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FC: Rocks and Minerals | Dr.Turner
1: References: | http://regentsprep.org/regents/earthsci/rockcycle.htm | http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/How_rocks_minerals_are_formed.htm#Sedimentary | http://www.chemcases.com/silicon/sil1cone.htm | http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/bcarter/physgeol/igrx/cool1.htm | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite
2: Sedimentary Rock | Sedimentary rocks are formed from loose fragments of rock, minerals, and organic materials. | Sedimentary rocks can be transformed by heat and pressure.
3: Sedimentary Rock Examples | Sandstone | Coal | Limestone
4: Metamorphic Rock | Metamorphic rocks are formed by a process which heat and pressure or chemical processes change one type of rock to another. | Metamorphic rocks can be transformed by metamorphism, melting, or by weathering and erosion.
5: Metamorphic Rock Examples | Marble | Slate | Quartzite
6: Igneous Rocks | Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and hardens. | Igneous rocks can be transformed by melting, weather and erosion, also heat and pressure.
7: Igneous Rock Examples | Pumice | Basalt | Granite
8: Silicate Minerals | Silicate minerals have fundamental structural unit of all the silicate minerals is a single silicon atom at the center of a tetrahedral array bonded to four oxygen atoms | All silicate minerals contain silicon and oxygen.
9: Silicate Mineral Examples | Topaz | Garnet | Quartz
10: Nonsilicate Minerals | Nonsilicate minerals display a vast variety of crystalline structures. Common crystalline structures: cubes, hexagonal prisms, and irregular masses. | Nonsilicate minerals do NOT contain any compounds of silicon or oxygen
11: Nonsilicate Mineral Examples | Gold | Calcite | Gypsum
12: The melt originally forms as heat energy is added to rocks, causing the atoms in the constituent minerals to break their bonds and begin to move freely. Cooling reflects the removal or dispersion of that heat away from the melt, allowing the atoms to move less freely, to gather closer together, and eventually to reform chemical bonds. | Solidification of a Melt | Normally when a material begins to solidify, multiple crystals begin to grow in the liquid and a polycrystalline (more than one crystal) solid forms. At the solidification temperature, atoms of a liquid, such as melted metal, begin to bond together at the nucleation points and start to form crystals.
13: Solidification of a Melt Examples | Sapphires | Rubies | Rutile
14: Precipitation of a Solid | Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid. When the reaction occurs in a liquid, the solid formed is called the precipitate, or when compacted by a centrifuge, a pellet. The liquid remaining above the solid is in either case called the supernate or supernatant. Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been known as flowers | Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis.
15: Precipitation of a Solid Examples | Crystals | Dolomite | Copper
16: Solid State Diffusion | Solid state diffusion takes place because of the presence of defects in solids.
17: Solid State Diffusion Example | Garnets |
S: shama's summers body
FC: SHAMALAMADINGDONG SUMMERS By: Samantha Ottwell Julianna Cortez Cherish Paolinelli John Summers
2: Welcome!! We are going to be talking about shama's body. First we are going to talk about the heart . This is how the heart pumps blood. Oxygne poor blood flows from the body into the right artium. Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs. Oxygen rich blood returns to the heart from the lungs. Blood flows through the left artium into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen and rich blood to all parts of the body.
4: Next we are going to talk about the brain. The Brain and all the parts in the brain. First we are going to talk about the nervous system. How do you rember the way to your friend's house? Why do your eyes blink without you
5: about the cerebrum. The biggest part of the brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum makes up 85% of the brain's weight, and it 's easy to see why. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain and it controls your volunatry muscles.The ones that move when you want them to so you can't dance or kick the soccer ball whithout your cerebrum.
6: kidneys help us and our body by removing waste from blood cells. Kidneys take the waste and sends it to the blatter. That is how the kidneys help our body!!!
9: LUNGS The job of your lungs is to carry gases between the outside air and your blood. Air goes into the mouth or nose the mucas in your sinus traps dust,and other dirty things. Air travles through the larynx and trachea to the bronchi. The bronchioles become smaller and end in tiny air sacs. Blood filled capillaries surround the air sacs and exchange new oxygen for carbon dioxide wich we breath back out.
11: A tube carries urine away from the kindeys to the urinary bladder. This bladder stores urine until it leaves the body. At the bottom of the bladder is a tight round muscle that keeps the urine inside until it is removed from the body.
13: At the bottom of your esophagus is a tight round muscle when you swallow this muscle relaxes and opens to let food into your stomach then the muscle closes to keep the food from moving back into your esophagus. Your stomach is under your lower your left ribs the stomach's walls can stretch to store all the food from the meal. The stomach produces fluids mix with the food after the food becomes a soupy paste, it is ready to leave to your stomach.
14: The stomach squeezes the food into the small intestines. Your liver and pancreas are organs that send chemicals to your small intestine to help digest food. When digestion is finshed, the particles of digested food can move into blood vessels that are in the walls of intestine. Tiny finger shaped structures called villi are found all over the inside walls the small intestine. Villi give the small intestine more surface area to absorb food.
16: at the end of the small intestine some food that cannot be digested remain. This food waste moves to a wide tube called the large intestine. Most of the large intestine is also know as the colon. Helpful bacteria live here. Some bacteria make vitamins that your body uses. these bacteria also help keep out other bacteria that causes disease.The large intestine takes water and salt from the waste more solid. Finally, muscle squeeze to push the waste out of the body. |
By 1963, the design objectives of the X-15 had been met, and for the last six years of its life it served mainly as a testbed for other experiments. These experiments were mostly space-related and varied from a pod that was carried on one wingtip with which it was attempted to capture a micrometeorite to a top-looking camera for photographing stars. The next slide Slide 21is a photograph of the Colorado River Valley taken by a down-looking camera on an X-15 at 220,000 feet.
Looking down on earth. (Slide 21)
The most interesting X-15 follow-on experiment was the ramjet engine that was planned to be tested on the X-15A. Slide 23 This is a photograph of the X-15A, which was rebuilt from the X-15 that rolled on its back after the landing gear failure. The fuselage was lengthened 29 inches to make room for a hydrogen tank that was to provide fuel for an air breathing ramjet engine to be mounted on the ventral fin. The ramjet shown here is a boilerplate-dummy-engine used to obtain performance and stability data prior to installation of a working ramjet. Like the lower ventral fin, the ramjet had to be jettisoned prior to landing.
X-15 Ramjet. (Slide 23)
The ramjet rode well, but with the added structural weight and drag of the ramjet, the maximum speed of this configuration was just over Mach 5, and it was desired to test the ramjet at Mach numbers of 6 to 8. In order to accommodate this increased performance, two external fuel tanks were added (Slide 24)
X-15 Testing the Ramjet. (Slide 24)
These droppable tanks carried an additional 13,000 pounds of propellants. They were carried until empty at about 70,000 feet and Mach 2, at which time they were jettisoned, and the bare X-15 had full internal fuel with which to accelerate from that starting point.
One flight was launched in the configuration shown here, and flown to a Mach number of 6.33. The next flight was to exceed the original design speed of Mach 6.6, which meant that the structure had to be heat-protected. A silicone elastomeric was sprayed over the entire exterior of the airplane (Slide 25) This coating was designed to ablate during the high Mach portion of the flight and to carry some of the heat load with it.
X-15 New exterior coating. (Slide 25)
The white X-15 was flown one time to a Mach number of 4.94 to check the integrity of the thermal protection and then was flown, in the configuration shown here (Slide 26) to a Mach number of 6.70, the fasted speed achieved in the X-15 program.
X-15 Checking the integrity of the new exterior. (Slide 26)
Charring of the ablative coating (Slide 27) occurred in many areas of the X-15, but more serious damage occurred where the wake of the dummy ramjet impinged on the vertical fin.
X-15 Damage to the new exterior coating. (Slide 27)
Portions of the skin of the ventral were burned through and there were substantial damage to substructure and to subsystems enclosed in the ventral fin. The X-15A was returned to the North American factory at El Segundo for repair. Before the repair of the damaged structure was complete the X-15 program was canceled. The X-15A never flew again and the actual working ramjet was never flight-tested.
The flight resulting in all the heat damage occurred in October 1967. In November of that year X-15 No. 3 launched on what was planned to be a routine research flight to evaluate a boost guidance system and to conduct several other follow-on-experiments. During the boost, the airplane experienced an electrical problem that affected the flight control system and inertial displays. This distracted the pilot and may have caused him to misinterpret other displays. At peak altitude, the X-15 began a yaw to the right, and it re-entered the atmosphere yawed crosswise to the flight path. It went into a spin and eventually broke up at 65,000 feet, killing the pilot.
The tragic event, in retrospect, was the death knell for the entire project. Program management decided not to fly the X-15A again and to fly the X-15 No. 1 only for calendar year 1968.
On October 24, 1968, X-15 No. 1 flew a successful research flight to accomplish the 199th flight of the program. There still remained two months of the year in which to pass the 200-flight milestone. But a series of problems involving the experiment, the inertial reference system, and the weather combined to keep the X-15 on the ground, and time finally ran out on the most successful research airplane in history.
X-15 pilot Bill Dana
Special note: Four slides (Nos. 1, 20, 22, and 28) were deleted from this presentation because they simply showed a dark screen.
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1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of a single-turn circular coil. The magnitude of the field is changing, so that an emf of 0.76 V and a current of 3.1 A are induced in the coil. The wire is the re-formed into a single-turn square coil, which is used in the same magnetic field (again perpendicular to the plane of the coil and with a magnitude changing at the same rate). What emf and current are induced in the square coil? 2. Relevant equations I=ER 3. The attempt at a solution i found the emf (.589V) but i can't figure out the current. what do i do? |
A new atlas created from up-to-date authoritative databases. Features of this atlas include:
-clear, accessible reference mapping of all parts of the world, with reference data for each country including area, population, languages, religions, currency and organisation membership
- a geographical encyclopedia section on current world issues including information on climate, environments, population, wealth, travel and political change.
- continental and ocean maps showing major physical features and political maps showing countries in relation to their neighbours
- index to over 45,000 place names |
- PLANNING YOUR TRIPAFTER YOU HAVE BOOKED
Outstanding characteristics: Much of the vegetation is endemic to the visitor sites. There is coral reef on Devil's Crown. The most fascinating human history account in the Islands took place on Floreana Island.
Vegetation: Dense, most of it from the dry zone. In the highlands, where there is more humidity, most of the plants can be found.
Geology: Composed of a series of eroded volcanic hills, whose are and form make it virtually impossible to indentifya a central volcano. There are no signs of recent volcanic activity.
As reflected in its many names, Floreana Island has had a colorful history: Pirates, whalers, convicts, and a small band of somewhat peculiar colonists—a self proclaimed Baroness among them—who chose a Robinson Crusoe’s existence that ended in mystery and death. Today roughly a hundred Ecuadorians inhabit the island. In 1793 British whalers set up a barrel as Floreana Island's Post Office, to send letters home on passing ships. The tradition continues to this day, simply by dropping a post card into the barrel without a stamp. The catch is you must take a post card from the barrel and see that it gets to the right place. That is how the system began and continues to this day.
Punta Cormorant in Floreana Island offers two highly contrasting beaches; the strand where we land is composed of volcanic olivine crystals giving it a greenish tint that glitters in the sun. We descend here on our Galapagos cruises and a trail crosses the neck of an isthmus—that rises from behind a small cinder cone—to a beach of very fine white sand known as “Flour Beach”. Flour Beach was formed by the erosion of coral skeletons. Between the two beaches of Floreana Island is a hyper-saline lagoon frequented by flamingoes, pintails, stilts and other wading birds. Some 250 meters (700 ft) north from the point is an old submerged volcanic cone that has been worn down by waves; Devil's Crown is home to a myriad of marine species including several species of corals, sea urchins, and many other creatures including a great number of fish species, making this place one of the best snorkeling sites in the Galapagos. The eroded crater walls of Devil's Crown form a popular roosting site for sea birds including boobies and pelicans.
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Irreversibility is one of the characteristics of behaviorist Jean Piaget's preoperational stage of his theory of child development. It refers to the inability of the child at this stage to understand that actions, when done, can be undone to return to the original state. Thus, the child cannot use this understanding to solve problems.Continue Reading
Piaget exemplified irreversibility by using the example of two glasses of different shapes and sizes. When water is poured from one glass to the other, the child in the preoperational stage is asked if the volume of water in the second glass is the same as the volume had been in the original glass. Irreversibility is the inability of the child to understand that the volume can be proven to be the same by undoing the action and pouring the water back into the original glass.
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage in child development occurs when the child is between 2 and 7. Along with irreversibility, the other main characteristics of this stage are egocentrism, which signals the inability of a child at this stage to conceive that another person looking at a three-dimensional object from another perspective may have a different conception of the object, and centration, which defines the inability of a child to focus on one detail of a problem without neglecting another.Learn more about Psychology |
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In 1939, the Naval Aviation Headquarters conceived a plan of trial manufacturing a floatplane fighter, a new type beyond all precedents in the world. On the assumption of landing and invading the Southern regions, the Japanese Navy intended in those days to station float planes in waterways and bays near the landing places until the completion of land air bases for the purpose of defending those under construction and occupied territories. Since the floatplanes might have to fight with enemy fighters in the air, they were required to be pure fighters comparing favourably with enemy fighters in performance. The Navy firmly believed that sufficiently armed floatplanes would be able to fight on equal terms with fighters considering that Type 95 Scout Seaplanes shot down Chinese fighters as successfully as did land based fighters at the early stage of the sino-Japanese incident. In 1940, the Naval Aviation Headquarters decided to trial manufacture floatplane fighters and ordered Kawanishi Aircraft, which was well experienced in manufacturing floatplanes, to trial manufacture them under the name of 15- Shi Floatplane fighter (later called Floatplane Fighter "Kyofu").
In the meantime, relations with the United Sates, Britain, etc. were gradually deteriorated and the possibility of rushing into war with them became larger day by day. Considering that war with the United States and Britain would be inevitable, the Department of Operations of the army mapped out a plan of campaign and requested the Aviation Headquarters to immediately develop and complete floatplane fighters which, in case of incading the Southern regions, were to take charge of air defence for advanced bases under construction and at the same time demanded that temporary floatplane fighters should be made available apart from the 15-Shi Floatplane Fighter which was then under order and was expected to be delivered to fighting units as late as 1943 (three years from then). The Naval Aviation Headquarters proposed remodelling the Type O Ship-Based Fighter Model 11 of Mitsubishi Aircraft, which exercised its power in the Chinese Continent and was recognized as an excellent plane, into floatplane fighter. This proposal was officially accepted at the beginning of 1941. The remodelling was to be conducted by Nakajima Aircraft which was also in charge of the mass production of the Zero Fighter. Like Kawanishi Aircraft, Nakajima was well experienced in the manufacture of floatplanes. Nakajima designers including Shinobu Mitsutake, head of Designing Department, had already designed the Type 90 and 95 scout Seaplanes of single-float type, the superiority of both having been fully recognized. Nakajima engaged in the remodelling work at Koizumi Plant night and day under the leadership of Shinobu Mitsutake, then chief engineer, and young designers including Atsushi Tajima. The remodelled version was tentatively named No.1 Suisen (A6M2-N). The remodelling work had to be made immediately, and three used Zero Fighters Modell 11 were utilized and remodelled into the first experimental planes.
The shape of the main float was accepted after model tests repeated at the Naval Air Technical Institute. Only about one year after the start of the plan, the first flight was successfully made at an aquatic base in Kasumigaura on 8th December 1941, i.e. the very day when the Pacific War began. After utility tests were repeated by seaplane units of Yokosuka and Oppama, the remodelled plane was officially accepted for mass production under the name of Type 2 Floatplane Fighter on 6th July, 1942. It was slightly lowered in performance as compared with the original Zero Fighter Model 11, e.g. the maximum speed was decreased from 534 km/h to 436 km/h and the cruising range from 2,220 km (when carrying no auxiliary fuel tanks) to 1,778 km. This was because the large float increased plane weight and air resistance. They Type 2 Floatplane Fighter still inherited excellent manoeuvrability from the Zero Fighter and had good taking off and landing ability and sea kindliness. The Type 2 Floatplane Fighter was a well-timed superior plane to be used for the purposed of defending isolated islands in the Pacific Ocean and air bases under construction until the completion of the 15-Shi Floatplane Fighter which was then being manufactured by Kawanishi. Powerfully armed with two 20 mm and two 7.7 mm machine guns, the Navy's hoped for new Type 2 Floatplane Fighter came to be sent to isolated islands in the South Seas and small islands in the north Seas in mid 1942 when the Japanese were still making brilliant drives on the enemy. In spiete of the handicap proper to a floatplane, it fought desperately with large bombers and fighters of the Allied Forces and rendered distinguished service. Even the Americans praised the Floatplane Fighter for its high performance on a level with the Zero Fighter. At the last stage of the war, most of floatplane fighter units on the front lost their planes and pilots, meeting with a glorious end.
Battles over the Solomon Islands
The Allies inititated a counterattack against the Japanese in a battle for Guadalcanal Island located at the southeast end of the Solomon Islands in the South Seas. It was clear that, if the Japanese had occupied Guadalcanal, an important point on the communication line between the United States and Australia, and completed air bases there, the Allies would have lost the command of the air from New Guinea to Australia and been brought into a critical situation. The Japanese Navy was constructing Lunga Field (the Americans called it Henderson Field) in Guadalcanal about 1,000km southeast of Rabaul, the key Japanese base for invading Australia, and Buin Field in Bougainville lying halfway between them. For the air defense of Lunga Field, the Navy constructed an aquatic base at Tulagi of Florida Island near Lunga Field and in mid June of 1942 stationed there a part of the 4th Air Fleet equipped with twelve Type 2 Floatplane Fighters and some Type O Observation Seaplanes and Type O Three Seater Scout Seaplanes. (The 4th Air Fleet was the first unit to use the Type 2 Floatplane Fighter). On the 7th August when the airfields were nearly completed, the Americans attacked Guadalcanal and Tulagi of Florida and occupied them in two days. The twelve Type 2 Floatplane Fighters of the 4th Air Fleet which fought to repulse the enemy attack carried a No.3 bomb under each main wing. (The No.3 bomb is a time bomb containing small balls of yellow phosphor. If dropped from above an enemy plane formation, it will explode in the air and scatter the balls to shoot down a number of planes at a time. The weight is 30 kg). They type 2 Floatplane Fighters dropped No.3 bombs against enemy planes flying in formation and used 20 mm and 7.7 mm machine guns against those flying separetely or scatteringly, inflicting great losses on the Allies. The detachment of the 4th Air Fleet, however, lost all it men and was annihilated at the fighting of 7th August. The Japanese immediately sent army troops from Rabaul to Guadalcanal with a view to recapturing Guadalcanal. Navy planes escorted them and bombed airfields under enemy occupation. Because the distance from Rabaul to Guadalcanal was the very limit of the Zero Fighter's cruising range, however, the Zero Fighter could not make sufficient attack or escort. Thus the Navy constructed an aquatic base in shortland Island lying 470 km southeast of Rabaul and organized the 11th Air Flotilla comprising planes of seven seaplane tenders including the Kamikawa Maru (19 Type 2 Floatplane Fighters, 54 Type O Observation Seaplanes and 13 type O Scout seaplanes). Using the beautiful shoal of Shortland as a runway, these planes took off to attack Allied planes from airfields which were completed after being captured by the Americans and also to escort the army reinforcements moving to Guadalcanal in place of land based planes of Rabaul. From 4th september to 9th November of 1942, they repeated fierce air battles day after day with bombers and fighters including the Grumman F4F over Kolombangara and Shortland Islands. By 7th November, they encountered more than 150 enemy planes and confirmed 17 shot down. On 10th October, Master Sergeants Kawai and Maruyama, each piloting a Type 2 Floatplane Fighter, engaged with 20 Grumman F4F's and were killed, but they fought desperately and shot down four, one of which by body cras. This fact eloquently speaks the skill and morale of Floatplane Fighter pilots. The Type 2 Floatplane Fighter was also widely used in bombing of Guadalcanal, reconnaissance, etc. through the use of Lekata, Santa Isabel Island as an intermediate base. |
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SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE FOR A SUSTAINED FUTURE
Written By H.J.R.K.Jayasinghe (17 June 17, 2010)
Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree.info
The sustainable city is developed to respect and make the most of natural environmental aspects, to conserve resource use and to minimize impacts on the local and wider natural environment. The sustainable city is a regional and global city: no matter how small or how large, its responsibilities stretch beyond the city boundaries. The sustainable city involves a broadly based, participatory program of radical change, where individuals are
encouraged to take on more responsibility for the ways in which their cities are run. The sustainable city requires that environmental assets and impacts are distributed more equitably than at present. The sustainable city is a learning city, a sharing city, an internationally networked city. The sustainable city is not rooted in an idealized version of past settlements, nor is it one given to a radical casting-off from its own particular cultural, economic and physical identity in the name of the latest passing fad for wholesale urban change. The sustainable city will seek to conserve, enhance and promote its assets in terms of natural, built and cultural environments. The sustainable city presents tremendous opportunities for enhancing environmental quality at local, regional and global scales. (Haughton and Hunter, 1994)
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helpmydegree. And this report is being discussed more on the selected areas and practical usage. However this is most sought after topic to discuss. therefore it is difficult to discuss all the subject matters and their practice in the field. In earlier days when it is being needed to prepare a site for a house or any kind of building it was doing with the help of the labors and they didn’t do a considerable change to the site and they just construct their buildings in respect to the site that means they construct their building according to the site conditions there for the stability.Executive summery Sustainable architecture is a profound subject and use of this subject in the field is also cover very large area. habitats or species? What restorative or rehabilitative measures will be taken? Will any habitat or species be harmed or eliminated so that it cannot be remedied? Will any significant cultural site be affected? What steps have been taken to protect such cultural site(s)? Have energy and water conservation 4 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.info . therefore it has been selected few major areas where sustainable architecture is necessary to use. aesthetic and contextual response was great for those buildings. aesthetic and contextual response of the building Respect for site means to respect for the nature therefore it is need to concentrate on following factors before constrictions is taking a place Will any natural spaces or wilderness be developed?. Will buildings be expanded into protected natural areas? Is an Environmental Impact Assessment needed and has it been prepared? What steps have been taken to protect natural spaces. this procedure may loose the stability. today what the people doing is they are preparing the site according to their need. using a report like this. however today this site preparation procedure is doing with heavy machinery and drilling . blasting also can be taken a place when it is necessary.
waste management measures and energy-efficient principles and building technology guided the design process in a meaningful way? Under the sustainable architecture it is being discussed a need of constructing a house which need least possible power specially through (fossil fuels) to heat or cool the interior. most of which are totally simple to implement.info . size of roof overhang. etc. proper hot water heaters. The climatic characteristics in terms of solar radiation.helpmydegree. glazing. temperature. energy-efficient windows. air-to-air exchangers. window placement. insulation. but it is a fact 5 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. User control mechanisms The incorporation of renewable fuels into building design Good design can greatly reduce our energy problems. weather sealing Energy-efficient appliances and fixtures such as compact fluorescent light bulbs. insulated hot water lines. insulated doors. insulated homes: insulated walls. appropriate amount of glass. Use correct building orientation. humidity and wind Thermal comfort of the occupants Architectural guidelines for effective solar design The building envelope: Mass. fans. floors and foundations. day lighting. When designing energy conserving house the following fact must be considered The use and cost of energy in buildings on a long-term basis. including whole-house fans. window shades. insulated window coverings. ventilation and systems. energy-efficient heating systems. And proper use of these things is the way of energy conservation Some techniques of using alternative energy are very simple and those are wellproven solutions.technologies. ceilings.
this solar heating can be used to water heating for zero cost therefore it will be a good practice if people can use solar heating to at least to heat water Wind is another kind of power generating source we can use free of charge. this is actually good way of generating power for specially countries which is situated near the Pacific Ocean. under the sustainable architecture here it will be discussed how this is been operate cheaply. Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency. it will be discussed the advantages and disadvantages This is also another good way for alternating power. electricity gain through the photovoltaic panels can be used for any usage. Sun is being a place where it generates power without diminutive and most of the places in the world having direct sun light which is enough to generate power by using photovoltaic panels this must be the best way of generating power.info . because it has found that those areas are the most efficient for geothermal energy 6 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree. because actually if a domestic user select this system sometimes this may not cheep system to gain electricity for him.to be really surprised because no country has been given a substantial consideration about this Solar heating is a good and reliable way of providing sustainable electricity for any use. water heating is one of the major power consume procedure in the house. advantages and disadvantages are common to this system also and under any circumstances the user cant operate a system like this This report is providing the information about what are the eligible places to operate a system like this and. if the building site situated in a area where it is normally having good wind conditions we can use this system.
rock. wooden material etc. limestone are some of them actually if someone need to build a house these things are enough for it. trees. which is potential for reuse therefore it should be careful to remove those elements safely before being demolished In any where of this world we can find natural resources that can be used for our purposes. will give a good natural and interesting look. 7 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. sand. if the refurbishment doesn’t safe and it is not eligible to reuse then only it should go to demolition. it is need a very little processing effort to convert them into materials that we want. clay. hence before going to artificial or imported material it is wise to consider about local material which is cheap economically.Later part of this report has been discussed Sustainable architecture and construction it has been discussed about creating a healthy built environment using resource efficient Conservation supports the principles of sustainability. and a house which is being made with local materials. like wise as much as possible building should be maintain and used. most commonly found resources are. it is minimize the resource consumption.helpmydegree. tile. resent past years it has been used materials without any conservation usually for reasons of short-term economic advantage and to day it has led to a panic situation of shortage of material in the world and some countries have to import necessary materials from other countries for constructions hence under this ground the cost of the materials is sky rocketing therefore it is need to manage the resource consumption Another side of sustainability is avoid and reduce wastage whenever it is possible to reuse a building it should be considered and if the building can not be reused then it should go to refurbishment.info . there are building elements like windows.
is better to live with. as an example a floor which is being made by using wood is very comfortable compared with cement or tile floor and just because of the resilient characteristic of the wood it would not give hurt when someone fall down on it. And then there is the matter of health. etc.A building. buildings. Population is increasing day by day. fuel etc.info . Also choosing natural materials will reduce the pollution often associated with their manufacture process for every ton of portland cement that is manufactured. which is being made with naturally made materials. transport. reusing a product means we reserve those things to future. natural materials are much less likely to adversely affect your health Using renewable material or recyclable material will reduced the necessity of reproducing and also keeping them out of the landfill. an equal amount of carbon dioxide is released into the air. 8 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree. and increasing population means that the increasing of the need of the people. they need food. labor. not only that producing a material means not a simple process which sometimes use heavy machinery. Increasing these needs means that it is increasing the people’s involvement with the nature therefore we should follow a sustainable procedure to protect the natural environment.
And also I would like to extend my gratitude to my friends those who help and encourage me to complete this report 9 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree.Acknowledgement This report has being prepared as the final individual project for the higher national diploma in quantity surveying at the International College of Business and Technology Campus. therefore I would like to thanks those wise persons who wrote those books and published those articles on the internet. Kandy. therefore I acknowledge all our lecturers kind dedication to teach us the relevant subjects. The knowledge that I gained from the lectures was a great help for me to think within the construction industry and write this report successfully.info .Sri Lanka At the beginning of the project I had not a good idea about selecting a proper topic for the project. I read few books and few articles which had published on the internet and that led me to choose this topic.
............ 56 3...... Alternative energy and their use ...........................SOLAR WATER HEATING ......... Geothermal energy .....1................................... .............................................Contents INTRODUCTION ......... 25 2........... 46 3......................2.......... 42 2............. WIND POWER......... 54 3.................... Respect for site ................................................2......1.................. 44 3................................................ 30 2........ . CLIMATE AND SIZE OF THE BUILDING ........................2........ 43 2......................... 51 3....................................................................................................... 30 2.. Heating.............................. 32 2..... 15 1.2...............................1........................ 35 2............... Use renewable or recyclable resources.........................1............................................... Passive solar building design ................ Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency ................................ Tidal Power ...............................................................1....3...1..................................................4...6.... SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE WITH SITE...................... 14 WHY NEED OF SUSTAINABILITY? ...........5.avoid and reduce waste......................... Use Natural material ............. Use local material ..1...................................................3............ SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION ...............TIDAL BARRAGES ....... 12 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE FOR A SUSTAINED FUTURE .2.......................1.............3.....2............... ...... 49 3............................... Maximize resource reuse .3................................................. ENERGY CONSERVATION AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES ...............................................5...... 17 1... 17 1.Minimize resource consumption .....................4......F LOATING WIND FARMS ..................... 56 10 ..................................................................OFFSHORE TURBINES....................................................... Size of the buildings and sustainability .conserve and reduce use of resources46 3......................... 40 2..... 20 1...............3.. 35 2........3..TIDAL REEF ..................5.......5............. 43 2............. 23 2............. 38 2.............3...........1.....................................1...........5.............. Protect the natural environment.............. Working with the climate..................
......................................................... 67 Finishes .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.................... 61 2................................................. 62 Walls.......... 3............... 61 CONSTRUCTING A HOUSE AND USE OF SUSTAINABILITY.................... 68 CASE STUDY 2 ...................... 70 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................ 70 DESIGN A LIGHT SYSTEM FOR A SELECTED AREA .............. Foundation .... 57 CASE STUDY 1 .................................................................................................................................. 74 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................................................................ 61 1......................................................................... 63 Roofs .....................................................helpmydegree......................................info 11 .............................. 4..................... Place ............................................................... 74 REFERENCE ............................................CONCLUSION ........................................................ 5......................................................................... 75 REFERENCE OF FIGURES ....................................................
vapor-permeable ceilings. and cellulose insulation. energy. aesthetic appearance. resources management. buildings are being disappearing.info . that used for constructions. are arising and it has create a negative impact on the survival of people and the industry. In the present day early situation has been drastically changed and terms like cost management. health and safety. contextual responsiveness etc. operate wisely to achieve environmental goals ( Please note that in this report it has been concentrate mostly about use of the sustainable architecture in Sri Lanka. Sustainable Architecture shows systems approach to design and construction in which the various components such as alternative power recourses (passive solar techniques. geothermal energy etc). proper use of materials. at that time there were not any environmental problem or any material problem owing to those buildings (domestic houses ) were tally with the environment and the material also was renewable however with the time this has been changed and in present situation cultural oriented and environmentally friendly houses. proper use of site. optimum use of energy. safety. wind power. and construction of residencies) Different countries have different cultures and way of designing buildings are in relevance with their cultures. earth air conditioning.helpmydegree. Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials. environmental impact etc. were selections of the nature. resources and development space 12 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. in early days constructions were link with nature and most of the time materials.Introduction Sustainable architecture is simply means that environmentally friendly design techniques in the field of architecture.
but the survival of other living beings on the planet. the choices of them providing for their needs.helpmydegree. because the degeneration of our environment is affecting not only our survival. We can not ignore the impact we have on the earth's ecosystems. will have an enormous influence on the quality of life of every living being.info . we are the people who are representing the construction industry. The way of people are living.We need to live more lightly on the earth. Now is the time to take responsibility for the consequences of our life styles. therefore it is our responsibility to show the correct path to people 13 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
As an example 14 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. but in the past time they have forgotten about sustainability for narrow economics profits.info . and consumption of the resources while conserving is important. architectures and responsible persons of the construction industry must take an early action to stop this depletion of environmental and other assets and they must proceed with these in mind. Earlier it was giving priority to economic optimization (this is the way that most of the writers had introduced this but in my opinion this is expectation of narrow economic profits) therefore while introducing sustainability we have to face some problems which occur due to this expectation of narrow economics profits.Sustainable Architecture For A Sustained Future Sustainable architecture is a profound subject and use of this subject in the field is also cover very large area. because in most of the times there is a responsible person who know the sustainability. Who responsible for those problems is the question. every people are responsible but lions share must own for the people who involving in the construction industry. Sustainable architecture is looking for identify the needs of the people and execute these needs without affecting the future. therefore it has been selected few major areas where sustainable architecture is necessary to use. Implementation of sustainability would necessitate establishing goals of protection of the resources. therefore it is difficult to discuss all the subject matters and there practice in the field. However this is most sought after topic to discuss. People has being used to fulfilling their needs with narrow economical advantages and has forget the word sustainability.helpmydegree. using a report like this. Population growth and increasing consumption are reasons in the depletion of some environmental assets as example deforestation. this situation has led the world for many a difficulties.
etc ) or they can go for a generate power using coal. Therefore the time has come to think something more than narrow economics profits.info .helpmydegree. sure they will go for a Hydroelectric (Hydro electric also a alternative power that we can use but constructing a hydroelectric water tank will considerably effect on the natural resources and it is reduced the lands of the country that can be used for many a needs of people. but in these procedures value of the effect of environment and people may greater than the value of introducing solar power because introducing solar power will never effect on the environment or people. someone’s opinion may be this is not economically good choice. solar power is one of the best alternative power source that we can use it as Sri Lankans because Sri Lanka is a country which gains sunlight through out the almost 365 days of the year. if we fail to convert our self-destroying economy into one that is environmentally sustainable.It is being considered to supply electric power for a selected area of the country. future generations will have to face some problems like following 15 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. but what are the other options Sri Lanka can go. Why need of sustainability? ‘Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland Report of the World Commission on the Environment and Development in 1987) Narrow economic clouds have lead the world in to a danger situation.
desertification and deforestation Changes in global and regional climate.info .helpmydegree. water. including biotechnology Material depletion Fuel depletion Depletion of lands that can be used for agriculture Therefore we need to think in sustainable way to eschew future generations from those problems 16 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. land pollution Inappropriate aid for developing countries. rise in sea levels Air. greater weather instability.Threatens biodiversity. obliterating scarce fertile agricultural land Harmful side effects of modern technology. deprivation of indigenous people of their homes and means of living.
1. blasting also can be taken a place when it is necessary.helpmydegree. aesthetic and contextual response was great for those buildings. Respect for site In earlier days when it is being needed to prepare a site for a house or any kind of building it was doing with the help of the labors and they didn’t do a considerable change to the site and they just construct their buildings in respect to the site that means they construct their building according to the site conditions there for the stability.1. habitats or species? What restorative or rehabilitative measures will be taken? Will any habitat or species be harmed or eliminated so that it cannot be remedied? Will any significant cultural site be affected? What steps have been taken to protect such cultural site(s)? 17 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.info . however today this site preparation procedure is doing with heavy machinery and drilling . aesthetic and contextual response of the building Respect for site means to respect for the nature therefore it is need to concentrate on following factors before constrictions is taking a place Will any natural spaces or wilderness be destroyed? Will buildings be expanded into protected natural areas? Is an Environmental Impact Assessment needed and has it been prepared? What steps have been taken to protect natural spaces. this procedure may loose the stability. Climate and Size of the building 1. Sustainable Architecture with Site. today what the people are doing is they are preparing the site according to their need.
rock. etc those should not be destroyed or any kind of constructions is going near a culturally valuable site precautions must be taken to protect them. hilly areas etc ( see picture 1) 18 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. waste management measures and energy-efficient principles and building technology guided the design process in a meaningful way? Above are the some factors that we must consider before start a construction on a site. at the moment in this world we have remaining few environmental resources that is striving to hold the equilibrium of this world. lake etc) or wild life in danger due to the construction we must take an early action to avoid from that site. If the site is situated near to any kind of natural resources we must consider area of the land is sufficient for a future need of extensions of buildings. therefore we should used to avoiding such sites and select places for constructions where we cannot cultivate like.helpmydegree.info . forest. and if we lost them means that we have to face some deadly consequences. we must prepare an environmental impact assessment and if that shows the impact of the environment is considerable indeed we have to go for an another site it is because. historical places. if any natural spaces( sanctuary. Ay kind of cultural site should be avoided. habitats or species. this early consideration will be help to go for an another site without effect later on the relevant natural resources. because cultural heritage is an invaluable a country owned assets. these cultural sites can be any religion places. therefore protecting those places means protecting one’s own culture and it is our obligation to protect them And also it is very important aspect to used to avoiding in constructions in the places where we can cultivate because now it has reduced the space considerably the places where we can cultivate due to the constructions in any place. steps have to be taken to protect natural spaces.Have energy and water conservation technologies. a stream. If it is an unavoidable occasion and a construction is going on near an any kind of natural resources.
France: Occupying In rocky site. on the other hand build the buildings in relevant to the shape of the site and building should show respect for the architectural character of the context and for the preservation of important archaeological and natural imprints.info . Figure 1 (The village of Caramany.helpmydegree. Rousillon district. thereby leaving the best soils to cultivation) (Derek Thomas2002. a vision for the new age) 19 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Architecture and the urban environment.Most of the time respect for the site means. in one hand protect the environment and biodiversity and cultural values.
2.1. most of the temples have build up adjacent to rocks and had used face of the rock as a wall to cover the building as an example world famous temples like Isurumnniya and Dambulla temples have build up using the natural caves of the rock Anuradapura age Figure1 .helpmydegree. Working with the climate. ecological) is an important thing our ancient ancestors also had recognized the importance of the regional climatic adaptation as an essential principle in the creation of architecture therefore we could have seen different characteristics of different ages buildings. as an example they had used the natural shapes (caves) of the rocks to find a building. ecological response if it is not so the contextual response are great. our country also we can clearly identify this by looking at a building of Anuradapura age and Polonaruwa age and also when we comes to Nuwara age we can see the differences and their geological.1 (Temple of Isurumunia.info . it has used the natural cave to build the temple) 20 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. those buildings and shapes materials which had used are greatly match with those climates Ancient architectures used geological shapes for building houses. Working with Climate (geophysical.
2 (Ancient temple in Anuradapura) Figure 1.3) Figure 1. it has used brick for thick layers walls) 21 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. secret of using these thick brick layers for wall is control the temperature within the buildings ( see figure 1. so the ancient architectures had made their buildings with thick brick walls or they have used rocks.2.3 (Temple in Polonnaruwa.Anuradapura and the plonnaruwa are normally areas where there are hot climatic conditions through out the year. 1.info .helpmydegree.
What we can learn from these things is we don’t need to go for the higher price building materials to construct buildings and installing heating ventilation and air conditioning systems in building is not the one and only way of regulating the heating. 22 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.info .helpmydegree. Using the climatic conditions of the site a designer can design a building with great contextual response. hope of the climatically responsive building is actually to be close with the environment and take advantage of the climate. while enabling them to experience the external climate of the place . ventilations and air conditions of a buildings. these ancient architects show us using the locally available materials and constructing buildings in keeping with the climatic conditions of the area we can achieve the level of comfort that we need. the shape of the land does not need to change and sometimes it can be an added advantage to give a good aesthetic appearance to the building and not only that comfort of the occupants can be preserved with good designing this means a climatically responsive building can enhance the occupants’ well-being.In addition to these thick brick layers and rock to construct buildings they have used to construct buildings using clay walls and thatches using straws or coconut leaves.
material etc. three people and this trend is really a waste of money.4 Nakhla. sometimes there are around ten numbers of rooms but may be there are living only two . near El Oued. a vision for the new age) 1. Large houses generally use a tremendous amount of energy to heat and cool and the maintenance cost may be very high.helpmydegree. Algeria: Desert Durable and suitable constructions to desert climate where it is often affected by the sand storms (Derek Thomas2002. Size of the buildings and sustainability Resent time most of the people have used to build the large houses more than they need. therefore people should understand that it is unnecessary to build bulky houses actually a small house can be beautiful and cozy. Architecture and the urban environment. 23 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.3.info . And such a small house can be manage very easily and construction cost may reduced and economically will be cheap for people.Figure 1. A home should be just the right size for its occupants and their activities.
which constructed by the government for various purposes. have left without any use.info . this situation have been lead them to bad health conditions such as obesity. desertification and depletion of lands for cultivation etc. sometimes they haven’t any ample space at least to play a badminton game. it is of course the extravagant and unnecessary needs of the people have blind their eyes and they are in the mind of filling lands with unnecessary buildings as a good example there are buildings. All those things emphasize that our need of the building size should be very convenient for us and of course if we can left a place from our land it is just not only helping as a play ground but we can grow vegetable for our consumption and we can have fresh vegetables 24 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree. and when people are constructing houses they are used to filed with the land by their houses.Today world is facing for sever struggle of lacking suitable lands facilities therefore people are used to deforesting for their land needs and also they have been used carried out constructions on lands which can be used to cultivation therefore now world is facing many problems such as bad repercussions of deforesting like exhausting water springs.
they just need to be adopted as soon as possible. Under the sustainable architecture it is being discussed a need of constructing a house which need least possible power specially through (fossil fuels) to heat or cool the interior. window shades. appropriate amount of glass. humidity and wind Thermal comfort of the occupants Architectural guidelines for effective solar design The building envelope: Mass. insulated window coverings. day lighting. glazing. can make the most of natural daylight and natural ventilation.helpmydegree. How can we design our buildings to use less energy? Solar power is one thing and most of the people in Sri Lanka can used to using the optimum advantage of solar power ( not only in our country but also most of the other countries can use solar power) . temperature. ventilation and systems. but houses can be heated through sunlight. When designing energy conserving house the following fact must be considered The use and cost of energy in buildings on a long-term basis. floors and foundations. User control mechanisms The incorporation of renewable fuels into building design Good design can greatly reduce our energy problems. weather sealing 25 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. insulated doors. size of roof overhang. insulated homes: insulated walls.2.info . insulated hot water lines. etc. Use correct building orientation. The climatic characteristics in terms of solar radiation. ceilings. energy-efficient windows. insulation. Energy conservation and use of renewable energy resources Sustainably architecture is something we need to talk more in the field of energy conservation. The techniques already exist. window placement.
and major energy consumer is buildings those use energy for running of buildings – lights. This is as an example and this situation is not only prevailing in the USA but most of the other countries. fans. energy-efficient heating systems. 26 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree.info .1 (This shows normal energy usage of USA. And proper use of these things is the way of energy conservation Heat in large buildings accumulates mainly from internal sources. heating and cooling. By storing excess daytime heat and using it to warm the building during the night. hot water systems and so on. hybrids and electric cars may have largely replaced the ones we have now. In some developed countries such as the USA where consumption of energy is a major national (in fact global) issue and the most use of energy is served for domestic purposes Figure 2. proper hot water heaters. If we can use a system to store that heat and use it at night that will be a significant cost saving way. It is estimated that the transport industry in the US replaces itself every 12 years – so in 12 years time. including whole-house fans. ) The problem with buildings is that they don’t change. air-to-air exchangers. They’re built for the long haul. such as the heat from people or the building mass.Energy-efficient appliances and fixtures such as compact fluorescent light bulbs. this situation can be turned in to an advantage. Not so with buildings.
