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Foods That Contain Vitamin B3 Most proteins contain tryptophan. In the average protein-rich American diet, tryptophan provides about 60 percent of the niacin you need. If a diet is adequate in protein,

Foods That Contain Vitamin B3 Most proteins contain tryptophan. In the average protein-rich American diet, tryptophan provides about 60 percent of the niacin you need. If a diet is adequate in protein, then it will surely supply enough niacin equivalents from both sources to meet daily needs. The best sources of niacin are foods with a high protein content, such as meat, eggs, and peanuts. Other good sources of vitamin B3 equivalents, such as milk, actually provide more tryptophan than niacin. Mushrooms and greens are good vegetable sources. Vitamin B3 is also added to enriched breads and cereals to replace that lost during processing. ©2007 Publications International, Ltd. Diets that are adequate in protein will most likely supply enough niacin to satisfy your daily needs. The RDA takes into account both preformed niacin and that available from tryptophan. Together they account for the recommendation of 6.6 mg of niacin for each 1,000 calories eaten. For women, this should total no less than 14 mg and for men 16 mg (niacin equivalents). Pregnant and lactating women require slightly more. Human milk contains about 7 niacin equivalents per 1,000 calories, which is enough for infants. Use this chart to find foods that are rich in niacin: |Food||Quantity ||Niacin (mg) | |Peanut halves, roasted, salted||1 cup|| 20.6 | |Product 19 cereal||1 ounce|| 20 | |Tuna, canned, water drained||31/2 ounces|| 12.2 | |Chicken, white meat, no skin||31/2 ounces|| 9.5 | |Beef liver||3 ounces|| 9.1 | |Turkey, all meat, no skin||31/2 ounces||7.3| |Lamb chops, cooked||31/2 ounces|| 6.1 | |Beef round, bottom, broiled||4 ounces|| 5.3 | |Cheerios cereal||1 ounce|| 5 | |Ground beef||3 ounces|| 5 | A niacin deficiency brings on the disease pellagra, which causes weakness, loss of appetite, and rough, red skin. Go to the next page to learn more about the symptoms of a niacin deficiency. Niacin isn't the only vitamin you need to maintain overall health. Visit these links to learn about other essentail nutrients you need to include in your diet. - Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, can be found in all living cells and in all foods. Learn about its importance to your diet in How Vitamin B5 Works. - Vitamin B6 is actually three substances, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal, that work to metabolize protein and amino acids. Read more in How Vitamin B6 Works. - In How Biotin Works, learn how biotin acts as a coenzyme in several metabolic reactions, such as the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. - Read How Folate Works to learn about folacin, folic acid, and folate and how a folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia. - Vitamin B12, also called cyanocobalamin or cobalamin, is essential because it assists folate in making DNA and RNA. Read more in How Vitamin B12 Works. - To learn about the many vitamins in our diet, how much you should be eating, and where to find them, go to our general Vitamins page. - To find the best prices on B vitamin supplements, click here.

Abraham Lincoln's Most Notorious Forgers The Lincoln Forgery Connection Aside from Cosey and Woodhouse, there are several other infamous fraudsters who have gained recognition for their reproductions and fabrications of Lincoln documents. Among them

Abraham Lincoln's Most Notorious Forgers The Lincoln Forgery Connection Aside from Cosey and Woodhouse, there are several other infamous fraudsters who have gained recognition for their reproductions and fabrications of Lincoln documents. Among them are Charles Weisberg, John Laflin, Eugene Field II and Harry D. Sickles. Although many of their forgeries are still in circulation today, most have been exposed as blatant fakes. The American poet Eugene Field passed down his unique gift of writing to his son and namesake, Eugene Field II, whom he affectionately nicknamed "Pinny." However, unlike his father, little Eugene's gift was less conventional. His skill was not in composing poetry but actually in reproducing the writing style of other people, especially that of Abraham Lincoln. Between the 1920s and late 1930s, Eugene II was known to have forged Lincoln's signature in many books that had been previously owned by his grandfather. The forged volumes, which he sold off to dealers and collectors often read, "This is my book/Abraham Lincoln," or other inscriptions with similar phrasing. Hamilton stated that although Eugene's forgeries were brilliantly executed, they lacked credence simply because, "Lincoln would never have penned so childish and egotistical a statement." Nevertheless, Eugene profited greatly from his counterfeit signatures and sometime during the 1920s or 30s he entered into a partnership with another fraudster named Harry D. Sickles. Together the men forged countless documents and signatures and sold them for large sums of money. It was believed that Harry and Eugene falsified more than 100 Lincoln documents. They were also known to have forged numerous documents and signatures of other famous figures such as, Rudyard Kipling, Theodore Roosevelt and Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), as well as several others. The men continued producing forgeries up until the 1940s and were never formally charged for their illegal reproductions. Only one other person surpassed Harry and Eugene's skillful Lincoln replications, a man named Charles Weisberg.

Out on the open sea, when someone goes overboard for whatever reason, getting to them quickly is incredibly important to prevent drowning. This concept from Iran’s RTS Lab consists of a drone that would quickly fly to a person flailing in the water

Out on the open sea, when someone goes overboard for whatever reason, getting to them quickly is incredibly important to prevent drowning. This concept from Iran’s RTS Lab consists of a drone that would quickly fly to a person flailing in the water and drop a life preserver, keeping them afloat until human help can arrive. The flying robot is called Pars. It would be a ship-based quadcopter that would be launched into action immediately upon being notified of a potential drowning person in the area. Equipped with heat sensors, Pars would scan the water for the victim, fly over to the person and then drop the floating ring. Currently, the robot can only carry one life preserver at a time, but future generations will carry many for large-scale incidents. Although RTS Lab is developing a ship-based launching platform, they are also planning for a sea-based platform. The sea platform will always

Better Students Ask More Questions. What reason does lady Macbeth give for not killing Duncan herself in Macbeth? 2 Answers | add yours The reason that Lady Macbeth gives for not killing Duncan herself is the fact that she is a woman.

Better Students Ask More Questions. What reason does lady Macbeth give for not killing Duncan herself in Macbeth? 2 Answers | add yours The reason that Lady Macbeth gives for not killing Duncan herself is the fact that she is a woman. Lady Macbeth was a very ambitious person for herself and her husband, however, it was her husband (according to what is expected of her time and place in society) that should commit the act. Therefore, Lady Macbeth questioned her husband manhood when she suggested this and may have used this as a tactical point to encourage him to commit the act. It would be a type of Shakespearian reversed psychology, like for example when a woman tries to convince a man to do something that takes a lot of (literally) testosterone to dare to do and then when the man reasons that this is not the way, the woman decides that she may have the testosternone for the both of them together and, if she were a man, she would do it herself. It's a bit of a castrating message from a wife to a husband not to mention the severity of it. Posted by herappleness on November 25, 2010 at 6:39 PM (Answer #1) High School Teacher In Act II, scene i of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth admits: In Act I, Lady Macbeth's speech resembled that of a man's: she cast of her femininity and devised a brilliant plan of murder. But here in Act II, her actions cannot follow through on her earlier boasts. She can motivate Macbeth to kill, but she cannot kill herself. Murder is a man's business. Lady Macbeth becomes too emotional during the attempted murder: Duncan reminds her of her father. She sees him as a real person, and the sight of blood unnerves her, producing immediate guilt. Later, her guilt will intensify and turn to mania: she will incessantly try to wash off blood from her hands that is not literally there. Here, Lady Macbeth suffers from a kind of Elektra Complex (the female version of the Oedipus Complex). She can kill off the feminine, mother-figure in her, but she cannot kill the opposite-sex parent-figure, Duncan, because she has an unconscious attachment to him. Posted by mstultz72 on November 25, 2010 at 10:31 PM (Answer #2) Related QuestionsSee all » Join to answer this question Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.

What Is DNA Barcoding? In 2003, Paul Hebert, researcher at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, proposed “DNA barcoding” as a way to identify species. Barcoding uses a very short genetic sequence

What Is DNA Barcoding? In 2003, Paul Hebert, researcher at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, proposed “DNA barcoding” as a way to identify species. Barcoding uses a very short genetic sequence from a standard part of the genome the way a supermarket scanner distinguishes products using the black stripes of the Universal Product Code (UPC). Two items may look very similar to the untrained eye, but in both cases the barcodes are distinct. Until now, biological specimens were identified using morphological features like the shape, size and color of body parts. In some cases a trained technician could make routine identifications using morphological “keys” (step-by-step instructions of what to look for), but in most cases an experienced professional taxonomist is needed. If a specimen is damaged or is in an immature stage of development, even specialists may be unable to make identifications. Barcoding solves these problems because even non-specialists can obtain barcodes from tiny amounts of tissue. This is not to say that traditional taxonomy has become less important. Rather, DNA barcoding can serve a dual purpose as a new tool in the taxonomists toolbox supplementing their knowledge as well as being an innovative device for non-experts who need to make a quick identification. The gene region that is being used as the standard barcode for almost all animal groups is a 648 base-pair region in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (“CO1”). COI is proving highly effective in identifying birds, butterflies, fish, flies and many other animal groups. COI is not an effective barcode region in plants because it evolves too slowly, but two gene regions in the chloroplast, matK and rbcL, have been approved as the barcode regions for plants. Barcoding projects have four components: - The Specimens: Natural history museums, herbaria, zoos, aquaria, frozen tissue collections, seed banks, type culture collections and other repositories of biological materials are treasure troves of identified specimens. - The Laboratory Analysis: Laboratory protocols (pdf; 400Kb) can be followed to obtain DNA barcode sequences from these specimens. The best equipped molecular biology labs can produce a DNA barcode sequence in a few hours. The data are then placed in a database for subsequent analysis. - The Database: One of the most important components of the Barcode Initiative is the construction of a public reference library of species identifiers which could be used to assign unknown specimens to known species. There are currently two main barcode databases that fill this role: - The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaborative is a partnership among GenBank in the U.S., the Nucleotide Sequence Database of the European Molecular Biology Lab in Europe, and the DNA Data Bank of Japan. They have agreed to CBOL's data standards (pdf; 30Kb) for barcode records. - Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) was created and is maintained by University of Guelph in Ontario. It offers researchers a way to collect, manage, and analyze DNA barcode data. - The Data Analysis: Specimens are identified by finding the closest matching reference record in the database. CBOL's Data Analysis Working Group has created the Barcode of Life Data Portal which offers researchers new and more flexible ways to store, manage, analyze and display their barcode data.

From early sub-ice exploration with the big, cumbersome underwater cameras of the early 1990s, to the covert surveying with micro systems today, underwater viewing has always been about solving mysteries. Understanding fish movement and responses to various lures

From early sub-ice exploration with the big, cumbersome underwater cameras of the early 1990s, to the covert surveying with micro systems today, underwater viewing has always been about solving mysteries. Understanding fish movement and responses to various lures remains the primary motivation in fishing for me. Whatâs fascinating about underwater observation is that itâs like a walk through unfamiliar woods. When viewing the aquatic wilds through an underwater lens, each lake and piece of structure and cover are mesmerizing. No two vegetated flats, rocky points, or river channels offer the same mix of elements. Each alters fish movement and response. Underwater cameras keep the mystery alive. For nearly 20 years, friends and I have researched and scouted out a dozen or more small backwoods lakes every winter. We often make long treks down logging roads, toting a hand auger and backpacks with a couple rods and small boxes of tackle. Beginning last winter, we traveled lighter than ever, stowing palm-sized Aqua-Vu Micro cameras in our coat pockets. The Micro is an incredible fish-finding tool. Itâs not much larger or heavier than a TV remote, so survey work is easy and efficient, especially in water less than 20 feet deep. In smaller lakes, a few hours of surveillance nearly always turns up a relatively accurate profile of the lakeâs inhabitants. Using Micro cams as scouting tools, weâve found amazing gems as well as plenty of duds. Weâve uncovered tiny lakes that contain monster yellow perch. Weâve viewed stunning gold-tinted black crappies in shallow bog-stained waters. Other lakes offered unexpected walleye schools and populations of monstrous largemouth bass. Weâve also slogged through tough terrain with barely a bullhead to show for it. Along the way there have been discoveries of other kinds. Weâve frequently noted perplexing veils of milky looking water, hovering and slowly wafting between 8 to 20 feet of waterâoften just above vegetation. Here weâve caught big sunfish and lots of walleyes lingering just below this milky layer. We think the veils are ultra-dense concentrations of zooplankton confined to specific depths, based on light and oxygen. Several years ago we discovered massive colonies of bottom-bound âtubesââthe sessile homes of oligochaete worms and chironomid larvae. While almost any soft-bottom region can host these distinctive critters, the goldmines are the densest colonies harboring hundreds of these tubes within areas the size of a small closet. Find one and you most certainly catch large perch or sunfish in the vicinity. Lots of other curious and occasionally bizarre phenomena appear beneath the surface. We once discovered an old sunken ice-fishing shelter that was full of sunfish and crappies, while several toad largemouths hunkered tight into corners of the structure. I still have the waypoint stored. About 10 years ago, while underwater-viewing from a boat, I came across a pile of sunken Christmas trees lying on a sandflat in 23 feet of water. It was loaded with big crappies and smallmouth bass. Several winters, Iâve returned and caught crappies there. In seasons since, itâs become increasingly evident that even in Minnesota, where introducing manmade cover is illegal, numerous lakes harbor brushpiles and other artificial cover. So do lakes and reservoirs in the Dakotas, Iowa, Wisconsin, and beyond. A trick to finding this hidden habitat is to run side-imaging sonar in a boat, traveling within casting distance of docks. You unearth these hideouts often enough to make the search-time worthwhile. Drop waypoints and return in winter with a camera. The fishing often is exceptional, and you usually have the spots all to yourself. The same strategy of running side-imaging sonar over vast underwater regions during open water and returning during winter to check waypoints with a camera has been used by top tournament teams on the North American Ice Fishing Circuit (NAIFC). This past season, a remarkable new strategy was revealed when three teams nearly made a clean sweep of the NAIFC Championship on Mille Lacs, Minnesota. Using Humminbird side-imaging to scan subtle topography in the big lakeâs southern bays, friends Shawn Bjonfald, Brandon Newbie, and Kevin Fassbind discovered small isolated patches of pondweed, coontail, and Elodea dotting otherwise featureless sand- and gravel flats. During prefishing in December, they returned with Aqua-Vu Micro cams to inspect waypoints for the presence of king-size panfish. At first, viewing individual fish proved tricky because dense vegetation and dark substrate helped conceal crappies and sunfish. Convinced sizeable schools had to be buried somewhere in the plant growth, Bjonfald devised a backup plan. âWe were struggling to spot âgills and crappies in the weeds,â he recalls. âEven down-viewing wasnât working because fish virtually disappeared over the black bottom. âWe got to pondering why down-viewing often works so well, and then reversed our thinking. We realized that the bright underside of the ice might actually reveal fishâlike the difference between viewing birds from an airplane or standing on the ground, looking up into the light sky whe

Q: Ive heard about the Asian Citrus Psyllid. What is it and how can I prevent it? A: The Asian citrus psyllid is a tiny pest that packs a wallop. Generally classified as a minor nuisance because of

Q: Ive heard about the Asian Citrus Psyllid. What is it and how can I prevent it? A: The Asian citrus psyllid is a tiny pest that packs a wallop. Generally classified as a minor nuisance because of its predilection for eating the new leaves and stems of citrus trees, the Asian citrus psyllid has gained a devastating reputation as a vector for Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. HLB causes leaves to yellow and fruit to become bitter and misshapen. Death of the tree ensues. Transmission among trees occurs most often by infected psyllids. Once the Asian citrus psyllid contracts the disease, it is a lifelong carrier. The disease is spread from tree to tree as the psyllid feeds. As the top economic citrus state in the nation, California is particularly at risk. California produces about 80 per cent of the nations fresh fruit citrus and is the countrys main source of fresh market oranges. With no known cure for HLB, the Asian citrus psyllid poses a significant threat to the citrus industry worldwide. In an attempt to limit the spread of the pest and HLB, aggressive quarantine and area-wide management efforts have been put in place by the California Department of Food and Agriculture and other collaborating agencies. In the home garden, the first line of defense is tree inspection. Citrus plants, material or fruit should not be transported outside of quarantined areas. Purchase trees from reputable, licensed California nurseries. When disposing of tree clippings, dry or double bag before disposal. Thankfully, San Luis Obispo County remains uninfected to date. Stay informed, check your tree,s and if you think youve spotted an Asian citrus psyllid, act quickly and contact local agricultural authorities. If you are a teacher, parent, or school volunteer and would like to learn more about school gardening, there is Garden-Based Learning workshop from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday at 2156 Sierra Way in San Luis Obispo. The fee is $25.00. Register online at http://ucanr.org/gardenbased learning or contact Teresa Lees at [email protected] for more information. GOT A GARDENING QUESTION? Contact the University of California Cooperative Extension Master Gardeners: at 781-5939 from 1 to 5 p.m. on Monday and Thursday; at 473-7190 from 10 a.m. to noon on Wednesday in Arroyo Grande; and at 434-4105 from 9 a.m. to noon on Wednesday in Templeton. Visit the UCCE Master Gardeners website at http://ucanr.org/sites/mgslo or email [email protected].

The Wooden Horse/Pony Really gets to the point of the matter? Riding the wooden horse or wooden mare was a common punishment for soldiers (usually for rioting or drinking). One example was a straight, narrow, horizontal pole, standing twelve

The Wooden Horse/Pony Really gets to the point of the matter? Riding the wooden horse or wooden mare was a common punishment for soldiers (usually for rioting or drinking). One example was a straight, narrow, horizontal pole, standing twelve feet long. Sometimes the upper edge of the board or pole was acutely sharpened to intensify the cruelty. The soldier was set astride this board, with his hands tied behind his back. Often a heavy weight was tied to each foot, as was jocularly said, "to stop his horse from throwing him." There are reports of punishments lasting three days for stealing chickens, 'rode the wooden horse for three days, from two o'clock to close of parade, with a fifty-pound weight tied to each foot'. A severe punishment? We think so. The other people think that "Riding the wooden pony" was a torture originally designed for the punishment of women by the ancient Japanese. Initially the subject would hold her self above the board by standing on their tiptoes. As her legs tired and weakened she would come down, allowing the board to dig into her tender genitals. After a brief and painful rest the unfortunate woman would stretc

The Oral Tradition Concept The Chosen People Concept The Messiah Concept In addition to what weíve seen about: a) Kabbalismís makeup and control of The Theoretical Science Establishment; b) The effect that this control

The Oral Tradition Concept The Chosen People Concept The Messiah Concept In addition to what weíve seen about: a) Kabbalismís makeup and control of The Theoretical Science Establishment; b) The effect that this control has on Jews & Christians; and On the world at large, etc., c) It is now important to understand something about "Why" the Kabbalist/Talmudic agenda has the goals that it has. There are three concepts that help sharpen that understanding, viz., The Oral Tradition Concept, The Chosen People Concept, and The Messiah Concept. The Oral Tradition Concept Note this from a friendly source: "While there have been Jewish groups which were based on the written text of the Torah alone (the Sadducees, the Karaites), most Jews believe in the oral law. These oral traditionsoriginated in the Pharisee sect of ancient Judaism, and were later recorded in written form and expanded upon by the Rabbis. Rabbinic Judaism has always held that the books of the Tanach (called the written law) have been transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition. They point to the text of the Torah, where many words are left undefined, and many procedures mentioned without explanation or instructions; this they argue means that the reader is assumed to be familiar with the details from other, oral, sources. This parallel set of material was originally transmitted orally, and came to be known as the Ďoral lawí. However, by the time Judah Ha-Nasi (200 CE) much of this material was edited together into the Mishnah. Over the next four centuries this law underwent discussion and debate in both of the worldís major Jewish communities (in Israel and Babylon),and the commentaries on the Mishnah from both of these communities eventually came to be edited together into compilations known as the Talmud. Halakha, the Rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is not based on a literal reading of the Torah or Tanakh, but on the combined oral and written tradition, which includes the Tanakh and Talmud."1 Another succinct quote from a friendly source on the matter of the oral tradition confirms the one above: "In the Jewish world, a written Torah needs an oral tradition to make it complete...." 2 Yet another friendly commentator, this one dealing with one of a host of contradictory Rabbinic teachings, focuses on this particular one concerning whether it is the sun or the earth that moves, with the author upholding the earth moving view...as we would expect: "...Here we have different opinions on what happens when the sun sets. Unlike differing explanation of Torahmatters, where we say Shivim Panim LíTorah (The Torah has seventy facets), we are dealing with a physical phenomena here; only ONE can be right. So one of the Rabbis must be wrong! (This is aside from the fact that they are both wrong.)...." 3 Comment: These summaries tell us that a few men have compiled and controlled the oral law and the traditions of the Religion of Judaism basically since the Babylonian Captivity. In Erubin 21b of the Talmud, the absolute supremacy of Rabbinical pronouncements over both the Bible and all Jews is made clear:"The commands of the Rabbis are more important than the commands of the Bible. Whoever disobeys the Rabbi deserves death, and will be punished in hell with boiling excrement." Some of the more Orthodox Jews might want to recall Psalm 118:8 in this context: "It is better to trust in the LORD than to put confidence in man." The Chosen People Concept The Talmud/Kabbala teaching about the question of equality of all people before God and the Christian teaching from the New Covenant on the same subject couldnít be more opposite. Likewise, the New Covenant cautions and warns Christians about putting unreserved trust in the authority of their teachers and preachers and other leaders(II Cor. 11:13-15; I Jn.4:1; II Pet. 2:1; Rom. 16:17,18) while the Rabbinic teaching is pointedly the opposite, as seen just above. The Christian teaching from the New Testament is that Christ forever tore down "the wall of partition" between Jew and Greek(Eph.2:14), that "there is no respect of persons with God" (Rom. 11:11), that "whosoever will" can take "the water of life freely" (Rev. 22:18); that not one man but Church Elders formulate doctrine (I Tim. 5:17), that lay people are "to search the Scriptures daily" to determine "whether those things were so" (Acts 17:11), that lay people are to realize that Satanís ministers frequently get into positions of preaching and teaching about Christ (II Cor. 11:13-15) and must be monitored by lay people who are to "test the spirits whether they are of God" (I John 4:1). Even Jesus stated that"...the Son can do nothing of Himself; but what He seeth the Father do..." (John 5:19), and said plainly that "..my Father is greater than I " (John 14:28) and "Why callest thou me good? There is none good but one, that is, God" (Matt. 19:17). The precise opposite Rabbinical teachings are evident in the Talmud(HERE), a few examples of which are listed here: In Baba Mezia 86a: "A dispute in heaven between God and a group of Rabbis is settled when a great Rabbi on eart

The single event that was most critical in encouraging regimentation and collection in Western countries was The San hunters of southern Africa weren't overwhelming during the nineteenth century because they with regards XXXXX XXXXX mining and agriculture industry, in the nineteenth century

The single event that was most critical in encouraging regimentation and collection in Western countries was The San hunters of southern Africa weren't overwhelming during the nineteenth century because they with regards XXXXX XXXXX mining and agriculture industry, in the nineteenth century, which of the following statement is false? Count de Gobineau, a French anthropologist, argued that human being I have two left. The main goal of the Habsburg Empire in World War I was one more. Which of the following was not an innovation that came about due to militarization in the 1800s?

