haukur/enwik9 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 51.6k
years=[[191]]—[[211]]\|
after=[[St. Ascelpiades the Confessor\|Ascelpiades]]}}
{{end box}}


[[Category:Syriacs]] [[Category:211 deaths]] [[Category:Ancient Roman Christianity]] [[Category:Patriarchs of Antioch]]</text>
</revision>
</page>
<page>
<title>Feast of the Assumption</title>
<id>326480</id>
<revision>
<id>16193319</id>
<timestamp>2003-09-25T00:33:41Z</timestamp>
<contributor>
<ip>134.84.86.74</ip>
</contributor>
<text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Assumption of Mary]]</text>
</revision>
</page>
<page>
<title>Irritation</title>
<id>326481</id>
<revision>
<id>40626822</id>
<timestamp>2006-02-21T22:45:43Z</timestamp>
<contributor>
<username>Robodoc.at</username>
<id>43492</id>
</contributor>
<minor />
<comment>de:</comment>
<text xml:space="preserve">{{inappropriate tone}}

'''Irritation''', in [[biology]] and [[physiology]], is a state of over-excitation or hyper-reactivity. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an '''irritant'''. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents (for example [[phenol]] and [[capsaicin]]) but mechanical, thermal (heat) and radiative stimuli (for example [[ultraviolet light]] or [[ionising radiation]]s) can also cause irritation.

==Irritation in Organisms==
In higher organisms the [[allergy\|allergic response]] may be cause of irritation. An [[allergen]] is defined distinctly from an irritant, however, as allergy requires a specific interaction with the [[immune system]] and is thus dependent on the (possibly unique) sensitivity of the organism involved while an irritant, classically, acts in a non-specific manner.

In [[human]]s, it is a mild form of [[suffering]], often with [[anger]] about this, in particular, if applicable, anger at the person who caused it. This can also be oneself, e.g. when forgetting something or doing something one deems to be stupid.

It is a form of [[Stress (medicine)\|stress]], but conversely, if one is stressed by unrelated matters, mild imperfections can cause more irritation than usual, one is '''irritable'''; see also [[sensitivity (human)]].

In more basic organisms, assigning irritation the status of [[pain]] is the [[perception]] of the being stimulated - which is not observable although it may be shared (see [[gate control theory of pain]]).

It is not proven that oysters can feel pain, but we do know that they react to irritation. When an irritating object becomes trapped within an oyster's shell, it deposits layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), slowly increasing in size and producing a pearl. This serves no purpose to the oyster, pearls do not attract mates for the oyster or perform any other funtion. It seems impossible to find an evolutionary advantage for the ability to produce the pearl, thus it can be explained only as a reaction to an irritation.

We can also observe that an amoeba avoids being prodded with a pin, but we do not have enough evidence to suggest how much it feels this. Irritation is apparently the only universal [[sense]] shared by even single-celled creatures.

It is postulated that most such beings also feel pain, but this is a projection - [[empathy]]. Some philosophers, notably [[René Descartes]], denied it entirely, even for such higher [[mammal]]s as dogs or [[primate]]s like [[monkey]]s - to him, [[intelligence (trait)\|intelligence]] was a pre-requisite to even the feeling of pain.

==Mating==
[[Mating]] is a fascinating example of the complexity that can arise in considering irritation. [[Male]]s generally pursue [[female]]s in mating species - females avoid males that they assume are undesirable, or at bad times to bear young. Thus the physical aspects of sexual pursuit may irritate the female, and the pursuit may itself be an irritation. This changes when a desirable male approaches at the right time - at least insofar as the female considers it to be so.

So something which is an irritation at one time may serve a purpose, or even be a [[pleasure]], at another. For these reasons mating is very often omitted from any discussion of irritation itself, and indeed prevents problems for discussions of [[pain and pleasure]] itself. Mating often involves both - and certainly [[motherhood]] also involves a great number of irritations, but with the third party observed advantage of passing on [[gene]]s - that is, if one accepts that this is of any use.

==See also==
*[[sensitivity]]

{{Wiktionary}}

[[Category:Biology]]


[[de:Irritation]]</text>
</revision>
</page>
<page>
<title>Feast Day of the Assumption</title>
<id>326482</id>
<revision>
<id>16193321</id>
<timestamp>2003-09-25T00:34:20Z</timestamp>
<contributor>
<ip>134.84.86.74</ip>
</contributor>
<text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Assumption of Mary]]</text>
</revision>
</page>
<page>
<title>Brahmagupta's identity</title>
<id>326483</id>
<revision>
<id>38781855</id>
<timestamp>2006-02-08T16:49:15Z</timestamp>
<contributor>
<username>Kbdank71</username>
<id>197953</id>
</contributor>
<comment>[[WP:AWB\|AWB assisted]] per [[WP:CFD]] [[Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2006 January 31\|Jan 31]]</comment>
<text xml:space="preserve">In [[mathematics]], '''Brahmagupta's identity''' says that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of two squares, is itself a sum of two squares. Specifically:

:<math>\left(a^2 + b^2\right)\left(c^2 + d^2\right) = \left(ac-bd\right)^2 + \left(ad+bc\right)^2.</math>

The identity holds in any [[commutative ring]], but most usefully in the [[integer]]s.