Day lighting can reduce lighting bills by up to 15 % in commercial buildings.info . Provide efficient insulation of the interior from the exterior. when design a house as energy efficient is not an unreachable target today with the new technologies. Systems operated by photocells and controlled by microprocessors will activate dimmers in proportion to the amount of daylight present and provide even lighting throughout the building. energy efficient windows. solar hot water.). appropriate amount of glass. 4. Use of Energy-efficient appliances and fixtures such as compact fluorescent light bulbs. Provide smaller double glazed fenestration. floors and foundations. better site selection. energy-efficient heating systems. ceilings. photovoltaic panels. and energy-efficient buildings have the value more than it is meaning. 5. cool pantries. Energy-efficient fans. thick plaster. night venting when 27 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree. air-to-air exchangers 7. built-in benches). insulated doors. 2. Passive solar design for day lighting and space heating (use correct building orientation. set-back (clock) thermostats. The procedures that we can follow to reduce the energy usage of buildings 1. 3. Use super insulated homes means highly insulated walls. Reduction in artificial lighting needs by supplementing with natural light. therefore it should be considered such as more efficient building shapes . insulated window coverings. appropriate level of thermal mass inside the insulated envelope (mass floors and interior walls. window placement. etc. Use of Energy-efficient house designs. on-demand hot water heaters. size of roof overhang. insulated hot water lines. window shades. including whole-house fans. Install automated lighting and thermostatic controls. attached greenhouses. solar wall ovens.therefore the terms of energy conservation. weather sealing etc 6.
natural convention. light colored roofs in hot climates. privacy walls to block the wind. outdoor living space etc can be used 8. sleeping lofts in cold climates. planting trees and plants for shade and to block wind. when we use lamps and HVAC systems close off in unused rooms. Lifestyle changes for conservation such as minimize the number of appliance use ( we can reduce the lamps that we use) use them only when it is necessary. roof vents. cross ventilation. open layout and lightcolored interior walls and ceilings to enhance day lighting. at night etc we can follow as conservations habits (In addition to these procedure in this report it has been discussed the procedures that can be followed to reduce the energy usage of buildings. efficient use of space.info . lower ceilings in cold climates. open layout to enhance air circulation. turn off computers. under the Passive solar building design) 28 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree.appropriate.
helpmydegree. (IBM) Tower. Architecture and the urban environment.2 Kuala Lumpur. energy-conscious design (Derek Thomas2002. a vision for the new age) 29 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. 1992: Menara Mesiniaga.Figure 2.info .
size of roof overhang. insulated window coverings. floors and foundations.3 (Passive solar building. etc. Use correct building orientation.1. weather sealing 2. A well insulated building is the most effective an economical remedy for reduce this unnecessary energy consumption. insulated homes: insulated walls. Heating.2.2. Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency This area is one of the most important area where design considerations should have been followed carefully because the amount of energy use for the purpose of heating ventilation and cooling system is comparatively high rather than the energy use of other needs. optimum use of sunlight) 30 . insulated hot water lines. appropriate amount of glass. energy-efficient windows. Good design can greatly reduce our energy problems. insulated doors. A building should have qualities of less heat generating and power consumption and require more ventilation capacity to expel polluted indoor air for the efficiency of heating ventilation and cooling systems. window shades. in these types of buildings the main target is retain the heat effectively within the building using high thermal mass and strong heat insulations to prevent the heat escape Figure 2. ceilings. Passive solar building design These buildings give users to use the optimum usage of the energy of the sun without using active solar mechanism such as photoelectric cells or water heating solar panels. window placement. this situation economically affected to house holders.
to achieve this target we can grows trees around the building specially near windows but should be maintain properly to gain the enough sunlight through out the day. in warm climatic conditions cooling is take place. Prevention of excessive sunlight gain in hot climatic conditions is also important because that will reduce the need of going for the artificial cooling systems.Use well designed shutters. placing windows in the relevant places where sunlight can be gain through out the day is impotent and also design the windows with good characteristics to prevent escaping the heat gain into the building through glasses is involving in designing passive solar buildings certain windows like double or triple glassed insulated windows with gas filled spaces will provide better insulation qualities than the single pane glass widows.. thus those trees are blocked excessive sun light in summer with their leaves and in winter allow sunlight to come falling their leaves Heating systems of buildings are primarily focus on sustainable architecture because they are the largest energy consumers in the buildings specially in cold climates. solar shadings to relieve the excessive heat while the periods of direct sunlight and reduce the use of artificial cooling mediums such as HVAC systems.helpmydegree. using masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very valuable because they can retain the cool temperature of buildings and also main consideration should be given in designing buildings( placing windows). there are natural channels of flowing winds. Specially in the areas where there is a clear seasonal change the architectures use planting deciduous trees (trees those leaves are falling in winter but other seasons) near the windows. designer should be able to catch those like wise if there is a water stream or any lake near to the buildings. blinds.info .4) 31 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. should be design to catch cool natural winds from them to be cool free of charge ( See figure 2.
hydro electric is of course a good method that can be used as a alternative energy resource.Figure 2.3.helpmydegree. but it is a fact to be really surprised because no country has been given a substantial consideration about this.4 Use natural water stream to cool the home 2. Alternative energy and their use Some techniques of using alternative energy are very simple and those are well-proven solutions. most of which are totally simple to implement. here in this report mainly it has been given the consideration about the alternative resources that it can be used in our country. alternative energy resources means that the resources which can be used as energy generating resource alternative to fossil fuels.info . but here in this report it has not been considered about 32 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
There are a number of ways we can use solar power in our houses. Many people use solar power to heat their homes and to run different appliances.1. solar power can be used to heat the home especially for the people live in the areas where there are cold climates. Once implemented in the home. Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency. It is an economical and environmentally-friendly way to bring power into the home. because here in Sri Lanka this is being used as one of the main power generating method. There are houses called zero-energy homes and they have cut power consumption by 50 to 70%.info .3. And not only we can achieve our power needs using solar power but also we added some extra value to our house. SOLAR HEATING Solar heating is a good and reliable way of providing sustainable electricity for any use. Sun is being a place where it generates power without diminutive and most of the places in the world having direct sun light which is enough to generate power by using photovoltaic panels this must be the best way of generating power.hydro-electric. electricity gain through the photovoltaic panels can be used for any usage. 33 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. they use solar power to achieve there almost every power needs. Therefore solar power is now becoming a very real prospect. 2.helpmydegree. Some homes in other countries like USA.
or any other convenient place to which sun light directly falling in most of the time through out the day using these photovoltaic panels the sun’s energy is converted to electricity through a system. it can be used at a later time to our needs and it is no need to face to any miserable power cut situations normally we are facing.5 (Roof mounted solar system) panel The most basic technology used in solar power is the solar electric panel. When we use solar power in our homes.Picture 2. If there is a surplus of energy.helpmydegree. These panels are called as photovoltaic (PV) panels and that can be free standing rigid sheets used to gain the sun’s energy. These panels can also be set into the roof.info . it is capable of storing energy. This is economically very advantage method for using power and the reducing costs is the main reason people use solar power in their 34 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Except to this converting system other electricity conveying system is the same system that we used normally.
in developing counties like Sri Lanka people may not have enough money to this procedure but there should be a considerable government interference just because this a good investment 2. WIND POWER Wind is another kind of power generating source we can use free of charge. this solar water heating can be used to heat water for zero cost therefore it will be a good practice if people can use solar heating to heat water.3.info . under the sustainable architecture here it will be discussed how this is been operate cheaply.1. 35 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. if the building site situated in a area where it is normally having good wind conditions we can use this system. and this will be economically advantage option.helpmydegree. SOLAR WATER HEATING Water heating is one of the major power consume procedure in the house.1. in our country most of the places through out the country is normally having good sun light through out the day and this will be enough to use a solar hot water heating system 2. because actually if a domestic user select this system sometimes this may not cheep system to gain electricity for him. it is because after installation it is no need to spend money for maintenance.2. It is of course installation cost is some what high but it should understand that we are investing this money for another 10 to 15 years.3.homes in other countries and they have succeeded on this and sometimes some residence in developed countries are not only using solar electricity but also they are used to sell there surplus power for central power system of the country.
6 (Typical wind power generating tower) 36 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. hence costal areas of our country are suitable for generate power using winds. that is the pearl of the Indian ocean. is surrounded by the beautiful Indian ocean.advantages and disadvantages are common to this system also and under any circumstances the user cant operate a system like this Here in Sri Lanka. therefore most of the time use a tall tower and mounted a propeller like in the following figure Figure 2. therefore there are high speed winds all ways around the country.helpmydegree. not only here in Sri Lanka but also other counties where there is a costal area is suitable for use wind as alternative power generating resource and also highest places like top of mountains and such areas are suitable for generating wind power. General speed of the winds are higher with the height.info .
Winds impact with the blades of the propeller and it will rotate thus there is a generator inside the rotating house to generate electricity, and if it is not enough the power generating from one tower we can use number of towers, if there are use more towers to generate power it is called as a wind farm, and the costal areas are the most suitable places for wind farms therefore it will be worth to have several wind farms around the country and through them we can supply power to the people who are living in coastal areas
Figure 2.7 (Carland Cross Wind Farm, Cornwall )
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184.108.40.206. FLOATING WIND FARMS Floating wind farms are similar to a normal wind farm, but the difference is that they float in the middle of the ocean. wind farms can placed in water up to 40 meters, The advantage of having a floating wind farm is to be able to harness the winds from the open ocean. Without any obstructions such as hills, trees and buildings, winds from the open ocean can reach up to speeds twice as fast as coastal areas. This is also a good alternative way of power generating method for our country, individual people may not have the capacity of installing and operating a system like this, but government can concentrate about this.
Figure 2.8 (Floating Wind Farm)
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This power generating method can be used for any need of the domestic and industrial power needs.
Picture 2.9 ( Telecom electrification in Kenya with small wind turbine)
Picture 2.10 (Installation of a small wind turbine for water purification)
Using wind farm power generating method there are advantages and disadvantages we must consider Advantages of wind farms Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. The land beneath can usually still be used for farming. Wind farms can be tourist attractions. A good method of supplying energy to remote areas. Disadvantages of wind farms The wind is not always predictable - some days have no wind.
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info . e. Here in Sri Lanka also we can see some places where we can find hot springs. Geothermal heat pumps. where land is expensive. Geothermal is the heat of the earth. And other countries like our country if we want to use geothermal energy we can first arrange a research to find the suitable places. it is wise to have a research to find whether it is possible to use geo thermal energy in areas like this Trincomaly District There are ways of using geothermal energy 1.4.helpmydegree.Electricity generation.in a power plant requires water or steam at very high temperature (300 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit). this is actually good way of generating power for specially countries which is situated near the Pacific Ocean. 3. because it has found that those areas are the most efficient for geothermal energy. 2. Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast. there are places where this heat is coming out of the ground also such as volcanoes. Trincomaly District. Geothermal energy This is also another good way for alternating power.Direct Use and District Heating Systems -which use hot water from springs or reservoirs near the surface. the core of the earth is consisted with enormous amount of heat and this heat are gradually coming to the surface of the earth.. Geothermal power plants are generally built where geothermal reservoirs are located within a mile or two of the surface. 2.g. hot springs and geysers. Therefore such places are specially important.use stable ground or water temperatures near the earth's surface to control building temperatures above 40 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
In country like Sri Lanka this procedure may be deserved. (This conditions is an advantage for specially countries where there are clear seasonal change over. this means that soil temperatures are usually warmer than the air in winter and cooler than the air in summer. This is normal conditions for most areas around the earth. temperatures in the upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface hold nearly constant between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit.helpmydegree. They transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings in winter and reverse the process in the summer. in USA most homes still use traditional furnaces and air conditioners. and cost-effective systems for temperature control. etc can use this heat pump system) Geothermal heat pumps use the Earth's constant temperatures to heat and cool buildings. because in this system. geothermal heat pumps are becoming more popular. Temperatures of the above ground change a lot from day to day and season to season. Although.info . how ever here in Sri Lanka for the areas such as Nuwaraeliya.S. And this situation is clearly a pleasure for the people who are talking about sustainability 41 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. we can use ground temperature. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Bandarawela. geothermal heat pumps are the most energy-efficient. According to the U. environmentally clean.ground.
42 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Tidal Power Sri Lanka is being surrounded by the sea. the tidal power can be considered as a god way for alternating power.helpmydegree.info .5. the tide moves with a huge amount of water each day and the energy carried with these tides are huge and with the newest technologies it is possible to convert this energy into electrical power although it is not easy.11 (Simply circulate water or an antifreeze solution through a closed loop network of pipe) 2.Figure 2.
5. The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine. This dam is called as a "barrage" When the tide goes in and out.1.1. (See figure 2.info 43 . TIDAL BARRAGES A huge dam is built across a river estuary (in wide tidal river mouth).1. which then turns a turbine.12) Figure 2. And this could be built in sections.3) 2. This procedure is used in Britain and this systems provide around 20% of their energy needs.helpmydegree. or it can be used to push air through a pipe. (See picture 3. this also very similar procedure for tidal barrage but this design does not block the water movement as much like in the barrage method.5. TIDAL REEF This procedure also can be used to convert energy of the tides into electricity. Rance estuary in northern France) Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. so power could start being generated sooner. the water flows through tunnels in the dam.2.12 (Tidal Barrages. so it wouldn't affect the tides as severely therefore the environmental consequences are less.2.
and install under water towers as in the (figure 3. (See figure 2. OFFSHORE TURBINES These systems are like an underwater wind farms.13 (Tidal Reef.5.1.5) these method is better for the environment than any other tidal energy methods and also energy from waves do not emit any carbon or harmful greenhouse gases. so that it is much better for the planet and every living thing on it. example design) 2.info .helpmydegree.Figure 2. First identify the offshore areas where there normally have good wave conditions.3.14) 44 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages 45 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.14 (Tidal Reef.the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream.info . Disadvantages A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build. example for design) Advantages Tidal power is free It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste It needs no fuel It produces electricity reliably Not expensive to maintain. and affects a very wide area .Figure 2.helpmydegree.
devastating natural places like forests. And this is increasing day by day although the spaces are not enough people haven’t stopped their construction.conserve and reduce use of resources.info . Destruction of natural places 5. Depletion of land for agriculture 4. Conservation supports the principles of sustainability. Environment pollution 6. and ecologically based principles’ 3. etc any where they are constructing various kinds of buildings. Wastage of materials and other resources 7. Minimize resource consumption .1. as follow 1. Land fillings from the materials that cannot be reuse Considering all those things people should understand the necessity of the sustainable construction that means ‘creating a healthy built environment using resource efficient. Speed of the constructions and use of materials. lands etc are leading the world into some severe problems. resent past years it has been used materials without any conservation usually for reasons of short-term economic 46 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. it is minimize the resource consumption. Depletions of lands 3. operating and equipping homes and offices. Depletion of materials 2.3.helpmydegree. beach. sky scrapers which are tiring to catch the zenith of the sky they are constructing in a competitive way. lakes. Sustainable Architecture and Construction Considerable amount of money of the global economy is dedicated to constructing.
dual flushing toilet mechanisms 3. good for constructions. 47 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Water efficiency in buildings through the use of conserving fittings such as low-flow showerheads. and good for agriculture and other aspects. as an examples people have used water without categorized whether it is suitable for use of the daily routings of the people and animal ( this means they must identify the water as drinkable.advantage and to day it has led to a panic situation of shortage of material in the world and some countries have to import necessary materials from other countries for constructions hence under this ground the cost of the materials is sky rocketing therefore it is need to manage the resource consumption Water is one of the resource that we are using for our construction process and abundant resource that we can find in some areas and shortage resource for other areas. low water dependent plant species. hotels.helpmydegree.info . dangerous chemicals etc and thus this resources had become unusable At least now people should understand this situation and they can limit the consumption of water through 1. etc have build up near the natural water resources without any sustainability and they used to contaminating the water by adding every unsuitable. however now this resources is becoming a shortage resource for every where in the world and main reason for this is consumption of this resource without any management for reservation. tap aerators. Rooftop rainwater harvesting for outdoor irrigation 2. and also some factories. In external landscaping the use of indigenous.
emitting no harmful vapors. Renewable and abundant. unfortunately this will be a fact to reduce there life time.helpmydegree. Please give your concentration on this you are jeopardizing not only your life but also your child ) Water is only a one resource that it had been considered. equal opportunity. 3.Figure 3. Energy efficient. particles or toxins during either manufacture or use. and 48 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. using low energy in production. other resources also conserve by limiting resource consumption by raising issues as to whether the materials or resources intended for use are: 1. good working conditions. Durable. and be convincingly tested in their application. e. 4.info . 2.1 (Water pollution. 5. long-lived and easy to maintain and repair. Equitable and produced via socially correct means.g. fair wages. Non-polluting. 6. People have used to adding various kind of pollutants to water. Low impact on the environment at source. transportation and use.
but due to the heavy demand. like wise as much as possible building should be maintain and used. Recycled steel.helpmydegree. roof related materials. wooden material etc. Oak related productions like sheet material for use on floors and walls.2. most often fresh timber is made from hard-pressed woods that gain from forests and that should be avoided 3. teak. sealing can be used and Teak can be used for making doors. tile.avoid and reduce waste.7. windows. sometimes 49 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. thereby saving the vast amounts of energy spent on processing raw materials. there are building elements like windows. for example. there are types of woods that we can use while foresting as an examples. etc they can be used any kind of usages in constructions. If the material is renewable and abundant there is no problem for using them for construction as an example wood related materials but when achieving the needs of woods should not target to terminate of forest. And composite boards are made from waste timber and vegetable matter and those are also optional. saves more than 70% of the energy used in manufacturing new steel from primary ore. Maximize resource reuse . which is potential for reuse therefore it should be careful to remove those elements safely before being demolished Many of the countries are constructing a building to a specific period of time and after that they used to demolished those buildings. Low waste and capable of being reused and recycled. if the refurbishment doesn’t safe and it is not eligible to reuse then only it should go to demolition.info . Another side of sustainability is avoid and reduce wastage whenever it is possible to reuse a building it should be considered and if the building can not be reused then it should go to refurbishment. oak.
using dynamites or any other explosives. this is not the way to day the world needed. And also when using new material for any kind of work wastage should be considered Figure 3. Architecture and the urban environment. if there are is a building it should not be used and need to demolished it should do in that way but why they are designing them in such specific time period.2 Maximize Resource use(Paris. ‘Recycled’ to become an exhibition gallery.info . With the above process wastage is high because if the building is not good for reuse there are some elements that can be used again. a vision for the new age) 50 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. France: The D ’Orsy Museum.helpmydegree. if there is a designing that should be long lasting design and it will be the need of the world. sometimes for very short period of time.)(Derek Thomas2002. therefore if it is need to demolished a building it should be considered at least this wastage. originally railway station.
which is made out of the clay and just need the labors to made and no any other considerable cost are involve with the procedure of making adobe that can be made into blocks for building. rock. floors can be formed using adobe.helpmydegree. They can also be used with mortared together to make walls for a house. Another kind of locally available building material is wood. or make other decorative outdoor projects. hurricane. And the strong of the walls also enough to survive at least two three decades if any external force like flood. trees. limestone are some of them actually if someone need to build a house these things are enough for it.3. for walls. Rock as one of the most found local material and after processing with little effort (sometimes for some tasks just breaking is enough) we can use them for various works such as to make retaining walls for landscaping.3. will give a good natural and interesting look. However as it is mentioned in the above for the easiest and the 51 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. sand. etc wouldn’t take a place Another type of local material that we are using is adobe and in our country (Sri Lanka) we are still using these things. hence before going to artificial or imported material it is wise to consider about local material which is cheap economically.info . Use local material In any where of this world we can find natural resources that can be used for our purposes. it is need a very little processing effort to convert them into materials that we want. and a house which is being made with local materials. most commonly found resources are. clay. And also wood is clearly one of the most useful building materials on the world and the trees can be available any locality therefore wood also available in any where. And such walls are best suited to special interior places where their thermal mass for heat storage can be taken advantage of.
India. there are many benefits. In addition to intorducing the thick brick layers to buildings that hey had used buildings which is made completely using clay and woods. office or any kind of buildings we can use these locally available material which is more cheep. there are specials trees that we can grow easily and use full for our purpose and a special tree is not suitable for any localities but there are lot of trees which match with selected localities. rather than sawn into boards. Bangladesh. 52 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. ( not only in Sri Lanka some oter countries like. but still solid trees in many locations that can be used in many ways.info .purpose of narrow economic clouds it should not be incline to destroy natural forest tat has remain in the present world. and/or contorted shapes. When trees are utilized in their natural rounded. When we are going to build up a house. Parts of trees can support tremendous weight in a decorative. pleasing manner. It is possible to find dead. it can retain the inherent strength that the tree had in the first place. Reforesting is the most suitable way to have trees. So before go for an expensive artificial material first look around at the materials that nature provides nearby As I mentioned in the above early days of Sri Llankens( even in today). By keeping them round.helpmydegree. Although wood can be use for many purpose of construction it should be used only for where it is necessary. etc ) present day also we can see those types of houses.
it is because the appearance of the house is not giving a comfortable look.Figure 3.4 (Good appearance for a thatched house www.info .3 (Use locally available cheap materials to build) Hundred present locally available materials have used to build this house.holidayrentals. therefore people should incline to find new ways of building houses using the same locally available and aesthetically valuable house. That is only the reason.helpmydegree.co. economically very cheap to build a house like this.uk) 53 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. but people may avoid to use a house like above. so instead of the appearance of the above house how about using appearance like bellow Figure 3.
therefore it should be a healthy place for people. Use Natural material A building. is better to live with. And then there is the matter of health. natural materials are much less likely to adversely affect your health A home or office means people are always (specially a home) circulate within it.org/Places/D evonCounty/images) 3. but present 54 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.Good appearance of houses that we can follow.info . those houses also have used locally available materials to construct Figure 3. http://www. Also choosing natural materials will reduce the pollution often associated with their manufacture process (for every ton of Portland cement that is manufactured.5 (A typical Devonshire cob and thatch house.devonh eritage. as an example a floor which is being made by using wood is very comfortable compared with cement or tile floor and just because of the resilient characteristic of the wood it would not give hurt when someone fall down on it. an equal amount of carbon dioxide is released into the air). which is being made with naturally made materials.4.helpmydegree.
6 (Here most of the parts of this building it has used. bamboo. Cork. Including plants in the living space can greatly enhance the natural plight of the spaces Plants giving a good appearance to spaces and also theyrelease oxygen into the air. 55 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. paper. cotton. lime or mud plasters. The quality of the air is very importance. it is good practice to used building with natural materials and introducing products of natural related into house and offices Among the natural materials that can use. wool.helpmydegree. glass. There is an increased risk of air pollution when we seal the interior space tightly against air infiltration from outside. tiles.).day all houses (or office spaces) are completely not providing a healthy back ground. reeds. etc. adobe or rammed earth. bricks. This is because any contaminants that are released into the interior air are more likely to stay there. canes and grasses. natural materials specially woods) From both an aesthetic and health point of view. Today most of the houses and the offices are achieving these artificial air circulations which lead people for many healthy and economic problems Figure 3. stone. all natural fibers (linen.info . untreated wood . while reducing the carbon dioxide content of the air. Home or office should be a place we feel healthy to live.
they need food.6. buildings. When older buildings are demolished. windows. If we can reduce use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in energy used in the production of materials. etc.info .5. mantels.3. labor. Often sustainable architects incline to use old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary construction that means the consumptions of new materials. fuel etc.helpmydegree. reusing a product means we reserve those things to future. Protect the natural environment. it is also a sustainable construction method See Appendix for more about Vernacular Architecture 56 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Some sustainable architecture incorporates the use of recycled or second hand materials. Vernacular Architecture is also a good way of constructing building using locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. Population is increasing day by day. Increasing these needs means that it is increasing the people’s involvement with the nature therefore we should follow a sustainable procedure to protect the natural environment. Use renewable or recyclable resources. and hardware. Using renewable material or recyclable material will reduced the necessity of reproducing and also keeping them out of the landfill. thus reducing the consumption of new goods 3. not only that producing a material means not a simple process which sometimes use heavy machinery. and increasing population means that the increasing of the need of the people. transport. reusable elements should be carefully removed such as doors. such as reclaimed lumber.
sanctuaries. Concentrate on site wastage and advice all for minimize waste and recycling resources Renovate older buildings. Use buildings which can be manageable very easily and construction cost May reduced and economically cheap Evaluate site resources. Avoid being disturb or any harm to the natural resource.info . Minimize the impact with forests wildlife habitats. Concentration on the Size of building A home should be just the right size for its occupants and their activities. vegetation. etc. wetlands. respect to the natural resources and culturally valued places Minimize site waste. soils. Before commence constructions carry out a careful site evaluation: solar access. important natural areas. Renovating existing buildings is the most sustainable construction. Minimize environmental impact.helpmydegree.Conclusion The areas where it has been discussed in this report can be present as a checklist as following Protect Natural resource. water resources 57 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
geothermal energy and tidal energy.info . Rooftop water catchment for outdoor watering should be considered in many regions. but also produce less pollution during operation. Avoid chemicals and other pollutants into the groundwater. day lighting. wind power. Use high levels of insulation. Reduce energy use by orienting buildings to make optimal use of passive solar heating. high-performance windows. 58 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree. and natural cooling can be incorporated costeffectively into most buildings. and tight construction. Avoid waste from structural over-design (use optimum value-engineering/advanced framing). . Conserve water. Get benefit from existing vegetation. Minimize waste by designing for standard sizes. Use the trees around the buildings to avoid excessive sunlight Design an energy-efficient building. dish washing. Water that has been used for bathing. or clothes washing can be recycled for flushing toilets or irrigation. Install high-efficiency heating and cooling equipment. Also consider solar water heating.Pay attention to solar orientation. In Southern climates. Protect water resource and avoid adding any kind of waste to water Optimize material use. Passive solar heating. day lighting. choose glazing with low solar heat gain Design buildings to use renewable energy. Use well-designed high-efficiency air conditioners (and distribution systems) not only save the building occupants money. and natural cooling.
Building products made from recycled materials reduce solid waste problems. Buy locally produced building materials. in this report it has been 59 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. they also reduce demand on septic systems or sewage treatment plants. and save on natural resource use. Sustainable architecture which describe environmentally friendly design techniques and systems approach to design and construction.helpmydegree. and faucet aerators not only reduce water use. a product that lasts longer or requires less maintenance usually saves energy. Look for locally produced materials which is cheap and sometime it is no need excessive transport cost Use building products made from recycled materials. showerheads. Reducing hot water use also saves energy. Manufacturing is very energy-intensive. Reduce landfill pressure and save natural resources by reusing. people have to follow these check list in verbatim.Install high-efficiency appliances. High efficiency appliances offer both economic and environmental advantages over their conventional counterparts. Use energy efficiency appliances (lamps such as Fluorescent bulbs). when demolished buildings carefully remove reusable elements As it has been mentioned in the above these factors can be used as a check list for sustainable architecture and if it is needed a sustained future. Durable products also contribute less to our solid waste problems. Water-conserving toilets. Reuse building materials when possible. will be help for a sustained future. cut energy consumption in manufacturing.info . Use durable products and materials. Install water-efficient equipment.
We optimize energy efficiency and exploit opportunities for passive solar and natural lighting. 60 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Such as sustainable Architect can use to enhance human comfort and reduce or eliminate problems that have taken a place due to miss conduct of the people expecting narrow economic profits. we create high performance buildings that are in harmony with their context and ones that protect. using regional resources. used and recycled materials. enhance and even restore the natural environment.discussed problems which have taken a place. and related remedies that we can follow under sustainable architecture By engaging in Sustainable architecture. We conserve natural resources through reducing waste. and using renewable.helpmydegree.info .
avoid and reduce waste 6. climate and the lively hood etc of Sri Lanka 1. Respect for site 2. Protect the natural environment. Use Natural material 4.helpmydegree. back ground. available material. Place Aesthetic and contextual response was great for the buildings specially we like to have a good aesthetic appearance for our residence. blasting also can be taken a place when it is necessary. because in this case study mostly it has been concentrated conditions. most of the time if the appearance of a house is tally with the environment.Case study 1 Constructing a house and use of sustainability As a case study for the sustainable architecture here I am going to describe construction procedure and suitable low costing materials for constructing a house using local and natural materials. Use renewable or recyclable resources. Use local material 3. Minimize resource consumption . Maximize resource reuse . Energy conservation and use of renewable energy resources Please note that this constriction procedure is mostly suitable for constricting a house in Sri Lanka. 7. 5.conserve and reduce use of resources. and other surrounding houses etc the aesthetic appearance is unwittingly deserved to that house this is called as contextual response of a house.info . 8. therefore natural place on which the house is being deemed to build. and this case study for look specially for the local materials that we can use . however today this site preparation procedure is doing with heavy machinery and drilling. in this case aim is going for 1. should not be disturbed. today what the people 61 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
aesthetic and contextual response of the building In this country sun light is available most of the time in the day and the light from the sun rays is enough for the daily routings. as an example if the site is consisted with boulders. this procedure may loose the stability. in this country it might be having excessive sunlight and that can be lead to uncomfortable hot conditions within the house but this can be control growing plants around the house 2.info . foundations etc. Clay can be used as a bonding materials instead of cement 4.are doing is they are preparing the site according to their need. To minimize resource consumption you can go for salvation materials from your old house etc 62 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Solid rock particles 3. excavation for foundations it should avoid using heavy machinery that will disturbed the steady of the earth (vibrations etc) and later it will lead to settle down the structure with cracks of walls. therefore it should consider the orientation of the house to receive effective sunlight through the day time. by means of a little processing it can be used for your foundations Locally available materials that can be used for foundations 1.helpmydegree. Foundation As it has been mentioned in the process of foundation construction. Boulders 2. use of labors for excavation is the best way and it should appreciate in this country most of the time it is use labors Materials for foundation As a sustainable method (Use local material) always before going to by any thing for the use of constructions it should search what materials can be available near or is there any materials which can be reused.
Walls Most of the time in this country it is being used clay bricks which is good because of the clay bricks are locally available material.info .helpmydegree.3. There should be a clear line of demarcation between the clay. Such soil is found naturally in many areas of the country. Then it is an easy to estimate the percentage of the total amount of soil that the clay represents. 63 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. shake the glass until all of the soil is suspended in the water and then set it aside for several hours to settle out. is good for adobe projects. with the rest mostly sand. and the finer clay will settle on the top. Any soil that is composed of between 20 and 30 percent clay. following this procedure you can test possible soil for making Place some soil in a glass which uses to drink water and then fill the glass with water. to day this situation is converting and people have tend to use cement bricks which lead to increase the artificial appearance of a house while losing the neutrality. There for used to made adobe for wall construction is economically very cheap. Organic material will float on the water. Next. here in this country most of the places are suitable for making clay bricks and the process of making clay bricks also a easy procedure and adobe also a kind of brick which is some what large than the normal clay brick and it is also a very god material that can be used for constructing walls. First of all heavier particles will sink. silt and sand.
up to the late 1900 people have used this method but today we cannot see people use this ramped walls to build their houses. that is also a fact for they have faced problems like need of cooling systems for their houses Construction of a rammed earth wall (house) In this case also it can be used a soil that is composed of between 20 and 30 percent clay.helpmydegree. these are construct use of Using local and Natural material. there is no any artificial or environmentally affective materials are being used.info .Making clay bricks. however any where of this country it can be find good soil for rammed earth walls. just clay and water Today also in some village areas we can see rammed earth walls. if the content of the sand is high it is not good to use because it is weaken the strength of walls. stems of trees and reepers (lath which made 64 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. in this case rammed earth walls are acting as a thermal barrier and protect the comfortable conditions within the house.
using number of stems it can increase the strength of the walls this stems should be planted very steadily. in the cleared placed where you want to construct the house first plant the tree stems in corners of walls and on the lines of walls are going.out of the bamboo or areca nut trees can be used) are use to construct the structure of the wall.info .helpmydegree. after that reepers which are parallel to each other are nailed or tied to these stems steadily to represent the either side f walls Stems Reepers Plan view of a wall Stems Reepers Elevation of a wall structure 65 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
helpmydegree.o rg/Places/DevonCounty/imag es/CobandThatch.After complete the wall structure clay is being prepared mixing water and compacting by specially men treading on it.info . compacted clay is prepared as globate in shape ( this shape is easy to handle and put into walls) after that this prepared globate shape clay put in to the holes of the walls and tamped by hands Stems Reepers Prepared globate shape clay put in to these holes Like wise rammed earth walls are being constructed.devonheritage.jpg</TITLE> ) 66 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. in some countries they mixed straws with this clay in order to increase the strength of the walls and they called as those walls are cob web walls A house which has used cob web walls (http://www.
Tall grass ( mana) bales 67 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. Bamboos 5. Rock particles 6.info .helpmydegree. wall finishes should be considered greatly because aesthetic appearance of the house is depend on the finishing. Roofs Roof element also can be made using 100% natural materials. here in this case we can use clay as a good finishing material and after that it can be white washed as seen in the picture above. Coconut thatches 2. Timbers 4. local stones 7. after completing g the roof structure covering ( coconut thatches or straw thatches tied with the reepers specially in coconut thatched roofs The following locally available natural materials can be used as roof coverings 1. Clay . Straw bales 4. Straw thatches ( straw bales) 3.Here also we can use cob web walls to made our houses. adobe 2. example is thatched roofs. clay mixed with straws 3. The following locally available natural materials can be used to construct walls 1. timbers witch is not planed or plane timber can be used as ribs . reepers and purlins. Bricks. Leaves of Palmyra tree 4.
Adobe and it can applied a thin clay layer on it and can be applied colored clay 3.info . Hard wood timber.co m/localmaterials. Granite can be used after little process 6. Finishes As wall finishes it can be used clay and to keep a good appearance it can be white washed and also can be used timber which is prepared in many ways as swan timbers.htm -->) 68 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.5.greenhomebuilding. Brick 2. Industrially processed Granite also can be used but may be expensive 7. Planks A stair case made out of timbers (http://www. compacted hard woods etc As floor finishes it can be used a compacted soil surface which is secondary applied a good clay surface this the simple way that we can use as floor finishes in addition to that following materials also can be used as floor finishes 1. boards. Wood 4. boards 5.helpmydegree.
info .6.helpmydegree. Landscaping Actually the landscaping is increase the aesthetic appearance of the land. therefore it should be careful to protect the natural environment. this is in one hand protecting the natural environment the more you protect the natural environment the more you increase the aesthetic appearance of your land. such as if there are large trees you must avoid cutting them and when you want to plant trees and flowers always you must go for the plants which deserved to the prevailing climatic conditions of the area if not it must be want to spend lot of money to maintain them 69 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
Required illumination (E) The factory floor measures (A) Lighting design Lumen (LDU) Utilization factor (UF) Maintenance factor (MF) = 210 Lux = 42m*20m = 15000 lumens = 0.75 Numbers of lamp =39. 70 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.helpmydegree.4*0.75 How to decide number of lamps which suitable for the selected area 1.Case Study 2 Design a light system for a selected area This article is extracted from one of my assignment and the following is a my design (according to the Lumen method) which is suitable for the following conditions Design a light system for a factory the floor area measures 42m. Utilization factor (UF) is 0.4. Lighting design Lumen (LDU) is 15000 lumens.info . required illumination level is 210 Lux.4 = 0.2 Therefore it is 40 bulbs need for this factory. 20m. Maintenance factor (MF) is 0.75 Numbers of lamp = E* A F * UF *MF = 210 Lux*42m*20m 15000*0.
125 =4.75 The spacing to mounting height ratio is Then the spacing between lamps =3:2 =4.helpmydegree.8484 Therefore there should be 5 rows Then the spacing between lamps become 4m The 5 rows can be arrange as follow 42m Spacing between rows 4m 20m Half spacing 2m 71 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.125 Numbers of rows =20/4.Arrangements of the lightings Ceiling area = 42m*20 The height from the ceiling to the working plane is = 2.info .
25m 20m 2.625m This layout should be as follow.25/2 = 2.helpmydegree.Numbers of lamps in each row Total lamps Numbers of row = 40 =5 Numbers of lamps in each row = 40/5 =8// 8 lamps in an each row Therefore the longitudinal space between lamps in a row = 42/8 = 5.25meters Here will be half the spacing at both ends = 5. 42m 5.info .62m 72 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.
Reflection of the light from the walls and furniture and other instruments in the area will be a factor to deviate the required illumination level 3.7m it is not same in the every where of the area there may have some differences there fore it will not give the same required illumination at everywhere.25m 20m 2m 2.62m Practical problems come across when maintaining the above system.info 73 . Absorptions of lights by the instrument in the area also will be a factor to deviate the required illumination level Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. 2.Then the lamps layout should be as follow 42m 4m 5. Although we measured the height from the ceiling to the working plane is 2. 1.helpmydegree.
Appendix Vernacular architecture Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorise methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental.09. It has often been dismissed as crude and unrefined. but also has proponents who highlight its importance in current design. (Vernacular architecture. It can be contrasted against polite architecture which is characterised by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes which go beyond a building's functional requirements.com) 74 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www. and hence will demonstrate significant similarities in structural forms. Vernacular architecture is influenced by a great range of different aspects of human behaviour and environment. even if they at first appear the same. leading to differing building forms for almost every different context. every building is subject to the same laws of physics. viewed on 22. cultural and historical context in which it exists.info .08.helpmydegree. wikipedia. Despite these variations. www. even neighbouring villages may have subtly different approaches to the construction and use of their dwellings.
sustainable/ preservation viewed on 01.com/sustainable.com/solar-power-home/&usg 10.org/TR/REC-html40" xml:lang="en"> 3. Why is there an Energy Crisis. viewed on 27.htm --> 4. 2003. http://www. viewed on 27.w3.2009 http://www. A vision for the new age.07.07.com/sustainable_architecture. http://www. Derek Thomas 2002.htm --> 8.2009. New Architecture and Technology 9. Cowart Coleman group.org/2007/09/10/the-importance-ofsustainable-architecture/ --> 7. http://www. Sustainable Architecture.2009. Sustainable architecture.2009.Reference 1.energy from the sea.info .htm --> 75 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.com/sustainable_architecture. Gyula Sebestyen.07.org/TR/REC-html40" xml:lang="en"> 5.08. Building today for tomorrow. viewed on 01.07. Civilengineerblog.07.net/darvill/altenerg/tidal. Building today for tomorrow.2009. http://civilengineerblog. http://www.2009 http://home.clara.greenhomebuilding.clara.greenhomebuilding.08.htm --> 12. viewed on 27.w3.cowartgroup.greenhomebuilding.2009.2009 http://makewealthhistory.2009.08. viewed on 27. http://home. Sustainable architecture.07.07. http://www. viewed on 01. Tidal power .htm --> 6. Architecture and the urban environment 2. viewed on 27. Energy resource.2009. Sustainable Architecture. viewed on 27. Wind Power.com/articles/energycrisis.htm --> 11.net/darvill/altenerg/wind. viewed on 27.helpmydegree. importance-of-sustainable-architecture.
clara.clara.co.htm --> 8.friars.2009.2009. Floating wind farms.2009 http://www.com/img/molen_homepage. viewed on 01.08. viewed on 01. Energy resource. viewed on 01.Reference of figures 1. Forties Wind Energy.energy from the sea.net/darvill/altenerg/wind.bionomicfuel.com 6. www.info .2009 http://www. A vision for the new age. http://home.nziLrot1. httpwww.htm --> 5. Wind Power. Use natural water stream to cool the home. How We Can Use Energy from Waves.mywindpowersystem.helpmydegree.com 3.08. Derek Thomas 2002. www.png&imgrefurl 2.08.net/darvill/altenerg/tidal. viewed on 01.08. Architecture and the urban environment 4. Tides and Currents .08.jpg 76 Learn more about building constructions visit http://www.fortiswindenergy.com/how-we-can-use-energy-fromwaves-tides-and-currents/ --> 7. viewed on 01.2009 http://home.freefoto. Tidal power .
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Supply chain transparency is not going away. Consumers want to know where the products they buy come from. Companies will have to disclose more supply chain information than ever before as consumer pressure and regulations increase.
While the demand for transparency in the supply chain increases, most companies are unaware of labor practices, product material contents and/or potential risks past their direct suppliers. Supply chains, in reality, are ten times the number of direct suppliers and require sophisticated data management to be properly maintained.
Among many pieces of potential supply chain data, regulations in particular require detailed supply chain information to be collected and maintained. The most prevalent regulations affecting the supply chain are Dodd-Frank 1502 (Conflict Minerals Rule), Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH), Supply Chain Transparency Act (SB657), United Kingdom Modern Slavery Act and CA Prop 65.
Supply chain regulations do not appear to be decreasing either. Right now, talks about managing and regulating “conflict minerals” in the European Union (EU) as well as monitoring trafficking and slavery in the United States are underway.
With so many regulations and supply chain data to manage, companies experience a number of challenges including international supply chains, multiple languages, many suppliers that exist in multiple tiers of their supply chain and a constantly changing profile of products and suppliers.
Check out the full supply chain transparency infographic here. |
IntroductionCoronary angioplasty and coronary artery stenting are both forms of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and were previously referred to as percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The balloon coronary angioplasty procedure was developed in the late 1970s and was first performed in New Zealand in 1981 at Auckland’s Green Lane Hospital. Coronary artery stents were first used in New Zealand in the early 1990’s.
Balloon coronary angioplasty alone was once the main non-surgical technique for treating narrowed coronary arteries (a narrowed area in an artery is referred to as a stenosis; plural = stenoses). However, today approximately 99% of all coronary angioplasty procedures involve the use of a coronary stent. A stent is a small metal mesh tube that is positioned inside a narrowed area in an artery and acts as a scaffold to help keep the artery open. The majority of stents used have a medication coated on them. Once the stent is deployed in the artery the medication is slowly released into the surrounding area to help reduce the chance of the artery renarrowing (known as re-stenosis). Stents with a medication coating are known as drug-eluting stents (DES). Stents without a medication coating are known as bare metal stents (BMS). Most stents are made of metal; however some drug-eluting bioabsorbable stents made of a dissolvable polymer are now in clinical use.
Coronary angioplasty and stenting can be performed on an emergency basis during a heart attack to open a blocked or narrowed artery in order to restore blood flow; or they can be performed as a planned procedure.
Baseline measurement of the blood pressure, heart rate and temperature will be recorded. The enrty site for the procedure will be shaved. The patient cannot eat or drink anything for a few hours before the procedure.
The patient will be taken to the cardiac catheter laboratory and positioned on a specialised procedure table. The patient will be mildly sedated but awake during the procedure and staff in the cardiac catheter laboratory will monitor heart rhythm and rate, blood pressure and blood oxygen levels.
A narrow plastic tube (an introducer sheath) will be inserted into an artery in the wrist (radial approach) or the groin (femoral approach). The area where the introducer sheath is to be inserted will first be cleaned with a sterile solution, before large drapes are positioned to maintain sterility. A local anaesthetic is used to numb the insertion site before the introducer sheath is positioned in the artery. A catheter (a thin flexible tube) is inserted though the introducer sheath and is positioned at the entrance to the coronary arteries. The cardiologist injects x-ray dye through the catheter into the coronary arteries, enabling them to be seen on an x-ray screen. This procedure is known as a coronary angiogram.
A specialised x-ray camera is positioned over the chest during the procedure and is able to move to a number of positions in order for x-ray pictures to be taken from different angles. If a narrowed area is identified, and it is deemed to be suitable for treatment with coronary angioplasty and stenting, this is usually able to be done straight away.
A balloon-tipped catheter is passed through the introducer sheath and is threaded up into the coronary arteries. It is positioned within the narrowed portion of the artery and is checked on the x-ray screen. Once correctly positioned, the balloon is inflated. The inflated balloon opens up the narrowed artery by compressing the plaque and slightly stretching the artery wall. Each balloon catheter is selected to be approximately the same size as the artery and the balloon is made to only inflate to a specific size.
Occasionally another balloon tipped catheter is inflated inside the stent to ensure that it is fully expanded. When the cardiologist is satisfied that the artery has been opened sufficiently, and the stent is adequately deployed, more x-ray pictures of the artery will be taken to see how blood flow through the artery has improved. The catheter is then removed.
If the procedure was performed via the wrist artery the introducer sheath is removed at the end of the procedure and a pressure band is applied to help seal the incision site. If the procedure was performed via the groin artery the introducer sheath will be removed on the ward two to four hours after the procedure.
Fluids may be given intravenously through a small needle (drip) inserted in the hand or arm. This fluid will help to flush the x-ray dye from the kidneys.
Prior to discharge a further ECG and blood tests may be taken. A doctor or nurse will advise about recovery and activity guidelines following discharge from hospital. Some activities, such as heavy lifting, should be avoided for at least a week. Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA) guidelines prohibit driving for at least two days after a coronary angioplasty. The patient will therefore need someone to drive them home after the procedure.
Medications will be prescribed before the patient is discharged. These may or may not be the same medications that the patient was taking before admission to hospital. If a stent has been deployed it is usual to have dual anti-platelet therapy. This consists of aspirin and an anti-platelet medication such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor. It is very important to take these medications as prescribed as they help to prevent blood clots forming within the stent. Dual anti-platelet therapy may be prescribed for a duration of up to 12 months.
A follow up appointment with the cardiologist is usually made in order to assess recovery and progress.
The risks associated with coronary angioplasty are very small. It is important to discuss these with the cardiologist prior to signing the consent form for the procedure. Risks of coronary angioplasty include:
- Abrupt closure of the coronary artery
- An allergic reaction to the x-ray dye
- Heart attack or stroke
- Damage to the coronary artery
- Damage to the catheter insertion site.
National Heart Foundation (2009) A guide to angioplasty. Booklet. National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. Wellington.
National Heart Foundation (2013) Angioplasty and Stents. National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. Wellington. http://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/know-the-facts/treatments/angioplasty-and-stents
Proseus E. R. (2006) Angioplasty. Gale Encyclopaedia of Medicine, Third Edition. Jacqueline L. Longe. Editor. Infotrac Health and WellnessResourceCenter. Farmington Mills, MI. Gale
Last Reviewed – 22 August 2013 |
The reading passage is from www.bogglesworldesl.com. I used the four reading paragraphs from that website with my newcomer/beginning English learners then created 20 colored pictures along with the English word for my students to translate into Spanish. Since my students originated from various Spanish-speaking countries (i.e. El Salvador,Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico), they did not always reach consensus on the Spanish equivalent. You can always have your English learners translate these words into their L1, too, or modify our Spanish translations.
The pictures can easy be used for flashcards to study, used as a cooperative learning activity, an assessment (pre/post), homework, and reading practice--silently, with partners, whole group choral reading, etc. I followed up with the independent reading by doing an in class sentence dictation of the four paragraphs.
This handout is ready for you to project using your SmartBoard, but the font size can always be reduced and handouts prepared for your students. |
Looking for creative, hands-on lessons to inspire a love of Science for your students? The First Days Kit: Science Edition has your first week covered! The kit is loaded with all the good stuff from the Mini Edition designed to help you get to know your students as well as lesson plans specifically for the first week of Science class. The lesson plans cover a fun, hands-on introduction to the Scientific Method, Lab Safety Lesson Plan along with Lab Safety Quiz and Answer Key, and an introduction to scientists who have shaped our world. Rubrics are included for the Lab Safety Lesson. Also included are items like a Multiple Intelligence self-reflection to help you target your students needs from the first day. Also, a "First Impressions" quiz for students to take about YOU, and Parent Contact Organization sheets and suggestions get your school year off to a fun, organized start.
Please know that in order to complete all the lessons included, you will need some yarn, Internet Access, and basic art supplies. (NOT included in the kit are classroom rules and procedures which are specific by schools and teachers.) You will love your active and engaged classroom, and your students will love sharpening their critical-thinking skills and making Science class relevant!
