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十億最貧窮人口的生命皆繫於此。
The lives of the billion poorest people depend on it.
翻譯成中文。
全球衛生狀況的突破性機會
A Breakthrough Opportunity for Global Health
翻譯成中文。
NEW YORK – Every year, millions of people die from preventable and treatable diseases, especially in poor countries.
紐約—每年都有數百萬人因可防可治的疾病而身亡，特別是在窮國。
翻譯成英文。
In many cases, lifesaving medicines can be cheaply mass-produced, but are sold at prices that block access to those who need them.
在很多情形中，救命藥可以以低廉的成本大量生產，但售價卻讓需要者望而卻步。
翻譯成英文。
And many die simply because there are no cures or vaccines, because so little of the world’s valuable research talent and limited resources is devoted to addressing the diseases of the poor.
更有許多人的死僅僅是因為缺少治療或疫苗，而造成這種情況的原因是用於為窮人治病的世界寶貴研究人才和有限資源太少。
翻譯成英文。
This state of affairs represents a failure of economics and law that urgently needs to be corrected.
如此狀況反映了經濟學和法律方面急需得到修正的失靈。
翻譯成英文。
The good news is that there are now opportunities for change, most promisingly through an international effort headed by the World Health Organization that would begin to fix the broken intellectual-property regime that is holding back the development and availability of cheap drugs.
好訊息是現在改變的機會已現，主要是通過一項由世界衛生組織牽頭的國際計劃，該計劃將開始修正造成廉價藥品開發和難以獲得問題的知識產權制度漏洞。
翻譯成英文。
如今，藥品之所以難以獲得，主要是拜兩大問題所賜。
Two main problems limit the availability of medicines today.
翻譯成中文。
One is that they are very costly; or, more accurately, the price charged for them is very high, though the cost of producing them is but a fraction of that amount.
其中之一是藥品成本太高； 或者，更正確地說，是藥品要價太高，而生產成本只是要價的一小部分。
翻譯成英文。
第二個問題是藥品開發的著眼點是利潤最大化，而不是社會效益最大化，這使得藥品開發傾向於創造對人類福利至關重要的品種。
Second, drug development is geared toward maximizing profit, not social benefit, which skews efforts directed at the creation of medicines that are essential to human welfare.
翻譯成中文。
而窮人根本沒有多少錢可花，因此，在現有安排下，製藥公司根本沒什麼激勵研究折磨窮人的疾病。
Because the poor have so little money to spend, drug companies, under current arrangements, have little incentive to do research on the diseases that afflict them.
翻譯成中文。
事情本不必如此。
It doesn’t have to be this way.
翻譯成中文。
Drug companies argue that high prices are necessary to fund research and development.
製藥公司指出，要價高是必要的，這是為了給研發提供資金。
翻譯成英文。
但是，在美國，大部分衛生相關研發活動的實際出資者是政府——或是通過公共支援（美國國家衛生研究院、國家科學基金會等）直接提供資金，或是通過藥品公共採購（如醫療保險和醫療補助計劃）間接提供資金。
But, in the United States, it is actually the government that finances most health-related research and development – directly, through public support (National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation), and indirectly, through public purchases of medicine, both in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
翻譯成中文。
不能獲得政府融資的部分也不是傳統市場； 許多個人的處方藥支出都能獲得保險賠付。
Even the part that is not government-financed is not a conventional market; most individuals’ purchases of prescription medicines are covered by insurance.
翻譯成中文。
Government finances health-care research because improved medicines are a public good.
政府之所以為衛生研究提供融資，是因為改善藥品是一種公共品。
翻譯成英文。
由此帶來的知識進步能防止傳染病、減輕常見病的經濟和人身傷害，從而讓每個人都受益。
The resulting knowledge benefits everyone by stopping epidemics and limiting the economic and human toll of widespread illness.
翻譯成中文。
Efficiency requires sharing research as widely as possible as soon as it is available.
要獲得高效，就必須在獲得知識進步後儘可能快地共享之。
翻譯成英文。
Thomas Jefferson compared knowledge to candles: when one is used to light another, it does not diminish the light of the first.
