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mmlu-astronomy-neg

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[ "About 6 meters", "About 6 feet", "About 10 meters", "About 10 feet" ]

[ "The ability to breathe oxygen", "The ability to make energy from sunlight or to eat things that do", "A source of organic molecules", "A and B" ]

[ "about 18 years", "24 hours", "29 Earth days", "a year" ]

[ "Will the Sun become a black hole?", "Is the universe infinitely large?", "How old is the visible universe?", "Are we alone in the universe?" ]

[ "The Moon will be closer to the Earth and the Earth’s day will be longer.", "The Moon will be closer to the Earth and the Earth’s day will be shorter.", "The Moon will be further from the Earth and the Earth’s day will be longer.", "The Moon will be further from the Earth and the Earth’s day will be shorter." ]

[ "Hydrogen", "Helium", "Carbon", "Oxygen" ]

[ "exactly 3 times longer", "about 5.2 times longer", "Not enough information. It will depend on the inclination of the new orbit", "The length of the year wouldn't change because the Earth's mass stays the same." ]

[ "A kilogram of feathers", "Five pounds of bricks as measured on Earth", "Five kilograms of feathers", "A kilogram of bricks" ]

[ "The corona is made up mostly of charged particles which aren't luminous.", "It's much too cool to emit visible light", "We can't see magnetic fields", "It's too diffuse" ]

[ "They where formed when their stars flung material out into the system in a process similar to planetary fission.", "They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards.", "They formed as dense rocky planets close to the star in the same orbits that they are seen today.", "They formed as gas giants close to the star in the same orbits that they are seen today." ]

[ "Ability to magnify distant objects", "Ability to measure the angular separation of objects", "Ability to measure the distance between objects", "Light-collecting efficiency" ]

[ "20.3 degrees", "21.4 degrees", "22.7 degrees", "23.5 degrees" ]

[ "because the Moon has a nearly circular orbit around the Earth", "because the Moon does not rotate", "because the other face points toward us only at new moon when we can't see the Moon", "because the Moon's rotational and orbital periods are equal" ]

[ "v = sqrt(GM/R)", "v = 2sqrt(GM/R)", "v = sqrt(2GM/R)", "v = sqrt(GM/2R)" ]

[ "Io did have impact craters but they have all been buried in lava flows.", "It is too small to have been hit during the Late Heavy Bombardment", "Jupiter's strong gravity attracted the planetesimals more strongly than Io and thus none landed on its surface.", "Any craters that existed have been eroded through the strong winds on Io's surface." ]

[ "Cassiopeia", "Cygnus", "Ursa Major", "Orion" ]

[ "Asteroid impacts elsewhere in the solar system throw sand-sized particles into space and occasionally the Earth passes through a cloud of these particles which burn up in our atmosphere and cause a meteor shower.", "Near-Earth asteroids gradually disintegrate and spread out along their orbital paths. When the Earth passes through the orbit of an asteroid we are bombarded by sand-sized particles that cause a meteor shower.", "Near-Earth asteroids disintegrate as they enter Earth's atmosphere creating hundreds of bright meteors that appear to radiate from a single location in the sky.", "The nuclei of comets gradually disintegrate and spread out along their orbital paths. When the Earth passes through the orbit of an comet we are bombarded by sand-sized particles that cause a meteor shower." ]

[ "Greenhouse gases absorb infrared light from the Sun which then heats the atmosphere and the surface.", "Ozone transmits visible light allowing it to heat the surface but then absorbs most of the infrared heat trapping the heat near the surface.", "Greenhouse gases transmit visible light allowing it to heat the surface but then absorb infrared light from Earth trapping the heat near the surface.", "The higher pressure of the thick atmosphere at lower altitudes traps heat in more effectively." ]

[ "detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum", "detecting the shift of the star's position against the sky due to the planet's gravitational pull", "detecting a planet ejected from a binary star system", "detecting the starlight reflected off the planet" ]

[ "9.3 x 1013 meters", "9.3 x 1010 meters", "1.5 x 1014 meters", "1.5 x 1017 meters" ]

[ "To explain why more distant planets take longer to make a circuit through the constellations of the zodiac.", "To explain the fact that planets sometimes appear to move westward rather than eastward relative to the stars in our sky.", "To explain why the Greeks were unable to detect stellar paralax.", "To properly account for the varying distances of the planets from Earth." ]

[ "9", "11", "13", "15" ]

[ "Mars", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars and Earth" ]

[ "the Sun mainly emits blue light.", "the atmosphere absorbs mostly blue light.", "molecules scatter red light more effectively than blue light.", "molecules scatter blue light more effectively than red light." ]

[ "fast rotation only", "a rocky mantle only", "a molten metallic core only", "both a molten metallic core and reasonably fast rotation" ]