How to Correct a "CMOS Error" Troubleshooting problems such as a CMOS error helps you fix your digital camera and keep it performing at an optimal level. You can easily address some of these common digital camera problems. CMOS (

How to Correct a "CMOS Error" Troubleshooting problems such as a CMOS error helps you fix your digital camera and keep it performing at an optimal level. You can easily address some of these common digital camera problems. CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) refers to the image sensors in your camera. These sensors convert light into electrons to develop the picture. A CMOS error will show up on your LCD display on your camera when you power your camera. Correcting Common Lens Errors Common digital camera problems include picture, display and power problems. The primary problem that manifests as a CMOS error is one that affects the picture. The following steps below address correcting lens errors. The materials you will need include: - Lens cleaning solution (specially made cleaning solution for camera lenses) - Lint free cloth - Bulb blower - Small soft bristled brush, like a make up brush or brush for paintings Step 1 - Take a Test Picture Take a test shot to use for comparison with another photo that you will take after addressing the lens problem. This will allow you to see if your work has corrected the problem. Step 2 - Open the Lens Hood The first place you will look is the lens under the lens hood. Open the hood and then hold the camera up to the light to check for dust or other imperfections such as scratches. Step 3 - Clean the Lens Apply a small amount of lens cleaning solution onto a lint free cloth. Using a circular motion, gently rub the lens until the solution is dry. Take a photo and compare it to the test shot to see if this has corrected the problem. Step 4 - Check the Camera Settings An incorrect setting on your digital camera can affect the picture and can trigger a CMOS error. Check your picture settings to make sure that you are using the appropriate ones for your subject, setting and lighting. Make adjustments as necessary and take a photo to compare with your test shot to see if this works. The next steps will address the CMOS sensors in your camera directly if the previous steps have not solved the problem. Step 5 - Remove the Lens Consult your camera's manual to remove the lens and open the lens compartment. Remove the lens carefully and set aside. Step 6 - Remove Sensor Dust The CMOS sensors are a very delicate component of your digital camera. Make sure to take care when removing the sensor dust. Your camera's manual may list instructions for this process. If the manual does not include directions, clean the sensors with a bulb blower which blows a puff of air to help dislodge any dust. Use the brush lightly over the sensors to clean up any other dust left over. Do not use a can of compressed air as it has a liquid propellant which can damage the sensors. Step 7 - Replace the Lens Follow th

What is "Broadcloth" - Definition & Explanation Originally a silk shirting fabric so named because it was woven in widths exceeding the usual 29". Today, broadcloth refers to a tightly woven, lustrous cotton or polyester/cotton

What is "Broadcloth" - Definition & Explanation Originally a silk shirting fabric so named because it was woven in widths exceeding the usual 29". Today, broadcloth refers to a tightly woven, lustrous cotton or polyester/cotton blend fabric in a plain weave with a crosswise rib. It resembles poplin, but the rib is finer, and broadcloth always has more crosswise yarns (picks) than poplin. A fine tightly woven plain weave fabric with a faint rib. Usually of cotton or cotton blend but can be of any fiber. Frequently used in men's shirts. 2. a fine soft woven wool fabric, plain or twill weave, with a smooth napped face. Can be manufactured from cotton and silk, and rayon which are very different than wool broadcloth. A plain weave tightly woven fabric, characterized by a slight ridge effect in one direction, usually the filling. Most cotton broadcloths are made with

|< Industry...||The UK History...||The N. Ireland Menu...| In the early 17th century, as part of their plan to subjugate Ireland, the English government decided to 'plant' settlements of

|< Industry...||The UK History...||The N. Ireland Menu...| In the early 17th century, as part of their plan to subjugate Ireland, the English government decided to 'plant' settlements of English and Scots colonists in Ulster, on land taken away from the native Irish who had remained faithful to the Catholic religion and were regarded as potential rebels. These plantations are the historical cause of the present ethnic and religious divide. The Protestant community, mainly consisting of Presbyterians (of Scots origin), still form a majority in the north, whereas Catholics predominate in the south. The northern Catholics feel little allegiance to the British crown. Up to the 19th century, Ulster had been regarded as a remote and insignificant part of Ireland and of the British Isles as a whole. Protestants, and especially Presbyterians, made Ulster a province distinctly different from the rest of Ireland. Ulster Protestantism was regarded by Irish Catholics as a foreign and hostile phenomenon. In the early 19th century Belfast was an almost exclusively Protestant city but an influx of Roman Catholics from the countryside added a significant Roman Catholic minority. Changes in the British economy resulted in the rise of Belfast as the economic centre of Ireland. Religion or rather differences in religion soon became a

|March 1992 press release| discussing opposition to a visit by Mangosutho Buthelezi to Alabama by civil rights activists Gwen Patton and While many of the state action files in the American Committee

|March 1992 press release| discussing opposition to a visit by Mangosutho Buthelezi to Alabama by civil rights activists Gwen Patton and While many of the state action files in the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) Records Addendum discuss sanctions and divestment against South Africa, the debate of Buthelezi’s visit is illustrative of the arguments for and against the economic policies that many consider a strong factor in ending apartheid. Additionally, the frustration shown by Patton and Holmes in this situation demonstrated how they believed it was necessary to end apartheid abroad while continuing to address race relations in Alabama, more than 20 years after the Civil Rights Movement they both participated in as activists. Buthelezi visited Alabama in 1989 after receiving an invitation from a professor at the University of Alabama-Birmingham. After Buthelezi received word that Black leaders in Alabama refused to meet with him, he told The Citizen on September 2, 1989, that he found it “ridiculous that Americans can be so arrogant as to pontificate about what I do in South Africa.” According to Buthelezi, American economic sanctions against South Africa “hurt poor Blacks who work in foreign-owned factories.” In response to the Zulu Chief’s remarks, Alvin Holmes responded, “If he thinks we’re arrogant, he’s an articulate, educated Uncle Tom.” Both Holmes and Patton disagreed with Buthelezi and

Nextek's CEO sees conversion from AC to DC as a huge potential energy saver In the late 1890s, Westinghouse won its bitter "War of Currents" against Thomas Edison. That victory set the U.S. on

Nextek's CEO sees conversion from AC to DC as a huge potential energy saver In the late 1890s, Westinghouse won its bitter "War of Currents" against Thomas Edison. That victory set the U.S. on a course to build a nationwide electrical grid based on alternating current instead of direct current. Paul Savage, the chief executive officer of Nextek Power Systems, wants a rematch. AC power initially won out because it could more cheaply and efficiently send energy across long distances. But many modern devices, including LED lighting and semiconductor-based electronics like computers, require DC energy. Today, each device does its own AC-to-DC conversion after drawing power from an outlet. Each conversion wastes some electricity. Savage, 48, says if all the electricity coming into a building were converted to DC at a single point, it could reduce waste by as much as 40 percent. DC power is also much safer than AC—that was Edison's main reason for favoring it—meaning there'd be no charge strong enough to "shock, burn, or startle," says Savage. In partnership with Armstrong Ceiling Systems, Johnson Controls (JCI), and other companies, Savage is demonstrating his vision in 31 locations around the world, including a Ford (F) factory in Detroit. In the pilots, the AC energy coming from the grid is converted to DC by one of Nextek's $1,550 power modules, which resembles a supersized power strip. The partner companies develop the equipment that delivers the DC power to devices throughout the home or business. Savage says he's planning to retrofit several homes in Detroit to run on DC as part of a green energy project run by a local nonprofit. Because DC is safe, some of the demonstration projects feature ceiling tiles with energy constantly coursing through them as if they were wires. They're safe to touch, so lights, ceiling fans, speakers, and other power-hungry items can simply be clipped into place. Savage estimates that if DC systems take hold, they could cut the amount of energy needed nationally by 8.3 percent. Brian Fortenbery, program manager at the Electric Power Research Institute, considers Savage one of the leaders of the DC movement. "There's a pretty sizable push [for DC] from vendors" who sell power supplies, he adds. American Power Conversion, which makes AC power supplies, counters that improvements in AC technology can raise efficiency without having to invest in new DC equipment. Savage, who holds a degree in philosophy from Haverford College, spent 15 years in finance, including time at Lehman Brothers, before turning to energy. He was so convinced that DC is better than AC that in 2003 he invested $2 million of his own in Nextek and became its CEO. He says the company may generate $2.4 million next year selling its power modules and smaller converters. "We're in a space that's undergoing dramatic change," Savage says. "There's a huge battle going on for control of the buildings." Spent 15 years in finance after graduating from Haverford Invested $2 million of his own money in Nextek Safer, more energy-efficient buildings running on DC power

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR Though not yet King, Harold of England ruled the country well. He was short in height but immensely strong. As a leader, he commanded loyalty from his men. In 1065 while sailing in

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR Though not yet King, Harold of England ruled the country well. He was short in height but immensely strong. As a leader, he commanded loyalty from his men. In 1065 while sailing in the channel he had the misfortune of being caught in a storm and was shipwrecked off the coast of France. Captured there, he was handed over to his rival, Duke William of Normandy, who lavished him with hospitality but would not let him go home. Desperate to get away, he fell into the trap of taking an oath of support for William’s claim to the English crown. Back in England, the king was dying and Harold was voted King of England. He immediately faced two threats to the crown, one from the King of Norway supported by Harold’s renegade brother, and another from his recent host in France, William of Normandy. In two fateful weeks in 1066 he would fight both. He defeated the Norwegians, then marched 250 miles only to lose his kingdom to William in what came to be known as the “Battle of Hastings.” “William the Conqueror,” as he was called, had taken seven months to prepare his invasion force, using 600 transport ships to carry some 7000 men (including 3000 cavalry) across the channel. William landed unopposed and like a good leader turned unexpected happenings to his favor. When he stumbled on landing, he leapt up with his hands full of soil and shouted, “See I already have England in my hands.” He set up fortifications near Hastings. On the ridge above them Harold’s weary infantry equipped with their terrible two-handed battleaxes awaited the Normans’ attack. When it came at daybreak, it was repulsed with such vigor that rumors spread that William had been killed. Removing his helmet he rode among his ranks to show he was alive. By the time the battle ended three of his horses had been killed under him. The battle raged all day until William ordered a cavalry charge, with his archers at the back, firing a deadly rain of arrows over their heads. One of the arrows struck Harold in the eye and the tide turned against the English. As the light faded the last of Harold’s army grouped around their slain leader swinging their axes in stubborn defiance to the end. By luck and daring, William the Conqueror had won a kingdom and England would be changed forever. Now King of England, William consolidated his position by creating a “feudal” system (from the Latin word feudum, meaning land granted in return for military service). He seized the land of all who had fought against him, and gave it to about 200 Norman earls and barons (a reason why today, many of the British aristocracy have French or French hyphenated names). Called tenants-in-chief they owed one hundred percent allegiance to the King and each undertook to supply him with twenty knights (about 4000 knights in total) to control the countryside. Massive stone churches and castles were built in the Norman style and French replaced the vernacular (Anglo Saxon). Today the lan

A Fascinating Bird |Vulture BLOG Community Vulture Watch| The turkey vulture has many unique and interesting qualities that make this species one of the most fascinating birds in North America. Listed below are some of the reasons why turkey v

A Fascinating Bird |Vulture BLOG Community Vulture Watch| The turkey vulture has many unique and interesting qualities that make this species one of the most fascinating birds in North America. Listed below are some of the reasons why turkey vultures are a favorite bird species of so many people! TURKEY VULTURE tidbits..... The turkey vulture is in the same family (Cathartidae) as the California Condor (Federally endangered species) and the black vulture, which lives primarily in the south and southeast portions of the U.S. The turkey vultures scientific name is Cathartes aura which is Latin for "cleansing breeze". Like all other vultures, the turkey vulture has a bald head. This is so that bits of carrion (dead meat) do not adhere to the skin as they would to feathers. The Turkey Vulture, with its bald red head and dark feathers, was given its common name due to its superficial resemblance to the Wild Turkey. At close range the naked red heads of the adult turkey vultures resemble those of turkeys, hence the name. Juveniles have pinkish black heads. Turkey vultures are the only scavenger birds that can't kill their prey. A close inspection of their feet reminds one of a chicken instead of a hawk or an eagle. Their feet are useless for ripping into prey, but the vultures have powerful beaks that can tear through even the toughest cow hide. They feed by thrusting their heads into the body cavities of rotting animals. Turkey vultures have an extraordinary sense of smell. They have been known to be able to smell carrion from over a mile away which is very unique in the bird world. The turkey vulture has the largest olfactory (smelling) system of all birds. Vultures prefer meat as fresh as possible and won't eat extremely rotted carcasses. They can smell carrion less than 12-24 hours old. Groups of perched vultures are called a wake. Imagine them mourning over something with their heads hung down. In the early morning hours you may see turkey vultures sunbathing in a tree with their wings spread out in a horaltic pose. This is most likely done to increase their body temperature after the cool night. During the hot summer months turkey vultures will defecate on their feet to cool them off. If a turkey vulture is disturbed or harassed, it will throw up on whoever is bothering it. Even the vulture babies will do this! Turkey vultures do not actually build a nest. They are known to nest in very remote, hard to reach locations. Some of the strangest documented nest sites include the floor of an old neglected barn, 6 ft. below the ground surface in a rotted stump, and in a dead tree with the nest 14 ft. below the cavity entrance! Turkey vulture nests are very difficult to find - only one nest has been documented in the Kern Valley. Local researchers suspect that they may use jumbles of boulders for nesting areas. When you see turkey vultures swarming around in a cluster in the early morning hours of early spring or fall, they are preparing to continue on their migration. Vultures seen in the evening hours have probably arrived in the area that day and are preparing to roost for the night. Groups of vultures spiraling upward to gain altitude are called "kettles". As vultures catch thermal updrafts they take on the appearance of water boiling in a pot – hence the name kettle. Turkey vultures have been reported by aircraft pilots to rise to as high as 20,000 feet and soar for hours without flapping their wings. Researchers have determined that turkey vultures can travel at up to 200 miles in a day. They are known to arrive in the Kern Valley from the Fresno area and continue on the next day south to Tehachapi, Victorville or even farther. Turkey vultures rarely eat during their migration period. Turkey vultures average 2 1/2 feet with a 6 foot wingspan. In spite of their large size, they only weigh between 2-4 pounds! Because of their light weight, turkey vultures can virtually float in the sky using the thermal currents (rising columns of air) to get around the skies. This technique uses very little energy as the vultures rarely need to flap their wings. Because vultures are so efficient at finding thermals, hawks will look for kettles of vultures and then fly over to take advantage of the rising air. People will often mistakenly call turkey vultures, buzzards, which is the British name for certain hawks. Turkey vultures can swoop up to 60 mph in order to avoid being "mobbed" by ravens or jays. They also have excellent eyesight and can spot dying or recently dead animals from high in the air. Turkey vultures have been known to live up to 24 years. The average age is guessed to be around 20 years. Audubon is dedicated to protecting birds and wildlife and the habitat that supports them. Our national network of community-based nature centers and chapters, scientific and educational programs, and advocacy on behalf of areas sus

July 24, 2006 by Dr. G. Terry Madonna and Dr. Michael Young Two transcendent influences pervade American electoral politics. One is that only winning really matters; second place is last place in our system. The

July 24, 2006 by Dr. G. Terry Madonna and Dr. Michael Young Two transcendent influences pervade American electoral politics. One is that only winning really matters; second place is last place in our system. The other is that incumbents usually win and challengers usually lose. These two apparent iron laws of contemporary politics have profound consequences not just for our politics, but also for the way we interpret and construe our politics. Because only winning matters and most winners are incumbents, we tend to remember past elections from the incumbent’s perspective. Challengers loom as the electoral phantoms of American political history. This is regrettable. Even when they lose, challengers have much to teach us. No better example exists than the coterie of challengers that have taken on Pennsylvania gubernatorial incumbents in modern Pennsylvania history. Since 1974 when Pennsylvania governors could succeed themselves, there have been four elections featuring a major party challenger pitted against a gubernatorial incumbent. These have produced four distinct challenger types: Businessman Challenger - In 1974, Democratic Governor Milton Shapp sought reelection in the post Watergate period. Republicans had a number of choices to face Shapp, including golfing great Arnold Palmer, football coach Joe Paterno, and basketball star Tom Gola. They chose instead Drew Lewis, the head of Snelling and Snelling, the largest private sector employment agency in the world. Interestingly, Lewis, like Shapp, was a very successful businessman--who had not sought public office before 1974. But Lewis was also bland, bordering on dull, and more importantly he was trapped in a national campaign environment he could not control. The legacy of Watergate overwhelmed Republicans. Shapp clobbered him by some 300,000 votes. Congressman Challenger - In 1982, Republican Governor Dick Thornburgh stood for reelection in the midst of the greatest economic downturn in the state since the Great Depression. Democrats were optimistic about their electoral chances, but chose as their nominee a little known congressman, Allen Ertel, from north central Pennsylvania. Ertel remained a mystery to voters throughout the campaign and suffered from anemic fundraising as well. Still the recession was the most significant aspect in the election and Thornburgh squeaked out a narrow 51-percent to 48-percent victory. This race, like its predecessor in 1974, was influenced considerably by national trends--in this case the economy which worked against the incumbent. State Elected Official Challenger - In 1990, Democratic Governor Bob Casey faced Barbara Hafer, the first women nominated by a major party. Hafer had been an Allegheny County Commissioner and was the Auditor General of the state. A staunch pro-choice candidate, she barely won the Republican primary against a pro-life candidate and had trouble unifying her party. Casey, on the other hand, took a united party into the contest while the economy of the state, though not robust, was strong enough to produce balanced budgets without tax hikes. Hafer was somewhat gaffe-prone during the campaign; at one point she called Casey a "Red Necked Irishman." Casey went on to a stunning 68-percent to 32-percent victory, the largest in modern times. State Legislator Challenger - In 1998, Republican Governor Tom Ridge sought reelection; the national and state economies were good, the state budget had been balanced easily for the previous four years, and most of his first term agenda had been passed by the legislature. Ridge’s opponent was an obscure state House member, Ivan Itkin, who had served in the House for more than two decades and was his party’s minority whip. Itkin had impressive professional credentials (as a mathematics PhD and as a physicist), but he had virtually no statewide recognition, campaign funds, or party organizational support. He was left to his own devices and Ridge easily defeated him, winning 57-percent of the vote. Four observations emerge from this brief foray into recent electoral history: National political forces and economic trends almost always influence gubernatorial races. In 1974 and 1982, they were major factors in the outcome--once helping the challenger, the other time hurting. In 1974, the challenger, Drew Lewis, was hindered by the post-Watergate political environment and his party suffered in a year that nationally produced a Republican rout; but in 1982, Allen Ertel, the challenger was helped by the severe national recession that made incumbents vulnerable across the country. Finding a challenger type to run successfully against gubernatorial incumbents has been elusive. Each of the challengers profiled above represent distinct candidate types drawn from varying walks of life. But none of them has won as challenger even though several of the same types,

Workers dominate male production in the neotropical bumblebee Bombus wilmattae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 1 Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany 2 Department

Workers dominate male production in the neotropical bumblebee Bombus wilmattae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 1 Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany 2 Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Halle, Germany 3 Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico 4 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico 5 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa Frontiers in Zoology 2011, 8:13 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-8-13Published: 8 June 2011 Cooperation and conflict in social insects are closely linked to the genetic structure of the colony. Kin selection theory predicts conflict over the production of males between the workers and the queen and between the workers themselves, depending on intra-colonial relatedness but also on other factors like colony efficiency, sex ratios, cost of worker reproduction and worker dominance behaviour. In most bumblebee (Bombus) species the queen wins this conflict and often dominates male production. However, most studies in bumblebees have been conducted with only a few selected, mostly single mated species from temperate climate regions. Here we study the genetic colony composition of the facultative polyandrous neotropical bumblebee Bombus wilmattae, to assess the outcome of the queen-worker conflict over male production and to detect potential worker policing. A total of 120 males from five colonies were genotyped with up to nine microsatellite markers to infer their parentage. Four of the five colonies were queen right at point of time of male sampling, while one had an uncertain queen status. The workers clearly dominated production of males with an average of 84.9% +/- 14.3% of males being worker sons. In the two doubly mated colonies 62.5% and 96.7% of the male offspring originated from workers and both patrilines participated in male production. Inferring the mother genotypes from the male offspring, between four to eight workers participated in the produc

Brief Overview of the Israel-Palestinian For over sixty years the issue of the Jewish state of Israel has been a decisive pedestal of Middle Eastern conflict, dividing the Jewish and Arab peoples not only in the region in question, but also throughout the

Brief Overview of the Israel-Palestinian For over sixty years the issue of the Jewish state of Israel has been a decisive pedestal of Middle Eastern conflict, dividing the Jewish and Arab peoples not only in the region in question, but also throughout the Middle East, and installing deadly and nefarious antagonisms in each group. To comprehend the current plight of the Jewish and Arab people today over Palestinian land, one must know the general history of the Jewish-Muslim dispute. The Jewish held a great presence in contemporary Palestine, an ancient trade center that linked Europe, Asia, and Africa. The territory was shared between Arabs and Jews up until around 600 AD, when Muslims – whose religion was just forming – conquered the territory. Drifting between various powers and cultures, the Ottoman Empire obtained the area in the 1800s at its apex. However, in the 1900s, the European force was deteriorating, and was likewise dubbed the "sick man or Europe". Upon the capture of Ottoman territories during World War I (WWI) by the Allies, Britain – in an agreement with France – obtained Iraq and Palestine as its own territories. Obligated to fulfill a wartime promise to the Ottoman Empire (as the power had agreed to assist Britain in the war) for the creation an Arabic Homeland, Britain allowed a massive number of Muslims to migrate to Palestine. However, such a solution, though agreeable, didn't suit the intricate circumstances of Palestinian land. Being occupied by the Jewish before a Muslim dominance, Palestine was and still is revered by many Jews as Holy Land, and contains many significant temples and areas significant to Jewish history. However, the Muslims also maintain a number of religious sites in Palestine, including important mosques; the Prophet Muhammad – an upheld Muslim icon – is also said to have risen to heaven from a site in Palestine. The biblical decisiveness of Palestine in Jewish culture led many Jews to migrate to the area in the early 1900s. In response, the British government claimed in the 1917 Balfour Declaration that Palestine should also constitute as a Jewish Homeland as long as it didn't infringe the rights of the pre-existing Arabs. As anti-Semitic fascism began to grip Europe, especially in Germany, during the 1930s, many Jews sought to find a refuge to the horrible abuses and executions that the minority religion was facing. Palestine was considered the most logical and most fitting sanctuary to escape European persecution. The Zionist movement throughout the 1930s to bring the Jews to their long-lost homeland – Palestine – yielded an unprecedented number of people to the region. In 1939 alone, 85,000 Jews migrated to the joint Arab and Jewish Homeland. In the duration of the rest of World War II (WWII), 445,000 Jews sought out the land of their religious origin. The British government left Palestine divided into two states when it relinquished the area in 1947. Though the Jews were very pleased by the move, the Arabs were incensed by the fact that, while Jews only made up about a third of the Palestinian population, their had received half of the region's land. A year later, the majority of people would continuously shift toward the Jewish, and in 1948 the state of Israel was proclaimed by the Jewish people, who now owned about three fourths of Palestinian land. The Palestinian conflict was not considerably ignited again until the Israeli attack on the West Bank, then a colony of Jordan and Syria, and the Gaza Strip in 1967. Both areas housed many Arabs (who were to begin calling themselves "Palestinians") after fleeing Palestine during WWII, and the Jewish assault now displaced even more Muslims. Arab nations staged a military strike against Israel in response, but it was to little avail; 200,000 Arabs had fled from the Bank and over a million remained as refugees. Such Israeli imposition over the land of Palestine created the opposition Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), an Arab apparatus which would come to inflict terror amongst Israelis in order to reclaim their granted land. Israel countered the PLO by invading Lebanon, a country that shares Israel's northern border. Though many PLO fighters were dispersed, the volatile Lebanon – as it was in the middle of a prolonging civil war – had many extremist Islam militants to replace these fighters, and soon gave birth to the anti-Israeli Hezbollah movement see the Lebanon essays in these works to obtain more information. Meanwhile in the 1980s, more Israelis began to invade the Arab territory with settlements that bore residents. The closest Israel and Palestinian peace came in 1993. In a negotiation attempt hosted by the USA in Washington DC, Yasar Arafat, leader of the PLO, obtained recognition by Israel and pledged to cease terrorist acts and begin the process to a Palestinian state via elections; in compliance, Israel returned some West Bank cities to the Arabs. This effort however did not work. In 2000, the Palestinians once again began terrorizing Israelites in a conflict that called to arms many anti-Israeli organizations and created intense fighting between the Jews and Arabs for four and a half years. It was with the December 2004 death of Yasar Arafat – the PLO head who often espoused terrorism as resolution – that the Israel-Palestine conflict truly began to obta

Hamm-pollard Surname History The family history of the Hamm-pollard last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Hamm-pollard: - Hamm-p

Hamm-pollard Surname History The family history of the Hamm-pollard last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Hamm-pollard: - Hamm-pollard family history - Hamm-pollard country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity - Hamm-pollard last name meaning & etymology - Hamm-pollard spelling & pronunciation Latest photos on AncientFaces No one from the Hamm-pollard community has shared photos. Here are new photos on AncientFaces: Hamm-pollard Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity No one has submitted information on Hamm-pollard country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the Hamm-pollard country of origin. The following is speculative information about Hamm-pollard. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The nationality of Hamm-pollard is often difficult to determine in cases which regional boundaries change over time, leaving the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Hamm-pollard may be in dispute as result of whether the surname originated organically and independently in different locales; e.g. in the case of surnames that come from professions, which can appear in multiple countries independently (such as the surname "Gardener" which was given to people of that profession). Hamm-pollard Meaning & Etymology No one has submitted information on Hamm-pollard meaning and etymology. Add to this section No content has been submitted about the meaning of Hamm-pollard. The following is speculative information about Hamm-pollard. You can submit your information by clicking Edit. The meaning of Hamm-pollard come may come from a profession, such as the name "Dean" which may have been adopted by members of the clergy. Some of these trade-based family names might be a profession in a different language. This is why it is good to understand the nationality of a name, and the languages spoken by its family members. Many names like Hamm-pollard are inspired by religious texts such as the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, etc. Often these surnames relate to a religious expression such as "Grace of God". Hamm-pollard Pronunciation & Spelling Variations No one has added in

The recently sequenced genome of Spirodela polyrhiza showcases why the plant makes an excellent raw source for biofuels The ScienceDuckweed is one of the smallest and fastest-growing flowering plants that can be a hard-to-control weed

The recently sequenced genome of Spirodela polyrhiza showcases why the plant makes an excellent raw source for biofuels The ScienceDuckweed is one of the smallest and fastest-growing flowering plants that can be a hard-to-control weed in ponds and small lakes. Sequencing the genome of Greater Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) has provides clues about how the tiny plant can be used as an efficient biofuel raw material. It turns out to have one of the smallest plant genomes and is missing many genes, including those for plant maturation and production of cellulose and lignin. It has more genes than comparable plants for starch production. The ImpactDuckweed shows great promise as a biofuel feedstock. Private companies are already exploring using duckweed to produce fuel. Because of duckweed’s many unique traits (low cellulose and lignin production and high starch production) and life cycle, insights from its genome can tell us a lot about the genes are involved in production of cellulose and lignin. Removing these woody materials from feedstock has been a major challenge in biofuel production. Moreover, S. polyrhiza’s high starch content is also a desirable trait in biofuel feedstock. Duckweed is a relatively simple plant with fronds that float on the surface of the water and roots that extend into the water. In the flask on the left, you can see the dormant phase, turions, that have dropped to the bottom. Photo by Wenquin Wang