托馬斯·傑斐遜曾將知識比作蠟燭：用一根蠟燭點燃另一根蠟燭，並不會減弱前一根蠟燭的光輝。
翻譯成英文。
相反，這樣能使所有東西都變得更亮。
On the contrary, everything becomes brighter.
翻譯成中文。
但是，在美國以及世界大部分地區，藥品價格依然高得離譜，知識的傳播則受到了嚴格的制約。
Yet, in America and most of the world, drug prices are still exorbitant and the spread of knowledge is tightly limited.
翻譯成中文。
這是因為我們所創造的專利制度給了創新者對其所創之物的暫時壟斷權，這促使創新者對知識敝帚自珍，唯恐助了競爭者一臂之力。
That is because we have created a patent system that gives innovators a temporary monopoly over what they create, which encourages them to hoard their knowledge, lest they help a competitor.
翻譯成中文。
這一制度使得創新有利可圖，從而確實為某些型別的研究提供了激勵； 但製藥公司也因此得以坐地起價，它們獲得的激勵與社會回報不一定相容。
While this system does provide incentives for certain kinds of research by making innovation profitable, it allows drug companies to drive up prices, and the incentives do not necessarily correspond to social returns.
翻譯成中文。
In the health-care sector, it may be more profitable to devote research to a “me-too” drug than to the development of a treatment that really makes a difference.
在衛生領域，致力於研究“仿造”藥可能比開發一種另闢蹊徑的療法更加有利可圖。
翻譯成英文。
專利制度甚至可能對創新起到反作用，因為研究的最重要輸入變數是領先的思想，而專利制度卻在鼓勵彼此保密。
The patent system may even have adverse effects on innovation, because, while the most important input into any research is prior ideas, the patent system encourages secrecy.
翻譯成中文。
要價高企和研究��向偏差問題的解決之道是用政府獎勵基金代替現有模式。
A solution to both high prices and misdirected research is to replace the current model with a government-supported prize fund.
翻譯成中文。
在獎勵制度下，創新者將因新知識而受到獎賞，但不再獲得新知識使用的壟斷權。
With a prize system, innovators are rewarded for new knowledge, but they do not retain a monopoly on its use.
翻譯成中文。
這樣一來，競爭性市場的力量將能保證只要藥品被開發出來，就能以儘可能低的價格（而不是大大膨脹的壟斷價）為患者所獲。
That way, the power of competitive markets can ensure that, once a drug is developed, it is made available at the lowest possible price – not at an inflated monopoly price.
翻譯成中文。
幸運的是，一些美國立法者已對這一方法產生了濃厚興趣。
Fortunately, some US lawmakers are taking a strong interest in this approach.
翻譯成中文。
參議員桑德斯（Bernie Sanders）提出、並獲得國會通過的艾滋病獎勵基金法（Prize Fund for HIV/AIDS Act）只是一個開始。
The Prize Fund for HIV/AIDS Act, a congressional bill introduced by Senator Bernie Sanders, is just such an initiative.
翻譯成中文。
桑德斯的法案包括了一個旨在鼓勵開源研究的重要部分，將促使現有研究模式從保密轉向共享。
His bill also contains an important provision aimed at encouraging open-source research, which would move the current research model away from secrecy toward sharing.
翻譯成中文。
但是，從全球角度看，我們的創新制度還需要做出大得多的變化。
But, globally, our innovation system needs much bigger changes.
翻譯成中文。
The WHO’s efforts to encourage broad reforms at the international level are crucial.
世界衛生組織旨在促進國際層面的廣泛改革的努力非常關鍵。
翻譯成英文。
今年春天，世界衛生組織公佈了一份報告，其中提出了一項類似於桑德斯法案的解決之道——只不過世衛組織的方案是全球水平的。
This spring, the WHO released a report that recommends solutions similar to those proposed in the US Senate bill, but on a global level.
翻譯成中文。
Importantly, the report, “Research and Development to Meet Health Needs in Developing Countries,” recommends a comprehensive approach, including mandatory funding contributions from governments for research on developing countries’ health needs; international coordination of health-care priorities and implementation; and a global observatory that would monitor where needs are greatest.
