked on the ambitious National Digital Preservation Programme (NDPP)(External website that opens in a new window) with participation of whole lot of stakeholders and researchers. A project "Tools for digital preservation management of Heritage Archives" executed by C-DAC, Pune is focused on development of software tools to address the long-term digital preservation issues related to Heritage Archives lie management of digital content, management of preservation metadata, resource management, auto extraction of technical metadata, interface design for curators of heritage archives et al. The program was initiated in May 2009 and is expected to be completed by May 2011.

- Site Counter: 1,753,091 As citizen services in most urban centers have gone digital, the local Municipality office in your area by all probability now gives you a computerized version of birth, death or other certificates within a fraction of a second. What if after 50 or 75 years you need an authenticated certificate? Is there a way you will get such? How to preserve huge data of citizens? Cons

This report on the National Wildlife Refuge System is the culmination of a year-long process involving teams of Service employees who examined the System within the framework of Wildlife and Habitat, People, and Leadership. The report was the focus... This is a report intended to complement the National and State reports from the 1996 National survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. It focuses on black bass anglers. The report has five sections. The first section shows... Seventy-five years of successful wildlife management is the remarkable legacy of the Restoration Act, and the cause of our 75th celebration. Along with the Dingell-Johnson Sport Fish Restoration Act, it is the Fisheries management; Fishes; Rivers and streams; Tropical environments; This document serves as the Final Report for research on Puerto Rico stream fishes and their habitat funded by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, in the form of a grant to the North Carolina Cooperative Fish and... The purpose of the National Fish, Wildlife and Plants Climate Adaptation Strategy is to inspire and enable natural resource administrators, elected officials, and other decision makers to take action to adapt to a changing climate.

This report on the National Wildlife Refuge System is the culmination of a year-long process involving teams of Service employees who examined the System within the framework of Wildlife and Habitat, People, and Leadership. The report was the focus... This is a report intended to complement the National and State reports from the 1996 National survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Re

Photo by Lt. Col. Paul Fanning JFHQ-NY (released) COLONIE--A UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter of the New York Army National Guard’s 3rd Battalion 142nd Aviation in Latham conducts a training run with the Firehawk fire fighting system over the Mohawk River on August 4. The unit practices water bucket and Firehawk operations annually in case they are need to support the civil authorities with fighting wild fires. The Firehawk allows the air crew to siphon 1000 gallons of water in about one minute and deliver it to the scene of a fire. The crew can control the rate of release based on the firefighters needs. NY National Guard In the News Newsday -- Thu, 16 May 2013 Warrior competition begins at Camp Smith Members of the Army National Guard participate in the Northeastern Best Warrior Competition at Camp Smith in Cortlandt. The competition will continue for three days at the camp testing soldiers’... (more) YNN -- Thu, 16 May 2013 National Guard members compete to become best warrior Sixteen National Guard soldiers from the North East, labeled as the best of the best, are all aiming to become the Army’s warrior of the year. YNN’s John Wagner reports on one... (more) NewsOne -- Wed, 15 May 2013 Henry L. Johnson Fends Off German Captors During World War I On This Day In 1918 United States Army soldier Henry L. Johnson (pictured), also known as “Black Death,” earned his fearsome nickname in France during World War I. After being ambushed by German forces and... (more)

Photo by Lt. Col. Paul Fanning JFHQ-NY (released) COLONIE--A UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter of the New York Army National Guard’s 3rd Battalion 142nd Aviation in Latham conducts a training run with the Firehawk fire fighting system over the Mohawk River on August 4. The unit practices water bucket and Firehawk operations annually in case they are need to support the civil authorities with fighting wil

Magnitude 7.5 OAXACA, MEXICO 1999 September 30 16:31:15 UTC This normal-faulting earthquake occurred at a depth of 61 kilometers, within the subducting Cocos plate. It occurred at 11:31 local time and its epicenter is located at 16.05°N and 96.93°W. Earthquakes this deep are unable to make direct hits on population centers by surface faulting, such as recently occurred with the 7.6M Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999 and the 7.7M Taiwan earthquake of September 20, 1999. Only 3½ months ago, on June 15, 1999, central Mexico was jarred by a MW 7.0 earthquake. With a focal depth of 70 kilometers, that earthquake also occurred within the Cocos plate. Although earthquakes in the depth range of 50-80 kilometers are capable of causing significant losses, these losses typically are much less than caused by the same sized earthquakes striking near the Earth's surface. The Cocos plate is moving northeastward at about 7.3 centimeters/year and collides with the Pacific coast of Mexico (part of the North American plate). The Cocos plate moves beneath (subducts) coastal Mexico and leads to "shallow" earthquakes such as the catastrophic 1985 Michoacan event and the MS 7.5 Oaxaca earthquakes of 1965 and 1968. Deeper earthquakes, with characteristics like those of the 9-30-99 event, probably are caused by the sinking of the subducting plate. The preceding summary was prepared by seismologists at the U. S. Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, Colorado.

Magnitude 7.5 OAXACA, MEXICO 1999 September 30 16:31:15 UTC This normal-faulting earthquake occurred at a depth of 61 kilometers, within the subducting Cocos plate. It occurred at 11:31 local time and its epicenter is located at 16.05°N and 96.93°W. Earthquakes this deep are unable to make direct hits on population centers by surface faulting, such as recently occurred with the 7.6M Turkey earthqu

While the French had kept their end of the bargain by completing the statue itself, the Americans had still not fulfilled their commitment to erect a pedestal. In this lesson, students learn about the effort to convince a skeptical American public to contribute to the effort to erect a pedestal and to bring the Statue of Liberty to New York. Help clarify the nature of symbols for your students as they study the Statue of Liberty, complete research on a national symbol, and use their research to communicate a message of their own. Help your students see the development of the Declaration as both an historical process and a writing process through the use of role play and creative writing. This lesson plan looks at the major ideas in the Declaration of Independence, their origins, the Americans’ key grievances against the King and Parliament, their assertion of sovereignty, and the Declaration’s process of revision. Upon completion of the lesson, students will be familiar with the document’s origins, and the influences that produced Jefferson’s “expression of the American mind.” Through their interpretation of primary documents that reflect Victorian ideals, students can learn the cultural expectations for and limitations placed on Victorian women and then contemplate the writer Charlotte Brontë's position in that context. Then, through an examination of the opening chapters of Jane Eyre, students will evaluate Jane's status as an unconventional Victorian heroine.

While the French had kept their end of the bargain by completing the statue itself, the Americans had still not fulfilled their commitment to erect a pedestal. In this lesson, students learn about the effort to convince a skeptical American public to contribute to the effort to erect a pedestal and to bring the Statue of Liberty to New York. Help clarify the nature of symbols for your students as

Chinivasagam, H.N. and Thomas, R.J. and Casey, K. and McGahan, E. and Gardner, E.A. and Rafiee, M. and Blackall, P.J. (2004) Microbiological status of piggery effluent from 13 piggeries in the south east Queensland region of Australia. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97 (5). pp. 883-891. Full text not currently attached. Access may be available via the Publisher's website or OpenAccess link. Article Link(s): http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02382.x Publisher URL: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com Aims: To assist in the development of safe piggery effluent re-use guidelines by determining the level of selected pathogens and indicator organisms in the effluent ponds of 13 south-east Queensland piggeries. Methods and Results: The numbers of thermotolerant coliforms, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and rotavirus were determined in 29 samples derived from the 13 piggeries. The study demonstrated that the 13 final effluent ponds contained an average of 1Æ2 · 105 colony-forming units (CFU) 100 ml)1 of thermotolerant coliforms and 1Æ03 · 105 CFU 100 ml)1 of E. coli. The Campylobacter level varied from none detectable (two of 13 piggeries) to a maximum of 930 most probable number (MPN) 100 ml)1 (two of 13 piggeries). Salmonella was detected in the final ponds of only four of the 13 piggeries and then only at a low level (highest level being 51 MPN 100 ml)1). No rotavirus and no Erysip. rhusiopathiae were detected. The average log10 reductions across the ponding systems to the final irrigation pond were 1Æ77 for thermotolerant coliforms, 1Æ71 for E. coli and 1Æ04 for Campylobacter. Conclusions: This study has provided a baseline knowledge on the levels of indicator organisms and selected pathogens in piggery effluent. Significance and Impact of the Study: The knowledge gained in this study will assist in the development of guidelines to ensure the safe and sustainable re-use of piggery effluent. |Business groups:||Agri-Science, Crop and Food Science| |Additional Information:||© The Society for Applied Microbiology. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Information for the published version of the paper, as published in the print edition of Journal of Applied Microbiology, is available on the Blackwell Synergy online delivery service, accessible via the journal's website at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com.| |Keywords:||Campylobacter spp.; Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; Escherichia coli; Pathogens; Piggery effluent; Salmonella; Thermotolerant coliforms.| |Subjects:||Agriculture > Animal culture > Swine| Animal culture > Swine |Deposited On:||15 Mar 2005| |Last Modified:||27 Oct 2011 02:29| Repository Staff Only: item control page

Chinivasagam, H.N. and Thomas, R.J. and Casey, K. and McGahan, E. and Gardner, E.A. and Rafiee, M. and Blackall, P.J. (2004) Microbiological status of piggery effluent from 13 piggeries in the south east Queensland region of Australia. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97 (5). pp. 883-891. Full text not currently attached. Access may be available via the Publisher's website or OpenAccess link. Arti

Homeland Security (DHS) If you wish to register with ESTA then please visit https://esta.cbp.dhs.gov. Before attempting to register, please first check your eligibility to travel under the Visa Waiver Program. If you are looking for background information on ESTA including the What is ESTA videos then please look at our About ESTA page. Bureaus within DHS - Customs and Border Protection (CBP) As the single unified border agency of the United States, the CBP mission is vitally important to the protection of America and the American people. - Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Protects the Nation's transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce - U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) Responsible for the administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions and publishing immigration service polices and priorities. - U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nation's border, economic, transportation and infrastructure security. - U.S. Secret Service The Secret Service protects the President and Vice President, their families, heads of state, and other designated individuals; investigates threats against these protectees; protects the White House, Vice President's Residence, Foreign Missions, and other buildings within Washington, D.C.; and plans and implements security designs for designated National Special Security Events. Planning to Immigrate ? If you plan to immigrate to the United States or are seeking information on immigrant visas, then you need to see the Immigrant Visa section. The DHS Traveler Redress Inquiry Program (DHS-TRIP) is a single point of contact for individuals who have inquiries or seek resolution regarding difficulties they experienced during their travel screening at transportation hubs--like airports and train stations--or crossing U.S. borders. Full information on this program is available on the DHS-TRIP website.

Homeland Security (DHS) If you wish to register with ESTA then please visit https://esta.cbp.dhs.gov. Before attempting to register, please first check your eligibility to travel under the Visa Waiver Program. If you are looking for background information on ESTA including the What is ESTA videos then please look at our About ESTA page. Bureaus within DHS - Customs and Border Protection (CBP) As t

Long-associated with providing environmentally-friendly transportation alternatives, Metro Transit also has a long history of conserving natural resources other than gasoline. These efforts gained new focus in 1995 with the creation of a position dedicated to waste management and recycling. Since this time, Transit's recycling program has grown from a scattered collection of scrap metal bins to an organized program including over 25 different materials. Today this program relies upon and benefits from the actions of all of Transit's employees, from the bus drivers who collect newspapers during layovers to the crews who clean out the buses at night. From the office personnel who re-use file folders and binders to the custodial staff who take out the deskside recycling containers. Combined with the actions of other King County employees, these actions have helped the County enter the EPA WasteWise Hall of Fame in recognition of its continued recycling efforts. Garden art created by Steve and Mary A. of Maple Valley In addition to recycling used items, Transit also takes part in King County's Environmental Purchasing Program. Through this program the County pools its purchasing power in order to purchase items that are more environmentally friendly. Good examples of this method put into practice include high recycled-content paper, re-refined motor oil and flatbed truck bedding made out of recycled tires. It is the hope of this program that more markets might be opened to environmentally-preferable products thanks to the ability of the County to buy in large quantities. If you have any questions regarding Metro Transit's recycling and conservation programs that are not answered by this website, contact the program manager, Talon Swanson at (206) 684-2261.

Long-associated with providing environmentally-friendly transportation alternatives, Metro Transit also has a long history of conserving natural resources other than gasoline. These efforts gained new focus in 1995 with the creation of a position dedicated to waste management and recycling. Since this time, Transit's recycling program has grown from a scattered collection of scrap metal bins to an

—(1) For the purposes of this Act, there shall be a Board, called the Central Provident Fund Board, consisting of — a Chairman appointed under section 4(1); a Deputy Chairman appointed under section 4(2); and such other members as may be appointed under section 4(4). (2) The Board shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal, with power, subject to the provisions of this Act — to sue and be sued in its corporate name; to acquire and dispose of property, both movable and immovable; and to perform such other acts as bodies corporate may by law perform. (3) All deeds, documents and other instruments requiring the common seal of the Board shall be sealed with the common seal of the Board. (3A) All instruments to which the common seal is affixed shall be signed by any 2 officers of the Board generally or specially authorised by the Board for the purpose. (4) The Board may by resolution or otherwise appoint an officer of the Board or any other agent either generally or in a particular case to execute or sign on behalf of the Board any agreement or other instrument not under seal in relation to any matter coming within the powers of the Board. (5) Section 11 of the Registration of Deeds Act (Cap. 269) shall not apply to any instrument purporting to have been executed under subsection (3). (5A) The Board may, with the approval of the Minister, form or participate in the formation of any company, or enter into any joint venture or partnership, for the purposes of — this Act; or carrying out all or any of the following: the functions and duties of the Board; any thing which the Board may engage in under section 76(1)(a) or (b). (6) The Board shall have such powers and shall perform such duties as are given or imposed by this Act or as may be prescribed by the Minister and the Minister or the Board may by instrument in writing delegate to any person all or any of those powers and duties.

—(1) For the purposes of this Act, there shall be a Board, called the Central Provident Fund Board, consisting of — a Chairman appointed under section 4(1); a Deputy Chairman appointed under section 4(2); and such other members as may be appointed under section 4(4). (2) The Board shall be a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal, with power, subject to the provisions of this A

Common View GPS Time Transfer An approach that builds and improves on the one-way technique is common-view time transfer. This technique allows the direct comparison of two clocks at remote locations. A generic common-view setup is illustrated in the figure. In this technique, two stations, A and B, receive a one-way signal simultaneously from a single transmitter and measure the time difference between this received signal and their own local clock. The data are then exchanged between stations A and B using any convenient method (email, FTP, etc.). The time difference between clocks A and B is calculated by taking the difference between simultaneous R - A and R - B clock difference measurements. If the travel times to the receivers are exactly equal, then the two receivers can synchronize their clocks with an accuracy that does not depend on the characteristics of the transmitter or the transmission medium. Fluctuations in the delays between the single transmitter and the two receivers also cancel exactly if they are completely correlated. This ideal situation cannot be realized in practice, but the method works well even if the two paths are not exactly equal, provided that they are nearly equal and that fluctuations in the two delays are highly correlated. Since the path delay is usually affected by various environmental parameters (such as ambient temperature), the common-view method generally works best if the distance between the receiver stations (the baseline) is small relative to the distance between either receiver and the transmitter. This geometry tends to ensure that the delay fluctuations (caused by the atmosphere for example) in the two paths will be highly correlated. One disadvantage of the common-view technique is that a means of exchanging data between the two stations must be available. Common view time transfer using the GPS system was developed by NIST researchers and is illustrated below. Here the time difference between two clocks, A and B, is determined by simultaneous observation of a third clock on a GPS satellite. Each station observes the time difference between its clock and GPS time plus a propagation delay, which can be largely removed by using the one-way GPS time transfer procedures. By exchanging data files and performing a subtraction, the time difference between the two receiving stations is obtained and the GPS clock drops out. Also much (but not all) of the residual path delay drops out as indicated in the equation below. However, it is important that the observations be made on the same satellite at the same time. Otherwise the stability of the GPS clock becomes a factor. This technique gives improved performance over the one-way technique because many errors are common mode and are therefore reduced. The GPS common-view technique has been used for many years by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) as one of its main techniques for international time comparisons. The BIPM publish tracking schedules so that observations between pairs of stations can be made simultaneously on the same satellite. The accuracy of common-view GPS is better than for one-way since the stability of common-view is better, and also only a differential calibration is required between the two receiving stations. A differential calibration is made by carrying a portable GPS receiver between the two stations. This provides information on the difference between the delays of the receiving equipment at the two stations. An absolute calibration of the equipment delays at each station is not required. The accuracy of common-view time transfers is typically in the 1 to 10 ns range. The NIST Global Time Service provides traceable time calibrations using GPS common-view. D. W. Allan, M. A. Weiss, Accurate Time and Frequency Transfer During Common-View of a GPS Satellite, 34th Annual Frequency Control Symposium, pp. 334-346, May 1980. V. S. Zhang, T. E. Parker, M. A. Weiss, F. M. Vannicola, Multi-Channel GPS/GLONASS Common-View between NIST and USNO, IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, pp. 598-606, June 2000. M. A. Lombardi, L. M. Nelson, A. N. Novick, V. S. Zhang, Time and Frequency Measurements Using the Global Positioning System, Cal. Lab. Int. J. Metrology, pp. 26-33, (July-September 2001). For questions or more information contact Marc Weiss at [email protected].