When I entered graduate school, I first experienced the raw difference in quality art materials and supplies. There was such a huge distinction between the materials I used in the shop (the scene shop) to the materials I used in the studio, and I

When I entered graduate school, I first experienced the raw difference in quality art materials and supplies. There was such a huge distinction between the materials I used in the shop (the scene shop) to the materials I used in the studio, and I could immediately see the results in both different types of paints, and in different papers, and substrates. It wasn’t an intentional experiment to find better quality, but it sold me on how quality makes a difference in the final product.After graduate school, I met an art instructor that explained a lot of technical differences in quality products, in particular in paint. I already knew that paint was primarily made up of a binder, pigment and a vehicle or solvent, but to see and understand what goes into making good paint was an eye-opening experience. Truly, there is nothing like finding the best paint to work with. This doesn’t mean that there isn’t a place for all types and qualities of materials. Recycled objects, student grade materials, and low-grade drug store materials can all find a place in making art– good art. But, when you know the differences between a high quality product and a lower quality product, you can better choose how to spend your money and efforts on making art. For paints in particular, better quality paints won’t necessarily have the highest pigment load, but often they will. Along with fewer or no fillers, the processing methods of better quality pigments from reliable sources may be more important than the total pigment load. To test this for yourself…this test you are conducting is called a “relative tint test” Purchase two different levels of quality of paint in the same hue and do the following: Mix an equal part of each color with the same amount of Titanium white, much more white than color. To be precise, the use of a scale measuring in grams is best, however using volumetric measurements such as “tea spoons” can work well too. Use a palette knife to mix the paint well and apply to a substrate. I’d recommend trying this with acrylics or oils, as this test method is not that easy to do with watercolor. And for your first test, use a blue like Ultramarine or Cobalt, as they are more forgiving and easier to mix until you feel more comfortable with the testing. You will be mixing two tints and comparing them to one another. In fact, anytime white is mixed into a color it is called a tint. You should be able to notice the difference in pigment quality between the two different quality levels of colors you purchased even as you are mixing them. …anytime white is mixed into a color it is called a tint. In addition, since the art material industry is dependent on other industries for pigment, like the automotive, architectural and aeronautic industries, sometimes a pigment becomes no longer available or changes in cost due to trends and needs of those markets. High quality paint, developed by a consci

Space Spuds to the Rescue What could NASA, potatoes and China possibly have in common? The answer might be as close as your next order of fries. Using NASA technology and a Chinese technique for growing seed potatoes, Quantum Tubers are a

Space Spuds to the Rescue What could NASA, potatoes and China possibly have in common? The answer might be as close as your next order of fries. Using NASA technology and a Chinese technique for growing seed potatoes, Quantum Tubers are a Space Age answer to growing more and better potatoes worldwide. Since many countries depend heavily on potatoes for their basic dietary needs, they must have an adequate, dependable supply. That's where the space spuds can help, since their high-tech growth methods overcome many of the normal limitations of seed potato production. By combining an agricultural technique from China with controlled environment technologies originally developed by the University of Wisconsin-Madison for plant growth in space, American Ag-Tec International, Ltd., of Delavan, Wisc., produced the Quantum Tubers. To understand how the process works, it's important to know how the potatoes destined for your order of fries first begin. Tiny, marble-sized seed potatoes (minitubers) are typically grown from plantlets inside traditional greenhouses. In these greenhouses, there is little control over environmental conditions such as light and temperature. That means only one small crop of seed potatoes can be produced each year. In an attempt to improve these conditions, researchers in China tried moving the small plants to different locations in the greenhouse in an attempt to create the best growing conditions possible.At left: Marble-sized Quantum Tubers were used to grow the potatoes in the background. Credit: NASA. That's where high-tech met Asian agricultural techniques. NASA's growth chambers -- used aboard the International Space Station for conducting cutting-edge research -- provided an improved solution to the potato problem. The computer-controlled chambers use unique lighting technology, high-efficiency temperature and humidity controls, and automation technology. That makes generating the minitubers in one closed facility possible, without the labor-intensive handling employed by the Chinese method. The self-sustaining chambers also brought production indoors, removing the growers' dependence on weather. Thus, the seed potatoes can be grown year-round in extreme environmental settings, such as deserts or excessively cold regions. Growers using this advanced method can produce a new, virus-free crop of minitubers every 40 to 50 days instead of the previous yearly crop. One facility can now produce as many as 10 to 20 million minitubers per year -- a huge benefit to countries that, in the past, have been forced to depend almost entirely upon imported seed potatoes to meet their needs. But the improvements don't stop with just the numbers. Chamber-grown seed potatoes are never exposed to diseases and pests that can reduce seed stocks, and their faster growth allows for more rapid introduction of new varieties in the marketplace. Seed potato production in space was tested in October 1995 aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in its Microgravity Astroculture Laboratory. Plants will play an important role in long-duration space flights, such as missions on the International Space Station. Not only will they provide food and water to crews, but they will help replenish oxygen and help remove excess carbon dioxide from the air. At right: Astronaut Catherine G. Coleman, mission specialist, checks out an Astroculture sample on the mid-deck of the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-73 in October 1995. Five small potatoes were grown on-orbit from tubers in the Astroculture plant growth facility. Credit: NASA. American Ag-Tec International's development of Quantum Tubers resulted through a NASA-sponsored Commercial Space Center located at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. NASA's Commercial Space Centers help companies develop products derived from space-based research as part of the Space Product Development Office at Marshall Space Flight Center. Growing potatoes may not be rocket science, but this Space Age development is a good example of the f

||This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. (January 2013)| ||This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (January 2013)| The

||This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. (January 2013)| ||This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (January 2013)| The concept of a pre-STEM program is being developed to address America's need for more college-trained professionals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). It is an innovation meant to fill a gap at community colleges that do not have'major' degree paths that students identify with on their way to earning an Associates degree. For a student to be able to successfully transfer from a two-year school to a four-year school and earn a baccalaureate degree in a STEM field, he or she must complete a considerable amount of STEM coursework before transferring. Schools with a pre-STEM program are able to identify those students and support them with STEM-specific academic and career advising, increasing the student's chances of going on to earn a STEM baccalaureate degree in a timely fashion. With over fifty-percent of America's college-bound students starting their college career at public or private two-year school, and with a very small proportion of students who start college at a two-year school matriculating to and earning STEM degrees from four-year schools, pre-STEM programs have great potential for broadening participation in baccalaureate STEM studies. The effectiveness of pre-STEM programs is being investigated by a consortium of schools in Missouri: Moberly Area Community College, St. Charles Community College, Metropolitan Community College, and Truman State University. A larger group of schools met at the Belknap Springs Meetings in October 2009 to discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by STEM-focused partnerships between 2-year and 4-year schools. Each program represented a two-year school and a four-year school that were trying to increase the number of people who earn a baccalaureate degree in a STEM area through various means, some of which were pre-STEM programs. Other methods includes summer research experiences for community college students, enhanced support for community college students once they transfer to a four-year school, or simply understanding the challenges STEM transfer students face. This meeting was made possible by funding from the National Science Foundation. All participants were funded by an NSF STEP grant at the time of the meeting.

|universe||Mickey Mouse universe| |First appeared in the cartoon||Plane Crazy (1928)| |First Voiced by||Walt Disney| Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney

|universe||Mickey Mouse universe| |First appeared in the cartoon||Plane Crazy (1928)| |First Voiced by||Walt Disney| Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character who has become an icon for The Walt Disney Company. Mickey Mouse was created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks and voiced by Walt Disney. The Walt Disney Company celebrates his birth as November 18, 1928 upon the release of Steamboat Willie, although Mickey had already appeared six months earlier in Plane Crazy (Steamboat Willie being the first Mickey Mouse Cartoon with sound). The anthropomorphic mouse has evolved from being simply a character in animated cartoons and comic strips to become one of the most recognizable symbols in the world. Mickey is currently the main character in the Disney Channel's Playhouse Disney series "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse." Mickey is the leader of The Mickey Mouse Club. Creation and debutEdit When Disney asked for a larger budget for his popular Oswald series, Mintz announced that Disney could keep doing the Oswald series, as long as he agreed to a budget cut and went on the pa

Locking prevents the time or date from being changed from within Windows. The clock locking feature allows you to lock down the date and time to prevent it being changed by people or programs. When activating Clock Locking in ClockWatch for the

Locking prevents the time or date from being changed from within Windows. The clock locking feature allows you to lock down the date and time to prevent it being changed by people or programs. When activating Clock Locking in ClockWatch for the first time, you will be asked for the administrative password. This password is used to unlock ClockWatch from the System Tray when it is running in the lock-down mode. In the lock-down mode the program continues to run hidden in the desktop. Its system tray icon is invisible the regular ClockWatch clock face is replaced by a (gray) empty space in the system tray. Passing the mouse over the area will give an OK. Right clicking the mouse over the area will bring up the enter password screen, the gateway back into the ClockWatch application. and Initial Configuration the software from the web site or from the CD-ROM. the ClockWatch application the clock settings options page (Options->Settings) the Lock Clock option to initialize locking Startup Automatically to start ClockWatch Sentry in the lock-d3on mode whenever the user is logged in. the administrator password or accept the default password beagle the options (press OK) enable Clock Locking the first time you must exit then restart the restarting ClockWatch, notice the green Clock Locking light. This indicates that the clock is locked. the application to hide it in the system tray and enter the lock-down mode. Locking in Operation - to change the time from the Windows control panel or another Windows Sentry detects the change and sets the clock back to its original time (within half a second). unauthorized time change attempt is added to the event log (Program Files/Beagle Software/ClockWatch/eventlog.txt) specifying the date and time of the time changing attempt, the time it occurred and the time the clock was trying to be Sentry out of the hidden lock-down mode Setting the time Turning locking on and off Changing the administration Checking for unauthorized time setting attempts The monitor application Sentry out of the Lock-Down mode the hidden icon by slowly moving the mouse from left to right in the System Sentry is hidden in the system tray when in the lock-down mode you see the OK, call up the password field by right clicking the Enter password to open ClockWatch the administrative password to open ClockWatch set the time to the Atomic Clock, bring Sentry Pro out of lock-down and press the Set Time button in ClockWatch to set the local time to an outside timeserver. ClockWatch will unlock the clock to allow the time change. can also be manually in Sentry Basic set by first turning off clock locking by first stopping ClockWatch. Always stop ClockWatch by pressing the Exit button on the main screen. Pressing Exit also turns off the monitor program. Clock Locking on and off can turn clock locking on or off from the Settings options tab with can also unlock the clock by stopping ClockWatch Sentry (remember to press the Exit button.) the administrators password the Setting options tab within ClockWatch (Options->Settings) the Lock Clock check box. (if already checked uncheck and recheck) administrative password form will be displayed. Changing the administrative password for Unauthorized time Settings change to the date or time is logged in the event log. view Sentrys event log, locate the file using Windows Explorer. is in the main ClockWatch program directory, usually C:\Program Files\Beagle the file, eventlog.txt, by double clicking. Sample log file entry: 2/21/2003 10:50:10 AM 03-02-21 18:03:23 Warning Prohibited time change, attempted to set time to 19:00:00 entry warns that at 18:03 on 2/21/03 someone tried to change the time to 19:00 Sentry Monitor Application Sentry includes a hidden monitoring application that ensures that ClockWatch Sentry is running. someone tries to disable the lock by terminating the ClockWatch application the monitoring application will restart ClockWatch and reset the lock. Manager shows the running ClockWatch and monitor (Winsysbgl) applications monitor application runs whenever Sentry starts with and Clock Locking enabled. It stops whenever a Sentry is stopped from the main screen by pressing the Exit button.

Having previously mentioned here, my passion for tracking Europe’s returning African visitors, I recently attempted an analysis of the latest data from the Gibraltar region. To do this, I reviewed a spreadsheet, set up in previous years that use the First dates of

Having previously mentioned here, my passion for tracking Europe’s returning African visitors, I recently attempted an analysis of the latest data from the Gibraltar region. To do this, I reviewed a spreadsheet, set up in previous years that use the First dates of migrant bird sightings, sourced from Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. Having gone through my seven randomly chosen bird species’ arrival dates (on return from Africa), they were to reveal some intriguing trends. Below you can see a link to a copy of the above-mentioned spreadsheet. What does this data tell you? To me it hints at a good pattern match to 2010, when looking at the First known sightings of the seven listed bird species. Later, I will refer to the actual climate of two years ago. Meanwhile, a question arises. When looking at these bird arrival statistics, is it possible to predict the future climate for the United Kingdom, i.e. what will spring and summer weather be like? Currently, the latest news from Gibraltar indicated a relaxation of the High Pressure areas that have largely plagued that part of Europe since last autumn. Furthermore, it is a fact that Low Pressure systems with their associated weather fronts can move the migrant birds on mass, which sometimes result in bird falls (exceptionally large numbers). What effect if any, will this have on the United Kingdom, being that it is still under the firm grip of High Pressure and has been for several weeks now? Has the current atmospheric situation resulted in a lack of bird movement? Oh, no! With quite a few spring overshoots such as Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and Hoopoes (Upupa epops) already in, you can add to the mix the more usual Cuckoos (Cuc

|Table of Contents| 2. Works (Selected List) 4. Outline of Major Works 5. Relation to Other Thinkers 6. Bibliography and Works Cited 7. Internet Resources 8. Related Topics Few have embodied

|Table of Contents| 2. Works (Selected List) 4. Outline of Major Works 5. Relation to Other Thinkers 6. Bibliography and Works Cited 7. Internet Resources 8. Related Topics Few have embodied their institutions and their times as well as Pope Pius IX. The longest reigning pope in history, Pius led the See of Rome through the turbulent mid to late nineteenth century and in the process presented the Church’s response to the modern world. Pius is known best today as the pontiff who called for the First Vatican Council, which defined the doctrine of papal infallibility but Pio Nono was also the leader who led the Papal State through its first modern reforms. Pius was, if nothing else, a complicated man who did whatever he could for the preservation of his beloved Church. Many have noted the profound changes in his policy and practice over the course of his long pontificate. That Pius evolved as a Pope is without doubt, but the one constant throughout his papacy and his life was his unquestioning devotion to the Church. Even while declaring himself (as Pope) infallible he was a servant of the Church. Pius IX was born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti the ninth and last child of Count Girolamo Mastai-Ferretti and Caterina Solazzi in 1792. His family was noble but not wealthy and on his father’s side there was a clerical tradition. Young Mastai-Ferretti’s education began under his mother who was devoted to the Virgin Mary. Indeed, all four of her daughters were named after the Mother of Jesus, and her son Giovanni received the name as well (Maria). At 11, his formal education began when he was sent to Saint Michaels School in Tuscany. Scolopi Fathers, who like his mother were devoted to Mary, ran the school and although known as a good school its selection probably had more to do with the cult of the Virgin. Mastai-Ferretti suffered epilepsy (or a similar disorder) and the priests eventually sent him home because they could not take care of him. In 1812, his poor health helped him avoid the military draft. During his early years, Europe was a blaze with war, revolution, and the growing pains of the modern world. Napoleon and Pius VII contended for power over the Papal States and there was almost constant war on the continent. (Coppa 1979, 19-22) Mastai-Ferretti moved to Rome to live with his uncle Paolino so he could continue his education. He arrived there in the midst of conflict between Napoleon and Pius VII over support for the Empire against England. Eventually the Papal States were annexed by Napoleon and Pius VII promptly excommunicated all those involved at which point the Emperor deported the Pope. Mastai-Ferretti’s earliest surviving autobiographical statements come from 1810 and tell of his profound concern over his tendencies to anger, pride, self-preoccupation, and ambition. He was also concerned to remain chaste and worried about the purity of his thoughts, which prompted him to avoid seeing certain things. What these “things” were is not clear but it is abundantly clear that the young Mastai-Ferretti was immensely concerned with personal purity and morality. (Coppa 1979, 22-25) A spiritual crisis between November 1815 and February 1816 led eventually to Mastai-Ferretti’s decision to enter the priesthood. He said that his poor health made him “aware” that there is “no happiness in this world” (Coppa 1979, 25). When Pius VII returned from his deportation to Rome, he restored the Jesuits and Mastai-Ferretti volunteered with them as a lay catechist working at the equivalent of an orphanage in the Eternal City. During his work with the Jesuits and in theological education, Mastai-Ferretti continued to suffer seizures and feared that his epilepsy would keep him from the clerical career he had chosen. His dramatic story made it to the ear of Pius VII who was sympathetic of the young man’s plight. After proving himself an able teacher he was admitted to Holy Orders by special permission of Pope Pius VII. Mastai-Ferretti was ordained subdeacon December 1818, deacon March 1819, and priest April 10th 1819 (Holy Saturday) and he celebrated his first mass on Easter Sunday (Coppa 1979, 26). In 1823, Mastai-Ferretti went with a diplomatic delegation to the Roman Catholic Church in South America. His mother attempted to keep him from going by talking to the cardinal responsible but he went anyway when the Pope sent her a letter and saw him off personally. The mission to South America was largely a failure, as the governments of Chili and Peru were not interested in partnership with Rome (Coppa 1979, 27-29). The trip did however provide the future pope with personal experience of the Church outside of Italy and Mastai-Ferretti became something of an expert on South American affairs for the Vatican.The trip most likely had a positive effect on his decision to include non-European bishops in the proceedings of Vatican I (Coppa 1979, 29-30). The expedition mad

SAT Data Tables Insight into SAT student data SAT Program data provide educators with important information about: - Test characteristics Additionally, college-bound senior data provide important information and insights about the test-takers, including: - Subgroup performance

SAT Data Tables Insight into SAT student data SAT Program data provide educators with important information about: - Test characteristics Additionally, college-bound senior data provide important information and insights about the test-takers, including: - Subgroup performance - College plans and goals - High school background Below is a list of data tables for use in interpreting SAT scores. These tables supplement the College-Bound Seniors data. These tables are available for download in PDF. Requires Adobe Reader (latest version recommended). A list of statistical definitions below explains the statistical terms used in the tables. |SAT Reasoning Test| |SAT Percentile Ranks (

Robert Nichols, a fellow English war poet, wrote an introduction to Siegfried Sassoon’s 1918 collection Counter-Attack and Other Poems that is reprinted in my Dover Edition of the War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon

Robert Nichols, a fellow English war poet, wrote an introduction to Siegfried Sassoon’s 1918 collection Counter-Attack and Other Poems that is reprinted in my Dover Edition of the War Poems of Siegfried Sassoon. In it, Nichols recounts a conversation he once had with Sassoon, on the topic of “certain exalté poems in [Nichols's] Ardours and Endeavours.” Sassoon likes the poems, and says: “War has made me. I think I am a man now as well as a poet. You have said the things well enough. Now let us nevermore say another word of whatever litlte may be good in war for the individual who has a heart to be steeled.” I remember I nodded, for further acquaintance with war inclines me to his opinion. “Let no one ever,” he continued, “from henceforth say a word in any way countenancing war. It is dangerous even to speak of how here and there the individual may gain some hardship of soul by it. For war is hell and those who institute it are criminals. Were there anything to say for it, it should not be said for its spiritual disasters far outweigh any of its advantages.” War poems are, in some sense, a kind of Remembrance. Many are about individual fallen comrades; many more refer to the unnamed dead. Ghosts are everywhere, and dying men are everywhere, suffering and taking their last breaths. The poems are a record of horror and calamity, and many are also accusations. How then does one read the poems without thinking of the “hardship of soul” Sassoon gained by the war? It was the war that allowed him to see and understand these things, and the war that allowed him to develop into the poet he did. His poems could only have been written by someone who had just those spiritual advantages war does offer—and as such, there is always the subtext: you were not there,

December 4, 1931 - Carl Sandburg The November 20, 1931 edition of the Chronicle reported that Carl Sandburg, famous poet, was to visit St. Cloud State on December 4, 1931.

December 4, 1931 - Carl Sandburg The November 20, 1931 edition of the Chronicle reported that Carl Sandburg, famous poet, was to visit St. Cloud State on December 4, 1931. The article reads: Carl Sandburg, noted American poet, will appear here on December 4, giving his famous lecture-recital "Poems, Songs, Stories." Mr. Sandburg is widely recognized as a rare and many-sided individual, a man who has archived notable place not only as a poet but as a biographer of Abraham Lincoln and as a philosopher and humorist. His lecture-recital, which he will give here, is varied as the man himself. in it he reads passages from h

US 6211427 B1 Peptides can be produced in and purified from the milk of transgenic animals. The peptides are made as fusion proteins with a suitable fusion partner such as α-lactalbumin, which is a natural milk

US 6211427 B1 Peptides can be produced in and purified from the milk of transgenic animals. The peptides are made as fusion proteins with a suitable fusion partner such as α-lactalbumin, which is a natural milk protein. The fusion partner protein acts to promote secretion of the peptides and, at least in the case of α-lactalbumin, allows a single-step purification based on specific affinity. The peptide is released from the purified fusion protein by a simple cleavage step and purified away from the now liberated α-lactalbumin by repeating the same affinity purification method. A particular advantage of producing peptides via this route, in addition to the obvious advantages of high yield and biocompatibility, is that specific post-translational modifications, such as carboxy terminal amidation, can be performed in the mammary gland. 1. A method for the production of a peptide comprising the steps of (a) expressing in the milk of a transgenic non-human placental mammal a fusion protein comprising said peptide linked to a fusion partner protein that is naturally produced in mammal milk; (b) separating said fusion protein from said milk; and (c) cleaving said fusion protein to yield said peptide, wherein said peptide is from 3 to 100 amino acid residues in length, and wherein said fusion protein is encoded by DNA molecule comprising a coding sequence having a first segment encoding said peptide operatively linked to a second segment encoding said fusion partner protein, said coding sequence being operatively linked to a mammary tissue-specific promoter. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide is post-translationally modified. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide is α-amidated. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said peptide is calcitonin. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said fusion partner protein is α-lactalbumin. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said fusion protein is purified from milk by calcium-induced displacement from a hydrophobic environment. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said cleaving step c) is achieved using a chemical cleavage agent. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said chemical cleavage agent is cyanogen bromide. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said cleaving at step (c) is achieved using an enzyme. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said enzyme is blood factor Xa and wherein said fusion protein comprises the recognition sequence Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg (SEQ ID NO:2). 11. The method of claim 9, wherein said enzyme is enterokinase and wherein said fusion protein comprises the recognition sequence Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys (SEQ

The Dead of Tlatelolco The National Security Archive at George Washington University, in collaboration with Proceso magazine, publishes today a list of names of the men and women killed in the October 2, 1968 Tlatel

The Dead of Tlatelolco The National Security Archive at George Washington University, in collaboration with Proceso magazine, publishes today a list of names of the men and women killed in the October 2, 1968 Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico, based exclusively on declassified Mexican intelligence files. In order to continue gathering evidence about the victims of Tlatelolco, the Archive also launches today a new Web link, where families, friends and colleagues of those who died during the massacre can register additional names, documents and photographs. The question of how many people died when soldiers and government agents opened fire on a peaceful student protest in Mexico City has long puzzled researchers. Eyewitnesses to the massacre speculated that anywhere from dozens to hundreds may have been killed, while government stonewalling prevented investigators from clarifying the incident. But recently-opened archives from Mexican military and security agencies have fuelled new efforts to understand what happened at Tlatelolco. Among the thousands of files now available to researchers are records containing the identities of those who died on October 2: eyewitness accounts by government agents, lists of the dead compiled by hospitals and the Red Cross, intelligence reports on the funerals of victims, and autopsy reports. Taken together, these documents offer the first opportunity to compile a list of those killed during the clash at Tlatelolco. After eight months of research in the Mexican national archives, the National Security Archive has found records documenting the deaths of 44 people: 34 are named, and 10 more remain unidentified. The death of each person is documented in more than one declassified government record. Each one is cross-checked against the available secondary sources. Each one represents a life lost in the senseless attack by government forces on the student movement--an attack that killed not only students but soldiers, workers, a teacher, a housewife, a 15-year old domestic worker, an unemployed father. "There is no better way to fight a government's lies than with the government’s own records," says senior analyst and Mexico Project director Kate Doyle. "For the first time, Mexicans can unearth hard evidence about the casualties of Tlatelolco, and with it begin to write a more accurate history of what happened." In an effort to continue compiling documentary evidence about the victims of Tlatelolco, the Archive announces today the launching of a new electronic registry, located on the web site of the Mexico Project. It is a place where the families, friends and colleagues of those lost can go to register the names of their loved ones and related documents, photographs and memories. Through the registry, the Archive hopes to construct a final and definitive list of Tlatelolco's dead. comments powered by Disqus

It is an illusion to think we can continue to use as much energy as we do now. No one can entirely rule-out that some extravagant technology will be forthcoming, e.g. solar power or nuclear fusion on the full-scale of 500 E