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License |
St. Patrick's Day Decomposing Fractions Seat Scoot 4.NF.3b
Get your students up and moving while learning about decomposing fractions (4.NF.3b)!
In this activity, students will "seat scoot," or rotate desks and decompose fractions two different ways.
Print, cut out the cards, and your activity is ready in less than 5 minutes!
This doc includes:
- teacher information and directions
- 24 seat scoot cards
Click here for more St. Patrick's Day activities!
Click here for more fraction activities!
Any claims of correlation or alignment to CCSS are solely those of Totally Sweet Math Centers by Tabitha, and have not been evaluated or endorsed by CCSS. Totally Sweet Math Centers by Tabitha is the sole creator and does not claim endorsement or association with the creators of CCSS. |
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|It's important to integrate technology into your teaching, whenever you can. These printables, activities, and lessons use the Internet for instruction, research, scavenger hunts, and more! Find out the history of the Internet, help with using search engines for research papers, ways to discover family genealogy, and other fascinating activities. The possibilities are endless, when it comes to how the Internet can benefit your classroom instruction.|
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from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. the sign -, or minus (opposed in signification to +, or
plus), indicating that the quantity to which it is prefixed is to be subtracted from the preceding quantity, or is to be reckoned from zero or cipher in the opposite direction to that of quanties having the sign plus either expressed or understood; thus, in a - b, b is to be substracted from a, or regarded as opposite to it in value; and -10° on a thermometer means 10° below the zero of the scale.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found. |
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is a step closer to adding four macaw species to the "endangered" list, the agency announced Friday (July 6).
The birds — the great green macaw, the hyacinth macaw, the scarlet macaw and the military macaw — warrant protection under the Endangered Species Act, a Service analysis has found. The proposal to list the birds as endangered is now open to a 60-day period of public comment.
The macaws' range is in South and Central America, but the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) lists endangered species regardless of their location. By doing so, the agency can regulate imports, exports and other cross-border activities that might harm the endangered animals.
The proposed listing comes after a request from the advocacy group Friends of Animals, which asked the agency in 2008 to consider listing 14 parrot species. Officials have already ruled on the other 10 species.
The birds in question include the great green macaw (Ara ambiguous), which lives in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. According to the Service, there are likely only 1,000 to 3,000 of these birds left in the wild. Likewise, the brilliant blue-and-green military macaw (Ara militaris) is losing habitat in northern Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia and Argentina. Officials believe fewer than 10,000 of these birds survive in the wild.
The dark blue hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), which is the world's largest parrot, now lives only in small regions of Brazil. There are just three populations of hyacinth macaws left in the world, totaling only a few thousand birds. Deforestation could destroy the rest of this bird's habitat by 2030, the USFWS reported.
The agency also proposes listing two subspecies of scarlet macaw (Ara macao) as endangered. These populations are threatened not only by habitat loss, but also by the illegal pet trade.
Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. |
As discussed earlier, huge lumps of air roam freely over the surface of the earth. Some lumps are warmer, some are colder. Some are wetter, some are drier, and some are piled higher than others. And they are the way they are because of where they formed. Let an air mass sit over a warm ocean and you'll get a warm, moist air mass. Of course even an air mass that is a tropical thirty-five degrees at the surface is colder aloft, with the temperature decreasing by anywhere from about one to five degrees celsius for every thousand feet you go up. The rate of temperature decrease is called the lapse rate. There can be odd local variations in lapse rate, but by the time you reach the tropopause (the end of the first layer of air) at 30,000-60,000 feet, the temperature is -56C. At any one altitude within the same air mass, the temperature is about the same.
In addition to temperature and moisture, we are interested in the stability of an air mass. Stability is not with regards to lateral motion of the air mass, but rather to vertical motion within the air mass. If an air mass is stable then air displaced vertically tends to return to where it was, while in an unstable air mass, vertical displacement results in continued vertical motion. Kind of like a stable person who goes to Mexico for a vacation goes home and back to work, while an unstable one might get a new job as a llama herder and end up six months later calling you from Tierra del Fuego, asking you to wire money. Well maybe not much like that. But that's the terminology. I'll be using it in a few paragraphs.
Air within air masses is getting displaced all the time. As the air mass moves over uneven ground, some of the air is displaced upwards. An airplane flies by, swirling the air around. Some of the air is heated, becomes less dense and thus starts to rise above the denser air around it. There are lots of reasons for air to move.
As soon as some amount of air, some textbooks call it a "parcel," moves upward, it is in a new location. The air newly surrounding it is different than the air in its old neighbourhood. For starters, the pressure is lower. The only thing that was keeping the parcel of air at a higher pressure was the presence of air at that pressure all around it, so as it rises and the pressure around it drops, it is no longer as contained and it expands until its pressure matches the pressure around it. That expansion results in cooling, as I mentioned last time. Thus the raised air parcel has a lower pressure, a greater volume, and a lower temperature. The surrounding air hasn't changed as a result of the move, but the temperature of the surrounding air is going to be less than the temperature of the air that surrounded the parcel at its old altitude, simply because the atmosphere is colder at a higher altitude.
So which is colder, the parcel of air that has been raised, or the air that now surrounds it? They are both colder than the old temperature of the air parcel: the parcel of air cooled off as a result of expansion when it moved upward, and the surrounding air just happens to be colder than the air that surrounded the original parcel. The answer is, it depends on whether cooling by expansion was greater or less than the lapse rate, the change in temperature with altitude.
The trick is, cooling through expansion is predictable. A parcel of air that is raised one thousand feet will cool by three degrees. Done deal. So you need only look at the lapse rate of the surrounding air to predict whether the raised parcel will be warmer or cooler than the air in its new environment. If the lapse rate is steeper (i.e. greater) than three degrees per thousand feet, then the surrounding air will be cooler than the raised parcel. If the lapse rate is shallower than three degrees per thousand feet then the the raised parcel will be cooler than the surrounding air. (There's an exception to that last sentence, but I will explain it later).
Next question, why have I spent so many words wrangling with whether one bit of air is warmer or colder than another bit? Well what happens when a parcel of warm air is surrounded by colder air? (Hint: see the title of the last weather theory post). The warmer air rises. So if a parcel of air is disturbed in surrounding air that has a steep lapse rate, the parcel will continue to be warmer than the surrounding air and will continue to rise. If the lapse rate of the surrounding air is shallow, the parcel soon cools below the temperature of the surrounding air, and sinks back to its original level.
And now you can see that if the lapse rate of the surrounding air (known as the environmental lapse rate) is less than the rate of cooling with expansion of lifted air (known as the adiabatic lapse rate) then the air is stable. If the environmental lapse rate is greater than the adiabatic lapse rate, then the air is unstable.
And on that terribly technical-sounding but somewhat simplified sentence I will end this blog entry. If you know about the dry and saturated adiabatic lapse rate don't complain that I didn't mention them, I'm getting there, I promise. |
In my column Oct. 4 on inequalities in school finance, I wrote that Hawaii had equalized school funding by treating the entire state as a single school district and having the state government collect property taxes. In fact, the state does assume responsibility for all school finance, but property taxes are collected by local governments and used for other purposes.
THE BUSH administration's recent embrace of national education standards is mocked by the way schools are financed. Basic student achievement is unlikely to improve until schools in poor communities have resources similar to schools in rich ones. And on that front, the nation has been moving backward.
In his new book, "Savage Inequalities," author Jonathan Kozol contrasts schools in places like Cherry Hill and Camden in New Jersey, which are five minutes apart. Good suburban public schools are able to spend $9,000 to $14,000 per student. Poor communities spend $2,000 to $6,000, depending on the state -- and have to tax themselves at higher rates to do it.
FOR THE RECORD - CORRECTION
Even these statistics understate the reality. Since slum schools tend to be in crumbling buildings and violent neighborhoods, principals are forced to divert scarce resources to emergency repairs and to physical security. Slum schools also serve kids with massive family and health problems, requiring schools to double as social agencies. The actual disparity in money available to classroom teaching is more like four or five to one.
Yes, many big city systems are too bureaucratized. But as Kozol says, even if you got rid of every shred of bureaucratic waste, kids in poor schools would still get a fraction of the resources available to rich kids.
At New Trier High, in suburban Winnetka, Ill., Kozol found a feast of well-compensated teachers, advanced placement courses, swimming pools, music and art enrichment and almost everybody going to college. Across the state, in East St. Louis, he encountered buildings that should be condemned, one guidance counselor for several hundred students, shared textbooks, classes of 35 and 40, labs without supplies -- and one student in eight graduating with an academic diploma.
Increasingly in America, the social class of the parents dictates the life chances of the children -- and the one great potential equalizer, public education, compounds the inequality. Far from attaining the goal of Brown vs. Board of Education -- equal educational opportunity -- we are retreating even from the standard of Plessy vs. Ferguson, the 1894 case that Brown overturned.
Our schools are increasingly separate and increasingly unequal, isolated by race and by class.
Even within the same city, affluent parents are often able to carve out special districts, or magnet schools for "gifted" children, that offer the amenities of suburban schools. This is held to be the price of keeping affluent taxpayers committed to public schools at all.
This is, of course, an old story. Kozol's eloquent book, like Alex Kotlowitz's "There Are No Children Here," seems almost anachronistic. Yes, the poor are still with us; we know. We tried a national social conscience in the 1960s, and it didn't work. We've got our own problems. Tell us something new.
Yet even in an era when it is fashionable to blame the poor for their afflictions and to reject public remedy, Kozol's story cannot be dismissed -- because his subjects are children. These children are not yet crack addicts, not yet prostitutes, not yet baby-machines, not yet rapists.
Even in the bleakest ghetto, children are innocent until proven guilty, potentially capable of making poems and music, of learning middle-class virtues of hard work and self-discipline. Unless we as a society simply write off all children of the very poor as hopelessly stunted from birth -- and then wonder where those crack addicts and rapists and welfare mothers keep coming from -- it is suicidal to sponsor schools guaranteed to produce failures.
In the 1960s and 1970s, America embraced the goal of greater equality for school finance. The federal government assumed about 10 percent of public-school costs.
Today, after a decade of conservative rule, that has been cut to about 6 percent.
State legislatures, prodded by courts, have upped their funding slightly -- from 39 percent of local school budgets in 1965 to 46 percent today. But as more than one governor has learned, the politics of equalizing school finance is almost impossible in a period of dwindling federal aid and fiscal stress. Only one state, multicultural Hawaii, has faced the problem head on. It collects all property taxes, supplements them with other revenues and ++ returns a virtually equal per-pupil amount to each school.
In most of America, parents in affluent suburbs fiercely resist any diversion of their tax dollars to help other people's children. What school finance experts call "leveling-down" is considered politically impossible.
The alternative, leveling-up, is all but unattainable without federal help.
In the 1990s, it is fashionable to insist, hypocritically, that the answer is not money, but "values" and "discipline." But as Kozol points out, if money is not the answer, why is it that affluent parents in well-off suburbs keep lavishing money on their schools to buy the small classes, the good teachers, the language labs and computers and the special enrichment courses?
The only shred of hope here is that our "education president," by promoting national standards for teachers, curricula and student achievement, has inadvertently opened the door to national standards for resources. Kozol's remedy is to upgrade every classroom in America to roughly the quality of the best suburban schools. That would cost about $30 billion a year.
D8 Can you think of a better use of the peace dividend?
Robert Kuttner writes regularly on economic matters. |
(E. Jason Wambsgans, Chicago Tribune)
It is believed that the environmental movement in the United States began with the first Earth Day in 1970. In honor of Earth Day on April 22, why not try a plant-based dish?
Vegetarians in the 1970s had far fewer choices of what to eat. There were just a handful of well-known vegetarian cookbooks, and we hadn't yet combed through ethnic markets and discovered seitan, hummus or tamales. I recall just one brand of soy milk.
We did have, however, lentils and brown rice. This recipe symbolizes that first Earth Day as it is composed of two typical foods that vegetarians were thought to eat back then. This Middle East version comes from 1994's "Food for Life" by Neal Barnard, with recipes by Jennifer Raymond.
Try to use an unwaxed cucumber, so that you won't have to peel it. You can use long or short-grained rice. I prefer the fragrant aroma of basmati.
Middle Eastern lentils and rice
Prep: 40 minutes
Cook: 63 minutes
Note: Adapted from "Food for Life."
¼ cup olive oil
2 large yellow onions, coarsely chopped
1 cup brown rice
1 ¼ cups brown lentils, sorted, rinsed
4 cups water
1 3/4 teaspoons sea salt
2 tablespoons lemon juice
½ teaspoon paprika
¼ teaspoon dry mustard
1 clove garlic, minced
1 bunch leaf lettuce, torn into bite-size pieces
2 each, chopped: tomatoes, green onions
1 red or green bell pepper, cored, seeded, diced
1 medium cucumber, halved lengthwise, thinly sliced
1 avocado, peeled, pitted, sliced
1. Heat 2 tablespoons olive oil in a large Dutch oven over medium heat. Add onions; season with 1/4 teaspoon salt. Cook until soft and golden, about 10 minutes. Stir in the rice; cook, stirring, 3 minutes.
2. Stir in the lentils and water; heat to a boil. Cover; reduce heat to a simmer. Cook until rice and lentils are tender, about 50 minutes. Add 1 1/4 teaspoons salt near the end of cooking.
3. Meanwhile, for the dressing, whisk together remaining 2 tablespoons oil, lemon juice, paprika, dry mustard, garlic and remaining ¼ teaspoon salt. Combine the lettuce, tomatoes, green onion, cucumber and pepper in a large bowl. Toss with the dressing.
4. To serve, place a cup of lentil mixture on each plate; top with a generous serving of salad. Garnish each with avocado.
Per serving: 329 calories, 12 g fat, 2 g saturated fat, 0 mg cholesterol, 47 g carbohydrates, 12 g protein, 625 mg sodium, 12 g fiber.
Kay Stepkin is a vegetarian cooking instructor and former owner of a vegetarian restaurant/whole-grain bakery. Email her at [email protected]. |
The landfill pollutes the groundwater and gags the neighbors. And there are not enough government inspectors to ride herd on the place.
What's a county to do?
Make the landfill pay the bill, Broward County says.
County officials on Tuesday proposed charging Waste Management Inc. about $750,000 a year to pay for a team of county scientists to monitor the company's landfill near Pompano Beach.
One inspector even would be stationed full-time at the landfill.
"That's great. The county doesn't have enough people," said Joanne Colliu, secretary of Operation Smell, 22 neighborhood groups united to complain about the landfill. "The company ought to pay. I just don't see why the taxpayers should pay."
The county's Department of Natural Resource Protection now has only one inspector to keep tabs on the main landfill plus 33 smaller trash-handling locations.
Inspectors have found signs that the landfill, opened in 1971, is leaking toxic chemicals, said Kevin Burger, county director of pollution prevention. Water near the landfill has at times been found polluted with chlorides, benzene and other chemicals.
Waste Management, the nation's biggest garbage company, is proposing a major expansion of the landfill. A company subsidiary wants to build a sewage sludge composting plant there.
The money collected from Waste Management would hire five inspectors, engineers and chemists, with enough left for a pair of consultants.
Most of their time would be devoted to the landfill, searching for problems that Waste Management would have to pay to correct. |
Gebisa Ejeta says the world will have to increase its production of food more in the next four decades than it has since the dawn of civilization.
Accomplishing that task will require concerted efforts by governments, agribusiness and farmers, says Ejeta, the winner of this year’s World Food Prize. The glue holding those parts together may be a revitalization of the land-grant university system.
With the world’s population expected to grow from current estimates of 6 billion people to more than 9 billion by 2050, the world’s agricultural leaders must figure out a way to double food production during the same timeframe.
“We can do this by revitalizing our agricultural sciences and recommitting to the time-tested, mission-oriented legacies of our land-grant university models and ideas,” said Gebisa, a native of Ethiopia who grew up in a one-room thatched hut with a mud floor but went on to earn a doctorate in plant breeding and genetics at Purdue University.
Gebisa, who is currently a distinguished professor of agronomy at Purdue, will receive the $250,000 World Food Prize during ceremonies at the Iowa State Capitol Thursday (Oct. 15). The World Food Prize was founded by Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, the universally recognized father of the Green Revolution. Borlaug, a native of Cresco, Iowa, died Sept. 12. Ejeta, whose own work on the development of higher-yielding and weed-resistant sorghum varieties is believed to have helped feed hundreds of thousands of people in Africa, paid tribute to Borlaug during the annual Norman Borlaug Lecture at Iowa State University Monday night.
“The land-grant model legislated in 19th century helped build this great nation and made 20th century American agriculture the envy of the world,” said Ejeta “It has succeeded internationally, bringing about the Asian Green Revolution championed by Norm Borlaug and furthered by many others.”
Even in the face of emerging 21st century issues like climate change and the uncertainty of global energy supplies, Ejeta said, “the land grant model can be counted upon once again to address the challenges of doubling food and feed production.”
Over the last century, the U.S. agriculture sector has become one of the most productive in the world, and citizens of this country as well as the rest of North America and Western Europe have become accustomed to a safe and relatively inexpensive supply of food.
To read the entire article, link here. |
"Over the next decade, 8.5 million jobs in science, technology, engineering and math will be available," writes Maria Wynne, CEO of the Girl Scouts of Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana in Crain's.
"Jobs will be plentiful, but the challenge facing America today is ensuring that we have qualified people to fill those openings. We are not ready.
What's at stake? America's competitive standing in the global economy. The economic crisis facing the U.S. will be fueled by a lack of qualified workers in the fields taking center stage and driving economic growth through innovation."
According to the Girl Scout Research Institute study Generation STEM: What Girls Say about Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, though a majority of today's girls have a clear interest in STEM, they don't prioritize STEM fields when thinking about their future careers.
This latest offering from the Girl Scout Research Institute shows that 74 percent of teen girls are interested in STEM subjects and the general field of study. Further, a high 82 percent of girls see themselves as "smart enough to have a career in STEM." And yet, few girls consider it their number-one career option: 81 percent of girls interested in STEM are interested in pursuing STEM careers, but only 13 percent say it's their first choice. Additionally, girls express that they don't know a lot about STEM careers and the opportunities afforded by these fields, with 60 percent of STEM-interested girls acknowledging that they know more about other careers than they do about STEM careers.
Girls are also aware that gender barriers persist in today's society: 57 percent of those studied concur that if they were to pursue a STEM career, they would "have to work harder than a man to be taken seriously."
"This is not a new problem, but it's getting more alarming. As the boomer generation retires, too many high-school students are dropping out before they can even get a degree in a STEM field," writes Wynn. "And women, who make up the majority of graduate degrees, are not pursuing STEM careers. Often overlooked, girls are the key to resolving much of this problem. Research indicates that girls are interested in these subjects and yet few pursue them in higher education or as a career due to a lack of mentorship and exposure, an early introduction of gender bias and a lack of investment in girls."
Read her entire OpEd here. |
Weird Schemes To Make It RAIN … but they never work (Jul, 1936)
Weird Schemes To Make It RAIN …but they never work
By Robert E. Martin
CHILLING the winds with giant refrigerating coils! Bombarding storm clouds with long-range siege guns! Churning the air with airplane propellers! These are but a few of the hundreds of strange and curious schemes that have been devised to wheedle rain from an unwilling sky. Each year brings its crop of weird plans to combat drought and produce rain when and where it is needed. Some are based on scientific fact, many have never passed the “paper” stage, and others are the fantastic ideas of professional “weather makers,” who even today are able to find credulous customers to pay them for their services.
Just a few months ago, a French inventor proposed, in all seriousness, that rain could be produced by erecting a 2,000-foot-high, cone-shaped “meteorological tube” beside an ocean bay. Leaning concrete struts, according to his plan, would support the narrow base of the hollow tube so that it would overhang the water. At its flaring upper end, giant wind vanes, whirled by ocean breezes, would suck aloft the moisture-laden air from the surface of
Other ideas of would-be rain makers may likewise be greeted with more levity than they deserve. Impractical as they may be, however, each of the ideas so far mentioned has at least some shred of scientific theory to bolster it up.
The hitch appears, not in the theory, but in finding a practical way to carry out such an enormous undertaking. The airplane-propeller idea, for example, is like trying to lift a towering skyscraper with an auto jack. Its principle is sound, but the apparatus simply isn’t large-scale enough to be effective.
No objection could be made to the plan of one amateur weather maker on this ground, at least—for he urged the Government to build an artificial mountain 100 miles long and 5,000 feet high! The sloping side of this gigantic lean-to would deflect horizontal winds upward and shower rain on the windward side just as a real mountain does, he maintained. So would a large sheet of canvas supported by balloons, as another inventor proposed.
Discarding any roundabout way of chilling air to extract its moisture, an adherent of more direct methods favored erecting giant refrigerating coils in the path of humid winds. Just as dew forms upon a pitcher of ice water, so water from the air would collect on the coils. As it ran off, pipes would carry it to irrigation reservoirs and thence to sun-baked fields. Basically, the idea is sound, but under average conditions the annual cost of irrigation with the “cold-coil” plan would be about $20,000 an acre.
Another plan patented some years ago would have cost even more. Batteries of cannons were to bombard the sky with shells filled with carbon dioxide gas. Dynamite and time fuses would explode the shells at a predetermined height. The carbon dioxide, chilled as it expanded, would evaporate into a sheet of low-temperature vapor, cooling the surrounding air in turn and precipitating rain. A California scientist did a bit of figuring on this plan. Counting only the price of the gas itself, the cost of treating a single acre of land to a quarter inch of rainfall would be about $600,000.
Rain-making schemes of another brand approach the purely fantastic, even in theory. One inventor proposed to send aloft, successively, four fleets of balloons. The first, by exploding charges of gunpowder, would scatter particles of chlorate of potash through the air; the second, a spray of water; the third, nitrogen gas; and the fourth, steam. Rain would surely follow, he declared, within twenty-four hours. Just why he expected this happy outcome remains a mystery.
Another balloon enthusiast patented a gas bag covered with metal spurs, which were to be joined by a wire network surrounding the fabric. The wires led to a cable that tethered the “lightning-rod balloon” to the ground. When this extraordinary device was allowed to rise into an electrically charged cloud, its designer argued, the discharge of electricity to the ground through the cable would release raindrops from the cloud.
By far the greatest number of plans for producing rain have been based on the popular, and mistaken, belief that loud noises or heavy concussions will cause a downpour. Early proponents of the noise theory of rain erroneously believed that the concussion of thunder or artillery fire would jostle together the small droplets of moisture in a cloud, forming larger drops that would fall as rain. One of their leaders, Edward Powers, published in 1871 a book in which he assembled enough supporting evidence to wield tremendous popular influence. The following year, he petitioned Congress to finance an ambitious rain-making experiment, in which 300 cannon were to be taken to an arid section of the West and fired simultaneously.
Congress refused, but by 1891 public pressure became so great that it consented to authorize an elaborate test of the theory.
Odd, indeed, for a grizzled war dog, must have seemed the task assigned to Gen. Robert Dyrenforth, under whose direction the trial was actually carried out near Midland, Tex. Instead of hurling steel at an enemy, his cannon barked defiance at the sky. Shell after shell went screaming aloft. Balloons soared into the air, filled with an explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, and exploded high above the ground as fuses touched them off. One went off squarely in the middle of a black rain cloud—but, like the rest of the skyward volley, to no avail.
Did the Dyrenforth experiments settle the question once and for all, as anyone might have expected? Quite the contrary! As late as’ 1912, a group bombed storm clouds near Battle Creek, Mich., and cheered when rain shortly arrived. However, as a matter of record, it rained that day over an area extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic.
Quick to capitalize upon the national interest in rain making aroused by the Dyrenforth tests, a horde of professional “weather wizards” invaded the agricultural regions of the west. Approaching a farmer, one of these self-styled experts would contract to deliver a certain amount of rain within a specified time, for a sizable fee. He was to be paid, the “rain contract” usually stipulated, only in case he made good on his promise.
Thereupon, the “wizard” retired into a win-dowless shack from which wisps of smoke soon arose, showing that he was at work with his “secret chemicals.” Presently he emerged, announcing that he had done his work and rain might now be expected. If nature came to his aid by providing the desired shower, he pocketed his fee and went blithely on his way.
Naturally, a shrewd rain maker took care to consult weather maps and records, attempted his operations only in favorable weather, and never contracted to “produce” more rain than normally fell in a given locality. Thus he had an excellent chance of making good.
Should he fail, he had nothing to lose.
One of the most famed of all claimed to bring rain by evaporating “secret chemicals” in tanks mounted on thirty-five-foot towers. This man plied his trade for fifteen years over a territory from central Texas to Alaska. The secret of his success may be judged from his contract with an agricultural association in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, to supply rain over a period of three months at a fee of $1,000 an inch. The official rain gauge at Medicine Hat recorded five inches of rain during that period. But weather records show that the normal average rainfall in that section for those three months is more than six inches!
A western railroad hired a man who was said to have broken innumerable dry spells in Australia, and gave him a special car which he fitted with chemicals, water tanks, exhaust pipes, and electric batteries. At intervals along the line, the “rain car” was deposited on a siding. Smoke curled from its exhaust pipes, and presently the “Australian rain wizard” emerged and assured the congregated farmers that, thanks to the generosity of the railroad, rain soon would fall upon their parched fields. Then the rain car was hauled away to another dry spot.
The railroad tour was reported to be “amazingly successful.” Follow the rainmaker’s route with U. S. Weather Bureau maps, however, and you discover that rain followed his mysterious activities only where the weather was unsettled and where the local Weather Bureau official had definitely predicted rain!
Preventing rain is as easy as producing it, if you would credit the glib sales talk of a professional weather maker. Officials of an Eastern race track, in 1930, actually engaged the services of one of these specialists. He was commissioned to set up his apparatus and attempt to prevent rain during the week of horse races, at a fee of $1,000 a day and $2,500 for Saturday. Fortunately for him, not a drop of rain fell the whole week. Following his apparent success, the expert was rehired for one day the next week. It poured.
Government weather experts supply the epilogue. So far as is known, they say, no man has ever succeeded in producing or preventing rain.
Attempts to control other kinds of weather have fared no better—though not for want of trying. One inventor would improve our national climate by placing a 3,000-mile string of coal stoves along the Canadian border, to keep blizzards away!
ANOTHER produced a more imaginative plan. Let a windbreak of fifty-foot evergreen trees be planted, he suggests, on parallel ridges running along our northern boundary. There might be 100 such “shelter ridges,” spaced about 500 feet apart. Now, suppose a layer of polar air, 5,000 feet deep, sweeps down from Canada. As it crosses the border, the first shelter ridge will clip off the lowest fifty feet of the cold air stream. Deprived of its underpinning, the remaining 4,950 feet will settle to earth and continue onward until it hits the second ridge, when another fifty feet will be amputated. Thus, the frigid blast will lose a fifty-foot slice at each ridge, until the final one annihilates the last trace of polar cold. Follow these directions, the sponsor of the plan maintains, and America will become a tropical paradise. Even if it were practical to carry out so vast an undertaking, however, skeptics may reserve their opinion as to whether the wind would fall into the trap so carefully laid for it.
The best that man can do, meteorologists insist, is to adapt himself to existing conditions. He can’t force rain to fall on parched fields, but he can build irrigation systems to water the soil. He can’t prevent the spring rains that cause floods, but he can plant trees to help the water soak into the ground, and build dams to stem the raging torrents.
Sound advice, no doubt—but it’s safe to wager that inventors, with indomitable optimism, will go right on thinking up bigger and fancier schemes for controlling the weather! |
On the heels of my story about dental erosion, a growing problem blamed on highly acidic foods and drinks eating away the protective enamel on teeth, comes a new wrinkle.
A study in a recent issue of the journal General Dentistry says that while acidic drinks like carbonated beverages and juices erode enamel, another chemical property of drinks also causes the problem. A drink’s “buffering capacity,” defined as the ability to neutralize acid, also eats away at teeth.
The punch line? So-called energy drinks, along with sports drinks, had the highest buffering capacities, making them highly capable of dental erosion.
Sports drinks had already been targeted because of their high acidity and low pH levels — although some industry-sponsored research suggested otherwise. But energy drinks hadn’t been on the list of low-pH products. The study points out that energy drinks have been growing in popularity over the past decade and could hit $10 billion in sales by 2010 if current trends continue. |
Mosquitofish can leap with “skill and purpose.”
How did animals move from water to land? The answer may have just got a little murkier. A study published this month in the Journal of Experimental Zoology found that two distantly related fish share a similar method for jumping about on land, suggesting that a common ancestor evolved this ability long ago. But unlike amphibious fish such as the mudskipper, which has pectoral fins adapted to “walking” on land, these fish have no specialized equipment for leaping, and would therefore leave no evidence of their talent behind in the fossil record.
In the lab scientists placed fish on a moist surface and filmed their leaps using a high-speed camera (see video below). In this study researchers compared the western mosquitofish, which is known to hop onto land when pursued by predators, and the zebrafish, which doesn’t leave the water in its natural habitat. And yet in the lab both fish can jump with “skill and purpose,” and in very similar way. This led researchers to hypothesize that a common ancestor of the two fish evolved the capacity to jump on land, more than 150 million years ago. The researchers are currently filming the jumping behavior of every fish species they can get their hands on to conclusively determine whether jumping did in fact evolve once or whether it cropped up multiple times in different lineages.
Here’s a video of the western mosquitofish, or Gambusia affinis. Its trajectory, at about 45 degrees from the ground, makes it a “better” jumper than the zebrafish, giving it more distance per unit of effort. This makes sense, given that zebrafish don’t naturally leave the water:
Now for the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Notice how it bring its head toward its tail before leaping, the opposite of the the mudskipper’s technique:
Here’s the proficient jumper Kryptolebias marmoratus, a killifish that spends some of its time out of water while evading predators:
Finally, here’s a convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata). Researchers analyzed this fish since it’s not known to display a jumping behavior outside of water. Scientists hypothesize this fish has lost the ability to leap on land, although it’s also possible that it never possessed that ability. Further study of related fish will help them find out.
Reference: Alice C. Gibb, Miriam A. Ashley-Ross, Cinnamon M. Pace, John H. Long. Fish out of water: terrestrial jumping by fully aquatic fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology, 2011; DOI: 10.1002/jez.711
Image and video credit: Northern Arizona University. |
Ordering words to create a variety of meanings (syntax) is a key aspect of human language. Although other animals have language, none so far have been shown to have syntax — until now. Here, researchers show that Japanese great tits use combinations of notes to create different meanings. For example, the notes A, B, C, and D can be combined to mean “scan for danger” (ABC) or “scan for danger and approach me” (ABC-D). The receiving bird will respond to these commands when the notes are in the correct order, but not when they are reversed. Whether different combinations of these notes have specific meanings remains to be seen, but given how inventive birds can be, we wouldn’t be surprised.
“Human language can express limitless meanings from a finite set of words based on combinatorial rules (i.e., compositional syntax). Although animal vocalizations may be comprised of different basic elements (notes), it remains unknown whether compositional syntax has also evolved in animals. Here we report the first experimental evidence for compositional syntax in a wild animal species, the Japanese great tit (Parus minor).Tits have over ten different notes in their vocal repertoire and use them either solely or in combination with other notes. Experiments reveal that receivers extract different meanings from ‘ABC’ (scan for danger) and ‘D’ notes (approach the caller), and a compound meaning from ‘ABC–D’ combinations. However, receivers rarely scan and approach when note ordering is artificially reversed (‘D–ABC’). Thus, compositional syntax is not unique to human language but may have evolved independently in animals as one of the basic mechanisms of information transmission.” |
In Courts, Not Much Debate Over Climate Science
When it comes to climate science, state and federal court judges have found little to argue with, according to a New York Law Journal article written by Michael B. Gerrard, director of the Columbia Law School’s Center for Climate Change Law.
Noting the controversy often seen expressed in the media and in political circles, Gerrard writes, “One place where there are few such questions [about the validity of climate science] is in the courts. In fact it appears that (with one lone exception in a dissent) not a single U.S. judge has expressed any skepticism … about the science underlying the concern over climate change.”
Gerrard describes in detail the legal battles around the work of climate scientist Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University, who helped create the iconic “hockey stick” diagram of rising temperature, and who has been repeatedly pilloried in some media outlets. Other cases he cites involve EPA regulations and actions around the Endangered Species Act.
In one case involving Mann, who sued for defamation, the court said the defendants – the Competitive Enterprise Institute, National Review Online and two writers – appeared to know the science was solid and that what they were saying about Mann was false and a “reckless disregard for the truth.”
Read about it here. |
World Polio Day : For You to Act Now
For the first time in the history of public health, polio eradication partners from around the world have marked 24th October 2012 as the first World Polio Day. The celebration is in response to a major public health feat in the eradication programme in the way of India being removed from the list of countries with active transmission of wild poliovirus (WHO) . The last polio case in India was reported on January 13, 2011 from the state of West Bengal. Since then the virus has not been detected in sewage samples in India too. With this only three nations as of now remain as victims of polio viz Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria.
The day 24th October has been chosen to mark the birthday of Jonas Salk who was instrumental in discovering the first polio vaccine way back in 1955. The celebration has been planned to make “Every year on 24 October, people around the world shine a spotlight on the importance of global eradication. ” The immense success of this almost impossible task by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative led by Rotary International can be understood by the fact that 99% of the disease has been already eradicated from the globe in the last 25 years. Compared on a year-on-year basis this year there were only 170 cases reported compared to 467 in the corresponding period previous year.
Though remarkable success has been achieved already the celebration of the World Polio Day is also to remind us that all the effort of this historic feat by mankind will be negated if we do not succeed in eradicating the remaining 1% of the disease. “The risks are hard to oversee and the consequences could be catastrophic. Millions of children that could get polio from individuals traveling from endemic countries.” 1
” We have the chance to write an entirely new polio free chapter in human history.If we blink now, we will loose to eradicate this ancient disease.”2
Be a part of this Once-in-history Event, join the world’s biggest commercial put together by Rotary International. And take action: write to world leaders, download an action pack
Recommended Reading :
Photo Courtesy : http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-4415954257/slideshow |
There is no question that the global financial and economic crisis is affecting Africa’s economic performance. The IMF’s World Economic Outlook forecasts a GDP growth rate for Africa of 3.5 percent, which is 1.6 percentage points lower than the previous forecast, and 1.9 percentage points below the 2008 growth rate. The growth forecast for primary commodity exporters is even lower; Angola, for instance, is projecting nominal GDP to be 17 percent lower in 2009 compared to 2008. A growth slowdown in Africa can have serious long-term consequences.
In light of these developments and evidence, and given that the United States, Western Europe and China are all considering a major fiscal expansion (of the order of trillions of dollars), a natural question to ask is: “Should African countries also introduce a fiscal stimulus?”
The answer is: “It depends.”
Since they lack access to international capital markets, low-income African countries would benefit from a fiscal stimulus only if it can be financed by external resources, such as foreign aid. Absent these resources, an increase in the fiscal deficit will either crowd out private spending or create inflation, neither of which is conducive to growth. Even if there are additional external resources, governments should be prudent about the type of countercyclical policies they pursue. Some countries such as Ghana already have a high fiscal deficit (of about 14 percent of GDP). The challenge facing Ghana is to bring down the deficit, possibly using external assistance to smooth the transition path, so that the economy’s debt situation is manageable and private investment resumes.
Other African countries have much lower fiscal deficits and debts. Assuming it can be financed from abroad, these countries should contemplate a modest fiscal stimulus as a way of shoring up the economy’s growth. But how the fiscal stimulus is spent will be just as important as the size of the stimulus. It is unlikely that tax reductions will yield great gains in growth, as many of the efficiency-reducing taxes have already been reduced (most recently in response to the food price crisis, when some countries eliminated or lowered import tariffs on cereals). So the major gains will come from expenditure increases. Here, governments should look for increasing expenditures that will create jobs in the short run, and leave the economy in a more efficient state in the longer run. One possibility is the often under-funded maintenance of infrastructure such as roads, water pipes and electricity grids, as the Democratic Republic of Congo is doing. Investment in agricultural infrastructure, long neglected in Africa, would also be productive and create off-farm employment. The provision of finance to small- and medium-enterprises, as well as for infrastructure projects would create employment and a more productive economy. Additionally, African governments could use the current situation to undertake some reforms that were elusive in the past, such as utility tariff reform, but are now badly needed, not just to cushion their economies during the crisis, but also to prepare their economies to benefit from the recovery when it comes. Spending to keep basic services to poor people from scaling back—for drinking water, primary education and primary health care, for instance—could be valuable, provided they are not captured by the same interests that kept these resources from getting to poor people in the first place. Finally, targeted safety net programs that will cushion the poor or near-poor from the growth slowdown should be part of the stimulus package—with one caveat: only programs that are known to be reasonably successful at targeting the poor, and whose leakage rates are relatively low—such as Ethiopia’s productive safety nets program--should be scaled up. The opportunity cost of public funds in these times is too high to be wasted on unproductive programs that leak to the non-poor. |
2. Complete as questões usando o passado simples dos verbos entre parenteses.
A) Mary _________ in London when she _______ tem years old. (study / be)
B) They_________ good singers. (not be)
C) Thomas Edison _______ the telephone. (not invent)
D) The children _______ at home yesterday. (stay)
E) _______ you ______ volleyball last weekend? (play) |
EYFS and KS1
Explore our resources to help EYFS and KS1 children explore the wider world, with stories, images and activities on global themes.
Spend a day with Musa and learn about life in Bangladesh. CAFOD's NEW Big Book gets children talking and learning about the wider world.
A film and game for Key Stage 1 which explains how Fairtrade bananas are produced. Compatible with mobile devices.
COME AND SEE: Teaching the Universal Church topics this term? Download schemes of work, powerpoints, quizzes and films across the year groups.
Use the stories and activity ideas to help with letter recognition, and to create a global display. |
The anomalous island is referred to as “El Ojo”…”The Eye”.
Via “The Eye” project on Youtube:
The Eye is a circle of land surrounded by a thin channel of water with an outside diameter of 130 yards. Both, the inner and outer circles, are perfect. The center circle moves and rotates on its own axis.
How long had the eye been there? What caused this weird formation? Why does it move? How can it last for so long intact without deforming? How is it possible that having no water currents, aquatic plants don’t grow and cover it entirely? We decided to investigate further…
Delivered by The Daily Sheeple
by The Daily Sheeple of www.TheDailySheeple.com |
Steve Helber / AP
The Antares rocket is illuminated by lights on Tuesday night, waiting for launch from a Virginia spaceport.
Orbital Sciences Corp. postponed the maiden launch of its Antares rocket on Wednesday when an umbilical data cable was disconnected prematurely from the launch vehicle's second stage.
The launch abort came at about 4:48 p.m. ET, just minutes before the Antares was due to lift off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on Wallops Island, Va. Orbital said the 5 p.m. ET liftoff would be rescheduled for Friday at the earliest.
"We are still examining all of the data, but it appears that the issue is fairly straightforward," Frank Culbertson, Orbital’s executive vice president and mission director for the Antares test flight, said in a company statement. "With this being the first launch of the new system from a new launch facility we have taken prudent steps to ensure a safe and successful outcome. Today, our scrub procedures were exercised and worked as planned. We are looking forward to a successful launch on Friday."
Imagery posted to the independent NASASpaceFlight.com website showed a tower on the launch pad twisting in a motion that could have dislodged the data cord from its connector.
Orbital is giving the Antares rocket its first in-flight test in preparation for trips to the International Space Station later this year. This time around, the rocket is carrying merely a dummy payload, along with some secondary satellites that are to be deployed in orbit. But if the practice run is successful, Orbital could start providing a second line of made-in-the-USA commercial vehicles for resupplying the space station.
The Virginia-based company is following in the footsteps of California-based SpaceX, which began cargo runs to the space station last year.
Orbital and SpaceX have received hundreds of millions of dollars from NASA to develop their transports, as part of the space agency's strategy to replace the space shuttle fleet. The shuttles were retired in 2011 to make way for a new generation of spaceships capable of going beyond Earth orbit. NASA wants private companies to take over the role of getting cargo — and eventually astronauts as well — to low Earth orbit.
Orbital won NASA's contract for the Antares rocket and the Cygnus cargo capsule in 2008.
A simulated Cygnus payload is to be lofted into orbit during a 10-minute ascent, and is expected to remain in orbit for several weeks before plunging to its fiery doom in Earth's atmosphere. Four tiny satellites are to be deployed from the simulator, including three smartphone-equipped PhoneSats for NASA (Alexander, Graham, and Bell) and the commercial Dove-1 remote-sensing nanosatellite. The main point of the mission, however, is to check whether Antares is ready to send cargo to the space station.
"This is a big event for the Eastern Shore, for Wallops and for everybody in the surrounding area, but also, I think, for the country," Frank Culbertson, executive vice president and general manager of Orbital's Advanced Program Group, said during Tuesday's pre-launch briefing.
He cautioned journalists not to expect a perfect test flight. "That first word is 'test,' so if things don't go exactly as planned, we will learn what we need to learn and press on," he said.
If the test is successful, another Antares is due to send a real Cygnus capsule to the space station as early as this June. And if that demonstration flight succeeds, Orbital could proceed with a series of eight resupply flights to the station under the terms of a $1.9 billion contract with NASA. SpaceX is already two flights into its own 12-mission, $1.6 billion resupply contract.
Phil McAlister, NASA's director of commercial spaceflight development, said Orbital would play an important role in providing "assured cargo access" to the space station. The idea is that if SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule are grounded for technical reasons, Orbital's Antares and Cygnus would serve as a backup — and vice versa. That wasn't the case during the space shuttle program, when NASA's only Plan B was to rely on other countries' spaceships.
"We are in such a better situation today, and [it's] about to be even better with the debut of this new capability," McAlister said.
NASA is following a similar approach for the development of U.S.-made spaceships for crew transport. Three companies — SpaceX, the Boeing Co. and Sierra Nevada Corp. — are splitting more than a billion dollars of NASA's money during the current phase of work. NASA expects commercial crew transports to start flying to the space station by 2017.
Correction for 6:55 p.m. ET April 17: I've cleaned up a couple of errors, including the date when Orbital won NASA's nod in the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program (2008, not 2007) and the SpaceX contract amount under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services program ($1.6 billion, not $1.6 million).
More about the Antares rocket:
Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds. |
The initial peopling of South America is largely unresolved, in part because of the unique distribution of genetic diversity in native South Americans. On average, genetic diversity estimated within Andean populations is higher than that estimated within Amazonian populations. Yet there is less genetic differentiation estimated among Andean populations than estimated among Amazonian populations. One hypothesis is that this pattern is a product of independent migrations of genetically differentiated people into South America. A competing hypothesis is that there was a single migration followed by regional isolation. In this study we address these hypotheses using mtDNA hypervariable region 1 sequences representing 21 South American groups and include new data sets for four native Peruvian communities from Tupe, Yungay, and Puno. An analysis of variance that compared the combined data from western South America to the combined data from eastern South America determined that these two regional data sets are not significantly different. As a result, a migration from a single source population into South America serves as the simplest explanation of the data.
Lewis Jr., Cecil M.; Lizarraga, Beatriz; Tito, Raul Y.; and Lopez, Paul W.
"Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of South America,"
2, Article 2.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol79/iss2/2 |
“Why the School of Paris is not French” explores the role geography plays in the definition of membership in the School. Noting that the School artists have an overwhelming foreign nationality, the paper asks what conditions were necessary for foreign artists to not only live and exhibit in Paris but to succeed as artists. The conclusions reached through a statistical study are that artists only began to succeed in Paris after 1900. Finally, the paper argues that the ability of foreign nationals to thrive in Paris is related to networks of relationships centered on communal studios.
Jensen, Robert. "Why the School of Paris is not French." Artl@s Bulletin 2, no. 1 (2013): Article 5. |
IPv6 solves a set of problems that are related to the interaction between nodes that are attached to the same link. IPv6 defines mechanisms for solving each of the following problems.
Router discovery – Hosts locate routers that reside on an attached link.
Prefix discovery – Hosts discover the set of address prefixes that define which destinations are attached to the link (sometimes referred to as on-link). Nodes use prefixes to distinguish destinations that reside on a link from those only reachable through a router.
Parameter discovery – A node learns link parameters, such as the link maximum transmission unit (MTU). A node also learns Internet parameters, such as the hop limit value, to place in outgoing packets.
Address autoconfiguration – Nodes automatically configure an address for an interface.
Address resolution – Nodes determine the link-layer address of a neighbor (an on-link destination) with only the destinations's IP address.
Next-hop determination – An algorithm determines mapping for an IP destination address into the IP address of the neighbor to which traffic for the destination should be sent. The next-hop can be a router or the destination.
Neighbor unreachability detection – Nodes determine that a neighbor is no longer reachable. For neighbors that are used as routers, alternate default routers can be tried. For both routers and hosts, address resolution can be performed again.
Duplicate address detection – A node determines that an address that the node wants to use is not already in use by another node.
Redirect – A router informs a host of a better first-hop node to reach a particular destination.
Neighbor discovery defines five different Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packet types: a pair of router solicitation and router advertisement messages, a pair of neighbor solicitation and neighbor advertisements messages, and a redirect message. The messages serve the following purpose:
Router solicitation – When an interface becomes enabled, hosts can send router solicitations. The solicitations request routers to generate router advertisements immediately, rather than at their next scheduled time.