有一點很重要，這份題為《用研發滿足發展中國家的衛生需要》（“Research and Development to Meet Health Needs in Developing Countries）給出了一個完整的方法，包括來自政府的指令性發展中國家衛生研究資金分配； 優先衛生專案和實施的國際合作；
翻譯成英文。
以及監測最緊迫需求的全球觀察組。 5月底，國際社會將由機會在世界衛生組織大會上開始實施這些想法，這將是世界公共衛生的希望時刻。
In late May, the international community will have a chance to begin implementing these ideas at the WHO World Health Assembly – a moment of hope for public health around the world.
翻譯成中文。
Reforming our innovation system is not just a matter of economics.
改革創新制度並不僅僅是一個經濟問題。
翻譯成英文。
It is, in many cases, a matter of life and death.
在很多情況下，它是個事關生死的大問題。
翻譯成英文。
It is therefore essential to de-link R&D incentives from drug prices, and to promote greater sharing of scientific knowledge.
因此，將研發激勵與藥品價格脫鉤、鼓勵更多的科學知識分享至關重要。
翻譯成英文。
對美國來說，桑德斯法案是一次重大進步。
For America, the Sanders bill marks important progress.
翻譯成中文。
For the world, the WHO’s recommendations represent a once-in-a-generation opportunity to remedy a long-standing and egregious inequity in health care, and, more broadly, to set a model for governance of global public goods befitting an era of globalization.
對全世界來說，世衛組織的建議可謂修正長期存在的衛生不平等性惡疾的千載難逢的良機（從更廣的角度講，也是設立與全球化時代相適應的全球公共品治理新模式的良機）。
翻譯成英文。
我們決不能坐視這個機會從手中白白溜走。
We cannot afford to let this opportunity pass us by.
翻譯成中文。
心不在焉的殺戮者
Absent-Minded Killers
翻譯成中文。
As a species, human beings have a major self-control problem.
作為一個物種，人類存在很大的自我控制問題。
翻譯成英文。
我們人類現在全世界所有的地方如此大肆捕魚、打獵、採伐和種植作物，乃至我們實際上在把其他物種從地球上驅趕出去。
We humans are now so aggressively fishing, hunting, logging, and growing crops in all parts of the world that we are literally chasing other species off the planet.
翻譯成中文。
Our intense desire to take all that we can from nature leaves precious little for other forms of life.
我們極度想要從大自然中索取所有我們可以索取的東西，留給其他生物種類的東西少之又少。
翻譯成英文。
在1992年世界各國政府第一次保證解決人為全球氣候變暖的時候，他們同時還誓言阻止由人類引發的其他物種的滅絕。
In 1992, when the world’s governments first promised to address man-made global warming, they also vowed to head off the human-induced extinction of other species.
翻譯成中文。
在里約熱內盧通過的生物多樣性公約確認“生物多樣性是人類的共同關切問題。
The Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed at the Rio Earth Summit, established that “biological diversity is a common concern of humanity.”
翻譯成中文。
The signatories agreed to conserve biological diversity, by saving species and their habitats, and to use biological resources (e.g., forests) in a sustainable manner.
”簽署國們同意通過挽救物種及其棲息地來保全生物多樣性，並且以可持續的方式使用生物資源(例如森林)。
翻譯成英文。
2002年，該公約的簽署國們更進一步，承諾在2010年以前“大幅度削減目前的生物多樣性損失”。
In 2002, the treaty’s signatories went further, committing to “a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss” by 2010.
翻譯成中文。
不幸的是，就像其他如此眾多的國際公約一樣，生物多樣性公約基本上不為人所知，沒有得到宣傳促進，也沒有得到落實。
Unfortunately, like so many other international agreements, the Convention on Biological Diversity remains essentially unknown, un-championed, and unfulfilled.
翻譯成中文。
That neglect is a human tragedy.
這一疏忽是人類的悲劇。
翻譯成英文。
只需要很少的現金投入，甚至在根本上不需要花錢，我們就本能夠保全自然，並且進而保護人類自身生命和生計的基礎。
For a very low cash outlay – and perhaps none at all on balance – we could conserve nature and thus protect the basis of our own lives and livelihoods.