The identity was discovered by [[Brahmagupta]] (598-668), an [[Indian mathematicians\| Indian mathematician]] and astronomer. It was later translated to [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language\|Persian]], and then translated to [[Latin]] by Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250) also known as [[Fibonacci]] who is better known for the [[Fibonacci number]]s.

See also [[Euler's four-square identity]]. There is a similar eight-square identity derived from the [[octonions\|Cayley numbers]] which has connections to [[Bott periodicity]].

years=[[191]]—[[211]]|

after=[[St. Ascelpiades the Confessor|Ascelpiades]]}}

[[Category:Syriacs]] [[Category:211 deaths]] [[Category:Ancient Roman Christianity]] [[Category:Patriarchs of Antioch]]</text>

</revision>

</page>

<page>

<title>Feast of the Assumption</title>

</contributor>

<text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Assumption of Mary]]</text>

</revision>

</page>

<page>

<title>Irritation</title>

<username>Robodoc.at</username>

</contributor>

<text xml:space="preserve">{{inappropriate tone}}

'''Irritation''', in [[biology]] and [[physiology]], is a state of over-excitation or hyper-reactivity. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an '''irritant'''. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents (for example [[phenol]] and [[capsaicin]]) but mechanical, thermal (heat) and radiative stimuli (for example [[ultraviolet light]] or [[ionising radiation]]s) can also cause irritation.

==Irritation in Organisms==

In higher organisms the [[allergy|allergic response]] may be cause of irritation. An [[allergen]] is defined distinctly from an irritant, however, as allergy requires a specific interaction with the [[immune system]] and is thus dependent on the (possibly unique) sensitivity of the organism involved while an irritant, classically, acts in a non-specific manner.

In [[human]]s, it is a mild form of [[suffering]], often with [[anger]] about this, in particular, if applicable, anger at the person who caused it. This can also be oneself, e.g. when forgetting something or doing something one deems to be stupid.

It is a form of [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], but conversely, if one is stressed by unrelated matters, mild imperfections can cause more irritation than usual, one is '''irritable'''; see also [[sensitivity (human)]].

In more basic organisms, assigning irritation the status of [[pain]] is the [[perception]] of the being stimulated - which is not observable although it may be shared (see [[gate control theory of pain]]).

It is not proven that oysters can feel pain, but we do know that they react to irritation. When an irritating object becomes trapped within an oyster's shell, it deposits layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), slowly increasing in size and producing a pearl. This serves no purpose to the oyster, pearls do not attract mates for the oyster or perform any other funtion. It seems impossible to find an evolutionary advantage for the ability to produce the pearl, thus it can be explained only as a reaction to an irritation.

We can also observe that an amoeba avoids being prodded with a pin, but we do not have enough evidence to suggest how much it feels this. Irritation is apparently the only universal [[sense]] shared by even single-celled creatures.

It is postulated that most such beings also feel pain, but this is a projection - [[empathy]]. Some philosophers, notably [[René Descartes]], denied it entirely, even for such higher [[mammal]]s as dogs or [[primate]]s like [[monkey]]s - to him, [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]] was a pre-requisite to even the feeling of pain.

==Mating==

[[Mating]] is a fascinating example of the complexity that can arise in considering irritation. [[Male]]s generally pursue [[female]]s in mating species - females avoid males that they assume are undesirable, or at bad times to bear young. Thus the physical aspects of sexual pursuit may irritate the female, and the pursuit may itself be an irritation. This changes when a desirable male approaches at the right time - at least insofar as the female considers it to be so.

So something which is an irritation at one time may serve a purpose, or even be a [[pleasure]], at another. For these reasons mating is very often omitted from any discussion of irritation itself, and indeed prevents problems for discussions of [[pain and pleasure]] itself. Mating often involves both - and certainly [[motherhood]] also involves a great number of irritations, but with the third party observed advantage of passing on [[gene]]s - that is, if one accepts that this is of any use.

==See also==

*[[sensitivity]]

[[Category:Biology]]

[[de:Irritation]]</text>

</revision>

</page>

<page>

<title>Feast Day of the Assumption</title>

</contributor>

<text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Assumption of Mary]]</text>

</revision>

</page>

<page>

<title>Brahmagupta's identity</title>

<username>Kbdank71</username>

</contributor>

<comment>[[WP:AWB|AWB assisted]] per [[WP:CFD]] [[Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2006 January 31|Jan 31]]</comment>

<text xml:space="preserve">In [[mathematics]], '''Brahmagupta's identity''' says that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of two squares, is itself a sum of two squares. Specifically:

:<math>\left(a^2 + b^2\right)\left(c^2 + d^2\right) = \left(ac-bd\right)^2 + \left(ad+bc\right)^2.</math>

The identity holds in any [[commutative ring]], but most usefully in the [[integer]]s.

The identity was discovered by [[Brahmagupta]] (598-668), an [[Indian mathematicians| Indian mathematician]] and astronomer. It was later translated to [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], and then translated to [[Latin]] by Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250) also known as [[Fibonacci]] who is better known for the [[Fibonacci number]]s.

See also [[Euler's four-square identity]]. There is a similar eight-square identity derived from the [[octonions|Cayley numbers]] which has connections to [[Bott periodicity]].