Router advertisement – Routers advertise their presence, various link parameters, and various Internet parameters. Routers advertise either periodically, or in response to a router solicitation message. Router advertisements contain prefixes that are used for on-link determination or address configuration, a suggested hop limit value, and so on.
Neighbor solicitation – Sent by a node to determine the link-layer address of a neighbor. Also, sent by a node to verify that a neighbor is still reachable by a cached link-layer address. Neighbor solicitations are also used for duplicate address detection.
Neighbor advertisement – A response to a Neighbor Solicitation message, node can also send unsolicited neighbor advertisements to announce a link-layer address change.
Redirect – Used by routers to inform hosts of a better first hop for a destination, or that the destination is on-link.
On multicast-capable links and point-to-point links, each router periodically multicasts a router advertisement packet that announces its availability. A host receives router advertisements from all routers, building a list of default routers. Routers generate router advertisements frequently enough that hosts learn of their presence within a few minutes. However, routers do not advertise frequently enough to rely on an absence of advertisements to detect router failure. A separate detection algorithm that determines neighbor unreachability provides failure detection.
Router advertisements contain a list of prefixes that is used for on-link determination. The list of prefixes is also used for autonomous address configuration. Flags that are associated with the prefixes specify the intended uses of a particular prefix. Hosts use the advertised on-link prefixes to build and maintain a list. The list is used to decide when a packet's destination is on-link or beyond a router. A destination can be on-link even though the destination is not covered by any advertised on-link prefix. In such instances, a router can send a redirect that informs the sender that the destination is a neighbor.
Router advertisements (and per-prefix flags) allow routers to inform hosts how to perform address autoconfiguration. For example, routers can specify whether hosts should use stateful (DHCPv6) or autonomous (stateless) address configuration.
Router advertisement messages also contain Internet parameters, such as the hop limit that hosts should use in outgoing packets. Optionally, router advertisement messages also contain link parameters, such as the link MTU. This feature enables centralized administration of critical parameters. The parameters can be set on routers and automatically propagated to all hosts that are attached.
Nodes accomplish address resolution by multicasting a neighbor solicitation that asks the target node to return its link-layer address. Neighbor solicitation messages are multicast to the solicited-node multicast address of the target address. The target returns its link-layer address in a unicast neighbor advertisement message. A single request-response pair of packets is sufficient for both the initiator and the target to resolve each other's link-layer addresses. The initiator includes its link-layer address in the neighbor solicitation.
Neighbor solicitation messages can also be used to determine if more than one node has been assigned the same unicast address.
Neighbor unreachability detection detects the failure of a neighbor or the failure of the forward path to the neighbor. This detection requires positive confirmation that packets that are sent to a neighbor are actually reaching that neighbor and being processed properly by its IP layer. Neighbor unreachability detection uses confirmation from two sources. When possible, upper-layer protocols provide a positive confirmation that a connection is making forward progress. That is, data that was sent previously is known to have been delivered correctly. For example, new TCP acknowledgments were received recently. When positive confirmation is not forthcoming through such hints, a node sends unicast neighbor solicitation messages. These messages solicit neighbor advertisements as reachability confirmation from the next hop. To reduce unnecessary network traffic, probe messages are sent only to neighbors to which the node is actively sending packets.
In addition to addressing the previous general problems, neighbor discovery also handles the following situations.
Link-layer address change – A node that knows its link-layer address has been changed can multicast a few (unsolicited) neighbor advertisement packets. The node can multicast to all nodes to update cached link-layer addresses that have become invalid. The sending of unsolicited advertisements is a performance enhancement only. The detection algorithm for neighbor unreachability ensures that all nodes reliably discover the new address, though the delay might be somewhat longer.
Inbound load balancing – Nodes with replicated interfaces might want to load-balance the reception of incoming packets across multiple network interfaces on the same link. Such nodes have multiple link-layer addresses assigned to the same interface. For example, a single network driver can represent multiple network interface cards as a single logical interface that has multiple link-layer addresses.
Load balancing is handled by allowing routers to omit the source link-layer address from router advertisement packets. Consequently, neighbors must use neighbor solicitation messages to learn link-layer addresses of routers. Returned neighbor advertisement messages can then contain link-layer addresses that differ, depending on who issued the solicitation.
Anycast addresses – Anycast addresses identify one of a set of nodes that provide an equivalent service. Multiple nodes on the same link can be configured to recognize the same anycast address. Neighbor discovery handles anycasts by setting nodes to expect to receive multiple neighbor advertisements for the same target. All advertisements for anycast addresses are tagged as being non-override advertisements. Non-override advertisements invoke specific rules to determine which of potentially multiple advertisements should be used.
Proxy advertisements – A router that accept packets on behalf of a target address that is unable to respond to neighbor solicitations can issue non-override neighbor advertisements. Currently, the use of proxy is not specified. However, proxy advertising can potentially be used to handle cases like mobile nodes that have moved off-link. However, the use of proxy is not intended as a general mechanism to handle nodes that do not implement this protocol.
The IPv6 neighbor discovery protocol corresponds to a combination of the IPv4 protocols Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), ICMP Router Discovery, and ICMP Redirect. IPv4 does not have a generally agreed on protocol or mechanism for neighbor unreachability detection. However, host requirements do specify some possible algorithms for dead gateway detection. Dead gateway detection is a subset of the problems that neighbor unreachability detection solves.
The neighbor discovery protocol provides a multitude of improvements over the IPv4 set of protocols.
Router discovery is part of the base protocol set. Hosts do not need to snoop the routing protocols.
Router advertisements carry link-layer addresses. No additional packet exchange is needed to resolve the router's link-layer address.
Router advertisements carry prefixes for a link. A separate mechanism is not needed to configure the netmask.
Router advertisements enable address autoconfiguration.
Routers can advertise an MTU for hosts to use on the link. Consequently, all nodes use the same MTU value on links that lack a well-defined MTU.
Address resolution multicasts are spread over 4 billion (2^32) multicast addresses, greatly reducing address-resolution-related interrupts on nodes other than the target. Moreover, non-IPv6 machines should not be interrupted at all.
Redirects contain the link-layer address of the new first hop. Separate address resolution is not needed on receiving a redirect.
Multiple prefixes can be associated with the same link. By default, hosts learn all on-link prefixes from router advertisements. However, routers can be configured to omit some or all prefixes from router advertisements. In such instances, hosts assume that destinations are off-link. Consequently, hosts send the traffic to routers. A router can then issue redirects as appropriate.
Unlike IPv4, the recipient of an IPv6 redirect assumes that the new next-hop is on-link. In IPv4, a host ignores redirects that specify a next-hop that is not on-link, according to the link's network mask. The IPv6 redirect mechanism is analogous to the XRedirect facility. The redirect mechanism is useful on non-broadcast and shared media links. On these links, it is undesirable or not possible for nodes to check for all prefixes for on-link destinations.
Neighbor unreachability detection improves packet delivery in the presence of failing routers. This capability improves packet delivery over partially failing or partitioned links. This capability also improves packet delivery over nodes that change their link-layer addresses. For instance, mobile nodes can move off-link without losing any connectivity because of stale ARP caches.
Unlike in IPv4 router discovery, the router advertisement messages do not contain a preference field. The preference field is not needed to handle routers of different stability. The neighbor unreachability detection detects dead routers and switches to a working router.
By using link-local addresses to uniquely identify routers, hosts can maintain the router associations. The ability to identify routers is required for router advertisements and is required for redirect messages. Hosts need to maintain router associations if the site uses new global prefixes.
Because neighbor discovery messages have a hop limit of 255 upon receipt, the protocol is immune to spoofing attacks originating from off-link nodes. In contrast, IPv4 off-link nodes can send Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) redirects and can send router advertisement messages.
By placing address resolution at the ICMP layer, the protocol becomes more media independent than ARP. Consequently, standard IP authentication and security mechanisms can be used. |
Sunday, September 27, 2009
World Rivers Day
Among the vesicular watercourses belonging to the vestiges of primordial rainforest of the Great Pacific Basin, the Yaquina River retains much of its fundamental native beauty. Fifty miles long, and nearly thirty of them are tidal, thus navigable from the Pacific Ocean. Tall hardwoods hung with vines grow beside the conifers presiding over lush undergrowth along this terrestrial Eridanus.
Sourced in the Siuslaw National Forest on the western verge of the Willamette Valley, the Yaquina flows south, then generally west in a serpentine course, past Toledo, home port for SV Mistral. It melds with the Pacific Ocean in the Yaquina Bay, a broad estuary at Newport, Oregon.
A chilly fall morning may find intrepid fishermen sounding their way through the fog to prey on salmon or sturgeon, a practice inherited from the aboriginal inhabitants. Yaquina is a tribal name - people extinct now by the intrusion of aggressive settlers - but their presence can be felt on such a morning, so much that you might expect to see a silhouette digging for oysters or clams along the mud flats.
A loud protest and a lift of huge wings betrays our ghost to be a heron or a pelican who (rightly so) considers human presence invasive.
It’s still possible to ride the currents of the Yaquina with the rhythm of the tides. Rowers or paddlers will soon find themselves accompanied by a seal or sea lion. Not quite as primeval as Europeans found it, but a visitor can get a sense of a Stone Age rainforest fed by the waters of antiquity.
It’s the same water after all. We live in a closed hydroponic system, fed and watered by the same condensation rained down on millennia of denizens of the third planet from the sun.
With every country seeking to satisfy water needs from limited water resources, some see a future filled with conflict. But cooperation is the most effective response to trans-boundary water management issues.
We share responsibility for managing and protecting the world’s rivers for current and future generations. Despite pristine appearances, the Yaquina swings in disturbed balance, affected by human activities. The same fate defiles every drop of water on our little rock, from the Yaquina to the Etruria.
.....The water was like glass, no sound but the rhythm of oars as they dipped into the water like a metronome. Our only companion was a lone blue heron sitting on the bank watching us pass, a statue but for his swiveling head. The sun was slow to rise this close to the equinox, in the early morning fog, on the river... |
Elaphe guttata guttata
The corn snake is an ideal beginnerís snake due to its size and care requirements. These gentle snakes received their scientific name based upon the texture of their skin, which is possibly the smoothest of any snake species, and is often compared to a tanned deer hide. A species of the ratsnake family, the corn snake is possibly one of the most commonly encountered pet snakes in the reptile trade. They can be bred easily and are available in a variety of color and pattern mutations. Because corn snakes are bred in such large numbers there is no reason to seek out a wild caught animal which could create a natural imbalance in the area from which they are taken. Found in the wild from New Jersey to Florida and reaching as far west as Louisiana. Relatives of these snakes are the Everglades ratsnakes, fox snakes, Texas ratsnakes, black ratsnakes, trans-Pecos ratsnakes and all others found in the Elaphe genus.
Size and Life span
Corn snakes begin their lives relatively small at roughly 6 to 8 inches long. They can grow to reach smaller adult size within 2 years and eventually can reach as much as 5 or 6 feet long. However, most corn snakes stay a pleasant 3 Ĺ to 4 Ĺ feet long at maturity. Corn snakes have been known to live up to 15 years in captivity. Breeding females may actually have a shorter life expectancy but it is not certain yet just how this affects them.
Corn snakes thrive at temperatures ranging from about 75 to 85 degrees with 80 degrees being a good, safe range that allows small fluctuations in either direction. Temperatures that exceed 90 degrees for more than a couple of hours are extremely dangerous to the health and even the life of your corn snake. Nighttime temperatures can fall to around 70 degrees with no ill effects. (Corn snakes can basically be kept at room temperature in a warmer room in the house and away from direct flow of an air conditioner.
Caging can be done in many different ways ranging from plastic shoeboxes to escape-proof aquariums to custom cages. The part about it being escape-proof can not be stressed enough. Snakes are curious creatures that will try to find an escape route eventually. The last thing you want to be doing is searching for a snake in a house where they can literally hide anywhere and possibly even get outside.
The size should be appropriate for the individual snake being kept. 15 to 20 gallon aquariums are appropriate in size for an adult corn snake housed alone. Many breeders recommend that while corn snakes are not frequent eaters of their own kind, it has happened on rare occasion so they should not be kept together in order to avoid any chance of this tragedy. A hide box of some kind is a favorite resting location for corn snakes and should be kept in the cage at all times. This will help to keep the snake less stressed.
One of the most common questions is "What should I use on the bottom of the cage?" First, let us state the WRONG things to use, namely Cedar and sand. We recommend using paper towels, butcher paper, astroturf or even potting soil. Remember that you will be cleaning this regularly to remove waste and eliminate odor, so sometimes simpler is better. You can make the enclosure as decorative or simple as you want.
In captivity, corn snakes should only be fed captive born/raised rodents. While they eat a variety of rodents, birds and lizards in the wild, using these to feed your captive born snake can cause parasites, which can endanger your snakes health and life. Newly hatched corn snakes feed readily on newborn, or pinky, mice. Adults can be fed adult mice to small rats. We have even used newborn rabbits to feed ours at times and they take these readily. While many baby corn snakes will only accept live food for the first meal or two, it is advised that pre-killed or thawed food items be offered. This serves 2 purposed; first to keep your movements from being associated with food and second, to eliminate the risk of your snake being bitten by a live rodent and becoming ill or even killed.
Feed your snake food items that are no more than twice as big around as your snake. While they can actually take slightly larger, it is not recommended in captivity and should never be needed as appropriately sized food can be obtained at most any pet store or ordered online from a number of suppliers. Your snake may refuse an occasional meal, often when it canít see prior to shedding. Donít force the issue, but rather remove the food item and try again in a few days.
Baby, or neonate, corn snakes can be fed as often as every 5 days. By the time they are 2 or 3 years old, it is recommended that you feed no more than once a week with smaller items or every 10 to 14 days with larger items. Captive snakes have a tendency to become obese due to lack of exercise and this can actually shorten the lifespan of your snake.
Itís because corn snakes are so commonly and easily bred that they are one of the most common snakes in captivity today. They can reach sexual maturity in a quick time but it is recommended that they not be bred until they are at least 2 years of age. A winter cooling, or brumation, period is normally used which requires lowering the temperatures of the enclosure to approximately the mid-50 degree range for 8 to 12 weeks. Slowly bring the temperature back to their normal range and begin feeding them to establish good body weight and health. After 2 or 3 feedings and usually a shed by the female, place her into the maleís enclosure. (Some breeders suggest placing the females shed skin in with the male to see if he becomes excited which is an indicator that he is ready to breed.) Copulation can happen quickly or may take up to 3 days (if nothing has happened in this time, separate them and try again in a week.) Once the breeding is complete, separate them and wait for the eggs, which should be laid approximately 45 days later. The female will so through a pre-lay shed with eggs being dropped in a nesting box or other egg-laying medium 7 to 14 days later, normally 10 days.
The eggs can be incubated in most any sealed container provided that fresh air is allowed in regularly and frequently (3-5 days.) The most commonly used incubation medium is vermiculite that has been moistened so that if you squeeze it tightly between your fingers a drop of water is produced. At an incubation temp of 80 to 84 degrees, the eggs will hatch in approximately 50 to 60 days. After hatching, the babies will feed off of the egg nutrients in their stomach and shed once before they are ready for their first meal.
The following is a list of known mutations that can be found singly or together:
Normal, amelanistic, anytheristic, snow, banded, blizzard, ghost, blood, caramel, butter, butterscotch, motley, zig zag, striped, candy cane, creamsicle, crimson, hypomelanistic, lavender, sunglow, pastel, locality specific and many more.
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Focus on Economic Data: U.S. Employment and the Unemployment Rate, March, 2012
Source: Council for Economic Education (EconEdLink) | Type: Lesson
This lesson examines the April 6, 2012, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, announcement of U.S. employment data and the unemployment rate for the month of March, 2012. This lesson introduces the basic concepts of the BLS employment and unemployment data. The meaning and importance of the data are discussed. Assessment exercises are included for reinforcing knowledge of the concepts. |
Exit, Voice, Loyalty—and the Common Core
One of the most influential books in social science in the last 50 years is economist Albert O. Hirschman’s Exit, Voice, and Loyalty.
In this pivotal 1970 book, Hirschman discusses how individuals react when services they rely on deteriorate. The basic responses available to us are “exit” and “voice,” Hirschman points out, where exit means turning to a different provider or leaving the area, and voice means political participation.
We tend to think of these responses as stark alternatives. Hirschman, as a social scientist, wanted us to consider the interplay between them.
Exit usually has lower costs than voice for the individual. With exit, you can avoid the long slog of politics and simply turn to someone else or move somewhere else.
But there is a limiting case: Exit can have high costs when individuals are loyal to institutions—thus the third component in Hirschman’s trio of exit, voice, and loyalty.
In the 1830s, when Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States, he found Americans intensely loyal to their local schools. Americans saw schools as extensions of their families and neighborhoods. They viewed public schools as akin to voluntarily supported charities and as part of what social scientists today call civil society.
Tocqueville described township school committees that were deeply rooted in their local communities. State control of local public education took the form of an annual report sent by the township committee to the state capital. There was no national control.
Today, Americans retain much of the sentiment about local schools they had in Tocqueville’s day. But, increasingly, parents and taxpayers view the public schools as an unresponsive bureaucracy carrying out edicts from distant capitals. Today, we are dealing with a deteriorating situation in a declining institution, namely widespread ineffective instruction in the public schools.
The Common Core State Standards have come to the fore precisely at a time when civically active individuals care much more than they usually do about exit, voice, and loyalty. But the common core has denied voice and tried to block exit.
The common core’s designers have taken the existing bureaucracy and increased its centralization and uniformity. By creating the common-core content standards behind closed doors, the authors increased the alienation of the public from schools as institutions worthy of loyalty. The general public had no voice in creating or adopting the common core.
The other approach in times of a deteriorating public service is offering better exit options. But the common core’s proponents have created an almost inescapable national cartel.
There has long been a monopoly problem in public education, which was why economist Milton Friedman called for opportunity scholarships (also known as vouchers) to create a powerful exit option. But even in the absence of opportunity scholarships and charter schools, we had some exit options in the past because of competitive federalism, meaning horizontal competition among jurisdictions.
Economist Caroline Hoxby studied metropolitan areas with many school districts (like Boston) and metropolitan areas contained within one large district (like Miami or Los Angeles). She found that student performance is better in areas with competing multiple districts, where parents at the same income level can move to another locality, in search of a better education.
We have also seen competitive federalism work in education at the interstate level. Back in the 1950s, education in Mississippi and North Carolina performed at the same low level. North Carolina tried a number of educational experiments and moved ahead of Mississippi. Likewise, Massachusetts moved up over the years from mediocre to stellar.
The common core’s promoters are endeavoring to suppress competitive federalism. The common core’s rules and its curriculum guidance are the governing rules of a cartel. The common core’s promoters and their federal facilitators wanted a cartel that would override competitive federalism and shut down the curriculum alternatives that federalism would allow.
The new common-core-aligned tests, whose development was supported with federal funds, function to police the cartel. All long-lasting cartels must have a mechanism for policing and punishing those seen as shirkers and chiselers, or, in other words, those who want to escape the cartel’s strictures or who want increased flexibility so they can succeed.
The new leadership of the College Board by David Coleman, one of the common core’s chief architects, is being used to corral Catholic schools, other private schools, and home-schooling parents into the cartel. The proponents of the common core have now established a clearinghouse for authorized teaching materials to try to close off any remaining possible avenue of escaping the cartel.
What was the rationale for the common core? The name given to the Obama administration’s signature school reform effort, the Race to the Top program, promotes the idea that the federal government needs to step in and lead a race. Central to this rhetoric is the idea that state performance standards were already on a downward slide and that, without nationalization, standards would inexorably continue on a “race to the bottom.”
I would disagree. While providers of public education certainly face the temptation to do what might look like taking the easy way out by letting academic standards decline, there is also countervailing pressure in the direction of higher standards.
If state policymakers and education officials let content standards slip, low standards will damage a state’s reputation for having a trained workforce. Such a drop in standards will even damage the policymakers’ own reputations.
In 2007, the Thomas B. Fordham Institute looked empirically at state performance standards over time in a study called “The Proficiency Illusion.” The study showed that, while states had a variety of performance standards (as would be expected in a federal system), the supposed “race to the bottom” was not happening. The proponents of the common core are wrong in their claims that state performance standards were inevitably on a downward slide.
The common core, in fact, provided relief from competitive pressure from other states. Sonny Perdue, the governor of Georgia at the time that the common core was created (the initiative was launched in 2009, and the standards were released in 2010), did not like it when the low-performing students of his state were compared with students in other states with standards different from Georgia’s. He became the lead governor in bringing the National Governors Association into the national standards effort. Nationalizing standards and tests eliminated them as differentiated school reform instruments that could be used by states in competition over educational attainment among the states.
The common core undermines citizens’ exit option and competitive federalism. It was designed to do so. It likewise evades and negates the voice option. But the makers of this malign utopia have forgotten a few things.
They forgot that the desire for a voice, the desire for political action, can become particularly intense when people are faced with the prospect of nowhere to exit to. They forgot that hemming in parents and teachers would create a demand for alternatives and escape routes. Alternatives to the national common-core-aligned tests have arisen. States are dropping these national tests. States are also struggling to escape the common-core cartel itself. Parents are opting out of common-core testing.
By trying to block exit and voice, the designers and proponents of the Common Core State Standards have caused blowback: A large parent-, teacher-, and community-based movement has arisen to oppose the common core and its national tests.
– Williamson M. Evers
Williamson M. Evers is a research fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. He was an assistant U.S. secretary of education for planning, evaluation, and policy development from 2007 to 2009, during the George W. Bush administration.
This first appeared as a Commentary in Ed Week. |
4. Rhododendron subsect. Falconera (Tagg) Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74: 549. 1949.
杯毛杜鹃亚组 bei mao du juan ya zu
Fang Mingyuan (方明渊); David F. Chamberlain
Rhododendron ser. Falconera Tagg in J. B. Stevenson, Sp. Rhodod. 235. 1930 ["Falconeri"].
Shrubs or small trees, 3–10 m tall; young shoots stout, mostly ± tomentose, usually glabrescent. Leaf blade large, leathery, ovate to obovate-elliptic; abaxial surface with whitish, brownish or rufous 1- to 2-layered indumentum, the upper layer usually cup-shaped, the lower layer (when present) thin, sometimes compacted; adaxial surface glabrous. Inflorescence a racemose umbel, 12–20(–30)-flowered. Calyx minute, 1–3 mm; corolla tubular, funnelform to ventricose or obliquely campanulate, (5–)7–8-lobed, white, pale yellow or pink, less often magenta to purple, usually with crimson basal blotch; stamens (10–)12–18; ovary tomentose, glandular or glabrous (R. galactinum). Capsule cylindric.
Eleven species: Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam; ten species (four endemic) in China. |
Alpheus(redirected from Alpheos)
Also found in: Dictionary, Wikipedia.
Alpheus(ălfē`əs), river god: see ArethusaArethusa
, in Greek mythology, nymph favored by Artemis and loved by the river god Alpheus. While Arethusa was bathing in his stream, Alpheus rose up and tried to abduct her, but she fled under the ocean to the isle of Ortygia. There Artemis changed her into a fountain.
..... Click the link for more information. .
Alfiós(älfēôs`), river, c.70 mi (110 km) long, rising in the Taygetus Mts., S Greece. The longest river in the Peloponnesus, it flows northwest through gorges, past Olympia, and onto the Olympia plains before entering the Ionian Sea. In Greek mythology, its waters were said to pass under the sea and to emerge at Syracuse (Italy) in the fountain of Arethusa. Hercules, to clean the stables of Augeas, turned the Alpheus through them. It is the river Alph of Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan. The lower Alpheus was formerly known as Rouphia.
hunter pursuing Arethusa is turned into a river. [Gk. Myth.: Brewer Dictionary, 26]
river god. [Gk. Myth.: Zimmerman, 18] |
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In the summer season 2010, a small shallow reflection seismic experiment was carried out on the firn and ice cover of the Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa group, Swiss/Italian Alps. At this site, the physical properties of ice are similar to polar regions, wherefore it is widely used for testing. The challenging experiment in 4500 m asl was designed to explore the scope of shallow vibroseis for seismic targets within and below the firn and ice mass. The small ElVIS vibrator system was used to generate shear waves and compression waves for SH-wave and P-wave receiver setups of two profiles. The resulting sections clearly show the boundary from ice to rock and deeper structures. The deepest features are estimated to 150 m for the SH-wave and 220 m for the P-waves. Reflections could be detected within the ice overburden, which are preliminarily interpreted as change of the crystal structure in the ice column. Furthermore, elastic parameters could be derived from seismic velocities, due to the clear basement reflections. The results of this unique experiment enable new insights in the internal structure of ice formations, and open a promising new investigation method for sub-ice structures and properties, such as basal sediments.
AWI Organizations > Geosciences > Junior Research Group: LIMPICS
Helmholtz Research Programs > PACES I (2009-2013) > TOPIC 1: The Changing Arctic and Antarctic > WP 1.1: Role of Ice Sheets in the Earth System |
Few today consciously recognize the concepts involved with common affirmative exclamation, "good luck." Or any idea of what "luck" actually represents. The study of Lugh, the effects of the phonetic combination lu, has lead to an interesting observation that appears to link a subtle retention of the worship of Lugh into modern language. Harold Bayley explored similar connections in his 1912 work, The Lost Language of Symbolism.
Mr. Bayley started out researching the meanings of watermarks found on old (9th through 13th century) papers. Examining the designs for the root meanings, he delved deep into myths, stories, language, religion and root meanings of words and syllabic sounds that he thought might compose surviving parts of the oldest spoken language. The religious composition of the language and the constructs of words indicating an omnipresence of religion within the spoken society demonstrates the roots of all human language and societies have been Edenite.
Whether a suffix or prefix, the sound ak has an ancient meaning that best translates into an affirmative modifier, the greatest. Fossil remnants of this exist in English and other languages as well. Lu, has Mediterranean connections dated to 1500 bc (and earlier) that demonstrate the sound value meant manly or virile, simultaneous to meaning bright, shining, fire, and the ability to communicate wisdom. In other words, an enlightened, virile individual. When one recognizes the religious concepts and attributes of Lugh, the connection and relationship become obvious. The roots of Lugh, go very deep.
Lu-ak would mean Lugh is the greatest. We usually add the word good which is a corruption of the word god. Our language evolved Lu-ak into luck. What we use as an affirmative exclamation "good luck" was once a brief and fervent prayer to what we now know as the chief and primary Celtic god, Lugh. The true meaning of GOOD LUCK is a fervent prayer, Lugh is the greatest God.
© 2008The Equinox Project, All Rights Reserved. Compiled from the
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Created for and maintained by The Equinox Project Please email any comments, questions or suggestions to:
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- Year Published: 1914
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: England
- Source: Read C. (1914). Logic: Deductive and Inductive.London, England; Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. LTD.
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 8.0
- Word Count: 6,099
Read, C. (1914). “Chapter 14”. Logic: Deductive and Inductive (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved December 03, 2016, from
Read, Carveth. "“Chapter 14”." Logic: Deductive and Inductive. Lit2Go Edition. 1914. Web. <>. December 03, 2016.
Carveth Read, "“Chapter 14”," Logic: Deductive and Inductive, Lit2Go Edition, (1914), accessed December 03, 2016,.
Section 1. For the theory of Induction, the specially important aspect of the Uniformity of Nature is Causation.
For (1) the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle are implied in all logical operations, and need no further explication.
(2) That one thing is a mark of another or constantly related to it, must be established by Induction; and the surest of all marks is a Cause. So that the application of the axiom of the Syllogism in particular cases requires, when most valid, a previous appeal to Causation.
(3) The uniformity of Space and of Time is involved in Causation, so far as we conceive Causation as essentially matter in motion–for motion is only known as a traversing of space in time; and so far as forces vary in any way according to the distance between bodies; so that if space and time were not uniform, causation would be irregular. Not that time and space are agents, but they are conditions of every agent’s operation.
(4) The persistence of Matter and Energy, being nothing else than Causation in the general movement of the world, is applied under the name of that principle in explaining any particular limited phenomenon, such as a soap-bubble, or a thunderstorm, or the tide.
(5) As to co-existences, the Geometrical do not belong to Logic: those involved in the existence of plants, animals, and inorganic bodies, must, as far as possible, be traced to causes; and so, of course, must the relative positions of objects in space at any time: and what Co-existences remain do not admit of methodical inductive treatment; they will be briefly discussed in chap. xix.
Causation, then, is that mode or aspect of the Uniformity of Nature which especially concerns us in Induction; and we must make it as definite as possible. It is nothing occult, but merely a convenient name for phenomena in a particular relation to other phenomena, called their effect. Similarly, if the word ‘force’ is sometimes used for convenience in analysing causation, it means nothing more than something in time and space, itself moving, or tending to move, or hindering or accelerating other things. If any one does not find these words convenient for the purpose, he can use others.
Section 2. A Cause, according to Mill, is “the invariable unconditional antecedent” of a given phenomenon. To enlarge upon this:
(1) A Cause is relative to a given phenomenon, called the Effect. Logic has no method for investigating the cause of the universe as a whole, but only of a part or epoch of it: we select from the infinite continuum of Nature any portion that is neither too large nor too small for a trained mind to comprehend. The magnitude of the phenomenon may be a matter of convenience. If the cause of disease in general be too wide a problem, can fevers be dealt with; or, if that be too much, is typhus within the reach of inquiry? In short, how much can we deal with accurately?
(2) The given phenomenon is always an event; that is to say, not a new thing (nothing is wholly new), but a change in something, or in the relative position of things. We may ask the cause of the phases of the moon, of the freezing of water, of the kindling of a match, of a deposit of chalk, of the differentiation of species. To inquire the cause of France being a republic, or Russia an autocracy, implies that these countries were once otherwise governed, or had no government: to inquire the cause of the earth being shaped like an orange, implies that the matter of the earth had once another shape.
(3) The Cause is antecedent to the Effect, which accordingly is often called its consequent. This is often misunderstood and sometimes disputed. It has been said that the meaning of ‘cause’ implies an ‘effect,’ so that until an effect occurs there can be no cause. But this is a blunder; for whilst the word ‘cause’ implies ‘effect,’ it also implies the relative futurity of the effect; and effect implies the relative priority of the cause. The connotation of the words, therefore, agrees well enough with Mill’s doctrine. In fact, the danger is that any pair of contrasted words may suggest too strongly that the phenomena denoted are separate in Nature; whereas every natural process is continuous. If water, dripping from the roof wears away a stone, it fell on the roof as rain; the rain came from a condensing cloud; the cloud was driven by the wind from the sea, whence it exhaled; and so on. There is no known beginning to this, and no break in it. We may take any one of these changes, call it an effect, and ask for its cause; or call it a cause, and ask for its effect. There is not in Nature one set of things called causes and another called effects; but every change is both cause (or a condition) of the future and effect of the past; and whether we consider an event as the one or the other, depends upon the direction of our curiosity or interest.
Still, taking the event as effect, its cause is the antecedent process; or, taking it as a cause, its effect is the consequent process. This follows from the conception of causation as essentially motion; for that motion takes time is (from the way our perceptive powers grow) an ultimate intuition. But, for the same reason, there is no interval of time between cause and effect; since all the time is filled up with motion.
Nor must it be supposed that the whole cause is antecedent to the effect as a whole: for we often take the phenomenon on such a scale that minutes, days, years, ages, may elapse before we consider the cause as exhausted (e.g., an earthquake, a battle, an expansion of credit, natural selection operating on a given variety); and all that time the effect has been accumulating. But we may further consider such a cause as made up of moments or minute factors, and the effect as made up of corresponding moments; and then the cause, taken in its moments, is antecedent throughout to the effect, taken in its corresponding moments.
(4) The Cause is the invariable antecedent of the effect; that is to say, whenever a given cause occurs it always has the same effect: in this, in fact, consists the Uniformity of Causation. Accordingly, not every antecedent of an event is its Cause: to assume that it is so, is the familiar fallacy of arguing ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc.’ Every event has an infinite number of antecedents that have no ascertainable connection with it: if a picture falls from the wall in this room, there may have occurred, just previously, an earthquake in New Zealand, an explosion in a Japanese arsenal, a religious riot in India, a political assassination in Russia and a vote of censure in the House of Commons, besides millions of other less noticeable events, between none of which and the falling of the picture can any direct causation be detected; though, no doubt, they are all necessary occurrences in the general world-process, and remotely connected. The cause, however, was that a door slammed violently in the room above and shook the wall, and that the picture was heavy and the cord old and rotten. Even if two events invariably occur one after the other, as day follows night, or as the report follows the flash of a gun, they may not be cause and effect, though it is highly probable that they are closely connected by causation; and in each of these two examples the events are co-effects of a common cause, and may be regarded as elements of its total effect. Still, whilst it is not true that every antecedent, or that every invariable antecedent, of an event is its cause, the cause is conceived of as some change in certain conditions, or some state and process of things, such that should it exactly recur the same event would invariably follow. If we consider the antecedent state and process of things very widely or very minutely, it never does exactly recur; nor does the consequent. But the purpose of induction is to get as near the truth as possible within the limits set by our faculties of observation and calculation. Complex causal instances that are most unlikely to recur as a whole, may be analysed into the laws of their constituent conditions.
(5) The Cause is the Unconditional Antecedent. A cause is never simple, but may be analysed into several conditions; and ‘Condition’ means any necessary factor of a Cause: any thing or agent that exerts, absorbs, transforms, or deflects energy; or any relation of time or space in which agents stand to one another. A positive condition is one that cannot be omitted without frustrating the effect; a negative condition is one that cannot be introduced without frustrating the effect. In the falling of the picture, e.g., the positive conditions were the picture (as being heavy), the slamming of the door, and the weakness of the cord: a negative condition was that the picture should have no support but the cord. When Mill, then, defines the Cause of any event as its “unconditional” antecedent, he means that it is that group of conditions (state and process of things) which, without any further condition, is followed by the event in question: it is the least antecedent that suffices, positive conditions being present and negative absent.
Whatever item of the antecedent can be left out, then, without affecting the event, is no part of the cause. Earthquakes have happened in New Zealand and votes of censure in the House of Commons without a picture’s falling in this room: they were not unconditional antecedents; something else was needed to bring down a picture. Unconditionality also distinguishes a true cause from an invariable antecedent that is only a co-effect: for when day follows night something else happens; the Earth rotates upon her axis: a flash of gunpowder is not an unconditional antecedent of a report; the powder must be ignited in a closed chamber.
By common experience, and more precisely by experiment, it is found possible to select from among the antecedents of an event a certain number upon which, so far as can be perceived, it is dependent, and to neglect the rest: to purge the cause of all irrelevant antecedents is the great art of inductive method. Remote or minute conditions may indeed modify the event in ways so refined as to escape our notice. Subject to the limitations of our human faculties, however, we are able in many cases to secure an unconditional antecedent upon which a certain event invariably follows. Everybody takes this for granted: if the gas will not burn, or a gun will not go off, we wonder ‘what can be wrong with it,’ that is, what positive condition is wanting, or what negative one is present. No one now supposes that gunnery depends upon those “remotest of all causes,” the stars, or upon the sun being in Sagittarius rather than in Aquarius, or that one shoots straightest with a silver bullet, or after saying the alphabet backwards.
(6) That the Cause of any event is an Immediate Antecedent follows from its being an unconditional one. For if there are three events, A B C, causally connected, it is plain that A is not the unconditional antecedent of C, but requires the further condition of first giving rise to B. But that is not all; for the B that gives rise to C is never merely the effect of A; it involves something further. Take such a simple case as the motion of the earth round the sun (neglecting all other conditions, the other planets, etc.); and let the earth’s motion at three successive moments be A B C: A is not the whole cause of B in velocity and direction; we must add relation to the sun, say x. But then, again, the cause of C will not be merely Bx, for the relation to the sun will have altered; so that we must represent it as Bx’. The series, therefore, is Ax Bx’ C. What is called a “remote cause” is, therefore, doubly conditional; first, because it supposes an intervening cause; and secondly, because it only in part determines the conditions that constitute this intervening cause.
The immediacy of a cause being implied in its unconditionalness, is an important clue to it; but as far as the detection of causes depends upon sense-perception, our powers (however aided by instruments) are unequal to the subtlety of Nature. Between the event and what seems to us the immediate antecedent many things (molecular or etherial changes) may happen in Chemistry or Physics. The progress of science would be impossible were not observation supplemented by hypothesis and calculation. And where phenomena are treated upon a large scale, as in the biological and social sciences, immediacy, as a mark of causation, must be liberally interpreted. So far, then, as to the qualitative character of Causation.
(7) But to complete our account of it, we must briefly consider its quantitative character. As to the Matter contained, and as to the Energy embodied, Cause and Effect are conceived to be equal. As to matter, indeed, they may be more properly called identical; since the effect is nothing but the cause redistributed. When oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water, or with mercury to form red precipitate, the weight of the compound is exactly equal to the weight of the elements combined in it; when a shell explodes and knocks down a wall, the materials of the shell and wall are scattered about. As to energy, we see that in the heavenly bodies, which meet with no sensible impediment, it remains the same from age to age: with things ‘below the moon’ we have to allow for the more or less rapid conversion of the visible motion of a mass into other forms of energy, such as sound and heat. But the right understanding of this point involves physical considerations of some difficulty, as to which the reader must refer to appropriate books, such as Balfour Stewart’s on The Conservation of Energy.
The comprehension of the quantitative aspect of causation is greatly aided by Bain’s analysis of any cause into a ‘Moving or an Inciting Power’ and a ‘Collocation’ of circumstances. When a demagogue by making a speech stirs up a mob to a riot, the speech is the moving or inciting power; the mob already in a state of smouldering passion, and a street convenient to be wrecked, are the collocation. When a small quantity of strychnine kills a man, the strychnine is the inciting power; the nature of his nervo-muscular system, apt to be thrown into spasms by that drug, and all the organs of his body dependent on that system, are the collocation. Now any one who thinks only of the speech, or the drug, in these cases, may express astonishment at the disproportion of cause and effect: “What great events from trivial causes spring!”
But, remembering that the whole cause of the riot included the excited mob, every one sees that its muscular power is enough to wreck a street; and remembering that breathing depends upon the normal action of the intercostal muscles, it is plain that if this action is stopped by strychnine, a man must die. Again, a slight rise of temperature may be a sufficient inciting power to occasion extensive chemical changes in a collocation of elements otherwise stable; a spark is enough to explode a powder magazine. Hence, when sufficient energy to account for any effect cannot be found in the inciting power, or manifestly active condition, we must look for it in the collocation which is often supposed to be passive.
And that reminds us of another common misapprehension, namely, that in Nature some things are passive and others active: the distinction between ‘agent’ and ‘patient.’ This is a merely relative distinction: in Nature all things are active. To the eye some things seem at rest and others in motion; but we know that nothing is really at rest, that everything palpitates with molecular change, and whirls with the planet through space. Everything that is acted upon reacts according to its own nature: the quietest-looking object (say, a moss-covered stone), if we try to push or lift it, pushes or pulls us back, assuring us that ‘action and reaction are equal and opposite.’ ‘Inertia’ does not mean want of vigour, but may be metaphorically described as the inexpugnable resolve of everything to have its own way.
The equality of cause and effect defines and interprets the unconditionality of causation. The cause, we have seen, is that group of conditions which, without any further condition, is followed by a given event. But how is such a group to be conceived? Unquantified, it admits only of a general description: quantified, it must mean a group of conditions equal to the effect in mass and energy, the essence of the physical world. Apparently, a necessary conception of the human mind: for if a cause seem greater than its effect, we ask what has become of the surplus matter and energy; or if an effect seem greater than its cause, we ask whence the surplus matter and energy has arisen. So convinced of this truth is every experimenter, that if his results present any deviation from it, he always assumes that it is he who has made some mistake or oversight, never that there is indeterminism or discontinuity in Nature.
The transformation of matter and energy, then, is the essence of causation: because it is continuous, causation is immediate; and because in the same circumstances the transformation always follows the same course, a cause has invariably the same effect. If a fire be lit morning after morning in the same grate, with coal, wood, and paper of the same quality and similarly arranged, there will be each day the same flaming of paper, crackling of wood and glowing of coal, followed in about the same time by the same reduction of the whole mass partly to ashes and partly to gases and smoke that have gone up the chimney. The flaming, crackling and glowing are, physically, modes of energy; and the change of materials into gas and ashes is a chemical and physical redistribution: and, if some one be present, he will be aware of all this; and then, besides the physical changes, there will be sensations of light, sound and heat; and these again will be always the same in the same circumstances.
The Cause of any event, then, when exactly ascertainable, has five marks: it is (quantitatively) equal to the effect, and (qualitatively) the immediate, unconditional, invariable antecedent of the effect.
Section 3. This scientific conception of causation has been developed and rendered definite by the investigations of those physical sciences that can avail themselves of exact experiments and mathematical calculation; and it is there, in Chemistry and Physics, that it is most at home. The conception can indeed be carried into the Biological and Social Sciences, even in its quantitative form, by making the proper allowances. For the limbs of animals are levers, and act upon mechanical principles; and digestion and the aeration of the blood by breathing are partly chemical processes. There is a quantitative relation between the food a man eats and the amount of work he can do. The numbers of any species of plant or animal depend upon the food supply. The value of a country’s imports is equal to the value of its exports and of the services it renders to foreigners. But, generally, the less experiment and exact calculation are practicable in any branch of inquiry, the less rigorously can the conception of causation be applied there, the more will its application depend upon the qualitative marks, and the more need there will be to use it judiciously. In every inquiry the greatest possible precision must be aimed at; but it is unreasonable to expect in any case more precise proof than the subject admits of in the existing state of culture.
Wherever mental action is involved, there is a special difficulty in applying the physical notion of causation. For if a Cause be conceived of as matter in motion, a thought, or feeling, or volition can be neither cause nor effect. And since mental action is involved in all social affairs, and in the life of all men and animals, it may seem impossible to interpret social or vital changes according to laws of causation. Still, animals and men are moving bodies; and it is recognised that their thoughts and feelings are so connected with their movements and with the movements of other things acting upon them, that we can judge of one case by another; although the connection is by no means well understood, and the best words (such as all can agree to use) have not yet been found to express even what we know about it. Hence, a regular connection being granted, I have not hesitated, to use biological and social events and the laws of them, to illustrate causation and induction; because, though less exact than chemical or mechanical examples, they are to most people more familiar and interesting.
In practical affairs, it is felt that everything depends upon causation; how to play the fiddle, or sail a yacht, or get one’s living, or defeat the enemy. The price of pig-iron six months hence, the prospects of the harvest, the issue in a Coroner’s Court, Home Rule and Socialism, are all questions of causation. But, in such cases, the conception of a cause is rarely applied in its full scientific acceptation, as the unconditional antecedent, or ‘all the conditions’ (neither more nor less) upon which the event depends. This is not because men of affairs are bad logicians, or incapable of scientific comprehension; for very often the reverse is conspicuously true; but because practical affairs call for promptitude and a decisive seizing upon what is predominantly important. How learn to play the fiddle? “Go to a good teacher.” (Then, beginning young enough, with natural aptitude and great diligence, all may be well.) How defeat the enemy? “Be two to one at the critical juncture.” (Then, if the men are brave, disciplined, well armed and well fed, there is a good chance of victory.) Will the price of iron improve? “Yes: for the market is oversold”: (that is, many have sold iron who have none to deliver, and must at some time buy it back; and that will put up the price–if the stock is not too great, if the demand does not fall off, and if those who have bought what they cannot pay for are not in the meanwhile obliged to sell.) These prompt and decisive judgments (with the parenthetic considerations unexpressed) as to what is the Cause, or predominantly important condition, of any event, are not as good as a scientific estimate of all the conditions, when this can be obtained; but, when time is short, the insight of trained sagacity may be much better than an imperfect theoretical treatment of such problems.
Section 4. To regard the Effect of certain antecedents in a narrow selective way, is another common mistake. In the full scientific conception of an Effect it is the sum of the unconditional consequences of a given state and process of things: the consequences immediately flowing from that situation without further conditions. Always to take account of all the consequences of any cause would no doubt be impracticable; still the practical, as well as the scientific interest, often requires that we should enlarge our views of them; and there is no commoner error in private effort or in legislation than to aim at some obvious good, whilst overlooking other consequences of our action, the evil of which may far outweigh that good. An important consequence of eating is to satisfy hunger, and this is the ordinary motive to eat; but it is a poor account of the physiological consequences. An important consequence of firing a gun is the propulsion of the bullet or shell; but there are many other consequences in the whole effect, and one of them is the heating of the barrel, which, accumulating with rapid firing, may at last put the gun out of action. The tides have consequences to shipping and in the wear and tear of the coast that draw every one’s attention; but we are told that they also retard the rotation of the earth, and at last may cause it to present always the same face to the sun, and, therefore, to be uninhabitable. Such concurrent consequences of any cause may be called its Co-effects: the Effect being the sum of them.