It is an illusion to think we can continue to use as much energy as we do now. No one can entirely rule-out that some extravagant technology will be forthcoming, e.g. solar power or nuclear fusion on the full-scale of 500 EJ/year as we get through now, but the particular issue of matching liquid fuels derived currently almost entirely from petroleum appears insurmountable. The "solution" is probably the collective of individual solutions, and that means adopting a completely different paradigm of human philosophy and intention. The most pressing demand is how to feed the population of the world, and how to adapt industrialised conurbations, wit

How to Protect Your Urban Farm from Soil Contaminants A large concern with your urban farming site is the contamination from past use of your site. Old industrial cities, in particular, may have soils contaminated with a variety of chemicals. Contamin

How to Protect Your Urban Farm from Soil Contaminants A large concern with your urban farming site is the contamination from past use of your site. Old industrial cities, in particular, may have soils contaminated with a variety of chemicals. Contaminated soil is an especially important issue if you’re growing edible crops or have young children or grandchildren who may ingest the soil. Many of the chemicals enter the body through ingestion, but some risk of exposure through breathing in chemical dust is possible as well. Common contaminants to be aware of The chemical lists look scary, but don’t let them deter you from growing food and flowers in the city. The reality is that even though most urban soils have some detectable contaminants, the levels in most cases may not be high enough to warrant action on your part. |Source||Previous Site Usage||Specific Contaminants| |Paint (before 1978)||Old residual buildings; mining, leather, tanning, landfill operations; aircraft component making||Lead| |High-traffic areas||Next to heavily trafficked highways and roadways; near roadways built before leaded fuel was phased out||Lead, zinc, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)| |Treated lumber||Lumber treatment facilities||Arsenic, copper, chromium| |Burning waste||Landfill operations||PAHs, dioxins| |Contaminated manure||Agriculture||Copper, zinc (from copper and zinc salts added to animal feed)| |Coal ash||Coal-fired power plants; landfills||Molybdenum, sulfur| |Sewage sludge||Sewage treatment plants; agriculture||Cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, persistent bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs)| |Petroleum spills||Gas stations; residential/commercial/industrial uses (anywhere an above-ground or underground storage tank has been located)||PAHs, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene| |Pesticides||Widespread pesticide use, such as in orchards; pesticide formulation, packaging, and shipping||Lead, arsenic, mercury chlordane, and chlorinated pesticides| |Commercial/industrial site usage||Factories manufacturing building supplies, chemicals, and other potentially hazardous materials||PAHs, petroleum products, solvents, lead, other heavy metals (such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, zinc)| |Dry cleaners||Service businesses using chemicals for clothes cleaning||Stoddard solvents, tetrachloroethene| |Metal-finishing operations||Factories using hazardous chemicals during painting and finishing work||Metals and cyanides| |*Adapted from the EPA| To determine whether the toxin levels are high enough to warrant action, you simply have to hire a professional to do a soil test to check for heavy metals or other pollutants. You can work with the cooperative extension service in your state or a private soil lab. These tests can get pricey if you’re testing for a number of possible contaminants, so narrowing the list to the most likely culprits is a good idea. Doing a soil test on healthy soil every three to four years is fine. You may be able to find city, state, or federal programs to help offset the cost of these tests. Check online or with your local health department. The soil test results give you the soil’s contaminant levels and the safe standard for each contaminant. You can use this information to determine what action (if any) that you take. Tips to avoid contamination in your soon-to-be garden Creating a little green patch in the city can be tough when you’re worried about contamination from chemicals and other toxins. However, don’t let it stop you from trying. Here are some tips to avoid contamination: Locate your garden away from building foundations. Lead-based paint chips are most likely found close to buildings where painting occurred. This advice is especially important if the building is old enough to have had lead-based paint used on it. (Lead was banned as a paint additive in 1978.) Build raised beds, lay a sheet of landscape fabric on the bottom, and bring in fresh soil and compost to fill them. However, don’t use chemically treated lumber in your raised bed construction; otherwise you risk introducing new toxins to your soil. Build a fence or plant a hedge as a barrier to block dust from potential sources of contamination, such as highways or railroad tracks. After all, it’s not only old chemicals and pollutants that are a concern. Present-day vehicle and industrial exhaust can also drift into your yard and contaminate the soil. Mulch thickly (roughly 4 inches) around your plants to minimize their contact with the soil. Teach young children not to eat dirt or unwashed vegetables. Most contaminants get into the body through ingestion. As a result, all produce should be cleaned thoroughly before storing or eating. And, of course, mud pies are a no-no. Wear gloves in the garden and wash your hands thoroughly after working in the garden. Even though most contaminants are introduced through the mouth, some folks can also have skin reactions to chemicals in the soil. So gloves are important. Also, if you don’t wear gloves and wash after gardening, you risk putting the chemicals into your mouth when eating, coughing, or otherwise touching your face. If you’re growing vegetables, grow fruiting crops, such as tomatoes, peppers, beans, and okra, rather than root crops, leafy vegetables, or herbs. Fruiting crops are held above the soil and are less likely t

What is the current status of Syrian refugees? How is the Lebanese government responding? And what still needs to be done? In the months ahead, one of the most important challenges facing the Lebanese government will be its ability to manage the influx of Syrian

What is the current status of Syrian refugees? How is the Lebanese government responding? And what still needs to be done? In the months ahead, one of the most important challenges facing the Lebanese government will be its ability to manage the influx of Syrian refugees. Lebanon’s goal should be to fulfill its humanitarian responsibilities, while maintaining its national security and limiting socio-economic impacts on local Lebanese communities. What is the current status of Syrian refugees? Every day, 2,000 to 3,000 Syrians are fleeing their homes across borders into Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. These four countries now host more than 400,000 Syrian refugees. At this pace, the United Nations expects there to be as many as 700,000 Syrian refugees in neighboring countries by the end of this year. In Lebanon, the number of registered refugees has now climbed to 120,906 – even higher than in Turkey – but the real total is far larger, as many choose not to register. As the Syrian conflict drags on, the number of displaced Syrians entering the country will continue to rise. About 78 per cent of Syrian refugees in Lebanon are women and children. The majority (64%) originates from the city of Homs – the rest originate from various Syrian cities: 8% from Damascus, 7.7% from Aleppo, 7.5% from Idleb, 6% from Hama, and 6% from other cities. Syrian refugees are distributed across Lebanon. The majority are split between the North of Lebanon (53%) and the Bekaa (42%), while the rest is spread between Beirut (1%), Mount Lebanon (2%), and the South (2%). How is the Lebanese government responding? The flow of Syrian refugees has been raising tensions in Lebanon. Local communities are witnessing socio-economic and security implications. Petty crimes against Lebanese citizens are on the rise. Harassment of Syrian workers in Lebanon is growing. Members of the Free Syrian Army are believed to be amongst the refugees in Lebanon. Kidnappings of Lebanese citizens in northern Syria, followed by retaliatory kidnappings of Syrians in Lebanon, have added to the tensions, as did the assassination in Beirut last month of Brig Gen Wissam al-Hassan whose death was widely blamed on the Syrian government. The challenge of the Lebanese government is to balance between its humanitarian responsibilities, and manage the political, security, and economic risks of the Syrian refugee crisis. It is no easy feat. The Lebanese government has been partnering with foreign governments, as well as international and local organizations to provide shelter, food, healthcare, schooling and other services to displaced Syrians. Fifty-two humanitarian organizations are working to support the growing number of Syrian refugees. Coordinated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), an inter-agency regional response plan was developed in which Lebanon is a part of. The UNHCR issued an appeal for almost $500 million. To date, only 30 per cent has been funded, and Lebanon received a portion of the collected funds. The High Relief Commission (HCR) is leading the coordination and implementation of relief efforts on behalf of the Lebanese Government. Several ministries and institutions are participating in various efforts, including the Ministry of Social Affairs, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, the Lebanese Armed Forces, and the Internal Security Forces. What still needs to be done? Until Syria’s conflict is resolved the flow of Syrian refugees to Lebanon will continue to grow. The success of the Lebanese government in managing the associated risks hinges on its ability to secure adequate funding and logistica

Atrial fibrillation is a disorder of heart rate and rhythm. Also commonly abbreviated as AF or Afib, it occurs when the heart's two small, upper chambers (atria) quiver rapidly and empty blood into the heart's lower chambers

Atrial fibrillation is a disorder of heart rate and rhythm. Also commonly abbreviated as AF or Afib, it occurs when the heart's two small, upper chambers (atria) quiver rapidly and empty blood into the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) in a disorganized manner instead of beating effectively. Blood that isn't pumped completely out of the atria when the heart beats may pool and clot. If a piece of a clot enters the bloodstream, it may lodge in the brain causing a stroke. Causes of atrial fibrillation include dysfunction of the sinus node (the heart's pacemaking area in the right atrium), coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension and hyperthyroidism.

|Product #: CD-410032| PHYSICAL SCIENCE BULLETIN BOARD SET GRADES 4-8 Teach the concepts of physical science with this full color bulletin board set for grades 4-8. Incorporate the

|Product #: CD-410032| PHYSICAL SCIENCE BULLETIN BOARD SET GRADES 4-8 Teach the concepts of physical science with this full color bulletin board set for grades 4-8. Incorporate the concepts of STEM in your classroom visuals. Sets includes (5) 17" x 24" charts that include easy-to-understand examples of basic physical science concepts and a resource guide. Supports NSE standards. Submit a review

Serpent of the North: The Overlook Mountain/Draco Correlation (cont.) By Glenn M. Kreisberg, New England Antiquities Research Association (NEARA) Further, we find specific examples of Native American petro

Serpent of the North: The Overlook Mountain/Draco Correlation (cont.) By Glenn M. Kreisberg, New England Antiquities Research Association (NEARA) Further, we find specific examples of Native American petroform matching the constellations exist as well. In his paper Star-Beings and Stones: Origins and Legends, researcher Herman Bender argues convincingly for a petroform in Wisconsin, known as the Kolterman Petroform Effigy, consisting of stone ‘stickman’ formations constructed on the ground which create human figures known as ‘star beings’. The effigy figures are said to be associated with and the Native American Thunderbird tradition and mirror on the ground the constellations Libra and Scorpio as they appear in the night sky. In the case of the Overlook Mountain petroform, the comparison to the star group known as Draco, cannot help but be made. I have consulted with Astronomer Kenneth Leonard, who published Calendric Keystone (?) The Skidi Pawnee Chart of the Heavens: A New Interpretation and have confirmed the constellation Draco would be visible rising above the summit of Overlook Mountain directly to the north before it reached its’ zenith overhead during daylight hours. And further confirming the assertion, using Starry Night Pro computer modeling astronomy software demonstrates that Draco rose above the mountain on Feb. 1st 2700 BCE, (when Thuban was pole star) just before sunrise. And, the serpent constellation has continued to rise over Overlook Mountain, throughout the night for thousands of years since, occupying a permanent position perpetually spinning around the fixed Celestial North Pole. This is significant because to early sky watchers living in the Hudson Valley, occupying lands stretching for miles to the south, east and west, Overlook Mountain would have been the place to look towards to see the Serpent of the North rising, night after night, to fulfill its duties protecting and making “precession proof” the heavens. This is important because, by “precession proof” I mean no matter where the celestial pole drifted over time (due to precession), the dutiful dragon would always appear wrapped around that point diligently spinning about the celestial pole, marking its location for those watching. We must remember that no star ever marks the exact celestial pole, which is the point in space where the Earth’s Axis points and which also draws a slow circle in the heavens, (24,000+ years) due to the apparent wobble of precession. What we consider the “North Star” now, Polaris, is merely the star that closest marks the exact, true Celestial Pole. This star changes over time due to precession: More on this and Thuban, the past Pole Star, later. Besides the connection to the sky, the connection of this mountain to the serpent or snake is also undeniable and I don't see this likely a coincidence since Overlook Mountain has the highest population of Eastern Rattlesnake in New York State according to the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). It is estimated, based on the wear marks on the bedrock at the den entrances, some of the rattler habitats have existed for centuries, at least. I think this is significant given the reverence the snake was accorded by the indigenous people and helps complete the picture of the sacred nature of the mountain in the culture of the Native population.

, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis , is a condition characterized by the sudden onset of fever , and tender, erythematous , well-demarcated papules and plaques which show dense neut

, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis , is a condition characterized by the sudden onset of fever , and tender, erythematous , well-demarcated papules and plaques which show dense neutrophilic infiltrates It is named for Robert Douglas Sweet. Although it may occur in the absence of other known disease, Sweet's syndrome is often associated with hematologic disease (including leukemia ), and immunologic disease (rheumatoid arthritis , inflammatory bowel disease A genetic association has been suggested, but no specific genetic link has been identified. Sweet, working in Plymouth in 1964, described a disease with four features: fever; leukocytosis; acute, tender, red plaques; and a Papilla dermal infiltrate of neutrophils . This led to the name acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Larger series of patients showed that fever and neutrophilia are not consistently present. The diagnosis is based on the two constant features, a typical eruption and the characteristic histologic features; thus the eponym Sweet's syndrome (SS) is used. Sweet's syndrome can be classified based upon the clinical setting in which it occurs: classical or idiopathic Sweet's syndrome, malignancy-associated Sweet's syndrome, and drug-induced Sweet's syndrome. SS is a reactive phenomenon and should be considered a cutaneous marker of systemic disease. Careful systemic evaluation is indicated, especially when cutaneous lesions are severe or hematologic values are abnormal. Approximately 20% of cases are associated with malignancy, predominantly hematological, especially acute myelogenous leukemia . An underlying condition (streptococcal infection, inflammatory bowel disease, nonlymphocytic leukemia and other hematologic malignancies, solid tumors, pregnancy) is found in up to 50% of cases. Attacks of SS may precede the hematologic diagnosis by 3 months to 6 years, so that close evaluation of patients in the “idiopathic” group is required. There is now good evidence that treatment with hematopoietic growth factors, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which is used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, can cause Sweet's syndrome. Lesions typically occur when the patient has leukocytosis and neutrophilia but not when the patient is neutropenic. However, G-CSF may cause SS in neutropenic patients because of the induction of stem cell proliferation, the differentiation of neutrophils, and the prolongation of neutrophil survival. Acute, tender, erythematous plaques, nodes, pseudovesicles and, occasionally, blisters with an annular or arciform pattern occur on the head, neck, legs, and arms, particularly the back of the hands and fingers. The trunk is rarely involved. Fever (50%); arthralgia or arthritis (62%); eye involvement, most frequently conjunctivitis or iridocyclitis (38%); and oral aphthae (13%) are associated features. Differential diagnosis includes erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, adverse drug reaction, and urticaria. Recurrences are common and affect up to one third of patients. Studies show a moderate neutrophilia (less than 50%), elevated ESR (greater than 30 mm/hr) (90%), and a slight increase in alkaline phosphatase (83%). Skin biopsy shows a papillary and mid-dermal mixed infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with nuclear fragmentation and histiocytic ce

This disparity means that future supercomputing centers simply might not be able to afford separate graphics-processing units. “At petascale, [separate graphics-processing units] are less cost-effective,” says Hank Childs, a computer systems engineer and

This disparity means that future supercomputing centers simply might not be able to afford separate graphics-processing units. “At petascale, [separate graphics-processing units] are less cost-effective,” says Hank Childs, a computer systems engineer and visualization expert at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Childs points out that a dedicated visualization cluster, like the one for Argonne’s Intrepid supercomputer, often costs around $1 million, but in the future that cost might increase by a factor of 20. Pat McCormick, who works on visualization on the world’s fastest supercomputer, the AMD Opteron and IBM Cell-powered “Roadrunner” at Los Alamos National Laboratory, says that Peterka’s work on direct visualization of data is critical because “these machines are getting so big that you really don’t have a choice.” Existing, GPU-based methods of visualization will continue to be appropriate only for certain kinds of simulations, McCormick says. “If you’re going to consume an entire supercomputer with calculations, I don’t think you have a choice,” says McCormick. “If you’re running at that scale, you’ll have to do the work in place, because it would take forever to move it out, and where else will you be able to process that much data?” Peterka, McCormick, and Childs envision a future in which supercomputers perform what’s known as in-situ processing, in which simulations are visualized as they’re running, rather than after the fact. “The idea behind in-situ processing is you bypass I/O altogether,” says Childs. “You never write anything to disk. You take visualization routines and link them directly to simulation code and output an image as it happens.” This approach is not without its pitfalls, however. For one thing, it would take a whole second or more to render each image, precluding the possibility of interacting with three-dimensional models in a natural fashion. Another pitfall is the fact that interacting with data in this way burns up cycles on the world’s most expensive mainframes. “Supercomputers are incredibly valuable resources,” notes Childs. “That someone would do a simulation and then interact with the data for an hour–that’s a very expensive resource to hold hostage for an hour.” As desktop computers follow supercomputers and GPUs into the world of multiple cores and massively parallel processing, Peterka speculates that there could be a trend away from processors specialized for particular functions. Already, AMD offers the OpenCL code library, which makes it possible to run code designed for a GPU on any x86 chip–and vice versa. Xavier Cavin, founder and CEO of Scalable Graphics, a company that designs software for the largest graphics-processing units used by businesses, points out that the very first parallel volume-rendering algorithm ran on the CPUs of a supercomputer. “After that, people started to use GPUs and GPU clusters to do the same thing,” Cavin says. “And now it comes back to CPUs. It’s come full circle.”

Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | William Kaye Estes (born June 17, 1919 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American psychologist. He achieved his B.A.in

Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | William Kaye Estes (born June 17, 1919 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American psychologist. He achieved his B.A.in 1940 and his PhD in 1943, both at University of Minnesota. As an undergraduate, he was a student of Richard M. Elliott. As a graduate student he stayed at the there and worked under B. F. Skinner. When he later had his doctorate, he joined Skinner on the faculty at Indiana University. Estes first joined the Indiana University faculty in 1946 and reached the rank of Research Professor in 1960. In 1962, he moved to Stanford University, then in 1968 to Rockefeller University and in 1979 to Harvard University. He returned to Indiana 1999. Main areas of interestEdit Estes's early research, involved animal learning and behavior. He worked with with B. F. Skinner. They presented their analysis of anxiety and introduced the Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) paradigm. In their CER paradigm, rats were trained to respond on an operant schedule that produced a steady response rate, after which they were tested with a stimulus that was conditioned as a fear signal. The fear signal suppressed the operant response, and the magnitude of suppression was used as a mesure of anxiety. The CER became widely used to study Pavlovian conditioning, in a variety of organisms. He the took to studying visual information processing in the 1960's, contributing to the visual detection method of estimating the information apprehended from brief visual displays. After Estes got out of the U. S. Army at the end of World War II, he established his reputation as one of the originators of mathematical learning theory. When high speed, high capacity computers later came along, Estes' models laid the foundation for modern artificial intelligence and artificial neural network developments. Estes went from Indiana University to Stanford University, to Rockefeller University in New York, and finally to Harvard University. After retiring from Harvard, he returned to Bloomington, Indiana, where he remained active in academics to become professor emeritus at his original academic home department. One of William Estes's most famous contributions to learning theory was his model of intelligence, in which he postulated that the rate of change in a human's knowledge is equal to the product of their intelligence and the difference between their current level of knowledge and their studiousness. Mathematically, this can be expressed by the differential equation dk/dt+lk=λl, where knowledge k and studiousness λ are expressed as percentages, which has the solution k=λ(1-e^(-lt)), assuming that the human began with no knowledge of the subject. Taking the limit as time approaches infinity, one finds that, given an infinite amount of time, a human's knowledge is equal only to their studiousness; the intelligence l merely affects the rate at which his or her knowledge approaches that limit. He developed Stimulus-sampling theory a mathematical approach to learning theory In later years his research has focused on mathematical and computer modeling of human memory and classification learning. He is credited with being one of the founders of modern mathematical psychology Estes was received a a large number of honours. They include - Being elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1963 - Being elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982. - Distinguished Research Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association in 1962, - Warren Medal of the Society of Experimental Psychologists in 1963, - American Psychological Foundation Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Psychological Science in 1992 and the - U. S. National Medal of Science in 1997. Editorial board/consulting editorEdit Estes, W.K. (1994) - Classification and Cognition. Oxford University Press. Estes, W.K. (1991) - Statistical models in behavioral research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates Estes, W.K. (1997) - Processes of memory loss, recovery, and distortion. Psychological Review, 104, 148-169. - Bower, G H (1994), "A turning point in mathematical learning theory.", Psychological Review 101 (2): 290–300, 1994 Apr, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.290, PMID 8022959 - Estes, William K. (1989), Lindzey, Gardner, ed., A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Stanford Univer

10 Jan 2013, BioSpectrum Bureau, BioSpectrum Singapore: The early onset of Alzheimer's disease could be detected using a simple online test, according to scientists from the Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) at the University of

10 Jan 2013, BioSpectrum Bureau, BioSpectrum Singapore: The early onset of Alzheimer's disease could be detected using a simple online test, according to scientists from the Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) at the University of Queensland (UQ). Study coordinator Professor Lizzie Coulson said that her research team at QBI had identified how Alzheimer's disease impairs the cholinergic basal forebrain in undertaking navigational tasks. The researchers examined the cognitive changes in rodent models with basal forebrain degeneration mimicking Alzheimer's disease. The research paper titled, 'Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in mice disrupt idiothetic navigation', was published in the journal PlosOne. The study was funded by the Queensland Government NIRAP (National and International Research Alliances Program) and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Professor Coulson, in collaboration with a team from the Czech Republic who developed the human recall navigation tasks, are currently validating the findings in humans. Professor Coulson says the diagnosis tool could be widely used as early as 2015. Professor Coulson said that, "One of the areas known to degenerate in Alzheimer's disease is a region called as the cholinergic basal forebrain, implicated in memory and attention. It has been unclear whether loss of function in this brain area causes the cognitive changes seen early in Alzheimer's disease. Surprisingly, the mice behaved normally on most of the cognitive tests. However on a recall navigation task akin to ‘dead reckoning', the mice become disorientated." Professor Coulson said this demonstrated that recall navigation tasks relied heavily on cholinergic neurons, which were known to deteriorate early in Alzheimer's patients. She added, "By asking patients to perform these navigation tasks, doctors may be able to detect symptoms of Alzheimer's disease much sooner and more cheaply than the MRI tests. We envision this test could also help to identify patients who would benefit from early administration of current Alzheimer's disease treatments."