[ "in the center of the asteroid belt", "on orbits that cross Earth's orbit", "surrounding Jupiter", "along Jupiter's orbit 60° ahead of and behind Jupiter" ]

[ "hydrogen compounds (H2O CH4 NH3) light gases (H He) metals rocks", "hydrogen compounds (H2O CH4 NH3) light gases (H He) rocks metals", "light gases (H He) hydrogen compounds (H2O CH4 NH3) metals rocks", "light gases (H He) hydrogen compounds (H2O CH4 NH3) rocks metals" ]

[ "1409", "1509", "1609", "1709" ]

[ "Mars does not have enough internal heat to drive the greenhouse effect", "Mars is too far from the sun for the greenhouse effect to work", "the greenhouse effect requires an ozone layer which Mars does not have", "the atmosphere on Mars is too thin to trap a significant amount of heat" ]

[ "When you and many other Jedi have tested the hypothesis", "Jean-Luc Skywalker drops Yoda during the day and he falls to the ground proving your theory.", "You can never prove your theory to be correct only \"yet to be proven wrong.\"", "After you've repeated your experiment many times" ]

[ "Methane does not condense into ice in the warmer atmospheric temperatures of Jupiter and Saturn.", "Methane did not exist in the solar nebula at the radii of Jupiter and Saturn when the planets formed.", "The relatively slow rotation of Uranus and Neptune allows methane to migrate to higher levels in the atmosphere and condense into clouds.", "Methane reacts with the abundant ammonia clouds in Jupiter and Saturn and is removed from the atmosphere." ]

[ "The relative size of the Moon to the size of Earth is large compared to most planets and their moon.", "Most rocks on the Moon’s surface are older than those on the Earth’s surface.", "The Moon has a much smaller iron core than the Earth even considering its size.", "The Moon was once entirely molten." ]

[ "Mars shows evidence of significant volcanism which implies that the climate was once warmer and therefore wetter", "early observations showed what appeared to be changing vegetation patterns and canals indicating the presence of water", "there are many geologic features on Mars that are difficult to explain unless liquid water was once stable at the surface", "all planets tend to begin with warm wet climates and gradually become cold and dry with smaller planets cooling faster than larger planets" ]

[ "nuclear fusion in the core", "by contracting changing gravitational potential energy into thermal energy", "internal friction due to its high rotation rate", "chemical processes" ]

[ "Perseus", "Cygnus", "Scorpius", "Leo" ]

[ "infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays radio", "radio infrared visible light ultraviolet X rays gamma rays", "gamma rays X rays visible light ultraviolet infrared radio", "gamma rays X rays ultraviolet visible light infrared radio" ]

[ "150 years", "200 years", "250 years", "300 years" ]

[ "Nitrogen", "Argon", "Methane", "CO2" ]

[ "Neptune", "Uranus", "Saturn", "all of the above" ]

[ "µ Muons", "Antiparticles", "ν Neutrinos", "π Pions" ]

[ "750 million years.", "2 billion years.", "3 billion years.", "4.5 billion years." ]

[ "Their large systems of moons and rings gravitationally attract the mass around the equator more.", "They are much more massive than the terrestrial planets.", "Their rapid rotation flings the mass near the equator outward.", "Their internal heat sources exert a pressure against the sides of the planets." ]

[ "through exothermic chemical reactions converting chemical potential energy into thermal energy", "nuclear fusion", "by contracting changing gravitational potential energy into thermal energy", "internal friction due to its rapid rotation rate and differential rotation" ]

[ "the region around a star where liquid water can potentially exist on planetary surfaces", "the region around a star where humans can survive", "the region around a star where the ultraviolet radiation does not destroy organisms on a planetary surface", "the region around a star where life exists" ]

[ "To measure interstellar mass.", "To measure galactic distances.", "To measure galactic energy-density.", "To measure interstellar density." ]

[ "The luminosity integrated over vertically polarized wavelengths.", "The luminosity integrated over horizontally wavelengths.", "The luminosity integrated over visible wavelengths.", "The luminosity integrated over all wavelengths." ]

[ "Green Bank Telescope", "Arecibo Telescope", "Yevpatoria RT-70 Telescope", "Effelsberg Telescope" ]

[ "6000 K", "7000 K", "9000 K", "13000 K" ]

[ "Wolf 359", "Sirius", "61 Cygni", "Barnard’s Star" ]

[ "From the dismantling of small moons by impacts", "From fragments of planets ejected by impacts", "From dust grains that escape from passing comets", "From accretion within the solar nebula at the same time the planets formed" ]

[ "ancient heavily cratered highlands", "dark lavas inside volcanic calderas", "dark lavas filling older impact basins", "the bright regions on the Moon" ]

[ "130 million km", "150 million km", "170 million km", "190 million km" ]