Common View GPS Time Transfer An approach that builds and improves on the one-way technique is common-view time transfer. This technique allows the direct comparison of two clocks at remote locations. A generic common-view setup is illustrated in the figure. In this technique, two stations, A and B, receive a one-way signal simultaneously from a single transmitter and measure the time difference b

Below is the List Serve Post you selected to display. arbcombo -- Revised Application for the Establishment of a New Fuel Pathway under the California LCFS (Method 2A-2B) Posted: 03 Jan 2013 15:56:17 The California Air Resources Board (ARB) staff has posted a revision of the Method 2A-2B Application form to the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) website (http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm). Fuel providers will use this form to apply for a new fuel pathway under the LCFS. If you have questions or comments about this form, please contact Wes Ingram at (916) 322-3984 or at [email protected]. The Low Carbon Fuel Standard, a regulation to reduce the carbon intensity of fuels sold in California ten percent by 2020, is one of the measures adopted by the California Air Resources Board, pursuant to Health and Safety Code Sections 38500-38599 (AB 32) to reduce greenhouse gases in California. It is designed to help clean the air, protect the environment, and drive the development of clean, low carbon fuels to improve California's energy security and energy independence. You are receiving this single arbcombo email because you are a subscriber to or have made a public comment to one or more of the following lists: fuels, lcfs.

Below is the List Serve Post you selected to display. arbcombo -- Revised Application for the Establishment of a New Fuel Pathway under the California LCFS (Method 2A-2B) Posted: 03 Jan 2013 15:56:17 The California Air Resources Board (ARB) staff has posted a revision of the Method 2A-2B Application form to the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) website (http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lc

Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46) Chapter 16. Records of the Committee on Public Works and Related Committees, 1820-1968 Records of the Committee on Public Works and Related Committees, 1820-1968 from Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States Committee records discussed in this chapter: - Committee on Roads and Canals, 1820-1857 - Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, 1838-1946 - Committee on Public Works, 1947-68 Records of the Committee on Roads and Canals, 1820-1857 16.3. The Committee on Roads and Canals was established as a standing committee on February 8, 1820, following approval of a motion of William A. Trimble of Ohio. Rufus King of New York was appointed chairman. The committee was formed to consider a memorial of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company and resolutions of the Ohio Legislature regarding continuation of the national road west of Wheeling. At the beginning of the 19th Congress (1825-27), the Committee on Roads and Canals was missing from the list of standing committees, a victim of the developing battle between President John Quincy Adams and Vice President John C. Calhoun and allied Senators over the role of the Federal Government concerning internal improvements. Benjamin Ruggles of Ohio submitted a motion to add the committee; in response, John Holmes of Maine argued that a select committee was adequate unless the Senate agreed not only that the Government had the power to construct roads and canals, but also that it was expedient for the Government to do so. Ruggles' motion was defeated and on December 13, 1825, a select committee on roads and canals was established, and was thereafter established for both the 20th and 21st Congresses. Finally, the climate in the Senate with respect to internal improvements changed sufficiently to reestablish the Committee on Roads and Canals as a standing committee on December 7, 1830. By the mid-1850's, interest in canals had waned, and after the close of the 34th Congress (1855-57), legislative matters pertaining to roads and canals were referred to the Committee on Commerce. 16.4. The records of the committee and select committee (4 ft.) consist of committee reports and papers, 1825-47 (1 ft.), and petitions, memorials, and resolutions of State legislatures referred to the committee, 1820-57 (3 ft.). The committee reports and papers consist of original and/or printed reports on bills and petitions referred to the committee, and related correspondence, maps, and other records. Many of the petitions and memorials are also accompanied by supporting documentation. |Sketch from a Memorial from Hancock County, Illinois, praying for a sum of money to improve the navigation of the Mississippi River at the Des Moines Rapids, ca.1835 (HR24A-G19.5) from NARA's ARC database.| 16.5. Subjects of the records include construction and location of the national or Cumberland road (16A-G14, 19A-D15, 20A-G18, 21A-D16, 21A-G21, 23A-G17, 24A-G17, 27A-G21, 28A-D16, 28A-G20) and other roads (19A-G18, 22A-G18.1); construction of canals in Florida (17A-G13, 19A-D15, 19A-G18), Maine (19A-G18), and Alabama (25A-G20), and around rapids and falls such as the Falls of St. Mary's, also known as Sault Ste. Marie (28A-D16, 28A-G20, 29A-G22) and the Falls of the Ohio (22A-G18, 23A-D17, 27A-G21, 28A-G20.1, 29A-G22, 32A-H22, 34A-H22). The records for 1833-35 include a watercolor map of the Falls of the Ohio (23A-D17). The committee also considered other improvements to navigation (19A-D15, 19A-G18, 25A-D18), and construction of railroads, particularly a transcontinental railroad and accompanying telegraph line (29A-G22, 30A-H19, 31A-H21, 32A-H22, 33A-H22). There are many records relating to requests from canal and railroad companies for financial assistance in the form of stock subscriptions and land grants. Among these were the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company (17A-G13, 20A-G18), the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (20A-G18, 22A-G18.2, 23A-G17, 25A-D18, 25A-G20, 26A-D17, 27A-G21), the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (20A-G18, 21A-D16, 22A-G18.2), the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company (20A-G18), and the Louisville and Portland Canal Company (21A-D16, 23A-G17, 24A-D17, 26A-D17). Claims of contractors involved in internal improvement projects are also documented in the records; a file on the petition of Mary Perrine, the widow of a contractor for the Louisville and Portland Canal, not only documents her claim but also contains a wealth of detail on the construction of the canal (33A-H22). Bibliographic note: Web version based on Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition (Doct. No. 100-42). By Robert W. Coren, Mary Rephlo, David Kepley, and Charles South. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1989.

Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46) Chapter 16. Records of the Committee on Public Works and Related Committees, 1820-1968 Records of the Committee on Public Works and Related Committees, 1820-1968 from Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States Committee records discussed in this chapter: - Committee on Roads and Canals, 1

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Ray Land Exchange SEIS Frequently Asked Questions Ray Land Exchange Selected Lands In exchange for the Selected Lands, Asarco has offered 7,304 acres of private land that they own that the BLM has identified as desirable for public ownership and management. These “Offered Lands” possess resource qualities considered to be of significant value to the public and have been identified for acquisition by the BLM. The highly valuable resource lands include parcels within or adjacent to wilderness areas and Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), lands containing riparian areas, and lands that serve as habitat for endangered species and other special category wildlife species, such as the desert tortoise. Ray Land Exchange Offered Lands Why is the BLM doing a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS)? The Tucson Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is beginning to prepare a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) for the Ray Land Exchange. The SEIS will supplement the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) issued in 1999 and the Record of Decision (ROD) issued on April 27, 2000. The decision approved a land exchange between Asarco and the BLM for approximately 10,976 acres of Selected Lands identified for acquisition by Asarco in exchange for approximately 7,304 acres of Offered Lands to be acquired by BLM. The FEIS and ROD were challenged by three environmental groups, the Center for Biological Diversity, the Western Land Exchange Project, and the Sierra Club (collectively called CBD) administratively and in federal court, ultimately prevailing in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in November, 2010. The Ninth Circuit concluded that the BLM violated the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Federal Lands Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) “in assuming without explanation that Asarco would perform mining operations on the selected lands in the same manner regardless of the land exchange.” The court recognized that Asarco has the right to conduct mining and related activities under the General Mining Law, based on Asarco’s mining and mill site claims on the Selected Lands. But the court believed that the manner and extent of mining was likely to differ depending on whether the Selected Lands are owned by the United States as public lands subject to the BLM’s surface use regulations at 43 CFR Subpart 3809 or by Asarco as private lands in fee simple, in which case the BLM’s surface use regulations would not apply. Because the deficiencies in the 1999 FEIS are narrow in scope the BLM has determined that conducting the analysis using the Supplemental EIS guidelines is the appropriate tool. What will be included in the SEIS? The SEIS will supplement the 1999 FEIS by providing a “with and without” comparative analysis found lacking by the Ninth Circuit. This analysis will compare two scenarios of potential environmental impacts on the Selected Lands from mining operations. One scenario analyzes potential impacts that could occur as a result of mining activities on the Selected Lands if they are not exchanged and remain under BLM jurisdiction (i.e., mining occurs with BLM regulations). The other scenario analyzes potential impacts that could occur as a result of mining activities if the Selected Lands are exchanged and become privately owned lands (i.e., mining occurs without BLM regulations). The SEIS will also address any substantial changes in the land exchange and any significant new circumstances or information that are relevant to analyzing the impacts of the land exchange (see 40 C.F.R. § 1502.9(c); BLM NEPA Handbook § 5.3). What is the process to complete the SEIS? The process to complete the SEIS is as follows: The schedule to complete the SEIS is as follows: Will the BLM conduct public scoping for the SEIS? Public scoping is not required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for the When will the Draft SEIS be published? The Draft SEIS will be published by the BLM in Fall 2012. There will be a 45-day public How can I comment on the SEIS? You are encouraged to take an active part in the Ray Land Exchange SEIS process. The Why is the BLM supportive of the Ray Land Exchange? The BLM is supportive of the Ray Land Exchange because the Offered Lands include lands that the BLM has identified as having significant resource value and beneficial for public acquisition. The Offered Lands parcels contain important resources and include lands within or adjacent to Wilderness areas and Areas of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), lands containing riparian areas, and lands that serve as habitat for endangered species and other special category wildlife species, such as the desert tortoise. Benefits to the BLM also include consolidating checkerboard ownership of lands and the ability to manage blocks of lands within ACECs and Wilderness areas and increased habitat protection for special status species and other birds and wildlife. Why is Asarco pursuing the Ray Land Exchange? From Asarco’s perspective, the primary purpose of the land exchange is to acquire fee simple title to the Selected Lands in order to consolidate Asarco’s land holdings and permanently secure Asarco’s rights through private ownership. This will prevent future title disputes and problems related to land ownership, which often arise in connection with unpatented mining claims and similar interests. Private ownership is important to protect Asarco’s current and future investment in its mining and mineral processing facilities. Acquisition of the Selected Lands also will buffer operations from surrounding land uses, facilitate property management, and provide for potential development and expansion in the future. Asarco has mining and mill site claims covering virtually all of the Selected Land parcels, and have plans to conduct mining and mining support on these parcels. The exchange would allow for the private expansion of the Ray Mine Complex and Copper Butte properties. Benefits to Asarco include consolidating land holdings under common ownership, provide title security to support current and future operations and to provide additional land buffers for site security and reduce conflicts with other resource users. Why is the acreage different for the Selected Lands and Offered Lands? Land exchanges are not completed on an acre for acre basis. The exchange is based on the value of the land exchanged and not the direct acres exchanged. The appraised value of the Federal and non-Federal land need to be equal or within a 25 percent cash equalization range. The BLM completes land exchanges on an equal value basis with differences in value between the Federal and non-Federal lands equalized by either the addition or subtraction of lands and/or by a cash payment. Cash payments from the non-federal proponent may not exceed 25 per cent of the value of the Federal lands involved in the land exchange. How is the land value determined? The BLM secures an official appraisal of all exchange lands, which is reviewed and approved by Department of Interior officials. The appraisals take into consideration both surface value and potential subsurface mineral value. A current mineral report is being prepared during the SEIS process to advise the land exchange appraisal. Will the Ray Land Exchange Selected Lands or Offered Lands change in the SEIS? Upon final completion of the updated appraisals, Asarco and BLM may need to modify the Offered Lands and/or the Selected Lands package (proposed action) that was originally proposed for exchange so that the appraised values of the Selected and Offered Lands are roughly equal. Cash equalization within applicable regulatory parameters may be used after making all reasonable efforts to equalize values by excluding lands. In such event, values would be equalized by the payment of money to the BLM as the circumstances require so long as payment does not exceed 25 percent of the total value of the lands or interests transferred out of federal ownership pursuant to 43 U.S.C. §1716 (b). No new lands will be added to the Ray Land Exchange proposal. It is possible that some lands will be removed to meet exchange valuation requirements. What activities will occur on the Selected Lands if provided to Asarco? Foreseeable uses for the Selected Lands include expansion of open pit operations, haul roads, leach and rock deposition areas, access roads, storm water facilities, and administrative facilities. Some parcels will be used as buffer areas and contain limited or no mining activity. Asarco holds unpatented mining claims and mill sites on virtually all of the Selected Lands and holds title to the surface estate of certain parcels. Consequently, under all alternatives, the foreseeable uses of the Selected Lands are mining or activities related to mining. Although in some instances, the activities do not require authorization under the Mining Laws (for example, lands that will serve as buffer) and are not subject to regulation under the Subpart 3809 regulations. The SEIS will provide a description of foreseeable uses to the extent they can reasonably be determined based on current knowledge about Asarco’s future operations. What activities will occur on the Offered Lands? If the exchange is approved, the Offered Lands would be managed by BLM to preserve and enhance environmental resource values through resources analysis, habitat protection, recreation and access management, etc. The lands would be managed under guidance of the Kingman Area and Tucson Area Resource Management Plans (RMP). What BLM regulations and guidelines oversee the Land Exchange process? Land exchanges are generally conducted under the authority contained in Sections 102, 205, 206 and 207 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA, 90 Stat. 2743; 43 U.S.C. 1715, 1716 and 1717). FLPMA was amended in 1988 by the Federal Land Exchange Facilitation Act (FLEFA, 102 Stat. 1087). FLEFA contains provisions to facilitate and expedite land exchanges by establishing uniform rules and regulations for appraisals, and procedures and guidelines for resolution of appraisal disputes. The BLM Land Exchange Handbook H-2200-1 (Public) details the BLM land exchange processing steps. The handbook provides specific guidance for the consideration of land exchanges to ensure that statutory and regulatory requirements are followed and that the public interest is protected. How are the Offered Lands comparable to the Selected Lands if they are dispersed around the state? The Selected Lands are to be developed and used for mining activities. The Offered Lands will be acquired by the federal government for their natural resource values and because parcels are within or adjacent to wilderness areas and ACEC, lands containing riparian areas, and lands that serve as habitat for endangered species and other special category wildlife species. The Offered Lands are not comparable to the selected lands in any way except that they will be adjusted in size to have close to comparable monetary value before the trade is finalized. Separate and specific appraisals will be done for each property component and the valuation results will be calculated for each side of the exchange. Our initial estimate is that the values of the Offered Lands are close to being equal.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Ray Land Exchange SEIS Frequently Asked Questions Ray Land Exchange Selected Lands In exchange for the Selected Lands, Asarco has offered 7,304 acres of private land that they own that the BLM has identified as desirable for public ownership and management. These “Offered Lands” possess resource qualities considered to be of significant valu

Eastern ND and Northwest MN Weather History The Weather History for October 13th - Grand Forks record high temperature of 82 set in 1956, record low of 14 set in 1979, record precipitation of 0.44 set in 1966. For Fargo, record high of 84 set in 1934, record low of 17 set in 1979, record precipitation of 1.50 inches set in 1984 and a 0.1 inches of snow in 1997. Select Other Dates for Weather History

Eastern ND and Northwest MN Weather History The Weather History for October 13th - Grand Forks record high temperature of 82 set in 1956, record low of 14 set in 1979, record precipitation of 0.44 set in 1966. For Fargo, record high of 84 set in 1934, record low of 17 set in 1979, record precipitation of 1.50 inches set in 1984 and a 0.1 inches of snow in 1997. Select Other Dates for Weather Histo

State Vital Records Office Where to Obtain an Apostille for a Vital Record If you need a vital record received from the State Vital Records Office for an international purpose, such as to apply for dual citizenship or to marry in a foreign jurisdiction, you may need to have the record certified with an Apostille by the CT Office of the Secretary of State. In Connecticut, the Secretary of State is responsible for issuing certifications by Apostille. An Apostille is a special form of certificate authentication prepared under the terms of an international treaty known as "The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents." The Apostille simplifies the authentication process by exempting documents certified with the Apostille at the state level from any additional certification by a higher authority, such as at the US Department of State or consulate. For questions and fees related to obtaining an Apostille for a vital record, please contact the CT Office of the Secretary of State at www.ct.gov/sots/ CT Secretary of State 30 Trinity Street Hartford, CT 06106 Content Last Modified on 11/8/2011 12:20:18 PM

State Vital Records Office Where to Obtain an Apostille for a Vital Record If you need a vital record received from the State Vital Records Office for an international purpose, such as to apply for dual citizenship or to marry in a foreign jurisdiction, you may need to have the record certified with an Apostille by the CT Office of the Secretary of State. In Connecticut, the Secretary of State is