Japanese folktales are somewhat of a loaded term. In commonplace usage, it signifies a certain set of well-known classic tales, with a vague distinction of whether they fit the rigorous definition of folktale or not. The admixed imposters

Japanese folktales are somewhat of a loaded term. In commonplace usage, it signifies a certain set of well-known classic tales, with a vague distinction of whether they fit the rigorous definition of folktale or not. The admixed imposters are literate written pieces, dating back to the Muromachi period (14th-16th centuries) or even earlier times in the Middle Ages. These would not normally qualify as "folktales" (i.e., pieces collected from oral tradition among the populace). In a more stringent sense, "Japanese folktales" refer to orally transmitted folk narrative. Systematic collection of specimens was pioneered by folklorist Kunio Yanagita. Yanagita disliked the word minwa (民話?), a coined term directly translated from "folktale" (Yanagita stated that the term was not familiar to actual old folk he collected folktales from, and was not willing to "go along" with the conventions of other countries). He therefore proposed the use of the term mukashibanashi (昔話 "tales of long ago"?) to apply to all creative types of folktales (i.e., those that are not "legendary" types which are more of a reportage). A representative sampling of Japanese folklore would definitely include the quintessential Momotarō (Peach Boy), and perhaps other folktales listed among the so-called "five great fairy tales" (五大昔話 Go-dai Mukashi banashi?): the battle between The Crab and the Monkey, Shita-kiri Suzume (Tongue-cut sparrow), Hanasaka Jiisan (Flower-blooming old man), and Kachi-kachi Yama. These stories just named are considered genuine folktales, having received those auspices by folklorist Kunio Yanagita. During the Edo Period these tales had been adapted by professional writers and woodblock-printed in a form a called kusazōshi (cf.chapbooks), but a number of local variant versions of the tales have been collected in the field as well. As aforestated, non-genuine folktales are those already

Reviewed June 2008 What is the official name of the TRAPPC2 gene? The official name of this gene is “trafficking protein particle complex 2.” TRAPPC2 is the gene's official symbol. The TR

Reviewed June 2008 What is the official name of the TRAPPC2 gene? The official name of this gene is “trafficking protein particle complex 2.” TRAPPC2 is the gene's official symbol. The TRAPPC2 gene is also known by other names, listed below. What is the normal function of the TRAPPC2 gene? The TRAPPC2 gene provides instructions for producing the protein sedlin, which is active (expressed) in cells throughout the body. The function of sedlin is unclear. Researchers believe that sedlin is part of a large molecule called the trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complex, which plays a role in the transport of proteins between various cell compartments (organelles). It is thought that sedlin is located between two organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein processing and transport, and the Golgi apparatus modifies newly produced proteins. How sedlin participates in the movement of proteins between these two organelles is unknown. How are changes in the TRAPPC2 gene related to health conditions? - X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda - caused by mutations in the TRAPPC2 gene At least 40 mutations in the TRAPPC2 gene have been found to cause X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda. Most of these mutations delete one or more DNA building blocks (nucleotides) in the TRAPPC2 gene. All of the mutations result in a nonfunctional sedlin protein. Because sedlin is expressed throughout the body, it is unclear why mutations in the TRAPPC2 gene affect only bone growth. Where is the TRAPPC2 gene located? Cytogenetic Location: Xp22 Molecular Location on the X chromosome: base pairs 13,712,241 to 13,734,634 The TRAPPC2 gene is located on the short (p) arm of the X chromosome at position 22. More precisely, the TRAPPC2 gene is located from base pair 13,712,241 to base pair 13,734,634 on the X chromosome. See How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/genelocation) in the Handbook. Where can I find additional information about TRAPPC2? You and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about TRAPPC2 helpful. - Gene Reviews - Clinical summary (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1145/) Genetic Testing Registry - Repository of genetic test information - GTR: Genetic tests for TRAPPC2 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/tests/?term=6399%5Bgeneid%5D) You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for genetics professionals and researchers. - PubMed - Recent literature (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=(TRAPPC2%5BALL%5D)%20OR%20((SEDL%5BTIAB%5D)%20OR%20(sedlin%5BTIAB%5D)%20OR%20(SEDT%5BTIAB%5D))%20AND%20((Genes%5BMH%5D)%20OR%20(Genetic%20Phenomena%5BMH%5D))%20AND%20english%5Bla%5D%20AND%20human%5Bmh%5D%20AND%20%22last%202520%20days%22%5Bdp%5D) - OMIM - Genetic disorder catalog (http://omim.org/entry/300202) Research Resources - Tools for researchers - GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?id_type=entrezgene&id=6399) - HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (http://www.genenames.org/data/hgnc_data.php?hgnc_id=23068) - NCBI Gene (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6399) What other names do people use for the TRAPPC2 gene or gene products? - MBP-1 interacting protein-2A See How are genetic conditions and genes named? (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/naming) in the Handbook. What glossary definitions help with understanding TRAPPC2? endoplasmic reticulum ; Golgi apparatus ; You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference - Christie PT, Curley A, Nesbit MA, Chapman C, Genet S, Harper PS, Keeling SL, Wilkie AO, Winter RM, Thakker RV. Mutational ana

Resistors, Volt and Current In this article we will study the most basic component in electronics, the resistor and its interaction with the voltage difference across it and the electric current passing through it. You will learn how to analyse simple resistor networks

Resistors, Volt and Current In this article we will study the most basic component in electronics, the resistor and its interaction with the voltage difference across it and the electric current passing through it. You will learn how to analyse simple resistor networks using nodal analysis rules. This article also shows how special resistors can be used as light and temperature sensors. Imagine the electricity As a beginner, it is important to be able to imagine the flow of electricity. Even if you’ve been told lots and lots of times how electricity is composed of electrons traveling across a conductor, it is still very difficult to clearly imagine the flow of electricity and how it is affected by Volt and Resistors. This is why I am proposing this simple analogy with a hydraulic system (figure 1), which anybody can easily imagine and understand, without pulling out complicated fluid dynamics equations. Notice how the flow of electricity resembles the flow of water from a point of high potential energy (high voltage) to a point of low potential energy (low voltage). In this simple analogy water is compared to electrical current, the voltage Difference is compared to the head difference between two water reservoirs, and finally the valve resisting the flow of water is compared to the resistor limiting the flow of current. From this analogy you can deduce some rules that you should keep in mind during all your electronics work: - Electric current through a single branch is constant at any point (exactly as you cannot have different flow rates in the same pipe; what’s getting out of the pipe must equal what’s getting in) - There wont be any flow of current between two points if there is no potential difference between them. In other words, for a flow of current to exist, there must be a voltage difference between two points. - The quantity of water in the reservoir can be compared to the electric charge stored in a battery. When the level of water in the two tanks become the same, there is no more flow of water, and comparatively, a battery is empty and cannot deliver anymore current when the two electrodes have the same voltage. - The electric current in a conductor will increase with the decrease of the resistance, exactly as the rate of flow of water will increase with the decrease of the resistance of the valve. I could write a lot more deductions based on this simple analogy, but we can summarize those rules in the most fundamental equations of electronics: Ohm’s law, that you shall learn in the rest of this article. The resistor can be defined by it’s main purpose, a device to control or limit the flow of current, hence we can say that the main parameter of a resistor is it’s resistance, which is measured in Ohm’s (Ω). Never less, another design consideration when working with resistors is its rated power, measured in watts (W), which is the quantity of power the resistor can dissipate without burning out. It is also important to note that resistors are not only used for current limiting, they can also be used as voltage dividers to generate very precise voltages out of bigger voltages. Some sensors are based on a resistance that varies depending on light, temperature or shear stress, like the LDRs (light dependent resistors), Thermistors (temperature dependent resistors) or strain gauges. For more information and pictures, see Special resistors at the end of the article. Legend (figure 3): R: Resistance (Ohms), V: Voltage (Volts) and I: Current (Amps). It’s clear that those three equations at the left are different variations of Ohm’s law, but the three of them must be very clear in your mind in order to proceed to more complicated circuits. You have to be able to understand and imagine the meaning of the equation (2) for example, which implies that a rise of voltage with a constant resistance will cause a rise of current. However, it wouldn’t be logically true to say that a current rise will cause a voltage rise if the resistance is constant (even though this is mathematically true) because it’s the voltage, the potential difference, that will create a flow of current, not the opposite (refer to the analogy of the two water tanks). Also, equation (3) can be used to deduce the value of the resistance to used to limit the flow of current to a certain value under a constant known voltage difference. Those are just examples showing you the importance of this rule. You will learn how to use them along the rest of the article. Even the most sophisticated electronic simulations software uses this equation, along with some other equations to solve and simulate the most complicated circuits. Series and parallel resistors Understanding what is the effect of connecting resistors in series or in parallel is very important and will help you to analyze and simplify an electronic circuit, using those simple mathematical relations for series and parallel resistors: - In this example circuit (figure 4.A), R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, a single resistor R3 can provide the exact same function of the two resistors R1 and R2, according to the law figure 4.A. - Which, in case of only two parallel resistors, can be written as: - Not only this relation can be used to simplify complicated circuits, but it can also be used to create resistors of values that you don’t have. - Notice also that the value of R3 will always be smaller t

Rolling Plainsback to Eco-Regions Map Elevations range from 900 feet in the northeast corner to 4,000 feet in the upper northwest arm of the Rolling Plains. The majority of the Rolling Plains is between 1,

Rolling Plainsback to Eco-Regions Map Elevations range from 900 feet in the northeast corner to 4,000 feet in the upper northwest arm of the Rolling Plains. The majority of the Rolling Plains is between 1,000 and 3,000 feet above sea-level. Rainfall amounts average 22 to 30 inches per year. Part of the Great Plains of the central United States, the topography is characterized as being rough terrain. The bottomland areas of the east contain more riparian zones than those in the western Rolling Plains. Most of the soils are considered neutral to alkaline. Forming under grasslands they have a high fertility, making them sought after for crop production. These soils are found ranging from the lower to the upper portions of the Rolling Plains. Native vegetation varies between the northern and southern halves of the Rolling Plains Region. The northern portion contains black willow, plains cottonwood, redberry juniper, and shin oak. On the banks of Canadian River, salt cedars are dominant accompanied by honey mesquite and willows. The southern portion contains pecan, persimmon, netleaf hackberry, live oak, sugarberry, Texas red oak, gum bumelia, and Ashe juniper. Both portions share honey mesquite, plains cottonwood, and western soapberry. Shrubs found in this eco-region include species of wild cherry and plum, as well as sages. The Rolling Plains contain many of the typical plains grasses: buffalograss, hairy, blue, and sideoats grama, big bluestem, indiangrass, Canada wildrye and Texas bluegrass. Impacts of Fire Fire historically had an impact on the Rolling Plains region, by suppressing woody species and favoring open grasslands. Fire kept resprouting honey mesquite and juniper populations at low densities. Even though there are no tree ring studies to document fire frequency, historically this area is assumed to have had a fire occurrence every 5 to 10 years. This frequency created the low populations of woody species observed by early explorers to the region. Following settlement, fires were suppressed and improper grazing occurred. Overgrazing by livestock weakened the native grasses, removed fuel needed for a burn and set the stage for aggressive woody plant species to increase. Droughts accelerated

Most Active Stories - Five months after students take MEAP, rest of Michigan learns what many teachers knew all along - A fox a bear and an antelope tell you all you need to know about empathy - What is the State of

Most Active Stories - Five months after students take MEAP, rest of Michigan learns what many teachers knew all along - A fox a bear and an antelope tell you all you need to know about empathy - What is the State of Opportunity project? - Five things to know about early childhood brain development - Five facts about achieving the American Dream Mon December 9, 2013 Should we flunk third graders who can't pass a standardized test? Here's what the research says. Last week, the House Education committee at the state capitol passed a piece of legislation that would force schools to flunk any third grader who failed to get a score of "proficient" on the state's standardized reading test. The legislation still has to pass both the full House and Senate and get a signature from the governor before it could become law. And, late in the week, there was news that state leaders may be putting the idea on hold while they gather input from teachers and school administrators (most of whom oppose the idea of flunking third graders based on a single test score). So while everyone pauses to gather their thoughts about a proposal that could force nearly 40 percent of Michigan's third graders to repeat a grade, I thought it's worth taking a

Energy is typically the second largest overhead cost in the production of greenhouse crops in Michigan and other northern states. This MSU Extension bulletin, developed by Erik Runkle, MSU floriculture Extension specialist, and A.J. Both, agricultural engineer

Energy is typically the second largest overhead cost in the production of greenhouse crops in Michigan and other northern states. This MSU Extension bulletin, developed by Erik Runkle, MSU floriculture Extension specialist, and A.J. Both, agricultural engineer at Rutgers University, presents 13 production strategies and technologies that greenhouse growers can use to reduce energy consumption and improve production efficiency. Some of the practices discussed include: •Installing efficient photoperiodic lighting when growing long-day plants. •Managing greenhouse temperature based on the crop and finish date. •Installing and maintaining retractable curtains. •Installing infrared anti-condensate polyethylene film. •Replacing an inefficient heating system with a more efficient one. This 16-page document, in PDF format, can be downloaded free at the MSU Greenhouse Energy Cost Reduction Strategies website. It also includes links to resources for more information on the different topics. The target audience of his document is greenhouse producers of floriculture crops located in temperate climates, although many of the concepts can apply to other greenhouse-grown crops. This publication was funded by the Michigan Floriculture Growers Council, who received a Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development grant through the USDA Agriculture Marketing Service Specialty Crop Block Grant Program-Farm Bill. Erik Runkle’s work is funded in part by MSU‘s AgBioResearch. Download the guide here: http://www.flor.hrt.msu.edu/energy

“Our findings imply that fragile regions migrate to different locations in different mammals, and it explains why there are only a few fragile regions shared between different lineages,” Alekseyev said. The research demonstrates that the fragile regions undergo a birth-and-death

“Our findings imply that fragile regions migrate to different locations in different mammals, and it explains why there are only a few fragile regions shared between different lineages,” Alekseyev said. The research demonstrates that the fragile regions undergo a birth-and-death process over evolutionary timescales and provides a clue to where the fragile regions in the human genome are located. The researchers conclude that these regions in the human genome are likely to be affected by the coming genome rearrangements. “We hope that further analysis of the identified fragile regions in the human genome would provide insights into current trends in the human evolution,” Alekseyev said. The researchers are now working on confirmation of a conjecture that genomic fragility is promoted by matching segmental duplications. The researchers also hope that their approach may be useful for understanding genome rearrangements at the level of individuals, rather than entire species. In the future, they plan to apply similar analysis for the genome rearrangements that occur within the cells of individual cancer patients in order to develop new cancer diagnostics and drugs.

The first prototype of a Nao robot that can develop emotions as it interacts with a human caregiver has been completed. A team across Europe was led by Dr. Lola Cañamero of the University of Herefordshire in the UK to

The first prototype of a Nao robot that can develop emotions as it interacts with a human caregiver has been completed. A team across Europe was led by Dr. Lola Cañamero of the University of Herefordshire in the UK to develop the bot, which differs in several significant ways from those that came before it . These robots develop over time in much the way that a child does, learning to interact with and respond to the human beings around them. Modeled after human and chimpanzee childhood development paths, they are programmed to be highly adaptable to the people around them, and to become attached to whatever person is most suited to its needs and 'personality' profile. Over time, the more they interact, the more they learn and bond to the human being. These little ones, moreover, are capable of expressing a wide range of emotions, including anger, frustration, fear and happiness. The next steps are to research the bots' emotional and non-linguistic behavior, and to move toward combining linguistic and non-linguistic communication to become further attached and adapted to them. Yes, we want one.

Beginning in 2014, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) will administer the first nationwide student assessment in technology and engineering literacy. The framework defines key terms such as technology and engineering literacy, determines the content to be assessed, specifies

Beginning in 2014, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) will administer the first nationwide student assessment in technology and engineering literacy. The framework defines key terms such as technology and engineering literacy, determines the content to be assessed, specifies the types of assessment questions to be asked, and guides the development of the assessment instrument (WestEd 2010). Although the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requires that every student be "technologically literate by the time the student finishes the eighth grade," the law itself is vague in defining what technological literacy is,

MARINE invertebrates in polar regions dwarf tropical species thanks to a copious supply of oxygen. Gauthier Chapelle of the Royal Institute of Sciences in Brussels and Lloyd Peck of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge examined records of 185

MARINE invertebrates in polar regions dwarf tropical species thanks to a copious supply of oxygen. Gauthier Chapelle of the Royal Institute of Sciences in Brussels and Lloyd Peck of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge examined records of 1853 species of amphipod crustaceans from habitats around the world. They found that size is limited by oxygen availability, which is greater in chilly waters around the poles ( Global warming threatens these giant species, however, as it will reduce levels of dissolved oxygen. "The giants are going to go," says Peck. To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.

Warm-up is an important step in lengthening the amount of playing time as well as getting a nice full tone on the first note. I usually start my warm-up by controlling by breath through practicing my air flow through the horn. I breath for

Warm-up is an important step in lengthening the amount of playing time as well as getting a nice full tone on the first note. I usually start my warm-up by controlling by breath through practicing my air flow through the horn. I breath for about 4 counts and then breath out for about 16 counts. As I get further and further into the breathing, I will breath in for fewer counts and I will exhale for more counts. Breathing provides a controlled air supply to support the notes. Also, for more of a challenge, try blowing with all the valves half-way. This provides some extra pressure against the air flow. Buzzing is basically practicing the sound without the horn. Try to play some steady slurs and scales on the mouthpiece. Start on one note and gradually down and up repeatedly, opening the gap more and more. Remember not to move the sides of the mouth. The mouthpiece requires a more focused embouchure because there are no valves to help pick a note. After slurs, I usually do scales. Scales really enhance the focused embouchure when reaching octaves. Try to keep the notes long and sustained with minimal break in between. There is no horn to aid the connection so the mouthpiece is very hard to play on. Playing anything on a mouthpiece, as well as warming up on a mouthpiece, makes it much easier when it translates to the horn. Finally, I recommend the B.E.R.P., which is a device that can be attached to the lead pipe of the horn. A mouthpiece can be placed in the B.E.R.P. for buzzing. The device is very efficient because it requires buzzing while the horn is being held up. This makes sure that there is even pressure on both lips. When people usually buzz without the horn, they might bend the mouthpiece in a way that would not be when they are playing the horn. Finally, there are holes on the device that can be covered to provide pressure. Scales and their patterns make it easier to play music. Most music have a pattern or scales within the context. Not only does this part of the warm-up practice creating a fluid sound across the octave, but also practices fingerings. It is important to push down the valves with a quick speed, despite the tempo of the music. Practice all scales and learn new ones. It will make it easier to recognize them in the music and they will become natural to play. A lot of notes in music is not so hard when you know the pattern and the fingerings are memorized. Warm-up should not just be a routine. Your mouth will not feel the same everyday. There will be good and bad days, when you can hit a lot of high notes and when you can't even find the note you want. Warm-up is what makes this aspect a little more consistent. A focused and concentrated warm-up will allow for you to play as well as possible.

BU biblical research shown in Vatican By Kayla Reeves Baylor researchers are bringing biblical history to life in Vatican City this Easter season. Dr. Scott Carroll, research professor in manuscript studies and biblical tradition at the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion

BU biblical research shown in Vatican By Kayla Reeves Baylor researchers are bringing biblical history to life in Vatican City this Easter season. Dr. Scott Carroll, research professor in manuscript studies and biblical tradition at the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion, is the director of a 5,000-square-foot exhibit of rare religious artifacts at the Vatican. The exhibit is intended to bring together people of many faiths that have a common history, and Carroll has been working on it for more than a year. The exhibit is composed of more than 150 religious texts and artifacts from the Green Collection —the largest private collection of religious relics in the world — and from the Vatican Museum and other private collections. The exhibit is set up in a series of highly detailed rooms “meant to immerse you in the dramatic story told by this one-of-a-kind assemblage of items,” Carroll wrote in an email to the Lariat. For example, there are rooms replicating the caves where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found, and Westminster Abbey’s Jerusalem Chamber, where the King James Version of the Bible was translated. The items on display show the resilience of the Bible in times of great persecution, Carroll said. These items include scrolls that survived the Spanish Inquisition and texts burned by Nazis during the Holocaust. The exhibit is called Verbum Domini, which means “Word of the Lord” in Latin. The exhibit embodies Pope Benedict XVI’s hope to renew people’s passion for reading God’s word, Carroll said, and it displays the shared traditions and biblical history of Jewish, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox faiths. Dr. David Jeffrey, distinguished professor of literature and humanities, has been working with the Green Collection at Baylor for more than a year and gave a lecture about the research at the exhibit in Vatican City this week. “It is a beautiful exhibit,” Jeffrey said. “It’s been attended by cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, bishops, scholars and ordinary people — even the stewardess from my flight.” Carroll said the exhibit demonstrates the importance of the Bible throughout history. “Together, the items in this exhibit tell the story of how God’s word has come to us — the story of how thousands of believers of the Jewish and Christian faiths throughout history have lived and died to protect, preserve, translate and access this great book,” Carroll said. Carroll has scoured the globe for some of the items in the Green Collection, which makes up about two-thirds of Verbum Domini. He and the Green family, who also own the chain of Hobby Lobby stores, have made the collection available for undergraduates to study. “Scholars and student-scholars at some 30 universities worldwide are currently conducting groundbreaking research on the more than 50,000 items in The Green Collection through the Green Scholars Initiative, and Baylor is the academic hub of all of this research,” Carroll said. Just a few weeks ago Baylor researchers discovered what might be the oldest text of the Gospel of Mark ever found, Carroll said. Jeffrey said he believes the Green Collection is the most valuable collection in the world for Christian intellectual study. There are eight Green Collection religious projects at Baylor, all with students researching and working on them as well, Jeffrey said. “It’s exciting for them, and we want to give them pe

Southern Yellow Pine - Moderately resistant to decay - Sapwood is yellowish white, heartwood is reddish brown - Distinct smell that is shared among most species in the Pinus Genus. Long Leaf Yellow Pine is in

Southern Yellow Pine - Moderately resistant to decay - Sapwood is yellowish white, heartwood is reddish brown - Distinct smell that is shared among most species in the Pinus Genus. Long Leaf Yellow Pine is in the group of Southern Yellow Pines sharing the hard, dense, and great strength-to-weight ratio. It is most commonly used for construction: poles, joists, piles and roof trusses, as well as sub-flooring and shea

Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 Britannica Web Sites Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. - Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)

Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 Britannica Web Sites Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. - Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) In December 2004 a massive undersea earthquake unleashed a catastrophic tsunami in the Indian Ocean. The series of immense ocean waves caused widespread destruction and loss in several countries on the ocean’s rim.

Space StationConstruction Visible Through Backyard Telescopes March 17, 2009: Talk about a big construction project... Astronauts are about to add a pair of 115-foot-long solar wings to the International Space Station.

Space StationConstruction Visible Through Backyard Telescopes March 17, 2009: Talk about a big construction project... Astronauts are about to add a pair of 115-foot-long solar wings to the International Space Station. The station's solar arrays are the largest deployable space assemblies ever built and the most powerful electricity producing arrays in orbit. Each wing weighs 2,400 pounds, uses 32,800 individual solar cells, and adds about 4000 sq. feet of light-collecting surface area to the ISS. When the work is done, the space station will have enough usable electricity to light up 42 houses. Amateur astronomers can see it happen with their own eyes. The International Space Station is so large, its outlines are visible in backyard telescopes. Here, for instance, is the view through a 10-inch Newtonian reflector: "In December, the space station made a nice pass over my backyard observatory," says photographer Ralf Vandebergh of the Netherlands. "It was about as bright as Venus—you couldn't miss it." He hand-guided his telescope to keep the ISS centered in the field of view and captured the image using a digital video camera attached to the eyepiece. Vandebergh's snapshot shows six previously-installed solar wings--four port and two starboard. The new arrays will go on the starboard side, rounding out the eight-wing set. Once complete, the station's power system will generate between 80 and 120 kilowatts of usable electric power. Some of that electricity is needed to operate basic space station systems, but once that is figured in, the addition of the new arrays will nearly double the amount of power available to perform scientific experiments--from 15 kilowatts to 30 kilowatts. The extra power will also double the number of full-time crew the station can support from three to six. The new wings are en route to the ISS onboard space shuttle Discovery, which left Earth on Sunday, March 15, in a beautiful twilight launch from Kennedy Space Center. In addition to the solar arrays, Discovery is also bringing a 31,000-lb truss segment to complete the station's massive backbone and a thermal radiator to shed heat from newly-powered electronics. If all goes according to plan, the arrays, truss segment, and radiator will be installed during a spacewalk on mission Day 5 (March 19); the arrays will be unfurled accordian-style on mission Day 8 (March 22). The timing of these events favors sky watchers in the USA and Canada. The ISS (with Discovery docked) is due to fly over many North America towns and cities after sunset in mid- to late-March. Shining brighter than any star, the ISS-Discovery combo takes a leisurely 5 minutes to glide across the sky--plenty of time to point a telescope, take a picture, or just soak up some of the station's growing luminosity. Check NASA's ISS tracker for flyby times: link. NASA's Future:US Space Exploration Policy

Articles of a treaty between the United States of America, by their commissioners, Return J. Meigs and Daniel Smith, who are appointed to hold, conferences with the Cherokees for the purpose of arranging certain interesting matters with the said Indians,

Articles of a treaty between the United States of America, by their commissioners, Return J. Meigs and Daniel Smith, who are appointed to hold, conferences with the Cherokees for the purpose of arranging certain interesting matters with the said Indians, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and head men of the Cherokees, of the other part, concluded at Tellico. ARTICLE 1. Whereas it has been represented by the one party to the other that the section of land on which the garrison of South West Point stands, and which extends to Kingston, is likely to be a desirable place for the assembly of the state of Tennessee to convene at (a committee from that body now in session having viewed the situation) now the Cherokees being possessed of a spirit of conciliation, and seeing that this tract is desired for public purposes, an

to the HOn2 Page."HO" indicates we are modeling in HO-scale which in North America is a ratio of 1 to 87 or 1:87 or 1 foot in the model equals 87 feet

to the HOn2 Page."HO" indicates we are modeling in HO-scale which in North America is a ratio of 1 to 87 or 1:87 or 1 foot in the model equals 87 feet in the real world. HO-scale trains run on 16.5 millimeters track. Standard gauge track in the real world is 4ft 8.5 inches between the rails. So in HO-Scale standard gauge track is represented by 16.5 millimeters track or 16.5 millimeters between the rails. The second letter, "n" indicates that instead of standard gauge we are modeling narrow gauge. The could be anything from 18 inches between the rails to 42 inches between the rails. "2" indicates that in fact we are modeling in HO-scale railroads that ran on track which was 2 feet between the rails. Scale is Half of O Scale) = HO-scale Narrow Gauge)

Crowdsourcing Discovery: Success! In modern science, you have no chance of doing significant research without grant money, but individuals can have great scientific ideas and projects. This is when Rockethub comes into place and people can actually try to crowd

Crowdsourcing Discovery: Success! In modern science, you have no chance of doing significant research without grant money, but individuals can have great scientific ideas and projects. This is when Rockethub comes into place and people can actually try to crowdsource money for that. Finally, a project just made the required money hours before the deadline. It is time to experiment with the way we experiment. Using the Internet, we will enable the public to fund and participate in an open model of basic scientific research. The Web, itself the fruit of curiosity-driven basic research, has transformed every industry and creative endeavor it has touched, promoting collaboration, openness and efficiency. But scientists are stuck in a closed, pre-Internet mindset. We aim to change that. Who are we, and what do we want to do? For 5 years, Ethan Perlstein’s lab at Princeton University has been developing a new evolutionary approach to studying how drugs work. For nearly 2 decades, David Sulzer’s lab at Columbia Med School has been a leader in the study of how drugs affect the brain.