The neglect to take account of the whole effect (that is, of all the co-effects) in any case of causation is perhaps the reason why many philosophers have maintained the doctrine of a “Plurality of Causes”: meaning not that more than one condition is operative in the antecedent of every event (which is true), but that the same event may be due at different times to different antecedents, that in fact there may be vicarious causes. If, however, we take any effect as a whole, this does not seem to be true. A fire may certainly be lit in many ways: with a match or a flint and steel, or by rubbing sticks together, or by a flash of lightning: have we not here a plurality of causes? Not if we take account of the whole effect; for then we shall find it modified in each case according to the difference of the cause. In one case there will be a burnt match, in another a warm flint, in the last a changed state of electrical tension. And similar differences are found in cases of death under different conditions, as stabbing, hanging, cholera; or of shipwreck from explosion, scuttling, tempest. Hence a Coroner’s Court expects to find, by examining a corpse, the precise cause of death. In short, if we knew the facts minutely enough, it would be found that there is only one Cause (sum of conditions) for each Effect (sum of co-effects), and that the order of events is as uniform backwards as forwards.
Still, as we are far from knowing events minutely, it is necessary in practical affairs, and even in the more complex and unmanageable scientific investigations, especially those that deal with human life, to acknowledge a possible plurality of causes for any effect. Indeed, forgetfulness of this leads to many rash generalisations; as that ‘revolutions always begin in hunger’; or that ‘myths are a disease of language.’ Then there is great waste of ingenuity in reconciling such propositions with the recalcitrant facts. A scientific method recognises that there may be other causes of effects thus vaguely conceived, and then proceeds to distinguish in each class of effects the peculiarities due to different causes.
Section 5. The understanding of the complex nature of Causes and Effects helps us to overcome some other difficulties that perplex the use of these words. We have seen that the true cause is an immediate antecedent; but if the cause is confounded with one of its constituent conditions, it may seem to have long preceded the event which is regarded as its effect. Thus, if one man’s death is ascribed to another’s desire of revenge, this desire may have been entertained for years before the assassination occurred: similarly, if a shipwreck is ascribed to a sunken reef, the rock was waiting for ages before the ship sailed that way. But, of course, neither the desire of revenge nor the sunken rock was ‘the sum of the conditions’ on which the one or the other event depended: as soon as this is complete the effect appears.
We have also seen the true effect of any state and process of things is the immediate consequence; but if the effect be confounded with one of its constituent factors, it may seem to long outlive the cessation of the cause. Thus, in nearly every process of human industry and art, one factor of the effect–a road, a house, a tool, a picture–may, and generally does, remain long after the work has ceased: but such a result is not the whole effect of the operations that produce it. The other factors may be, and some always are, evanescent. In most of such works some heat is produced by hammering or friction, and the labourers are fatigued; but these consequences soon pass off. Hence the effect as a whole only momentarily survives the cause. Consider a pendulum which, having been once set agoing, swings to and fro in an arc, under the joint control of the shaft, gravitation and its own inertia: at every moment its speed and direction change; and each change may be considered as an effect, of which the antecedent change was one condition. In such a case as this, which, though a very simple, is a perfectly fair example of all causation, the duration of either cause or effect is quite insensible: so that, as Dr. Venn says, an Effect, rigorously conceived, is only “the initial tendency” of its Cause.
Section 6. Mill contrasted two forms under which causation appears to us: that is to say, the conditions constituting a cause may be modified, or ‘intermixed’ in the effect, in two ways, which are typified respectively by Mechanical and Chemical action. In mechanical causation, which is found in Astronomy and all branches of Physics, the effects are all reducible to modes of energy, and are therefore commensurable with their causes. They are either directly commensurable, as in the cases treated of in the consideration of the mechanical powers; or, if different forms of energy enter into cause and effect, such as mechanical energy, electrical energy, heat, these different forms are severally reducible to units, between which equivalents have been established. Hence Mill calls this the “homogeneous intermixture of effects,” because the antecedents and consequents are fundamentally of the same kind.
In chemical causation, on the other hand, cause and effect (at least, as they present themselves to us) differ in almost every way: in the act of combination the properties of elements (except weight) disappear, and are superseded by others in the compound. If, for example, mercury (a heavy, silvery liquid) be heated in contact with oxygen (a colourless gas), oxide of mercury is formed (red precipitate, which is a powder). This compound presents very different phenomena from those of its elements; and hence Mill called this class of cases “the heteropathic intermixture of effects.” Still, in chemical action, the effect is not (in Nature) heterogeneous with the cause: for the weight of a compound is equal to the sum of the weights of the elements that are merged in it; and an equivalence has been ascertained between the energy of chemical combination and the heat, light, etc., produced in the act of combination.
The heteropathic intermixture of effects is also found in organic processes (which, indeed, are partly chemical): as when a man eats bread and milk, and by digestion and assimilation converts them into nerve, muscle and bone. Such phenomena may make us wonder that people should ever have believed that ‘effects resemble their causes,’ or that ‘like produces like.’ A dim recognition of the equivalence of cause and effect in respect of matter and motion may have aided the belief; and the resemblance of offspring to parents may have helped: but it is probably a residuum of magical rites; in which to whistle may be regarded as a means of raising the wind, because the wind whistles; and rain-wizards may make a victim shed tears that the clouds also may weep.
Section 7. Another consideration arises out of the complex character of causes and effects. When a cause consists of two or more conditions or forces, we may consider what effect any one of them would have if it operated alone, that is to say, its Tendency. This is best illustrated by the Parallelogram of Forces: if two forces acting upon a point, but not in the same direction, be represented by straight lines drawn in the direction of the forces, and in length proportional to their magnitudes, these lines, meeting in an angle, represent severally the tendencies of the forces; whilst if the parallelogram be completed on these lines, the diagonal drawn from the point in which they meet represents their Resultant or effect.
Again, considering the tendency of any force if it operated alone, we may say that, when combined with another force (not in the same direction) in any resultant, its tendency is counteracted: either partially, when the direction of the resultant is different; or wholly when, the other force being equal and opposite, the resultant is equilibrium. If the two forces be in the same direction, they are merely added together. Counteraction is only one mode of combination; in no case is any force destroyed.
Sometimes the separate tendencies of combined forces can only be theoretically distinguished: as when the motion of a projectile is analysed into a tendency to travel in the straight line of its discharge, and a tendency to fall straight to the ground. But sometimes a tendency can be isolated: as when,–after dropping a feather in some place sheltered from the wind, and watching it drift to and fro, as the air, offering unequal resistances to its uneven surface, counteracts its weight with varying success, until it slowly settles upon the ground,–we take it up and drop it again in a vacuum, when it falls like lead. Here we have the tendency of a certain cause (namely, the relation between the feather and the earth) free from counteraction: and this is called the Elimination of the counteracting circumstances. In this case indeed there is physical elimination; whereas, in the case of a projectile, when we say that its actual motion is resolvable (neglecting the resistance of the air) into two tendencies, one in the line of discharge, the other earthwards, there is only theoretical elimination of either tendency, considered as counteracting the other; and this is more specifically called the Resolution or Analysis of the total effect into its component conditions. Now, Elimination and Resolution may be said to be the essential process of Induction in the widest sense of the term, as including the combination of Induction with Deduction.
The several conditions constituting any cause, then, by aiding or counteracting one another’s tendencies, jointly determine the total effect. Hence, viewed in relation one to another, they may be said to stand in Reciprocity or mutual influence. This relation at any moment is itself one of co-existence, though it is conceived with reference to a possible effect. As Kant says, all substances, as perceived in space at the same time, are in reciprocal activity. And what is true of the world of things at any moment (as connected, say, by gravity), is true of any selected group of circumstances which we regard as the particular cause of any event to come. The use of the concept of reciprocity, then, lies in the analysis of a cause: we must not think of reciprocity as obtaining in the succession of cause and effect, as if the effect could turn back upon its cause; for as the effect arises its cause disappears, and is irrecoverable by Nature or Magic. There are many cases of rhythmic change and of moving equilibria, in which one movement or process produces another, and this produces something closely resembling the former, and so on in long series; as with the swing of a pendulum or the orbit of a planet: but these are series of cause and effect, not of reciprocity. |
A complex function (i.e. a function f: C → C, where C is the complex plane) is called holomorphic at a point z if it has a complex derivative
f'(z) = lim|h|→0 (f(z+h)-f(z))/h.
If the derivative is defined on all points in a domain
, f is said to be holomorphic on that domain. The definition exactly parallels that of differentiablity
on the real number
However, it turns out that if f is holomorphic, then its partial derivatives with respect to real and imaginary parts must satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. This connection in turn leads to f' itself being differentiable (as a real function R2→R2, where R2 is identified with C in the usual manner), and holomorphic. So such an f is infinitely differentiable! Furthermore, it turns out that the Taylor series for f near any point converge to f -- f is analytic.
This is much more than you get on the real line. There, if f is differentiable at a point, f' itself needn't be (consider, e.g., an indefinite integral of the function abs(x)=|x|). And even if f is infinitely differentiable, it still might not be analytic! (For an example, consider exp(-1/x^2) (and 0 at 0), which has all derivatives 0 at 0, but is positive for all x≠0!)
This extreme "rigidity" of holomorphic functions makes complex analysis very different from real analysis. |
A simple question from his wife—Does physics really allow people to travel back in time?—propelled physicist Richard Muller on a quest to resolve a fundamental problem that had puzzled him throughout his career: Why does the arrow of time flow inexorably toward the future, constantly creating new “nows?”
“The future does not yet exist … it is being created.”
That quest resulted in a new book called NOW: The Physics of Time (W. W. Norton, 2016), which delves into the history of philosophers’ and scientists’ concepts of time, uncovers a tendency physicists have to be vague about time’s passage, demolishes the popular explanation for the arrow of time,“ and proposes a totally new theory.
His idea: Time is expanding because space is expanding.
“The new physics principle is that space and time are linked; when you create new space, you will create new time,” says Muller, a professor emeritus of the University of California, Berkeley.
In commenting on the theory and Muller’s new book, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, host of the 2014 TV miniseries Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, writes, “Maybe it’s right. Maybe it’s wrong. But along the way he’s given you a master class in what time is and how and why we perceive it the way we do.”
“Time has been a stumbling block to our understanding of the universe,” adds Muller. “Over my career, I’ve seen a lot of nonsense published about time, and I started thinking about it and realized I had a lot to say from having taught the subject over many decades, having thought about it, having been annoyed by it, having some really interesting ways of presenting it, and some whole new ideas that have never appeared in the literature.”
The origin of ‘now’
Ever since the Big Bang explosively set off the expansion of the universe 13.8 billion years ago, the cosmos has been growing, something physicists can measure as the Hubble expansion. They don’t think of it as stars flying away from one another, however, but as stars embedded in space and space continually expanding.
Muller takes his lead from Albert Einstein, who built his theory of general relativity—the theory that explains everything from black holes to cosmic evolution—on the idea of a four-dimensional spacetime. Space is not the only thing expanding, Muller says; spacetime is expanding. And we are surfing the crest of that wave, what we call “now.”
“Every moment, the universe gets a little bigger, and there is a little more time, and it is this leading edge of time that we refer to as now,” he writes. “The future does not yet exist … it is being created. Now is at the boundary, the shock front, the new time that is coming from nothing, the leading edge of time.”
Because the future doesn’t yet exist, we can’t travel into the future, he asserts. He argues, too, that going back in time is equally improbable, since to reverse time you would have to decrease, at least locally, the amount of space in the universe. That does happen, such as when a star explodes or a black hole evaporates. But these reduce time so infinitesimally that the effect would be hidden in the quantum uncertainty of measurement—an instance of what physicists call cosmic censorship.
“The only example I could come up with is black hole evaporation, and in that case it turns out to be censored. So I couldn’t come up with any way to reverse time, and my basic conclusion is that time travel is not possible,” he says.
Merging black holes
Muller’s theory explaining the flow of time led to a collaboration with Caltech theoretician Shaun Maguire and a paper posted online in June that explains the theory in more detail—using mathematics—and proposes a way to test it using LIGO, an experiment that detects gravitational waves created by merging black holes.
“The idea of studying time itself did not exist prior to Einstein. Einstein gave physics the gift of time.”
If Muller and Maguire are right, then when two black holes merge and create new space, they should also create new time, which would delay the gravitational wave signal LIGO observes from Earth.
“The coalescing of two black holes creates millions of cubic miles of new space, which means a one-time creation of new time,” Muller says. The black hole merger first reported by LIGO in February 2016 involved two black holes weighing about 29 and 36 times the mass of the sun, producing a final black hole weighing about 62 solar masses. The new space created in the merger would produce about 1 millisecond of new time, which is near the detection level of LIGO. A similar event at one-third the distance would allow LIGO to detect the newly created time.
‘I expect controversy!’
Whether or not the theory pans out, Muller’s book makes a good case.
“[Muller] forges a new path. I expect controversy!” writes UC Berkeley Nobel laureate Saul Perlmutter, who garnered the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe. Muller initiated the project that led to that discovery, which involved measuring the distances and velocities of supernovae. The implication of that discovery is that the progression of time is also accelerating, driven by dark energy.
For the book project, Muller explored previous explanations for the arrow of time and discovered that many philosophers and scientists have been flummoxed by the fact that we are always living in the “now:” from Aristotle and Augustine to Paul Dirac—the discoverer of antimatter, which can be thought of as normal matter moving backward in time—and Albert Einstein. While philosophers were not afraid to express an opinion, most physicists basically ignored the issue.
“No physics theories have the flow of time built into them in any way. Time was just the platform on which you did your calculations—there was no ‘now’ mentioned, no flow of time,” Muller says. “The idea of studying time itself did not exist prior to Einstein. Einstein gave physics the gift of time.”
Einstein, however, was unable to explain the flow of time into the future instead of into the past, despite the fact that the theories of physics work equally well going forward or backward in time. And although he could calculate different rates of time, depending on velocity and gravity, he had no idea why time flowed at all. The dominant idea today for the direction of time came from Arthur Eddington, who helped validate Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Eddington put forward the idea that time flows in the direction of increasing disorder in the universe, or entropy. Because the Second Law of Thermodynamics asserts that entropy can never decrease, time always increases.
Was Stephen Hawking wrong?
This idea has been the go-to explanation since. Even Stephen Hawking, in his book A Brief History of Time, doesn’t address the issue of the flow of time, other than to say that it’s “self-evident” that increasing time comes from increasing entropy.
“I don’t see any way that it affects our everyday lives. But it is fascinating.”
Muller argues, however, that it is not self-evident: it is just wrong. Life and everything we do on Earth, whether building houses or making teacups, involves decreasing the local entropy, even though the total entropy of the universe increases. “We are constantly discarding excess entropy like garbage, throwing it off to infinity in the form of heat radiation,” Muller says. “The entropy of the universe does indeed go up, but the local entropy, the entropy of the Earth and life and civilization, is constantly decreasing.
“During my first big experiment, the measurement of the cosmic microwave radiation, I realized there is 10 million times more entropy in that radiation than there is in all of the mass of the universe, and it’s not changing with time. Yet time is progressing,” he says. “The idea that the arrow of time is set by entropy does not make any predictions, it is simply a statement of a correlation. And to claim it is causation makes no sense.”
In his book, Muller explains the various paradoxes that arise from the way the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics treat time, including the Schrodinger’s cat conundrum and spooky action at a distance that quantum entanglement allows. Neither of these theories addresses the flow of time, however. Theories about wormholes that can transport you across the universe or back in time are speculative and, in many cases, wrong.
The discussion eventually leads Muller to explore deep questions about the ability of the past to predict the future and what that says about the existence of free will.
Muller admits that his new theory about time may have observable effects only in the cosmic realm, such as our interpretation of the red shift—the stretching of light waves caused by the expansion of space—which would have to be modified to reflect the simultaneous expansion of time. The two effects may not be distinguishable throughout most of the universe’s history, but the creation of time might be discernible during the rapid cosmic inflation that took place just after the Big Bang, when space and time expanded much, much faster than today.
He is optimistic that in the next few years LIGO will verify or falsify his theory.
“I think my theory is going to have an impact on calculations of the very early universe,” Muller says. “I don’t see any way that it affects our everyday lives. But it is fascinating.”
Source: UC Berkeley |
Social Security Numbers:
Ensuring the Integrity of the SSN
GAO-03-941T: Published: Jul 10, 2003. Publicly Released: Jul 10, 2003.
In 1936, the Social Security Administration (SSA) established the Social Security Number (SSN) to track worker's earnings for social security benefit purposes. However, the SSN is also used for a myriad of non-Social Security purposes. Today, the SSN is used, in part, as a verification tool for services such as child support collection, law enforcement enhancements, and issuing credit to individuals. Although these uses of SSNs are beneficial to the public, SSNs are also a key piece of information in creating false identities. Moreover, the aggregation of personal information, such as SSNs, in large corporate databases, as well as the public display of SSNs in various public records, may provide criminals the opportunity to commit identity crimes. SSA, the originator of the SSN, is responsible for ensuring SSN integrity and verifying the authenticity of identification documents used to obtain SSNs. Although Congress has passed a number of laws to protect an individual's privacy, the continued use and reliance on SSNs by private and public sector entities and the potential for misuse underscores the importance of identifying areas that can be strengthened. Accordingly, this testimony focuses on describing (1) public and private sector use and display of SSNs, and (2) SSA's role in preventing the proliferation of false identities.
Public and some private sector entities rely extensively on SSNs. We reported last year that federal, state and county government agencies rely on the SSN to manage records, verify eligibility of benefit applicants, and collect outstanding debt. SSNs are also displayed on a number of public record documents that are routinely made available to the public. To improve customer service, some state and local government entities are considering placing more public records on the Internet. In addition, some private sector entities have come to rely on the SSN as an identifier, using it and other information to accumulate information about individuals. This is particularly true of entities that amass public and private data, including SSNs, for resale. Certain laws have helped to restrict the use of SSN and other information by these private sector entities to specific purposes. However, as a result of the increased use and availability of SSN information and other data, more and more personal information is being centralized into various corporate and public databases. Because SSNs are often the identifier of choice among individuals seeking to create false identities, to the extent that personal information is aggregated in public and private sector databases it becomes vulnerable to misuse. As the agency responsible for issuing SSNs and maintaining the earnings records for millions of SSN holders, SSA plays a unique role in helping to prevent the proliferation of false identities. Following the events of September 11, 2001, SSA formed a task force to address weaknesses in the enumeration process and developed major new initiatives to prevent the inappropriate assignment of SSNs to non-citizens, who represent the bulk of new SSNs issued by SSA's 1,333 field offices. SSA now requires field staff to verify the identity information and immigration status of all non-citizen applicants with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), prior to issuing an SSN. However, other areas remain vulnerable and could be targeted by those seeking fraudulent SSNs. These include SSA's process for assigning social security numbers for children under age one and issuing replacement social security cards. SSA also provides a service to states to verify the SSNs of driver license applicants. Fewer than half the states have used SSA's service and the extent to which they regularly use it varies. Factors such as cost, problems with system reliability, and state priorities and policies affect states' use SSA's service. We also identified a weakness in SSA's verification service that exposes some states to fraud by those using the SSNs of deceased persons. |
Coastal and Tropical South
Even the hardiest ferns, such as southern shield, can suffer in the thunderstorms and dry spells of midsummer. But they can be rejuvenated for the second half of the season. Snip off shriveled or broken fronds at ground level with scissors or flower snips to bring on new greens for fall.
Plant for Fall
It's time to plant seeds and seedlings to enjoy and harvest this fall. Parsley, cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower may need shade for their first weeks in the vegetable garden, but they will soon settle in and grow well. Zinnias, marigolds, and celosia come easily from seed now.
Improve Poorly Draining Soil
Soggy potting soil can bring on root problems. The first thing you notice may be tip burn on leaves. Clip off the damaged parts of the leaves and take steps to improve drainage, such as ditching around the beds. Repot container plants, if necessary, with freely draining potting soil.
It's "off with their heads" for tired or leggy annual flowers, followed by a dose fertilizer to get them blooming again. Impatiens, angelonia, and salvia recover rapidly from summer pruning. If caladiums send up flower shoots, they will go dormant. Cut off the spikes and fertilize with fish emulsion or another source of nitrogen.
Shear evergreen hedges at midsummer to spur new growth, especially inside the shrub's network of branchs. Boxwood, yaupon, and other little-leaved hollies too easily become nearly naked except for their outer stems. Prune so the base of the shrub is slightly wider than its top to let in sunlight and encourage more growth. |
Why have various countries of the former Soviet Union taken such dramatically different economic paths since the Union's breakup? This has been a lingering puzzle of the post-Cold War period.
Lithuania, for instance, has turned its attention westward, pursuing economic autonomy from Russia. Belarus, on the other hand, has tried to draw itself closer than any other former Soviet republic to Russia. Belarus is, as HBS Professor Rawi Abdelal writes in a new working paper, "the quintessential status quo state in Eurasia."
And Ukraine, the biggest of the three, both in size (it is nearly Texas to Lithuania's West Virginia) and in economic might (second only to Russia in the region) has tried to tread—apparently with ambivalence—a middle ground between Russia and the West. As Abdelal points out, the choices of these post-Soviet governments clearly did not derive from their relative power in the region.
An explanation, rather, lies in nationalism: in the degree to which these countries constructed and embraced their own concepts of national identity and allowed such concepts to influence economic policy.
As Abdelal argues in his working paper, titled "Nationalism and International Political Economy in Post-Soviet Eurasia," nationalism powerfully influences the world economy, particularly in post-imperial societies. National identities can—and in the case of the former Soviet Union, did—affect economic relations among states.
Yet scholarly research and theoretical frameworks of international political economy (IPE) to date have not adequately recognized nationalism's real sway. (See sidebar, "Dueling Theories of IPE.")
By analyzing the effects of nationalism on the three countries above, which represent the three apparent patterns of choice in the former Soviet Union, Abdelal has developed a solid basis from which to challenge, and fine-tune, the prevailing "Nationalist Perspective" in the study of international political economy. Refining theoretical distinctions is essential, says Abdelal. Current theories, by downplaying the meaning and importance of nationalism itself, do not suffice to explain why one country chooses to pull away from Russia, another rushes toward it, and a third tries to do both.
The Invention Of Nationalism
What is nationalism? Nations, national identities and nationalisms are all inventions. A national identity is a collective identity of a particular kind: an identity shared among a population and shaped by historical memory and cultural symbols. National identity can include components of language, ethnicity and religion.
"Nationalism is the use of the symbol of the nation for specific political, economic and cultural purposes," Abdelal writes. "It is the nation connected to a project."
Nationalism can propel economic policy in four ways. It sets a direction for policy, partly in response to a perceived "Other." It places economic policy within the context of a larger social purpose connected with protecting and cultivating the nation. It gives citizens a reason to sacrifice in pursuit of a higher national goal. And it expands the "time horizons" for a country's leaders and offers a compelling view of the future.
Content And Contestation
National identities vary from society to society in two ways, says Abdelal: in their content and contestation. Content means self-understandings and goals that are cultural, political and economic. Contestation indicates whether the goals within a given society are widely shared, or not.
This was the test for Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. They had to navigate the fast-changing and fluid post-Cold War world economy by choosing either Europe and the European Union, or Eurasia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. But how were their national identities going to help them decide?
Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine all began from more or less the same starting point. After the Soviet Union collapsed, all post-Soviet states were quite dependent economically on Russia. In each country, the titular ethnic group was the overwhelming majority, comprising at least 73 percent of the population. Economic links with the west were few. All three were relatively advanced economically compared to other nations in the former Soviet Union, so they seemed best prepared to make an economic transition to independent statehood. None of them—unlike regions in Central Asia and the Caucasus-faced serious internal upheaval or violence.
And, Abdelal contends, mainstream nationalists in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine in the first post-Soviet decade had nearly identical ideologies and foreign policy goals.
For nationalists in all three countries, Russia was the historical "Other," the nation against which they had to defend themselves. All considered Russia a threat, not so much because they feared a military invasion over their borders, but rather because they dreaded any repercussions of economic dependence on Russia. All were strongly pro-European. It is Abdelal's belief that if Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian nationalists had had their way, their states' foreign economic strategies during the 1990s would have been nearly identical.
For him, the political economy of post-Soviet international relations revolved around one basic question: "Did post-Soviet societies and politicians agree with their nationalists, or not?" The views of former communists-who rose to power in all three states—were crucial, as it turned out.
Lithuania Embraces Nationalism
"The arguments of nationalists matter most when the rest of society agrees with them," Abdelal points out. "In Lithuania, the rest of society agreed."
The national identity of Lithuania was so coherent, in fact, that no influential political party contradicted Lithuanian nationalists. Even though the LDDP party—the successor party to the Communist Party—won elections over the nationalists in 1992, it is remarkable that these former communists did not dispute the basic foreign-policy objectives of the nationalists concerning reorientation toward the west.
"The widely shared content of national identity [in Lithuania] gave both government and society the political will to endure the economic sacrifice of reorienting toward Europe," Abdelal writes. "The central theme of Lithuania's economic policies was the victory of the long view over the short."
Belarus after 1991 was larger, richer and stronger than Lithuania. Belarus even had nuclear weapons. But it never even tried to pursue autonomy from Russia. Belarusian citizens simply did not share their nationalists' interpretation of their collective identity: they were more inclined to adhere to pan-Slavic or lingering Soviet identities than to a distinctively "Belarusian" one. Citizens also did not like the nationalists' anti-Russian, pro-European content.
"Put most simply," Abdelal writes, "Belarus's fragmented national identity allowed economics to influence the foreign policy orientation of the country directly, unmediated by higher purposes of state."
In 1994, Belarusian President Aleksandr Lukashenko even insisted, despite criticism from nationalists, that it was "absolutely" in Belarus's interest to cling to Russia, and that such interest was clearly calculable.
"As always," he declared, "the opposition criticizes me for this ... saying that I am selling out our interest. You know, I'm an economist, not a photographer. I understand perfectly well what interest is. Interest is subject to accounting."
Nationalists, in stark contrast, never think that the national interest is subject to accounting. For them it derives from history, memory and culture.
Ukraine Is Divided
Ukraine, second only to Russia in material indicators of power in the region, initially pursued a policy of radical economic autonomy from Russia. But it did not sustain its efforts to reorient its economy toward the west.
Nationalism could not manage a united front. Ukrainians in various parts of the country, as it turned out, contested the content of Ukrainian national identity differently. And the politics of language—Ukraine is divided into three linguistic groups that cut across ethnic boundaries—complicated matters.
"Ukraine's national identity was too contested and fragmented regionally for the government to make a decisive break from the CIS and toward Europe, as did the Baltics," writes Abdelal. "At the same time, Ukraine's nationalism was too well-developed to be marginalized while the government sought to sell political autonomy for economic gain, as did Belarus."
A purely pro-western or pro-eastern foreign policy would have divided the country, since the first requires economic costs that east Ukrainians were not willing to bear. The second was not acceptable to west Ukrainians for reasons of identity.
"Ukraine therefore compromised its economic nationalism because of domestic politics," Abdelal notes.
While other theories in international political economy are certainly important, Abdelal believes, a theory based on national identity has the advantage of explaining the variety of results that occurred in post-Soviet society. While he does not claim that his renewed Nationalist Perspective can apply to all contexts of world politics, it should certainly be considered vis-a-vis political economy for post-imperial societies.
"Nationalisms rise as empires fall," he writes. "New states necessarily have fluid identities, which societies are in the process of choosing. And the sovereignties of new states in post-imperial contexts tend to be externally contested."
The twentieth century is filled with post-imperial moments, he concludes.
"The 1990s, 1960s, 1950s and 1920s were fundamental turning points in the history of Eurasia, Africa, Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe. Nationalism was a central influence on how they turned out." |
A recent paper published in the Hydrological Sciences Journal examines precipitation in southern China from 1956-2000 and finds precipitation has become both less extreme and less variable. Contrary to claims of climate alarmists, the paper adds to many others demonstrating that global warming decreases extreme weather including extreme precipitation, floods, droughts, and cyclone activity.
Furthermore, the authors find that the primary determinant of precipitation variability is the Sun, stating, "the annual precipitation in every sub-region in Guangdong province correlates with Sunspot Number with a 3-year lag."
Via the latest NIPCC Report:
Liu, D., Guo, S., Chen, X. and Shao, Q. 2012. Analysis of trends of annual and seasonal precipitation from 1956 to 2000 in Guangdong Province, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal 57: 358-369.
Writing as background for their study, Liu et al. (2012) state that "climate change is consistently associated with changes in a number of components of the hydrological cycle," including "precipitation patterns and intensity, and extreme weather events." Therefore, and in order to "provide advice for water resource management under climate change," they conducted a study of the subject in the Guangdong Province of Southern China, which occupies a land area of approximately 178,000 km2 and has a population of just over 96 million people (as of 2009).
Specifically, Liu et al. analyzed "trends of annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation in southern China (Guangdong Province) for the period 1956-2000 ... based on the data from 186 high-quality gauging stations," and they employed "statistical tests, including the Mann-Kendall rank test and wavelet analysis," in order to determine whether the precipitation series exhibited any regular trends or periodicities.
In describing their findings the four researchers report that "annual precipitation has a slightly decreasing trend in central Guangdong and slight increasing trends in the eastern and western areas of the province," but they say that "all the annual trends are not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level." In addition, they discovered that "average precipitation increases in the dry season in central Guangdong, but decreases in the wet season," such that "precipitation becomes more evenly distributed within the year." Last of all, they state that "the results of wavelet analysis show prominent precipitation with periods ranging from 10 to 12 years in every [italics added] sub-region in Guangdong Province." And comparing precipitation with the 11-year sunspot cycle, they find that "the annual precipitation in every [italics added] sub-region in Guangdong province correlates with Sunspot Number with a 3-year lag."
Rather than becoming more extreme in the face of 1956-2000 global warming, Liu et al.'s analysis of the pertinent data suggest that precipitation in China's Guangdong Province has become both less extreme and less variable. And the temporal precipitation patterns that do emerge upon proper analysis suggest that the primary player in their determination is the sun. |
Gardeners can propagate elderberry (Sambucus spp.) simply by taking a cutting and rooting it in the soil. Propagation from cuttings is a basic method used to start woody shrubs and some herbaceous perennials. Softwood cuttings are best for propagating elderberries, thanks to their new growth that is just beginning to harden and mature. Take your cuttings in June, July or August and root them in the soil right away. A cutting forms new roots from leaf nodes on the stem and grows into a new elderberry plant identical to the parent.
Select a springy new branch that is just beginning to harden and turn from green to brown.
Cut the branch into sections 4 to 6 inches long, making multiple cuttings from a single branch.
Pinch off the leaves from the lower two-thirds of the cutting, leaving at least one set of leaves at the top.
Combine 1 part peat moss to 1 part sand in a bucket and mix it with water until the soil medium is damp and crumbly. Don't use regular garden soil to root elderberry cuttings. The medium has to be sterile and drain well or the cutting will rot without forming new roots.
Fill a 2- to 4-inch pot with the damp sterile soil mix.
Stick the bottom one-third of the cutting into the soil mix.
Place a clear plastic bag upside down over the pot and fasten the opening with a rubber band or twist tie to create a humid, warm environment around the cutting.
Put the cutting in a spot that gets bright indirect light, such as outside or on a porch. Summer climates provide enough natural heat for the cuttings as long as they are in the plastic bag.
Remove the plastic bag every two to three days and mist the elderberry cutting with water. When the top of the soil medium starts to dry out, add water until it is evenly damp.
Replace the plastic bag after each watering session.
Give the cutting a very gentle tug six weeks after rooting it. When the elderberry is firm in the soil, it's ready to transplant.
Fill a 6-inch pot with quality potting soil. Slide the cutting out of the starter pot and place it in the center of the new pot, keeping the base of the cutting at the same level in the soil.
Soak the potting soil around the cutting. At this point, leave the plastic bag off and place the elderberry back into filtered indirect light.
Fertilize the growing elderberry once a month using an all-purpose water-soluble balanced fertilizer as directed on the package label.
Transplant the elderberry cutting into the landscape in the spring following rooting. Pick a spot that gets full sun or part shade, with humus rich soil and good drainage. Dig a planting hole and place the new elderberry shrub into the soil with the base of the stem level with the soil line.
Things You Will Need
- Pruning shears
- In Mediterranean climates, American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) is a good choice because it's hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 9. Look for this plant under some of its other common names -- Arizona elderberry, wild elderberry or New Mexican elder. There are a variety elderberry species that grow best in zones 3 through 8.
- Take cuttings first thing in the morning, and keep them cool and damp until planting time or, better yet, plant them right away.
- Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images |
Your credit score measures your risk of paying late or defaulting on a loan. Lenders use credit scores along with the rest of your loan information to measure your likelihood of paying back the debt on time. Credit scores allow mortgage companies to use software programs called automated underwriting systems, or AUS, to determine if the amount of risk is acceptable for the loan program requested.
The three major credit bureaus are Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. Lenders are encouraged to report loans and payment history to the credit bureaus on a monthly basis. When companies need to examine a potential borrower's payment history, they buy a credit report using the borrower's name, address and Social Security number. Each credit bureau calculates the credit score differently. This is why the exact same information can be on all three credit reports and they all report a different credit score.
Factors that Affect Credit Scores
Many factors affect your credit score. Making your payments on time every month is one important factor. Payments made more than 30 days late will lower your credit score. Collections, judgments, tax liens, bankruptcy and foreclosure can have devastating effects on your credit score. Each time you authorize someone to look at your credit that can lower your credit score as well.
Raising Your Credit Score
One misconception is the belief that paying off credit cards will raise your credit score. The credit bureaus want to see your ability to manage ongoing credit without missing payments or using the entire credit line. Pay down your credit cards so the balances are between 30 to 45 percent of the total available credit line. The older the credit line, the better. If you close a credit card, close the newest ones first and keep the older ones.
Finding the Middle Score
Mortgage lenders require access to all three credit bureaus for each borrower. They use the mid-credit score. If your three scores were 780, 776 and 790 they would use the middle of the three scores, in this case 780. They would not average the scores by adding the three numbers together and dividing the sum by three.
Minimum Credit Score Requirement
In January 2010, the Federal Housing Authority, or FHA, began requiring a minimum 580 credit score for any FHA loan with less than a 10 percent down payment or equity if the loan is a refinance. Conventional loans require a minimum credit score of 620. Lenders are allowed to require their own minimum credit score requirements beyond what the mortgage investors and insurers require. Having the required score does not guarantee loan approval; it is only one factor that lenders consider when approving a loan.
- sign. loan sale image by L. Shat from Fotolia.com |
“In 1840 what we know as the San Gabriel Valley was still a part México. Life in Alta California was separate, slightly different form of la cultura Mexicana. Some of the migrants of that time were Atlantic Yanquis who became a part of the “Californio” culture. Landowners Benito Wilson, Abel Stearns, Jaun Bandini, and Eulalia Pérez de Guillen de Mariné all spoke and did business in Spanish.
|Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné|
People with the last names Ávila, Coronél, Sepulveda, Garfias, Bandini, Eaton, owned, managed or lived on Rancho El Rincón de Pascual and its neighbor ranchos. Doña Eulalia and her daughters are a part of our regional story, as are Victoria Reid, Arcadia Bandini, Encarnacion Sepulveda – women too often left out of our shared history. Cultivating land and family were the work of countless husbands and wives who lived here. Educating in reason, responsibility and religion filled hours and hours of lives: aristocrat and worker alike.
|Plat of San Pascual Rancho, U.S. Surveyors Office, September 18th, 1858|
As a result of the U.S./Mexican War (1846-1848), the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was law. Coupled with the Gold Rush and Manifest Destiny el Estado de Alta California became one of the United States of America. By 1850 a historical rupture took that place forever changed language, laws, and identity of our valley. Conflicts that we usually think of as being distant like El Cinco de mayo (Battle of Puebla) and the battles of the Civil War affected those who lived on Rancho San Pascual. In 1858 Benito Wilson acquired the last of Rancho San Pascual from Manuel Garfias and the transition from Rancho San Pascual to San Pasqual Rancho signaled the end of one era and the beginning of another. |
Stretching and Warming Up
Do you warm up before working out? How about stretching your muscles? If not, you need to start. Before you begin a hardcore strength training or an intense cardio workout, you need to stretch and warm up your muscles to prevent injury. The process is warm up, stretch, complete your strength training/intense cardio session, then stretch some more.
Warming up is one of the most important elements of an exercise program. It is usually a low level activity such as brisk walking or light jogging or even jumping jacks. It prepares your heart for the more rigorous exercise and raises total body temperature as well as muscle temperature. The warm up period allows the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system and the musckuloskeletal system to gradually increase its demand in order to prepare for the grueling session you will embark on.
There are two types of warm-ups: Passive warm-up and active warm-up
In passive warm-up, since the idea is to raise body temperature to loosen muscles effectively, you passively warm up your body. You can do this through wearing heavy apparel, or extra layers of clothing or sitting in a sauna/steam bath. An advantage of passive warm-ups is that energy is not spent, allowing you to put all your energy into the more intense work out. However, the disadvantage is that the body will warm up slower, extending the time of your total workout, especially disadvantageous if you have a busy lifestyle.
In active warm-ups, it means what you think it means. You are actively warming up your body through light activity. An example would be jogging at the lowest intensity for a few minutes, or doing 20 jumping jacks. The idea is to get your heart pumping and blood circulating to raise the temperature of the body, which inturn helps to heat up the muscles, ligaments and tendons. Active warm-ups are generally more effective than passive warm-ups, but you can combine the two.
Next comes the stretching. Have you ever thought you should just stretch before starting your workout and believe its enough? Well your thinking might be incorrect. You need to stretch after you warm up. Why? If you stretch before, your muscles are cold and you are more prone to injury such as muscle tear or strain. The warm-up period before stretching leads to an increase in the temperatures of the mucles, which allows the collagen fibers of the muscles to become more elastic like a rubber band. This lets you stretch out the muscles more effectively without the risk of injury.
After warming up, do dynamic stretching. Dynamic stretching means slow controlled movements rather than remaining still and holding a stretch. These may include rotating your arms in a circle while they are extended outward, hip rotations, neck rotations, as well as knee lifts in which you bring your knee up to your chest while twisting your body the other way. For example, lift your right knee to your chest and twist your hips to the right. Then use the other knee, without stopping. Another stretch is to bend your knee and bring your leg so that your feet touch your buttocks. This stretches the the quads. Don’t hold the position though, move on to the other leg bending your knee and touching your buttock. Perform dynamic stretches for 30 seconds of each stretch technique. You can also consider yoga. If you are familiar with the basics of yoga, you can perform the sun salutation posture to stretch multiple parts of the body, or even the downward-facing dog position.
So you’ve warmed up, you’ve stretched and you’re finished with your intense workout session. Now what? Stretch some more, that’s what! This time perform static stretches. Static stretches will lengthen your muscle and improve flexibility. These are the stretches you will do while remaining still with no movements. Such examples would be sitting down and extending your feet either directly in front of you or spreading your legs and bending over so that you are reaching for your ankles. The same can be done while standing up. Another such stretching includes extending one arm across your chest while using the other arm to bring the extended arm closer to the chest. In this example, bring your right arm across the chest towards your left side and use your left arm to hold the position by holding the top of your right arm or shoulder. Yet another static stretch would be to tilt your neck to either side and hold the position.
Proper warm-ups provide many benefits due to the elevated temperatures that result from it. The potential of injury is reduced, athletic performance can be improved, it increases muscle efficiency and also reduces the severity of post-exercise muscle soreness. The higher temperatures and increased blood flow from warming up are important for delivery of oxygen to the muscles and for prevention of unwanted waste products that lead to soreness.
Stretching after warming up and before your more rigorous workout further prevents from muscle injury. It also helps in flexiblity of the muscles and joints, improves the range of motion for exercises and lengthens your muscles. Perform dynamic stretches after your warm up and static stretches after your intense workout session. |
Catsup is also called ketchup or catch-up and is made from tomatoes. Hence ketchup is also called tomato ketchup, Tommy sauce, and red sauce. Ketchup is used as a condiment in sandwiches, fried food, burgers, French fries, fish fries, chips and even grilled meats. Ketchup is made from tomatoes along with spices like garlic and cloves. Different recipes may exist at different places for the tomato ketchup with the inclusion of herbs, allspice, cinnamon and onions.
Originally, ketchup was used to refer to a sauce made out of mushrooms with herbs and spices. It is supposed to be Chinese in origin with the name ke - tsiap, implying a pickled ˜fish sauce”.
Ingredients and Preparation
The main ingredients used for the preparation of catsup are – tomatoes, sugar, garam masala (allspice), salt, red chilli powder, acetic acid (white vinegar), corn flour and sodium benzoate (preservative).
Take ripe tomatoes, wash them and cut into small pieces, boil to cook the tomatoes, strain the cooked tomatoes using a strainer (having fine sieve), and now we have the tomato pulp without the seeds. Boil the pulp to make it thick and add the sugar during boiling. Dissolve the corn flour in a little water and add to the boiling pulp, now add garam masala, red chilli powder and salt and mix them all very well. Remove from the heat when it becomes thick. Add vinegar and preservative in some water mix it with the sauce, and let the catsup cool.
Health and Nutrition Facts
Serving size – 240 g
Approximate values per serving (Calories - 233 cal, Fat – 1 g, Carbohydrates – 60 g, Protein – 4 g, Saturated fat – 0 g, Cholesterol – 0 mg, Sodium – 267 mg, Dietary fiber – 1 g, Sugars – 55 g)
Nutritional Benefits of Catsup are
1. Very low in saturated fats
2. Zero cholesterol
3. Good source of Vitamins A and C
4. Contains potassium, calcium and iron
5. Also Contains Dietary fiber
1. Catsup contains potassium which is good for people suffering from hypertension (high blood pressure)
2. Catsup also contains Vitamin A and C. Vitamin A helps in enhancement of night vision. Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant, helps maintaining healthy gums and prevents the scurvy (a disease).
3. Catsup is a good source of Calcium and Iron. Calcium is required for the healthy bones and teeth. Iron which helps in the formation of hemoglobin which in turn aids in transport of oxygen in body.
4. It contains Dietary fiber which is required for better health and digestion
Disadvantage of Catsup
Catsup is high in sodium hence can create risk for the people already suffering from hypertension. Also a large amount of calories come from sugar. |
Sveiki! Varbūt kāds zinošāks var palīdzēt?
1) Dispersion in a capillary tube:
Griffiths: "It is obvious that movement of the center of the column of the tracers must measure the mean speed of flow." First, because the water at the center of the tube moves with twice the mean speed of the flow (the Hagen-Poiseuille flow), the water at (or near) the center must approach the column of tracer, absorb the tracer as it passes through the column, and then reject the tracer as it leaves on the other side of the column.
"Tracers" te domāts kā "tracer fluid".
2) Kas ir beadpacks? Many researchers have carried out experimental studies of dispersion, almost exclusively, in beadpacks, unconsolidated sandpacks and sandstones. |
By Anna-Claire Bevan
GUATEMALA — When you open a newspaper in Guatemala you are invariably greeted by a series of numbers:
• How many people were killed the previous day,
• How many people have been arrested in conjunction with the crime.
The answers are typically: high and zero.
During the past decade, the number of females appearing in these articles has been rapidly increasing. So much so that the recently elected President, right-wing retired general Otto Pérez Molina, has announced the creation of a new task force to combat the country’s high femicide rate.
This new unit, which will be led by former Prosecutor Mirna Carrera and will focus on intelligence and investigative efforts, aims to reduce the number of female deaths by 25 percent this year; but it won’t be an easy battle.
Human rights groups say Guatemala is currently witnessing epidemic levels of violence against women. Raped, murdered and mutilated, their bodies are dumped in rubbish bags and abandoned in public places. Since the year 2000, over 5,000 women and young girls have been murdered throughout the Central American nation.
“Femicide is being addressed as a matter of state policy, and a message is being sent out to aggressors that their actions will not be tolerated and that they will be punished,” says Mayra Sandoval, a representative of the non-governmental Observatory against Femicide.
Despite the courts passing a law three years ago to formally recognize femicide as a crime that comprises both physical and psychological elements of abuse to women, it has done little to reduce impunity rates.
According to Amnesty International, Guatemalan women experience one of the highest levels of violence in the world; and while death rates continue to rise, convictions do not.
Only about two percent of femicide cases ever reach sentencing, so the government’s new task force has a lot of work to do. Even Guatemala’s top law enforcer, attorney general Claudia Paz, admits most crimes against women go unpunished:
“The justice system hasn’t given violence cases the importance they deserve. And with violence against women, the problem is even worse,” says Paz.
Femicide, defined as “the killing of females by males because they are female”, has long been a problem across Latin America and over time the media has grown numb to the violence.
Often women from indigenous communities are targeted for rape and other forms of sexual violence, torture and killings specifically because of their indigenous identity. In the past, little has been done to counter it: attacks were rarely investigated and seldom brought to trial.
Last year, international human rights groups joined together to urge Guatemala’s authorities to take action against the high number of women being murdered across the country and ensure perpetrators were brought to justice. Then, last month, two Nobel Peace Prize winners, Rigoberta Menchu and Jody Williams, came to Guatemala with the same objective.
Finally the government is listening.
But while human rights groups and Nobel Laureates can campaign for adequate policies, it is up to the new “task force to combat femicide” to implement effective programes and preventive efforts that will tackle the core of the problem – pervasive poverty and legal exclusion.
Anna-Claire Bevan is a Guatemala-based freelance correspondent for Latina Lista. |
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Also found in: Acronyms, Wikipedia.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The power of a court to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings in question belong.