Aboriginal people have inhabited this region for more than 40,000 years. The Methodist Church of Australasia established a mission at Yirrkala in 1935. Over the following decades, members of the 13 clans that owned land in the surrounding area were gradually drawn into the mission. Friction between these different groups was an early problem. The Yirrkala community became well known in 1963, when landowners sent a bark petition to the Australian Government to protest against the Prime Minister’s announcement that a section of their land would be sold for bauxite mining. In the 1970s several groups set up outstation communities on their own lands. By the 1980s there were about 10 outstations, with a total population around 200. Today all clans have at least one homeland centre, and many people live partly in Yirrkala and partly in their homelands. In the mid-1970s the church handed control of the mission to the Yirrkala Dhanbul Community Association, which consisted of representatives from the main clans. In 2008, the Yirrkala Dhanbul Community Association became part of the East Arnhem Shire Council when Yirrkala became part of the East Arnhem Shire and the Shire took over local government. Yirrkala is on the east coast of the Gove peninsula in north-east Arnhem Land, 18 km south of Nhulunbuy. Many people live intermittently between Yirrkala and surrounding homelands. The population of Yirrkala and its surrounds in 2006 was approximately 1,697, of which 1,472 were Indigenous (87 per cent). In the same year, the Indigenous population was relatively young, with 44 per cent aged under 20 years (compared to 27 per cent in the total Australian population), and 11 per cent aged 50 years or more (compared to 31 per cent in the total Australian population). The Indigenous population of Yirrkala and its surrounds is projected to increase from 1,472 in 2006 to 2,005 in 2026. The number of Indigenous people aged 15 to 64 (the working age) is projected to grow from 953 people in 2006 to 1,301 in 2026. The number of Indigenous people aged 65 years and over is expected to more than triple, from 33 in 2006 to 112 in 2026. The increasing size and ageing population of Yirrkala will increase the need for housing, employment opportunities, aged care and health services. These numbers are based on the 2006 census, adjusted using Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates as the census under-counted Indigenous populations. It is recognised that this may not be an accurate assessment of the current population. Yolngu Matha is the main language in Yirrkala, but there are different dialects. Yolngu (Aboriginal person) is the name of a group of intermarrying clans who live in the three main townships of Milingimbi, Yirrkala and Galiwin’ku and their surrounding homelands, and whose members speak a dialect of one of a number of closely related languages. There are 13 clan groups in the community. Together these Yolngu clans formed a social system of religious organisation that differs from neighbouring systems. The Yolngu Matha are divided into two moieties, Yirritja and Dhuwa, and each person inherits membership of a group and its moiety from his or her father. The Rirratjingu Clan are the traditional owners of Yirrkala. Traditional ownership of part of the Yirrkala community is being challenged, which may complicate future leasing negotiations. The area contested is where the present community and future new housing is located. There are limited opportunities to expand because of mining leases nearby. The East Arnhem Shire Council provides local government in Yirrkala, which is in the Shire’s Gumurr Miwatj Ward. This is one of six wards in the Shire. The Gumurr Miwatj Ward in 2012 will elect three (3) of the fourteen (14) Shire Council members. The Shire headquarters are in Nhulunbuy and it has a service delivery centre in Yirrkala which also services Gunyangara. The Shire consults community members through the Local Board of 12 locally elected community members, the Yirrkala Mala Leaders Association. The Northern Land Council, based in Darwin and with a regional office in Nhulunbuy, is the land council to the community. It is responsible for matters under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976. This includes: - checking, representing and responding to the wishes and opinions of local Indigenous people about legislation, tourism, development and commercial activities that affect traditional land, and - helping traditional landowners claim, manage and protect the land. All of Arnhem Land was proclaimed as an Aboriginal reserve in 1931. The Yolngu people have been recognised as holding native title rights to parts of East Arnhem Land. This includes rights over the sea which co-exist with the rights of commercial and recreational fishers in one of the Northern Territory’s most abundant fishing grounds.

Aboriginal people have inhabited this region for more than 40,000 years. The Methodist Church of Australasia established a mission at Yirrkala in 1935. Over the following decades, members of the 13 clans that owned land in the surrounding area were gradually drawn into the mission. Friction between these different groups was an early problem. The Yirrkala community became well known in 1963, when

How to find the weather data you want. A great deal of time is spent by us to create the products mentioned below in our effort to meet the needs of you, the customer. So please, take a minute to read this 1. How much rain/snow fell on a certain day/week? What was the temperature on this day? How strong were the winds on this day? How many Heating/Cooling degree days did we have? The answers are here! This office is overwhelmed with e-mail requests for weather data for previous days, months, etc. In an effort to reduce the number of e-mails, please review the information on this page to help you find what you are looking Weather Data" link on the main page has data for 7 locations that we keep statistics on. They are Washington National Airport, Dulles, Baltimore-Washington (BWI), Maryland Science Center (Inner Harbor), Charlottesville, Hagerstown and Martinsburg. Clicking on any of the "X" links will bring up the data for EACH DAY of that month. These pages contain the High, Low temperature, Heating and Cooling degree days, precipitation, snowfall, strongest wind speeds and direction and more. Immediately above the tables with all the links is a link to a page that explains in detail what each column of these forms means. If the information you are looking for is not here, then we don't have it so please don't ask. In a case like that, you should contact the National Climatic Data Center. They archive all weather data around the world, if they don't have it, it doesn't exist. A link and phone number for NCDC is on the climate page. If this doesn't meet what you need, then keep reading. I need to know when that hail storm was for my insurance. My shingles/siding blew off the house during that severe thunderstorm a few weeks ago, when was it? My basement flooded that day it rained so hard, when was that? Our other form of old weather data is what we call Storm Reports. These are narrative summaries of significant weather events that we have data on for the locations in our County Warning Area. Each of these reports begins with the first of the month and ends on the last day of that month. Any significant events are listed in the reports but you'll need to read them to find out when a specific event may have affected you. This is an example of what is at the top of each page that gives location, date, time of that particular event. Some examples of these reports are Thunderstorms, Hail storms, Tornadoes, floods, snowstorms, etc. 3. If you're trying to figure out some of the other products listed on our pages, besides Climate data, then you might be interested in our introduction to the web site. If all else fails, then try our Help 4. What I want is not covered on any of the pages already mentioned! If that is the case, then by all means, send us an e-mail and we'll do our best to get you the information you 5. Due to limited staffing, time constraints and higher priority tasks, we will no longer answer e-mail requests for routine climate data that can be found through any of the links shown above. Other requests for data or information, not mentioned above, should be sent to the webmaster.

How to find the weather data you want. A great deal of time is spent by us to create the products mentioned below in our effort to meet the needs of you, the customer. So please, take a minute to read this 1. How much rain/snow fell on a certain day/week? What was the temperature on this day? How strong were the winds on this day? How many Heating/Cooling degree days did we have? The answers are h

National Wildlife Refuge |30 Miles North of Williston Zahl, ND 58856 Phone Number: 701-965-6488 |Visit the Refuge's Web Site: |Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge at sunset.| Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge Lake Zahl NWR was established in 1939 as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife. The Refuge encompasses a total of 3,739 acres. Lake Zahl NWR lies at the juncture of the Missouri Coteau and the Missouri Slope. Water flowing from Lake Zahl enters the Little Muddy River, goes into Lake Sakakawea, and then enters the Missouri River approximately 28 miles south of the Refuge. Lake Zahl is not staffed; it is managed by the Crosby Wetland Management District staff. Getting There . . . The Refuge is divided by State Highway 50, 0.5 miles west of its juncture with State Highway 85, 30 miles north of Williston, North Dakota. The Refuge is accessible from State Highway 50 and county and township roads that border the unit. Get Google map and directions to this refuge/WMD from a specified address: Learn More >> The Refuge is managed primarily as a nesting and resting area for waterfowl and other migratory birds. The Refuge uplands are managed using rotational grazing and prescribed burning to provide a diversity of prairie habitat. Former croplands are managed as seeded grass cover that is either hayed or farmed periodically. A small area of cropland remains in a cropping rotation to provide food to wildlife. Periodic drawdowns of the two water impoundments are done periodically to expose wetland soils and stimulate aquatic plant growth. However, drawdowns are seldom necessary due to natural fluctuations in the impoundment levels.

National Wildlife Refuge |30 Miles North of Williston Zahl, ND 58856 Phone Number: 701-965-6488 |Visit the Refuge's Web Site: |Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge at sunset.| Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge Lake Zahl NWR was established in 1939 as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife. The Refuge encompasses a total of 3,739 acres. Lake Zahl NWR lies at the juncture

Standing With Student Veterans at Mohawk Valley Community College, Gillibrand Announces Legislation to Assist Veterans in Education, Job Training and Skill Recognition More Than 200 Veterans Are Currently Enrolled At MVCC Using VA Benefits May 11, 2012 Rome, NY –Standing with student veterans at Mohawk Valley Community College, U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, today announced bipartisan legislation to help provide education and job training for young veterans, and streamline certification processes for civilian jobs. Last year, Senator Gillibrand hosted a roundtable with local business and veterans leaders to discuss innovative ways to address veterans’ unemployment in the Mohawk Valley. As a result, Senator Gillibrand helped pass a bipartisan VOW To Hire Heroes Act to address unacceptably high rates of unemployment among veterans by ensuring that all troops returning from Iraq and Afghanistan have the necessary tools for a seamless transition from military service to the civilian workforce. This law included measures to incentivize their hiring and ease their transition into the work force. Now Senator Gillibrand is working on legislation that would make training more accessible, protect veterans’ access to education, and ease hiring processes for veterans. “This new legislation is an important investment for our heroes,” Senator Gillibrand said. “We must provide veterans with access to the necessary resources which allow them to get the education, job training and appropriate licensing that will ease their transition from military life to the civilian work force. Our veterans have earned this and it’s the least we can do to give them the appropriate tools needed to be successful in their life after the military.” “Like many community colleges, meeting veterans’ educational needs is a significant part of MVCC’s tradition. The needs of our proud military men and women are greater than ever. So we are working harder and smarter than ever to promote their success in college and to connect them with career options for successful transitions from the armed forces to the civilian workforce,” said Randall J. VanWagoner, Ph.D., President. “Legislation that makes education for veterans more efficient, more accountable, and more focused is well aligned with our mission and we look forward to expanding the support we can provide to students who have served.” Oneida County Executive Anthony J. Picente, Jr. said, “I strongly believe that all of us who enjoy the blessings of liberty and our way of life have a very clear obligation to assist our veterans in making the transition back to our community. Getting the right training for the right jobs is an important way that we can do that. Mohawk Valley Community College has already shown a commitment to work with our local veterans and help them acquire the education and training needed for success. I applaud Senator Gillibrand for her package of legislation on behalf of our veterans. Working together, we can help our veterans and their families overcome barriers they face due to the stress and hardships of veterans’ service to our country.” State Senator Joseph Griffo said, “When Congress passed the "GI bill" after World War II, it helped create a generational transition for our returning vets leaving active service to go into the workforce and institutions of higher learning. Senator Gillibrand has co-sponsored legislation in the Senate that stays true to that spirit of acknowledging the debt to armed service personnel and their families. I commend her and the other bi-partisan sponsors of these bills, for their work to help ease the transition for our veterans serving us abroad and here at home.” “Our veterans come from the most highly trained and lauded military organizations in the world. When these heroes return from service they should not be met with undue hardships while looking for a civilian career. Attaining an advanced degree is one of the greatest tools one has when looking for employment in today’s workforce. The senator is supporting some sensible solutions to make educational resources more readily available to veterans. These measures will make our veterans feel welcomed home and give them the support they need to combat today’s record high unemployment rates,” said Assemblywoman Claudia Tenney (R,C,I-New Hartford). “This legislation will significantly help veterans who leave the service, and enroll in college or job training programs,” said Assemblyman Anthony Brindisi (D-Utica.) “It is important that veterans receive the support they need to access GI Bill benefits, and to select the college which offers programs that are best suited to their skills and interests.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that in 2011, more than 12 percent of veterans who have served post 9/11 are unemployed. Make TAP Training Accessible For Veterans And Families The VOW To Hire Heroes Act made the Transition Assistance Program (TAP) mandatory for all departing servicemembers. TAP gives veterans an opportunity to gain job training, understand their benefits, and practice skills like resume writing and interviewing. Yet many veterans never had the opportunity to take the program or want the ability to come back and receive additional training. The TAP Modernization Act would make improvements to TAP by offering classes for veterans and their spouses at convenient, off-base locations. In addition the legislation would require the Department of Labor’s Veterans Employment and Training Service (VETS) to integrate job search experts to teach the classes. The bill also authorizes a temporary extension of TAP benefits for three years through a pilot program in three to five states with the highest veteran unemployment. Protect Veterans' Access To Education And Job Opportunities The Military and Veterans Educational Reform Act strengthens the Post-9/11 GI Bill by ensuring that educational institutions receiving assistance through the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DOD) meet commonsense requirements, including providing critical information to potential students. Additionally, the bill calls on state agencies to conduct greater outreach activities to veterans to assist veterans in making informed decisions on their education. The legislation would also streamline the complaint process for veterans who want to report instances of fraud, waste, and abuse within educational institutions to the VA and DOD. Implementing a centralized process will increase coordination between the VA, DOD and the Department of Education, which will be required to share information across agencies. Ease Hiring Process For Veterans Currently, veterans are held back by the bureaucratic red tape of the federal certification process that prevents them from immediately applying for jobs they are qualified for. To speed up the credentialing process for veterans and get them into the workforce sooner, Senator Gillibrand is pushing for the Veteran Skills to Jobs Act. The legislation would require agencies to recognize relevant military training and skills when certifying veterans for federal occupational licenses. Instead of spending time retraining, veterans would be able to receive a federal license if it’s determined their military experience is enough to fulfill the license requirements.

Standing With Student Veterans at Mohawk Valley Community College, Gillibrand Announces Legislation to Assist Veterans in Education, Job Training and Skill Recognition More Than 200 Veterans Are Currently Enrolled At MVCC Using VA Benefits May 11, 2012 Rome, NY –Standing with student veterans at Mohawk Valley Community College, U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, a member of the Senate Armed Services

Reviewed by Daniel Platt (University of Connecticut) Published on Jhistory (January, 2012) Commissioned by Heidi Tworek Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1945-1969 On April 30, 1939, NBC delivered its first regularly scheduled television broadcast by covering Franklin Roosevelt’s address at the New York World’s Fair, therein inaugurating a new era in mass communications and forging an enduring link between politics and televised media. In Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1946–69, James Schwoch probes one particular facet of that link, exploring how postwar political conditions drove American policymakers, businessmen, academics, and philanthropists to construct a network for the worldwide distribution of live television content in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Seeking to contribute to scholars’ understandings of globalization and Cold War foreign policy and to remind contemporary political actors of the importance of America’s image abroad, Schwoch, a professor of communication studies at Northwestern University, argues that global television was the ad hoc product of a discourse that began as a concern for security amidst growing East-West tensions in the 1940s and 1950s but transformed in the 1960s into a rhetoric of one-world citizenship. That transformation is charted primarily in the book’s first four chapters, which proceed episodically through several communications policy challenges of the postwar period, starting with the debate among victorious Allied powers over how to rebuild Germany’s broadcasting capabilities. Because it had been expelled from the International Telecommunications Union in 1945, choices about how many frequencies on the electromagnetic spectrum to allocate to Germany fell to the occupying forces. Drawing on documents from the State Department and the Public Records Office of the United Kingdom, Schwoch contends that over the course of the 1950s, French and British policymakers shifted from a nationalist orientation, favoring the allocation of few frequencies to West Germany in the interest of limiting the country’s ability to disseminate propaganda ever again, to joining the United States in a more internationalist outlook that saw German broadcasting as “a strong counterbalance preventing, or discouraging, the Soviet-sourced” flow of media across the Iron Curtain (p. 41). As West Europeans standardized television programming models and distribution devices across the Continent in the 1950s in order to offset communist radio and television, American policymakers prepared for the new era of public diplomacy by founding the United States Information Agency in 1953 to coordinate international propaganda and manage the nation’s image abroad. Sifting through the archives of the Ford Foundation, whose officers advised the Eisenhower administration on information policy in the late 1950s and which continued to direct communications research in subsequent decades, Schwoch argues that media experts gradually abandoned East-West rhetoric and by the 1966 Ford Bellagio Conference in Italy had adopted a language of globalization that posited broad access to television as a necessary condition of post-national world citizenship. While these discursive changes were taking place within academic and intellectual circles, American state officials were partnering with private investors to build a media infrastructure that would allow the country to control and improve its image around the world. It is this policy and technology narrative that is considered in the book’s final four chapters. Drawing on documents in the National Archives and several presidential libraries, Schwoch details how the conviction that seeing the benefits of consumer culture would foster pro-capitalist sentiments in neutral or communist countries, as well as the fear that the Soviet Union’s success in space would earn it international recognition as the more scientifically advanced society, motivated Congress to create and fund the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) in 1962. Influenced by emerging discourse of world citizenship, the Kennedy and Johnson administrations pushed COMSAT and INTELSAT, a related consortium of international satellite corporations, to make American broadcasting available to as many people as possible via satellite relays. This process culminated in the global telecasting of the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, the first event to be seen live on television in virtually every country--a simultaneous triumph for American cultural diplomacy and the concept of one-worldism. Schwoch concludes his study by mourning that moment’s passing, claiming that hopes of globalization have been supplanted in the twenty-first century by the anxieties of globophobia. He blames the second Bush administration for ignoring new media and failing to protect America’s international reputation, a lamentation that may be based more on personal experience than solid archival research--Schwoch is a dean at Northwestern’s Qatar campus--and that seems to reduce real errors in political leadership to problems of image-management. A dubious epilogue is not Global TV’s only blemish. Besides its overuse of block quoting and its winding detours into technical and unrelated narratives, such as the impact of high-altitude nuclear testing on satellite functioning, Global TV offers only cursory answers to the most significant questions its argument raises: did the achievement of global television, realized in the Apollo 11 broadcast, tangibly shape the second half of the Cold War, and was the discourse of world citizenship merely Americanization in disguise? Addressing these issues would require additional research into international viewership as well as how far global television networks shared live content rather than simply exported American feeds. Such work would yield a more complete portrait of the relationship among media, politics, and nationalism and post-nationalism during the Cold War. That said, Global TV does the valuable job of narrating a dense and technical history, and its argument has important implications for scholars of American journalism. Schwoch’s central insight is that constructing global television was a remarkably collaborative and disjointed endeavor, one that brought together state officials, businessmen, academics, philanthropists and, ultimately, broadcasters. While some journalists thus adopted a more adversarial posture in the 1960s and 1970s, asserting their power as independent watchdogs and evaluators of government, the larger news industry was, on one level, becoming more intertwined with the state, relying on public-private partnerships like COMSAT for access to international television content. The challenge going forward may be to incorporate this legacy of the government’s dual identity as both a subject and a shaper of broadcast news coverage into the larger history of journalism and political culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl. Daniel Platt. Review of Schwoch, James, Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1946-69. Jhistory, H-Net Reviews. |This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.|