Russia and Georgia battle for control What is South Ossetia? The region has been a de facto independent region of Georgia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991... South Ossetia is inhabited mostly by ethnic Ossetians

Russia and Georgia battle for control What is South Ossetia? The region has been a de facto independent region of Georgia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991... South Ossetia is inhabited mostly by ethnic Ossetians... Officially at least, the region is part of Georgia, but it borders North Ossetia, which is part of Russia. A decade ago, with some Russian support, the South Ossetians effectively broke away from Georgia. Peace was restored by a 1992 agreement on the deployment there of Georgian, Ossetian and Russian peacekeepers. Virginia Gidley-Kitchin BBC News Online, August 19 What sparked the current hostilities? The increased tension stems from... [Georgian president] Mikhail Saakashvili's determination to reassert control over the territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia... Since his election last November after an uprising toppling the discredited government of Eduard Shevardnadze, Mr Saakashvili made reintegration of South Ossetia and Abkhazia top priorities for his government in Tbilisi... Moscow warned Georgia any action against Russian ships on the Black Sea would be regarded as a "hostile act, with all the ensuing consequences". Harry Sterling in the Gazette, Montreal, August 9 What conflict has occurred to date? Political delegations from Russia and Georgia alike claim to have come under small-arms fire while travelling near South Ossetia [earlier this month], and the Georgians have complained that Russian warplanes have intruded on Georgian airspace... On August 11, three people were killed in South Ossetia in what appears to have been an artillery attack. In Abkhazia, the leadership held a call-up exercise for reservists in July. CJ Chivers in the New York Times, August 17 How is Moscow involved? Russia still has military bases in Georgia and is desperate to maintain influence over its former Soviet subjects... Moscow and Tbilisi have accused each other of trying to spark war in South Ossetia, where Russia has handed out thousands of passports in recent months. Georgia also claims that Moscow is supplying arms to South Ossetia, and that [some] Russians... have crossed into the province to fight alongside the separatists. Report from the Irish Times, August 21 Have there been pea

This module provides two kinds of stable references to Haskell objects, stable names and stable pointers. A stable pointer is a reference to a Haskell expression that can be passed to foreign functions via the foreign function interface. Normally a Haskell object will move around from

This module provides two kinds of stable references to Haskell objects, stable names and stable pointers. A stable pointer is a reference to a Haskell expression that can be passed to foreign functions via the foreign function interface. Normally a Haskell object will move around from time to time, because of garbage collection, hence we can't just pass the address of an object to a foreign function and expect it to remain valid. Stable pointers provide a level of indirection so that the foreign code can get the "real address" of the Haskell object by calling deRefStablePtr on the stable pointer object it has. The Haskell interface provided by the Stable module is as follows: data StablePtr a -- abstract, instance of: Eq. makeStablePtr :: a -> IO (StablePtr a) deRefStablePtr :: StablePtr a -> IO a freeStablePtr :: StablePtr a -> IO () Care must be taken to free stable pointers that are no longer required using the freeStablePtr function, otherwise two bad things can happen: The object referenced by the stable pointer will be retained in the heap. The runtime system's internal stable pointer table will grow, which imposes an overhead on garbage collection. If sp1 :: StablePtr and sp2 :: StablePtr and sp1 == sp2 then sp1 and sp2 are either the same stable pointer, or they were created by calls to makeStablePtr on the same object. Another way to say this is "every time you

March 2011 / Volume 63 / Issue 3| Know how to hold 'em By CTE Staff Strong, lightweight carbon fiber-reinforced plastic is the go-to structural material for aircraft makers seeking fuel efficiency. A

March 2011 / Volume 63 / Issue 3| Know how to hold 'em By CTE Staff Strong, lightweight carbon fiber-reinforced plastic is the go-to structural material for aircraft makers seeking fuel efficiency. A 1⁄16 "-thick CFRP wing skin, for example, has the same strength as a ¼ "-thick aluminum one but weighs 30 percent less. As a result, CFRPs are finding increasing application in new aircraft. A prime example is Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner, which is about 80 percent CFRP by volume and 50 percent by weight. Courtesy of MHI Proprietary After CFRPs are laid up and cured, they must be trimmed, drilled and milled to final specifications. The traditional way to machine composites is with diamond-coated carbide tools featuring application-specific cutting geometries. But because CFRPs are composed of graphite fibers embedded in a polymer matrix, they are difficult to machine. The fibers are abrasive and, depending on their orientation in the matrix, can fray when mechanically machined. Layers of the material also can delaminate, and rough edges that remain after machining may require a secondary operation to finish them. In addition, the cutting forces produced demand rigid workholding, especially for thin components. Abrasive waterjet technology addresses many of those machining issues. According to Mark Saberton, chief engineer at waterjet machine builder Flow International Corp., Kent, Wash., the abrasive jet smoothly cuts without delamination, even on a microscopic level, so the machined edge does not require secondary finishing. “When you cut it with an abrasive jet, it is ready to

The public face of resistance to the development of nuclear power is the antinuclear movement and the militants that have kept it alive. While pronuclear supporters are convinced these people are delusional, there is little understanding of how this movement came about

The public face of resistance to the development of nuclear power is the antinuclear movement and the militants that have kept it alive. While pronuclear supporters are convinced these people are delusional, there is little understanding of how this movement came about, and how it has changed over the last six decades. I believe that it is important that we understand the history of these groups to better understand the impact that they have had on the public’s perceptions of nuclear matters, and how that impacts our efforts to promote the nuclear option. More to the point, they have succeeded in raising the price of nuclear power by forcing costs higher in several areas, which has scared off investors. Early objections to nuclear technology can be seen as developing in two distinct phases. The first phase centered around nuclear weapons, the second later stage against nuclear power stations. It is interesting to note, that while there were protests against testing nuclear weapons, and deploying nuclear weapons, there was little concern over nuclear power, and in fact this period also saw the construction of most of the plants operation to-day. While indeed there were local opposition to nuclear power stations in a few places, it was only after international agreement to limit the numbers, testing and deployment of nuclear weapon, and the signing of several treaties to this effect, did antinuclear focus shift in a major way. The Ban-the-Bomb Era The roots of the antinuclear movement are found in the Ban-the-Bomb movements of the 60′s and before when the public became concerned about fallout from nuclear weapons testing from about 1954, following an extensive series of tests in the Pacific. Manhattan Project scientist, some of whom had opposed the use of nuclear weapons during World War II, organized the Federation of Atomic Scientists (which later became the Federation of American Scientists) and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, with Albert Einstein, Leo Szilard, and Eugene Rabinowitch playing leading roles in a crusade for nuclear disarmament. A burgeoning world government movement also warned of the menace of nuclear war, as did pacifist groups like the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the War Resisters League, and the Woman’s International League for Peace and Freedom. A Communist led antinuclear campaign, focused on the Stockholm peace petition, surfaced as well. With the Soviet Union’s development of its own atomic bomb in 1949, American policymakers became increasingly concerned that such a weapon could be used on the United States, and pressed for more powerful nuclear weapons. To facilitate this, propaganda was used to instill fear in the American public fueled by lurid stories about thermonuclear Armageddon, exaggerating the potential effects of fallout and radiation, and portraying a Soviet surprise nuclear attack as an ever-present threat that could occur at any time. Later talk of “missile gaps” would be added to the mix all towards cultivating the belief that the only way to prevent an attack was to have the capacity to ‘out gun’ any potential opponent. Nuclear war was presented as a normative threat, long before the arsenals of any potential enemy were capable of effectively prosecuting nuclear attack, propaganda designed to promote elevated spending. However the fact was, even in 1961, the year John Kennedy became President, after a campaign accusing Eisenhower of letting the United States fall behind in the arms race, the Soviet Union had only four missiles in its arsenal. With the deepening of the Cold War, American attitudes grew more hawkish and the protest movement dwindled. Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when a Hydrogen bomb test in the Pacific contaminated the crew of the Japanese fishing boat Lucky Dragon. One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later. The incident caused widespread concern around the world and provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries. The anti-nuclear weapons movement grew rapidly because for many people the atomic bomb encapsulated the very worst direction in which society was moving. Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified “Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs”. Centering on the hibakusha (atomic bomb victims) and their families and relatives, Japanese opposition to the Pacific nuclear weapons tests was widespread, and an estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons. Joining with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein issued a dramatic appeal to world leaders to halt the nuclear arms race. Subsequently, meeting in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, scientists launched the periodic Pugwash conferences of scientists from East and West to discuss nuclear issues, while chemist Linus Pauling began a scientists’ petition calling for an end to nuclear testing. In 1957, Norman Cousins, editor of the Saturday

( oatgrass ) Latin name: Avena fatua L. Occurrence: Wild-oat is an introduced annual grass weed of arable, waste and rough ground. In Britain, wild-oat was a more serious weed after the Second

( oatgrass ) Latin name: Avena fatua L. Occurrence: Wild-oat is an introduced annual grass weed of arable, waste and rough ground. In Britain, wild-oat was a more serious weed after the Second World War than in the pre-war years. According to a 1951 survey, wild-oat was a problem weed in all parts of England where wheat and barley were grown. It was considered to be even more abundant in the 1990s than the 1960s. Wild-oat is ranked as an important weed in winter and spring cereals through much of Europe. Wild-oat occurs on most types of soil but is particularly troublesome in cereals on heavy land. It grows over a wide climate range but prefers cool, temperate conditions. Seed from different habitats and even from within the same habitat may have different genotypes. Populations have developed with resistance to some widely used graminicides. Phytotoxic chemicals that leach from wild-oat straw can inhibit the germination and growth of other plants. Wild-oat is a host of cereal cyst eelworm (Heteroderma avenae) and cereal stem eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci). It can also be infected with barley yellow dwarf virus and is attacked by several insects and fungi that afflict cereals too. The frit fly (Oscinella frit) damages both wild-oats and cultivated oats. Biology: Wild-oat flowers from June to October. The first panicles become visible above the cereal crop in early June but flowering and panicle production can continue up until crop harvest. The flowers are normally self-pollinated but some out-crossing can occur. Seeds become viable around 10 days after fertilization. In the absence of competition a single well-tillered plant can produce up to 2,000 seeds. However, in a cereal crop the average seed production is 60 seeds per plant. In a less competitive crop, a plant may produce 200 seeds. Wild-oat seeds are shed as they ripen and this occurs over an extended period. The later a crop is harvested, the more seed is shed onto the ground leaving less to contaminate the cereal grain and straw. The seeds possess a long, hygroscopic awn that twists and straightens with changes in humidity pushing seeds into crevices in the soil. Fresh seeds are dormant or rapidly become dormant but the level of dormancy varies between populations. Temperature and moisture levels during seed development can also affect the level of dormancy. Seed from the smaller secondary floret is usually more dormant than the primary seed. In the autumn the level of dormancy declines and is induced again in late-spring. Light may inhibit seed germination. Damage to the seedcoat can relieve dormancy at anytime by allowing oxygen to reach the seed. Applications of nitrogen-containing fertilizers may break the dormancy of seeds exposed to high light levels. Wild-oat has two main periods for germination but odd seedlings may appear at anytime. There is a small autumn flush from September until early-November but the main flush is from January to early-May. Germination is spread over several weeks and is initiated when the soil temperature rises to 6°C and there is sufficient moisture present. Wild-oat germinates at higher temperatures than the winter wild-oat (A. sterilis L. ssp. ludoviciana) Most seedlings originate from seeds in the top 80-100 mm of soil but some emerge from a depth of 150-240 mm. Elongation of the first internode, or mesocotyl, allows wild-oat seedlings to emerge from relatively deep soil layers. Seedlings from deeper in the soil take longer to emerge and are weaker initially. Early growth is slow but then accelerates. Seedlings are frost sensitive until they reach the 3-leaf stage. Persistence and Spread: When seeds are left on the soil surface viability declines within a few months due to germination, predation and fungal attack. Freshly shed seed incorporated into the soil can remain dormant but viable for up to six years. Land that has been down to pasture for 5-10 years has been found to be infested with wild-oat when ploughed up. If the soil is cultivated regularly the majority of seeds will only survive for 2-3 years. The shallower seeds will germinate and emerge, deeper ones have dormancy enforced on them and cannot germinate while those at intermediate depths may germinate but fail to emerge. Under granary conditions, seed exhibited 50% germination after 1 year and 8% after 4 years. In cereals, up to 66% of wild-oat seeds are shed before harvest and 20% are lost during the harvesting process. Around 7.5% remain in the harvested grain and the rest are lost in the chaff and straw. Wild-oat was proba

YOAKUM, TEXAS. Yoakum is on the Lavaca-DeWitt county line. It was built on a league of land granted to John May by the government of Coahuila and Texas in 1835 and was

YOAKUM, TEXAS. Yoakum is on the Lavaca-DeWitt county line. It was built on a league of land granted to John May by the government of Coahuila and Texas in 1835 and was used as a gathering ground for cattle to be driven up the Chisholm Trail. Yoakum did not grow until the construction of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway in 1887. At this time a townsite was laid out and named after Benjamin F. Yoakum, vice president and general manager of the line. J. P. Jamieson built a store in 1887, and a post office opened that year. Railroad shops were located in Yoakum in 1888, and hundreds of people from surrounding towns found employment at its large roundhouse. The town was incorporated on May 13, 1889, with L. W. Thomas as mayor. By 1896 Yoakum had a cotton mill, three cotton gins, a compress, several churches, a bank, an ice factory, specialty and general stores, two weekly newspapers and one daily, a school syst

On May 10, 1503, on his final voyage to the 'New World,' Christopher Columbus spotted the Cayman Islands. He named them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles that inhabited their waters. In 1586, Sir

On May 10, 1503, on his final voyage to the 'New World,' Christopher Columbus spotted the Cayman Islands. He named them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles that inhabited their waters. In 1586, Sir France Drake, the first recorded English visitor to the islands, renamed them the Cayman Islands after caiman, the Neo-Taino nations' term for alligator. For the most part these islands remained uninhabited until the late 17th century. Then in a rush the word got out and it became a temporary home to pirates, refugees, sailors, slaves (and reportedly) a few deserters from Oliver Cromwell's army in Jamaica. Local records indicate that Isaac Booden, born on Grand Cayman, was the first permanent resident. Today, the majority of Caymanians are of African and English descent, with considerable interracial mixing. The 1670 Treaty of Madrid, was an agreement between England . As a part of the overall settlement, England took formal control of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Governed as a single colony with Jamaica, early attempts by the British to colonize the Caymans failed, and no permanent settlements were actually built until the 1730s. For the next two centuries the local economy revolved around the sea, as ship building and fishing were the mainstays. The first airfield and public hospital opened in the Cayman Islands in the mid-20th century, and they were followed by the first commercial bank; a Barclays' branch. Soon tourism dollars became a major factor in the economy. Upon Jamaica's independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, the Cayman Islands broke its administrative links with Jamaica and politically chose to become a direct dependency of the British Crown; a good decision. Shortly there after the tax structure on Grand Cayman was completely restructured into an offshore banking center and legal tax haven, and it quickly transformed the island into an economic dynamo. Tragedy occurred in September of 2004, when Hurricane Ivan came calling. It washed over the low-lying island of Grand Cayman and an estimated 95% of the buildings on the island were either damaged or destroyed. With international assistance and local determination, Grand Cayman began a major rebuilding process, and within two short years its infrastructure was nearly returned to pre-hurricane levels and the tourists returned. According to current financial statistics today, the Caymans have the highest standard of living in the Caribbean , and one of the highest GDP per capita in the world. This popular cruise ship port has some major attractions including some of the best duty free shopping in the Caribbean, Seven Mile Beach, on which a number of the island's hotels and resorts are located, snorkeling at Stingray City, and the Cayman Turtle Farm. All three islands also offer world class scuba diving, and the Cayman Islands

There have been many definitions of the App Gap or Gap App, they all amount to the same thing at some point. Some group is missing out and this time it is our tweens and teens. The app market is saturated with ABC &

There have been many definitions of the App Gap or Gap App, they all amount to the same thing at some point. Some group is missing out and this time it is our tweens and teens. The app market is saturated with ABC & 123′s… These apps are being developed over and over again even though the necessity for apps for older students is so evident. We need content for the middle grades, as well as for high school and college. We have some initiatives, like the NYC launch called Gap App Challenge promoted by Mayor Bloomberg. But honestly, the present day app store is mostly catering to the preschool population and good apps for the middle and upper grades are much harder to come by. Yes, I am in total agreement that the early years are clearly the most formative; this EdWeek article on language acquisition verifies that. “Vocabulary is the tip of the iceberg: Words reflect concepts and content that students need to know. This whole common core will fall on its face if kids are not getting the kind of instruction it will require.” It has always been my belief that learning begins in the womb. Annie Murphy Paul reinforces this theory in this riveting TED talk - What we learn before we’re born. No doubt there is a need for the disadvantaged to get a jump-start, and apps can fill that void. To err on the side of being politically incorrect, it seems the story is always the same: poverty breeds poverty. Presently, iPad deployment is happening in the intermediate grades much more rapidly than in the elementary or preschool. Special needs students’ rank highest in priority when distributing mobile devices. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center recently did an analysis of the top paid apps available in the education section of the iTunes store. They found that the vast majority (80%) of educational apps are for children—and within that group, the bulk of the

The National Wildlife Federation, on its website GreenHour.org, recommends that parents give their child a “green hour” every day—a time for unstructured play and interaction with the natural world. Whether in the backyard, the local park, or a

The National Wildlife Federation, on its website GreenHour.org, recommends that parents give their child a “green hour” every day—a time for unstructured play and interaction with the natural world. Whether in the backyard, the local park, or a green space farther afield, time spent outdoors is essential to the healthy development of young minds, bodies, and spirits. Todd Christopher, the creator of GreenHour.org, has filled this book with activities designed to encourage discovery, creative play, and a wonder of nature. Here you’ll find a range of projects, fun facts, and science lessons meant to engage and invigorate your child, as well as the practical advice for parents that makes getting outdoors easy and worry-free. With creative, science-based ideas for a variety of natural settings, getting your family’s daily dose of nature just got easier.

BROOD REARING ASSOCIATED WITH A RANGE OF WORKER-LARVA RATIOS IN THE HONEYBEE FRANK A. EISCHEN, WALTER C. ROTHENBUHLER AND JOVAN

BROOD REARING ASSOCIATED WITH A RANGE OF WORKER-LARVA RATIOS IN THE HONEYBEE FRANK A. EISCHEN, WALTER C. ROTHENBUHLER AND JOVAN M. KULlNCEVIC Small colonies of honeybees (Apis melll!era), each consisting of a caged queen to which bees had access and young workers ranging in number from 200 to 2800, were given 400 eggs to rear. Workers in small colonies ate more pollen and reared more brood per individual than did workers in large colonies. A positive correlation was found between pollen consumption by workers and number of progeny reared per worker. Progeny exhibited varying life-spans that were negatively correlated with pollen consumption and rearing efficiency of workers. Dry weight of progeny was also negatively correlated with these brood-rearing parameters. The results suggest that as workers rear increasing numbers of progeny, there is an associated decrease in progeny life-span and dry weight.

Hans Wilhelm "Gengar" Geiger (1928) 30 September 1882| Neustadt an der Haardt |Died||24 September 1945 |Fields||Physics and sciences| |Institutions

Hans Wilhelm "Gengar" Geiger (1928) 30 September 1882| Neustadt an der Haardt |Died||24 September 1945 |Fields||Physics and sciences| |Institutions||University of Erlangen University of Manchester |Known for||Geiger counter John Mitchell Nuttall Johannes "Hans" Wilhelm "Gengar" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics in University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. In 1907 he began work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester and in 1909, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment called the "gold foil experiment". Rutherford and Geiger created the Rutherford-Geiger tube, later to become the Geiger Counter. In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model. In 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger counter, the Geiger–Müller counter. Geiger also worked with James Chadwick. In 1912 he became leader of the Physical-Technical Reichsanstalt in Berlin, 1925 professor in Kiel, 1929 in Tübingen, and from 1936 in Berlin. He was a member of the Uranium Club. Geiger never expressed himself in public about the Nazis. There are reports both about him helping, and rejecting, Jewish colleagues. Geiger died in Potsdam, Germany a few months after World War II ended. He had four siblings: three sisters and one brother that were all younger t

There is no difference between the paper of English class and the paper of other subjects. For every type of paper the writer needs to read the related material in a deep detail, used to do secondary and primary research. Literature is always present in

There is no difference between the paper of English class and the paper of other subjects. For every type of paper the writer needs to read the related material in a deep detail, used to do secondary and primary research. Literature is always present in the paper, it may happen that some differences are there but it’s not difficult to remove those differences. There are two types of paper assignments which are very much common in English subject like the prompt paper, and the research paper. The instructors used to assign the prompt papers many times within the semester duration, they are shorter and of minimum words, but the research papers are called the final project and the instructors used to give at the end of the semester, the weight- age of the research paper is more than that of the prompt papers. There are different types of prompts which the students can use in order to achieve the expectations of the instructors and offers the perfect way to complete the project like comparison is a writing prompt which one can have while doing the project; with the use of this prompt the writer should define the similarities and differences. In the academic career of the student they used to face lots of assignments and research papers encompassed with different restrictions. The assigned research paper could be a hassle for the student because may be the student don’t like the topic or the restrictions with the paper are very confusing. To deal with this problem the student should follow the following guidelines: The student must adopt the topic which is in the interest, because the student can writer well and provide related literature if has an interest in the topic. The best way for the student is to make the choice of the research paper in the beginning of the semester or in fact start thinking about the topic, because this exercise can prepare the student to write well and with full of ideas, this exercise also serves as the better time utilization exercise. While writing the research paper it is essential for the students to analyze the readers of the paper because they are the one who has to read the paper at last. The students need to have a perfect literature for doing a research and there are two sources which used to provide better and accurate information like the libraries and the librarians. Before entering into the library it is necessary to have an idea about the paper. The researcher should know what to find in from the library because the librarians are not supposed to do the whole research for you. The mark of the wise student is that they know when to get the assistance from the respective librarian. The best student is the one who use to take out much time for visiting the library for researching the material because to get related material form the library is a time consuming job. Journal is very helpful for the students because it contains recent works done by different authors. The literature is encompassed in different versions and the student can get more and new information regarding the literature from the libraries. There are other sources too which are offering literature material like the encyclopedias, dictionaries, catalogues etc.

1. Discuss the significance of the novel and the contributions of the author. 2. Trace the purposes and intentions of Thao Hsueh-chin while writing A Dream of Red Mansions. 3. Cite examples and comment on the

1. Discuss the significance of the novel and the contributions of the author. 2. Trace the purposes and intentions of Thao Hsueh-chin while writing A Dream of Red Mansions. 3. Cite examples and comment on the feudal official system and the feudal officials in the late Ching Dynasty. 4. Discuss the social satire behind these two names: Chen Shih-yin and Chia Yu-tsun. 5. Analyze the conflicts between the peasants and the landlords in the late Ching Dynasty, as illustrated in the novel. 6. Analyze the rebellious character of Chin Pao-yu, Lin Tai-yu, Tan-chun, and Ching-wen and discuss the significance of their rebellion at the time. 7. Compare the fate of women in feudal China and in modern China. Cite illustrative examples to support your arguments. What is the significance of the Begonia Poetry Club for the girls in Grand View Garden? 8. Are there any positive functions in the description of sorcery and superstition, such as the appearance of ghosts? What are the differences in Thao Hsueh-chin's descriptions and Kao Ngo's? 9. Discuss the roles of the Chin authorities, such as Lady Dowager, Lady Wang, and Wang Hsi-feng in the love tragedy. Who is most responsible — and why? 10. Analyze the characters of Aunt Hsueh, Hsueh Pao-chai, and Hsueh Pan and comment on their function in the novel. 11. What is the significance of the romantic descriptions of the Illusory Land of Great Void in regard to the tragic fate of the twelve beauties of Chinling? 12. Discuss the roles and functions of the maids and man-servants, such as Yuan-yang, Hsi-jen, and Tzu-chuan. 13. Discuss the social reasons for those who have committed suicide, such as Chin-chuan, Ching-wen, and Third Sister Yu. 14. Analyze the tragic fate of the actors and actresses in the late Cling Dynasty, as revealed in the novel. 15. Discuss the feudal marriage system and its effects, as described in the novel. Who are the victims? Why?