For a court to have authority to adjudicate a dispute, it must have jurisdiction over the parties and over the type of legal issues in dispute. The first type of jurisdiction is called Personal Jurisdiction; the other is subject matter jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction will be found if the persons involved in the litigation are present in the state or are legal residents of the state in which the lawsuit has been filed, or if the transaction in question has a substantial connection to the state.Subject matter jurisdiction refers to the nature of the claim or controversy. The subject matter may be a criminal infringement, Medical Malpractice, or the probating of an estate. Subject matter jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear particular types of cases. In state court systems, statutes that create different courts generally set boundaries on their subject matter jurisdiction. One state court or another has subject matter jurisdiction of any controversy that can be heard in courts of that state. Some courts specialize in a particular area of the law, such as probate law, Family Law, or Juvenile Law. A person who seeks custody of a child, for example, must go to a court that has authority in guardianship matters. A Divorce can be granted only in a court designated to hear matrimonial cases. A person charged with a felony cannot be tried in a criminal court authorized to hear only misdemeanor cases.
In addition to the legal issue in dispute, the subject matter jurisdiction of a court may be determined by the monetary value of the dispute—the dollar amount in controversy. Small claims courts, also known as conciliation courts, are limited by state statutes to small amounts of money in controversy, ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 depending upon the state. Therefore, if a plaintiff sues a defendant in Small Claims Court for $50,000, the court will reject the lawsuit because it lacks subject matter jurisdiction based on the amount in controversy. The amount in controversy limitations are designed to regulate the flow of litigation in the various courts of the state, ensuring that complicated disputes over large sums of money will be heard in courts that have the time and resources to hear such cases.
The U.S. Constitution gives jurisdiction over some types of cases to federal courts only. Cases involving Ambassadors and Consuls or public ministers, admiralty and maritime cases, and cases in which the United States is a party must be heard in federal courts. Congress has also created subject matter jurisdiction by statute, mandating that antitrust suits, most Securities lawsuits, Bankruptcy proceedings, and patent and Copyright cases be heard in federal courts.
The Constitution also allows federal district courts to hear cases involving any rights or obligations that arise from the Constitution or other federal law. This is called federal question jurisdiction. Federal courts also have diversity jurisdiction, which gives the courts authority to hear cases involving disputes among citizens of different states. If, however, the amount in controversy is less than $10,000, federal question and diversity jurisdiction will not apply, and the case must be brought in state court. Even if the $10,000 amount is satisfied, a plaintiff may start the lawsuit in state court. A defendant, however, may seek to have the case moved to the federal court in that state by filing a transfer request called a removal action.
A defendant who believes that a court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case may raise this issue before the trial court or in an appeal from the judgment. If a defect in subject matter jurisdiction is found, the judgment will usually be rendered void, having no legal force or binding effect. |
The relationship between charged-particle radiation dose measured with silicon sensors and the dose that biological tissue would receive in the same setting is assessed as a function of how much energy the charged particles would deposit in water (which serves as a proxy for biological tissue). This graph shows the flux of energetic particles (vertical axis) as a function of the estimated energy deposited in water (horizontal axis). The term "dose equivalent," which is used to discuss health risk from radiation exposure, takes this relationship into account. A quality factor, Q, is used to convert measured dose to dose equivalent. The green line on this graph indicates the biological weighting function of how Q is related to how charged-particle radiation deposits energy in water.
These factors have been used in the process of interpreting the ramifications for future human interplanetary missions from the measurements made by the Radiation Assessment Detector inside NASA's Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft during the spacecraft's travel from Earth to Mars in 2011 and 2012.
Southwest Research Institute, in San Antonio, Texas, and Boulder, Colo., supplied and operates the RAD instrument in collaboration with Germany's national aerospace research center, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project and the mission's Curiosity rover for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI
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Last edited by cyray7; Apr 2nd 2008 at 01:59 PM.
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Originally Posted by cyray7 A population of ladybugs rapidly multiplies so that the population t days from now is given by A(t) = 3000e^(.01t). How many ladybugs are present now? How many will there be after a week?
im totally lost on this one! Where do i begin and where do i end?! When they ask for now, this is time = 0. Plug in 0 for your t and you should get 3000 ladybugs right now.
Since t represents days, 1 week = 7 days, so plug in 7 for t and you get your new population 1 week from now.
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One of the best adventure novels in the Soviet (and Russian) literature, The Two Captains by Veniamin Kaverin, is a story of a boy, Sanya Grigoryev, who becomes a polar pilot. Since childhood he dreamed of finding the traces of the lost polar expedition of captain Tatarinov and finally found. By the way, this book gave the second life to the famous motto:"То strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield". Captain Tatarinov had a literary prototype in real life. Even three prototypes: Georgiy Sedov, Georgiy Brusilov and Vladimir Rusanov. All three departed to the polar seas in 1912 and neither of them returned.
Sedov was born in 1877 in Ukraine, on the shores of the Azov Sea. His father left his family looking for job and Georgiy became a fisherman in the age of seven. He was illiterate till 14 years; then his father returned home and Georgiy finished three-year course of a church school in two years and left his home. In 1894 he entered the sea college in Rostov, but abandoned it in 1897. He then entered the sea school in Poti (modern Georgia). He studied and worked and finally in 1898 he got the diploma of the navigator. Three years later he became a navy officer and for the first time he came to the Arctic Ocean, where he participated in a geographic expedition. During the Russo-Japanese war he was the captain of a ship in the Bay of Amur. In 1908-1910 he worked in a geographic expedition on the Caspian Sea and on Novaya Zemlya in the Arctic. In 1911 he became a member of the Russian Geographic Society and Russian Astronomical Society. After this success, the tsar Nikolay II invited Sedov to visit him and during a long conversation Sedov told Nikolay of his dream.
Robert Peary discovered the North Pole in 1909, but it was soon found out that because of the inexact astronomical instruments it's hard to tell whether he really was on the Pole. On the other hand, Russia was often criticized for the lack of efforts in the exploration of the polar seas. Sedov decided to become the first Russian to reach the North Pole. To do so, he had to begin the expedition earlier than Roald Amundsen, who planned to depart in 1913. Sedov hurried and his plans were censured by the Russian geographers as too dangerous and poorly prepared. So, Peary had 250 dogs and 4 support groups, while Sedov's expedition included 3 men and 39 dogs. However, Nikolay II supported him and donated 10,000 rubles for the expedition. Newspapers organized the fundraising campaign and soon Sedov was ready to go. Sedov reviewed his plans and increased the number of dogs to 60, but had to decrease the food rations. What he didn't know was that while he was so busy with the preparations and had not enough time for the control, the merchants sold him local mutts for huskies and rotten meat for pemmikan.
On 27 August 1912 the ship Svyatóy Múchenik Foká (Saint Martyr Phokas) left Arkhangelsk. Actually, it was too late to begin the expedition, but the race with Amundsen forced Sedov to depart. Of course, Sedov knew it and he planned to spend the first winter on Novaya Zemlya, on cape Pankratyev. During the whole winter they performed geographic and astronomic observations. So, Sedov and the boatswain Inyutin mapped 700 kilometres of the northern shores of Novaya Zemlya. Because of the cold winter, in 1913 only on 2 September they managed to get out of the ice and to head to Franz-Joseph Land where they spent the next winter. By this time the food shortage became obvious and some of the members of the expedition, including Sedov himself, fell ill with scurvy. In spite of the disease, on 2 January (15 January New Style) 1915 Sedov and two sailors, Grigory Linnik and Alexander Pustoshny, went to the North Pole with only 8 dogs. They were very ill. The temperature fell to -40C. Trying to save the fuel they ate cold meat and made "tea" by melting the snow with their own breath. On 22 February (5 March New Style) Sedov died near island Rudolf, the northernmost island of the northernmost Russian archipelago. Linnik and Pustoshny buried him on the island, erecting a cross made of two skis with the English inscription: "Sedov Pol. Exped. 1912". On 9 March the sailors decided to return and on 19 March they came back to St. Foka. In August the ship returned to Arkhangelsk. Only then his wife Vera learned of his death.
How could Sedov, an experienced traveler and geographer, hope to reach the Pole, to follow 1,000 kilometres to the Pole and 1,000 kilometres back, with only two ill sailors and a handful of dogs? Perhaps, it was hopeless. I think he knew it was. Of course, it was not a suicide, rather a desperate attempt to leave Amundsen behind. Not to become the first, but to win the pole for Russia (Sedov's diaries seem to confirm this point of view).
His expedition, however, was not a complete disaster. First, they gathered a huge amount of information about Russian North. The information which was invaluable for the next expeditions. And second, there was a man in the crew, Vladimir Vize, who became later one of the leading Soviet geographers, exploreers of the Arctic. It was Vize who proposed to use drifting ice polar stations to explore the Arctic Ocean. Probably, two years on St.Foka helped him to elaborate this idea.
In 1931 N.Pinegin, painter and scientist who was a member of the expedition, returned to island Rudolf and built a new cross on Sedov's grave.
There are eleven geographic locations named after Georgiy Sedov. The largest training tallship of the world is named Georgiy Sedov. Sedov's grandson was the first captain of the tallship. There is bay of Vera and glacier Vera in Novaya Zemlya named by Sedov after his wife. |
Cortez, Hernando Essay, Research Paper Cortez, HernandoCort s, Hern n or Cortez, Hernando (1485-1547), Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec Empireof Mexico. Cort s was born in Medell n, Extremadura. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, but cut short his university career in 1501 and decided to try his fortune in the New World.
Cortez, Hernando Essay, Research Paper
Cortez, HernandoCort s, Hern n or Cortez, Hernando (1485-1547), Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec Empireof Mexico. Cort s was born in Medell n, Extremadura. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, but cut short his university career in 1501 and decided to try his fortune in the New World. He sailed for Santo Domingo in the spring of 1504. In 1511 he joined the Spanish soldier and administrator Diego Vel zquez in the conquest of Cuba, and subsequently became alcalde (mayor) of Santiago de Cuba. In 1518 he persuaded Vel zquez, who had become governor of Cuba, to give him the command of an expedition to Mexico. The mainland had been discovered the year before by the Spanish soldier and explorer Francisco Fern ndez de C rdoba andsubsequently by Juan de Grijalva, nephew of Vel zquez. On February 19, 1519, Cort s, with a force of some 600 men, fewer than 20 horses, and 10 field pieces,set sail from Cuba, despite the cancellation of his commission by Vel zquez, who had become suspicious thatCort s, once in a position to establish himself independently, would refuse to recognize his authority. Cort s sailed along the coast of Yucat n and in March 1519 landed in Mexico, subjugating the town of Tabasco; the artillery of the Spaniards, the ships, and particularly the horses filled the natives with awe. From the natives of Tabasco Cort s learned of the Aztec Empire and its ruler, Montezuma II. Cort s took numerous captives, one of whom, Malinche (baptized Marina), became his mistress; out ofloyalty to him she acted as the interpreter, guide, and counselor for the Spaniards. Finding a better harbor a little north of San Juan, the Spaniards moved there and established a town, La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz (now Veracruz). Cort s organized an independent government, and renouncing the authority of Vel zquez, acknowledged only the supreme authority of the Spanish crown. In order to prevent those of his small force who opposed this movement from deserting him and carrying the news to Cuba, Cort s destroyed his fleet.After negotiations with Montezuma, who tried to persuade Cort s not to enter the capital city ofTenochtitl n, Cort s started his famous march inland. He overcame the native Tlascalans and then formed an alliance with them against the Aztecs, their enemies. From that time until the conquest was achieved, the Tlascalans continued to be the most important of all the native allies of the Spaniards. Montezuma pursued an irresolute policy during Cort s’s march, and finally determined not to oppose theSpanish invaders but to await their arrival at the Aztec capital and to learn more about their purposes. On November 8, 1519, Cort s and his small force, with some 600 native allies, entered the city andestablished headquarters in one of its large communal dwellings. Because of an Aztec prophecy about the return of Quetzalcoatl, a legendary god-king who was light skinned and bearded, Cort s was believed to be a god and was received with honor. The Spanish soldiers were allowed to roam through the city at their pleasure and found much gold and other treasures in the storehouses. Despite the amicable reception given the Spaniards, Cort s had reason to believe that attempts would be made to drive him out. To safeguard his position, he seized Montezuma as hostage and forced him to swear allegiance to Charles I, king of Spain, and to provide a ransom of an enormous sum in gold and jewels. Meanwhile Vel zquez dispatched an expedition under the Spanish soldier Panfilo de Narv ez to Mexico. In April 1520, Cort s received word that Narv ez had arrived on the coast. Leaving 200 men at Tenochtitl n under the command of Pedro de Alvarado, an explorer who had also been with Grijalva, Cort s marched with a small force to the coast, entered the Spanish camp at night, captured Narv ez, and induced the majority of the Spaniards to join his force.
Meanwhile harsh rules by Alvarado had aroused the Aztecs in the capital. An Aztec revolt against theSpaniards and their own imprisoned ruler, Montezuma, was under way when Cort s returned to the city. He was allowed to enter with his followers and to join Alvarado, but thereupon was immediately surrounded and attacked. At Cort s’s request Montezuma addressed the Aztecs in an attempt to quell the revolt. The Aztec ruler was stoned, and he died three days later. The Spanish and their allies were driven out of the city by a group of Aztecs led by Montezuma’s nephew Guatemotz n on a dark, rainy night, the famous Noche Triste ( Sad Night ), June 30, 1520. The Aztecs pursued the retreating Spanish troops and at Otumba, on July 7, 1520, after defeating a very large force of Aztecs, Cort s finally reached Tlaxcala. There, during the summer, he reorganized his army with the aid of some reinforcements and equipment from Vera Cruz. Cort s then began his return to the capital, capturing outlying Aztec outposts on the way. On August 13, 1521, after a desperate siege of three months, Guatemotz n, the new emperor, was captured, and Tenochtitl n fell. Cort s had Tenochtitl n razed and built Mexico City on its ruins. Colonists were brought over from Spain, and the city became the principal European city in America. The consolidation of Mexico by Cort s was not accomplished without great cruelty to the indigenous peoples. The popularity that Cort s achieved inSpain because of his conquests and the riches he had sent resulted in his being named governor and captaingeneral of New Spain in 1523. Cort s then undertook an expedition to Honduras from 1524 to 1526. Meanwhile, fearing his ambition, the Spanish court had sent officials to Mexico to investigate his acts. In 1528 Cort s was ordered to relinquish the government of Mexico and return to Spain. There he appealed to the king, was created marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca in the New World, and was reappointed captain general. He was not restored, however, to the civil governorship of Mexico. He married the daughter of the count of Aguilar and in 1530 returned to Mexico. There he found himself constantly checked in his activity, his property kept from him, his rights interfered with, and his popularity waning. In 1536 Cort s discovered the peninsula of Baja California in northwest Mexico, and explored the Pacific coast of Mexico. In 1539 the Spanish explorer Francisco V squez de Coronado secured the right to seek the Seven Cities of C bola, and in disgust Cort s went back to Spain to complain to the court. Again he wasreceived with honor but could secure no substantial assistance toward recovering his rights or his property. He served as a volunteer in 1541 in the unsuccessful Spanish expedition against Algiers, lost a large part of his remaining fortune, and was shipwrecked. Cort s, neglected by the court after the Algiers expedition, retired to a small estate near Seville, where he lived until his death.
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MELINDA JAMES, PRESENTER: They're the size of the MCG, as thin as gladwrap and float up into the stratosphere. Giant balloons carrying scientific equipment that weighs two to three tonnes and is worth up to ten million dollars will soon be launched from Alice Springs. Associate Professor Ravi Sood is in charge of the massive balloon launch and I spoke with him earlier.
MELINDA JAMES: Associate Professor Sood, thanks for talking to Stateline.
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD, BALLOON LAUNCHING STATION DIRECTOR: A pleasure, Mel.
MELINDA JAMES: Just what is it that you're doing with these balloons?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: We got three balloon flights from Alice Springs and each balloon flight is going to carry its own instrument, its own payload. All three payloads are specifically designed to look for x-rays and gamma rays coming from violent objects in the universe. Objects like exploding stars, colliding galaxies, black holes and neutron stars.
MELINDA JAMES: How will you apply what you discover from the data you collect - are there implications here for our understanding of other galaxies and the nature of space, that type of thing?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: That is correct, the research that comes out of this is purely to do with advancement of knowledge. It is not the type of result that is going to help us travel better in space, it is simply advancement of knowledge in the field of astronomy and astrophysics.
MELINDA JAMES: Let's talk about these balloons - what kind of properties do these balloons have to have to fly that high and withstand the conditions in the stratosphere?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: Ok, the reason why we need to fly high, that high, is first of all one is looking for gamma rays and x-rays. This type of radiation gets absorbed in the atmosphere and you can't do this research from the surface of the earth - unlike your optical telescopes and your radio telescopes. So you need to take your instruments to the top of the atmosphere. A typical instrument will weigh 2 tonnes and to carry that to a height of 40kms you need a very large balloon. The larger the balloon, the heavier it is going to be so you actually then try and make it as thin as possible. That's where the problems start to arise, a very large thin balloon is very difficult to launch and we have all sorts of problems in trying to launch these balloons from here.
MELINDA JAMES: These telescopes - getting them to Alice Springs from the United States has been quite a feat in itself, hasn't it?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: Oh yes, there have been some unique problems and one of the most unusual problems was with the detector that comes from the University of California, Berkeley, which had to be kept cold at minus 196 degrees throughout the time that it left the United States to the time it arrived in Alice Springs and it will have to stay at that temperature throughout its working life.
MELINDA JAMES: What kind of control do you have over the balloons once they're launched, they're unmanned of course?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: That's correct. The only control you have on the balloon is to be able to send it up a little bit higher by dropping ballast and a typical balloon will carry about 500kg of ballast in the form of sand or iron pellets, or there is a plate at the top of the balloon which you can open to bring the balloon down in altitude. That's the only control you have, otherwise the balloon is at the mercy of the winds and at this time of the year what is going to happen is that the winds are going to carry the balloon towards Western Australia so we have a down range tracking station in Newman to pick up the signal once we lose it from Alice Springs.
MELINDA JAMES: How do you get them down again? They're containing some pretty valuable equipment, I'm assuming you don't want them to just crash land in the middle of nowhere?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: A typical balloon experiment costs 5-10 million dollars and takes many years to build, so certainly one needs to recover the instrument. As far as the balloon is concerned, you can use it only once. So, at the end of a flight you put a rip in the balloon and you bring it down separately from the instrument which comes down on a parachute. We watch the instrument come down on the parachute and as soon as it impacts the ground you release the parachute from the instrument and the only reason for that is that if the wind gets into the parachute then it can drop the instrument for many many kilometres across the ground.
MELINDA JAMES: That brings me to the question of why Alice Springs is the perfect place to launch these balloons. There are vast open spaces that I suppose make it ideal, but are there any other reasons why Alice Springs is one of the international centres for stratospheric balloon research?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: You have described the first reason perfectly, and the second reason is equally important and in fact even more important. You can do a lot of good science from these latitudes. At the latitude of Alice Springs, you can see the centre of our galaxy almost vertically or ahead, you can't do that from the Northern Hemisphere which is why scientists from the Northern Hemisphere actually come to our part of the world. There are a lot of other interesting objects in the Southern Hemisphere, close by galaxies, fast rotating neutron stars and so on. So there are a lot of interesting objects which you can observe from Alice Springs and from similar latitudes around the world.
MELINDA JAMES: Given their size, they'll be hard to miss, I'd imagine. But will people in Alice Springs be able to watch the balloons being launched?
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: People can see this from their backyards, I mean when the balloon takes off the flight train is about 200 metres high and the sun is on it on the plastic material so that is visible from a long long way away. Now, come sunset when the sun has set at the surface of the earth but is still there at the altitude of the balloon which is 40kms. The balloon actually stands out like a brilliant star, you imagine that the balloon envelope is more than a million cubic metres - about the size of a large football field. You can see it very clearly, it's a spectacular sight.
MELINDA JAMES: Professor Sood, good luck with the launch and thanks for talking to us.
ASSOC. PROF. RAVI SOOD: Thank you Mel.
*** Vision - Courtesy NASA CSBF *** |
The morning mist and chimney smoke of White City Jabavu flowed thick yellow as pus oozing from a gigantic sore.
'White City Jabavu is a part of Soweto, a township lying to the south-west of Johannesburg. The poet then uses a simile to compare the morning mist and chimney smoke to 'pus oozing from a gigantic sore'. The township is compared to a sore, a place that is very unhealthy and horrible to look at. It is heavily polluted, with rubbish heaps everywhere.
It smothered our little houses like fish caught in a net.
The next stanza consists of only two lines. It starts with the use of personification. It (the smog) smothers the houses. The houses are smothered in the unhealthy mist and smoke. Then a simile follows: The poet says that the houses; and therefore the inhabitants of the houses, are like fish caught in a net. They can't go anywhere. They are forced to live in filthy circumstances, and they have nowhere to go.
Scavenging dogs draped in red bandanas of blood fought fiercely for a squirming bundle. The third stanza introduces the scene: dogs are fighting for a squirming bundle. The dogs are described as scavenging; they are searching, hunting for food. Then a metaphor is used to describe what the dogs look like. The dogs in this case look like they are wearing red bandanas, in other words; their heads are covered in blood.
I threw a brick they bared fangs flicked velvet tongues of scarlet and scurried away, scurry leaving a mutilated corpse-an infant dumped on a rubbish heap-'Oh! Baby in the Manger sleep well on human dung.' The speaker throws a brick, so that the dogs run away. Another metaphor is used to describe the dogs: 'flicked velvet tongues of scarlet'. The colour red is used again, when their tongues are described as scarlet. It could refer to either the real colour of their tongues or the blood on their tongues coming from the bundle. Their tongues look like velvet; which is a soft and smooth material. They leave behind a mutilated corpse of a baby. The baby is now described as a corpse: and is therefore dead.
Then an exclamation follows: 'Oh!' This is the first indication of what emotions the speaker might experience. It can be an outcry of despair or sadness. The baby is then described as 'Baby in the Manger', which refers to Jesus. The baby is therefore innocent. It died a horrible death, like Jesus did, without committing any sin. The next line introduces a tone of bitterness. It contains a paradox. The speaker tells the baby to sleep well. This is the baby's last resting place, but it is not a soft mattress, but human dung. How can anyone sleep well on human excrement? The fate of the baby is horrifying. It shouldn't have happened.
Its mother had melted into the rays of the rising sun, her face glittering with innocence, her heart as pure as untrampled dew
The last stanza describes the mother. The word melted is used to indicate that she disappeared. Like snow melts and therefore disappears in the sun she also disappeared. Her face glitters in the sun. When something glitters it is usually beautiful. She is described as innocent. A new day is beginning for the mother. She will continue with her life, while her baby has just died a horrible death.
Mothers who have babies in these particular circumstances often don't have an income or means to look after the babies. Maybe the mother didn't have anywhere to take her baby to and she didn't have money to look after him. So she dumped the baby on the rubbish heap, because she didn’t know what else to do with him. The last stanza reinforces the sense of innocence. A simile is used to compare her heart to 'untrampled dew'. Dew drops that haven't been stepped on make perfect round spheres, and that is how the mother is described: pure and perfect. She can continue with her life as if nothing happened, as if she didn't commit a horrible sin.Vrooyen/Temp |
Social protection programmes have expanded rapidly in the developing world in recent years. In Southeast Asia, the experience of the Asian Financial Crisis of the 1990s heightened awareness of vulnerability to poverty and the role of government in protecting households from a sudden loss of employment and income, or from contingencies such as ill-health and ageing. Most governments have expanded targeted social assistance programmes, although the quality and coverage of these programmes vary from place to place. Public support for basic health and education services is also uneven. Common challenges in the region include economic risks associated with financial globalization, rapid urbanization, high levels of informal employment, rising dependency ratios and a highly unequal gender division of labour. |
What are the three most important words in the history of telephone communication?
No, no, no. Don’t be silly. The answer is not “Watson, come here.”
Sure, those were the first words uttered by Alexander Graham Bell to his assistant Mr. Watson, but there are three words that matter even more, especially to Georgians, when it is concerning coast-to-coast communication.
On January 25, 1915 a group of men sat huddled around what we would consider today to be crude form of the telephone in the Jekyll Island Club off the coast of Georgia. In New York City a group of men including Alexander Graham Bell sat around a second phone. A third group sat with Bell’s assistant Thomas A. Watson in San Francisco while President Woodrow Wilson was ready to congratulate AT&T president Theodore Vail from the Oval Office of the White House.
An army of 1,500 AT&T employees stood at the ready from Jekyll Island, to Washington D.C. to New York, and across to San Francisco for any problem that might arise, and it’s a good thing too. Along the 4,500 mile line a pesky tree fell over the lines at some point, but it was soon removed and the line was reconnected.
Theodore Vail had his entire reputation and the success or failure of AT&T riding on his shoulders that day. At a point when it looked like AT&T would be going out of business and phone calls were limited to a 2,000 mile distance he make a huge prediction much like President Kennedy’s prediction regarding the United States reaching the Moon. Theodore Vail declared that coast-to-coast communication would occur and soon.
Of course all of Vail’s friends and colleagues had complete confidence in him. The Jekyll Island Blog quotes publisher B.C. Forbes….”What Woolworth was to the five-and ten, what McCormick was to the harvester, Vail is to the telephone. Bell invented it, but Vail put it on the map.”
Actually, a Newsday article advises that AT&T had completed the construction of the first transcontinental phone line when the last pole was erected in Wendover, Utah on June 27, 1914, and the first trancontinental call could have been made then. However, the company waited until the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco to open before the important call was made.
So, you might be wondering why such a momentous event took place on one of Georgia’s barrier islands. It’s very simple. Since 1886 members of the Jekyll Island Club had owned Jekyll Island using it as a winter hunting and vacation spot. Members included J.P. Morgan, Joseph Pulitzer, George Macy, Edwin Gould, Marshall Field, William Rockefeller, William Vanderbilt, Frank Goodyear, and of course, Theodore Vail. These business giants and their families enjoyed their island, their very large club, and their cottages (many were 8,000 plus square feet) for many years. W hen they were all present the members of the club represented over one-sixth of the world’s wealth at that time. Besides sunning, hunting, and supping the club members talked business. In fact, Jekyll Island is the location where the ideas behind the Federal Reserve Bank were hatched.
Actually though Vail had intended on leaving Jekyll Island in time to be in New York for the all important call, however, he injured his leg and was unable to make the trip.
When the big moment came on January 25, 1915 Alexander Graham Bell placed the call to Watson and said, “Mr. Watson, come here. I want you,” which of course was a reinactment of the first ever call made on March 10, 1876. A Newsday article regarding the transcontinental phone call advises Mr. Watson joked and stated it would take him “a week” to come here since “here” was in New York and he was in San Francisco.
The words “Hello, Jekyll Island,” also sounded across the phone lines as Mr. Vail was hailed and congratulations flew across both ends of the line, and President Wilson offered his words of pride to Bell and Vail.
The all important Jekyll Island Club survived for a bit longer as the playground of the rich, but during World War II and the increase of income taxes the club members began to come to the island less and less. The property was finally condemed by the State of Georgia for $675,000 in 1946. The island was then turned into a state park for all to enjoy. The club building is still on the island and is open as a resort. The “cottages” are still intact and can be toured. The magic of Jekyll is that the majority of the island is still natural and undeveloped; however, there are some who are attempting to change this.
Make sure you check out my related posts listed below.
Related Posts: Jekyll Island Development: What's Your Opinion?
A Shameful Part of Georgia's History |
Water Conservation Tips
Remember that water is a valuable resource that shouldn't be wasted. Your water is clean, safe and convenient, but you have to pay for its treatment and the system to deliver it to your home or office. By conserving water in your home, you also save energy needed to heat it or run appliances.
Water consumption may be high for many reasons.
- More people may be living in the household.
- During the summer, water consumption may be higher due to outside watering of a lawn or garden, or an outside faucet may be left on.
- Most often an unexplained increase in usage is caused by leaky plumbing - toilets, sinks, outside sprinklers, washers, hot water heaters, etc.
- Toilet leaks are the most common and are hard to see or hear. A leaky toilet can waste 800 cubic feet of water per day.
Average Water Consumption Amounts
Here are some average water consumption amounts for routine household tasks:
- Shower - 25-50 gallons (5-10 gallons/minute)
- Bath - 36 gallons (full tub)
- Toilet flush - 2-7 gallons
- Dish washing - 20 gallons (tap running)
- Automatic dishwasher - 12 gallons (full cycle)
- Clothes washer - 30-60 gallons (full cycle)
- Outdoor watering - 5-10 gallons per minute
- Two thirds of the water used in an average home is used in a bathroom and a lot of it goes down the sewer.
- From 2-7 gallons of water are used every time a toilet is flushed.
- Do not use the toilet to flush items that can go in a wastebasket.
- Be aware of toilet leaks! A major toilet leak can waste up to 800 cubic feet of water per day.
- Long hot showers not only waste water but also energy to heat the water. Consider using reduced-flow devices for showerheads.
- Don't leave the water running while you shave or brush your teeth. You are just running clean water down the sewer system.
- Be sure the dishwasher is fully loaded before running it.
- There is no need to rinse dishes before putting them in the dishwasher.
- If you wash dishes by hand, do not let the water run while washing or rinsing.
- Don't let the water run while cleaning vegetables or other foods, either.
- Use a large pan or dish for rinsing.
- Store drinking water in the refrigerator instead of letting it run until it is cold.
- Be sure to have full loads, or use the automatic controls for smaller loads.
- Use cold water for rinsing.
- Don't water on a fixed schedule or if rain is in the forecast.
- Water grass and plants only if they show signs of needing it.
- Water during the coolest part of the day to avoid excess evaporation.
- Water slowly, as water applied to fast runs off into the storm sewers.
- When washing the car, use a bucket for washing and only run the hose for rinsing.
- Install shut-off valves for appliances and fixtures in case a pipe blows out.
- Most importantly, check for a main shutoff valve that turns off water to the whole house, and make sure that it works. |
Photos with overexposed highlights could one day be a thing of the past
Researchers at MIT Media Lab have proposed a new camera technology which could see an end to overexposed images. The modulo camera would work by employing a sensor which can reset the sensor capacitors of pixels as they overexpose, and "unwrapping" algorithms to recover color information which would otherwise have been lost in blown highlights.
There can't be many photographers who haven't suffered at the hands of tricky-to-photograph high-contrast scenes which combine bright and dark areas, where it can be all too easy to overexpose a shot, resulting in washed-out white patches. As such, many photographers are left relying on the dynamic range of their digital camera and trying to balance images in post production, or combining multiple exposures into a single HDR image.
However, a team from MIT Media Lab has come up with a different approach which uses a modulo sensor and new image-processing algorithms to ensure overexposed images are a thing of the past. Collaboration with MIT Lincoln Lab sees the pixel architecture of Digital-pixel Focal Plane Array (DFPA) technology, which features the ability to do on-the-fly digital signal processing, recast as a modulo sensor which can make adjustments on a per-pixel level.
As such, the modulo camera does not suffer from the problem of overexposure in the same way as traditional digital cameras, because whenever a pixel value gets to its maximum capacity during photon collection, it can be reset and exposed again. Receiving an excess amount of light would normally result in unrecoverable overexposure of those pixels, but this way the camera is able to calculate how much light was received, by how many times each pixel reached maximum capacity and was reset.
This information would produce the sort of psychedelic images seen in the middle of the simulated illustrations before newly proposed "unwrapping" algorithms are used to tap into the larger dynamic range that was captured. The result is the ability to recover Unbounded High Dynamic Range (UHDR) images from situations that traditional digital cameras would not have been able to.
While tests have currently been limited to a low-res lab-bound prototype camera, it's easy to see how this could develop and be deployed in DSLR or smartphone cameras. Researchers also see applications for real-time HDR cameras in robotic vision, such as in a driverless car driving into a tunnel where the contrast currently leaves most cameras temporarily blind.
You can check out a video explaining the tech below.
Source: MIT Media Lab |
LAWRENCE — This fall, students enrolled in ADS 560, an advanced design studio course at the Center for Design Research (CDR), will investigate the integration of Bayer HealthCare’s blood-glucose monitoring technology with the on-board computer system of an automobile. Wireless technology from Sprint would enable data to be exchanged between the car and cloud-based medical records.
The need to marry glucose monitoring with a vehicle might seem farfetched. But drivers who suddenly experience abnormally low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can become dangerously impaired by dizziness, confusion, delayed reaction times and visual aberrations.
Despite the danger, a recent study of 202 people with hypoglycemia done by the Department of Diabetes at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh found that 60 percent of respondents did not test their blood sugar before getting behind the wheel. Seventy-seven percent of that group didn’t carry blood glucose meters while driving.
Law enforcement is becoming more aware of the potential problem. More than 20 states in the U.S. ask driver’s license applicants whether they have diabetes. Some require medical exams of those who do to determine whether they can be issued a license to drive.
But there is still a gap between awareness of the issue and a practical means of improving safety of those who might experience hypoglycemia behind the wheel. Merging Bayer Healthcare’s blood glucose monitoring technology with increasingly powerful in-car computer systems holds great promise for helping diabetic drivers stay on the road safely.
CDR director and professor of design Greg Thomas thinks cars could produce in-vehicle health reports that would display glucose levels for diabetic drivers. If their blood sugar level became too low or high, an alert would sound or a signal could appear on a display or issue an audible warning Drivers could then stop and take corrective measures.
“The project will focus on understanding the behavioral aspects of using such a car, and defining the user experience,” said Thomas. “Drivers need a simple display and easy way to do the blood glucose monitoring. Data could be communicated between the device and the car using USB ports, or Bluetooth.”
“These cars would not only store the data,” he said, “but Sprint’s technology could link this information to cloud-based medical services and record-keeping. These could access and update the driver’s medical records, search historic blood glucose test results, and other user-defined data for anomalies. The most important thing is that they could improve safety.”
It is not the first time students at the Center for Design Research have worked with Bayer HealthCare or automobiles. Last fall they designed computer interfaces for Bayer’s Contour USB Blood Glucose Meter. It is a portable diabetes management device and the first to feature plug-in diabetes management software.
The CDR has also done several projects for Ford Motor Co., including a “smart” carseat for children. A second project that envisioned new internal controls systems and alternatives to conventional interior car layouts was completed for the company last spring.
“The sky is the limit in terms of using wireless technology to enhance the health and well-being of individuals on-the-go,” Thomas said. “In vehicles, for example, possibilities include customizable dashboards, smart lighting systems, facial recognition technology and even windshields that double as computer touch screens.
“We’re getting to the point where a lot of the ‘futuristic’ car technologies you see in the movies aren’t that far off in real life,” he said. “It’s exciting that the CDR and KU are involved in this type of work.”
The CDR was launched in 2011 to foster interdisciplinary collaboration across KU in the area of smart technology and consumer products. The CDR has been especially focused on the areas of distracted driving and automobile safety, as well as wireless technologies that affect health and wellness.
The CDR is part of the School of Architecture, Design and Planning. |
Global fisheries, a vital source of food and revenue throughout the world, contribute between US$225-$240 billion per year to the worldwide economy, according to four new studies released today. Researchers also concluded that healthier fisheries could have prevented malnourishment in nearly 20 million people in poorer countries.
This first comprehensive, peer-reviewed estimate of the global economic contribution of fisheries was published online today in four papers as part of a special issue of the Journal of Bioeconomics.
This research, conducted by the University of British Columbia’s Fisheries Centre, with support from the Pew Environment Group, quantifies the social and economic value of fish around the world and also calculates the loss of both revenue and dependable protein sources from years of overfishing.
“We know fish play an important ecological role in the marine environment, but these studies assess their ‘out-of-the-water’ value to people across the globe,” says lead economist Associate Professor Rashid Sumaila at the University of British Columbia’s Fisheries Centre. “Whether you are looking at fish as a financial resource or a source of protein, our research shows that the benefits of healthy, robust fisheries have enormous value far beyond the fishing dock.”
Sumaila and his team of researchers also found that:
- Overfishing reduces revenue. Annually, estimated global catch losses from overfishing totaled up to seven to 36 per cent of the actual tonnage landed in a year, resulting in a landed value loss of between US$6.4-36 billion each year.
- Fishing has a multiplier effect. The fishing industry’s economic impact on related businesses, such as boat building, international transport and bait suppliers, is roughly three times larger than the value of fish at first sale.
- Fisheries generate incomes. Wild fisheries generate more than US$63 billion in annual household incomes around the world.
- Non-industrial uses of the oceans are a net positive for economies and jobs. Recreational use of ocean ecosystems by sport divers, whale watchers and recreational fishermen contributes US$47 billion each year to national economies worldwide and generates nearly 1.1 million jobs.
One of the four papers focused on global fisheries subsidies, or financial incentives that countries offer to their fishing industries, which may contribute to depleted fish stocks. Large developed countries are spending twice the amount of tax-payer money on global fisheries subsidies that encourage overfishing than they are on subsidies that protect oceans.
“Many economies are paying doubly for continued overfishing of our oceans,” says Sumaila. “First, tax-payer money is directly contributing to the decline of worldwide fisheries, and second, fishermen and undernourished people are hurting from a steadily declining resource. From a socioeconomic standpoint, subsidies that promote overfishing are doing far more harm than good.”
To view summaries of the four papers, or to listen to an audio file of the press conference, please visit: http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=60756
To view b-roll available for this announcement, visit: http://pew.almondrose.com/?page_id=431
To download high resolution versions of the b-roll, visit: http://pew.almondrose.com/?page_id=455
The University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre (www.fisheries.ubc.ca) undertakes research to restore fisheries, conserve aquatic life and rebuild ecosystems. To that end, it promotes multidisciplinary study of aquatic ecosystems and broad-based collaboration with maritime communities, government, NGOs and other partners. The UBC Fisheries Centre is recognized globally for its innovative and enterprising research, with its academics winning many accolades and awards.
The Pew Environment Group is the conservation arm of The Pew Charitable Trusts, a non-governmental organization that applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public and stimulate civic life. Visit www.pewenvironment.org. |
These logs cover only the ship's operations, not the research work done by the scientists on board. Trip locations include
the Mexican coast, Hawaii, Pacific Northwest coast from Oregon to British Columbia, and the Monterey Bay waters, as well as
repair time in dry dock.
The Proteus was a 100-foot tuna clipper acquired by the Hopkins Marine Station in 1968 and refitted as a research vessel.
It was used from 1969 to 1972.
All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94304-6064. Consent
is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission
from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/pubserv/permissions.html.
This collection is open for research. |
Climate Model Shows How Antarctic Ice Could Melt at Faster Rate Than Previously Thought
News| | By Margo Gothelf
The warnings about rising sea levels increased this week with reports coming in showing a rapid change in ice melting in Antarctica that could drastically raise ocean levels.
An ice sheet, larger than the area of Mexico, is melting quicker than expected in Antartica. The latest findings, published Thursday in the scientific journal Nature, explained “melting ice in Antarctica has the potential to contribute to a rise in sea levels of 1 meter — more than 3 feet — by the end of this century,” shared CNN.
The study also concluded that with the combination of melting ice in other parts of the world, a five- to six-foot increase in sea level could be seen by the end of this century. The increase would be much higher than what was initially predicted during a 2013 United Nations study.
“By the year 2500, Antarctica could contribute to a rise in sea levels of 15 meters, or nearly 50 feet,” Robert DeConto of the University of Massachusetts and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University explained in the study. “By the middle of the next century, seas could be rising at a rate of more than one foot per decade if the emission of greenhouse gases continues unchanged.”
Researchers originally thought this would naturally happen over the course of thousands of years. However, the new information shows it could occur far faster than previously thought.
“We are not saying this is definitely going to happen,” Pollard shared in the New York Times. “But I think we are pointing out that there’s a danger, and it should receive a lot more attention.”
The new study comes weeks after the conclusion of a study conducted by the National Snow and Ice Data Center. The results from that study also conformed a wild increase of melting ice in Antarctic. |
"They'll gather up all the eggs in the colony and will make their way up through the underground network of tunnels, and when the flood waters rise above the ground, they'll link up together in these massive rafts."
In less than two minutes the ants can link "hands" to form a floating structure that kept all the insects safe.
You would think the ant on the bottom would be SOL but even the ants down below survive, thanks to tiny hairs on the ants' bodies that trap a thin layer of air.
Researchers decided to conduct a study on the giant anthills that litter the African plains. In order to do so, cement must be poured into the colonies, allowing it to dry. Once the cement is hardened, the colony can be dug up from the ground
After pouring more than 10 tons of cement into the anthill, the researchers were amazed at what they found.
The ant colony stretched more than 26 feet below the ground and took up 530 square feet!
We would hate to step on that anthill!!!
The unbelievable aspect of it all is the design. It's as if an architect had sat down and designed everything! It's built to maximize airflow and efficiency. Wow! |
Not the pup but the planet[?] Pluto popped into the planet ensemble on March 13th.
"Happy Pluto Discovery Day"
March 10th, 2010
March 10th, 2010
The discovery of Pluto was announced on March 13. Pluto was labeled a planet when it was first discovered in the Percival Lowell Observatory by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930.
Like me, you probably grew up being taught that there were the nine planets in our solar system. Maybe you even used the old mnemonic: My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us Nine Pizzas.
It turns out that we were taught wrong. There are not nine planets in our solar system. I thought nine planets was just a pure scientific fact. Since I was first taught about our solar system astronomers have discovered new objects orbiting the Sun that make us have to question whether Pluto and some other celestial objects should be considered planets.
As parents, we will need to help our kids better understand our solar system. Maybe, as parents, we can learn some new things for ourselves along the way.
Blame Neil de Grasse Tyson?
The trouble started when technology improved and we could start seeing many more objects orbiting the sun. Neil de Grasse Tyson of the Hayden Planetarium was labeled as the first mainstream trouble-maker. He lumped together the four terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. He lumped together the four gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
That left Pluto out in the cold with the thousands of other Kuiper Belt objects. He pointed out that if Pluto were as close to the Sun as Earth, Pluto would have a tail and look like a jumbo comet.
How Many Planets Are There?
Even if you have a sentimental attachment to Pluto as a planet, there are still not nine planets. If you keep Pluto as a planet, then you will have to include some other celestial objects.
Eris was discovered in 2005 in an area further from Sun known as the Scattered Disc. It orbits the Sun, is bigger than Pluto and has a moon. If you are going to include Pluto as planet, you have to include Eris.
You also need to think about adding in the asteroid Ceres. It’s not much smaller than Pluto and has enough mass that its gravity has pulled it into a nearly round shape. Being massive enough that the objects body pulls it into a nearly round shape is a key attribute for a planet.
Then you also need to think about Haumea and Makemake, two other Kuiper belt objects that are massive enough to have been rounded by their own gravity. You only have to think about these two because they have not been subject to as much observation as Eris and Ceres.
Since there are thousands of objects in the Kuiper Belt and the Scattered Disc we may end up with more than the 13 objects that could be considered a planet. That leaves us with having to define a planet.
What is a Planet?
The International Astronomical Union decided on this definition of a “planet”:
A celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.
Since Pluto crosses the orbital path of Neptune, it has not cleared the neighborhood of its orbit, throwing it (and similarly Ceres, Eris, Haumea and Makemake) into the category of dwarf planet.
The International Astronomical Union decided on this definition of a “dwarf planet”:
A celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape2, (c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite.
It is important to keep the moons out of the definition because there are seven moons in our solar system bigger than Pluto: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, Triton, and Earth’s Moon.
What went Wrong with Pluto?
You have to credit some of the Pluto problem to bad science.
For millenia, humans thought there were only six planets. As we got better with telescopes, Sir William Herschel announced the discovery of Uranus on March 13, 1781. That was the first planet discovered with a telescope. As astronomers measured the orbit of Uranus, they found irregularities in its orbit and reached the conclusion that there must be another unseen planet in our solar system exerting its gravitational force on Uranus.
After grinding out the calculations on the orbit of Uranus, astronomers were able to calculate the location of Neptune in the night sky. Sure enough, Johann Galle observe that “moving star” within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier.
Some astronomers also found an irregularity in the orbit of Neptune and concluded that there must be a Planet X beyond the orbit of Neptune. Percival Lowell took on that search. (Actually, Lowell’s obsession was trying to prove the existence of life and civilization on Mars.)
It turns out that there was a bad data point mixed in with the observations of Neptune’s orbit. They also had the wrong mass of Neptune. Planet X was a miscalculation.
Astronomers at the Lowell Observatory were so focused on finding Planet X that they assumed that Pluto must be a planet. The designation of Pluto as a planet sounds like it was an astronomical mistake.
Politicians Fight Back
In 2007, the New Mexico state legislature declared March 13 Pluto Planet Day. They also declared that when Pluto is overhead through new Mexico’s night skies, Pluto will have full planetary status. That’s got to be tough on teaching astronomy in that state. New Mexico also proclaimed February 18, 2009 as “Pluto is a Planet in New Mexico Day.”
In 2009, the Illinois General Assembly declared March 13, 2009 to be Pluto Day. They also declared that when Pluto is overhead through Illinois’ night skies, Pluto will have full planetary status. That’s got to be tough on teaching astronomy in that state.
New Horizons and the Exploration of Pluto
We will learn more about Pluto when the New Horizons spacecraft reaches it in 2015. It will tell us more about the composition of Pluto and its three moons: Charon, Nix and Hydra. It may even discover additional moons or rings.