Reviewed by Daniel Platt (University of Connecticut) Published on Jhistory (January, 2012) Commissioned by Heidi Tworek Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1945-1969 On April 30, 1939, NBC delivered its first regularly scheduled television broadcast by covering Franklin Roosevelt’s address at the New York World’s Fair, therein inaugurating a new era in mass communications and forging an endurin

African languages must be taught Tuesday, 31 January 2012 The Department of Basic Education is developing a policy that will compel all state schools to offer an African language. The announcement comes after the Sunday Times revealed last week that many former model C primary schools, in which English had been medium of instruction, were sidelining African languages by offering Afrikaans as the first additional language. “It is therefore in school’s interests not to drop their African languages from the curriculum. If the policy is approved, all public schools will have to offer one of the African languages”, said the department. Executive Director of the Education and Skills Development Research Programme at the Human Sciences Research Council, Vijay Reddy said it was important for children whose home language was English or Afrikaans to learn an African language. She said it “was about a South African identity, social cohesion and nation building”. An Adjunct Professor in the African languages section at the University of Cape Town, Tessa Dowing said: “Scrapping African-language teaching at schools creates a new, more insidious apartheid. It says African languages can only be spoken and studied in rural areas and townships by poor black people”. But Professor Sarah Gravett, Dean of Education at the University of Johannesburg said there was a shortage of qualified teachers for African languages.-Sunday Times

African languages must be taught Tuesday, 31 January 2012 The Department of Basic Education is developing a policy that will compel all state schools to offer an African language. The announcement comes after the Sunday Times revealed last week that many former model C primary schools, in which English had been medium of instruction, were sidelining African languages by offering Afrikaans as the f

Charles A. Meegan - Astrophysicist and Fermi Burst Monitor Principal Investigator Charles A. Meegan is an Astrophysicist at the Space Science Department of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, in Huntsville, Ala. His prime research area is in Gamma-Ray Astronomy. Since 2000, he has been the Principal Investigator for the Fermi Burst Monitor (FBM) instrument. The FBM was selected as a complementary instrument for the Fermi mission and will be sensitive to X-rays and gamma rays with energies between 8 keV (Kilo Electron Volts) and 25 MeV (Mega Electron Volts). The development of the Fermi Burst Monitor and analysis of its observational data is a collaborative effort between the National Space Science and Technology Center in the U.S. and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) in Germany. Meegan holds a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Maryland in 1973, and received a B.S. in Physics from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He has been an Astrophysicist in the Space Science Department of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. since 1978. Prior to that, Meegan worked as a National Academy of Sciences/Nuclear Regulatory Commission Research Associate at NASA Marshall from 1976-1978. From 1975-1975 he was a Research Associate and Lecturer in Space Physics and Astronomy, at Rice University, Houston. Meegan has had several special assignments related to the Fermi mission. Since the year 2000, he has been the Fermi Burst Monitor, Principal Investigator. He was also the Chairman of the 4th Huntsville Symposium on Gamma-Ray Bursts. From 1991-1996, Meegan was an Astro Mission scientist. Prior to that, from 1982 to 1984 he was an Assistant Project Scientist on the Hubble Space Telescope. Meegan was again involved with Gamma-Rays in 1979 during his time on the Gamma Ray Observatory Technical Advisory Committee. He was also a co-Investigator on the Burst and Transient Source Experiment, from 1979 to 2002. He is a member in several professional societies, including the American Astronomical Society; American Physical Society; Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society and was past president, and past Chairman of Board of the Von Braun Astronomical Society. Meegan's awards include: the NASA Marshall Director's Commendation in 1993 for development of BATSE flight software, and the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal in 1993 for research on gamma-ray bursts. Also in 1993, he was named Sigma Xi Huntsville Researcher of the Year for research on gamma-ray bursts. In 1995, he received the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal for his work on the Astro-2 mission. For more information about the Fermi Burst Monitor, visit on the Web: For more information about the ASTRO-2 Mission, visit on the Web: For more information about NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, visit on the Web:

Charles A. Meegan - Astrophysicist and Fermi Burst Monitor Principal Investigator Charles A. Meegan is an Astrophysicist at the Space Science Department of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, in Huntsville, Ala. His prime research area is in Gamma-Ray Astronomy. Since 2000, he has been the Principal Investigator for the Fermi Burst Monitor (FBM) instrument. The FBM was selected as a complementary

Nassau To Host Workshop On Drug Prevention In Middle Schools The statistics are startling. Approximately 4.5 million American children, aged 12 and older, reported abusing prescription drugs; while 1 in 3 teens report having a close friend who abuses prescription pain relievers to get high. Meanwhile only a third of teens in the state learn about the risk of drugs from their parents. County Executive Edward P. Mangano, District Attorney Kathleen Rice, treatment providers, and local schools recognize that this isn’t just a state or a nation-wide problem; it’s happening here in Nassau County and it’s everyone’s problem. In Nassau, approximately 3 people are dying each week from abusing prescription drugs or heroin. The journey, however, often begins when children in middle school experiment with alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. It is a pathway that can be altered with information, education and resources. On May 11th, County Executive Mangano and District Attorney Rice, through the County’s Heroin Task Force will hosta conference, “Building Your Toolbox for Drug Prevention,” to help school districts create and implement effective drug prevention programs. Both elected officials are urging all Nassau school districts to participate in this free forum. The May 11th conference, held at The Morrelly Homeland Security Center in Bethpage, will also address strengthening existing drug prevention programs; help develop community partnerships to address the issue; foster communication within a district, and encourage the sharing of ideas and resources among school districts to maximize efforts and results. County Executive Mangano stated, “It’s critical that we get drug prevention and education information to schools, parents and the community so that we are all partners in this fight to save lives.” District Attorney Rice added, “We have all come together to strengthen our resources and our communities, by getting the word out through schools.” Henry L. Grishman, past president of both the County and State Council of School Superintendents and a member of the Nassau County Heroin Prevention Task force, said he “strongly urges each district to attend this important activity.” To register for the May 11th conference, school officials should contact Maria Ploth at (516) 571-2579. Tours of the Homeland Security Center will be available after the workshop.

Nassau To Host Workshop On Drug Prevention In Middle Schools The statistics are startling. Approximately 4.5 million American children, aged 12 and older, reported abusing prescription drugs; while 1 in 3 teens report having a close friend who abuses prescription pain relievers to get high. Meanwhile only a third of teens in the state learn about the risk of drugs from their parents. County Execut

Menopause Symptoms Can Return if Treatment Stopped According to the latest results from the Women's Health Initiative, symptoms can return when women stop taking menopausal hormone therapy. Akinso: Findings from a major clinical trial known as the Women's Health Initiative have shown that when women stop hormone therapy during menopause, symptoms can return. The trial was funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and was conducted in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging, the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and the Office of Research on Women's Health. Doctor Sherry Sherman, a project official with NIA's Study of Women's Health Across the Nation says the symptoms may come back even after as much as 5 years of hormone therapy. Sherman: "It was always unclear as to whether taking hormones for reasons other than hot flashes, what the consequences were of going off the hormones. And certainly for those on hormones for the management of menopause related symptoms. There was a good chance that the symptoms would return when the women went off hormones." Akinso: An estimated 2 American women go through menopause each year. The Women's Health Initiative also found that women aged 50-79 should not use menopausal hormone therapy to prevent heart disease or dementia. For more information visit www.nhlbi.nih.gov. This is Wally Akinso at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Menopause Symptoms Can Return if Treatment Stopped According to the latest results from the Women's Health Initiative, symptoms can return when women stop taking menopausal hormone therapy. Akinso: Findings from a major clinical trial known as the Women's Health Initiative have shown that when women stop hormone therapy during menopause, symptoms can return. The trial was funded by the National He

May 7, 2007 Monday Letters to the Press Posted by the Asbury Park Press on 05/7/07 Confront stigma of mental health Shocked and saddened by the shootings at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the New Jersey Governor’s Council on Mental Health Stigma offers its deepest condolences to the families of the innocent victims. An event so unspeakable affects us individually and as a nation. As we try to understand the details surrounding the shootings at Virginia Tech, let us educate ourselves and our communities about this public health issue. The time has come for us to recognize that just like any other illness, mental illness is treatable and recovery is possible. Mental health stigma is the primary barrier that prevents people from seeking and continuing treatment. By eradicating the stigma associated with mental illness, we can create an environment that supports those in need of treatment. By embracing mental health, each of us has the power to raise the bar on quality of life by creating healthier communities. Individuals living with mental illness are our mothers and fathers, sons and daughters, students and teachers, neighbors and friends. Let us open the door to the future of mental health. Please join the governor's council as we combat mental health stigma through respect, understanding and change. NJ GOVERNOR'S COUNCIL ON MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA

May 7, 2007 Monday Letters to the Press Posted by the Asbury Park Press on 05/7/07 Confront stigma of mental health Shocked and saddened by the shootings at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the New Jersey Governor’s Council on Mental Health Stigma offers its deepest condolences to the families of the innocent victims. An event so unspeakable affects us individually and as a nat

Fordyce Bathhouse Visitor Center Closed The Fordyce Bathhouse Visitor Center is closed until Fall 2013 for a major maintenance project. A temporary park Visitor Center, along with the park store, are located in the Lamar Bathhouse at the south end of Bathhouse Row. Call for more information. NPS photo by Earl Adams Wildlife within the park is typical of the region, consisting mostly of rodents, bats, and other small mammals. Because of the region's mild climate, bird species are varied and plentiful. Aquatic resources are limited to portions of several small creeks and are void of significant game fish. No endangered or threatened animal species are known to live in the park. Did You Know? Hot Springs, Arkansas, was the premier baseball spring training site from the 1880s-1940s. The Chicago White Stockings, Cincinnati Reds, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox and others came to soothe their aching muscles at the many bathhouses using Hot Springs National Park water.

Fordyce Bathhouse Visitor Center Closed The Fordyce Bathhouse Visitor Center is closed until Fall 2013 for a major maintenance project. A temporary park Visitor Center, along with the park store, are located in the Lamar Bathhouse at the south end of Bathhouse Row. Call for more information. NPS photo by Earl Adams Wildlife within the park is typical of the region, consisting mostly of rodents, ba

HISTORY OF FLIGHT Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page On September 19, 1999, about 1327 eastern daylight time, a Beech BE-35-J35, N648T, collided with trees following a loss of engine power in Bartow, Florida. The airplane was operated by the private pilot under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 91, and visual flight rules. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed and no flight plan was filed for the local flight. The pilot and passenger received fatal injuries during the post crash fire and the airplane was destroyed. The flight had originated from Brooksville, Florida, about 1315. Several minutes into the flight, the airplane was observed by eyewitnesses flying low from east of SR 471. Eyewitnesses said the airplane banked hard to the left and struck some pine trees. The airplane then nosed down into the ground and burst into flames. The exact purpose and circumstances of the flight were not determined. The pilot held private pilot certificate No. 296542214 with airplane single-engine land rating. His total flying time was 268 hours, approximately 74 hours of which were in the BE-35-J35. He had flown 22 hours within 90 days prior to the accident. He held a current third class medical certificate, dated September 29, 1998, with the limitation that he wears corrective lenses while flying. The BE-35-J35, N648T was owned and operated by the pilot. It was a low-wing single engine aircraft powered by a 260 horsepower continental 4-cylynder fuel injection engine. According to the plane's maintenance records, the last annual inspection was done on September 3, 1999, and the tachometer reading was 1002.3. The airframe total time at the time of inspection was 3131 hours. The airplane was painted white with a blue stripe and a red stripe. The weather conditions at St. Petersburg, located 40 nautical miles southwest from the accident site, at 1333 eastern daylight time was, visual meteorological conditions with scattered at 3000 feet and broken-scattered at 10,000 feet with 10-mile visibility. Winds were from 240 magnetic heading at 6 knots. The altimeter setting was 29.95 "Hg. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The aircraft wreckage was scattered over an area of 90 feet in length and 60 feet width. The aircraft initially collided with pine trees on the west side of SR 471, which runs north and south. The direction of flight at the time of the collision was approximately 157 degrees and the orientation of the wreckage at rest was 130 degrees. The landing gear was found fully extended. The aircraft came to a rest on the two extended main landing gear. The nose wheel was sheered off and was lying approximately 6 feet of its wheel well. The wheels were twisted approximately 90 degrees. Examination of the wreckage found that the right main, right auxiliary, and right tip tank had burned during the post crash fire. The left auxiliary, and left tip tank also burned, however, the left main fuel tank was not damaged and contained 52 ounces of fuel. In addition, the fuel selector valve was found positioned on the left main tank. The exact amount of fuel onboard the airplane at the time of the accident was not determined. A Witness to the accident who assisted in the rescue of the passenger reported that the intense fire prevented the rescue of the pilot. The empennage had extensive damage on both sides with evidence of striking with trees. The nose cone and upper instrument panel was found about 6 feet north of the main wreckage. The cockpit received extensive damage due to post crash fire. The two-blade propeller was separated from the engine and was found on the left side of the forward fuselage. One blade was bent aft with some span-wise scratches and gouging and the other blade showed no signs of impact damage. Examination of the airframe and the engine assembly failed to disclose a mechanical malfunction or component failure. MEDICAL AND PATHELOGICAL INFORMATION The toxicological examination of the pilot detected 0.283 (ug/mL, ug/g) of PAROXETINE in blood and urine. PAROXETINE is a prescription drug taken as an anti-depressant and for panic attacks. Traces of PSUEDOEPHEDRIN, which is a stimulant, were also detected in blood and urine. Additionally traces of EPHEDRINE and PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE were present in urine. There was no evidence of in-flight fire. According to sources close to the pilot, this was the first flight by the owner since the annual inspection was completed. The only fuel added to the airplane was 15 gallons added to each tip tank. According to fuel records for the airplane at the Fixed Base Operator, and the pilot's flight log book, fuel was never added to the left main fuel tank subsequent to the annual inspection. The total time flown by the pilot since the airplane was last topped off accounts for all but seven gallons of fuel in the left main fuel tank. Both the main and auxiliary fuel quantity gauge selector switches were found set to the right auxiliary fuel tanks. Examination of the fuel management panel disclosed that fuel quantity indications were for the right tanks and they showed near full tank indications. Examination of the fuel selectors showed that the left main fuel tank was selected. Reportedly, the pilot usually topped the airplane off with fuel after each flight. The exact amount of test flight time or maintenance ground run performed during the last annual inspection was not determined. The wreckage was released to Mr. William J. Blankinship, insurance adjuster, with Sample International Aviation, Inc., of Ormond Beach Florida.