翻譯成中文。
我們並非是出於必須才殺戮其他物種，而是我們過於疏忽，乃至不改弦更張。
We kill other species not because we must, but because we are too negligent to do otherwise.
翻譯成中文。
Consider a couple of notorious examples.
讓我們來看一看幾個臭名昭著的例子。
翻譯成英文。
Some rich countries, such as Spain, Portugal, Australia, and New Zealand, have fishing fleets that engage in so-called “bottom trawling.”
像西班牙、葡萄牙、澳大利亞以及紐西蘭等富國擁有從事所謂“水底拖網”的捕魚船隊。
翻譯成英文。
Bottom trawlers drag heavy nets over the ocean bottom, destroying magnificent, unexplored, and endangered marine species in the process.
水底拖網在海洋底部拖走很重的魚網，從而在這一過程中摧毀大量沒有探明並且受到威脅的海洋物種。
翻譯成英文。
因為水底拖網是捕撈某些深海魚種的“低成本”辦法，因此某些複雜而又獨特的生態、最為主要的是被稱為海底山的地下火山被切斷。
Complex and unique ecologies, most notably underground volcanoes known as seamounts, are ripped to shreds, because bottom trawling is the “low cost” way to catch a few deep sea fish species.
翻譯成中文。
其中的一個物種叫做橙連鰭鮭，被用於商業捕撈不過大約25年的時間，但是已經被捕撈得處於崩潰的邊緣。
One of these species, orange roughy, has been caught commercially for only around a quarter-century, but already is being fished to the point of collapse.
翻譯成中文。
同樣在世界許多地方，熱帶雨林遭到砍伐來開闢牧場和糧食作物。
Likewise, in many parts of the world, tropical rainforest is being cleared for pasture land and food crops.
翻譯成中文。
結果就是棲息地的大量損失和物種的毀滅，所產生的微小的經濟利益是以巨大的社會成本為代價的。
The result is massive loss of habitat and destruction of species, yielding a tiny economic benefit at a huge social cost.
翻譯成中文。
在一片雨林被砍伐後，土壤通常馬上就喪失了養分， 無法供養作物或者讓家畜食用有營養的草地。
After cutting down a swath of rainforest, soils are often quickly leached of their nutrients so that they cannot sustain crops or nutritious grasses for livestock.
翻譯成中文。
As a result, the new pasture land or farmland is soon abandoned, with no prospect for regeneration of the original forest and its unique ecosystems.
結果，新的牧場或農田馬上被放棄，沒有機會再退耕還林，恢復其獨特的生態系統。
翻譯成英文。
由於這些活動的代價高昂、收益低下，停止這些活動是容易的。
Because these activities’ costs are so high and their benefits so low, stopping them would be easy.
翻譯成中文。
Bottom trawling should simply be outlawed; it would be simple and inexpensive to compensate the fishing industry during a transition to other activities.
水底拖網應當乾脆被取締； 在捕魚產業向其他活動轉型期間予以補償是容易做到而且也是費用不大的。
翻譯成英文。
Forest clearing, on the other hand, is probably best stopped by economic incentives, perhaps combined with regulatory limits.
另一方面，砍伐森林最好通過經濟激勵的方式輔之以管治限制予以制止。
翻譯成英文。
簡單地限制開發土地的做法可能無法奏效，因為農業家庭和社群將會面臨極大的躲避法律限制的誘惑。
Simply restricting the practice of land clearing probably would not work, since farm families and communities would face a strong temptation to evade legal limits.
翻譯成中文。
On the other hand, financial incentives would probably succeed, because cutting down forest to create pastureland is not profitable enough to induce farmers to forego payments for protecting the land.
在另一方面，財政刺激可能會成功，因為砍伐森林來創造牧場土地並不有利可圖，從而使得農民為了保護土地而放棄付款。
翻譯成英文。
許多雨林國家在最近幾年中聯合起來提議富有國家建立雨林儲存基金，用來向貧困的小農場主支付少量金額來保護森林。
Many rainforest countries have united in recent years to suggest the establishment of a rainforest conservation fund by the rich countries, to pay impoverished small farmers a small amount of money to preserve the forest.