But My Kid’s Favorite Planet is Pluto!
Neil de Grasse Tyson has received “endless hate mail from third graders” for demoting Pluto from planet status. It seems most kids are the most attached to Pluto. Clearly, this is because of sharing its namesake with the Disney character and not with the ancient Roman god.
This idea for this post came from a similar problem in my geeklet’s school. The kids were upset the Pluto was not going to be part of the solar system on the wall.
So is Pluto a Planet?
In the end, its a matter of battling definitions. I’ll resist my inner lawyer instincts and avoid the arguments over whether Pluto is a planet. I’ll let you reach your own conclusion.
But regardless of where you come out in that argument, it is clear that there are not nine planets orbiting our Sun.
The IAU has concluded that there are eight planets in our solar system, eventually that will make it into our kids’ text books. We need to keep an eye out for books that discuss nine planets. You will have to do some editorial reading in most astronomy books that are more than a few years old.
If you are stubborn and insist that Pluto is planet, you have to up the planet count to at least eleven planets. If you insist on keeping Pluto as a planet then you also have to let in Ceres and Eris. If you love Pluto as a planet then you have to embrace those eleven. That also leaves you with Haume and Makemake waiting in line for planetary status. As our technology improves and our searches of the solar system continue we will find more and more celestial bodies in our solar system.
Enter Pluto in the blog's search engine for more posts. |
Function - Shift bits of a register to the left.
IN : ANY
NBS : ANY Number of shifts (each shift is 1 bit)
Q : ANY Shifted register
Arguments can be signed or unsigned integers from 8 to 32 bits.
In LD language, the input rung (EN) enables the operation, and the output rung keeps the state of the input rung. In IL language, the first input must be loaded before the function call. The second input is the operand of the function.
Q := SHL (IN, NBS);
(* The shift is executed only if EN is TRUE
(* ENO has the same value as EN *)
Op1: LD IN
SHR ROL ROR SHLb SHRb ROLb RORb SHLw SHRw ROLw RORw |
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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The term underweight refers to a human who is considered to be under a healthy weight. The definition is usually made with reference to the body mass index (BMI). Most consider individuals under 18.5 to be underweight, though some authorities use a higher value of 20. It is important to note that the BMI is a statistical estimate and some individuals classified as underweight may be perfectly healthy.
The most common cause of underweight is primary malnutrition caused by the unavailability of adequate food, which can run as high as 50% in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The effects of primary malnutrition may be amplified by disease; even easily treatable diseases such as diarrhea may lead to death.
In the presence of adequate food resources, underweight is generally the result of mental or physical disease. There are hundreds of possible medical causes for excessive weight loss or underweight. Some of the more prevalent include:
- Anorexia nervosa and bulimia
- Diabetes (especially type 1)
- Anxiety and depressive disorders
- Drug abuse
- Diseases of digestive organs
- Feebleness, especially in the untended elderly
- Dental pain
- Obsessive overtraining
- Nutritional deficiencies
The most immediate problem with underweight is that it might be secondary to, and/or symptomatic of, an [[Eating disorder or an underlying physical disorder. Unexplained weight loss requires professional medical diagnosis.
Underweight can also be a primary causative condition. Severely underweight individuals may have poor physical stamina and a weak immune system, leaving them open to infection. According to Robert E. Black of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, "Underweight status ... and micronutrient deficiencies also cause decreases in immune and non-immune host defences, and should be classified as underlying causes of death if followed by infectious diseases that are the terminal associated causes." Malnutrative underweight raises special concerns, as not only gross caloric intake may be inadequate, but also intake and absorption of other vital nutrients, especially essential amino acids and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
Weight gain Edit
If an individual is severely underweight to the point where problems with his or her health develop, it may be necessary for the person to make a concentrated effort to gain weight. The treatment for an underweight individual is to increase the food energy intake so that more food energy is consumed than is being used as work. It is usually suggested that weight training is also to be undertaken to increase muscle mass, with only 3 or 4 sessions of under 45 minute period of weight training, using heavy weights and lesser number of reps.
It is easier to increase Caloric intake by drinking food energy rather than eating food energy. [How to reference and link to summary or text] There are several high–food energy drinks available in supermarkets that dramatically supplement daily intake, even adding 350 Calories (1.5 kJ) per six fluid ounce (180 mL) bottle.
Another simple method of increasing one's daily food energy is to add high-calorie/high-fat condiments to foods or follow a meal with a simple snack.
See also Edit
References & BibliographyEdit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| |
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The Red Sea Basin Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems¹
Sandra J. Lindquist, Consultant to
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
World Energy Project
USGS Open-File Report OF99-50-A
The Red Sea Basin Province includes offshore and adjacent onshore areas, from the northern Gulf of Suez (350 km by 70 km) and Gulf of Aqaba (185 km by 25 km) southeastward along the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden in the Indian Ocean. The province is a Tertiary cratonic rift south of Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula between northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Figure 3a). Northwest-southeast length of the province is 2300 km, with a width to 400 km. The Gulf of Suez is an abandoned rift basin with less than 100-meter water depths. The Gulf of Aqaba is a younger, rapidly subsiding wrench basin with maximum water depth of 1850 meters. The remaining Red Sea Basin Province is an active rift where sea-floor spreading has occurred for the last 5 m.y. and where water depths locally exceed 2300 meters in the axial region.
Within or directly bordering the Red Sea Basin Province are Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea (formerly part of Ethiopia), Djibouti, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Israel. Saudi Arabia is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Both Saudi Arabia and Egypt are members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). Border disputes exist between Saudi Arabia and Yemen and between Egypt and Sudan. Sudan has been chronically plagued by civil war and, in 1996, was sanctioned by the United Nations for sponsoring terrorism. A civil war in Yemen ended in 1994. Eritrea and Ethiopia have had recent conflicts.
The Red Sea Basin Province originated as an Oligocene continental rift impacted by left-lateral wrenching. Rift location and borders are defined by crustal weaknesses created more than 500 Ma – including the late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic cratonization of the Arabian-Nubian shield, its suturing to the African continent, and subsequent supercontinent breakup. Those events resulted in the juxtaposition of structurally and compositionally different basement terranes and the establishment of major fault systems. Periodic Paleozoic and Mesozoic subsidence focused around the present-day southern Mediterranean (Tethyan) margin was complemented by local and regional uplifts (e.g., late Paleozoic Hercynian orogeny, late Cretaceous to early Tertiary Tethyan closure and Syrian arc formation).
Parts of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock record were either eroded or not deposited, particularly in the central Red Sea area, and various structural fabrics were imparted to the region. When present and preserved, pre-rift stratigraphy is more marine in character northward through the northern part of the province, and only Cretaceous seas ever transgressed south of the Aqaba-Suez-Red Sea triple junction. Tethys shorelines to the east failed to completely transgress the Arabian Peninsula westward except in late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous time, when marine environments covered the southern quarter of the Red Sea, south from the Farasan and Dahlak islands.
Oligocene continental rifting began with subsidence, extension and normal faulting, associated with the episodic and segmented movement of the Arabian peninsula away from Africa. Magmatic expansion resulted in igneous emplacements, and isostatic compensation caused the rift shoulders to undergo uplift and local erosion into the rapidly subsiding and tilting block-faulted basins (Figure 4). Syn-rift depositional conditions (thus, facies and lithologies) varied laterally. Later thermal re-equilibration resulted in reduction of subsidence, regional basin uplift and further rotation of faulted blocks. Post-rift evaporite deposition was extensive until Pliocene when open marine conditions were established.
Rifting was sequentially younger northward, and tens to hundreds of meters of fault-block relief were common. Total extension in the Red Sea decreased northward into the Gulf of Suez. Gulf of Suez rifting essentially ceased (early-middle Miocene, 18 - 14 Ma) (Figure 2) when continental separation became more oblique because of the dominant movement on the left-lateral transform fault that extends through the Gulf of Aqaba northeastward to the Dead Sea. Gulf of Suez fault blocks are generally smaller and more highly rotated southward, concurrent with increased basin extension. Subsidence continued at reduced rates in the southern Gulf of Suez, but Pliocene uplift in the northernmost part caused limited basin inversion. Fault blocks in the northern and southern thirds of the Gulf of Suez dip dominantly southwestward, whereas those in the center third tilt mostly northeastward.
Extensive wrench faulting resulted in the development of transtensional and transpressional areas in the Gulf of Aqaba and along the northern (northwestern Saudi Arabia) and western (Egypt and Sudan) margins of the Red Sea, trending southward toward the East African rift system. Thus, crustal profiles across the Red Sea rift are asymmetric. The steep Egyptian-Sudanese margin has a narrow shelf delineated by wrench faults and ancient suture zones, with pull-apart basins floored by oceanic crust. The eastern margin and southern area are floored by attenuated continental crust. A continuous marine connection from the Gulf of Suez to the Indian Ocean was first established 5 Ma (Pliocene) with the advent of sea-floor spreading in the southern part of the province (Figure 2). Contemporaneous local salt movement throughout the region ranged from the creation of massive domes and walls to total removal.
Gemsa field along the southwestern Gulf of Suez coast was discovered in 1869 and first produced in 1910, followed by Hurghada field in 1913. Five more fields were discovered between the two world wars when well completion rates were several-to-ten per year. After World War II, activity spread to the eastern coast, and annual well completions increased to several dozen by 1973. During the early to mid 1980s, as many as 133 wells were completed in one year, but 1990s levels declined to an annual range of 50 to 60. The 1900+ wells in the Gulf of Suez basin define more than 120 fields, with nearly half currently listed as one-well discoveries (Petroconsultants, 1996). Thirty fields include ten or more producing wells, and fewer than ten fields are abandoned.
The Egyptian Red Sea south of the Gulf of Suez has 22 dry holes, six with hydrocarbon shows. One well was drilled in 1916, five in the late 1930s and 1940s, 14 between 1976 and 1985, and two in 1994. The Sudanese Halaib area with one 1982 penetration is in a disputed border zone with Egypt. Three dry holes were drilled along the central Sudanese Red Sea coast in 1962, and Sudan’s southern Tokar Delta has three unproduced, one-well gas fields resulting from 10 attempts between 1961 and 1996. (Durwara 2 was discovered in 1963, and Suakin 1 and Bashayer 1A were both discovered in 1976. Suakin has associated condensate, and the one offset (1996) is dry.) Eritrea has an offshore, one-well gas field not yet produced. Eleven wells were drilled in the salt-cored Dahlak Islands from 1938-1940. Deeper wells (one hydrocarbon show) tested eight Eritrean offshore locations from 1966-1977.
No wells have been drilled within the Gulf of Aqaba, but two fields were discovered in an adjacent Saudi Arabian transpressional basin (Midyan basin) – offshore Barqan field in 1969 and onshore Midyan field in 1992. Both fields tested gas, condensate and oil, but neither has produced. The Saudi Arabian coastal area has more than 30 penetrations (1967-1994) over the 1500-km distance from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Yemen border. Data and locations are published for nine wells, six of which are near Yemen. Seven shallow 1930s tests were drilled near oil seeps in the salt-cored Farasan Islands. Thirteen Yemeni wells – several with oil or gas shows – have tested (1961-1996) the Red Sea Basin Province.
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U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF99-50-A |
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The Prussian mythology was a polytheistic religion of the Old Prussians, indigenous peoples of Prussia before the Prussian Crusade waged by the Teutonic Knights. It was closely related to other [Baltic faiths, the Lithuanian and Latvian mythologies. Its myths and legends did not survive as Prussians became Germanized and extinct in early 18th century. Fragmentary information on gods and rituals can be found in various medieval chronicles, but most of them are unreliable. No sources document pagan religion before the forced Christianization in the 13th century. Most of what is known about Prussian religion is obtained from dubious 16th-century sources (Sudovian Book and Simon Grunau).
Historical background and sources
The Teutonic Knights, a crusading military order, began the Prussian Crusade in the1220s. Their goal was to conquer and convert pagan Prussians to Christianity. The Knights built log and stone fortresses, which proved to be impregnable to the Prussians. Despite five Prussian uprisings, conquest of Prussia was then complete by the 1280s. German colonists repopulated the decimated region. It is estimated that around 1400 Prussians numbered 100,000 and comprised about half of the total population in Prussia. The Prussians were subject to Germanization and assimilation and eventually became extinct sometime after the 16th century. The Knights regarded paganism as evil, worthy of complete eradication and not study. Therefore they showed no interested in local customs and produced no detailed accounts of Prussian mythology. Bits and pieces of accidental, fragmentary, but reliable, mentions of gods and traditions can be found in official Teutonic documents and chronicles, such as the 1248 Treaty of Christburg, Chronicle of Peter von Dusburg, correspondence with the Pope.
Effected by the Protestant Reformation, the former Catholic stronghold Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights was transformed into the Lutheran Duchy of Prussia in 1525. Religious disputes brought new interest to the pagan Prussian religion. Right about that time two staple studies of Prussian culture were produced: the Sudovian Book and Chronicle of Simon Grunau. There is considerable academic debate on the authorship, dating, and reliability of the Sudovian Book. Most modern Lithuanian scholars follow Wilhelm Mannhardt and treat it as a reliable and independent source, which was used to prepare Constitutiones Synodales, a book of ceremonies prepared by a church synod and published in 1530. Another school of thought claims that it was the opposite: the Sudovian Book was a distorted copy of Synodales, which in turn was prepared based on Grunau, and that they all should be rejected as "invention" and "forgery".
Simon Grunau (died ca. 1530) is much-criticized for using dubious and falsified sources and often augmenting facts with his own imagination. Modern scholars often dismiss the chronicle as a work of fiction, though Lithuanian researchers tend to be more careful and attempt to find its redeeming qualities. The work is responsible for introduction and popularization of several major legends: King Widewuto, a 6th-century king of the Cimbri, the temple of Romuva, the pagan trinity (Peckols, Potrimpo, and Perkūnas), the high priest (krivė krivaitis) and female waidelinns (similar to Roman vestales).
Various later authors simply copied information from Grunau and the Sudovian Book adding no or very little new information.
The 1249 Treaty of Christburg mentioned Curche, an idol worshiped during harvest festivals. Scholars were unable to positively determine its gender, function, or etymology. Various suggested functions include god of food (Simon Grunau), smithing god (similar to Slavic Svarog and Greek Hephaestus), god creator (derived from related Lithuanian word kurti – to create), god of harvest and grain, evil spirit, god of fire. Some even doubted whether it was a god at all and suggested that it was a name given to a corn dolly.
Another reliable source is a 1418 memorandum (Collato Episcopi Varmiensis) written by Bishop of Warmia to Pope Martin V. The letter reminded the Pope about Teutonic achievements in Christianizing Prussians, who no longer worshiped Patollu and Natrimpe. Most scholars interpret this as two different gods, but patollu could also be an adjective (evil, hellish) to describe Natrimpe. Based on later works, patollu is usually identified as Peckols, angry god of the underworld, and Natrimpe as Potrimpo, god of seas or grain.
In addition to the trinity of Peckols, Potrimpo, and Perkūnas, Grunau mentioned three minor gods: Wurschayto or Borszkayto and Szwaybrotto were personifications of Widewuto and Bruteno, and Curcho was god of food .
Sudovian Book and Constitutiones Synodales
Constitutiones listed ten Prussian gods and provided their classical Roman equivalents. Note that none of these are female goddesses and that Curche is missing. The list was closely mirrored in the Sudovian Book.
|Constitutiones Synodales||Sudovian Book||Function||Roman equivalent|
|Occopirmus||Ockopirmus||Chief sky god||Saturn|
|Suaixtix||Swayxtix||God of light||Sol|
|Ausschauts||Auschauts||God of the sick||Aesculapius|
|Autrympus||Autrimpus||God of seas||Castor|
|Potrympus||Potrimpus||God of running water||Pollux|
|Bardoyas||Bardoayts||God of ships||Neptune|
|Pergrubrius||God of plants|
|Piluuytus||Pilnitis||God of abundance||Ceres|
|Parcuns||Parkuns||God of thunder||Jupiter|
|Pecols and Pocols||Peckols and Pockols||God of hell, evil spirit||Pluto, Furies|
|Puschkayts||God of earth|
|Barstucke and Markopole||Servants of Puschkayts|
- ↑ Kregždys, Rolandas (2009). "Sūduvių knygelė – vakarų baltų religijos ir kultūros šaltinis. I dalis: formalioji analizė". Lituanistica 3–4 (79–80): 179–187. http://images.katalogas.lt/maleidykla/Lit93-4/Lit_174_187.pdf.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. p. 315. ISBN 963-9116-42-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=5aoId7nA4bsC&pg=PA315.
- ↑ Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. CEU Press. pp. 308–309. ISBN 963-9116-42-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=5aoId7nA4bsC&pg=PA308.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schmalstieg, William R. (2003). "Review. Baltų religijos ir mitologijos šaltiniai 2". Archivum Lithuanicum 5: 364–365. http://www.elibrary.lt/resursai/Leidiniai/Archivum_Lithuanicum/2003/al_03_06.pdf.
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Prussian mythology. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.| |
People have become disconnected from the very life forces that sustain us, since the industrial revolution. We believe that we have power over Earth's ecosystems, rather than seeing ourselves as an intricate and essential part of life's cycle. As indicated by mounting scientific research from all corners of the globe, that approach is simply not sustainable, and our current way of living must be overhauled.
During the next century, as population doubles and resources available per person drop by one-half to three-fourths, humankind will have to drastically alter fundamental ways of thinking and operating in order to survive. The number one challenge that will face today's children as they enter adulthood will be how to reconcile the impact of their daily lives with the limitations of our global ecosystems.
Green design is one of the ways we can limit our impact on the world's systems. Justifications for green design are plentiful, but are summarized below as related to Environment, Health, and Children's Rights.
You must be the change you want to see in the world.- Mahatma Gandhi
The data are overwhelming: demands we've put on Earth's ecosystems are not sustainable. It is no longer simply about feeling good, being better stewards of the land, or making strategic business decisions. It is about doing the only right thing.
Ray Anderson is CEO of Interface, one of the world's companies most committed to sustainability. He notes, "The imperative of our times, and all time to come, is that the industrial system adapt to its utter dependence on the natural world. If the limits on nature's ability to supply humankind's demands for eco-services: air, water, energy, materials, food, and waste processing are not respected, we will kill ourselves. We cannot live without those services. Earth is finite in its ability to supply them. Present ways just cannot go on and on and on without dire consequences."
In the recently released Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Report (the first ever global assessment of Earth's ecosystems, spearheaded by the United Nations, released March 30, 2005), paints a fairly grim tale about our ability to correct our course unless we act boldly and quickly. This landmark study, written by over 1,300 scientists from 95 nations, reveals that approximately 60% of the ecosystem services that support life on Earth are being used unsustainably. Scientists warn that the harmful consequences of this degradation could grow significantly worse in the next 50 years, seriously affecting human well being.
You'll never miss the water 'til the well runs dry.- "Father of the Blues" Alabamian W.C. Handy
Indoor Air Pollution
Children learn best when they are in environments that fully support their health and growth. Staggering increases in childhood illness, like asthma, allergies, chemical and environmental sensitivities, respiratory disorders, cancers, and ADD, have all been traced to indoor air pollution as a source
Indoor air pollution is linked, in turn, to standard exhibit construction materials: plexi-glass, laminates, fiberglass, plywood, paints, solvents, adhesives, carpeting, stains, finishes, wood, metal primers, wall coverings, sealants, particleboard, drywall compound, fabrics, and furniture finishes.
Indoor air is generally considered to be three times more toxic than outdoor air. Standard building materials emit low-level toxins years after initial construction. By some estimates, it can take up to ten years for some materials to finish off-gassing.
Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife are in fact plans to protect man.- Stuart Udall
Children at Risk
Children are considerably more vulnerable than adults to environmental exposure. The Children’s Environmental Health Network has written an overview of this complex subject, which includes what types of exposures affect children and why in their article, An Introduction to Children’s Environmental Health. Their website also contains useful links and resources on the issue of children’s environmental health. Or, for a quick review of the key factors, look at our list of five factors work against children when they confront any indoor environment, greatly increasing the risk of toxicity and disease. As exhibit designers and builders, we have to be even more careful about the choices we make on behalf of young audiences.
Children's Rights and NeedsOur Obligations
The Convention on the Rights of the Child, a universally agreed upon set of non-negotiable standards and obligations developed by UNICEF, outlines basic human rights for children everywhere. Ratified by over 192 nations, The Convention reflects a new vision of the child and spells out children's rights to survival, to develop to their fullest potential, and to be protected from harmful influences, abuse, and exploitation. It is imperative that we consider our obligation to protect children's right to survival and to be protected from harm.
Children's Developmental Needs
Children's developmental needs are also threatened. Children need connections with Earth, especially direct experience with growing, living things, and the breadth of sensory variations that are exquisitely present in nature. Nature provides the best playground for open ended, timeless play that inspires wonder, awe, and the chance to marvel and imagine.
In our increasingly human-made world, children are losing opportunities to explore nature unencumbered by watchful adults. Few children today are growing up with childhood memories that many of us cherish—exploring meadows, building forts in vacant lots, or climbing trees in neighborhood woods. Children are losing more than safe outdoor places to play freely—they're losing opportunities to feel connected to the wonderful natural world that supports and sustains them.
Sustainable Materials Teach and Inspire
By switching to sustainable practices and greater use of organic natural materials, we help preserve and foster Earth's ecosystems, which will nurture and support our children's future, and help protect their growing bodies from harmful chemicals. When we create exhibits and environments made with sustainable, natural materials, children are also afforded the opportunity to practice the kind of freedom they experience in the outdoors—to roam and explore a diversity of natural surfaces, textures, smells, and sounds in a safe environment.
Natural materials enhance children's ability to see connections between themselves and the natural world, and help them develop empathy toward other living things. Natural materials offer a richer palette of sensory experiences than do synthetics. Young children learn through their senses--vision, hearing, and touch are teachers. Natural materials catch light in richer colors, reflect fuller sound, and offer luxuriant textures to touch. If we can't send today's children out to play with the same freedom, we can bring materials of the outdoors inside.
When we work sustainably, we model love for children and help them find that innate, subconscious connection and love with the rest of life. Children, like adults, are unlikely to work toward saving something they don't inherently love.
The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.- Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German Theologian |
In my undergraduate classes, I normally distribute tips for writing philosophy papers along with my essay assignments. Perhaps others will find these tips helpful.
General Instructions on Writing Philosophy Papers
Philosophy papers can take a variety of forms; no single formula suffices to describe them all. However, most philosophy papers are built around two components: textual analysis and critical discussion. The simplest and most common form of a philosophy paper is the presentation of a particular author’s point of view, coupled with an argument against that view. Another common form is to contrast the views of two authors on a particular issue and to support one author’s view against the other.
The first element: textual analysis. The first element of a successful philosophy paper is an accurate, sympathetic, and cogent presentation of a point of view – typically the point of view of one or more of the authors we have been reading in the class. For longer papers, you should probably present not only a sketch of the author’s position, but also, as sympathetically as possible, some of the reasons the author gives for accepting his or her view. You might also offer your own, or others’, arguments supporting the author’s view. Using your own fresh examples, in the context of more abstract exposition, can especially effectively convey your command of the material.
You should put special care into accurately representing views with which you disagree, since it is tempting to oversimplify or caricature such views. You should also use citations to support your analysis (see below).
The second element: critical discussion. The second element of a successful philosophy paper is a critical discussion of the view (or views) presented. A plausible argument must be mounted either for or against at least one point of view. In constructing this argument, you may use ideas from the readings, lectures, class discussion, or any other source. When using an idea that you obtained from someone else, you must cite the source (see below). While it is not expected in most cases that you will discover wholly novel arguments, you will be expected to put the arguments in your own words, take your own angle on them, and use your own examples, going deeper into at least one issue or objection than we have in class. You should also bear in mind how an opponent might respond to your argument. The best papers often explicitly develop a potential line of criticism against the view the student favors and then show how the view advocated can withstand that criticism. (Of course, it is of little value to do this if the criticism anticipated is too weak to be advocated by thoughtful opponents of your position.) One or two powerful criticisms developed in convincing detail is almost always better than a barrage of quick criticisms treated superficially. Students sometimes relegate their critical discussion to the last paragraph or last page of their papers. Generally, that is a mistake. This is what the rest of the paper is building towards. Spend some time with it; work it out in detail.
One common mistake is to simply state (or restate) your position, or the position of one of the authors, as your critical discussion. Instead, you should mount an argument that brings new considerations to bear or shows some specific weakness in the position or argument you are criticizing. Give reasons for accepting the view you endorse.
Sentences. You should separately evaluate each sentence of your paper along the following three dimensions.
(1.) Is it clear? Although philosophers such as Kant and Heidegger are notorious for their opacity, opacity is not generally accepted in student papers. It should be clear what every sentence means, on the face of it. Avoid technical terms as much as is feasible. When you do use a technical term, for the most part it should be clearly defined in advance. Generally speaking, you should aim to write so that an intelligent person with no background in philosophy can understand most of your paper.
(2.) Is it true or plausible? Every claim you make in a philosophy paper – indeed, every element of every claim – should be either true or plausibly true. Claims that are true or plausible on their face (e.g., “damage to the brain can affect the capacity to think”) may be offered without further support. Claims likely to be questioned by an alert reader (e.g., “nothing immaterial can cause the motion of a material object”) should either precede or be preceded by some sort of consideration or argument in support, although in some cases the support may be fairly simple or preliminary, especially if the point is subsidiary or taken for granted by all the relevant parties.
(3.) Is it relevant? Often, the aim of a philosophy paper is to criticize the view of some particular author. In that case, most of the sentences should serve either to articulate relevant parts of the view that is to be criticized, or they should somehow support the criticism, or they should serve summary or “signpost” functions. In longer papers, digressions and speculations, if they are of sufficient interest, are also acceptable. In more purely interpretive papers, relevance may be harder to assess, but generally you should try to confine yourself either to a single interpretive thesis (e.g., “Descartes would not have accepted Malebranche’s occasionalism”) or you should focus on a narrow enough range of ideas that you can present an insightfully deep exploration of one aspect of the author’s view (as opposed to a scattered, superficial treatment).
Paragraphs. The basic unit of writing is not the sentence but the paragraph. As a general rule, every major point deserves its own paragraph. To make a claim clear it is often desirable to do at least one of the following: Restate it in different words, qualify and delimit it, contrast it to a related point with which it may be confused, present an example of its application, or expand it into several subpoints. To make a claim plausible, it is often desirable to present an example or application, show how it is supported by another claim that is plausible on the face of it, rephrase it in a way that brings out its commonsensicality, or cite an author who supports it. In your critical discussion, it is generally desirable that every major objection you raise receive at least a full paragraph of explanation.
If you treat the paragraph as the basic unit of writing, you will find that only a few points can truly be made well in any one paper, and five or even seven pages will start to seem (if it does not already) a narrow stricture.
Preparation for the paper. In preparing for the paper, I advise that you review the readings and notes relevant to the topic in question. If you have thought of what you consider to be a convincing objection to something in the texts or the lectures, you might want to build your paper around that, carefully describing the view or argument you oppose and then showing why you think we ought not accept that view or argument. If you raise your objection in class discussion, in office hours, or in discussion with friends, then you can see whether others find it convincing and perhaps how someone who disagrees with you would be inclined to respond.
Use of sources. Frequent citations should be used to back up the claims you make in your paper, both in describing an author’s view and in mounting your criticisms, if you depend on the ideas of other people in doing so. Citations serve two purposes: (1.) They credit people for their views, omission of this credit being plagiarism. (2.) If I disagree with your interpretation or recollection of what an author has said, a page reference allows me to check what you have said against the text – otherwise, in cases of disagreement I will have simply to assume that you are mistaken. Citations to particular authors and pages should be included parenthetically in the text, and the bulk of your references should be paraphrases, not direct quotations. Quotes take a lot of space and do not make clear what it is you mean to highlight or extract from the quoted passage, nor do they effectively convey that you understand the quoted material.
Below are two examples of parenthetical citation format for paraphrases. Both are written in the student's own words, not quoting from but rather conveying the crucial idea of the cited text:
It might be thought that materialism cannot be true because people can talk quite intelligently about mental states without knowing anything about brain states – without even believing that the brain is involved in thinking. Consider, however, the case of lightning as an electrical discharge: One can talk intelligently about lightning without knowing about electrical discharges, but this does not prove that lightning is not an electrical discharge (Smart, p. 171).
In support of the view that the mind continues to exist after death, Paterson cites evidence from reports of near-death experiences. Occasionally, Paterson claims, people who have near-death experiences report details of objects and places it would have been impossible for them normally to observe, such as friends unexpectedly arriving in the hospital waiting room (p. 146).
It is not necessary to appeal to secondary sources in discussing your interpretation of the texts. If you do choose to refer to such sources, you should always make your own judgment about whether what they say is plausible and back up your judgment, if possible, with references to the primary texts. Information found on the internet should be treated with special caution. Wikipedia is an unreliable source for philosophy; the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is usually much better. If you find information on the internet that in any way informs your paper, you should be certain to cite it (including the U.R.L.) as you would any other sort of secondary material.
Audience. Imagine the audience of your paper to be a mediocre student taking this class. You need not explain such basic things as who Descartes is. However, you should not assume that your reader has any more than the most rudimentary acquaintance with the texts and arguments or any knowledge at all of literature not assigned in the class. Jargon should be minimized. When you do use jargon, explain carefully what you mean by it.
Introductions. For such a short paper, there is no need for a general introduction to the issues or the particular thinkers being discussed. Get right to the point. The first paragraph should probably contain an explicit statement of what you take your primary point or points to be. There is no need to keep the reader in suspense.
Drafts, outlines, sketches. Many people find it helpful to create an outline of the paper before writing. At a minimum, one should have a general idea, in advance, of the main points one will make. One potential danger with outlines for philosophy papers is that it is often difficult to judge in advance the proper amount of time to spend on any particular sub-claim. Brief sketches of one’s main points and arguments – e.g., a summary of the main project of the paper in one or two paragraphs – are sometimes more helpful. Once you have completed the paper, it can be very rewarding to set it aside for a few days and then return to it, rewriting it from scratch from the beginning. Such rewriting forces you to rethink every sentence afresh as you retype it, which generally results in a clearer, tighter, and more coherent paper. (I rewrite my own essays multiple times before submitting them for publication.) |
Why is salmon good for your brain?
The fish that swims upstream provides more than just a tasty meal
Salmon is topping the charts as one of the best foods to eat, but what makes this pink-fleshed marine animal a modern mealtime marvel?
Your brain is fat, really fat. Sixty percent of it is composed of fatty acids, the long snake-like building blocks of fat molecules required for proper brain structure and function. Fatty acids come in many varieties, yet the brain has a clear favorite — and salmon is packed with it. More than two-thirds of the brain’s fatty acids are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid found primarily in oily fish, although some vegetarian sources exist as well. Metabolically incapable of making DHA on our own, we must obtain it from our diet.
DHA is like a warm winter coat for your neurons, or brain cells, making up a majority of their cell membrane, the cell’s outer coating. And just like you wouldn’t want to leave your house in the winter without putting on a coat, you wouldn’t want to starve your brain cells of DHA. This essential fatty acid protects neurons from injury, reduces cerebral inflammation, helps produce neurotransmitters that tell cells what to do and is essential for quick information transfer down the axon, the neuron’s highway.
Even though you can’t produce this neuronal insulation on your own, you steal enough of it from your mom while in utero to help you through the first few years of life (that’s why mom’s omega-3 intake during pregnancy is so important). But as you age, DHA levels in your brain decline — imagine your winter coat slowly vanishing the longer you stay outdoors. This deterioration has been linked to memory loss, mood disorders, cognitive decline, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), reduced brain volume and Alzheimer’s disease.
When you’re young, you don’t need to remember your coat when you go outside — a parent never lets you leave the house without it. But as an adult, this responsibility falls on your shoulders. If you don’t adequately layer up before facing the cold, you’ll pay the price. Similarly, if you fail to obtain enough DHA from your diet, your brain will be unable to fire optimally. You’ll leave your neurons exposed to injury, disease, inflammation and reduced cognitive capabilities.
Yet just because you may be feeling chilly now, there’s no need to go overboard with this oily fish. Two servings of salmon a week should do the trick for keeping your brain cells working properly and reducing your risk of neurological disease. So if it’s been a while since you approached the fish counter, you may want to think about paying a visit. I’m making this for dinner. |
Presentation on theme: "By: Stephanie Zerkel Advanced Bio. Assignment. Pure science is when people look for the experiment and it affects people right away. Applied science is."— Presentation transcript:
By: Stephanie Zerkel Advanced Bio. Assignment
Pure science is when people look for the experiment and it affects people right away. Applied science is when people don’t go looking for the experiment. It doesn’t effect people right away like pure science.
An inference is like an educated guess.
Observations are anything that you notice. Example: My shirt is white My phone is pink A conclusion is a summary that you write after the experiment that just sums up the experiment.
A bar graph is what you use when there is no time being used in your experiment. Example:
Line Graph You use a line graph when you DO use time in you experiment. Example:
QualitativeQualitativeQuantativeQuantative A qualitative statement is a statement that doesn’t use any numbers in it. Example: My phone has stripes. The key board has lots of keys. A Quantative statement is a statement that DOES use numbers. Example: My phone has 23 stripes on it. The key board has 70 keys on it.
Mean, Median, and Mode Mean- Is the average of a group of numbers. o Example: 12,22,23,33,22,12,12 Add them =136 Then divide by the number of numbers: 7 136/7=19.5 And round to the nearest number… 19.5= 20 The numbers
Mean, Median, and Mode Median is the middle number of the numbers. 12,22,23,33,22,12,12 Put them in order least to greatest 12,12,12,22,22,23,33 And count to the middle then you get …. 22
Mean, Median, and Mode Mode is the most used… If your numbers are 12,22,23,33,22,12,12 then it should be easy there are three 12’s two 22’s and one 23. so the mode would be 12.
Hypothesis- is an if and then statement. Example: If I water plant A more then it will grow faster. Theory- a hypothesis that has bean tested over and over again and proven the same every time.
Control and Experimental groups Control group is the group that you don’t do anything to. Experimental group is the group that you expose to the Iv, or what you change. |
Presentation on theme: "Syntax The way a sentence or phrase is arranged. Includes: Word order Sentence length Sentence focus Punctuation."— Presentation transcript:
Syntax The way a sentence or phrase is arranged. Includes: Word order Sentence length Sentence focus Punctuation
Syntax builds meaning and purpose Good writers make decisions about syntax because they know that effective word order and sentence structure will help them build meaning, purpose and effect with readers. It will help them establish themselves as ethically credible writers. It will influence the readers’ emotions and interests.
Types of sentences Writers choose to use simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences because they are particularly effective at the particular spot of the piece where they are used. -The boy was worried about the test. (simple) -The boy was worried about the test, and he studied for several hours. (compound) -Because the boy was worried about the test, he studied for several hours. (complex) -Because the boy was worried about the test, he studied for several hours, and his hard work paid off. (compound-complex)
Length of sentences Writers choose to vary sentence lengths for an array of reasons: to build up an impressive accumulation of information, to pull a reader up short and make him or her take notice, to imitate the action of the piece, and so on. Are the sentences telegraphic (shorter than 5 words in length), short (approximately 5 words in length), medium (approximately 18 words in length), or long and involved (30 words or more in length)? What is the effect?
This sentence has five words. This is five words too. Five word sentences are fine. But several together become monotonous. Listen to what is happening. The writing is getting boring. The sound of it drones. It's like a stuck record. The ear demands some variety. Now listen. I vary the sentence length and I create music. Music. The writing sings. It has a pleasant rhythm, a lilt, a harmony. I use short sentences. And I use sentences of medium length. And sometimes when I am certain the reader is rested I will engage him with a sentence of considerable length, a sentence that burns with energy and builds with all the impetus of a crescendo, the roll of the drums, the crash of the symbols, and sounds that say listen to this, it is important. Gary Provost on the Rhythms of Sentence Length
Active versus Passive Voice Writers may use the passive voice purposefully, to disguise or withhold any sense of urgency, making it appear that things "just happen." Generally, writers use the active voice to make bold statements about "who is doing what to whom.“ Example: The boy threw the ball. (Active) The ball was thrown by the boy. (Passive) CAVEAT: Unless striving for a particular effect, avoid the passive voice. Passivity adds verbosity.
Active versus Passive The coolant pumps were destroyed by a surge of power. A surge of power destroyed the coolant pumps. The goalie was crouched low when he reached out his stick. The goalie crouched low, swept out his stick, and hooked the rebound.
Structural Distinctions Loose sentence -- basic sentence with details added immediately at the end of the basic sentence elements. Abraham Lincoln wept (basic sentence) Abraham Lincoln wept, fearing that the Union would not survive if the southern states seceded. (loose sentence – sometimes called cumulative) Loose sentences relieve tension and allow the reader to explore the rest of the sentence without urgency.
Structural Distinctions Periodic sentence -- sentence in which additional details are placed before the basic sentence elements. Abraham Lincoln wept. (basic sentence) Alone in his study, lost in somber thoughts about his beloved country, dejected but not broken in spirit, Abraham Lincoln wept. (periodic sentence) Periodic sentences carry high tension and interest; the emphasis is delayed until the end.
Structural Distinctions Inverted - The inverted order of a sentence is another way of writing a sentence in which the predicate appears before the subject. Example – In the next room plays music. Interrupted - The sentence is interrupted, usually with dashes. Example - In the next room music –my favorite song - plays.
Parallel Structure When a passage, a paragraph, or a sentence contains two or more ideas that are fulfilling a similar function, a writer who wants to sound measured, deliberate, and balanced will express those ideas in the same grammatical forms-- words balance words, phrases balance phrases, clauses balance clauses, and sentences balance sentences.
Words Balance Words He loved swimming, running, and playing tennis. Exercise physiologists argue that body-pump aerobics sessions benefit a person's heart and lungs, muscles and nerves, and joints and cartilage.
Phrases Balance Phrases... and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. – Lincoln at Gettysburg
Now in speaking like this, it doesn’t mean that we’re anti-exploitation, we’re anti-degradation, we’re anti-oppression. And if the white man doesn’t want us to be anti-him, let him stop oppressing and exploiting and degrading us.”- Malcolm X
Loren Eiseley, Unexpected Universe Man, for all his daylight activities, is, at best, an evening creature. Our every addiction to the day and our compulsion, manifest through the ages, to invent and use illuminating devices, to contest with midnight, to cast off sleep as we would death, suggest that we know more of the shadows than we are willing to recognize. ---
Student example of parallel phrases With the scorching prairie fires, it came. With the surging floods, it came. With the defensive Indians, it came. With every step, death came to the wagon trains.
Clauses balance Clauses I had always marveled at the Bellerbys. They seemed to me to be survivors from another age and their world had a timeless quality. They were never in a hurry; they rose when it was light, went to bed when they were tired, ate when they were hungry and seldom looked at a clock. --- James Herriot, All Creatures Great and Small
Carl Sagan, Cosmos They remind us that human have evolved to wonder, that understanding is a job, that knowledge is a prerequisite to survival.
Parallelism in The Book of Ruth Where thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God, my God.
Sentence balance sentence Don’t knock parallelism. It sings. It excites. It works.
The Use of Parallel Structure There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as vast as space and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition, and it lies between the pit of man’s fears and the summit of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area which we call... The Twilight Zone. -Zicree, 1989
Juxtaposition It is a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated idea, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect or surprise and wit. Example “The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough”.
Juxtaposition Michael Owen, "One of ours[,] over there" for the Northern Rock, stares balefully at himself lying prone and in agony on the front page of The Guardian sport section.
Antithesis A related scheme involving balance is antithesis, in which parallelism is used to juxtapose words, phrases, or clauses that contrast. With antithesis, a writer tries to point out to the reader differences between two juxtaposed ideas rather than similarities. Antithesis is often used by writers to express conflict.
Antithesis of words Like every great river and every great sea, the moon belongs to none and belongs to all.
Neil Armstrong, American Astronaut antithesis “That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Antithesis of phrases To err is human, to forgive divine. It was the wretchedness of slavery and the blessedness of freedom.
Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities “It was the best of times; it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness...
Antithesis for clauses Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
How is this cartoon an example of antithesis???
Euphemism/Dysphemism Euphemism- The substitution of an offensive term with one that is considered less offensive (dysphemism= opposite). Living together = shacking up Freedom fighter = terrorist or guerilla Pro-choice = murderer or baby killer Pro-life = brainwashed conservative
Schemes Involving Omission Ellipsis is any omission of word(s), the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of the passage. An artist’s instinct is intuitive, not rational…aesthetic, not pragmatic. Asyndeton is the deliberate omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, and related clauses. (usually before the last item in a list—hurried rhythm) “I came, I saw, I conquered.” Asyndeton builds urgency.
What is the effect of this asyndeton?
Anaphora / Repetition The repetition of the same group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields... (Winston Churchill)
Martin Luther King, “I have a Dream” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed... I have a dream...
If you want to be important, wonderful! If you want to be recognized, wonderful! If you want to be great, wonderful! But recognize that he who is greatest among you shall be your servant.” MLK Jr.
Epistrophe / Repetition It is repetition of the same group of words at the end of a clause, sentence, or verse. What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us.“
Remember the day I borrowed your brand new car, and I dented it? I thought you’d kill me, but you didn’t. And remember the time I dragged you to the beach, and you said it would rain, and it did? I thought you’d say, “I told you so,” but you didn’t. Do you remember the time I flirted with all the guys to make you jealous and you were? I thought you’d leave me, but you didn’t. Do you remember the time I spilled strawberry pie all over your car rug? I thought you’d hit me, but you didn’t. And remember the time I forgot to tell you that the dance was formal, and you showed up in jeans. I thought you’d drop me, but you didn’t. Yes, there were lots of things you didn’t do. But you put up with me, and you loved me, and you protected me. There were lots of things I wanted to make up to you when you returned from Vietnam. But you didn’t. (1982, 75-76)
Example From “The Tell Tale Heart” by Poe I talked more quickly—more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased. I arose and argued about trifles, in a high key with gesticulations, but the noise steadily increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by the observation of the men—but the noise steadily increased. (1938, 306)
Chiamus Another scheme that looks a great deal like antithesis is chiamus (Key-ah-mus). It is a repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. You can take the kid out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the kid.
Another example “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy).
Chiamus “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.”-JFK “When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” “The world is divided into governments who own the people, and people who own the government.”-Churchill
Polysyndenton It is the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses. The repeated use of "nor" or "or" emphasizes alternatives; repeated use of "but" or "yet" stresses qualifications; repeated use of “and” gives the impression of infinity... a sense of endlessness We have not power, nor influence, nor money, nor authority... And him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and
An example And Ali, gloves to his head, elbows to his ribs, stood and swayed and was rattled and banged and shaken like a grasshopper at the top of a reed when the wind whips, and the ropes shook and swung like sheets in a storm... Norman Mailer
Anadiplosis Anadiplosis (a-nuh-duh-PLOH-suhs is the repetition of the last word (or phrase) from the previous line, clause or sentence at the beginning of the next. Mental preparation leads to training; training builds muscle tone and coordination; muscle tone and coordination, combined with focused thinking, produce athletic excellence
Never steal, cheat, lie, or drink- But if you must steal, steal away from bad company. If you must cheat, cheat death. If you must lie, lie in the arms of the one you love. And if you must drink, drink in the good times.
Polyptoton Polyptoton (po-lip-to-ton) is the repetition of words with the same root. With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder. —John of Gaunt in Shakespeare's Richard II
Zeugma It is the use of one subject with two (or more) verbs, a verb with two (or more) direct objects that have different meanings, two (or more) subjects with one verb, and so forth. The main benefit of the linking is that it shows relationships between ideas and actions more clearly. He stole both her car and her heart that fateful night. Fred excelled at sports, Harvey at eating, Tom with girls.
Advertisement for Dove Chocolate Hold hands firmly, hearts gently.
Rhetorical Question For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on? --Marcus Aurelius
Homer Simpson’s rhetorical question Mother Simpson: [singing] How many roads must a man walk down before you can call him a man? Homer: Seven. Lisa: No, dad, it's a rhetorical question. Homer: OK, eight. Lisa: Dad, do you even know what "rhetorical" means? Homer: Do I know what "rhetorical" means? rhetorical question
“That’s O. K., Donald—’why do I even bother?’ is a rhetorical question.”
Alliteration Several words in a phrase begin with the same or similar sounds. …to have and to hold… pride of place cool as a cucumber
Climax Ordering Three or four items in a series, with the greatest emphasis at the end. “In twenty campaigns, on one hundred battlefields, around one thousand campfires…” - General Douglas MacArthur
Climax Ordering This is one planet in a solar system of nine, floating around in a galaxy of billions.
PUNCTUATION Punctuation reinforces meaning, constructs effect, and – of particular interest to students of writing -- expresses the writer’s voice. To shape voice, consider: The Semicolon (;) The Colon (:) The Dash (--) The Parentheses ()
The Semicolon The semicolon gives equal weight to two or more independent clauses in a sentences It can reinforce parallel ideas: “E.T., don’t phone home; it’s too expensive.” El Paso Herald-Post It imparts equal importance to both (or all) of the clauses: “It was the best of times; it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness...” Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
The Colon The colon directs the reader’s attention to the words that follow. It is also used if between independent clauses if the second summarizes or explains the first. A colon sets the expectation that important, closely related information will follow; words after the colon are emphasized.