HISTORY OF FLIGHT Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page On September 19, 1999, about 1327 eastern daylight time, a Beech BE-35-J35, N648T, collided with trees following a loss of engine power in Bartow, Florida. The airplane was operated by the private pilot under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 91, and visual flight rules. Visual meteorological conditions

This past Saturday (April 2), Safe Routes held its first annual Spring Kick-off at Beach School. Over 100 people came out to join the celebrations. The day was filled with family fun activities that promote walking and biking. Trauma Nurses Talks Tough gave-away and fitted helmets for students. Our wonderful volunteer bike mechanics worked on bikes throughout the entire event. LeeAnne Ferguson, who manages our bike and pedestrian safety programs for the Bicycle Transportation Alliance, led activities for students on a packed and mostly sunny parking lot. Parents participated in various encouragement workshops and bike maintenance trainings, including a few parents who got on bikes for the first time. The event culminated with lunch, raffle and a community ride following the new N. Dever Neighborhood Greenway. Thank you to all the volunteers that came out and helped make this event a success! Volunteer mechanics tuned up lots of bikes Trauma Nurses Talk Tough fitted over sixty folks with helmets Bike Rodeo in action LeeAnne led pedestrian safety activities too... And the event finished with a surprisingly sunny community ride.

This past Saturday (April 2), Safe Routes held its first annual Spring Kick-off at Beach School. Over 100 people came out to join the celebrations. The day was filled with family fun activities that promote walking and biking. Trauma Nurses Talks Tough gave-away and fitted helmets for students. Our wonderful volunteer bike mechanics worked on bikes throughout the entire event. LeeAnne Ferguson, wh

IDAHO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION Case No. IPC-E-05-24 October 4, 2005 Contact: Gene Fadness (208) 334-0339 office; (208) 841-1107 cell Idaho Power wind agreement approved The Idaho Public Utilities Commission today approved a 20-year sales agreement between Idaho Power and a Montana wind plant. Idaho Power will purchase up to 10 average megawatts (aMW) of wind for nine months of the year from the Arrow Rock Wind Generating Project about 100 miles northwest of Billings. Arrow Rock has made arrangements with NorthWestern Energy to deliver the energy from its Montana facility to the Idaho Power electrical system. The transmission arrangement with NorthWestern means that Idaho Power will receive firm energy from the wind plant rather than the intermittent energy generally associated with a wind-generating project. Arrow Rock has a capacity to produce up to 19.5 megawatts, but under normal conditions the project will not exceed 10 aMW, the maximum size a firm project can be to qualify for a rate granted small-power producers who produce renewable energy. The project qualifies as a small-power production facility under the provisions of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act, or PURPA. Congress passed PURPA during the energy crisis of the late 1970s. Its purpose is to encourage development of renewable energy technologies as alternatives to burning fossil fuels or constructing new power plants. The federal act requires that electric utilities offer to buy power produced by small-power producers or cogenerators who obtain Qualifying Facility (QF) status. The rate to be paid to project developers is a published rate set by the commission that is to be equal to the cost the electric utility avoids if it would have had to generate the power itself or purchase it from another source. The commission currently has a temporary limit of no more than 100 kilowatts on intermittent wind projects to qualify for published PURPA rates. Because the Arrow Rock project will deliver firm energy, it qualifies for the published PURPA rates under the 10 MW limit placed on all renewable projects – such as geothermal, hydroelectric, wind and industrial cogeneration – that produce firm energy. Documents related to this case are available on the commission’s Web site at www.puc.idaho.gov. Click on “File Room” and then on “Electric Cases” and scroll down to Case No. IPC-E-05-24.

IDAHO PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION Case No. IPC-E-05-24 October 4, 2005 Contact: Gene Fadness (208) 334-0339 office; (208) 841-1107 cell Idaho Power wind agreement approved The Idaho Public Utilities Commission today approved a 20-year sales agreement between Idaho Power and a Montana wind plant. Idaho Power will purchase up to 10 average megawatts (aMW) of wind for nine months of the year from the

Lattice Matched Substrates for Mercury Cadmium Telluride growth by MBE Agency / Branch: DOD / MDA Many advanced HgCdTe (MCT) infrared detector structures are grown by the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique, which is especially sensitive to small imperfections, impurities, precipitates, and polishing damage on the substrate surface. In order to achieve very high crystalline quality MCT structures, the substrate surface must be of superior quality (MBE-quality). EPIR demonstrated the ability to create superior CZT surfaces using innovative non-contact and pressure dependent polishing methods and our proprietary chemical polishing solutions. Our polished CZT substrates were qualified by growing MCT epi-layers by MBE. These MBE epi-layers exhibited state-of-the-art X-ray FWHM values and low (10^5 cm-2) etch pit density. In the Phase I effort, we will substantially improve the quality of our CZT substrate surfaces using the new, fully automated, ultra-high-precision polishing system designed and fabricated by EPIR. The system is capable of batch polishing very large (up to 64 cm^2) area substrates. We propose innovative ideas to create a true "epi-ready" CZT surface and eliminate the need for end-user surface pretreatments prior to MBE growth. We will grow and characterize MCT by MBE to qualify our polished substrates and work with our industrial partners to commercialize "epi-ready" MBE-quality CZT substrates. Small Business Information at Submission: EPIR TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 590 Territorial Drive, Suite B Bolingbrook, IL 60440 Number of Employees:

Lattice Matched Substrates for Mercury Cadmium Telluride growth by MBE Agency / Branch: DOD / MDA Many advanced HgCdTe (MCT) infrared detector structures are grown by the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique, which is especially sensitive to small imperfections, impurities, precipitates, and polishing damage on the substrate surface. In order to achieve very high crystalline quality MCT structur

South Bucks Launches The Food Hygiene Rating Scheme South Bucks District Council has rolled out the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) Food Hygiene Rating Scheme joining 160 local authorities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland which is now publishing more than 115,000 ratings at food.gov.uk/ratings. The Food Hygiene Rating scheme helps you choose where to eat out or shop for food by giving you information about the hygiene standards in restaurants, pubs, cafés, takeaways, hotels and other places you eat, as well as in supermarkets and other food shops. About the scheme The Food Hygiene Rating Scheme is run by local authorities in partnership with the FSA. In areas where the scheme is running, each food business is given a food hygiene rating on a scale from 0 to 5 when it is inspected by a local authority food safety officer. The top rating is ‘5’ – this means the hygiene standards are very good. The bottom is ‘0’ – this means urgent improvement is required. When you eat out or shop for food, look out for a sticker like the one below, showing you the food hygiene rating for that business. You might find it displayed in the window, on the door, or as a certificate. South Bucks District Councillor, Jennifer Woolveridge Portfolio Holder for Health and Housing said "We are delighted to be the first local authority in Bucks to launch the National Food Hygiene Rating Scheme. It will allow local people to see exactly how well restaurants, pubs, cafés, takeaways, hotels and other caterers, as well as supermarkets and other food shops are doing with food safety for the first time. Not only will it allow perspective customers to see the positive information but we also hope it will help to drive up food hygiene standards across the district because it will encourage those with low scores to take action and make the improvements suggested to raise their score." Does your favourite restaurant, takeaway or food shop have good hygiene standards? You can find out here or at food.gov.uk/ratings. The Food Hygiene Rating Scheme is relatively new. This means not all food businesses will have a hygiene rating yet, but more business are being rated all the time. If you require any further information about the scheme, please email [email protected] or call 01895 837333. For more information please contact South Bucks District Council, Denham, Bucks. UB9 4LH Tel: 01895 837200

South Bucks Launches The Food Hygiene Rating Scheme South Bucks District Council has rolled out the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) Food Hygiene Rating Scheme joining 160 local authorities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland which is now publishing more than 115,000 ratings at food.gov.uk/ratings. The Food Hygiene Rating scheme helps you choose where to eat out or shop for food by giving you info

|NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards| NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards is a service provided by all NWS offices, free of charge, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It is the fastest, most reliable means of receiving information about life-threatening weather. Routine programming includes the latest weather conditions; short term forecasts of significant weather expected within the next 1-3 hours; forecasts of temperature, sky condition, wind and precipitation out to 7 days; marine forecasts out to 5 days; a hazardous weather outlook; tropical weather outlooks and/or advisories (in season). Of course, all watches, warnings and advisories will also automatically be broadcast. Since 1997, a computer-automated voice has been used to broadcast NWS products. While the vocal quality of this voice left something to be desired, it did allow for instantaneous broadcasting of time-critical warnings. Recently, the NWS upgraded the "voice of the NWS" with a more human-sounding voice. Learn more about the NWR Voice Improvement Program here. NWS Tallahassee maintains the following ten NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards stations. Click on the map below to get additional information about each transmitter, including the counties officially served by each transmitter. Click on the call sign of each station below to see experimental graphics that show approximate coverage ranges. Important note: these ranges are based on signal level and are considered experimental. They should not be relied on for warnings. A detailed interactive map is also available. Learn how to interpret these coverage maps here. A county-by-county list of our coverage areas is also available. SAME codes for each county are included in the list. To learn more about SAME, or Specific Area Message Encoding, click HERE. Here is a list of all the NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards stations in the United States. One of the most important reasons to own a weather radio is the ability to receive up-to-the-second information on severe weather such as severe thunderstorms, large hail, strong and damaging winds, tornadoes, and flash floods. Many weather radio receivers are equipped with a tone alert feature which will be activated when severe weather threatens your area. Are you looking for that special (but affordable) gift? Why not give a NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards receiver? Whether you're boating, camping, traveling, or just getting ready for work, a NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards receiver puts timely weather information and forecasts at your fingertips...twenty-four hours a day. We all know that smoke detectors and fire alarms should be basic necessities in any home, office, or public meeting place. Unfortunately, many people do not include NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards receivers in this list of potentially life-saving devices. Many receivers have specially built alarm features that sound off during hazardous weather situations, even when the radio receiver volume is turned off. NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards is one of the quickest ways of warning the public about dangerous weather, and it makes an inexpensive (but valuable) gift for family members and friends. There are many fine types of NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards receivers available. Prices generally range from $20 to $50. If you do invest in a receiver, the National Weather Service recommends that you buy one with an alarm feature that can be activated to warn of emergency situations.

|NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards| NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards is a service provided by all NWS offices, free of charge, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It is the fastest, most reliable means of receiving information about life-threatening weather. Routine programming includes the latest weather conditions; short term forecasts of significant weather expected within the next 1-3 hours; forecasts o

There are certain items that you are not allowed to take in your carry-on baggage because they present a security risk. Prohibited items include sporting goods, kitchen utensils, tools, and other things with sharp edges or points capable of injuring someone. If you are not sure whether an item is prohibited or not; check with your airline, pack it in your checked baggage or leave it at home. You will be required to surrender any prohibited items you are carrying before you board the flight. Airports and airlines are under no obligation to store or return surrendered items. Given the considerable enhancement of aviation security in recent years, the Australian Government will remove the following items from the PI list, with effect from 25 December 2009: - Umbrellas with metal points; - Knitting and crochet needles; - Pointed metal nail files (including nail clippers); - Corkscrews; and - Racquets used in squash, tennis, badminton or any other sport. (click on the image to view a larger version)

There are certain items that you are not allowed to take in your carry-on baggage because they present a security risk. Prohibited items include sporting goods, kitchen utensils, tools, and other things with sharp edges or points capable of injuring someone. If you are not sure whether an item is prohibited or not; check with your airline, pack it in your checked baggage or leave it at home. You w

Released On: June 27, 2005 The flux probe is printed on a flexible circuit board substrate and is easy to mount. The probe also will not damage the generator should it becomes dislodged while the generator is operating. The device allows for both relative and absolute calibration, and it is more accurate than conventional methods of measuring magnetic fields in generators. When used with condition monitoring devices, this flux probe could help avoid a costly generator failure and also will reduce routine maintenance requirements. The probe was invented by three employees, Jim DeHaan, Malin Jacobs, and Bert Milano. Reclamation's Science and Technology Program funded the development and testing of the probe. Reclamation and the inventors were granted a Patent for this probe in 2002. This technology transfer is authorized under the Federal Technology Transfer Act, as amended. DOI | Recreation.gov | USA.gov Stay in touch with Reclamation: Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Flickr | Tumblr | Instagram | RSS | Multimedia

Released On: June 27, 2005 The flux probe is printed on a flexible circuit board substrate and is easy to mount. The probe also will not damage the generator should it becomes dislodged while the generator is operating. The device allows for both relative and absolute calibration, and it is more accurate than conventional methods of measuring magnetic fields in generators. When used with condition

Modernizing Our Electric Grid, Creating Jobs Today the Obama Administration announced it would accelerate the permitting and construction of seven proposed electric transmission lines. This move will speed the creation of thousands of construction and operations jobs while transforming the Nation's electric system into a modern, 21st century grid that is safer and more secure, and gives consumers more energy choices. This announcement follows in a long line of this Administration's initiatives that demonstrate the commitment to job creation and modernizing America's infrastructure. See what stakeholders are saying below: Pam Eaton, Deputy Vice President for Public Lands, The Wilderness Society: "Building responsibly-sited power lines to access world-class renewable resources can put thousands of Americans to work, bring cost-effective clean power to people who need it, and help some of the rural counties in the West hardest hit by the economic downturn. We are counting on the Administration to focus its laser-beam attention on those lines that will truly bring our best renewable energy resources online efficiently and effectively with special attention to safeguarding our unique Western landscapes and communities." David G. DeCampli, president of PPL Electric Utilities, and Ralph LaRossa, president of PSE&G: "We applaud the administration's efforts to ensure that high-priority electric infrastructure projects are built and placed in service in a timely way. The Susquehanna-Roseland transmission line will improve electric service reliability for millions of people. As an added benefit, its construction will create thousands of jobs." Tom C. Wray, Project Manager, SunZia LLC: "The SunZia Transmission Project welcomes the creation of the Administration's Rapid Response Team and its focus on federal agency process improvements for environmental reviews and permit issuances. The preparation of SunZia's Draft Environmental Impact Statement is in its 27th month and the prospect for interagency cooperation to obtain expeditious review is a very positive development. The RRTT's coordination and oversight is a needed and welcome evolution in what can become an otherwise an unnecessarily lengthy, difficult process." Carl Zichella, Director of Western Transmission, NRDC: "The Obama administration believes, and so does NRDC, that we can accelerate transmission approvals without cutting corners on environmental or cultural reviews. This pilot program demonstrates that enhanced coordination can play a critical role in accomplishing the President's clean energy goal and cut emissions in the West by 80% in 2050. We look forward to contributing, both through the interconnection planning efforts now underway and directly with the agencies implementing the program." See CEQ's initiatives for more information on the Rapid Response Team for Transmission. Neal Kemkar is Deputy Associate Director for Energy and Climate Change at the White House Council on Environmental Quality White House Blogs - The White House Blog - Middle Class Task Force - Council of Economic Advisers - Council on Environmental Quality - Council on Women and Girls - Office of Intergovernmental Affairs - Office of Management and Budget - Office of Public Engagement - Office of Science & Tech Policy - Office of Urban Affairs - Open Government - Faith and Neighborhood Partnerships - Social Innovation and Civic Participation - US Trade Representative - Office National Drug Control Policy

Modernizing Our Electric Grid, Creating Jobs Today the Obama Administration announced it would accelerate the permitting and construction of seven proposed electric transmission lines. This move will speed the creation of thousands of construction and operations jobs while transforming the Nation's electric system into a modern, 21st century grid that is safer and more secure, and gives consumers