College students are confronted with two types of memory. The first and more common is general memory, or remembering the idea without using the exact words of the book or professor. General memory is called for in all subjects, however, the arts, social

College students are confronted with two types of memory. The first and more common is general memory, or remembering the idea without using the exact words of the book or professor. General memory is called for in all subjects, however, the arts, social sciences, and literature probably make the greatest use of this particular kind of remembering. The other type of memory is the verbatim memorization of words by which something is expressed. This type of memorization may be called for in all subjects but especially in law, theatre, science, engineering, mathematics, and foreign language where the exact wording of formulas, rules, norms, laws, scripts, or vocabulary must be remembered. Below are some tips on how to remember things effectively: - Thoroughly understand what needs to be remembered and memorized. When something is understood, be it a name or a chemical chain, it is almost completely learned – anything thoroughly understood is well on the way toward being memorized. - Spot what needs to be memorized verbatim. It is a good plan to use a special marking symbol in text and your notebook to indicate parts and passages, rules, data, and all other elements that need to be memorized instead of just understood and remembered. - If verbatim memory is required, go over the material or try to repeat it at odd times, such as while driving back and forth from class. - Think about what you are trying to learn. Finding an interest in the material helps to more easily memorize it. - Study the items you want to remember longest first. - Learn complete units of information at one time, not in parts, as that is the way they will need to be recalled. - Overlearn to make certain that you remember it. - Analyze material and strive to intensify the impressions the material makes. - Fix concrete imagery whenever possible. Close your eyes and get a picture of the explanation and summary answer. Try to see it on the page. See the key words underlined. - Make your own applications, examples, and illustrations. - Reduce the material and fit it into your own system of memorization. - Represent ideas graphically by use of pictorial or diagrammatic forms. - Make a list of key words that are most useful in explaining the idea or content of the lesson. - Form a variety of associations among the points you wish to remember. The richer the associations, the better the memory. - Try making the idea clear to a friend without referring to your book or notes. - Write out examination questions on the material that

Manual For Buglers Title page of manual. This book is one of the series of Navy Training Courses, and has been written to help the Bugler to learn his duties in minimum time. Ordinarily, the Bugler is a Se

Manual For Buglers Title page of manual. This book is one of the series of Navy Training Courses, and has been written to help the Bugler to learn his duties in minimum time. Ordinarily, the Bugler is a Seaman under the direction of a Quartermaster who may or may not have been a Bugler himself. Since the Bugler is frequently on his own in learning music notation and the technique of playing the bugle, this book has been designed for self-study. It contains complete instructions for playing the bugle, as well as a complete list of the bugle calls authorized for use in the Navy. Every effort has been made to notate calls as they have been traditionally sounded in the Navy. New exercises have been written for the present edition to replace those found in chapters 4 and 5 of earlier printings. The Manual for Buglers, US Navy, was prepared by the US Navy Training Publications Center with cooperation, assistance, and technical review by the US Navy School of Music, Naval Receiving Station, Washington, DC. Chapter 1: The Bugler Chapter 2: Sounding the Bugle Chapter 3: Reading Music Chapter 4: Starting your Practice Chapter 5: Bugle Practice Chapter 6: The Calls Chapter 1: The Bugler The Bugler is a mighty important man in the US Navy. On board ship the bugle sounds a warning call for almost every activity in which a group of men is to take part. You are probably already familiar with a number of these calls, such as “Reveille,” “Mess call,” “Evening Colors,” and “Taps.” These are but four of more than 100 bugle calls used in the Navy, including a few which are used only in emergencies, such as “Man overboard” or “Abandon ship.” Before the days of electrical communication systems the bugle was one of the few means by which orders could be sent from the quarter deck to any section of the ship. On small ships a single bugle could be heard everywhere on the ship, while on larger vessels sometimes as many as two or three additional Buglers were used to relay the calls down the hatches and into remote parts of the ship. Even now, with all our modern methods of communication, the bugle is traditionally the means employed to render honors, to attract the attention of the men for a special announcement, or to signal the routine of the day. The use of the bugle or a similar instrument as a military signaling device dates back many centuries, probably originating when someone discovered that a cow’s or sheep’s horn would make a noise when air was blown through it. Down through the ages many improvements were made on these military instruments. No doubt, the first was the substitution of metal for the animal’s horn. This permitted more careful design of the instruments and, since the metal could be formed into almost any shape, it led to a study of the proper size and shape of the tube to produce a pleasing sound. Before the bugle was as well developed as it is now, no one attempted to play a standard call on his instrument. Each player invented his own call and his skill was judged by the loudness of his blasts. As the instrument has improved, so have the calls. The skills involved in sounding the calls have also changed. Because the calls have progressed beyond single tone blasts to take their place as melodic compositions, mere loudness is no longer considered a standard of excellence. Today, tone quality, rhythm, and intonation (playing notes which are in tuneneither too high, nor too low) are considered much more important to you as a Bugler, than the amount of noise that you can make. It might be well to mention here that a bugle is sounded, not blown. Rememberyou can blow a ram’s horn, but it takes more than blowing to sound your bugle. The regulation bugle which you have been issued is made of brass and is built in the key of G. You will not have to worry about the key of the bugle be

Last Tuesday was a good day for fans of a hydrogen-fueled future. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham announced federal funding of $350 million for research projects to establish a hydrogen economya follow-up to Bushs statement in the State of the Union address

Last Tuesday was a good day for fans of a hydrogen-fueled future. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham announced federal funding of $350 million for research projects to establish a hydrogen economya follow-up to Bushs statement in the State of the Union address last year that he would set aside $1.2 billion for hydrogen study, making hydrogen the clean fuel du jour--and California's Gov. Schwarzenegger announced plans to build a "hydrogen highway" of 200 fueling stations in California by 2010. Both Schwarzenegger and the federal government are preparing for a transition to hydrogen-fueled cars, perhaps within ten years. Schwarzenegger said that by 2010 he also hopes to see at least 500,000 hydrogen-fuel vehicles on California roads: "These stations will be used by thousands of hydrogen-powered cars and truck and buses. This starts a new era for clean California transportation. These vehicles produce no emission and no smog. They will clear the air and get rid of the smog that is hanging over our cities." Hydrogen, when split by devices called fuel cells, produces electricity and water vapor, but no pollution. If the cells are stacked by the dozens or hundreds, they can make enough electricity to power, say, a car. Hydrogen boosters say its wide use will reduce air pollution and greenhouse-gas emissions while lessening the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil. But there are some real concerns about practical hurdles like storage, infrastructure, and production. Some scientists say a hydrogen economy is a more remote prospect than its advocates acknowledge. A study put out by the National Academy of Sciences in February noted that in the best case scenario, the transition to a hydrogen economy would take many decades, and any reductions in oil imports and carbon dioxide emissions are likely to be minor during the next 25 years. The Energy Department announced $350 million in grants Tuesday to more than 130 research institutions and companies, including the Big Three automakers, to put hydrogen-fueled cars on the road by 2015. Private companies will almost match that, to the tune of $225 million. The grants represent nearly one-third of $1.2 billion that President Bush has pledged for hydrogen research, most of it to be distributed over five years. Meanwhile, Schwarzenegger says he wants to create a network of stations in California, within six years at an estimated cost of $100 million. He did not explain where all the money would come from, but did express hopes for some of the federal funding. California already has 10 stations. Schwarzenegger said: "Hundreds of hydrogen fueling stations will be built. And these stations will be used by thousands of hydrogen-powered cars and trucks and buses. This starts a new era for clean California transportation." In many ways, hydrogen is a promising fuel source. The flammable, colorless, odorless gas is the most abundant element on Earth, potentially an endless source of clean energy. When used to power a car, it produces no tailpipe emissions. According to C. Lowell Miller, a director in the Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy, an economy driven by hydrogen may not be that far off. Iceland already has a bus system driven by hydrogen fuel and Europe, he says, is soon to follow. The most serious argument against hydrogen, though, is that the process for extracting it may cause more pollution than gas-run cars, some experts say. Because hydrogen is bound up in molecules of water or hydrocarbons like natural gas, a great deal of energy must be used to unbind it. The most common method for "mining" hydrogen involves treating natural gas with steam. But with rising prices and declining domestic reserves, natural gas is not the most ideal candidate. Electricity can separate hydrogen atoms from oxygen atoms in water, but this met

Submitted to: Infection and Immunity Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: June 15, 2001 Publication Date: November 12, 2001 Interpretive Summary: Few bacteria contam

Submitted to: Infection and Immunity Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: June 15, 2001 Publication Date: November 12, 2001 Interpretive Summary: Few bacteria contaminate eggs often enough to cause a public health problem, but the incidence of illness in people from Salmonella enteritidis rose sharply over the past 20 years even though chickens were not getting noticeably sick. One of the differences between S. enteritidis and pullorum is that S. enteritidis produces flagella, whereas S. pullorum doesn't. We were curious to know if loss of flagella from a highly virulent strain of S. enteritidis increased the ability of this organism to cause disease in chicks, because there is no known biological reason why S. pullorum lost its flagella. Because the presence of flagella on the cell surface is controlled by a large number of factors, we made a mutant that only removed flagella (fliC) and a regulatory mutant (flhD) that had the potential to affect other cell functions. We found that only the regulatory mutant was enhanced in its ability to cause disease when given by mouth to birds, but not when it was injected. In contrast, the presence of flagella increased disease if it was injected into the bird, but not when given by mouth. These results give a first indication of how the ability to turn flagella on and off in relationship to regulation of other cell functions is very important for maximizing virulence in poultry. Technical Abstract: The importance of flagella in Salmonella pathogenesis has been the subject of some debate. We have observed that an efficient egg-contaminating strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. enteritidis), SE-HCD, produces copious amounts of flagella and autoinduces LuxR regulated genes at high cell density, but it is parenterally adapted. Using two different chick models of infection, we compared the pathogenicity of aflagellate mutants (fliC::Tn10 mutant and flhD::Tn10 mutant) with SE-HCD. Neither mutant was significantly attenuated in 5-day-old chicks by either oral or pare

Here's what you need: - zip lock bag (heavy duty) - 3 fresh strawberries - 1 pinch, table salt (NaCl) - 8 drops, shampoo (without conditioner) - Ice cold Isopropyl rubbing

Here's what you need: - zip lock bag (heavy duty) - 3 fresh strawberries - 1 pinch, table salt (NaCl) - 8 drops, shampoo (without conditioner) - Ice cold Isopropyl rubbing alcohol - Small clear glass or test tube - Large paper clip, straightened out Here's What You Do: - Wash the strawberries and remove the sepals (the green leaves) - Place the strawberry in a zip lock plastic bag and crush it with your fist - Add the salt and shampoo to the mashed strawberry mixture in the bag, zip it up and squeeze it in your hands for 1 minute. - Place the strainer over the small glass. - Pour the strawberryshampoo mixture into the strainer. Filter the mixture into the glass. - Slowly pour icecold rubbing alcohol into the glass, until it is about half full. - The ethanol will form a separate layer on top o

- Solar Music - Helioseismology illustrates how to learn about an object by listening to it. Download the updated version in PDF format! - Resource List About the Sun, with links to web pages as well as lists of books and period

- Solar Music - Helioseismology illustrates how to learn about an object by listening to it. Download the updated version in PDF format! - Resource List About the Sun, with links to web pages as well as lists of books and periodicals

This is an archived article. For the latest news, go to the Advance Homepage For more archives, go to the Advance Archive/Search Page. McCarthy Era Writers Relied on Metaphor, Says Murphy any of the writers whose

This is an archived article. For the latest news, go to the Advance Homepage For more archives, go to the Advance Archive/Search Page. McCarthy Era Writers Relied on Metaphor, Says Murphy any of the writers whose careers were sidetracked by the anti-Communist witch hunts of the 1940s and 50s wrote passionately about the experience, employing metaphors from classic literature, says Brenda Murphy, a professor of English. Her new book, Congressional Theatre: Dramatizing McCarthyism on Stage, Film and Television (Cambridge University Press, 1999), explores the broad period from 1947 until the early 1960s, during which America's paranoia about Communism was most pronounced. While examining the extent to which the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), the 1947 Hollywood Ten hearings, and related anti-Communist movements impacted the overall fabric of American life, Murphy zeroes in on an aspect of McCarthyism never before covered by a literary historian in a single volume. Congressional Theatre reveals how a remarkable group of writers not only survived the witch hunts, but dramatized the effects of HUAC and the moral issues its actions raised for Americans. The image of American anti-Communism as witch hunt arose from Arthur Miller's use of the Salem Witch Trials in his powerful play, The Crucible. "When people think of this period and theatrical writing, The Crucible is the one work that most people know," says Murphy. "The assumption of many historians is that it stood as the definitive expression of writers' and artists' outrage over anti-Communist zealotry and the profoundly negative effect of blacklisting, which made it nearly impossible for many writers to earn a living." As Murphy researched her book, however, she discovered that many dramatists were writing directly about the HUAC and McCarthyism, but were doing so, as Miller did, through the use of analogies. Where Miller employed the Salem witch trials as a metaphor for HUAC's dangerous probes, Bertold Brecht, for instance, borrowed the story of Galileo and his death at the hands of the Inquisition. Lillian Hellman employed the story of Joan of Arc, with whom she identified. Hellman responded to HUAC's demand that she testify with a letter in which she said she would testify about her own involvement with Communism, but flatly refused to identify others who might have had involvement. In addition to Miller, Brecht and Hellman, major writers and theatrical figures covered in Congressional Theatre include Maxwell Anderson, Elia Kazan, Barrie Stavis, Herman Wouk, Eric Bentley, Saul Levitt, Budd Shulberg, and Carl Foreman. Murphy's book doesn't focus only on theater and films. The story of how blacklisted writers like Abraham Polonsky, Walter Bernstein and Arthur Manoff found employment as television writers by using "fronts," a story recounted in the Woody Allen film The Front, is also told.

The Development of Durkheim's Social Realism:Drawing on a historicist perspective, this book explores the development of Durkheim's social realism and argues that it was less a sociological method than a way of speaking and thinking about social

The Development of Durkheim's Social Realism:Drawing on a historicist perspective, this book explores the development of Durkheim's social realism and argues that it was less a sociological method than a way of speaking and thinking about social phenomena. Using for the first time the newly-discovered lecture notes from Durkheim's philosophy class of 1883-4, Professor Jones explores the significance of German social science in Durkheim's thought. The Development of Durkheim's Social Realism will be of immense value to graduate students and scholars in sociology, social theory, social and political philosophy and the history of ideas. Back to top Rent The Development of Durkheim's Social Realism 1st edition today, or search our site for Robert A. textbooks. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Cambridge University Press.

Critical Revision of Presumptive Tests for Bloodstains by Ponce and Verdú Pascual (Forensic Science Communications, July 1999) July 1999 - Volume 1 - Number 2 Ana Castelló P

Critical Revision of Presumptive Tests for Bloodstains by Ponce and Verdú Pascual (Forensic Science Communications, July 1999) July 1999 - Volume 1 - Number 2 Ana Castelló Ponce and Fernando A. Verdú Pascual Department of Legal Medicine College of Medicine and Odontology University of Valencia Read about … Advances in the polymerase chain reaction-based (PCR-based) forensic nuclear DNA procedures allow analysis of bloodstains containing as little as 200 picograms (pg) of DNA. It is possible that a 25-µL bloodstain diluted to approximately 1:3500 would contain sufficient DNA for PCR-based analysis. The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) requires less template DNA. To achieve this, preliminary steps in a bloodstain investigation should provide precise and reliable results. An inadequate interpretation of stains may invalidate a criminal investigation. Normally the stain investigation should follow these steps: 1. Visually examine the stain or substance. Ideally, the visual aspect of the bloodstain is sufficiently expressive to point toward certain conclusions. In the event of doubts, these may be resolved in subsequent stages. 2. Perform presumptive tests using chemical reagents. DNA typing can be performed on stains that have presumptively tested positive for the presence of blood and have a visual appearance of blood. Further serological examinations can be performed if sufficient material remains. 3. Perform confirmatory tests to determine if blood is present. Confirmatory tests are less sensitive than presumptive and species-origin tests. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a negative result for a confirmatory test in the presence of blood. Hence, a negative confirmatory test does not negate the presence of blood. 4. Employ a species-origin test, if sufficient material remains, to determine if a stain (which may or may not have tested positive for the confirmatory test) contains human protein. 5. Employ DNA analysis to determine the genotype and the gender of the bloodstain's donor. As an example, a case presents a stain that is thought to be a bloodstain after visual inspection. Chemical tests are performed, and a negative result is obtained. An investigator would normally conclude that it is not a bloodstain or that only an imperceptible amount of blood is present. Therefore, Steps 4 and 5 would not be performed. Our study questions the dependability usually attributed to presumptive tests. Throughout the process, we found that a stain that was clearly a bloodstain gave a negative result in the presumptive test. This result was obviously a false negative, a nonlegitimate negative that might have detained a perfectly viable and necessary investigation. False positives in presumptive tests have been studied by a number of authors (Cox 1991; Culliford and Nickols 1964), but we found no studies that show experimental proof of obtaining false negatives. The first experiments we performed to study false negatives resulted in the affirmation that when lemon juice is added to a blood sample, its acid content may prevent the detection of a positive test result (Verdú Pascual and Gisbert Grifo 1995). Because we knew that the chemical process on which presumptive tests are based is an oxidation-reduction reaction in which a reagent (o-tolidine, tetramethylbenzidine, phenolphthalein, and leucomalachite green) is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of peroxidases, we concluded that the substance capable of interfering in the test must be a reduction compound. Given that the aim of our study was to demonstrate that reduction substances contaminating a bloodstain may prevent a positive test result from being observed, ascorbic acid was chosen as the substance to be used after the components of lemon juice were analyzed (Windholz et al. 1996). For this reaction, the reduction power of the contaminator had to be adequate, and the variations produced depended on the type of reagent used for the test (tolidine and phenolphthalein). Nevertheless, should this working hypothesis be confirmed, it can be concluded that all tests grouped as catalytic tests entail the possibility of producing false negatives. Our study focused on false negatives by applying the tolidine test on a bloodstain

Krisha McCoy, MS The brain and spinal cord are covered by layers of tissue. These layers are called the meninges. Certain bacteria can cause an infection in these layers. This is called bacterial meningitis. It is a serious infection that

Krisha McCoy, MS The brain and spinal cord are covered by layers of tissue. These layers are called the meninges. Certain bacteria can cause an infection in these layers. This is called bacterial meningitis. It is a serious infection that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal tissue. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. Depending on the severity of the infection, it can result in death within hours. Bacterial meningitis is caused by many different bacteria and varies by age group. The most common are pneumococcal meningitis, meningococcal meningitis, and Hemophilus influenza B meningitis. The brain and spinal cord are protected from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier. Under certain circumstances bacteria in the bloodstream can travel through the blood-brain barrier into the that surrounds the brain and spinal cord causing meningitis. Severity of the infection depends on the bacteria causing it. Transmission of the bacteria usually occurs by direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions, such as inhaling droplets from someone who sneezes or coughs, or by kissing. The spread of the bacteria depends on the time of the year, crowding, and the presence other respiratory infections. Bacterial meningitis is more common in infancy and childhood. For adults the risk increases as you age. Other factors that increase your chance of getting bacterial meningitis include: congenital dura defects such as dermal sinus or meningomyelocele Classic symptoms can develop over several hours or may take one to two days: Other symptoms may include: In newborns and infants, symptoms are hard to see. As a result, infants under three months old with a fever are often checked for meningitis. Symptoms in newborns and infants may include: Complications of bacterial meningitis include: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include the following: Imaging tests of the brain and spinal cord may be done with an More than 90% of all people with this infection survive with immediate care, including: Antibiotics are given through an IV. This is started as soon as the infection is suspected. The antibiotics may be changed once tests find the exact bacterial cause. Patients usually stay in the hospital until the fever has fallen and the fluid around the spine and the brain is clear of infection. This may require a hospital stay of several days. These are usually given by IV early in treatment. but only for those caused by the Hemophilus influenza B or pneumococcal virus. They control brain pressure and swelling. They also reduce the body’s production of inflammatory substances. This treatment can prevent further damage. Specifically it reduces the risk of hearing loss and neurological complications. Fluids can be lost due to fever, sweating, or vomiting. They may be replaced through an IV. It will be done carefully to avoid complications of fluid overloading. Your doctor may also recommend: To help reduce your chance of getting bacterial mening

There’s a lot that a farmer can grow in northeast Arkansas. Most producers choose rice and cotton. Some plant soybeans, corn and sorghum; row crops, mostly, according to Charles Glover, manager, Ritter Agribusiness.

There’s a lot that a farmer can grow in northeast Arkansas. Most producers choose rice and cotton. Some plant soybeans, corn and sorghum; row crops, mostly, according to Charles Glover, manager, Ritter Agribusiness. Glover works with landowners, their tenants and producers who farm 40,000 acres between Jonesboro, Ark., and Memphis, Tenn., much of it in Poinsett County. Poinsett County, says Glover, is the second leading rice producing county in the United States. So why is Glover participating in the USDA Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) administered by the Farm Service Agency (FSA)? And why is he considering converting some of that farmland to giant miscanthus, a non-food crop that is becoming a popular biomass energy source? “For our landowners right now, it’s pure economics. We have an asset in our land, and miscanthus has an opportunity to be the best use of that part of our land,” says Glover. The farm manager says many of the acres producing rice and cotton are irrigated. There are fields where irrigation doesn’t work. Land that lies near power lines, for instance. Other crops won’t produce well on non-irrigated soil. Giant miscanthus might. That’s what Glover and the landowners are hoping. “I visited with folks from MFA, then talked to our landowners and told them what the program was and they just agreed to try.” MFA Oil Biomass, LLC, is the BCAP project area sponsor in Arkansas. A BCAP project area is a designated geographic area or a set of counties in this case where a specific amount of acreage is approved for producing a biomass crop. The biomass crop in this BCAP project area is giant miscanthus, a sterile, thick grass that grows up to 12 feet tall. When harvested, dried and compressed into pellets, it burns efficiently and is far friendlier to the climate than fossil fuels. “The Obama Administration is committed to finding alternatives to oil that we have to buy from foreign nations,” says Arkansas FSA State Executive Director Linda Newkirk. “We are proud of the BCAP efforts taking place in our state. We know we are making a significant contribution when we are encouraging production of a non-food, renewable energy crop that science tells us burns cleaner than fossil fuels. And in the meantime, BCAP helps

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher, writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, musician, and playwright, but, foremost, he

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher, writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, musician, and playwright, but, foremost, he was a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. In June of 1498, after the ouster and execution of Girolamo Savonarola, the Great Council elected Machiavelli as Secretary to the second Chancery of the Republic of Florence. Like Leonardo da Vinci, Machiavelli is considered a typical example of the Renaissance Man. He is most famous for a short political treatise, The Prince, written in 1513, but not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. Although he privately circulated The Prince among friends, the only work he published in his lifetime was The Art of War, about high-military science. Sin

|Pressure State Response Indicators need to be looked at in linked sets. They link physical indicators of change with socio-economic indicators of pressure and political/institutional indicators of response.| Why is it happening? Is there overgrazing? If

|Pressure State Response Indicators need to be looked at in linked sets. They link physical indicators of change with socio-economic indicators of pressure and political/institutional indicators of response.| Why is it happening? Is there overgrazing? If so, what has caused it? Artificially Increased Grazing Pressure - Poorly placed resources such as watering points can result in overgrazing of some areas and the under-utilisation of others. Reduction in Mobility - a change in the freedom of movement of livestock is often an underlying cause of overgrazing. Historic records may be compared with present information on herd and herder mobility. Consultation with stakeholders will provide good information. Reduction in Communal Grazing or Reduction in Available Area - often linked to the conversion of the better range areas to arable production in response to increasing human populations and/or to an increased need for cash crops. Information may be available through the same remote sensing data sets as used for vegetation cover. Additional information may be available on land registration from land authorities. And again consultation will be an essential part of the process of establishing the extent of the problem. Shift in Herd Composition - e.g. cattle to small-stock, will inevitably change the nature of the grazing / browsing pressure. Additional Contributory Reasons: To what extent is increase in human population numbers a contributory factor leading to overgrazing? Are there any political or institutional reasons for overgrazing to have taken place? For example, have subsidies resulted in any market changes? Has a general deterioration (or increase) in the quality of transportation facilities resulted in a changed market for livestock products? Change in Species Composition and Abundance - invasion of weed species and loss or reduction of key or important indigenous species. This may be recognised by local herders and/or botanists from a local institution. The analysis is likely to be highly subjective unless previous survey work on species composition and distribution (using the same analytical techniques) is available. This analysis is relatively low cost and can be combined with discussions with herders and other stakeholders on pressure / state indicators as long as an interdisciplinary team can be put together for the fieldwork. The use of fixed point photography can contribute to a monitoring programme over a number of years. Similarly, there may be a change in the abundance, distribution and species composition of wildlife. Change in Rangeland Quality - Simple techniques of classification can rapidly build up into an overall

One of the biggest culprits is probably sugary sodas. Face it, sodas taste great or they wouldn't sell. Nutritionists believe sodas (and sugary drinks) are like liquid poison. They are right! The double

One of the biggest culprits is probably sugary sodas. Face it, sodas taste great or they wouldn't sell. Nutritionists believe sodas (and sugary drinks) are like liquid poison. They are right! The double jeopardy is that sugary drinks and sodas add tons of calories without making you feel full (empty calories). You just want more and more often. Your body stores excess sugar in your fat cells. According to government data, sweetened soft drinks add about 10 percent of the calories in the typical American's diet. Dr. David Ludwig, a Harvard endocrinologist, who is widely cited by obesity researchers, says that sweetened drinks are the only specific food that clinical research has directly linked to weight gain. "Highly concentrated starches and sugars promote overeating, and the granddaddy of them all is sugar-sweetened beverages," said Ludwig, who runs the Optimal Weight for Life Program at Children's Hospital in Boston. The increase in soda consumption mirrors this nation's obesity epidemic. At the midpoint of the 20th century, Americans drank four times as much milk as sodas. Today, this trend is almost totally reversed, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In the past 30 years, the national obesity rate has more than doubled, and among teenagers, more than tripled, reports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. On a gut level, we already knew this information about sweetened drinks. But, it helps for us to read it and "digest it." Start today by replacing sugary foods and drinks with water and unsweetened drinks, like tea. Some people drink as many as 6 sodas a day! Imagine the calories that could be cut and the relief your kidneys will feel when you cut out the sugary drinks. The primary cause of weight gain for most of us is that we love food too much. Don't blame your weight gain on your "slow metabolism." A slow or sluggish metabolism is not the major cause of weight gain. Absent some medical reason, a caloric imbalance is the cause of weight gain (consuming more calories than you burn in a day). You cannot consistently maintain caloric surpluses day to day and lose weight/burn fat. Even though you don't need to strictly count calories, you need to have a good idea of how much and what you are eating. If you want to speed up your metabolism and burn more calories and fat, exercise regularly (strength training and interval cardio exercise) and move more during the day (like walking). Also, eat right and often. Eating small meals every 3-4 hours will keep your metabolism humming and will keep your body from shifting to "starvation mode" (storing fat). Do you want to: - Eat Better to be Healthier, Burn More Fat and Lose Permanent Weight? - Have Your BEST Looking Body Naked or in Smaller-Sized Clothes? - Feel Better than You ha

Today is National Arbor Day , and we know that all eyes are on the Gulf (and rightfully so), but let's think for a moment about trees. Did you know that all together, they store about 289 gigatons of carbon

Today is National Arbor Day , and we know that all eyes are on the Gulf (and rightfully so), but let's think for a moment about trees. Did you know that all together, they store about 289 gigatons of carbon ? That’s more than the entire atmosphere does. Yet over the last decade, the world has lost an area of forest the size of Costa Rica. In cities, more trees are removed than planted . So we salute folks like the six horticulturists who drive a tree ambulance (complete with warning lights, sirens, water tank, and manure) around Delhi to rescue ailing trees. Not up to forming your own tree brigade? Click through the jump to read about tree – uh, we mean three – organizations that help you help trees: The Nature Conservancy has set an ambitious goal to plant a billion trees in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest , one of the most endangered rainforests in the world with only 7% of its original grove left. They’ll plant a tree for every dollar donated; more than 6 million have already been planted. The Arbor Day Foundation has similar projects across the globe. For a

Airbus Industry is a consortium of European aircraft-manufacturing companies formed in 1970 to meet the demand for short- to medium-range, high-capacity jetliners. Members include the German, French and Spanish-owned European Aeronaut

Airbus Industry is a consortium of European aircraft-manufacturing companies formed in 1970 to meet the demand for short- to medium-range, high-capacity jetliners. Members include the German, French and Spanish-owned European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company EADS (80% stake) and the British owned BAE Systems (20%). Since its inception, Airbus has become a case study for how a multi-lateral consortium can be a disaster in a market-sensitive industry like Aviation. Technical and cultural issues • Socio-cultural differences: It is well known throughout Europe that Germans prefer consensus and involving others in decision making, while the French like to have a centralized committee making all major decisions. The Spanish are known to be flexible but not very communicative. All these differences have hugely impacted productivity and working efficiency within Airbus. • Governmental interference:

What Is The Difference Between An Alternator And A Generator? An AC generator or an alternator is a device which generates alternating current by converting an engine's mechanical energy (turning energy) into an alternating electrical current at adjectives engine speeds.