翻譯成中文。
A well-designed fund would slow or stop deforestation, preserve biodiversity, and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide the burning of cleared forests.
一個設計合理的基金將會放緩或者停止森林採伐，保護生物多樣性，並且減少燃燒砍伐後的森林所造成的二氧化碳排放。
翻譯成英文。
與此同時，小農場主將會得到穩定的收入，他們可以用這筆錢作小額投資用以改善家庭的財富、教育和健康。
At the same time, small farmers would receive a steady flow of income, which they could use for micro-investments to improve their household’s wealth, education, and health.
翻譯成中文。
除了取締水底拖網並且建立為避免森林砍伐的全球性基金外，我們應當指定一個全球性的海洋保護區域網路，在這些區域中禁止捕魚、划船、汙染、挖泥、鑽探以及其他有害的活動。
Aside from banning bottom trawling and establishing a global fund for avoided deforestation, we should designate a global network of protected marine areas, in which fishing, boating, polluting, dredging, drilling, and other damaging activities would be prohibited.
翻譯成中文。
這些區域不僅可以重新恢復物種，而且還可以提供生態效益向鄰近的未保護區域擴散。
Such areas not only permit the regeneration of species, but also provide ecological benefits that spill over to neighboring unprotected areas.
翻譯成中文。
我們還需要定期的科學程序來向世界展示物種繁榮和滅絕的證據，正如有關氣候變化的程序一樣。
We also need a regular scientific process to present the world with the evidence on species abundance and extinction, just as we now have such a process for climate change.
翻譯成中文。
Politicians don’t listen very well to individual scientists, but they are forced to listen when hundreds of scientists speak with a united voice.
政客們並不十分聽取個別科學家的意見，但是當幾百個科學家異口同聲的時候他們就不得不���取了。
翻譯成英文。
Finally, the world should negotiate a new framework no later than 2010 to slow human-induced climate change.
最後，各國應該在不遲於2010年談判一項新的框架來減緩人為引起的氣候變化。
翻譯成英文。
There can be little doubt that climate change poses one of the greatest risks to species’ viability.
毫無疑問，氣候變化是物種生存最大的威脅之一。
翻譯成英文。
As the planet warms, and rain and storm patterns change dramatically, many species will find themselves in climate zones that no longer support their survival.
當地球變暖、 降雨和風暴模式大幅度改變之際，許多物種都會處於不再支援其存活的氣候區域內。
翻譯成英文。
某些物種可以遷徙，但是，除非我們採取決定性的行動來阻止氣候變化，其他的物種(例如北極熊)就有可能遭到滅絕。
Some can migrate, but others (such as polar bears) are likely to be driven to extinction unless we take decisive action to head off climate change.
翻譯成中文。
在2010年以前實現這些目標是可能的。
These measures are achievable by 2010.
翻譯成中文。
它們在經濟上是可以承擔的，而且在各個情況下都最終會帶來巨大的淨效益。
They are affordable, and in each case would ultimately deliver large net benefits.
翻譯成中文。
Most importantly, they would allow us to follow through on a global promise.
最為重要的是，這將會讓我們實現全球性的許諾。
翻譯成英文。
It is too painful to believe that humanity would destroy millions of other species – and jeopardize our own future – in a fit of absent-mindedness.
人類在心不在焉之際會摧毀數以白萬計的其他物種並威脅到我們自己的未來，要相信這一點是過於痛苦的。
翻譯成英文。
多勞應多得
Making Do With More
翻譯成中文。
BERKELEY – In the United States, just three out of ten workers are needed to produce and deliver the goods we consume.
伯克利—在美國，生產和遞送我們所消費的商品只需要十分之三的工人。
翻譯成英文。
Everything we extract, grow, design, build, make, engineer, and transport – down to brewing a cup of coffee in a restaurant kitchen and carrying it to a customer's table – is done by roughly 30% of the country's workforce.