Speeches By EPA Administrator Administrator Lisa P. Jackson, Remarks on the 40th Anniversary of the Clean Air Act, As Prepared09/14/2010 |As prepared for delivery.| Thank you for being here to mark 40 years of cleaning up the air we breathe. Let me begin by saying how honored I am to be in the presence of so many who fought for the passage and strengthening of the Clean Air Act, and those who – just as importantly – fought to ensure that the Act is faithfully implemented and responsibly enforced. Legislative champions like Chairman Waxman. Innovators like John Mooney, one of the inventors of the catalytic convertor. Thoughtful and pragmatic lawmakers like Congressman Boehlert and Majority Leader Baker – the man known as the “Great Conciliator” and one of many who reached across the aisle to make the Clean Air Act possible. We also have with us today pioneering EPA implementers like Administrator Ruckelshaus and Assistant Administrator Hawkins, both of whom inspire our work today. Let me also acknowledge Majority Leader George Mitchell, who planned on being here today but has taken on another extraordinary challenge: helping to negotiate a Middle East Peace Agreement. I must also thank all of you – the public servants, health advocates, and industry innovators – for being part of the work that has saved hundreds of thousands of American lives, protected our environment and spurred the creation of American jobs. Each of you has been instrumental in the tireless – and at times, thankless – efforts to enact, amend, and apply the Clean Air Act over four decades. Thank you very much. We are here to celebrate a law that has proved to be one of the most important and beneficial pieces of legislation in our nation’s history. First and foremost, it has protected the American people. It is literally a life saver. We estimate that it has prevented tens of thousands of premature deaths – each year. Along with lives saved, the Clean Air Act has reduced asthma attacks, heart disease, and numerous other health conditions Americans suffer from. I often think of my youngest son who has battled asthma his whole life. Without the Clean Air Act protecting the air around our home, around his school and around the places we have traveled, there is no telling how much more challenging his condition could have been for him and our family. I’m sure similar stories can be told by many of you – and by millions of people across this country. Those protections have added up to trillions of dollars in health benefits for our nation. Breathing cleaner air has kept people from needing expensive treatments and costly hospital stays. It has also kept our kids in school and our workers on the job, increasing productivity and economic potential. And as air pollution has dropped over the last 40 years, our national GDP has risen by 207 percent. The total benefits of the Clean Air Act amount to more than 40 times the costs of regulation. For every one dollar we have spent, we get more than $40 of benefits in return. Say what you want about EPA’s business sense, but we know how to get a return on an investment. In short, the Clean Air Act is one of the most cost-effective things the American people have done for themselves in the last half century. The irony is that one of the most economically successful programs in American history is also one of the most economically maligned. The Clean Air Act has faced incessant claims that it will spell economic doom for the American people. Today’s forecasts of economic doom are nearly identical – almost word for word – to the doomsday predictions of the last 40 years. This “broken-record” continues despite the fact that history has proven the doomsayers wrong again and again. In the 1970s, lobbyists told us that using the Clean Air Act to phase in catalytic converters for new cars and trucks would cause “entire industries” to “collapse.” Instead, the requirement gave birth to a global market for catalytic converters and enthroned American manufacturers at the pinnacle of that market. In the 1980s, lobbyists told us that the proposed Clean Air Act Amendments would cause, quote, “a quiet death for businesses across the country.” Instead, the US economy grew by 64 percent even as the implementation of Clean Air Act Amendments cut Acid Rain pollution in half. The requirements gave birth to a global market in smokestack scrubbers and, again, gave American manufacturers dominance in that market. Yet again in the 1990s, lobbyists told us that using the Clean Air Act to phase out CFCs – the chemicals depleting the Ozone Layer – would create “severe economic and social disruption.” They raised the fear of “shutdowns of refrigeration equipment in supermarkets … office buildings, our hotels, and hospitals.” In reality, new technology cut costs while improving productivity and quality. The phase-out happened five years faster than predicted and cost 30 percent less. And, by making their products better and cleaner, the American refrigeration industry created new overseas markets for themselves. In fact, thanks in no small part to the Clean Air Act, America is home to a world-leading environmental technology industry. By conservative estimates, in 2007 environmental firms and small businesses in the U.S. generated $282 billion in revenues and $40 billion in exports, while supporting 1.6 million American jobs. As you can see, the Clean Air Act has not only reduced harmful pollution – it has also been particularly effective at proving lobbyists wrong. This law not only respects but thrives on the openness and entrepreneurship of our economy. It creates a “virtuous cycle” in which clean air standards spark new technology – serving our fundamental belief that we can create jobs and opportunities without burdening our citizens with the effects of pollution. Now it’s our turn to promote innovation, grow a clean economy, and address both the new challenges and the unfinished business of the Clean Air Act. This is an ambitious effort, one that follows in the extraordinary footsteps of the last four decades. I believe that we will have our own chance to make history with the work we will set in motion. And while I won’t be making any news here today, I do want to talk about what we’ve done so far – because we are off and running. Since 2009 EPA has put forward new health standards for ground level ozone, and finalized the first new standards for SO2 and NO2 in more than two decades. We are taking action on air toxics from industrial boilers that emit acid gases, dioxin, and mercury. And we’ve finalized rules on cement plants. We’ve used the “Good Neighbor” provision in the Clean Air Act to shape a transport rule that could have up to $290 billion in health benefits for the American people. And we’ve issued clear rulemaking guidance to ensure that the benefits of the Clean Air Act are reaching every community – including the low-income and minority communities that often bear the greatest environmental burdens. Last year, EPA also began the process to carry out the 2007 Supreme Court decision that the Clean Air Act applies to greenhouse gases. As the Court directed, we began taking measured steps to address greenhouse-gas pollution that science shows is contributing to climate change. Step one was a confirmation of the extensive science of climate change, fulfilling the Supreme Court mandate that EPA determine whether greenhouse gas emissions endanger public welfare and the environment. We then finalized the first-ever greenhouse gas emissions standards for American vehicles – which will cut some 950 million tons of carbon pollution from our skies, while savings drivers of clean cars $3,000 at the gas pump and keeping $2.3 billion at home in our economy, rather than buying oil from overseas. As with every Clean Air Act program, this will also mean new innovation: American scientists producing new composite materials that make cars lighter, safer and more fuel efficient; American inventors and entrepreneurs taking the lead in advanced battery technology for plug-in hybrids and electric cars; and American manufacturers producing these new components – which they can then sell to automakers in the US and around the globe. Our next step was to craft a tailoring rule that limits permitting to a small universe of the largest emitting sources, phases in requirements and shields small greenhouse gas emitters – including thousands of small businesses and non-profits – from regulation. A guidance document that EPA will issue shortly will assist the states and the small number of sources covered in completing the permitting process in a manner that is practical and manageable. True to form, the lobbyists have recycled their old predictions of job loss and economic catastrophe with regard to each and every one of these actions. That train’s never late. There have been claims of EPA’s bureaucratic power grabs – despite the fact that our actions are guided by extensive science and – in the case of the endangerment finding – mandated by the Supreme Court. Of course there have been claims about job killing regulations – despite the fact that cost-effective strategies to reduce air pollution should spark clean energy innovation and help create green jobs. One prominent lobbyist was even quoted saying that if EPA wishes to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, “then it ought to have to regulate facilities large and small and suffer all the consequences, warts and all.” Some lobbyists are actually so eager to see their wild projections of economic collapse come true – just once – that they hope to force EPA to regulate in the most aggressive and disruptive way imaginable. Fortunately, we know better. The Clean Air Act does not require EPA to act in a reckless and irresponsible manner. We will proceed carefully through the series of sensible steps that I have been describing publicly since my confirmation hearing twenty months ago. To be very clear about how we make our decisions, I am outlining today five principles that will inform all of our clean air efforts in the months and years ahead. These are the guiding points that will help us confront everything from lingering challenges like smog and mercury, to new challenges like greenhouse gases. First, we will continue to promote commonsense strategies that encourage investment in energy efficiency and updated technologies. The history of the Clean Air Act is the history of environmental innovation, and we intend to carry on that tradition. That is especially critical in our efforts to spark the long-deferred investments power plants that have been around for 50 years and longer, and have avoided the basic pollution controls that newer plants have used for decades. These controls save lives. By now should be as standard as seatbelts are to cars Next, we will use similar strategies to capture multiple pollutants. Many of the most harmful pollutants can be captured with the same technologies, and we plan to take a multi-pollutant, sector-based approach that provides certainty and clarity for businesses and investors and creates opportunities to reduce emissions at lower cost. Principle number three is to set clear, achievable standards while maintaining maximum flexibility on how to get there. By relying on innovation, we can open the way to compliance through many different strategies. Often industry develops a range of resourceful compliance strategies that were not anticipated. We must be as flexible as possible to ensure the best results. That flexibility will also enhance the compatibility of EPA’s rules with state clean air programs. Fourth, we will seek input from the citizens, industry, affected entities, other stakeholders, as well as our partners in state, local and tribal governments. As always – we will seek the input of as many sources as possible. Finally, we will set the standards that make the most sense – focusing on getting the most meaningful results through the most cost-effective measures. The Clean Air Act does not compel regulations for all industry categories, and we want to ensure that we move forward without burdening small businesses, non-profits and other entities that don’t account for significant amounts of pollution in our skies. Our goal is to use the tools in Clean Air Act to provide flexibility for everyone, to work in sync with market principles and to encourage investment in new technologies that provide cost-effective and efficient methods for lowering pollution in the air we breathe. As Administrator and as an American consumer, I know we must be smart in the strategies we employ. Industry needs clarity and certainty to make the best investments. They are the key to the innovation that helps us reduce pollution, protect our health and preserve our environment. But we are not going to fall victim to another round of trumped up doomsday predictions. We have four decades of evidence that the choice between our economy and our environment is a false choice. We are a stronger, healthier, more productive and more prosperous nation because of the Clean Air Act. I know we can successfully write the next chapter in the history of this important law. We can take on the remaining challenges of pollution in our air. I know because the Clean Air Act took on big challenges – and it worked. We can come together in a collaborative effort, ignore the doomsday exaggerations, and build a commonsense plan together. I know because we’ve done it before – and it worked. And we can absolutely grow our economy at the same time we protect our environment, our health, and safeguard the planet for the next generation. We have 40 years of proof to back us up. We’ve done it before – and it worked. I look forward to working with all of you in those efforts. Thank you very much.

Speeches By EPA Administrator Administrator Lisa P. Jackson, Remarks on the 40th Anniversary of the Clean Air Act, As Prepared09/14/2010 |As prepared for delivery.| Thank you for being here to mark 40 years of cleaning up the air we breathe. Let me begin by saying how honored I am to be in the presence of so many who fought for the passage and strengthening of the Clean Air Act, and those who – ju

Cow Tipping and the Cloud Growing up in the Washington DC Metro Area has some unique advantages. DC is built on a swamp, and thus has four very distinct seasons…the two most brutal being our unforgivably humid Summers and our frigid winters for which Washingtonians are almost always completely unprepared. DC is also home to the seat of international political power, a thriving tech community located primarily in Northern VA (Hi Mom!), and some of the most ruthless traffic congestion on the East Coast. The District is within driving distance of staggeringly rural areas…areas that I would frequent regularly as an irresponsible kid. These areas had cows… …I think you know where I’m going with this. It is not impossible to tip a cow, but it is far more likely that the cow will tip the person. Contrary to popular belief, cows do not sleep standing up, their legs do not passively lock, and their sense of smell and hearing is far superior to yours. They can reorient themselves if someone were to shove them, and if they fell and were not hurt in the process…they could get right back up and potentially hurt the attempted tipper. Cow tipping is a myth, a myth that everyone who ever lived near a farm loves to say they took part in. It is a socially accepted falsehood because we find it funny and exciting, perhaps because we want to do it ourselves. The legendary act of cow tipping sounds eerily similar to the current implementation of cloud services. It is a socially accepted platform because we find it cool and sexy and because we want to do it ourselves. While I, and ServInt as a whole, don’t discount the cloud, the fact of the matter is that there is no consensus over what cloud hosting, cloud computing, or even what the overarching concept of the cloud actually is. It’s a platform that hasn’t ripened but that is being pushed…hard…by many of ServInt’s competitors and the tech world as a whole. So far, cloud services have largely been either cloud application hosting or cloud storage. Some of the more popular cloud applications have come from Apple with its MobileMe service, Google and Google Apps, and Microsoft’s recently announced Office Web (I assume that’s a working title) just to name a few of the largest. On the storage front, you have Amazon S3 and SC2, Rackspace Cloud (formerly Mosso), and Windows Azure. All of these services are cool, but they’re a prime example of what is wrong with this corner of the web right now…there is no focus. Both Amazon and Rackspace have released API’s that would allow developers to better tap into their services…however this strikes me as less of a benefit and more of a symptom. Building a platform is great, but there needs to be something built on that platform, otherwise it’s just there. Despite the attractiveness of cloud services and the genuine potential the platform carries with it, current services have shown to be spotty and unreliable. This says that the cloud should play more of an auxiliary role in a server environment instead of taking over as the environment entirely. In all fairness, that is something that both Microsoft and Rackspace have both publicly aspired to, namely the cloud as a support role in a traditional server set up, but I would argue that’s proof that now is the time to wait on moving everything to the cloud. At the end of the day an enterprise server — whether it’s VPS or dedicated — will still remain the most important aspect of hosting. The future of this industry lies in supplementing that vision in order to evolve with a new solution entirely…not simply creating a weak platform and expecting it to perform the same way a rack would. The enterprise server will evolve into the enterprise cloud server. It will grow and its voice will crack, but it will not go away. It will also NOT be tipping any cows. Photo used and altered under Creative Commons License, courtesy of flickr user akakumo.

Cow Tipping and the Cloud Growing up in the Washington DC Metro Area has some unique advantages. DC is built on a swamp, and thus has four very distinct seasons…the two most brutal being our unforgivably humid Summers and our frigid winters for which Washingtonians are almost always completely unprepared. DC is also home to the seat of international political power, a thriving tech community locat

Cancer Survivorship: Pathways to Health After Treatment: Survivor-Researcher Mentor Program National Priorities in Cancer Survivorship “Advancing the Survivorship Agenda” a personal reflection by Michael Lin Special Assistant, Lance Armstrong Foundation With over 9 million cancer survivors alive today, cancer survivorship represents a shift from just extending the quantity of life to also ensuring a high quality of life. Cancer survivorship is a relatively new term which encompasses issues that cancer patients and survivors face relating to the physical, emotional and practical effects of cancer. On a national level, survivorship is beginning to be addressed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) through the Office of Cancer Survivorship and also by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These initiatives are part of the national healthcare goal of “Healthy People 2010” and NCI’s goal to “eliminate the suffering and death due to cancer by 2015.” The topic of National Priorities in Addressing Cancer Survivorship interested me because of the variance in services at cancer centers and community hospitals where cancer patients are treated. Change on a national level will improve care in many communities. Also, my work at the Lance Armstrong Foundation (LAF) where the main focus is survivorship is another reason for my interest in this topic. At the conference I came to a few conclusions and formed a few opinions of my own. I found that interest in survivorship is slowly evolving through the development of research grants by NIH and NCI (and grants from organizations like the LAF!). While it is easy to study and understand the long-term physical outcomes of treatment, it is quite difficult to study the emotional or psychosocial effects and the benefit of an intervention. The biggest obstacle for survivorship is in determining the value of quality of life. I think that many researchers and policy makers do not quite understand the need for survivorship research. While still very important, most scientists are still solely focused on development of a cure. In order to truly address the issue of survivorship I feel that more participation from physicians needs to be solicited since they are the direct contact to patients. At this conference, I only saw a few physicians and the rest were researchers with PhD’s in various health disciplines. However, it was encouraging to learn that the American Society for Clinical Oncology and the American College of Surgeons were working together to develop long-term follow-up guidelines analogous to the Children’s Oncology Group guidelines that were released this year. I hope to continue working with organizations such as the Lance Armstrong Foundation to further survivorship. As a future health professional, I hope to work with other physicians to begin to understand survivorship not only for cancer patients but for all diseases and address the issues surrounding their care. I am also interested in conducting research in the area of cancer survivorship and developing a community program for survivors and caregivers.

Cancer Survivorship: Pathways to Health After Treatment: Survivor-Researcher Mentor Program National Priorities in Cancer Survivorship “Advancing the Survivorship Agenda” a personal reflection by Michael Lin Special Assistant, Lance Armstrong Foundation With over 9 million cancer survivors alive today, cancer survivorship represents a shift from just extending the quantity of life to also ensuring