Example The seven years’ difference in our ages lay between us like a chasm: I wondered if these years would ever operate between us as a bridge. James Baldwin, “Sonny’s Blues” The “chasm” of the first clause is connected to the “bridge” of the second clause, and the possibility of reconciliation for the characters is raised through the syntax.
The Dash The dash marks a sudden change in thought or tone, sets off a brief summary, and often adds drama. “But the show’s most famous motto – “Live long and prosper!” – proved to be downright prophetic.” Michael Logan, TV Guide It may be used to elaborate on a previously stated idea, often changing the meaning of the sentence. In fact, many times good writers will use a dash to create an anomaly, a departure from the expected. “In Moulmein, in Lower Burma, I was hated by large numbers of people -- the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me.” George Orwell, “Shooting an Elephant”
The Parentheses The parentheses are used to whisper a witty aside to the reader. Parentheses can make a remark seem more confidential. “Tourists...swarm all over the Statue of Liberty (where many a resident of the town has never set foot), they invade the Automat, visit radio stations, St. Patrick’s Cathedral, and they window shop.” -- E.B.White “In a trice (which, in Bangladesh, is two and a half hours) we were back in our hired cab.” --P.J. O’Rourke
The grammatical rhythms of good writers sing and sometimes shout! They march. They skip. They paint. They float like the song of a sparrow on a midnight summer breeze. Writers beat rhythms of musical syntax as backgrounds to ideas of joy, love, and anger. In every genre from science fiction to journalism, they use the subtle cadences of structure to emphasize meaning.
Powerpoint adapted from Marcie Belgard Hanford High School Richland, Washington |
Presentation on theme: "ADVICE FOR LIFE (series) TO JUDGE OR NOT TO JUDGE MATTHEW 7:1-5."— Presentation transcript:
ADVICE FOR LIFE (series) TO JUDGE OR NOT TO JUDGE MATTHEW 7:1-5
“Judge not, that you be not judged. For with what judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with the measure you use, it will be measured back to you. And why do you look at the speck in your brother’s eye, but do not consider the plank in your own eye? Or how can you say to your bother, ‘Let me remove the speck from your eye; and look, a plank is in your own eye.’ Hypocrite! First remove the plank from your own eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother’s eye. (Matthew 7:1-5)
MAIN IDEA: JUDGING OTHERS IS A VERY SERIOUS MATTER AND WE SET OURSELVES UP FOR OUR OWN JUDGMENT BY OTHERS!
I.WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO JUDGE ANOTHER PERSON? QUESTION: Is Jesus telling us we should never make a judgment about anyone or anything at any time? (Do not judge, lest you be judged.)
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO JUDGE? QUESTION: Is Jesus saying – ‘don’t judge others by a different standard then you judge yourselves?’ (“You hypocrite! First remove the plank from your own eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother’s eye) vs. 5
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO JUDGE? QUESTION: Is Jesus saying, don’t pronounce guilt and condemnation on others? HOW ARE WE TO KNOW WHAT JESUS IS REALLY SAYING?
WHAT DOES THE WORD “TO JUDGE” MEAN? “To make a distinction between two things” “To provide an opinion” “To assign guilt and punishment” “To condemn” “To make an exact measurement” “To call into question”
WHAT DID JESUS MEAN WHEN HE SAID, “JUDGE NOT”? The meaning of a word with different meanings is often determined by the context in which it is used! WHAT WAS THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE DAY? (Jewish culture of 613 laws which each had its own additional laws of application – or what one had to do or not do in order to keep the 613 laws of the Jewish Torah)
II. WHY IS IT WRONG TO JUDGE (CONDEMN) OTHERS? REASON #1: BECAUSE WE ARE COMMANDED BY OUR LORD NOT TO DO SO!
REASON #2: BECAUSE WE OURSELVES ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO MAKE SUCH JUDGMENTS A. WE ARE NOT PERFECT (we have planks in our own eye) B. WE DON’T KNOW ALL THE FACTS (we can’t see clearly because of our own plank(s)
REASON #3: WHEN WE JUDGE (CONDEMN) OTHERS, WE DISCOUNT THE GRACE OF GOD AND THE POWER OF GOD IN THE LIVES OF OTHERS! THE GRACE OF GOD: forgives a life! THE POWER OF GOD: changes a life!
“THERE IS SO MUCH GOOD IN THE WORST OF US – AND THERE IS SO MUCH BAD IN THE BEST OF US – THAT IT HARDLY BEHOOVES ANY OF US- TO TALK ABOUT THE REST OF US!”
III. WHAT ADVICE DOES JESUS GIVE TO US ABOUT NOT JUDGING OTHERS? FIRST: TAKE CARE OF OUR OWN LIFE BEFORE WE ARE CONCERNED AOBUT SOMEONE ELSE’S LIFE! “REMOVE THE PLANK IN YOUR OWN EYE” VS. 5
SECOND: UNLESS YOU CAN REACH PERFECTION, YOU ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO JUDGE OTHERS!
THIRD: RECOGNIZE THAT WE WILL BE JUDGED BY THE SAME CRITERIA OR STANDARD BY WHICH WE JUDGE OTHERS!
“Don’t find fault with a man who limps or stumbles along the road or struggles beneath his load Unless you have worn the very shoes he wears For there may be tacks in those shoes that hurt even though hidden from your view For the burden he bears, if place on your back Might cause you to stumble too.
Don’t sneer at the man who is down today Unless you have felt the blow that caused his fall, or felt the shame That only the fallen know. You may be strong, but still the blows That were his, if dealt to you, In the self same way at the self same time Might cause you to stagger too.
So don’t be too harsh with a man who sins Or pelt him with words or stones Unless you are sure, yes doubly sure That you have no sins of your own. For you know, perhaps, if the tempters voice Would whisper as soft to you, As it did to him when he went astray Would cause you to falter too.
TRUTH TO LIVE BY #1. AS BELIEVERS IN JESUS CHRIST, WE MUST NOT BE JUDGMENTAL AND CONDEMNING OF OTHERS – BUT, WE MUST BE DISCERNING AND COMMITTED TO SPEAKING THE TRUTH IN LOVE!
#2. EACH ONE OF US HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO NOT ONLY JUDGE OURSELVES, BUT TO FIX WITHIN US WHAT IS NOT RIGHT. |
With the right settings and driver, you should be able to connect to open and closed wireless networks with Linux. Closed wireless networks will require a passkey to access, a specific authentication encryption type, and possibly even further site-specific settings. Some general issues can affect your connection and also Linux-specific things you will want to keep in mind.
First do some basic troubleshooting to see if the issue may involve something other than your Linux system itself. First, make sure you are within workable range of the wireless point. If your reception with the wireless is faint or spotty then you may have problems actually connecting with it. Also check for nearby interference which may impact your reception of the wireless point. It's possible to pick up a wireless connection but not be able to connect or authenticate because of signal or interference issues. The "sudo iwlist scan" command can display information about local wireless points and reception strength.
Closed wireless networks require authentication which is managed over a specific encryption protocol. The connecting computer's wireless card and driver has to be able to support the encryption protocol used on the access point. Most newer access points use WPA2 encryption, so your system and card must support that. You can find this information by running the command "nm-tool" in a terminal window. This command displays the encryption capabilities supported by your wireless card. Make sure the specific protocol used by the access point is supported on your system.
You need to make sure your Linux system has the appropriate driver for your wireless card or dongle. Wireless functionality in Linux can be finicky because the manufacturer may have limited or no support for Linux, and any drivers may have been mostly reverse-engineered and developed by third parties. Wireless functionality on Linux often lags behind Windows and Mac due to the issue of proprietary drivers, and the potentially limited feature set available among open source drivers. The "lsmod" terminal command displays which driver modules are loaded, and the "sudo lshw -C network" command shows information about your network hardware, including loaded drivers and their version.
Help and Support
If you're still having difficulty getting wireless authentication to work, try your Linux distribution's community website and forums. The Ubuntu website has extensive documentation and setup information for wireless configuration and troubleshooting. The website also has an extremely active forum community where you can post your issue and get some ideas and assistance for further troubleshooting. Have the model information of your wireless hardware, and be familiar with working in a terminal and inputting basic commands.
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Games are serious for business, believes Phaedra Boinodiris, IBM games program manager. Games have a unique ability to spur people to action through fun and competition. They motivate employees to learn processes, achieve goals, and improve their health habits. Similarly, games encourage customers to purchase a company's products and services. In addition to traditional games, these days businesses use technology in their motivational games.
A properly designed game gets people to perform a certain behavior to get something they want. At a conference at the Wharton School, Kevin Werback said the fundamentals of games include motivation, competition and rewards. Games address basic human desires for prizes, praise, status or social conscience, for example. Correct use of games in business makes desired behaviors fun and rewarding. The fun or reward motivates people to repeat the experience.
Basic Business Games
Traditional games in business include competitions and board games. For example, some companies award points for sales amounts, and the staff can exchange the points for merchandise. Publishers and publications such as Reader's Digest use sweepstakes, contests and rewards to gain publicity and motivate customers to purchase their products. Some businesses also use traditional games to train and motivate new employees. Garlands Call Centres, for example, uses a board patterned on the company's operations to train new employees. The game builds team spirit, teaches job roles, and motivates employees to succeed in their jobs.
Technology in Business Games
More and more companies are using the Internet or social media as a platform for games for customers and employees. For example, Nike has a system for measuring your run that comes as part of Nike Plus shoes. An accelerometer in the shoes plugs into a computer so you can track your exercise. You use social networks to compare your workout with others and compete in virtual races. Another organization gives virtual badges as part of employee performance reviews. The recipient shares the award by forwarding it to co-workers, who add comments or value. The badge grows and remains as a permanent part of the employee's brand.
The Downside of Games
As games become more prevalent in both business and personal life, employees and customers may experience game overload. Not all games are equally successful. The best games motivate people to do something of value, said Rajat Paharia at the Wharton Conference. For example, don't reward people for posting just anything on a forum. Rob Lalim of Southwest Airlines warns against offending employees by treating them like children. Use games that provide fun while treating people as adults. A game sometimes also has unexpected results. For example, Kimberly Croft, President of InterWeave, says that incentives sometimes cause motivation to fall when the contest ends.
- Wharton School: Rewards, Motivation, Competition -- How Businesses Can Benefit from the Rise of Gamification
- Call Centre Helper: Motivational Games
- Call Centre Helper: New Interactive Board Game Helps Garlands Train New Recruits
- Forbes: Let's Play! Turning Serious Businesss Issues Into Games
- Forbes: Make A Play Date -- Can You Turn Your Business Into A Game?
- BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images |
If you're in business, chances are good that one of your primary motivations is to make money. However, you can't spend all of the company's profits on bonuses for the upper management or payouts to shareholders, or you run the risk that your business will soon fall behind and be in the red. Able managers will use a percentage of annual profits to keep their businesses competitive. This capital is sometimes referred to as reinvested income or, more commonly, retained earnings.
Reinvested Income Vs. Dividends
After all operating costs and overhead have been assessed for the year, a company is left with its net profits, or the amount of money it made above and beyond the money it spent. A company has two primary things that it can do with this money. One is to pay out dividends to the shareholders who have a stake in the company. The other is to somehow reinvest the money in the company.
Reasons for Reinvesting Income
Companies use reinvested income for a variety of purposes. A company may reinvest a portion of income into activities designed to expand its customer base, such as advertising, product development or the purchase of real estate that allows expansion into new geographical territories. Reinvested income may also be used to expand and improve a company's workforce by hiring and training new workers, to purchase new equipment, or to maintain, repair or improve a company's existing facilities.
Shareholders and Reinvested Income
Although it is company managers who ultimately decide what percentage of profit to pay out and what percent to reinvest, their decisions are still subject to shareholder oversight. The purpose of reinvesting income is to improve a business so that it makes even more money in the future. Shareholders could make a minimal return on their money by simply investing it in a savings account. If a company withholds a portion of their earnings to reinvest in the business, shareholders expect to see a better eventual return on their money than if it was sitting in a savings account. Managers who fail to make profitable use of reinvested income may find themselves replaced by disgruntled shareholders.
What Reinvested Income Means to Potential Investors
On a balance sheet or profit and loss statement, retained earnings appear as the portion of profit that remains after a company pays its taxes and issues dividends to its stockholders. The amount of retained earnings that are reinvested in a business means different things to different investors. Some may take a low ratio of reinvested income to dividend payouts as a sign of confidence. On the other hand, other investors may see a high level of reinvested income as positive because it indicates that a company has had a history of success and profitability.
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images |
Developers of OLAP and multidimensional databases speak their own language and use terms such as cubes, dimensions, measures, and members. Here's an example that illustrates these terms.
Let's take a simple sales database and convert it to a multidimensional database. Every time company XYZ makes a sale, the salesperson records the date, the sales amount, the product sold, and the customer that bought it. When we convert this information into a multidimensional database, the numeric values become cells, or measures. In this example, the only measure is sales amount. A multidimensional database organizes the attributes of a sale (e.g., date, product, and customer) into dimensions (e.g., a time dimension, a product dimension, and a customer dimension). The individual items within a dimension are members. For example, split pea soup is a member in the product dimension. A multidimensional database stores measures, dimensions and their members in a cube. A cube is similar to a relational table but can have more than two dimensions. (For an illustration of cube, see Bob Pfeiff's "OLAP: Resistance Is Futile," page 22.)
The members in the dimensions are stored in hierarchies. The original simple sales database has a date entry for each product sold. When we add that date information to a cube, we organize all the individual dates into a hierarchy. We can choose to organize the dates into a standard calendar or a fiscal calendar. A standard calendar combines all the dates in May into a time member called May. We can group May with April and June to form Quarter 2, and we can group Quarter 2 with the other three quarters to form a member called Year 1999.
The terms roll up and drill down describe actions we can perform on members of a dimension. For example, if we drill down on Quarter 3, we see Quarter 3's direct descendents in the hierarchy (i.e., July, August, and September). If we roll up August, we see August's parent in the hierarchy (i.e., Quarter 3) and the siblings of August's parent (i.e., Quarter 1, Quarter 2, and Quarter 4). We can use rolled up as a synonym for aggregated to. For example, July, August, and September are rolled up to Quarter 3.
In a cube, any measure is available for any combination of members. This availability means that we can ask for the sales for product A in Quarter 3 or the sales for product A on May 23. The cube aggregates the sales values to determine the values at higher levels in the hierarchy. Even sales on May 23 is an aggregate because multiple transactions might have occurred on that day. A cube doesn't store the original transactions; it stores only the aggregations. When you create a cube, you choose how many aggregations the cube will have. The number of aggregations affects your MDX queries' performance. |
A bill to improve the nutritional value of fast food restaurant meals marketed to children--like McDonald's Happy Meals--could have a wide enough impact to reduce calories, fat, and sodium, according to a new study led by researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center.
The study, which will publish in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, includes collaboration from NYU College of Global Public Health, NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, and NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development.
The "Healthy Happy Meals" Bill, proposed by New York City Council member Benjamin J. Kallos, who represents the Upper East Side of Manhattan and Roosevelt Island, would require that fast food meals marketed to kids using toys or other promotional items include a serving of fruit, vegetables or whole grain. They must also be limited to 500 calories or less, with fewer than 35 percent of calories coming from fat, fewer than 10 percent coming from saturated fat, fewer than 10 percent from added sugars, and fewer than 600 milligrams of sodium. The bill is currently being considered by the City Council, and is similar to legislation recently enacted in California
To identify whether the bill might make a public health impact on nutrition improvement and number of children reached, the researchers analyzed receipts collected in 2013 and 2014 from 358 adults, which included purchases for 422 children at multiple New York City and New Jersey locations of Burger King, McDonald's, and Wendy's, three fast food chains that market kids' meals.
Adults purchased on average 600 calories for each child, with 36 percent of those calories coming from fat, according to the findings. Over one-third of children ordered kids' meals, and 98 percent of kids' meals did not meet the nutritional criteria outlined in the proposed legislation.
If kids' meals meet the bill's criteria and children's orders do not shift, there would be a 9 percent drop in calories--representing 54 fewer calories--a 10 percent drop in sodium, and a 10 percent drop in percentage of calories from fat.
"While 54 calories at a given meal is a small reduction, small changes that affect a wide number of people can make a large impact," said Brian Elbel, PhD, lead author and associate professor in the Departments of Population Health at NYU Langone and at NYU Wagner. "Passing the bill could be a step in the right direction, though no single policy can singlehandedly eliminate childhood obesity."
"The policy's effectiveness will depend on whether the food industry attempts to neutralize it through marketing or other strategies," said Marie Bragg, PhD, co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Population Health at NYU Langone and at the NYU College of Global Public Health. "For example, the industry could remove children's meals altogether, forcing children to order the larger portions from the adult menu."
Dr. Bragg offered another approach: "Policymakers could consider broader restrictions on marketing, similar to legislation in Chile that banned any use of toy premiums in children's meals in 2012," she said. |
An organization is comprised of assets and human beings which require safeguarding and protection. Safeguarding and protection is laid in the hands of a personnel security specialist who handles liability risks and any threats in the workplace (Ortmeier, P. J., 20). Threats in an organization can extend from just mere theft of a vital asset in the workplace to even organized terrorist attack. An organization holds the liability of the individuals within its premises. There are also other functions of a personnel security; body guarding, carrying out investigations, controlling access in some areas. In order to carry out his/her duties effectively, a personnel security should undergo some training.
Personnel security should posses some knowledge in order to carry out the perceived duties. They should be equipped with the current information in an organization. Training education enables personnel security understands various risks analysis and assessment techniques. Training education is determined by the vulnerability to risks. Training helps reduce criminal and civil liability.
Through training, a personnel security is equipped with the necessary knowledge to help prepare the necessary procedures and policies in handling security threats. This enables in safeguarding individuals and assets in an organization. Liability issue should be handled carefully to avoid unnecessary cost to an organization (Ortmeier, P. J 8). A personnel security can be a position to carry out investigations with the necessary knowledge. Physical security specialist should maximize on the training in order to provide enough safety in an organization (Ortmeier, P. J 28).
In conclusion, the safety of individuals and asset in an organization lies in the hands of security personnel. The necessary knowledge should be provided to the personnel security specialty through training. Training provides the knowledge of carrying out risk assessment. |
Advocates for the Alzheimer’s Association made a push in Congress this week for more funding for research. They based their argument on the costs of Alzheimer’s. This disease, which causes so much pain for patients and their families, also threatens the nation’s financial health.
According to the association, the total health care cost of caring for individuals with Alzheimer’s will be $214 billion this year, with Medicare and Medicaid paying $150 billion of that. Almost 20 percent of everything the federal government spends on Medicare is spent caring for patients with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia.
As the baby boomers age and as costs of care increase, the numbers become truly scary. By the middle of this century, overall annual medical costs for Alzheimer’s and other dementias are projected to rise to $1.2 trillion.
More than five million Americans now have Alzheimer’s — 200,000 of them under the age of 65. It is the country’s sixth leading cause of death. About 52,000 Arkansans have it — 8,000 of them between the ages of 65-74, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.
Progress has been made in recent years with other diseases — most notably AIDS, which was a certain death sentence a couple of decades ago until it became a national priority. Between 2000 and 2010, deaths attributed to HIV fell 42 percent. They also fell for stroke, heart disease, prostate cancer and breast cancer.
But deaths attributed to Alzheimer’s increased 68 percent over that same time period. While five approved drugs will treat the symptoms for 6-12 months in half the patients, there’s no cure, no long-term effective treatment and no means of prevention.
Congress did increase funding for research by $100 million this year, which was a good start. However, for every $1 that the National Institutes of Health now spends on Alzheimer’s research, Medicare and Medicaid spend $265 on patient care, and it’s often not the kind of care that prolongs productivity or enhances quality of life. We’re warehousing a lot of people.
The Alzheimer’s Association says that, if the onset of Alzheimer’s could be delayed five years, the national costs of care would be cut by half. It’s asking for another $200 million for research, which is a significant increase in this kind of budgetary environment. On the other hand, it’s less than the cost of two of the Pentagon’s proposed 2,400 new F-35 Joint Strike Fighter planes — a weapons system that, as “60 Minutes” recently reported, is $163 billion over budget and seven years behind schedule.
Alzheimer’s is a clear and present danger. If we’re truly worried about America’s future, couldn’t we get by on 2,398 planes and use the savings from the other two to fund Alzheimer’s research? If not, I’m betting we can find $200 million somewhere in the federal budget.
None of this, of course, is taking into account the human toll Alzheimer’s takes on individuals and their families. Alzheimer’s is a particularly villainous disease. It robs individuals of their golden years, when they still have work to do and wisdom to offer. The mental decline can be rapid, but the physical death can stretch into decades. For loved ones, the long goodbye can be an almost unbearable mix of exhaustion, distraction, grief and guilt.
When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Americans mobilized for action. The same occurred when the Russians beat us into space.
Alzheimer’s is that kind of threat. Discovering a cure would be a gift to the world. Find the $200 million.
(Contact Steve Brawner on Twitter @stevebrawner) |
What role should nuclear weapons play in our national defense? Are nuclear weapons the most useful tool to combat US adversaries? In light of today’s budgetary constraints, how should the U.S. spend its more limited resources on defense?
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville’s Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center will explore these and other questions at 6:00 p.m. on September 19 in a forum featuring former U.S. ambassador and energy undersecretary Linton Brooks. The event is free and open to the public.
Brooks has more than five decades of experience in national security and specifically nuclear policy. He will deliver the address “21st Century Nuclear Challenges” and take questions from participants.
He is now a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and a distinguished research fellow at the National Defense University. Brooks has served as the administrator of the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration and chief negotiator of the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. Prior to his government service, he was a Navy officer and was deployed on four nuclear-equipped ships.
The former ambassador will examine how to best shape the U.S. nuclear posture and policies in the twenty-first century. Howard Hall, senior fellow of global security policy at the Baker Center and a UT Governor’s Chair, said the discussion about nuclear energy in national defense has changed dramatically since the Cold War.
Nuclear issues used to be front and center in the headlines and our national defense strategy, defined superpower politics, and was the reason why all school children knew where the local bomb shelter was located.
“Despite the even possible greater dangers nuclear weapons and material pose today, the nuclear security agenda has receded in the national debate,” said Hall. “Threats abound such as the nuclear programs of rogue states such as Iran and North Korea, the danger of nuclear terrorism, increasing numbers of nuclear weapons in volatile or fragile parts of the world like Pakistan, and the nuclear disaster in Japan. US national security and global stability will continue to hinge on—and be challenged by—global stockpiles of nuclear weapons, vulnerable nuclear material worldwide and the byproducts of nuclear energy production throughout the twenty-first century.”
This event is sponsored by the Baker Center, the Hudson Institute, the Partnership for a Secure America, and the Stanley Foundation.
UT’s Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy is a nonpartisan institute devoted to education and scholarship concerning public policy and civic engagement. Through classes, public lectures, research, and outreach programs, the center aims to provide policy makers, citizens, scholars, and students with the information and skills necessary to work effectively within our political system and to serve our local, state, national, and global communities.
Howard Hall, 865-974-2525, [email protected]
PRESS LOGISTICS CONTACT:
Nissa Dahlin-Brown, 865-974-0931, [email protected] |
Tobago, one of the Caribbean's most unspoiled islands, has won awards for ecotourism, including "The Number One Eco-destination in the Caribbean" award from the Caribbean Travel Awards Committee. The House of Assembly attributes 54 percent of the island's annual GDP to tourism, and approximately 20 percent of the local workforce is directly employed within the industry. The government perceives sustainable tourism development as being crucial to both the island's economy and to the survival of local communities.
Many ecotourists are attracted by Tobago's biodiversity and varied natural habitats, which include beaches, coral reefs, a belt of rain forest, mountains and deciduous forest. These need to be protected if ecotourism is to be sustainable. Small island states are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, so the University of Oxford and the University of East Anglia are carrying out an ongoing project to monitor the existing and potential negative impacts of climate change on ecotourism in Tobago, including threats to endemic species and coastal habitats, changes to vegetation and increased frequency of extreme events.
Nature Parks and Reserves
Tobago has a rich variety of indigenous flora and fauna, and conservation is taken very seriously. Pigeon Park Reserve is the oldest legally protected forest reserve in the western hemisphere. Forest trails enable visitors to explore the reserve's habitats or enjoy a swim in a waterfall pool. Birdwatchers can spot more than 200 species in the island's bird sanctuaries, which include St. Giles Rocks, Grafton Caledonia Wildlife Sanctuary and Little Tobago Island, which can be visited only via a licensed tour operator. The Botanic Gardens contain a host of tropical trees and shrubs, and at the Genesis Nature Park visitors can see monkeys, agouti, wild hogs and parrots, as well as a collection of native artwork. Tobago is a breeding ground for endangered leatherback turtles, which come ashore to lay eggs during summer. Tourists can visit the beaches if accompanied by a certified guide.
Beach activities include boating and water sports such as swimming, kayaking and windsurfing, as well as snorkeling and scuba diving along the coral reefs. Inland, there are opportunities for mountain biking, hiking and rock climbing. Naturalist tours include Buccoo Marsh and Grafton Estate, Little Tobago Island and glass-bottom boat trips to Buccoo Reef. The premier cultural attraction is the annual Tobago Heritage Festival, held each July, which offers visitors a chance to observe and participate in the island's traditional cultural activities, including village visits, music and dancing and culinary displays.
A variety of eco-accommodations can be found on Tobago. Tobago Beach Accommodation is a self-catering eco-settlement in the Bay of Castara that is managed and maintained by local villagers. Another self-catering option is the Aventure Eco Villas in the Arnos Nature Reserve. Rainbow Nature Resort is a converted cocoa house at the edge of the rain forest and on a plantation that practices agriforestry and ecofarming. At the more luxurious end of the market is Kariwak Village at Crown Point, which offers holistic therapies, Buddhist meditation, yoga and massage. This hotel has 24 rooms with bathrooms and private patios, of which 18 are around the pool and six are in the secluded, award-winning gardens. The restaurant serves Creole and Caribbean cuisine. Camping is permitted in the forests, but it is recommended that visitors do so only as part of a hiking tour with an experienced guide.
- Medioimages/Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images |
The Columbia River rises in the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia. Its 1,200-mile course flows northwest through the Columbia Valley, then south across the Canadian-U.S. border into Washington State, before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is one of the world's finest trout fisheries, teeming with thousands of large, wild trout, but has so far not been commercially exploited. The climate is fairly mild, permitting year-round fishing.
Where to Fish
The 30-mile stretch of the Columbia River that runs through southeastern British Columbia from Castlegar to the U.S. border is one of the last free-flowing stretches of the river system and ideal for jet boat fishing. Farther north, the hydroelectric dams create a year-round fishery for steelhead trout, which were trapped in the river when the dams were constructed. The upper stretches of the Columbia River are home to strains of Gerrad rainbow trout.
Dry Season Fly-Fishing
The dry fly-fishing season lasts from early May until around the end of October. A huge variety of insects breed around the Columbia River, including caddis, mayflies, stoneflies, cicadas and flying ants, and the trout come up to the surface to feed on them. Anglers can virtually pick out which fish to target. The best type of rod for dry season fly-fishing along this river is a 9-foot, 5-6 weight rod, with floating lines and long leaders.
Wet Season Fly-Fishing
The wet fly-fishing season starts around the end of August and lasts right through the winter, up until early May. In spring, when insects are hatching, fish of up to 10 lbs. often can be caught, although the average weight is 4 to 5 lbs. A variety of flies can be used, including stonefly nymphs and any steelhead or Atlantic salmon flies. A rod of at least 9 feet long is required, with an 8-9 weight, and a spey rod will help to give more distance, since the Columbia River is extremely wide and fish can be lost if the angler runs out of line.
A freshwater fishing license is required for all of British Columbia's rivers and lakes. Licenses are issued by the provincial Ministry of the Environment's Fish and Wildlife Branch and are readily available from a variety of sources, including fishing supply stores, sports shops and government agents' offices, as well as online. One-day, eight-day and annual licenses are available. Seniors and the disabled do not have to pay for a license. Fishing permits are not required for under-16s, who must be accompanied by an adult who does hold a license. Anglers must carry the license with them,and be prepared to produce it if requested by RCMP constables, park rangers, conservation officers or fishery officers.
Guided Fishing Trips
Guided fishing trips and two- or three-day fishing vacation packages along the Columbia River can be booked online. Most companies cater to small parties only and provide all of the necessary equipment, including life jackets. The guides are local fishermen who are familiar with the best fishing spots and techniques.
- Head of a trout image by zalisa from Fotolia.com |
The twenty-ninth General Conference of UNESCO, held in 1997, decided to activate Article 29 of the World Heritage Convention concerning the submission of Periodic Reports on the state of implementation of the World Heritage Convention (Section I) and the state of conservation of World Heritage properties (Section II). The periodic reports will also help focus the World Heritage Committee's as well as the State Party's future activities and funds, and strengthen sub-regional and regional co-operation between States Parties.
Within the framework of the Periodic Reporting exercise for Europe and North America, the World Heritage Centre is organising several meetings at sub-regional level to inform the States Parties on the procedures and formats for completion of their national reports. In cooperation with the ICTP Institute in Trieste, Italy, a workshop is being organised for the South Eastern European Region at the Institute's premises from 3 to 7 March 2004. Focal points from 10 European State Parties will attend this workshop, which will focus on the implementation of the Convention, the official format for completion of the reports and the electronic tool developed by the World Heritage Centre for filling in the report on-line. |
初三年级英语 1-2 单元复习——名词考点 一、考点、热点回顾
九年级 UNITS 1-2
I 词组 1) make mistakes 犯错 laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 2) make up 组成、构成 deal with 处理 3) regard… as … 把…看作为…. be terrified of sth. 害怕… 4) make
a decision 下决定 下决心 pay attention to sth. 对…注意，留心 5) to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是 take pride in sth. 或 be proud of 以…而自豪 6) get into trouble with 遇到麻烦 in trouble 处于困境中 have trouble doing : 做…遇到麻烦 7)give up (doing) sth. 放弃(做)某事 II 句型 1 ---How do you study for a test? 你如何准备考试？ --- I study by working with friends. 我通过和朋友一起学习。 by + doing 通过……方式 2 What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation? 大声朗读练习发音怎么样？ 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about doing sth.? 造句：________________________________________ ②Why don’t you do sth.? 造句：________________________________________ ③Why not do sth. ? 造句：________________________________________ ④Let’s do sth. 造句：________________________________________ ⑤Shall we/I do sth.? 造句：________________________________________ 3 First of all, it wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to class. 首先，老师讲课时，我不 容易听懂。 划线部分同义句：____________________ wasn’t easy for me. 扩展：同义句：I found ________________________. *重点句型：It’s ….(for sb. ) to do sth. (对某人来说)做某事怎么样 4 Unless we deal with our problem, we can easily become unhappy. 我们很容易不开心，除非我们处理我们的问题。 用 if 改写： 5 I used to be afraid of speaking in front of a group. 我过去害怕在众人面前讲话。 一般疑问句： 易混淆词组： 1）used to be/do … 过去… 2）be used to do… = be used for doing … 被用来…. 3）be/get used to (doing) … 习惯于（做）… 1. used to do 过去常常 1)否定式为: didn't used to 或 used not to 2)一般疑问句: Did … use to… eg.①He didn't use to be a teacher = He used not to be a teacher. 他过去不是老师。
②Did you use to have long hair? 你过去留长发吗？ ③You used to be really quiet, didn't you? 你过去很文静，对吗？ 7 She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us, he was watching me and would always take pride in everything good I do. 她也告诉我，即使父亲不再和我们在一起了，他还在重视着我并会为我做的每一件好事而自豪。 改为直接引语并用同义词组替换：注意：人称、时态的变化。 She also said to me, “Even though ___ father ____ with us ____ _____ , he ____ watching ____ and ____ always be ______ ______ everything _____ do.” [动词不定式作定语的用法] ①与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系 eg.1)The next train to arrive was from New York. 要到的下一列火车来自纽约。 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来的人。 ②与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系（该用法中的动词要求是及物动词或及物动词短语）。 I have nothing to say. 我没有要说的事情。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支写字的钢笔。 I need some paper to write on. 我需要一些写字的纸。 I don’t have a room to live in. 我没有居住的房间。 I don’t have a partner to practice English with. 我没有练习英语的伙伴。 3. too?to : 太?而不能 注意与 so?that 和 not enough to 的替换 eg.①He is too young to go to school. = He is so young that he can’t go to school. = He isn’t old enough to go to school. ②He runs so fast that we can’t catch up with him. = He runs too fast for us to catch up. ③The box is too heavy for me to lift. 这个箱子对我而言太重了而不能提起。 注意：在 too?to 结构中，如果不定式(to do)后面的宾语是该句的主语，则应省去 to do 后的宾语。如上面 的例②、③ 4. He finds watching movies frustrating. 他发现看电影令人失望。
find + 宾语 + adj 发现/觉得…怎么样。 find sb doing 发现某人在做… find it +adj +to do 发觉做…怎么样 eg.① I find English very easy. 我觉得英语很简单。 ② I found a boy singing under the tree.我发现有个男孩在树下唱歌。 ③ I find it difficult to learn math. 我觉得学习数学难。
5. be / get excited about sth 对某事感到兴奋 6. Can I ask you some questions?(提建议的问句中用 some) 7. deal with 处理；应付
How you with ... ? do deal ? 你怎样处理 / 对待 ? ? ? ? do you with ?What do ... ?
eg.—What have you done with your book? —I have sold it. 8. unless = if…not 如果不，除非 用于引导条件状语从句（注意“主将从现”） eg. Don’t leave the room unless you’re told to do so. 不经允许，不得离开这个房间。 9. be angry with sb (about sth) （因某事）生某人的气 10. go by (指时间)过去；消逝 11. for long = for a long time 长时间 12. complain about … 抱怨… 13. change/ turn … into … 把…变成… 14. try one’s best = do one’s best 尽力 try one’s best to do sth. 尽力做… 15. with the help of = with one’s help 在某人的帮助下 eg. With my teacher’s help, I passed the math exam. 在我老师的帮助下，我通过了这次数学考试。 16. think of (think about) 想起，想到 17. compare… to… :把…比作… compare…with…把…和…作比较 eg.①We compare him to a little tiger.我们把他比作小老虎。 ②We compared the translation with the original. 我们把译文和原文比较了下。 18. regard…as… 把…当作… The boy always regards himself as a man. 这男孩总是把自己当成男子汉。
spend /money ... ( time ) doing （某人）花（时间 : /钱）做 ... ? ? spend /money （某人）在某物上花 ( time ) sth on : ...( /钱） 时间 19. ? eg. ? 6? . pay ( money sth( ) for : 某人）花 ... 钱在某物上 ? takessome to sth it sb timedo :做某事花某人 ... 时间 ? ? cos money sth t sb :某物花某人 ... 钱 ?
①I spent 10 yuan on the book.我花了 10 元买这本书 ②I spent 2 days finishing the work.我花了两天的时间完成这项工作。 ③I paid ten yuan for the book. 我花了 10 元买这本书。 ④It took her 20 minutes to do the math problem yesterday. 昨天做这道数学题花了她 20 分钟。 ⑤The book cost me ten yuan. 这本书我花了 10 元。
一、名词的复数： 1.名词变复数的规则形式 1).一般情况下直接加 s book------books cup-----cups 2).以辅音字母+y 结尾的，先变 y 为 i 再加 es . city-------cities family-----families 3).以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾的加 es . bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------wathes 4).以 o 结尾的多数加 S 初中阶段只有三个单词加 es . tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes 5).以 f、fe 结尾的，先把 f、fe 变 v 再加 es . leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。 man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3.单数和复数形式相同。 deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4.某国人的复数。 1). 中、日不变。Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变。 Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3). 其余 s 加后面。 American -----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词： 1.不可数名词： 1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加 a 或 an 3).没有复数形式 4).可用 some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰 5).可用“量词短语”表示 2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法： a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格： 1. ’s 所有格。 1).用 and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.” This is ____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom . 2). 1).用 and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.”
These are ________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags . A. 在表示时间、 距离、 长度、 重量、 价格、 世界、 国家等名词的所有格要用 's， 例如： twenty minutes' a walk，ten miles' journey，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。 B. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。 C. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。 【注意】 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's，则表示“分别有” ，例如：John's and Mary's rooms（约翰和玛 丽各有一间，共两间） ；Tom's and Mary's bikes（两人各自的自行车） 。 两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示“共有” ，例如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间） ；Tom and Mary's mother（即 Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹） 。 3).以 s 结尾的名词，变所有格时在 s 后加“’ ”,不以 s 结尾的复数名词，仍加“’s” Teachers’ Day Children’s Day 4).表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加 ’s 代表全称。 at the doctor’s at the Bob’s 5).由 some、any、no、every 与 one、body 结合的复合不定代词 something 、anything 等和 else 连用 时，所有格应加在 else 的后面。 This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil . 6).表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加’s 来构成所有格。 an hour’s ride two weeks’ time China’s capital 2.of 所有格： 1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。 the map of China the door of the room 2).双重所有格： of + 名词所有格 of + 名词性的物主代词 He is a friend of my _________(brother ) . Is she a daughter of __________(you)? 四、名词作句子成分： 1.名词作主语 1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Two hours ________(be) enough for us to get there . 2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +…”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。 A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk . 3).名词+介词（with、except 、along with …….）+名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。 The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill . 4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、not only…but also …”连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。 Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman . 2.名词作定语： 1).名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。 There is a shoe factory near the school . 2).名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport ) The sports meeting will be held next week . 3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时，man、woman 随后面的名词单复数而变。 one man teacher two women teachers
I 基础知识 1 根据句意填入适当的词。 1) He is very ________, because he likes talking and laughing. 2) My father ______ to be a teacher, but now he is a writer. 3) He has _______ a lot. Because he is different from the past. 4) I am not afraid of the _____. I dare to go out. 5) I often send and receive ________ on the Internet. 2 词形填空 1) Most of us learn English by _________(study) our textbooks. 2) Reading aloud can improve our ___________(speak) skills. 3) I am free now. What about __________(go) out for a walk? 4) A good dictionary is ________ (help) to your English-studying. 5) Hearing they will see a moving, the students all got ________ (excite). 6) Don’t speak too ________ (quick), we can’t catch you. 3 完成句子： 1）该睡觉了。It’s time to . 2）我对画画感兴趣。I drawing. 3）我非常喜欢咖啡，但我一点也不喜欢茶。 I like coffee , but I like tea . 4）我过去常常和奶奶聊天。I my grandmother. II 中考链接 1）---______do you improve your listening? ---I improve my listening ______watching English movies. A. What, by B. How, by C. Where, on D. When, on 2）Usually we get _____about something and end up ____ in Chinese. A. exciting, speaking B. exciting, speak C. excited, speaking D. excited, speak 3）He’s been learning English _____five years. A. in B. ago C. for D. since 4）--I’m worried, Jim. I don’t know how__ writing. ---Don’t worry! Why not _____ a pen pal? A. learn, to find B. learn, find C. to learn, find D. to learn, to find 5）If you ___ him tomorrow, ask him if he ___ to our party next week. A. see, comes B. will see, comes C. will see, will come D. see, will come 6） He ________ up early. But now he doesn’t get up early. A. is used get B. used to get C. was used to get D. used getting 7) He usually spends much time ______ his lessons. A. doing B. to do C. does D. Did 名词考点练习
( ) 1. All the _____teachers and______students are having a meeting there.
A. women …girls A. Jack's aunt's A. ten-year-old A. sheeps A. her grandmother
B. women… girl B. Jack's aunt B. ten-years-old B. deers
C. woman…girls C. Jack aunt's C. ten-year-older C. horse
D. woman…girl D. aunt's of Jack D.ten-years-older D. cows
( ) 2. Mr Black is a friend of _________. ( ) 3. This toy was made by a ____ boy. ( ) 4. The farmer raised ten _________. ( ) 5. She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_________.
B. her grandmother's C. her grandmothers' D. that of her grandmother
( ) 6. We have moved into a ________.
A. two- storey house B. house of two storey C. two-storeys house D. two storeys house
( ) 7. The ______ was too much for the child to carry.
A. box's steel A. the Teacher's Day A. he B. box of a steel B. Teacher's Day B. him C. steel box C. a Teacher's Day C. his D. box of the steel D. Teachers' Day D. her
( ) 8. We'll give our English teacher a card for _________. ( ) 9. Li Ping met an old friend of _______on a train yesterday. ( ) 10. Excuse me, where is the___? A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men room ( ) 11. Can you give me ____? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea | ( ) 12. Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 13. Do you ________English? A. tell B. say C. talk D. speak ( ) 14. A: _______do you go to see your grandparents? B: Once a month A. How often B. How long C. how much D. how many ( ) 15. A: Would you like another cup of orange? B: ______I'm full. A. No, thanks B. Yes, please. C. Here it is. D. I don't like. ( ) 16.She was very happy. She ________in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 17. In a few____ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years' C. year's D. years ( ) 18. It's about ___ walk from my house. A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D. ten minutes ( ) 19 Joan is____. A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister
单元练习 ( )1. “Can you tell me how to study math?” “____ more exercises.” A. To do B. Do C. By doing D. doing
( )2.My daughter gets ______travelling to Beijing during the week-long holiday in October. A. exciting at B. excited C. excited about D. excited to ( )3.This book is ____ hard _____ understand. A. too; to B. to ; to C. too ; too D. so ; that ( )4.Can you learn English ____ chatting(聊天) on the Internet? A. in B. with C. by D. for ( )5.I found him _____ under the tree. A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading ( )6.You should _____ the new words that you don’t know how to pronounce. A. look for B. look after C. look up D. look down ( )7.They are trying to find a way _____ English well. A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. for learning ( )8.When the Chinese team won, we got excited __ it. A. with B. at C. for D. about ( )9.I find this book very ________. A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. interests ( )10.My friends always ask me ______ my family. A. at B. of C. about D. on 三、按要求完成各题。 1. I learn English by watching TV (提问) ______ _____ you learn English? 2. Grammar is so boring that I can’t study it (同义句) Grammar is _____ boring for me ______ study. 3.Why don’t you join an English club.(同义句) ______ ______ join an English club? 4. I don’t know how I can use commas. (同义句) I don’t know how _____ _______ commas. 5. To swim here is too dangerous. (同义句) ____ _____ too dangerous to swim here. 翻译句子 1) 我用电子邮件收发信件。 I use e-mails ________ _______ ________ ________ letters. 2) 这声音听起来像铁轨发出的歌唱。 It ________ _________ the singing of rails. 3) 步行回家得花我好长时间。 It ________ me a long time ________ ________ home. 4) 当他听到这消息时，任不住笑了起来。 When he heard the news, he _______ ________ _______. 3 同义句转换 1）He was a teacher in the past, but now he isn’t. He ________ _________ ________ a teacher. 2）It seemed that she has changed a lot She _______ to ________ ________ a lot. 名词考点练习：
( ) 1. Suan has made quite ______friends since she came to China.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato ( ) 8 They got much ___ from those new books.. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 9 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 10. When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 11. What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a ( ) 12 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A- any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 13. He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 14.It really took him___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 15. I would like to have___. A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milk |
Description of the AFN
The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a national advocacy organization representing First Nation citizens in Canada, which includes more than 900,000 people living in 634 First Nation communities and in cities and towns across the country.
First Nation leaders (Chiefs) from coast to coast to coast direct the work of AFN through resolutions passed at Chiefs Assemblies held at least twice a year.
The AFN National Executive is made up of the National Chief, 10 Regional Chiefs and the chairs of the Elders, Women’s and Youth councils. Regional Chiefs are elected every three years by Chiefs in their regions. Chiefs, who are elected by the citizens and members of their respective communities, elect the National Chief every three years.
The role of the National Chief and the AFN is to advocate on behalf of First Nations as directed by Chiefs-in-Assembly. This includes facilitation and coordination of national and regional discussions and dialogue, advocacy efforts and campaigns, legal and policy analysis, communicating with governments, including facilitating relationship building between First Nations and the Crown as well as public and private sectors and general public.
The term “First Nations” refers to one of three distinct groups recognized as “Aboriginal” in the Constitution Act of 1982. The other two distinct groups characterized as “Aboriginal” are the Métis and the Inuit.
There are 634 First Nation communities (also known as reserves) in Canada, with First Nation governments. First Nations are part of unique larger linguistic and cultural groups that vary across the country. In fact, there are over 50 distinct nations and language groups across the country.
First Nations have a unique and special relationship with the Crown and the people of Canada as set out in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and manifested in Treaties, the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canadian common law and International law and as outlined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
This special relationship between First Nations and the Crown is grounded in First Nation inherent and Aboriginal rights and title, Treaties and negotiated agreements with a view toward peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, recognition and the equitable sharing of lands and resources. Many Treaties, reflected in written documents, wampum and oral understanding, were entered into between First Nations and the British Crown (the Government of Canada after Confederation) between 1701 and 1923. Treaty promises and agreements included non-interference, protection of hunting and fishing rights, sharing of lands and resources, health and education benefits, economic tools and benefits for the duration of the Treaty relationship. |