我們提煉、種植、設計、建造、製作、打磨和運送的所有東西——一直到從飯店廚房泡一杯咖啡並送給餐桌前的顧客——是由大約30%的美國勞動力做的。
翻譯成英文。
我們其他人把時間花在規劃製造什麼、決定把我們造出來的東西擺在哪裡、履行個人服務、彼此談話、追蹤正在製造什麼上，以便我們能夠發現我們下一步需要做什麼。
The rest of us spend our time planning what to make, deciding where to install the things we have made, performing personal services, talking to each other, and keeping track of what is being done, so that we can figure out what needs to be done next.
翻譯成中文。
And yet, despite our obvious ability to produce much more than we need, we do not seem to be blessed with an embarrassment of riches.
而儘管我們顯然擁有製造比我們需要的多得多的東西的能力，但我們似乎並不會富得發慌。
翻譯成英文。
One of the great paradoxes of our time is that workers and middle-class households continue to struggle in a time of unparalleled plenty.
現時代的一大悖論正是工人和中產階級家庭在前無古人的豐裕時代仍然要為生活奔波。
翻譯成英文。
我們發達國家的人要想滿足基本需要易如反掌。 我們有的是有機碳氫鍵，打破它們就能 給我們帶來卡路里；
We in the developed countries have more than enough to cover our basic needs.
翻譯成中文。
We have enough organic carbon-hydrogen bonds to break to provide us with calories; enough vitamins and other nutrients to keep us healthy; enough shelter to keep us dry; enough clothing to keep us warm; enough capital to keep us, at least potentially, productive; and enough entertainment to keep us from being bored.
我們有的是維生素和其他營養物質幫助我們保持健康； 我們有的是居所讓我們保持乾燥；
翻譯成英文。
我們有的是娛樂專案讓我們不至於無聊。 我們生產所有這些，只需要平均每天花不到兩小時走出家門去工作。
And we produce all of it for an average of less than two hours a day of work outside the home.
翻譯成中文。
1930年，當凱恩斯的著名預言預測人類的“經濟問題，即生存鬥爭”有可能“在一百年內得到解決，或至少看到解決辦法。
John Maynard Keynes was not off by much when he famously predicted in 1930 that the human race's “economic problem, the struggle for subsistence," was likely to be “solved, or be at least within sight of solution, within a hundred years."
翻譯成中文。
”
It will take another generation, perhaps, before robots have completely taken over manufacturing, kitchen work, and construction; and the developing world looks to be 50 years behind. But Keynes would have been spot on had he targeted his essay at his readers' great-great-great-great grandchildren.
翻譯成中文。
And yet there are few signs that working- and middle-class Americans are living any better than they did 35 years ago.
然而沒有什麼跡象表明美國工人和中產階級比35年前生活得更好。
翻譯成英文。
Even stranger, productivity growth does not seem to be soaring, as one would expect; in fact, it seems to be decelerating, according to research by John Fernald and Bing Wang, economists in the Economic Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
更奇怪的是，生產率增長似乎沒有如你預期的那樣大幅加速； 事實上，根據舊金山聯邦儲備銀行經濟研究部的約翰·費納爾多（John Fernald）和王兵（音）的研究，生產率增長出現了減速。
翻譯成英文。
Growth prospects are even worse, as innovation hits gale-force headwinds.
增長前景甚至更加糟糕，因為創新活動撞上了南牆。
翻譯成英文。
一個協調就業市場變化與我們的生活經驗和這些統計數字的辦法是注意到我們生產的許多東西與我們過去所製造的東西區別很大。
One way to reconcile the changes in the job market with our lived experience and statistics like these is to note that much of what we are producing is very different from what we have made in the past.
翻譯成中文。
For most of human experience, the bulk of what we produced could not be easily shared or used without permission.
在人類歷史的大部分時間裡，我們生產出來的東西無法輕易地在未經允許的情況下共享或使用。
翻譯成英文。
The goods we made were what economists call “rival" and “excludible" commodities.
我們以前製造的東西是經濟學家所謂的“競爭性”或“排他性”商品。
翻譯成英文。