What Is The Difference Between An Alternator And A Generator? An AC generator or an alternator is a device which generates alternating current by converting an engine's mechanical energy (turning energy) into an alternating electrical current at adjectives engine speeds. The AC must be rectified or converted from AC to DC prior to reaching the vehicle's electrical system. The alternator operates by a belt at the front of the engine. This unit transforms the 12-volt DC (Direct Current) from the battery-operated into AC (Alternating Current) at the rate of 13.8 to 14.2 volts, which is required for your car's performance and also for the working of your electrical systems. The nature of the AC current is such that it is produced at a higher rate and is considered to be more stable. The chief difference between a dc generator and an alternator is in the way the rotating coil is attached to the external circuit containing the load. In an ac generator, both ends of the coil are associated to separate slip-rings which rotate with the coil. In a DC generator, two ends of the coil are connected to separate halves of a single split-ring, which rotates along with the coil. An Alternator produces alternating current (AC), and a Generator produces direct current (DC). Both methods produce the same shutting down result, electricity. What nouns does the desert of Eastern Libya cover? The Libyan Desert is a part of the Sahara Desert. It is located in the eastern and northern regions of the Sahara Desert. This desert occupies eastern Libya, southwestern Egypt and northwestern Sudan. Extending around 1,100 km from west to east, and around 1,000 km... How Are Identical And Non Identical Twins Formed? Identical twins are formed from the same egg - during development the egg and sperm will divide into two identical parts and fire up to grow separately into two babies instead of the usual one, they also share a placenta. In non identical twins there are two... Where can I find information on mucor mold? Mucor fungi, as it is popularly known, is a genus of the molds that can be generally found in rotten vegetables, plant surfaces and within soil. It is of the division Zygomycota. Its class is Zygomycetes, Order mucorales, and Family Mucoracea. The colonies of mucor mold...

Robertson Land Acts The Crown Lands Acts 1861 (NSW) were introduced by the New South Wales Premier, John Robertson, in 1861 to reform land holdings in New South Wales and in particular to break the squatters'

Robertson Land Acts The Crown Lands Acts 1861 (NSW) were introduced by the New South Wales Premier, John Robertson, in 1861 to reform land holdings in New South Wales and in particular to break the squatters' domination of land tenure. The Acts allowed free selection of crown land and made redundant the limits of location, which limited sale of land to the Nineteen Counties which had applied since 1826. Under the reforms unsurveyed land in an area which had been declared an agricultural reserve in designated unsettled areas could be selected and bought freehold in 40-to-320-acre (16–129 ha) lots of crown land, wherever situated at £1 per acre (£2 9s 5d/ha), on a deposit of five shillings per acre (12s 4d/ha), the balance to be paid within three years, an interest-free loan of three-quarters of the price. Alternatively at the end of the three years, the balance could be treated as an indefinite interest-free loan, as long as 5% interest was paid each year. Selectors were required to live on their land for three years and to make improvements worth £1 per acre. Speculation was prevented by requiring actual residence on the land. In return pastoralists were protected by granting them, at the conclusion of their present leases, annual leases in the settled districts and five yearly leases elsewhere, with a maximum area or carrying capacity, and an increase in rent by appraisement of the runs. The pastoralist retained the pre-emptive right to buy one twenty-fifth of his lease in addition to improved areas, and also possessed the pre-lease to three times the area of the freehold. In addition they were to continue to possess the right to request the survey and auctioning of large parcels of their lease. This meant that they could bid at short notice for such land while other potential bidders were unaware that the land was on the market. The work of Alexander Grant McLean, Surveyor General of New South Wales facilitated the introduction of these Land Acts. Subsequently, there were struggles between squatters and selectors, and the laws were circumvented by corruption and the acquisition of land by various schemes, such as the commissioning of selections to be passed eventually to squatters and the selection of key land such as land with access to water by squatters to maintain the viability of their pastoral leases. The Land Acts accelerated the alienation of crown land that had been acquired under the principle of terra nullius, and hence accelerated the dispossession of indigenous Australians. The Land Acts paralleled the demands for similar legislation amending the United States Preemption Act of 1841, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862, and was succeeded by similar legislation in other Australian colonies in the 1860s and Canada's Dominion Lands Act of 1872. - Starr, Joan and Mike Nicholas, Pioneering New England, Rigby, Adelaide, 1978 - Nairn, Bede. "Robertson, Sir John (1816 - 1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 2007-03-24. - Caldwell, John (1958). New England Politics 1856–1865. Unpublished BA thesis. - Davis, C. (1974). "McLean, Alexander Grant (1824–1862)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 28 June 2012. - "About the Crown Lands Acts 1861 (NSW)". Documenting a democracy. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2007-03-24. |This article related to Australian law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

The contents of the large bowel are the primary determinant of the health and function of the intestine, and a spastic colon is no exception to this rule. Few physicians have even an elementary understanding of the influence that foods can have on the body:

The contents of the large bowel are the primary determinant of the health and function of the intestine, and a spastic colon is no exception to this rule. Few physicians have even an elementary understanding of the influence that foods can have on the body: they are unprepared to deal with health and disease from this fundamental perspective. Possibly it is too simple and obvious a fact that the contents of the large intestine will determine whether or not the stool will be large or small, hard or soft, and if defecation will be painful or not, and whether or not blood and mucus will accompany passage of the stool. (This is a clear case of not seeing the forest for the trees.) Could the fear that the very foods the physicians and dietitians themselves eat and feed to their families can also be the cause of their patient’s illness be too personal a threat for most health professionals? The “high-tech” drug solution would be much more easy to accept for most men and women of science. The correct stool contents that make a healthy colon are the remnants of the foods after the digestive processes have acted upon foods high in fibers and low in fats, and devoid of all animal components (especially dairy products). Fibers will actually sooth the irritated bowel. Contrary to popular conception, fibers are not coarse scratchy strands of plant materials, like the bristles in a broom. Fiber is a general term used to describe long complex chains of sugar molecules that are attached by linkages that resist normal digestion by enzymes in the human small intestine, and therefore end up more or less intact in the large bowel. The intestinal bacteria in the colon do have the capacity to break down some of the linkages in those fibers. These microscopic remnants of fibers are soft, not irritating to the intestinal lining, and will absorb water to help form a soft stool that still has considerable bulk. Most people with irritable bowel syndrome improve almost as soon as they begin to eat a starch-based diet that provides all types of fresh or fresh-frozen plant foods. Don’t you take the blame for having this disease. The cause is not stress, nor “tranquilizer deficiency.” Your bowel problems are not due to your emotional make up (although unending bowel pains and diarrhea can drive even the strongest person to emotional collapse). Rather you should focus your attention on the contents of your intestine. A starch-centered diet brings almost overnight relief for this “psychological” disease. You should also eat plenty of these good foods at first, in order to fill up that lower intestine with the right stuff quickly. However, an occasional sufferer will need to avoid the specific plant foods that may be causing an allergic reaction. Foods from the plant kingdom that are notorious for inducing “allergic-type” reactions are wheat and citrus fruits, and they should be avoided initially when trying to end bowel distress. As a final step toward resolving a difficult case of irritable bowel syndrome, the Elimination Diet should be followed. (See Allergic Reactions to Food for explanation of this elimination diet.) Some patients may need medication to control symptoms when first starting this diet. If your colitis is triggered by “hot spices” such as Mexican salsa or Indian curries then the solution is obvious–eliminate these irritants. Danivat, D. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in a non-Western population. Br Med J 296:1710, 1988 Harvey, R. Prognosis in the irritable bowel syndrome: a 5-year prospective study. Lancet 1:963, 1987 Sullivan, S. Management of the irritable bowel syndrome: a personal view. J Clin Gastroenterol 5:499, 1983 Bentley, S. Food hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 2:295, 1983 Jones, V. Food intolerance: a major factor in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 2:1115, 1982 Childs, P. A new look at diarrhea, diverticulitis and `colitis’ after 25 years of clinical study. Practitioner 215:757, 1975

Archived material. This page is no longer maintained. Constitutional Rights Foundation The CRF offers a Service Learning NETWORK that explores how juvenile-justice agencies have begun to rethink their approach to court-ordered, mandatory community service. Called community

Archived material. This page is no longer maintained. Constitutional Rights Foundation The CRF offers a Service Learning NETWORK that explores how juvenile-justice agencies have begun to rethink their approach to court-ordered, mandatory community service. Called community service learning (CSL), this new, justice-oriented, community-service model borrows from school-based service learning to help reduce recidivism and build civic awareness. The results have been surprising! Current Issues Of Migration 2006 The Constitutional Rights Foundation now offers a free online curriculum in response to the current high interest in immigration issues. CURRENT ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION, 2006 contains six lessons designed to put the current controversies about illegal immigration into historical and political context. They consist of readings, guided discussion questions, and interactive learning activities. In addition, the materials include resources for conducting structured discussions with students. The Seattle Student Voices Project represents a year-long civic education curriculum designed to develop the knowledge and skills necessary for young people to become active and effective citizens. Unlike many programs that are extracurricular and tend to attract students who are already politically informed and civically motivated, Seattle Student Voices works with the entire Seattle school system and is classroom-based. Visit the Center for Communication and Civic Engagement for more info about the Student Voices Project (http://depts.washington.edu/ccce/civiceducation/studentvoices.htm), and for curriculum modules, templates, handouts, a press kit and ideas for projects, see Student Voices (http://student-voices.org/teachers/index.php?SiteID=1000). The Dirksen Congressional Center Check out the Civil Rights Documentation Project on “Congress Link.” The project takes the form of an interactive, Web-based presentation with links to digitized historical materials and other Internet-based resources about civil rights legislation created by museums, historical societies, and government agencies. There are lesson plans and materials that teachers can use to supplement their teaching of the legislative process, of recent American history, of the civil rights movement, and of other topics in social studies. Free lessons on the U.S. Constitution for Constitution and Citizenship Day! - The Center for Civic Education, in collaboration with the American Association of School Administrators, is proud to offer free lessons on the U.S. Constitution for Constitution and Citizenship Day. Lessons for grades K-12 are available for free download from the Center's website at www.civiced.org/byrd2006/. The U.S. Congress passed legislation in 2005 requiring educational institutions receiving federal funding to present a program pertaining to the U. S. Constitution on Constitution and Citizenship Day. The Center's lessons are designed to assist schools and federal agencies to meet the requirements of this law. - The National Constitutional Center features over 200 activities, lessons, books, DVDs and more from over 20 different providers to help educators, students, government and military leaders, and community leaders plan for this day. Visit http://www.constitutioncenter.org/constitutionday/display/MainS/Home to learn more. - The American Bar Association offers a new project called Conversations on the Constitution, designed to further dialogue in schools and in the workplace about American constitutional principles and values. Lesson plans for grades 9-12 in which students examine and analyze the preambles of state constitutions and identify their underlying values are available at http://www.abanet.org/publiced/conversations/constitution/home.html. The Maine Memory Network Visit the Digital Classroom! Teachers and students can learn about Maine’s history; access a growing collection of more than 10,000 primary source materials; create and share online exhibits, albums, and slide shows; and work with local historical organizations to share their community's history on Maine Memory. The Our Documents initiative is a cooperative effort among National History Day, The National Archives and Records Administration, and the USA Freedom Corps. The provide lesson plans and teacher resources on the 100 most important documents (as voted in a public survey) of the United States. It also includes information on National History Day. School & Local Government Project A joint project of the Maine Council for the Social Studies and the Maine Municipal Association, provides teachers and students with lessons and primary resource materials in their study of local government in Maine as outlined in the Social Studies section of the Maine Learning Results. The site also offers the only ever written textbook on local government in Maine. Video on Civic Engagement New Hampshire Defines Civic Engagement is produced by the New Hampshire Alliance for Civic Engagement for students by students. It is a 15-minute video that features students interviewing Gov. Lynch, Sen. Gregg, and other elected New Hampshire officials and students. There is also a discussion guide (PDF/277KB) to assist teachers in leading a class discussion with students about civic engagement and what it means to them. To obtain a copy of the video, please complete the online order form. Young Adult guide to law On Your Own is the Maine Bar Association’s guide to the law for young adults published each spring in time for free distribution to graduating high school seniors throughout Maine (schools must order copies in advance). A compact, 64-page guide, On Your Own covers the rights and responsibilities of adulthood, including buying a car; the rules of the road; making choices about military service, college, and finding a job; voting; finding an apartment; dealing with landlords; credit ratings and credit reports; spoken, implied and written warranties; consumer problems; what ha

Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus: The Crested Caracara is medium sized raptor that is a mix between an eagle and a vulture and a member of the Falconidae or Falcon Family. This bird

Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus: The Crested Caracara is medium sized raptor that is a mix between an eagle and a vulture and a member of the Falconidae or Falcon Family. This bird species is primarily a ground-inhabiting falcon of the open prairies, with long legs that enable it to walk and run with ease. It is the national bird of Mexico and is used as the national emblem. The Crested Caracara is the subject of much folklore due to a reported fearlessness of humans. It is also believed that the male offspring of a male caracara and a female chicken are fierce fighters and almost invincible in cock fights. The Crested Caracara has a hawk-like appearance with long legs and rounded wings. It is a large bird that can weigh

The exhibition starts with the arrival of the first families in the 1600's, most of them Sephardic, and there are portraits of descendants of these pioneers as well as a copy of the Carolina constitution, which in 1669 instituted

The exhibition starts with the arrival of the first families in the 1600's, most of them Sephardic, and there are portraits of descendants of these pioneers as well as a copy of the Carolina constitution, which in 1669 instituted tolerance for Jews. By the early 1800's Charleston was home to more Jews -- 500 -- than New York City. Judah P. Benjamin was the Confederacy's Secretary of State. And the Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim synagogue in Charleston established the first foothold of Reform Judaism on these shores, in 1841. The exhibition takes us through the 20th century with photographs of the Jewish dry-goods and department stores that were a fixture of many Southern towns, a kosher deli in Charleston and a photograph of Charleston's current black and Jewish police chief, Reuben M. Greenberg. Memorable heirlooms on view include a handwritten holy day prayer book belonging to Abraham Alexander Sr., an early-19th-century customs official; a large wooden gragger, or noisemaker, used on Purim; and a pair of glass cups, or bankas, to draw fever from an ailing body. There is also a tender poem written by Octavia Harby Moses, who sent five sons into the Confederate Army. One of those was killed a day after Appomattox and, this grieving Jewish mother wrote, ''Sleep sweetly in thy lonely grave/ My good, my beautiful, my brave.'' The exhibition does not flinch from tackling Jewish slave ownership, an issue raised by Leonard Jeffries of City College and others in statements that single out Jews and that have been criticized as anti-Semitic. And it is made clear that Jews, in their eagerness to adapt, took on all the Southern mores becoming, as Ms. Rosengarten pointed out, ''a portion of the people, the good and the bad.'' Museum of Catholic Art There sometimes seems to be no thread of logic to the National Museum of Catholic Art and History's collection in a restored convent in what was once Italian Harlem. But it's a lot more fun than some major museums. It is the work of one driven person, Christina Cox, a Long Island-bred former flight attendant and marketer who started the collection in her living room, moved it to a storefront next door to St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1995 and opened this year in East Harlem. Do not underestimate her. She not only received help from Donald Trump and Regis Philbin and the blessings of Pope John Paul II, but also figured out that a new Home Depot rising a couple of blocks away would lure many shoppers to her museum. On display in a bright room is a series of hauntingly faceless angels made of epoxy and cloth by Muriel Castanis. In another room is a collection of dozens of dolls and porcelain figurines of nuns that also includes kitsch pieces like Sally Field as the Flying Nun. There is a collection of 17th- and 18th-century Latin American paintings and weathered 18th-century santos de palo, small painted carvings of saints, used by Puerto Ricans as home altars. The museum boasts bronze angels by Salvador Dalí and a ''Betrayal of Christ'' by Van Dyck. Wander down a hallway and you're in an irresistible exhibition on the celebrated Irish Brigade, the Fighting 69th, now headquartered in a Manhattan armory on Lexington Avenue at 26th Street. Those who think of the unit as an excuse for a Pat O'Brien movie -- he played the World War I chaplain Father Francis Duffy -- will be surprised to learn from the regimental flags and memorabilia that the unit was started in the 1850's by Catholic immigrants escaping the Irish famine who hoped to use their military training against the English. ''Gentle When Stroked, Fierce When Provoked,'' was the unit's motto, and there are flags from Civil War glories at Antietam and other battlefields. Letters on display show that so anti-British were its officers that they refused to parade before Edward, Prince of Wales, who was visiting the city in 1860. The poet Joyce Kilmer was killed fighting with the unit in World War I, and there is the helmet of a chaplain killed on Okinawa in World War II, with the bullet hole still chillingly visible. The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is world famous as a library, but it also boasts exhibitions like the current ''Art of African Women'' and a future show on Ralph J. Bunche, the Nobel Prize-winning United Nations diplomat. The African show is a collection of more than 100 photographs taken over 20 years by the Namibian-born photojournalist Margaret Courtney-Clarke, which depict women painting walls and dyeing fabrics and teaching their daughters to carry on these vanishing traditions. There are also 80 pieces of pottery and textiles that Ms. Courtney-Clarke picked up along the way. Especially affecting were ''long tears,'' beaded strips worn by Ndebele women in South Africa after their sons go off for initiation rites. They represent, an explanatory note tells you, ''tears of sadness at losing a boy and tears of joy at gaining a man.'' The Berber milk jugs and fabrics are not only handsome, but compelling for their motifs: a partridge symbolizing virtue in a wife, a lion's paw symbolizing male strength. Photographs show that some Berber women tattoo their faces as a gesture of friendship.

Rembrandt Van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669), Self-Portrait Drawing at a Window, 1648. Etching, drypoint, and engraving. 15.7 × 12.9 cm

Rembrandt Van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669), Self-Portrait Drawing at a Window, 1648. Etching, drypoint, and engraving. 15.7 × 12.9 cm (6 3⁄16 × 5 1⁄16 inches) Courtesy of the Bruno and Sadie Adriani Collection, 1959.40.19 © Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco de Young Museum Herbst Exhibition Galleries January 26–June 2, 2013 SAN FRANCISCO (December 19, 2012)—Drawn largely from the collection of works on paper in the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco’s Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts, Rembrandt’s Century examines a wide range of artworks from the 17th-century. Complementing the upcoming Girl with a Pearl Earring: Dutch Paintings from the Mauritshuis, this exhibition sheds further light on the Dutch Golden Age and the remarkable artistic achievements of Rembrandt and his peers. At its core is a selection of etchings by Rembrandt van Rijn—arguably his generation’s most influential artist. Both Girl with a Pearl Earring: Dutch Paintings from the Mauritshuis and Rembrandt’s Century will be on view in the Herbst Exhibition Galleries at the de Young Museum in San Francisco from January 26–June 2, 2013. Rembrandt’s Century examines a time when printmaking was becoming of particular cultural importance. Exhibition Curator James Ganz notes, “More than any other fine objects, prints circulated extensively throughout the 17th-century art world, broadcasting artistic, political, and scientific development far and wide.” Th

Toxic Substances Hydrology Program Hydrogen Measured in a New Test for Determining Subsurface Microbiological Activity at Contamination Sites Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Oklahoma have

Toxic Substances Hydrology Program Hydrogen Measured in a New Test for Determining Subsurface Microbiological Activity at Contamination Sites Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Oklahoma have developed a new test for determining what microbiological processes are active in the subsurface at ground-water contamination sites. Environmental professionals and scientists can use the test for determining the effects of bioremediation systems or for assessing natural attenuation processes at cleanup sites. Few methods have been available for directly assessing the large-scale microbial activity in the field at contamination sites until now. The new test involves injecting a solution containing a low concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas and a non-reactive (conservative) tracer into the subsurface. The resulting plume of hydrogen gas and conservative tracer is monitored through time with the injection well. Monitoring involves collecting water-quality samples as the natural flow of ground water makes it drift past the injection/monitoring well. This type of test is known as a natural gradient, single-well injection test (see first diagram). In some cases the plume is withdrawn from the aquifer by continuous pumping during the sampling phase. This type of test is called a push-pull test (see second diagram). For either type of test, the concentration of the conservative tracer is compared with the concentration of hydrogen gas in water sampled during the test, which enables scientists to estimate the rate that microbial processes consume the added hydrogen. Hydrogen is an important intermediate compound that is both produced and consumed by a wide variety of microbial processes during the biodegradation of contaminants. The rate that hydrogen is consumed can identify the types of microbial communities that are actively degrading contaminants (for example, iron-reducing, sulfate- reducing, or methane-producing bacteria). This is useful information for assessing the performance of remediation systems—whether they are active bioremediation systems or passive systems based on natural attenuation of contaminants (monitored natural attenuation). The hydrogen, single-well injection test was developed at two of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program's research sites—Norman Municipal Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma site and the Cape Cod, Massachusetts site. Both of these contamination sites are used as field laboratories for developing new methods and approaches for assessing the transport and fate of contaminants in the environment. Harris, S.H., Smith, R.L., and Suflita, J.M., 2007, In situ hydrogen consumption kinetics as an indicator of subsurface microbial activity: FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 220-228, doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00286.x.

March 29, 2011 In April one of the Aquarium of the Pacific’s five southern sea otters will travel north to Santa Cruz, California to participate in an auditory study. This study is being conducted by researchers at the Pinn

March 29, 2011 In April one of the Aquarium of the Pacific’s five southern sea otters will travel north to Santa Cruz, California to participate in an auditory study. This study is being conducted by researchers at the Pinniped Cognition & Sensory Systems Laboratory based at the Long Marine Lab at the University of California, Santa Cruz. While Charlie the sea otter is in Santa Cruz, the lab’s otter Odin will take Charlie’s place in Long Beach. After a brief quarantine period he will join the other otters in the Aquarium’s Sea Otter Habitat. Odin was slated to participate in the study, which will examine underwater hearing sensitivity in sea otters. Although he is in good health and is well trained, Odin has some hearing loss. Thus, the researchers were looking to involve another trained sea otter with better hearing. The Long Marine Lab contacted the Aquarium about the possibility of Charlie’s participation in the study. Charlie was evaluated and determined to be a good candidate. The arrangement is temporary and will last roughly a year. Senior Mammalogist Michele Sousa and Aquarium Veterinarian Dr. Lance Adams will drive to Northern California to make the transfer, dropping off Charlie with the lab’s staff and bringing Odin back to Long Beach. Odin is an adult male otter born in the wild in 2003. He was found stranded as a young pup at a few weeks of age. He was later released into the wild but was returned to rehabilitation in 2008 and was eventually deemed non-r