The Corps of Botanical Discovery Lewis and Clark’s search for new plants of the West. This story is featured in Montana Outdoors The Lewis and Clark Expedition might be the most famous adventure story in American history. But perhaps because the explorers didn’t battle ferocious twin-berry honeysuckle or carve their initials into blanket flowers, their scientific exploits—especially in botany—are less well known than their adventures with wild animals and journeys into unmapped territory. Yet the Corps of Discovery’s botanical discoveries are no less important than their escape from grizzly bears and their journey down the Yellowstone River past Pompeys Pillar. Under instructions from President Thomas Jefferson, Captain Meriwether Lewis and other members of the expedition kept a sharp lookout for new plants and discovered at least 85 species never before reported in the United States. The many wondrous plants they found and recorded on the journey not only advanced the scientific study of botany, but also served as food, medicine, and even transportation that ensured the expedition’s ultimate success. President Jefferson had many objectives when he dispatched the Lewis and Clark Expedition westward from the United States to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. In addition to the obvious commercial and expansionist goals, Jefferson’s daunting to-do list included exploring and mapping the Missouri River, finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, studying the native Indians and their customs, and observing wildlife. The president also instructed the explorers to record the minerals (especially metals) they found, keep climate and weather tables, and maintain journals. What’s more, he asked Lewis to note “the soil & face of the country, it’s growth & vegetable productions, especially those not of the U.S.” and to study the phenology of plants—that is, the dates they bloom, put out leaves, or set seed. And one last thing: Get back safely. Horticulture and plant study were among the president’s personal pleasures. “Botany I rank with the most valuable sciences,” Jefferson wrote. Lewis, Jefferson’s choice to lead the expedition, possessed an interest in plants and a working knowledge of the eastern United States’ flora. In the spring of 1803, Jefferson asked Dr. Benjamin Barton, the leading American botanist of the day, to instruct the captain in botany and the language of technical description. Lewis was a ready pupil and packed several botany books as he embarked on his momentous journey. One busy day North and east of present-day Lincoln, Alice Creek flows below Lewis and Clark Pass through wet meadows of blue camas, elephanthead pedicularis, and willows. A short hike up the trail follows the route taken by Lewis, nine men, and their horses as they ascended the pass over the Continental Divide. This was a route recommended to them by various Native Americans, who called it, as Lewis wrote, the “road to buffaloe.” The views and flora today are relatively unchanged from 200 years ago, when on July 7, 1806, Lewis described his trip up Alice Creek “through a handsome narrow plain” and crossing the pass as a “low and an easy ascent.” It was a busy 31-mile day for the explorers and, botanically, one of their most productive in Montana. Though undoubtedly consumed with the daily tasks of managing the expedition, Lewis still took time that day to study, collect, and preserve at least seven plants: arrow-leaf balsamroot, blanket flower, common juniper, twin-berry honeysuckle, silvery lupine, silky lupine, and mountain death camas. Not only did Lewis locate new plants and then learn their characteristics and differences from known species, he also conserved the specimens for transport back to his curious president. Lewis doesn’t mention how he pressed his plant specimens, but Dr. Barton likely instructed him in the methods common for the day. Back then, collected plant specimens had to be cared for regularly. Blotting papers were constantly changed to dry the specimens and prevent mold. The Corps of Discovery and its gear often got wet in rivers, creeks, rain, snow, fog, and high humidity. Keeping the baggage dry was an ongoing chore. Lewis probably spent his evening hours—along with his many other scientific duties—studying plants collected during the day, putting them between blotting papers, affixing labels, pressing them between book covers, and recording thoughts and observations in his journal. It took substantial time to collect plants, and keeping the delicate specimens intact over hundreds of miles was an almost impossible task. But Lewis and Clark succeeded. Roughly 230 plant specimens from their expedition still exist. The expedition encountered many plants on the trip to the Pacific and back that were essential to its survival. One of the most valuable plants was not used for food or medicine but rather to actually transport expedition members. When the Corps of Discovery left St. Louis, it was equipped with a large, modern keelboat, two roughly 40-foot-long craft called pirogues, and a portable iron boat Lewis planned to assemble later. At Fort Mandan, Lewis sent the keelboat back to St. Louis, loaded in part with plant specimens, and constructed six smaller dugout canoes of cottonwood. The canoes and pirogues carried the crew members and their baggage up the Missouri River to the Great Falls, where a lengthy portage was required. The men fashioned wheels from sliced cottonwood trunks to pull their six canoes and baggage around the falls, leaving the heavier pirogues behind. Once past the falls, finding that Lewis’s iron boat “would not answer” (it quickly sank due to a lack of evergreen pitch to seal the skins covering the frame), the men constructed two more cottonwood dugouts. The entire flotilla now consisted of eight craft made of native cottonwood trees. “Scercely able to breath” Crossing the Bitterroot Mountains and Lolo Pass in September 1805 almost finished the expedition. Clark recounted the hardships and continued to write even though “I have been wet and as cold in every part as I ever was in my life, indeed I was at one time fearfull my feet would freeze in the thin mockersons which I wore.” Numb and nearly starving, having already eaten their extra horses, the party staggered from the mountains onto the plains of Weippe Prairie in Idaho. The Nez Perce Indians treated the bedraggled company with kindness and fed them “a small piece of Buffalow meat, Some dried salmon beries & roots in different States…which they call quamash.” Clark, although grateful for the food, cautioned Lewis “of the Consequences of eateing too much &c.” Quamash is blue camas, a member of the lily family with an edible bulb. Its gastronomic effects were discreetly described by Clark: “Capt Lewis & myself eate a Supper of roots boiled, which Swelled us in Such a manner that we were Scercely able to breath for Several hours.” Lewis and Clark both made extensive journal entries about camas, and Lewis also wrote a lengthy description, including cooking methods. Although camas did not rank as one of the expedition’s favorite foods, Lewis was not immune to the beauty of its flower. Describing a field of camas, he wrote, “the quawmash is now in blume and from the colour of its bloom at a short distance it resembles lakes of fine clear water, so complete is this deseption that on first sight I could have swoarn it was water.” Native people generously introduced Lewis and Clark to other edible plants. The roots of cous bisquit-root, for example, were pounded and formed into cakes, called chapellel or shapelle, which were dried in the sun. Clark commented, “the noise of their women poinding the cows roots remind me of a nail factory.” Both camas and cous bisquit-root were major trade items for tribes in the Columbia River drainage. Sacagawea introduced the captains to many native food plants such as wild apple and wild licorice root. She also introduced them to yampah, a member of the parsley family that seemed to alleviate the gas caused by blue camas. Lewis wrote, “Sahcargarmeah geathered a quantity of the roots of a speceis of fennel which we found very agreeable food, the flavor of this root is not unlike annis seed, and they dispel the wind which the roots called Cows and quawmash are apt to create particularly the latter.” Lewis’s introduction to bitterroot came in August 1805, when the expedition was camped with the Shoshone Indians near today’s Lemhi Pass. Lewis studied the dried roots and asked how they were prepared. “This the Indians with me informed were always boiled for use,” he wrote. “I made the exprement, found that they became perfectly soft by boiling, but had a very bitter taste, which was naucious to my pallate, and I transferred them to the Indians who had eat them heartily.” Lewis collected and pressed a specimen of bitterroot on the return journey while the corps was camped at Travelers’ Rest, a few miles south of today’s Missoula. Frederick Pursh, a German botanist who reviewed some of Lewis’s plant collection, later named bitterroot Lewisia rediviva in the captain’s honor. The small, attractive plant with rose-colored petals and a “very bitter” root is now Montana’s state flower. Expedition members also ate currants, chokecherries, serviceberries, and gooseberries. During the lean times with the Shoshone, wrote Lewis, “the Chief informed us that they had nothing but berries to eat and gave us some cakes of serviceberries and Choke cherries which had been dryed in the sun; of these I made a hearty meal.” While in season, these fresh fruits provided vitamin C that may have helped prevent scurvy among expedition members. Eating wild food was generally beneficial, but it could be dangerous. In addition to the gastronomically disruptive camas, other species were to be avoided. Lewis noted, “there are several speceis of hemlock which are so much like the cows [cous bisquit-root] that it is difficult to discriminate them from the cows and we are afraid that they [the men] might poison themselves.” Occasionally, expedition members used native plants medicinally, although they usually relied on medicine they brought from the East. Lewis used chokecherry as an effective remedy when he suffered from “disentary.” He recounted boiling small twigs to make a strong decoction that he drank in two doses. The captain wrote that “by 10 in the evening I was entirely releived from pain and in fact every symptom of the disorder forsook me; my fever abated, a gentle perspiration was produced and I had a comfortable and refreshing nights rest.” Jean Baptiste (“Pompy”) Charbonneau, Sacagawea’s child, was treated with hot, wild onion poultices for a swelling on his neck. Private John Potts accidentally cut his own leg with a knife, and the wound grew painful and inflamed. It was treated, Clark wrote, with “a poltice of the root of Cowes,” and later Lewis added, “we applyed the pounded roots and leaves of the wild ginger & from which he found great relief.” Lewis and Clark achieved many of the goals on Jefferson’s to-do list during their arduous trek from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast and back. Not least were their botanical discoveries. Pursh, the German botanist, was the first to publish botanical information about the new plants collected by Lewis and Clark. He mentioned 132 plant specimens from Lewis’s collection in his 1813 volume Flora Americae Septentrionalis. Today, the vast majority of the specimens collected by the explorers are housed in the Lewis & Clark Herbarium at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. These specimens provide a look at the flora of North America as it was 200 years ago, before exotic plants invaded the West and native plant communities were vastly changed by human activities. The specimens also are being used to compare the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in modern plants with that in plants from two centuries ago. It’s remarkable, considering the hardships Lewis faced, that any plant specimens survived at all. But it is certain that many more plants were collected than are accounted for today. When the captain reached the Great Falls cache in July 1806, for example, he noted in his journal that every single specimen collected between Fort Mandan and the Great Falls had been destroyed. In typical understatement of what was no doubt a severe disappointment, he wrote, “had the cash [cache] opened…the river having risen so high that the water had penitrated. all my specimens of plants also lost.” When Clark uncovered the cache at Camp Fortunate in July 1806, near today’s Dillon, he reported, “I found every article Safe, except a little damp.” It is not clear if the specimens from that cache molded and were thrown out, or if they were later lost, but only one plant specimen collected between Great Falls and Camp Fortunate survived: golden currant. In fact, as far as we know, golden currant is the only specimen taken in Montana in 1805 that still exists; all other specimens were collected in 1806. Numerous other plant species were described or mentioned in the journals, and many specimens were likely collected but have since been lost. Nevertheless, what was saved and carried back to the United States resulted in the first major scientific accounting of western plant species. The delicate specimens that remain are testament to the thorough scientific investigation conducted by the expedition’s undaunted naturalist, Captain Meriwether Lewis. Botanists and scholars have known that specimens of 31 vascular plants from Montana existed. But another plant specimen collected here, Sandberg’s bluegrass, was recently discovered in storage at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England. According to the specimen’s label, it was collected by Lewis on July 28, 1806. For a detailed look at all the vascular plant specimens from Montana (except Sandberg’s bluegrass), visit the FWP website, fwp.mt.gov/parks/lewisclark/plants, or the Montana Native Plant Society, umt.edu/mnps. Kathy Lloyd of Clancy is president of the Kelsey Chapter of the Montana Native Plant Society and author of abstracts for 31 of the 32 vascular plants Lewis and Clark collected in Montana. Drake Barton of Clancy collects and photographs native plants. [ BACK TO TOP ]

The Corps of Botanical Discovery Lewis and Clark’s search for new plants of the West. This story is featured in Montana Outdoors The Lewis and Clark Expedition might be the most famous adventure story in American history. But perhaps because the explorers didn’t battle ferocious twin-berry honeysuckle or carve their initials into blanket flowers, their scientific exploits—especially in botany—are

"The ICT landscape in BRICS countries: lessons from emerging economies (R&D, innovation and trade)" Second International Workshop organized by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Wednesday, 5 October 2011 Radisson Blu Hotel, Sandton - Johannesburg, South Africa The aim of this workshop was to take a closer look at the ICTs landscape in some emerging economies, the BRIC countries. It aimed at documenting the size of the ICT sector for each of the country covered, assessing their R&D expenditures. These countries are becoming major players not only as plain ICT users/ importers but as producers of ICT goods and services. China has become the world’s largest producer of ICT products. Taking a closer look at BRIC countries allows us to better track and understand the flows between and within regions. Trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the off shoring of manufacturing have been highly noticeable in Asia but trade relationships between Asia and Brazil are also worth noting. In other words, one may better capture the overall impact of these emerging economies on the global ICT landscape. It provided a working tool for the IPTS continuing research on ICT , identifying the issues at stake and related research questions triggered by the entry of these countries. This research takes part of the PREDICT project, a research line started some five years ago at JRC-IPTS and aiming at describing the dynamics of the ICT industry and its R&D worldwide. Format: 30' presentations followed by 10'Q& A A first IPTS conference "Asian rise in ICT R&D – Looking for evidence: Debating collaboration strategies, threats and opportunities", was held in February 2011 in Brussels, Belgium. 22 experts from academia, research institutes, industry and public administrations were invited to speak. 13 of these experts are working in Asia. In 2005, and again in 2008, IPTS launched several tenders for research focused on R&D in ICT sectors in Asia (2005) and particularly in India, China and Taiwan (2008), in order to gain a better understanding of major ICT R&D capabilities in these countries. The workshop was organised in association with the International Institute of Communications (IIC). Its Annual Conference took place on 3-4 October 2011 in Sandton, Johannesburg (same premises), Entitled 'Trends in Global Communications: Making Digital Society a Universal Reality' and took stock of the latest telecommunications and media developments and debate their policy, strategic and business implications, and possible future outcomes. Presentations & Speakers - Fabio Colasanti, Chairman of the IIC (Belgium) - [Curriculum Vitae] IPTS setting the scene A cross comparison of China and India - Creeping Tiger, Soaring Dragon: India, China and Competition in Information Technologies Anindya Chaudhuri, NISTADS, CSIR (India) - [Curriculum Vitae] - ICT Industry in China: Figures and R&D Challenges Dr. Yang Yang, Vice Director at Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications (WiCO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, (China) - [Curriculum Vitae] - What are driving global ICT Growth: Asia, China, India... Rasheda Sultana, Grameenphone (Bangladesh) - [Curriculum Vitae] Related Publications & Events: - Trends in Public and Private Investments in ICT R&D in Taiwan (2011). By: Dr. Shin-Horng Chen, Dr. Pei-Chang Wen, Dr. Meng-chun Liu. JRC Technical Note - Trends in Public and Private Investments in ICT R&D in India (2011). P. Malik, P. Vigneswara Ilavarasan. JRC Technical Note - East Asian Growth: Policy Lessons from Bangalore, India (2011). By: Jan Vang and Cristina Chaminade. Editors: Marc Bogdanowicz and Annaflavia Bianchi. JRC Technical Note - East Asian Growth: Chinese R&D Sourcing and Patenting Behaviour in ICT (2011). Authors: Vicky Long and Staffan Laestadius; Editors: Marc Bogdanowicz and Annaflavia Bianchi. JRC Technical Note. - The Evolving ICT Industry in Asia and the Implications for Europe (2011). Authors: Martin Fransman. JRC Technical Note - The ICT Landscape in BRICS Countries: Brazil (2011). Jean-Paul Simon, In IDATE: Communications & Strategies 83 - The ICT Landscape in BRICS Countries: India (2011). Jean-Paul Simon, In IDATE: Communications & Strategies 84 - Brazil Country Study: a case study on technology financing in Brazil (2008). By - India Country Study: a case study of technology financing in India (2008). By - National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of Brazil (2011). By Clodoveu A. Davis, Jr. and Frederico Fonseca. - Rural informatization in China (2009). By Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang, Asheeta Bhavnani, Nagy K. Hanna, Kaoru Kimura, Randeep Sudan. World Bank Working Paper No. 172 - "13 èmeséance du séminaire BRICs" FMSH/EHESS (Paris, 5 June 2012). Presentation: Les TICs dans les BRICS by Jean-Paul Simon Marc Bogdanowicz Marc.Bogdanowicz(at)ec.europa.eu

"The ICT landscape in BRICS countries: lessons from emerging economies (R&D, innovation and trade)" Second International Workshop organized by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Wednesday, 5 October 2011 Radisson Blu Hotel, Sandton - Johannesburg, South Africa The aim of this workshop was to take a closer look at the ICTs

Portrait of Robert E. Lee Portrait from "The Grayjackets" Portrait of Gen. Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army. After surrendering at Appomattox, Lee continued to set the example for his troops by applying for official amnesty and renewed citizenship in the United States. The government never granted his request during his lifetime. President Gerald Ford restored his full citizenshop on August 5, 1975. Arlington House, Lee's wife's family home, was confiscated during the war for the lack of tax payments. Lee's son filed suit for its return and was successful in 1892. By then Arlington Cemetery was well established on the site and the suit was settled for $150,000. A few months after this photograph was taken, Lee became president of Washington College, now known as Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, VA. About five years later, on Sept. 28, 1870, Lee was walking home from his office and probably suffered a stroke. He died two weeks later and was buried beneath the chapel on the college campus. Source: "Portrait of Gen. Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army", Library of Congress. Title: Portrait of Robert E. LeeView full details.

Portrait of Robert E. Lee Portrait from "The Grayjackets" Portrait of Gen. Robert E. Lee, officer of the Confederate Army. After surrendering at Appomattox, Lee continued to set the example for his troops by applying for official amnesty and renewed citizenship in the United States. The government never granted his request during his lifetime. President Gerald Ford restored his full citizenshop on

Veterinary and Animal Sciences Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal SciencesThe effect of oxytocin and cloprostenol application via umbilical artery immediately after dystocia on time and rate of fetal membrane removal in cows 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas - TURKEY 2Department of Internal Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, 23119 Elazığ - TURKEY 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, 23119 Elazığ - TURKEY Abstract: The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the effects of oxytocin and cloprostenol application via umbilical artery on the time and rate of fetal membrane removal in cows with dystocia immediately after parturition. Metabolic profiles indicated certain serum biochemical parameters that were also determined in the cows. The study was performed on 60 cows with dystocia. All of the cows were randomly divided into 3 equal subgroups. The first group was injected with 100 IU oxytocin, while the second group was treated with 0.15 mg cloprostenol and the third group (the control group) received 10 mL 0.9% NaCl via intraumbilical artery. Blood samples were randomly taken from the jugular veins of 10 cows from each group. No significant differences were determined between the groups with regard to the values of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, total protein and bilirubin, albumin, glucose, Ca, Na, or K (P > 0.05). The lactate dehydrogenase level in the oxytocin group was determined to be significantly lower when compared to the cloprostenol and control groups (P < 0.05). The value of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the oxytocin group was significantly higher than in the other groups (P < 0.05). The time and rate of fetal membrane removal were not different among the groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the administration of combinations of other uterotonics and enzymes together with these agents should be investigated to determine the effects on cows with retained placenta prophylaxis. Future applications may also study the effects of these agents on fertility and time and rate of fetal membrane removal in cows with normal parturition and dystocia at the herd level. Key words: Cloprostenol, cow, dystocia, fetal membrane, oxytocin, umbilical cord Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2012; 36: 275-281. Full text: pdf Other articles published in the same issue: Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.,vol.36,iss.3.

Veterinary and Animal Sciences Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal SciencesThe effect of oxytocin and cloprostenol application via umbilical artery immediately after dystocia on time and rate of fetal membrane removal in cows 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas - TURKEY 2Department of Internal Disease, Faculty of Veteri

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION OF ILLINOIS AT COLLEGE OF APPLIED LIFE STUDIES, DISABILITY RESEARCH INSTITUTE We improve SSA programs and operations and protect them against fraud, waste, and abuse by conducting independent and objective audits, evaluations, and investigations. We provide timely, useful, and reliable information and advice to Administration officials, the Congress, and the public. The Inspector General Act created independent audit and investigative units, called the Office of Inspector General (OIG). The mission of the OIG, as spelled out in the Act, is to: Conduct and supervise independent and objective audits and investigations relating to agency programs and operations. Promote economy, effectiveness, and efficiency within the agency. Prevent and detect fraud, waste, and abuse in agency programs and operations. Review and make recommendations regarding existing and proposed legislation and regulations relating to agency programs and operations. Keep the agency head and the Congress fully and currently informed of problems in agency programs and operations. To ensure objectivity, the IG Act empowers the IG with: Independence to determine what reviews to perform. Access to all information necessary for the reviews. Authority to publish findings and recommendations based on the reviews. By conducting independent and objective audits, investigations, and evaluations, we are agents of positive change striving for continuous improvement in the Social Security Administration's programs, operations, and management and in our own office. Date: June 27, 2005 To: The Commissioner From: Inspector General Subject: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Applied Life Studies, Disability Research Institute (A 15 05 25122) Our objective was to determine whether the Social Security Administration's (SSA) funds were used in accordance with the terms of its cooperative agreement number 10 P 98360 5 with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (University of Illinois), Disability Research Institute (DRI). In May 2000, SSA's Office of Acquisition and Grants (OAG) signed a 5-year cooperative agreement, number 10 P 98360 5, with the University of Illinois to create the DRI. The purpose of the DRI was to benefit the public through four tasks to: plan, initiate, and maintain a research program; develop resources to inform the academic community, policymakers, and the public on issues concerning disability policy; develop a professional training program; and facilitate research using SSA administrative data. SSA projected $1.25 million in funding to the University of Illinois in the first year and $1 million per year for subsequent years. The actual funding is found in the following table: ACTUAL FUNDING * FUNDING YEAR * The funding was increased from the originally projected amount to provide for additional research. OAG's mission is to acquire a quality product-at a reasonable price-that fully meets the needs of the user and accomplishes the objectives of SSA's research and demonstration programs. SSA's OAG uses the terms cooperative agreements and grants interchangeably. Therefore, we also used the terms interchangeably. SSA's Grants Administration Manual and Grants Policy Handbook have criteria for both cooperative agreements and grants. SSA's Office of Disability and Income Security Programs (ODISP) directs and manages the planning, development, issuance, and evaluation of operational policies, standards, and instructions for the Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance program and the Supplemental Security Income program. The project officers in ODISP's Office of Program Development and Research work with OAG to ensure the terms of the grants are fulfilled. RESULTS OF REVIEW During the course of our audit, we reviewed budget documentation and actual funds used. We determined SSA's funds were used in accordance with the terms of the Agency's cooperative agreement with the University of Illinois, DRI. The University of Illinois, DRI's accounting records were consistent with the Financial Status Report (SF 269A) submitted to SSA. The accounting records and supporting financial documentation supporting the Financial Status Reports demonstrated adequate financial management. Our review determined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign submitted accurate DRI financial information to SSA. Nothing came to our attention that indicated SSA did not fully benefit from the Federal funds provided in the grant. Patrick P. O'Carroll, Jr. APPENDIX A - Acronyms APPENDIX B - Scope and Methodology APPENDIX C - OIG Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments DRI Disability Research Institute OAG Office of Acquisition and Grants ODISP Office of Disability and Income Security Programs SSA Social Security Administration University of Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Scope and Methodology We reviewed the financial information reported by the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (University of Illinois) Disability Research Institute (DRI) on the Financial Status Report (SF-269A) for Fiscal Years 2002 through 2004, and the quarterly progress reports to determine whether the DRI accurately reported financial information to the Social Security Administration (SSA). Interviewed SSA's Office of Acquisition and Grants (OAG) and Office of Disability Income and Security Programs, Office of Program Development and Research staff to obtain an understanding of various processes associated with the grant, including the process for awarding grants and cooperative agreements. Reviewed pertinent Office of Management and Budget Circulars, and appropriate sections of the Code of Federal Regulations, OAG Grants Administration Manual and Grants Policy Handbook to determine the requirements relating to grants. Interviewed University of Illinois, DRI employees at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois to obtain an understanding of various processes associated with maintaining accounting records and the reporting of financial data to SSA. Obtained accounting records from the University of Illinois, DRI accounting system, which we tested, analyzed and traced to supporting documentation. Obtained and reviewed relevant documentation associated with the research proposals, Executive Committee and Technical Advisory Panel minutes and the process for awarding grants. We determined that the data in the accounting records was sufficiently reliable given our audit objective and intended use of the data. We based this determination on analysis we performed on the accounting records. We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Our fieldwork was performed in Baltimore, Maryland and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois from December 2004 to April 2005. OIG Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments Kitt Winter, Director, (410) 965-9702 Lance Chilcoat, Audit Manager, (410) 965-9743 In addition to those named above: Jackie Patel, Auditor-in-Charge Sandra Westfall, Program Analyst Donna Parris, Auditor Annette DeRito, Writer/Editor For additional copies of this report, please visit our web site at www.socialsecurity.gov/oig or contact the Office of the Inspector General's Public Affairs Specialist at (410) 965-3218. Refer to Common Identification Number Overview of the Office of the Inspector General The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is comprised of our Office of Investigations (OI), Office of Audit (OA), Office of the Chief Counsel to the Inspector General (OCCIG), and Office of Executive Operations (OEO). To ensure compliance with policies and procedures, internal controls, and professional standards, we also have a comprehensive Professional Responsibility and Quality Assurance program. Office of Audit OA conducts and/or supervises financial and performance audits of the Social Security Administration's (SSA) programs and operations and makes recommendations to ensure program objectives are achieved effectively and efficiently. Financial audits assess whether SSA's financial statements fairly present SSA's financial position, results of operations, and cash flow. Performance audits review the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of SSA's programs and operations. OA also conducts short-term management and program evaluations and projects on issues of concern to SSA, Congress, and the general public. Office of Investigations OI conducts and coordinates investigative activity related to fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement in SSA programs and operations. This includes wrongdoing by applicants, beneficiaries, contractors, third parties, or SSA employees performing their official duties. This office serves as OIG liaison to the Department of Justice on all matters relating to the investigations of SSA programs and personnel. OI also conducts joint investigations with other Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies. Office of the Chief Counsel to the Inspector General OCCIG provides independent legal advice and counsel to the IG on various matters, including statutes, regulations, legislation, and policy directives. OCCIG also advises the IG on investigative procedures and techniques, as well as on legal implications and conclusions to be drawn from audit and investigative material. Finally, OCCIG administers the Civil Monetary Penalty program. Office of Executive Operations OEO supports OIG by providing information resource management and systems security. OEO also coordinates OIG's budget, procurement, telecommunications, facilities, and human resources. In addition, OEO is the focal point for OIG's strategic planning function and the development and implementation of performance measures required by the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993.

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION OF ILLINOIS AT COLLEGE OF APPLIED LIFE STUDIES, DISABILITY RESEARCH INSTITUTE We improve SSA programs and operations and protect them against fraud, waste, and abuse by conducting independent and objective audits, evaluations, and investigations. We provide timely, useful, and reliable information and advice to Administration officials, the Congress, and the public.

Hold Team Meetings . Monitor and Evaluate Your Efforts . Sustain Your SART . Know Your Team . Critical Issues Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act The federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) (42 U.S.C. §§ 1395dd) was enacted in 1986 to prevent patient dumpingthe practice of refusing to provide emergency medical treatment to patients who are unable to pay for their care or transferring them to another facility before stabilizing their condition. Essentially, the statute requires that emergency departments provide emergency medical screening. If the screening reveals a need for further medical treatment, the emergency department must provide that treatment until the patient is stable and then may transfer him or her to another hospital. (If the screening reveals no need for treatment, the emergency department is not obligated to provide any.) On the surface, EMTALA guidelines may seem irrelevant for SARTs. However, "despite the fact that the purpose of the statute is to prevent ‘patient dumping,' several courts have held that there is no requirement that the patient in fact be unable to pay his bills or that there be an economic motivation behind the decision to transfer the patient [see Cooper v. Gulf Breeze Hospital, 839 F. Supp. 1538 (1993)]." For SARTs, this could be interpreted to mean that hospitals should not transfer victims because they are unwilling to perform medical forensic exams at their facilities. In addition, states that receive funding under the Violence Against Women Act's STOP Formula Grant Program must certify that victims will not be held responsible for paying for medical forensic exams. EMTALA Fact Sheet Defines major provisions under EMTALA and frequently asked questions and answers. EMTALA.com Contains information about the history of EMTALA, its regulations, case law, frequently asked questions and revisions of EMTALA. EMTALA Overview Includes a list of EMTALA-related resources. A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations, Section B. Operational Issues, 2. Facilities Offers recommendations for transferring sexual assault patients. According to a national discussion on the SART Listserv hosted by the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, some hospitals that do not have sexual assault medical forensic exam programs medically screen patients according to EMTALA guidelines before transferring patients to facilities with forensic exam programs. Hospitals in other jurisdictions do not consider sexual assault victims to fall under EMTALA guidelines for emergency care and transfer patients without medical screenings. A National Protocol for Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examinations recommends that jurisdictions minimize the transfer of sexual assault victims. At a minimum, your SART could provide a list of designated exam sites to all local hospitals, law enforcement agencies, emergency medical services, sexual assault victim advocacy programs, and protective service agencies.20 One jurisdiction developed SART guidelines for transferring victims because, until the protocol was developed, victims were transferred by ambulance and were charged more than $800 per transfer. The charges were not covered because transporting by ambulance was not considered a medical necessity or a part of the criminal investigation. After the protocol was created, hospitals changed their policies from transferring patients (which required being transported by ambulance) to discharging them and referring them to SANE-staffed hospitals or designated medical forensic exam facilities.

Hold Team Meetings . Monitor and Evaluate Your Efforts . Sustain Your SART . Know Your Team . Critical Issues Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act The federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) (42 U.S.C. §§ 1395dd) was enacted in 1986 to prevent patient dumpingthe practice of refusing to provide emergency medical treatment to patients who are unable to pay for t

|Oklahoma Water Science Center| By Robert L. Tortorelli, Teresa J. Rasmussen, and Charles A. Perry U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5192 This report is available as a pdf. Evidence that the magnitudes of the annual peak flow for some streams in Oklahoma are changing led to an investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, of trends in the magnitude of annual peak flows and mean annual flows in Oklahoma. Trends in peak flow are of particular interest to State and Federal highway agencies because trends might indicate changing levels of risk to highway structures in flood plains. The Kendall’s tau test was used to identify trends and LOWESS trend lines were used as a graphical exploratory technique for trends. A peak-flow analysis used the entire period of record from 80 streamflow-gaging stations within and near Oklahoma that had a minimum of 36 years of record. Records from 3 streamflow-gaging stations indicated statistically significant upward trends in peak flows, while records from 12 stations indicated statistically significant downward trends. The records with upward trends were from streamflow-gaging stations scattered in the central and northeastern part of the study area, while the significant downward-trend stations were all located in the western part of the study area. A peak-flow analysis used a recent 36-year period of record, 1968–2003, from 63 stations within and near Oklahoma. Seven station records had significant downward trends, and one station record had a significant upward trend. The significant downward-trend stations were located in the western part of the study area. The significant upward-trend station was located in the central part of the study area. A peak-flow analysis used various 30-year periods separated by 5-year increments through the available periods of record from 63 stations within and near Oklahoma. From that analysis it is possible to identify time periods within each station record when peak-flow trends were occurring. Peak-flow trends generally were downward during 1956-85 and upward in 1966-95. A mean annual-flow analysis used the entire period of record from 80 stations within and near Oklahoma that had more than 36 years of record. A regional pattern similar to the peak-flow analysis resulted, except more upward trends were significant. Twenty-eight records (35 percent) exhibited a trend; 22 streamflow-gaging stations indicated statistically significant upward trends in peak flows, while records from 6 stations indicated statistically significant downward trends. The significant downward-trend stations were located in the northwestern part of the study area. The LOWESS trend lines indicated an increase in streamflow at the end of the 20th century, around 1980-2000, for two-thirds of the stations analyzed. A mean annual-flow analysis used a recent 36-year period of record, 1968–2003, from 63 stations within and near Oklahoma. Eighteen station records showed significant trends; 14 station records had upward trends, and 4 records had downward trends. The significant downward trend stations were located in the northwestern part of the study area. Changes in precipitation patterns, long-term declines in ground-water levels in some stream basins, and increased water use may be contributing to peak-flow trends. To evaluate possible causes of the peak-flow trends, the Kendall’s tau test was applied to total annual precipitation within and near Oklahoma, and to ground-water levels in Oklahoma. The lack of significant precipitation trends and presence of downward trends in ground-water levels in western Oklahoma indicated that declining water tables may be a factor contributing to downward trends in peak streamflow. Declining water tables maybe caused by ground-water withdrawals and other factors such as construction of ponds and terraces. Water use could not be used in the trend analyses due to a lack of reliable historic record. Estimates of total freshwater withdrawals in Oklahoma available on a 5-year basis from calendar year 1950 to 2000 were shown. Peak-flow records containing trends may introduce statistical error into flood-frequency analysis. The effects of significant trends on flood-frequency analysis were investigated by adding hypothetical trends to four streamflow-gaging station records that had no significant trends. The added trends resulted in changes in the 100-year flood magnitudes of as much as 91 percent. Purpose and Scope Kendall’s Tau Test LOWESS Trend Line Streamflow Trend Analyses Entire Period of Record Recent Period, 1968-2003 Mean Annual Flow Entire Period of Record Recent Period, 1968-2003 Evaluation of Trend Causes Factors Affecting Peak Flow Precipitation Trend Analysis Water-Table Trend Analysis Effects of Trends on Flood-Frequency Analysis This report is available as a pdf. (9.3MB) This report requires the Adobe Reader® to view (version 5 or higher preferred). If you do not have the Adobe Reader, it is available for free download from Adobe Systems, Inc. Document Accessibility: Adobe Systems, Inc. has information about PDFs and the visually impaired. This information provides tools to help make PDF files accessible. These tools convert Adobe PDF documents into HTML or ASCII text, which then can be read by screen-reading programs that synthesize text as audible speech. In addition, a version of Adobe Reader that contains support for screen readers is available. The conversion tools and the accessible reader may be obtained free from Adobe through their conversion tools Web site. For information about water-resource studies in the State of Oklahoma, please visit our Web site at http://ok.water.usgs.gov/. |AccessibilityFOIAPrivacyPolicies and Notices| |U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Persistent URL: http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20055192 Page Contact Information: GS Pubs Web Contact Last modified: Thursday, January 10 2013, 05:00:01 PM

|Oklahoma Water Science Center| By Robert L. Tortorelli, Teresa J. Rasmussen, and Charles A. Perry U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5192 This report is available as a pdf. Evidence that the magnitudes of the annual peak flow for some streams in Oklahoma are changing led to an investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Tra

155,000 people affected after Xinjiang quake URUMQI, July 1 (Xinhua) -- More than 155,000 people had been affected as of late Sunday, after a 6.6-magnitude quake jolted northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region early Saturday morning, local authorities said Sunday. As of 7 p.m. Sunday, the number of injured people climbed to 52 and 48,000 people had been evacuated after the earthquake hit a mountainous area along the border of Hejing and Xinyuan counties at 5:07 a.m., followed by several aftershocks of 3-to-4 magnitude, said authorities of the government of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture. The quakes also tore down 7,500 houses and damaged another 64,000 houses. China's National Disaster Reduction Committee and the Ministry of Civil Affairs responded to the quakes and dispatched relief goods to quake-hit areas. The ministry allocated 2,000 tents, 10,000 quilts and 10,000 cotton coats to the areas. The regional governments also dispatched 5.1 tonnes of flour and 480 kilograms of edible vegetable oil as well as 230 tents and 120 quilts. The county's government had organized 2,470 people to the disaster relief work and had been trying to repair the damaged main roads. Experts said the quake-hit region, located about 3,500 meters above sea level, has been geologically active throughout history. Two earthquakes measuring higher than 7 on the Richter scale have jolted the region since 1900. Editor: Yang Lina

155,000 people affected after Xinjiang quake URUMQI, July 1 (Xinhua) -- More than 155,000 people had been affected as of late Sunday, after a 6.6-magnitude quake jolted northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region early Saturday morning, local authorities said Sunday. As of 7 p.m. Sunday, the number of injured people climbed to 52 and 48,000 people had been evacuated after the earthquake hit